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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF

W ASHINGTON

Volume 75

OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1973

EC SHLCNIT ste 8 pee 5 = i se SoMeed NAL aee Oe Victor E. Adler
ERC MUERT-ClEGE att 0) a). 2 eee can Ral Capit ened aa 8 Barnard Burks
HEGOTOMNE SECNCLONY a ER eee Raymond J. Gagné
(COMES OWANTLES CONE CT ease ae peace See Terry L. Erwin
PUT POSUT OTS fail 250 Sen | a te ee Theodore J. Spilman
titties Nese os AF os aah eg Ae ee ee eee Lloyd Knutson
IUSTOUNI ae Aisi La! Sel ap ee ee ee Douglass R. Miller
Program Committee. Chairman 2 >. es ee F. Eugene Wood
Membership Committee Chairman H. Ivan Rainwater
Delegate to the Washington Academy of Sciences William E. Bickley
LOSD LLG CM GUTU OTT Helen Sollers-Riedel

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY
WASHINGTON, D.C.
1973

TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME 75

ACKERMANN, J. K. and R. D. SHENEFELT—Notes concerning Ciidae
(Coleoptera) associated with macro-fruiting bodies of higher fungi
(Basidiomycetes) in Wisconsin —— =. eee

ANDERSON, D. M.—Keys to larvae and pupae of the Gymnetrinae of
America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) —

BARMAN, E. H., Jr.—Biology and immature stages of Desmopachria con-
vexa (Aube) (Coleoptera: » Dytiscidae) — 2

BECKER, E. C—A European species of Melanotus now established at
Baltimore, Maryland (Coleoptera: Elateridae) -—

BELL, R. T.—A new species of Clinidium from Guatemala (Coleoptera,
Carabidae: or Rhysodidae),” 0 ee ee ee

BISSELL, T. L.—Aphid births (Homoptera, Aphididae) —

BLAKE, D. H.—Colaspis fulvotestacea Lefevre and its close relatives
(Goleoptera: .Ghrysomelidae)) 2222 2-2 = ee ae ee

BLAKE, D. H.—Two new species of the genus Metachroma Chevrolat
(Goleoptera: “Chrysomelidae): 2-2-2 1 = ee ee ee

DONNELLY, T. W.—The status of Enallagma traviatum and westfalli
(Odonata: C@oenacrionidac) 35 et ee

DUCKWORTH, W. D. and T. D. EICHLIN—New species of clearwing
moths (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) from North America —

EICHLIN, T. D.—see DUCKWORTH, W. D.

EMERSON, K. C. and R. D. PRICE—A new species of Strigiphilus from
the saw-whet owl, Aegolius acadicus (Mallophaga: Philipteridae) —

ERWIN, T. L.—Nomenclatorial notes on the Tachyini (Coleoptera:
Carabidae). 2. ss Fe eee

EVANS, H. E.—Further studies on South American Bethylidae (Hyme-
moptera:)» <2 $s ee

FAIRCHILD, G. B.—Notes on neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera) XIV.
Two new species of Tabanus from Panama and Colombia _

FERGUSON, D. C.—The species of the genus Tacparia Walker (Lepi-
ddpterd:: “Geomeétridae) 2 2 Se

FLINT, O. S., Jr—A replacement name for Smicridea (R.) minima Flint
Cirichoptera: ‘Hydropsychidae)) <2. 2 Same

FLUNO, J. A—Chemical proof of validity of the taxonomic separation of
Vespula subgenus Vespula from Vespula subgenus Dolichovespula (Hyme-
mopterds, ‘Vespidae) ce

FOOTE, B. A.—Biology of Pherbellia prefixa (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), a
parasitoid-predator of the operculate snail Valvata sincera (Gastropoda:
Walvatidae):. 22) ee

FRANCLEMONT, J. G—A new noctuid from Arizona (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae: Cueullinge) 0 ee

GAGNE, R. J.—Cecidomyiidae from Mexican Tertiary amber (Diptera)

GAGNE, R. J.—A review of Karschomyia Felt with descriptions of seven
new nearctic species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) —_.-.-..--_-______-

GODFREY, G. L.—The larva of Platysenta albolabes (Grote) (Lepidop-
tera: Noctuidae)

55

133

233

454

279
416

84

408

297

150

45

125

194

319

467

219

80

141

172
169

345

a ey

GONZALEZ-R., R. H.—see SUMMERS, F. M.

GORDON, R. D.—Studies on the genus Aphodius of the United States and
Canada (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). I. Two new species from Oregon
sats CA SEL 0) 9 1 fn Oe a ON Ee a ee

HAAS, G. E. and N. WILSON—Siphonaptera of Wisconsin -__---.---------------

HAMBLETON, E. J.—Florida mealybugs of the genus Rhizoecus with de-
scription of a new species (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) —-------

HARRISON, B. A.—Anopheles ( An.) reidi, a new species of the Barbirostris
species complex from Sri Lanka (Diptera: Culicidae) —

HENRY, T. J. and A. G. WHEELER, Jr.—Plagiognathus vitellinus
(Scholtz), a conifer-feeding mirid new to North America (Hemiptera:
NVA TIGL AE) fae aie hn, nc 32 I eg Se

PC GNG wr Ge see “1, APS WOOLEY. te ee

HILL, B. G.—A new genus of Cicadellidae from Brazil (Homoptera) —

HOWDEN, H. F.—Four new species of Onthophagus from Mexico and the
United “States (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) 2

HUANG, Y.-M.—A new record of Aedes (Stegomyia) alcasidi Huang (Dip-
ani’ « Grille te yet) iia: | Samii Peete a eed eae epee Ue bets PeNeR ks oek Sees

HUANG, Y.-M.—A new species of Aedes (Stegomyia) from Thailand and
notes on the mediopunctatus Subgroup (Diptera: Culicidae) ——

KINGSOLVER, J. M.—New synonymy in Languriidae (Coleoptera) -

KRAMER, J. P.—Revision of the American planthoppers of the genus
Stobaera (Homoptera: Delphacidae) with new distributional data and
ostyplaniteree Ord sia ark ee a fs ee a ee

KROMBEIN, K. V.—A new Campsomeriella from New Ireland (Hymenop-
LeLAEe Be SCONICIRO) hayes 2 eee es Seen Lb ae ee ee oe

KROMBEIN, K. V.—Systematic and distributional notes on Melanesian
Gercens! (liymenoptera:’ Sphecidae)) 2

KURIHARA, T.—see SIRIVANAKARN, S.

LAROCHELLE, A.—An anomalous hind-leg in Calosoma frigidum Kirby
(Galeoniers — Carabidae) @ 2a. 2 Fas bt A a Ee Oe

LAROCHELLE, A.—Notes on the mating habits of some Carabidae (Cole-
pei) )) i TS Ee cae anaes RESET oT a LR eee ae

LAROCHELLE, A.—Ground-Beetles flying under an electric light (Cole-
ILC APM GAT ADLGAG.) 285 Se a Ey re Pe

LAVIGNE, R. J.—see SMITH, D. R.

LEONARD, M. D.—Glutops singularis Burgess on Long Island, N. Y. ( Dip-
Pera PEClecOrhYNGMIORG) ie se ee Se te ae oe

LEONARD, M. D. and H. G. WALKER—Aphids collected in the Los
Angeles State and County Arboretum (Homoptera: Aphididae) —

LOAN, C. and R. MATTHEWS—Cosmophorus capeki n. sp., from New
York (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Euphorinae) —

MALDONADO-CAPRILES, J.—Studies on Idiocerinae leafhoppers: X.
Idioscopus nitidulus (Walker), new combination (Homoptera: Cicadel-

deres porrectus (Distant) (Hemiptera: Miridae) —
MASON, W. R. M.—Recognition of Zemiotes (Hymenoptera: Bracon-
idae )

MATTHEWS, R.—see LOAN, C.

McCAEFERTY,. W. P:—see A; ‘V.cPROVONSH Aye ee

MILLER, D. R.—Brevennia rehi (Lindinger) a potential pest of rice in
the U.S. (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) —

NAGARAJA, H. and S. NAGARKATTI—A key to some New World species
of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), with descrip-
tions of four new ‘species «eee

NAGARKATTI, S.—see NAGARAJA, H.

NAKAHARA, S.—Notes on the Genus Opuntiaspis, with a key to the spe-
cies. (Homoptera: Diaspididae) —_-..-= = eee

NEUNZIG, H. H.—A new species of Acrobasis from the Trans-Pecos region
of Texas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) —_.. 2-eeeeeeee ee

PRICE, R. D.—see EMERSON, K. C.

PROVONSHA, A. V. and W. P. McCAFFERTY.—Previously unknown
nymphs of western Odonata (Zygoptera: Calopterygidae, Coenagrioni-
dae) 2 a ea ee

REYES-CASTILLO, P. and P. O. RITCHER—Ovariole number in Passali-
dae: (Goleopteta) Se ee

RITCHER, P. O.—see REYES-CASTILLO, P.

ROBINSON, H.—Two new species of Enlinia from the southwestern
United States. (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) aaa

ROTH, L. M.—Brazilian cockroaches found in birds’ nests, with descrip-
tions of new genera and species (Dictyoptera: Blattaria: Blaberidae and
Blattellidae) ‘2 eee

SCARBROUGH, A. G. and G. SIPES—The biology of Leptogaster flavipes
Loew in Maryland (Diptera: Asilidac) 32]

SHENEFELT, R. D.—see ACKERMAN, J. K.

SIPES, G.—see A. G. SCARBROUGH

SIRIVANAKARN, S.—Three new species of Culex subgenus Culiciomyia
Theobald from southeast Asia and a redescription of the type of C. tri-
cuspis Edwards from Alor, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia (Diptera:
Gulicidae)) 2 = ee

SIRIVANAKARN, S. and T. KURIHARA—A new species of Culex, sub-
genus Culiciomyia Theobald from Ceram, Indonesia (Diptera: Culici-
dae) af ees

SMITH, D. R.—North American sawflies described by Klug and Konow
(Hymenoptera: “Symiphyta,) <<) 222 21 See ee ee

SMITH, D. R.—Dr. Marion Russell Smith, a bibliography —--_____

SMITH, D. R.—Sawflies of the subfamily Heterarthrinae in South America
(Hymenoptera, Lenthrecimiclae))y tees eee re eee

SMITH, D. R.—Sawflies of Chile: A new genus and species and key to
genera of Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) —.

SMITH, D. R. and R. J. LAVIGNE—Two new species of ants of the genera
Tapinoma Foerster and Paratrechina Motschoulsky from Puerto Rico
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae )

SPILMAN, T. J.—Nomenclatural problems in six genera of Tenebrionidae
Meoveopters)) 6. ee een ee
STEYSKAL, G. C.—Pteromicra inermis Steyskal a synonym of Sciomyza
varia (Coquillett) (Diptera: Sciomyzidae )

iv

372

288

486

165

449

478

419

441

112

220

STEYSKAL, G. C.—Notes on the growth of taxonomic knowledge of the
Psocoptera and on the grammar of the nomenclature of the Order —
STEYSKAL, G. C.—The identity of Calycomyza jucunda (Wulp) (Diptera:
PNR OMI FICE) 2 Le 5 Ee een Corie wT ee P As
STEYSKAL, G. C.—Dolichopus reticulus Van Duzee a synonym of D. occi-
dentalis Aldrich (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) —..
STEYSKAL, G. C.—On the family-group names based upon the genera
Bucculatrix Zeller and Stenoma Zeller (Lepidoptera) —
STEYSKAL, G. C.—The grammar of names in Slater’s catalogue of Lygae-
fuerot the Worlds (Heteroptera sae eee ee ee Et
STEYSKAL, G. C.—A further note on Acompha costalis (Wiedemann )
Minera -aurtcnarditaae |... eR: eae a cee ee
STEYSKAL, G. C.—A term strictly equivalent to “type species”
STEYSKAL, G. C.—The genus Dictyodes Malloch (Diptera: Sciomyzi-
(GE Yes) Oa. De a Si ete ON Rr) a ot 8 Re ee eee Ge ke
SUMMERS, F. M., R. H. GONZALEZ-R., and R. L. WITT—The mouth-
parts of Bryobia rubrioculus (Sch.) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) ~~
THOMPSON, F. C.—De Geer’s exotic Musca species (Diptera: Syrphidae
and) a alliphoreae)). ’ 2... 5 ee eeniee eee tet fener OR en eas
THOMPSON, P. H.—Tabanidae (Diptera) of Texas. I. Coastal marsh
species, West Galveston Bay; Incidence, frequency, abundance and _ sea-
SOU CHGEENOUEIOR <0... {es eae ee eee nee ed __
THOMPSON, P. H.—Tabanidae (Diptera) of Texas. II. Pine belt species,
Huntsville State Park; Incidence, frequency, abundance and_ seasonal
(OUTS Gol GU ot) 1 pe aera rie er ESS CS Se ae ey eas
TIMBERLAKE, P. H.—A new Synhalonia from New Mexico ( Anthophori-
Cie) yee eos i, en een Cer) 518 Us So de
TODD, E. L.—The types of some noctuid moths from the Galapagos Is-
lands described by William Schaus in 1923 (Lepidoptera) —
TODD, E. L.—Taxonomic and distributional notes on some species of
Nystalea Guenee, with special emphasis on the species of the continental
United States (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) —
TOWNES, H.—Deep pinning bottoms for freshly pinned specimens —.
TOWNES, H.—Two ichneumonids (Hymenoptera) from the Early Creta-
CSCIUES eee ee wen NA are se i So ee
TOWNES, H.—Three tryphonine ichneumonids from Cretaceous amber
(ERMINE) (7) i ——aekee ieee TS eee ee See So ee rs
WALKER, H. G.—see LEONARD, M. D.
WERNER, F. G.—Three new Epicauta from Mexico (Coleoptera: Meloi-
ns) Se ee Se es Re A. eS SN eee Oe ee eee ee PCT
WHEELER, A. G., Jr. and T. HENRY—Camptozygum aequale (Villers),
a pine-feeding mirid new to North America (Hemiptera: Miridae )
WHEELER, A. G., Jr.—see T. J. HENRY
WHITE, R. E.—A new genus, two new species, and a species key for
Byuriodes (Goleoptera:” Andbidae)) 2.2
WHITE, R. E.—Reassignment of Pseudodrilus Mots. from Anobiidae to
liars Coleoptera: sie ee ake ene Oe Sa ak, Ue ot
WHITE, R. E.—Anobiidae described by M. Hatch, with new synonyms
(Coleoptera )

359

438

240

WHITSEL, R. H. and R. F. SCHOEPPNER—Mites associated with aquatic
and semi-aquatic Diptera from San Mateo County, California (Acarina:
Hygrobatidae, Unionicolidae, Pionidae, Ascidae, and Diptera: Chiro-
nomidse, Tipulidae, Psychodidae) 2... = == eee ee eee

WILSON, N.—see HAAS, G. E.

WITT, R. L.—see SUMMERS, F. M.

WIRTH, W. W. and N. C. RATANAWORABHAN—Pseudostilobezzia,
a new genus of biting midge from Viet Nam (Diptera: Ceratopogoni-
Gp) Ss i es So ee ee

WOOLLEY, T. A. and H. G. HIGGINS—A new Gymnodamaeus from
western Colorado (Acarina: Cryptostigmata, Gymnodamaeidae) —

Vi

Vol. 75 MARCH 1973 No. 1

PROCEEDINGS

of the

INTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
of WASHINGTON

DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20560

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY

CONTENTS

ACKERMAN, J. K. and R. D. SHENEFELT—Notes concerning Ciidae
(Coleoptera) associated with macro-fruiting bodies of higher fungi

(Basidiomycetes ) in Wisconsin 55
BLAKE, D. H.—Colaspis fulvotestacea Lefévre and its close relatives
(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) ——- coats : pre niece ae
EMERSON, K. C. and R. D. PRICE—A new species of Strigiphilus from the
saw-whet owl, Aegolius acadicus (Mallophaga: Philopteridae ) ee ges
ERWIN, T. L.—Nomenclatorial notes on the Tachyini (Coleoptera: Carab-
MEN ee cite eis ot os Le a ee oot es: wa are 8 oe,» Ses
FLUNO, J. A—Chemical proof of validity of the taxonomic separation of
Vespula subgenus Vespula from Vespula subgenus Dolichovespula (Hyme-
noptera: Vespidae) _-.............. peat OO EEN ne ee 80
HAMBLETON, E. J.—Florida mealybugs of the genus Rhizoecus with
description of a new species (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) —.. 62
HILL, B. G.—A new genus of Cicadellidae from Brazil (Homoptera) — 78
HUANG, Y.-M.—A new record of Aedes (Stegomyia) alcasidi Huang
(Diptera: Culicidae) _ POF Ok Saree oe Sf 282 ld
ROTH, L. M.—Brazilian cockroaches found in birds’ nests, with descriptions
of new genera and species (Dictyoptera: Blattaria: Blaberidae and
Blattellidae) __......... : ce ee a 1

(Continued on back cover)

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON
ORGANIZED MarcH 12, 1884

OFFICERS FOR 1973

Victor E. ADLER, President Dovuc.ass R. Mitter, Custodian’
BARNARD Burks, President-Elect F. EucENE Woop, Program Chairman
RayMonp J. Gacneé, Recording Secretary H. Ivan Rainwater, Membership Chairman

Terry L. Erwin, Corresponding Secretary HELEN Souiers-RieveEL, Hospitality Chairlady
THEODORE J. SPILMAN, Treasurer WituiaM E, Bicxiey, Delegate, Wash. Acad. Sci.

Publications Committee

Lioyp Knutson, Editor
Joun A. Davipson Paut M. Marsu
Louis G. Davis GEorGE C. STEYSKAL

All correspondence concerning Society business should be mailed
to the appropriate officer at the following address:
Entomological Society of Washington
c/o Department of Entomology

Smithsonian Institution
Washington, D. C. 20560

Honorary President
C. F. W. MuEsEBECK

Honorary Members
FREDERICK W. Poos ErRNEstT N. Cory Avery S. Hoyt

MEETINGS.—Regular meetings of the Society are held in Room 43, Natural History Building, Smithsonian
Institution, on the first Thursday of each month from October to June, inclusive, at 8 P.M. Minutes of meetings
are published regularly in the Proceedings.

MEMBERSHIP.—Members shall be persons who have demonstrated interest in the science of entomology.
Annual dues for members are $7.00 (U.S. currency).

PROCEEDINGS.—Published quarterly beginning with March by the Society at Washington, D.C. Members in
good standing are entitled to the Proceedings free of charge. Nonmember subscriptions are $10.00 per year,
both domestic and foreign (U.S. currency), payable in advance. All remittances should be made payable to
The Entomological Society of Washington.

The Society does not exchange its publications for those of other societies.

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP

Title of Publication: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington.
Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (March, June, September, December),

Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher and Owner: The Entomological Society of
Washington, c/o Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.

Editor: Dr. Lloyd Knutson, same address as above.
Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: none.

ee ee eee
This issue was mailed April 26, 1973
Second Class Postage Paid at Lawrence, Kansas, U. S. A. 66044

ALLEN PRESS, INC. apt) LAWRENCE, KANSAS 66044

Usk

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Vol. 75 MARCH 1973 No; 1

BRAZILIAN COCKROACHES FOUND IN BIRDS’ NESTS, WITH
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES
(DicryorTeRA: BLATTARIA: BLABERIDAE AND BLATTELLIDAE )

Louis M. Rorn, Pioneering Research Laboratory,
U.S. Army Natick Laboratories, Natick, Massachusetts 01760

ABSTRACT—The following species of cockroaches were collected in pendulous
birds’ nests in the Amazon: Alphelixia sicca, n. gen., n. comb., Schultesia lam-
pyridiformis, n. gen., n. sp., Amazonina nidicteridicola, n. sp., Chorisoneura (2
undetermined species), Chorisoneura inversa, Dendroblatta cnephaia, and
Lophoblatta arlei. More than 1 species of cockroach may be found in the same
nest. The nest habitat is undoubtedly a normal one for most of these cock-
roaches which probably act as scavengers.

There are very few records of cockroaches taken from the nests of
birds. Euthlastoblatta facies (Walker) (= Aglaopteryx facies (Walker))
lives in large numbers among twigs in the nests of the grey King-
bird in Puerto Rico (Danforth in Wolcott, 1950). Immature cock-
roaches were commonly found in the nests of Ploceinae in Madagascar
and Ivory Coast. All nests of Foudia spp. examined in Madagascar
contained many cockroaches, and Paulian (1950) believed that the
blattids were species peculiar to the nests of birds. In the Ivory
Coast, Delamare Deboutteville and Paulian (1952) found a few
cockroaches in nests of Ploceus sp., and Estrildine sp. Griffiniella
heterogamia Karny (= Ploceophilus kohlsi Rehn, in Princis, 1971)
live, probably as scavengers, in the communal nests of the Social
Weaver Bird (Philetairus socius) in Southwest Africa (Rehn, 1965).

During the 1967 Alpha Helix expedition to the Amazon, I collected
about 10 species of cockroaches in the pendulous nests (fig. 105) of
an icterid (probably the oriole, Cassicus persicus (Linn.)). Most
of the nests apparently were abandoned and a few had the remains
of dead young birds. The cockroaches probably are scavengers and
may have inhabited the nests while the birds occupied them, This
paper reports on the cockroaches collected in the nests. The insects
were cultured and the descriptions of the new genera and species
are based on reared material.

to

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., voL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

Alphelixia, n. gen.’

Type-species: Ischnoptera (?) sicca Walker (present designation )

Generic Description: Sexes markedly dissimilar. Male tegmina and wings
normally developed, lacking in 9.” Legs short, femoral armament as follows
(12 specimens): small stout spines on ventral margins of front femora
bimarginally serrated (fig. 16). Ventral anterior margin of front femur ( 4 )
basally with a row of 4 to 8 (average 6) short, broad, tapering spines followed
by a row of small piliform setae, usually terminated by a short spine (fig. 15);
a few piliform setae may precede the proximal spines, and sometimes may occur
between two spines; ventral posterior margin with 1 or 2 small stout spines
(rarely none), 1 of these usually distad. Ventral front margin of mid femur
with 2 spines (rarely 3); ventral hind margin with 3 spines (rarely 2 or 4).
Ventral anterior margin of hind femur with 2 spines; ventral hind margin
with 3 spines (rarely 4). Distal spines absent from both ventral margins of
the mid and hind femora. Spines on female femora usually smaller, fewer in
number than in the male, and tend to be atrophied. Female caudal metatarsus
much smaller, and in male slightly smaller than succeeding tarsal segments.
Ventral margins of all metatarsi unarmed except for a few piliform setae.
Pulvilli well developed, arolia very large. Tarsal claws equal, in ¢ micro-
scopically serrulate (teeth truncate) (fig. 17), in @ simple (fig. 18). Sub-
genital plate (¢) slightly asymmetrical, subtrigonal, apex rounded (fig. 6).
Male genitalia lacking dorsal sclerite of the second left phallomere (fig. 19).

The marked differences of the sexes of Alphelixia (Blaberidae,
Epilamprinae) are similar to those found in Hyporhicnoda Hebard,
and the femoral armament (including atrophy of the female spines)
also resembles that genus. However, both sexes of Alphelixia have
well developed arolia and the metatarsi are unarmed _ ventrally
whereas in Hyporhicnoda the arolia are small in males, subobsolete or
absent in females, and the caudal metatarsi have 2 rows of ventral
spines. The male genitalia of these 2 genera also differ markedly;
Hyporhicnoda has internal genital structures more typical of Blaberinae
(Roth, 1970a).

Alphelixia sicca (Walker), n. comb.
figs. 1-24

Syn. Ischnoptera (?) sicca Walker (Walker, 1869: 149, ¢ not @ as
indicated ).
Pinaconota sicca (Walker) (Cohen and Roth, 1970: 1524)

The male of this species (figs. 2-3) was found to be conspecific
with the holotype male of Ischnoptera (?) sicca Walker (fig. 1).

*The genus is named after the Research Vessel Alpha Helix, of the Scripps
Institution of Oceanography.

?For descriptive purposes I consider the female as lacking tegmina and
wings. However, Lefeuvre aly has found from studies of the tracheae that
subapterous species (e.g. Hyporhicnoda 92) have wing pads which remain
“nymphal” in the adult.

oy)

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973

Figs. 1-4. Adults of Alphelixia sicca. 1. Male. Holotype of Ischnoptera (?)
sicca Walker. 2-4. Brazilian specimens (reared) collected in a bird’s nest.
2. Male (dorsal). 3. Male (ventral). 4. Female. (scale = 3 mm).

I have examined a female of Pinaconota bifasciata (Saussure) (det.
by Rehn and confirmed by K. Princis ) in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology. Kirby (1904:113) misidentified the species and erred in
synonymizing Walker's Ischnoptera sicca with Pinaconota bifasciata.
Not only do the external characters differ markedly between these
2 species but the genitalia of Pinaconata sp. and A. sicca clearly
indicate different genera (Roth, 197la). Both sexes of Pinaconota
also have well developed tegmina and wings (Shelford, 1910:2),
structures absent in female Alphelixia. Cohen and Roth (1970)

4 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., voL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

am,
ES
P
Dee. ae
a. * o e + Po. Ligh
> ~o™ . P
. et * "
c« 7 . 2 7 7
a* + ; )
> =
ws
f
Yee i
ght filed Las Sd b a
wv {| Wl | oN ) ee | y
.

1th
Fig. 5-10. Alphelixia sicca. Supra-anal plates (left; dorsal) and subgenital
plates (right; ventral). 5-6. Holotype ¢ of Ischnoptera (?) sicca Walker (From
specimen shown in Fig. 1). 7-10. Reared Brazilian specimens. 7-8. Male.
9-10. Female. (KOH, cleared flattened preparations; scale = 0.5 mm).

used the name Pinaconota sicca realizing that the species was not
bifasciata, but they assumed that Kirby had placed the species in
the correct genus.

Male: Head reaching to about or slightly beyond edge of weakly arched
front margin of pronotum (fig. 2). Interspace between eyes wide but sub-
equal to interspace between antennal sockets (fig. 14). Wings and tegmina
extend well beyond tip of abdomen (fig. 3). Tegmen and wing venation as
shown in figures 11 and 12. Tergal glands absent. Legs as in generic
description. Subgenital plate (figs. 6, 8) slightly asymmetrical, roughly trigonal,
apex rounded. Styli slender, elongated. Supra-anal plate (figs. 5, 7) spiculate,
hind border deeply emarginate. Cerci extend beyond hind margin of supra-
anal plate (fig. 7). Internal genitalia (fig. 19): Apex of L2vm unmodified;
L2d absent; preputial membrane spiculate (figs. 21, 23); margins of cleft of
Ll broadly sclerotized (figs. 22, 24); apex of R2 with a membranous
extension, the membranous base of hook (R2) broadened, its outer margin
rounded (fig, 20).

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 5

Figs. 11-18. Alphelixia sicca. 11-12. Left tegmen and wing ( ¢@). 13. Head
(9). 14. Head (@). 15. Prothoracic femur ( ¢). Ventrocephalic margin. 16.
Spines on ventrocephalic margin of front femur (¢@). 17. Tarsal claw ( @ ).
18. Tarsal claw (2). (Figs. 15-18 KOH preparations; scale, figs. 11-12 =
2 mm, figs. 13-14 = 0.5 mn, fig. 15 = 0.2 mn, figs. 16-18 = 0.05 mm).

Coloration: Pale, cinereous, with fusco-rufous and white markings. Head:
Several small reddish brown spots between eyes. A median longitudinal band
about as wide as interspace between eyes, and 1 on base of clypeus, both
connected by vertical narrower band (fig. 14). Pronotum: Pellucid with reddish
brown Rorschach ink blotlike figure medially (fig. 2). Small dark spots widely

{

5, no. 1, MaArcH, 1973

6 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL.

Figs. 19-24. Male genitalia of Alphelixia sicca. 19. Genital structures and
subgenital plate (dorsal). L1 = first sclerite of left phallomere; L2vm = median
sclerite of left phallomere; P = prepuce; R2 = hooked sclerite of right phallo-
mere; S = style; SP = subgenital plate. 20-22. R2, prepuce and apex of
L2vm, and LI respectively, of a reared specimen. 23-24. Prepuce and apex of

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 7

spaced around pronotal margin. Minute fusco-rufous dots over surface except
near lateral and anterior margins. Latero-posterior margins white. Tegmen
pellucid with broad white line at base between subcosta and radius, tapering
posteriorly (this line may appear longer than it actually is because an under-
lying white area between the costal veins of the hind wing shows through the
transparent tegmen). Punctate-striate basally along and/or between veins, fusco-
rufous dots sparse along posterior parts of anal veins (fig. 11). A few large and
small irregularly shaped spots distributed over surface (not seen in fig. 11).
Hind wing with spaces between costal branches, thickened, whitish (fig. 12).

Measurements (mm; 5 males, alcoholic specimens): Overall length (in-
cluding folded tegmina) 14.5-15.0; pronotum length 3.0-3.2, width, 4.2-4.5;
tegmen length 12.1-12.5; widest width (both tegmina) 5.2-5.7; abdomen
length 6.0-7.4; length of caudal femur 2.2-2.4. The reared males are somewhat
smaller than the holotype ¢.

The male accessory sex glands have 3 or 4 uricose tubules. In the Blaberidae,
uricose glands have, so far, only been found in the Epilamprinae (Roth, 1967).

Female: Completely lacking tegmina and wings (fig. 4). Head hidden
under arched pronotum. Interocular space wider than in male, about equal
to interspace between antennal sockets (fig. 13). Leg armament (6 specimens):
ventral anterior margin of front femur with 1 to 6 spines (average 3) followed
by a row of piliform setae, usually terminated by distal spine; ventral hind
margin without, or with 1 spine. Ventral anterior margin of mid femur with 2
(rarely 1) spines, hind margin with 0 to 2 spines. Ventral anterior margin of
hind femur with 2 (rarely 1 or 3) very small spines; three somewhat larger
spines on hind margin. Generally, the femoral spines on mid and hind femora
are greatly reduced. Supra-anal plate with sides slightly tapering, broadly
rounded with medial indentation; cerci broad, short, not reaching beyond
posterior margin of supra-anal plate (fig. 9). Subgenital plate broadly convex
posteriorly, slightly sinuate laterally (fig. 10).

Coloration: Light tan, densely mottled with light reddish brown spots.
Frons with 3 large markings separated by thin clear lines which form an in-
verted Y; the 2 lateral markings between eyes reddish. Broad longitudinal
band about equal in width to distance between antennal sockets; upper half
reddish, lower half darker (these 2 areas sometimes “separated” by longitudinal
impression); narrow connecting dark band extends downwards medially and
expands slightly on clypeus (fig. 13). (Small 2 nymphs have the same facial
markings as the adult 2). Large spots uniformly spaced around outer margins
of pro-, meso-, and metanotum. Posterior margins of thoracic and abdominal
segments appear beaded (fig. 4) with large dots that are bicolored, i.e. dark
reddish brown posteriorly and lighter anteriorly. Under-surface pale with widely
spaced reddish brown spots. Median band on penultimate segment broadens
noticeably on subgenital plate (fig. 10). Legs pale, outer corner of front coxa
with large reddish brown spot and large irregular shaped spots on dorsal anterior
surface of mid coxa. Small dark dots surround bases of minute setae on mid and
hind femora.

—

L2vm, and L1 of holotype ¢ of Ischnoptera (?) sicca Walker (from specimen
shown in Fig. 1). (KOH preparations; scale, fig. 19 = 0.25 mm, figs. 20-24 =
0.1 mm).

8 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

Measurements (mm.; 5 females, alcoholic specimens): Total length 11.5—12.5;
pronotum length 3.0-3.7, width 5.0-5.5; abdomen length 6.2-6.8; caudal femur
length 2.1-2.4.

The chromosomes of A. sicca number 33 (2) and 34 (@), and are mostly
submetacentric with some metacentric (reported as Pinaconota sicca (Walker),
Table 1 and fig. 95 in Cohen and Roth, 1970).

Holotype Male: Ischnoptera (?) sicca Walker. British Museum
(Natural History ).

Allotype Female: Near Serra Tamendaui, Rio Negro, Amazonas,
Brazil (64° 45’ W 0° 27’ S). Coll. L. M. Roth. Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia. Reared males, paratypic females, and nymphs
deposited as follows: 1 2, 4 ¢, 2 nymphs, Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia; 2 2,4 ¢, U.S. National Museum, Washington,
D. C.; 1 %, 3 8, Zoological Institute, Lund, Sweden; 1 2, 2 4,
British Museum (Natural History).

The original material of Alphelixia sicca was collected in 2 nests,
July 18, 19, 1967, along the shore of the Rio Negro, near Serra
Tamendaui. The nests were hanging from a tree, about 10 feet above
the water surface. Nest number 1 yielded 1 adult ¢ and 17 nymphs;
nest 2 had 15 nymphs. Lophoblatta arlei Albuquerque (1 ¢, 1 2;
nest No. 1) and Amazonina nidicteridicola n. sp. in both nests were
also found with Alphelixia. The large number of nymphs of the
ovoviviparous Alphelixia collected indicates that the bird nests are
probably a normal habitat for this species.

Lophoblatta arlei is unusual in that it, and the related Lophoblatta
brevis Rehn, are the only known members of the Plectopterinae which
carry their non-rotated oéthecae externally until the eggs hatch (Roth,
1968). The odtheca of L. arlei is unusual in shape being wider than
high and the dorsal and ventral surfaces are flattened (fig. 104).

Schultesia, n. gen.*

Type-species: Schultesia lampyridiformis, n. sp.

The male genitalia of this ovoviviparous genus (Blaberidae) places
it in the Zetoborinae (Phortioecini) but its nondeplanate form and
marked resemblance to adult winged fireflies separate it from other
genera of this subfamily (and tribe) (Roth, 1970) most of which
are larger and markedly deplanate. Achroblatta luteola (Blanchard )
also resembles certain species of Lampyridae (Hebard, 192la). How-
ever, Achroblatta is a member of the Panchlorinae whose male genitalia
(Roth, 1971b) differ markedly from the Zetoborinae (Roth, 1970).

’ The genus is named in honor of the Botanist, Dr. Richard Schultes, Harvard
University, a member of the Alpha Helix expedition, who spent many years
collecting in the Amazon.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 9

Generic Description: Sexes similar. Form not deplanate. Tegmina and
wings equally developed, covering abdomen. Head not hidden under pronotum.
Occipital space between eyes about equal to interspace between antennal
sockets. Pronotum subelliptical, arched anteriorly, caudal margin straight. Wings
dusky, median vein concave basally. Ventral anterior margin of front femur
with row of almost uniform piliform setae terminated by large distal spine.
Tarsal segments without heavy spines on ventral margins. Caudal metatarsus
about equal in length to succeeding segments. Pulvilli large, covering entire
or almost entire (metatarsus) ventral surfaces of tarsal segments. Arolia well
developed. Tarsal claws equal, minutely serrulate. Male tergite 1 modified.
Caudolateral angles of eighth tergite roundly produced. Supra-anal plate
medially invaginated. Subgenital plate (4) asymmetrical, indented on right,
styli subequal.

Schultesia lampyridiformis, n. sp.‘
figs. 25-43

Male: Head exposed beyond anterior pronotal margin (fig. 28). Eyes wide
apart, interspace between them about equal to interspace between antennal
sockets (fig. 30). Pronotum with anterior margin arched, subelliptical, widest
portion below middle; hind margin straight. Wings and tegmina of equal
length extending slightly beyond end of abdomen (fig. 29). Costal veins
of wing indistinct, area between them slightly thickened. Median vein concave.
Second plical vein short, joining first plical about 1% the distance from its base
(fig. 39). First abdominal tergite with pale median vertical ridge with lateral
elevations arising anteriorly and extending obliquely downward (transparent in
living specimen) (fig. 37). Somewhat similar but sclerotized elevations de-
creasing in width caudally on segments 2 to 6 (subobsolete on segment 6).
Narrow medial ridge extends from first to sixth tergite where the line is con-
tinued to supra-anal plate as a slightly broader pale marking. Caudolateral angles
of eighth tergite roundly produced posteriorly (fig. 32). Supra-anal plate
spicular, medially indented; cerci relatively short, not extending much beyond
free margin of supra-anal plate (fig. 34). Subgenital plate densely setose and
spicular, asymmetrical, broadly convex, margin near right style indented (best
seen when plate is flattened); styli slender, elongate, right slightly larger than
left (fig. 35). Ventral anterior margin of front femur with row of piliform
setae almost uniform in length (distal setae closer together and may be slightly
smaller than basal setae) terminated by large distal spine; ventral hind margin
with distal spine smaller than one on opposite margin (fig. 36). Mid femur
with large distal spine on ventral anterior and hind margins. Ventral anterior
margin of hind femur with 1 large distal spine; ventral hind margin without
or with 1 large spine about 1% distance from apex. A few piliform setae also
present on ventral margins of mid and hind femora. One geniculate spine on
mid and hind femora only. Other leg characters as in generic description.
Internal male genitalia (fig. 40): Enlarged L2d extends dorsally (fig. 42), L1
(fig. 41), and R2 with subapical incision (fig. 43), all characteristic of Zeto-
borinae.

4 Because of its resemblance to fireflies, the species is named after the beetle
family Lampyridae.

10 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

ie”
co

od
£.

cA.

28 29
Figs. 25-29. Schultesia lampyridiformis. 25. Nymph. 26-27. Adult (9).
28-29. Adult (¢). (scale=3 mm).

Measurements (mm; 3 males): Total length (including folded tegmina)
15.4-15.7, pronotum length 2.9-3.0, width 4.1-4.5; tegmen length 12.8-13.2,
width 3.64.0 (widest combined width 5.5-5.8); abdomen length 8.7-9.4.

Female: Similar to male (figs. 26, 27, 31, 32) except for following: Elevations
on abdominal tergites lacking. Subgenital plate symmetrical, subtrigonal, apex
round with a shallow median invagination (best seen in flattened preparation)
(fig. 33).

Measurements (mm; 3 females): Total length (including folded tegmina)
17.8-20, pronotum length 3.3-3.4, width 4.5-5.1; tegmen length 14.5-15.3,
width 4.2-4.4 (widest combined width 6.6-7.6); abdomen length 8.5-9.3.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 1]

Figs. 30-37. Schultesia lampyridiformis. 30. Head (@). 31. Head (9°).
32. Supra-anal plate and tergites 8 and 9 (9; dorsal). LP = laterocaudal
projection on segment 8. 33. Subgenital plate (9; ventral). 34. Supra-anal
plate (4; dorsal). 35. Subgenital plate (4; ventral). 36. Front femur ( 2;
ventrocephalic margin). 37. First and second abdominal tergites (¢). (figs.
32-36 from KOH preparations, scale = 0.5 mm).

Coloration: (¢ and @?).—Head buffy brown (Ridgway, 1912, pl. XL)
with broad median clove brown band between antennal sockets extending
downward to clypeus (figs. 30, 31). Vertex dark with a few very light lines.
Antennae and palps dark. Pronotum olive buff with 2 broad, laterally concave,
olive brown markings separated by pale median line (figs. 26, 28). Tegmina

» NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

uu

12 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL.

Figs. 38-43. Schultesia lampyridiformis. 38-39. Left tegmen and wing ( @ ).
40. Male genitalia and subgenital plate (dorsal). L2d = dorsal sclerite of
left phallomere; other abbreviations as in fig. 19. 41-43. Male genitalia. 41.
Ll. 42. Apex of L2vm, and L2d. 43. R2. (Figs. 40-43 from KOH preparations;
scale, figs. 38-39 = 2 mm, fig. 40 = 0.5 mm, figs 4143 = 0.2 mm).

olive brown with broad olive buff marking in area bounded by radius and costa;
below this pale area a somewhat sinuous dark band followed by paler region
covering part of anal field; distal part of overlapping tegmina more intense brown
(figs. 26, 28). Wings dusky, upper distal half darker than remainder (fig. 39);
area between costal veins pale. Dorsal surface of abdomen dark brown with pale
lateral margins; undersurface light brown but may have extensive dark areas. Pos-
terior margin of subgenital plate pale (fig. 29). Cerci dark brown except for 2 pale
terminal segments (figs. 32, 34). Coxae dark with pale margins. Femora,
distal parts of tibiae, and tarsi dark, with parts of tibiae pale.

Male holotype, Female allotype: Adolpho Ducke Preserve, outside
of Manaus, Brazil. Coll. L. M. Roth. Academy of Natural Sciences,

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 13

Philadelphia. Nymphs and adult paratypes (reared) deposited as
follows: 3 6,3 2,3 nymphs, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel-
phia; 3 ¢, 3 2, 3 nymphs, U. S. National Museum; 1 ¢, 3 2, 2
nymphs, Zoological Institute, Lund, Sweden; 2 ¢, 2 2, 2 nymphs,
British Museum (Natural History).

The chromosomes of S. lampyridiformis number 29 (¢) and 30
(2), and are mostly submetacentrics and a few metacentrics (reported
as an undetermined genus (41B), Table 1, in Cohen and Roth, 1970).

Schultesia lampyridiformis was first collected July 20, 1967, at
Gaviad, Rio Negro, Amazonas (61° 46’ W 1° 24’ S) (near the ex-
pedition base camp). Seven nests were collected in 1 tree, much of
which was under water about 50 yards from shore. An undetermined
species of Chorisoneura was also found in these nests and the ap-
proximate numbers of both genera collected were as follows:

Schultesia Chorisoneura sp. A.
Nest Number Adults Nymphs Adults Nymphs
i 0 0 0 2
2 0 0 4 27
3? 0 0 0 5
4 48,89 29 2 13
5 0 1 4 6
6 438,39 fi 12 Ff
tl 0 6 14 13

“Large ant colony in nest.
» Not all of the very small nymphs were counted.

The odthecae of Chorisoneura sp. A. (fig. 99) were very numerous
and attached to the straw of the nests. One specimen of Amazonina
nidicteridicola n. sp. (reared), and an undetermined Dlattellid (2
reared) were also found in 1 of these nests.

Eight nests were collected July 21, 1967, at Moura, Rio Negro
(61° 38’ W 1° 28’ S). Five ¢, 2 2, and 19 nymphs of Schultesia
were found with 3 blattellid nymphs, 1 of which was reared and
determined by Ashley Gurney as Chorisoneura inversa Hebard.

Several nests were collected about 60 feet from the ground near
the Adolpho Ducke Preserve, outside of Manaus on August 1, 1967.
Three species of cockroaches were found in these nests: Schultesia
lampyridiformis (2 2,3 2, 1nymph); Dendroblatta cnephaia Hebard
(fig. 91), 1 6, 1 2, 3 nymphs (an adult 2 of this species was also
collected by F. Kafatos, at black light in the Adolpho Ducke Preserve );
Chorisoneura sp. B., several first instars and 2 o6thecae (which differ
from the egg cases produced by Chorisoneura sp. A. (fig. 99) in

14 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

being pale with a dark uneven longitudinal band along the sides
(fig. 98)).

A laboratory colony of Schultesia has been maintained on laboratory
chow for the past 5 years. Newly emerged females attract and mate
with males who court in the typical cockroach manner by raising the
wings and exposing their tergites. The females respond sexually
by palpating the male’s dorsum prior to copulation. Like all Blaberidae
(Roth, 1967a), Schultesia extrudes and retracts its odtheca into a
uterus where the eggs develop. The o6theca consists of a thin trans-
parent membrane surrounding the eggs (fig. 103). A habitus of
the nymph is shown in figure 25. The large numbers of Schultesia
and Chorisoneura (plus o6thecae) taken indicate that the bird nest
habitat is undoubtedly a normal association for these genera.

Some characteristic features of Dendroblatta cnephaia (fig. 91) are
illustrated in figures 92-97. The supra-anal plate has a slight mesal
indentation, and the cerci are very long (fig. 92). A small sclerotized
extension with large curved apical spines is found between the large
lamellate styles (fig. 94). Normally this structure is closely adpressed
into a curved depression of the inner face of the large right style.
It is well hidden and difficult to see unless the subgenital plate is
cleared and flattened. Hebard (1926) did not mention this distinctive
structure in his original description. The ventral anterior margin of
the front femur has a long row of small spines more or less uniform
in length, terminated by 2 large distal spines (fig. 93). The internal
genitalia are illustrated (figs. 95-97) for the first time. The L2d is
large, bulbous, and separated from L2vm (fig. 95). The hook (R2)
has a subapical incision (fig. 97). The odtheca has a distinctive,
broad, dark, ventral, longitudinal band (fig. 100).

D. cnephaia has 31 (¢é) and 32 (2) chromosomes, almost all of
which are submetacentric (Cohen and Roth, 1970).

Dendroblatta cnephaia was only recorded from French Guiana by
Hebard (1926). Princis (1969) also listed it from Surinam, but he
referred to Bruijning (1959) for this record; Bruijning did not report
it from Surinam.

Amazonina nidicteridicola, n. sp.
figs. 44-49, 52-54, 56-57, 62, 65, 66, 71, 80-82

This species agrees with the generic characters (Hebard, 1929)
of minute scattered tegminal dots, armament of the ventral anterior
margin of the front femur, wing venation, and specializations of the
male and female subgenital plates.

* Named after the family (Icteridae) of birds that make pendulous nests in
which this species of Amazonina is found (nidus = nest, Icteridae, cola =
dweller).

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973 15

Male: Ventral anterior margin of front femur with row of spines which
decrease in size distad terminated by 2 long spines (fig. 52); ventral hind
margin with 3 spines and 1 distal. Ventral anterior and hind margins of mid
and hind femora well armed with large spines, widely spaced, each margin
possessing a distal spine; piliform setae interspersed between large spines.
Tarsal claws symmetrical, minutely serrulate. Pulvilli and arolia well developed.
Tegmina with small darkened spots, each indicating the insertion of a fine seta.
Spots on left tegmen occurring on many veins, but more numerous distally, those
on right tegmen few in number occurring principally on costal veins, very few
(basally) on cubital and medial veins. Costal veins of hind wing clubbed;
cubital vein with 3 or 4 complete branches (fig. 54). Tergal glands absent.
Supra-anal plate broadly but shallowly rounded (fig. 56). Subgenital plate
with distal margin curved ventrad and small median nipplelike protuberance
which may curve dorsad; shallowly convex laterally, each corner broadly rounded,
thickened, curved ventrad, bearing apically a dense patch of stout spines, some
directed ventrad, others caudad (fig. 66). Internal genitalia (figs. 80-82): L2d
curved, pointed, fused to and a continuation of L2vm (fig. 80).

The extent of the ventral curvature of the lateral protuberance on the posterior
margin of the subgenital plate is variable (6 paratypes), not at all occurring
in some specimens.

Holotype measurements: (mm; measured as alcoholic specimen prior to being
pinned): Total length (including folded tegmina) 14.3; pronotum length 2.5,
width 3.2; tegmen length 12, width 3.1; abdomen length 6.5.

Female: Very similar to male in size and wing development. Supra-anal
plate roundly notched at apex (fig. 57). Subgenital plate with meso-distal
margins black, thickened, shallowly convex dorsally and bearing short, stout
spines (figs. 65, MC, 71). More slender setae forming setal comb in anal
chamber (fig. 65, AC) not contiguous and their separated bases clearly indicated
by large, round, dark pigmentation (fig. 71). Curved dorsolateral corners of
the plate each armed with a patch of multiple rowed small, slender, setae, these
also delineated by dark round bases (fig. 65, LS).

Allotype measurements (mm; measured as alcoholic specimen, prior to being
pinned): Total length (including folded tegmina) 14.0; pronotum length 2.7,
width 3.4; tegmen length 11.2, width 3.0; abdomen length 6.3.

Coloration (¢ and ¢): Similar (general color buckthorn brown) to A.
platystylata (Hebard) and A. conspersa (Brunner) except for the absence of a
broad medio-longitudinal blackish band on the ventral surface of the abdomen
(figs. 46, 48). The pronotal markings of A. nidicteridicola (fig. 49) are similar
to, but much more intense than A. platystylata (fig. 51). The pronotal markings
of A. conspera (fig. 50) are even lighter than those of A. platystylata. (The
markings shown in figs. 49-51 are much darker than they actually are because
of the use of high contrast film; cf. figs. 45, 83, 89).

A habitus of the nymph of A. nidicteridicola is shown in fig. 44, and the
odtheca in fig. 101.

Holotype male and allotype female: Near Serra Tamendaui, Rio
Negro, Amazonas, Brazil (64° 45’ W 0° 27’ S). Coll. L. M. Roth,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Reared paratype adults,
and nymphs distributed as follows: 2 ¢,3 2, 1 nymph in the Academy

NT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973

E

PROC.

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18 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

45 46

»

4] 48

Figs. 44-48. Amazonina nidicteridicola. 44. Nymph. 45-46. Adult (¢ ).
4/48. Adult (9). (scale, fig. 44 = 2 mm, figs. 45-48 = 3) mm):

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 19

Figs. 49-55. Amazonina spp. 49. A. nidicteridicola, pronotum
A. conspersa, pronotum (@). 51. A. platystylata, pronotum (¢). 52
nidicteridicola. 52. Prothoracic femur ( ¢; ventrocephalic er oa 53. Left

2).

)

(6).
52-54. A.

tegmen (9). 54. Right wing (@). 55. A. conspersa, right wing _Aags.
49-52 from KOH, cleared, flattened bevee ations; scale, figs. Fo St = 05
mm, fig. 52 — 0.25 mm, figs. 53-55 = 1 mm).

of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; 3 ¢, 2 2, 1 nymph, U. S. National
Museum, Washington, D. C.; 1 ¢, 1 2, 1 nymph Zoological Institute,
Lund, Sweden; 1 4, 1 2 British Museum (Natural History).

The collection data for A. nidicteridicola is as follows: 2 nests col-
lected near Serra Tamendaui, Rio Negro, July 18 and 19, 1967. Nest
No. 1, 2 2 (1 carrying odtheca), 4 nymphs, and 2 empty oéthecae.

5, no. 1, MARcH, 1973

20 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL.

a
“Ne

Figs. 56-64. Amazonina spp. 56-61. Male (left) and female (right) supra-
anal plates. 56-57. A. nidicteridicola. 58-59. A. platystylata. 60-61. A.
conspersa. 62-64. Spermathecae. 62. A. nidicteridicola. 63. A. platystylata.
64. A. conspersa. (KOH, cleared, flattened preparations; scale, figs. 56-61 =
0.25 mm, figs. 62-64 = 0.1 mm).

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 21

“Fs

ewes °°
* Rye -
ma

MC
ae =
Se
l yO SPEER

73 \ al

Figs. 65-73. Amazonina spp. Subgenital plates (female, dorsal, left; male
ventral, right). 65-66. A. nidicteridicola. AC = setal comb in anal chamber;
MC = marginal comb; LS = lateral group of setae. 67-68. A. platystylata. S =
style. 69-70. A. conspersa. 71-73. Setal combs on female subgenital plates
(dorsal). 71. A. nidicteridicola. 72. A. platystylata. 73. A. conspersa. (KOH,
cleared, flattened preparations; scale, figs. 65-70 = 0.25 mm, figs 71-73 =
0.1 mm).

11

The other nest had 4 ¢, 2 2 (1 carrying odtheca), 18 nymphs, and
2 empty odthecae (1 of these had been parasitized, as evidenced by
a round exit hole). Alphelixia sicca was also found in these same
nests and an adult female of Lophoblatta arlei was also taken in nest
number 1. One adult A. nidicteridicola (reared) was also taken in
a nest at Gaviad, Rio Negro (near base camp), July 20, 1967.
The numbers of A. nidicteridicola taken in these nests, including the

22 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973

Figs. 74-82. Amazonina spp. Parts of male genitalia. L2d and apex of L2vm
(left), R2 (middle), L1 (right). 74-76. A. conspersa. 77-79. A. platystylata.
80-82. A. nidicteridicola. (KOH preparations; scale, figs. 74-75, 77-78,
80-81 = 0.05 mm, figs. 76, 79, 82 = 0.1 mm).

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., vOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 23

87 88 a 90

Figs. 83-90. Amazonina spp. Adults (dorsal and ventral). 83-86. A. platy-
stylata. 83-84. Female. 85-86. Male. 87-90. A. conspersa. 87-88. Female.
89-90. Male. (scale = 2 mm).

presence of odthecae, indicate that the nest habitat is undoubtedly
normal for the species.

The chromosomes of A. nidicteridicola number 25 ( 6 ) and 26 (2),
and are metacentric and submetacentric (reported as Amazonina
n. sp. (38B), Table 1 and fig. 24 in Cohen and Roth, 1970).

The females of A. platystylata and A. conspersa are difficult to
differentiate (Hebard, 1921). Distinguishing characters for females
and males of these 2 species and A. nidicteridicola are given in
Tables 1 and 2. There is some inter- and intraspecific variation in
the number of main branches of the cubitus of the hind wing. In
A. nidicteridicola there are 3 (fig. 54) or 4; A. platystylata has 3

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75. no. 1, MArcH, 1973

\

Figs. 91-97. Dendroblatta cnephaia. 91. Adult (9).

92. Supra-anal plate
4, ventral). 93. Front femur (4, ventrocephalic margin). 94. Subgenital
plate (4, dorsal). 95-97. Male genitalia. 95. L2vm and L2d. 96. Rl. 97.
R2. (figs. 92-97 KOH, cleared, flattened preparations; scale, fig. 91 = 4 mm,
figs. 92-94 = 0.5 mm, figs. 95-97 = 0.2 mm).

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 25

100

102 ase

104 — i= eee te Bes
Figs. 98-105. 98-104. Odthecae of cockroaches found in bird nests. 98.
Chorisoneura sp. B. 99. Chorisoneura sp. A. 100. Dendroblatta cnephaia. 101.
Amazonina nidicteridicola. 102. Cahita or Galibia (probably Galibia). 103.
Schultesia lampyridiformis (this species is ovoviviparous and the odtheca is
carried internally until the eggs hatch). 104. Lophoblatta arlei (top, lateral
view; bottom, dorsal view). (scale, figs. 98-99, 101 = 0.5 mm, figs. 100,
102-104 = 1 mm). (Figs. 98-102, from Roth, 1971; Amazonina nidicteridicola
was reported as Amazonina sp. (78B) in Figs. 42 and 100). 105. Typical bird
nest in which cockroaches were found.

(sometimes 4), and A. conspersa has 1, 2 (fig. 55), or sometimes 3
branches. An examination of the wings of several specimens of
platystylata and conspersa showed that the number of cubital branches
could differ by one on the right and left wings of the same specimen.

26 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973

Collection data (none from bird nests) for A. platystylata and A.
conspersa taken on the Alpha Helix 1967 expedition follow:

A. platystylata: Tapurucuara, July 12 (2); Adolpho Ducke Pre-
serve, July 4 (2, reared); July 24 (4; also nymphs taken under
leaf litter along shallow ditch of clay road); Flores, Manaus, July 25
(2,2 4 reared from nymphs taken under leaf litter in sandy soil);
Egler Preserve, near Manaus, July 30 (2); Puraquequara, Rio Negro,
July 31 (2 6, reared); Borba, Rio Madeira, Aug. 4 (2 6, reared from
nymphs collected under wood chips); Serra Tamendaui, Rio Negro,
July 16 (é and 2, reared from nymphs taken in sandy soil).

A. conspersa: Gaviad, Rio Negro, July 18 (4é and 2, sweeping
tall weeds); Urucurutuba, Rio Madeira, Aug. 9 (2 reared from
nymph collected under cut palm fronds); Moura, Rio Negro, July
PAE eco

One bird’s nest was collected about 10 miles east of Manaus along
the Rio Amazonas, Aug. 12, 1967. A few cockroaches belonging to
3 genera (det. Gurney) were found: either Cahita or Galibia (prob-
ably Galibia) (2 2, reared); atypical “Eudromiella” (4, reared);
and Chorisoneura sp. A. (é and @, reared). The odtheca of Cahita-
Galibia has an unusual sausagelike shape (fig. 102).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

All of the specimens taken in birds nests were collected during Phase C of
the Alpha Helix expedition to the Amazon in 1967. I thank the National
Science Foundation for support on the Amazon expedition under Grant NSF-GB-
5916.

I thank Dr. David R. Ragge, British Museum (Natural History), London,
for the loan of the holotype ¢ of Ischnoptera (?) sicca Walker, Dr. Ashley B.
Gumey, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, for some of the identifications,
Mr. Samuel Cohen for taking the photographs, and Raimundo, a Brazilian botanical
collector, who climbed trees to collect some of the nests.

REFERENCES

Bruijning, C. F. A. 1959. The Blattidae of Surinam. Studies on the fauna
of Suriname and other Guyanas. Vol. 2:1-103.

Cohen, S. and L. M. Roth. 1970. Chromosome numbers of the Blattaria. Ann.
Entomol. Soc. Am. 62:1521-—1547.

Delamare Deboutteville, C. and R. Paulian. 1952. Recherches sur la faune
des nids et des Terriers en Basse Céte dIvoire. Encycl. Biogeogr. et Ecol.
No. 8, Paris. 116 pp.

Hebard, M. 1921. South American Blattidae from the Museum National
d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 73 (pt. II)
193-304.

. 192la. Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera families Blattidae,
Mantidae, and Phasmidae. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 47:107-169.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 DT

1926. The Blattidae of French Guiana. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phil. 78:135-244.

1929. Previously unreported tropical American Blattidae in the
British Museum (Orthoptera). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 55:345-388.

Kirby, W. F. 1904. A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. Vol. 1. London.
501 pp.

Lefeuvre, J. C. 1971. On the precocious determination of cockroaches wing
pads. Endocrinol. Exptl. 5:23-27.

Paulian, R. 1950. Observations sur la faune entomologique des nids de
Ploceinae. Proc. 8th Intern. Congr. Entomol., Stockholm, 1948, pp. 454-456.

Princis, K. 1969. Orthopterorum Catalogus. (edit. M. Beier) Pars. 13 Blattariae;
Subordo Epilamproidea, Fam. Blattellidae. ’s-Gravenhage, pp. 712-1038.

1971. Ibid. Pars. 14. Blattariae: Subordo Epilamproidea. Fam.
Ectobiidae. pp. 1041-1224.

Rehn, J. A. G. 1965. A new genus of symbiotic cockroach from Southwest
Africa (Orthoptera; Blattaria; Oxyhaloinae). Notulae Naturae, Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phil. No. 374:1-8.

Ridgway, R. 1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. Washington, D. C.
43 pp.

Roth, L. M. 1967. Uricose glands in the accessory sex gland complex of
male Blattaria. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 60:1203—1211.

. 1967a. The evolutionary significance of rotation of the oétheca in
the Blattaria. Psyche. 74:85-103.

. 1968. Oviposition behavior and water changes in the odthecae
of Lophoblatta brevis (Blattaria: Blattellidae: Plectopterinae). Ibid. 75:
99-106.

. 1970. The male genitalia of Blattaria. III. Blaberidae: Zetoborinae.
Ibid. 77:217-236.

. 1970a. The male genitalia of Blattaria. IV. Blaberidae: Blaberinae.
Ibid. 77:308-342.

. 1971. Additions to the o6thecae, uricose glands, ovarioles, and
tergal glands of Blattaria. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 64:127-141.

197la. The male genitalia of Blattaria. VII. Galiblatta, Dryado-
blatta, Poroblatta, Colapteroblatta, Nauclidas, Notolampra, Litopeltis, and
Cariacasia. (Blaberidae: Epilamprinae). Psyche. 78:180—192.

. 1971b. The male genitalia of Blattaria. VIII. Panchlora, Ancho-
blatta, Biolleya, Pelloblatta, and Achroblatta. (Blaberidae: Panchlorinae).
Ibid. 78:296-305.

Shelford, R. 1910. Genera Insectorum. Orthoptera. Fam. Blattidae. Subfam.
Epilamprinae. Fasc. 101:1-21.

Walker, F. 1869. Catalogue of the specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria and
Supplement to the Blattariae in the collection of The British Museum. London,
pp. 119-156.

Wolcott, G. N. 1950. The insects of Puerto Rico. J. Agr. Univ. Puerto Rico
(1948). 32:1-224.

28 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

NORTH AMERICAN SAWFLIES DESCRIBED BY KLUG AND KONOW
(HYMENOPTERA: SYMPHYTA)

Dav R. Smrru, Systematic Entomology Laboratory,
Agricultural Research Service, USDA*

ABSTRACT—A study of types of some North American sawflies described by
J. C. F. Klug and F. W. Konow is presented. Many of these have not been
studied or properly placed; 4 new combinations and 9 new synonymies are
proposed.

J. C. F. Klug and K. W. Konow, both German workers, described
a number of sawflies from North America, but most of their species
have not been studied because of the remote location of their col-
lections, at least to the North American authors. Consequently, some
of the species were placed in the category “Unplaced Species of
Tenthredinidae” by Ross (1951) in the Catalog of Hymenoptera of
America North of Mexico. Klug’s work is especially important
because the sawflies he described were among the first to be described
from North America.

Through the courtesy of Dr. E. Kénigsmann, Zoological Museum
of Berlin, Germany, where most of Klug’s collection is located, and
Dr. J. Oehlke, Institut fiir Pflanzenschutzforschung, Eberswalde,
Germany, where most of Konow’s collection is located, I have been
able to study the types of the species below. I am giving the original
combination, date of description, exact data as found on the specimens,
and a statement of taxonomic placement, including any necessary
changes.

Lyda circumcincta Klug, 1808:279. 2. Labels: “14501,” “TYPE”
[red], “Circumcincta K1.*, Georgia KI.” [green]. Correctly placed as
Acantholyda circumcincta (Klug) by Middlekauff (1958).

Lyda plagiata Klug, 1808:272. ?. Labels: “14509,” “TYPE” [red],
“var: L. plagiata Kl., Baltimore” [green]. Correctly placed as a
synonym of Pamphilius amplectus (Fabricius) by Middlekauff (1964).

Lyda tesselata Klug, 1808:276. 2. Labels: “14502,” “TYPE” [red],
“tessellata K1.*, Georgia KI.” [green]. Correctly placed as Acantholyda
tesselata (Klug) by Middlekauff (1958).

Hylotoma miniata Klug, 1814:298. ¢. Labels: “13654,” “Georgia,
Klug!” [small, green], “miniata K1., Georg. K1.” [large, green]. A male
of Arge coccinea (Fabricius) (= Hylotoma miniata Klug, new
synonymy ).

Hylotoma plumigera Klug, 1814:306. ¢. Labels: “13701,” “Georgia,
Klug” [small, green], “plumigera Kl., Crypt. Klugii Leach., Georg.

* Mail address: c/o U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 29

Kl.” [large, green]. This is the species I treated as Sphacophilus
klugii (Leach) (Smith, 1971b). Klug must have been in error when
he stated this was from “New-York in Nordamerika.” Klug’s name
has precedence over Leach’s name; consequently, the following
synonymy is in order: Sphacophilus plumiger (Klug) (= Cryptus
klugii Leach, new synonymy ).

Hylotoma rubra Klug, 1814:299. ?. Labels: “13653,” “Georgia,
Klug” [small, green], “rubra, Georg., Kl.” [large, green]. Correctly
placed by Ross (1951) as a synonym of Arge coccinea (Fabricius ).
Klug stated that his specimen was from “Newyork in Nordamerika,’;
probably an error on his part.

Hylotoma sanguinea Klug, 1814:299. 2. Labels: “13652,” “Georgia,
Klug” [small, green], “sanguinea Kl., Georg. KI.” [large, green].
Correctly placed by Ross (1951) as Arge sanguinea (Klug). Further
study may reveal this to be a synonym of Arge humeralis ( Beauvois ).

Hylotoma scapularis Klug, 1814:298. ¢. Labels: “13655,” “Balti-
more, Klug,” [small, green], “scapularis KI., Baltim., KI.” [large, green].
Correctly placed by Ross (1951) as Arge scapularis (Klug); how-
ever, the specimen is a male.

Hylotoma virescens Klug, 1814:296, 2. Labels: “13647,” “Georgia,
Klug,” [small, green], “virescens, Georg., Kl.” [large, green]. Placed
as a synonym of Arge clavicornis (Fabricius) by Ross (1951) and
is without question a member of this complex.

Tenthredo (Emphytus) articulata Klug, 1818:284. ¢. Labels:
“14167”, “Baltimore, Klug” [small, green], “articulata K1., Baltimore,
Kl.” [large, green], “Emphytus articulatus” [white, penciled label,
probably subsequently added to specimen]. Identical to Ametastegia
inornata (Say) and has precedence over Says name: Ametastegia
articulata (Klug), new combination (= Dolerus inornatus Say, new
synonymy ).

Tenthredo (Allantus) formosa Klug, 1818:115. 2. Labels: “13919,”
“Georgia, Klug,” [small, green], “Macrophya formosa Kl.” [hand-
written, white label, probably subsequently added to specimen].
Correctly placed by Ross (1951) as Macrophya formosa (Klug).

Tenthredo (Allantus) labiata Klug, 1818:73. 2. Labels: “13810,”
“Georgia, Klug,” [small, green], “labiata KI., Georg. KI.” [large,
green]. This name is preoccupied by Tenthredo labiata Fourcroy,
1785. Klug’s species is the same as Periclista subtruncata Dyar (=
Tenthredo labiata Klug, new synonymy ).

Tenthredo (Allantus) litura Klug, 1818:83, 2. Labels: “13907,”
“Georgia, Klug” [small, green], “Dineura litura K].” [penciled on white
paper, probably a subsequent label], “litura KI., Georg., Kl.” [large,
green]. Correctly placed as Neopareophora litura (Klug) by Ross
(1951).

30 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

Tenthredo (Allantus) obtusa Klug, 1818:55. 2. Labels: “13748,”
“Georgia, Klug” [small, green]. “Tenthredo obtusa” [penciled on white
paper, probably a subsequent label]. This name is a senior homonym of
Tenthredo obtusa Klug, 1818:211; Enslin (1914) proposed the name
obtusalis for Klug’s obtusa on p. 211. This species is identical to
Craterocercus albidovariatus (Norton) and takes precedence over
Norton’s name: Craterocercus obtusa (Klug), new combination (=
Hemichroa albidovariata Norton, new synonymy ).

Tenthredo (Allantus) pulchella Klug, 1818:121, ¢. Labels: “13925,”
“Georgia, Klug,” [small, green], “Macrophya” on top and “pulchella”
on bottom of a white label, probably subsequently added to specimen.
Correctly placed by Ross (1951) as Macrophya pulchella (Klug).

Hylotoma biramosa Klug, 1834:242. ¢. Labels: “13687”, “Mexico,
Deppe” [green], “biramosa Kl., Mexico Deppe” [large, green], a
folded white label with 4 lines of description, “Zool. Mus. Berlin”
[white]. Though this is a Mexican species, it necessitates another name
change for a species treated in my revision of Neoptilia (Smith,
1971b): Neoptilia biramosa (Klug), new combination (= Hylotoma
varicolor Norton, new synonymy: = Neoptilia mexicana Ashmead,
new synonymy ).

Xyela bakeri Konow, 1898b:328. 2 8. “Nevada, Colorado.” Two
specimens, both labeled “Nevada,” “Coll. Konow,” “TYPUS,” and on
the male only, the name label “Xyela bakeri Konow, Nevada.” Also,
1 female labeled “Colo. 1519.” The male with the name label is hereby
designated as lectotype. Correctly treated by Burdick (1961) as
Xyela bakeri Konow.

Acorduleceros biclinius Konow, 1898a:253. 2. Two females, both
labeled “Dallas, Texas,” “Coll. Konow,” “TYPUS”, and one with
the name label “A. biclinius Knw.”, the other “Acorduleceros biclinius
Knw., Amer. b. Texas.” The specimen with the label “A. biclinius
Knw.” is hereby designated as lectotype. This species was correctly
placed as a synonym of Acordulecera dorsalis Say, by Ross (1951).

Acorduleceros pellucidus Konow, 1898a:253. °. The type is a female
labeled “Dallas, Texas,” “Coll. Konow,’ “TYPUS,” “Acorduleceros
pellucidus Knw., Am. b. Texas,” the only specimen Konow saw. This
is the same as Acordulecera minuta MacGillivray, and Konow’s name
takes precedence: Acordulecera pellucida (Konow) (= Acordulecera
minuta MacGillivray, new synonymy).

Arge inops Konow, 1906:181. ¢. A single male labeled “Dallas,
Texas,” “Coll. Konow,” “TYPUS,” “Arge inops Knw., Texas,” is the
type. This was correctly placed as a synonym of Arge clavicornis
(Fabricius) by Ross (1951).

Brachyphatnus nigriceps Konow, 1906:251. 2. A female labeled
“Dallas, Texas,” “Coll. Konow,” “TYPUS,” “Brachyphatnus nigriceps

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 31

Knw., Texas,” is the type. This is correctly treated as Sphacophilus
nigriceps (Konow) in my revision of that genus (Smith, 1971b).

Entodecta humilis Konow, 1908:84. ¢. One specimen labeled
“Sitcha,” “Sahlberg,” “Coll. Konow,” “TYPE,” “Entodecta humilis
Knw., Alaska,” is the type, a female. Correctly placed as a synonym
of Metallus capitalis (Norton) in my revision of the Heterarthrinae
(Smith, 1971b).

Pachynematus sahlbergi Konow, 1908:83. 2 4. One female, labeled
“Sitcha,” “Sahlberg,” “Coll. Konow,” “TYPE,” “Pachynematus sahlbergi
Konow’ may be the type. I saw only the 1 specimen. Correctly placed
as a synonym of Melastola resinicolor (Marlatt) by Wong (1968).

Periclista mutabilis Konow, 1904:241. 2 ¢&. Five specimens, all
with the labels “Dallas, Texas,” and “Coll. Konow.” One male with
the additional labels “TYPUS” and “Periclista mutabilis Knw., Texas,”
is hereby designated as lectotype. The other four specimens, females,
each have the additional label “Paratypus,” and lack a name label.
The type male and one paratype are the same as Periclista albicollis
(Norton) (= Periclista mutabilis Konow, new synonymy); the other
three paratype females are Periclista rileyi (Cresson).

Tenthredo commata Konow, 1908:90. 2 ¢. Two specimens, a
male labeled “Sitcha,” “Sahlberg,” “Coll. Konow,” “TYPUS,” and
“Tenthredo commata Knw., Alaska.” A female has the same data but
lacks the name label. I am hereby designating the female as lectotype
because of better diagnostic characters in this sex for separation of
most species of Tenthredo. This species is correctly placed as a
synonym of Tenthredo perplexa MacGillivray by Ross (1951).

Tenthredo juga Konow, 1908:89. 2. Not examined.

Tenthredo sahlbergi Konow, 1908, p. 91. 2 ¢. Two specimens, a
male labeled “Sticha,” “Sahlberg,” “Coll. Konow,” “TYPUS,” and
“Tenthredo sahlbergi Knw., Alaska.” A female has the same data but
lacks the name label. I am hereby designating the female as lectotype
because of better diagnostic characters in this sex for separation of
most species of Tenthredo. This species is adequately placed as a
synonym of Tenthredo subcoerulea Eschscholtz by Ross (1951).

REFERENCES

Burdick, D. J. 1961. A taxonomic and biological study of the genus Xyela
Dalman in North America. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 17:285-356.

Enslin, E. 1914. Die Tenthredinoidea Mitteleuropas. Beit. Deut. Entomol.
Z., pp. 203-309.

Klug, J. C. F. 1808. Die Blattwespen nach ihren Gattungen und Arten
zussammengestellt. Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin. 2:261-283.

1814. Die Blattwespen nach ihren Gattungen und Arten zus-

sammengestellt. Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin. 6:276-310.

32 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., voL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

1818. Die Blattwespen nach ihren Gattungen und Arten zus-
sammengestellt. Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin. 8: 44-84, 110-144, 179-
219, 273-307.

1834. Uebersicht der Tenthredinetae der Sammlung. Jahrb. Ins.
1:223-253.

Konow, F. W. 1898a. Ueber die Tenthrediniden-Tribus Lophyrini. Entomol.
Nachr. 24:247-254.

1898b. Ueber einige neue Chalastogastra-Arten. Entomol. Nachr.
24:327-330.

1904. Ueber einige exotische Tenthrediniden. Z. System. Hym.
Dipt. 4: 231-248.

1906. Neue mittel- und siidamerikanische Argini. Z. System. Hym.
Dipt. 6:177—192, 241-253.

1908. De Chalastogastris miscellanea. Z. System. Hym. Dipt.
8:81-93.

Middlekauff, W. W. 1958. The North American sawflies of the genera
Acantholyda, Cephalcia, and Neurotoma (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae). Univ.
Calif. Publ. Entomol. 14:51-174.

Middlekauff, W. W. 1964. The North American sawflies of the genus Pamphilius
(Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 38:1-80.

Ross, H. H. 1951. Symphyta. In Muesebeck, C. F. W., et al., Hymenoptera
of America North of Mexico, Synoptic Catalog, U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monog.
2, pp. 4-82.

Smith, D. R. 197la. Nearctic sawflies III. Heterarthrinae: Adults and larvae
(Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 1420, 84 pp.

197lb. Nearctic sawflies of the genera Neoptilia Ashmead,
Schizocerella Forsius, Aprosthema Konow, and Sphacophilus Provancher
(Hymenoptera: Argidae). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 97:537-594.

Wong, H. R. 1968. A revision of the tribe Pristolini (Hymenoptera: Ten-
thredinidae). Canad. Entomol. 100:1049-—1057.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 33

THE TYPES OF SOME NOCTUID MOTHS FROM THE GALAPAGOS
ISLANDS DESCRIBED BY WILLIAM SCHAUS IN 1923
( LEPIDOPTERA )

E. L. Topp, Systematic Entomology Laboratory,
Agricultural Research Service, USDA’

ABSTRACT—The type-specimens of 16 noctuid moth species described by
William Schaus from the Galapagos Islands in 1923 are discussed. A lectotype
is selected for each of the following species: Euxoa williamsi Schaus, Perigea
ruthae Schaus, Harrisonia williamsi Schaus, Amyna insularum Schaus, Paectes
indefatigabilis Schaus, Mocis incurvalis Schaus, Anomis porfessorum Schaus,
Melipotis harrisoni Schaus, Rivula? dubiosa Schaus and Psorya hadesia Schaus.

William Schaus, 1923, Zoologica, 5(2):23-45, described 18 new
species and 1 new form (subspecies) in the family Noctuidae. The
specimens on which the descriptions were based were collected by
William Beebe as a member of the Williams Galapagos Expedition
of the New York Zoological Society. Schaus indicated that the types
of the new entities were to be deposited in the collections of the
United States National Museum (USNM) and he assigned numbers
from the type catalog of that institution to each new species and to
the new form. The specimens bearing the USNM type numbers (1
specimen of each species or form) are in the United States National
Museum and have been examined. Part of these must be considered
to be holotypes for various reasons that will be explained in the
discussions to follow. The others, most of the species based on multiple
examples, require lectotype selection and designation in order to
insure that they are considered to be the type-specimens by all. It has
been argued that if only 1 specimen bears a given USNM type number
agreeing with the number cited in the original description that
specimen should be considered to be the holotype. I am inclined
to agree with that view, but other workers do not agree that the
inclusion of such type numbers in the original descriptions and the
apparent placement of the type number label on a single specimen
is indicative of holotype selection. One argument that has been
advanced is that type numbers were not always placed in the descrip-
tions and/or type number labels were not placed on the specimens
by the authors, but by others. There are other arguments, but they
need not be discussed since one argument is sufficient to demonstrate
that different interpretations exist as to the significance of included
type numbers.

1 Mail address: c/o U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560.

34 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

According to information received from contemporary workers of
Schaus, it was his practice to describe new species from 1 specimen
of a series and to apply the name label, type label, and type number
label, when used, to the described specimen only. Unfortunately, he
did not indicate this procedure in most of his papers and he seldom
specified in the descriptions which specimen was to bear the labels
(See Article 73 (b) of the International Code of Zoological Nomen-
clature, 1961). Furthermore, he was not consistent in this practice as
can be demonstrated by examples treated in this paper in which
more than 1 specimen was described and/or labeled. It has already
been established that in some instances he failed to label any of the
specimens (Todd, 1972).

The paper under discussion is composed of 2 parts. The first
part is a list of collecting data for each species. The data for the
species of Noctuidae are found on pages 23 through 27. The list of
data is followed by a part in which the new species are described.
Pages 32 to 45 contain the descriptions of the new species of the
family Noctuidae.

Two of the noctuid species described by Schaus from the Williams
Galapagos Expedition material are being treated in a separate paper
on some Noctuidae of the Galapagos and will not be included herein.
Euxoa williamsi Schaus, 1923, Zoologica, 5(2):32, pl. 1, fig. 1

“Habitat: Indefatigable, James Island, Albemarle and South Sey-
mour.”

“Type Cat. No. 26504. U.S. N. M.”

On page 24 in a list of the specimens collected Schaus stated:

“Conway Bay, Indefatigable 8? April 1st.”
“James Island ike April 5th.”
“Tagus Cove, Albemarle 1é April 6th.”
“South Seymour 1é 682 April 23rd.”

Schaus described a female and added 2 brief sentences about the
male. The specimen selected and now designated as the lectotype,
a female, is labeled: “Euxoa williamsi Schs, type”; “Conway Bay,
Indefatigable, Galapagos, April 1, 1923”; “Type No. 26504 U. S. N. M.”;
“@ genitalia, Slide USNM 1723, J. G. Franclemont” and “Lectotype,
Euxoa williamsi Schaus, by E. L. Todd.” There are 2 other syntypic
specimens in the USNM, the male from Tagus Cove, Albemarle and a
female from South Seymour. It is assumed that the other 14 syntypes
are in the collection of the New York Zoological Society, but some
may have been distributed elsewhere. The same assumption is ap-
plied to the syntypes of the other species described by Schaus from
the Williams Galapagos Expedition that have not been located in the
collection of the USNM.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MarRcH, 1973 35

Lycophotia oceanica Schaus, 1923, Zoologica, 5(2):32, pl. 1, fig. 2.
“Habitat: Galapagos Islands, the type from South Seymour.”
"Type Cat. No. 26505. U. S. N. M.”

In the list of specimens on p. 24 Schaus stated:

“Conway Bay, Indefatigable 12 April Ist.”
“Tagus Cove, Albemarle ie April 6th.”
“South Seymour 14 April 23rd.”

Holotype: Schaus indicated in this description which specimen was
the type. There was only 1 specimen from South Seymour, and the
specimen in the USNM bearing the type number label and the label
“Lycophotia oceanica Schs, type é” is from that locality. It is the
specimen figured by Schaus, but it is a female, not a male!

Cirphis cooperi Schaus, 1923, Zoologica, 5(2):33, pl. 1, fig. 3.
“Type Cat. No. 26506. U. S. N. M.”

Holotype: A unique female from Conway Bay, Indefatigable.

Trachaea (sic!) roseae Schaus, 1923, Zoologica, 5(2):33, pl. 1, fig. 4.
“Type Cat. No. 26507. U. S. N. M.”

Holotype: A unique male from Conway Bay, Indefatigable. Schaus
spelled the generic name, Trachea, correctly on page 24.

Perigea ruthae Schaus, 1923, Zoologica, 5(2):35, pl. 1, fig. 5.
“Habitat: Tagus Cove, Albemarle; also occurs on other islands.”
“Type Cat. No. 26508. U. S. N. M.”

In the list of specimens on pp. 24-25 Schaus stated:

“Conway Bay, Indefatigable Boe? April Ist.”
“James Island 1é 52 April 5th.”
“Tagus Cove, Albemarle Soule April 6th.”
“South Seymour 1 April 23rd.”

Schaus described the male sex only, and cited only 1 specific
locality in the description, but even so, he did not clearly indicate
1 specimen as “the type”. The specimen in the USNM labeled “Perigea
ruthae Schs, type 3”; “Type No. 26508 U.S.N.M.”; “Tagus Cove,
Albemarle, Galapagos, April 6, 1923”, a male, has been selected,
labeled, and is presently designated as the lectotype. A 2 from Con-
way Bay, Indefatigable, is the only other syntype in the USNM.

Perigea ebba Schaus, 1923, Zoologica, 5(2):36, pl. 1, fig. 6.

~ “Expanse male 28 mm., female 30 mm.” “Habitat: James Island,
Indefatigable and South Seymour.” “Type Cat. No. 26509.
US) Neo.”

36 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

Holotype: On page 25 Schaus listed single specimens from each
of the three localities, a male from James Island and a female from
each of the other two localities. His description is based on the
specimen he determined as a male. It is the only specimen in the
USNM and is labeled: “Perigea ebba Schs, type ¢”; “James Islan
(sic), Galapagos, April 5, 1923”; “Type No. 26509 U.S.N.M.” It is
28 mm in expanse, but it is a female, not a male, as indicated by
Schaus!

Harrisonia williamsi Schaus, 1923, Zoologica, 5(2):36, pl. 1, fig. 7.
“Habitat: South Seymour.” “Type Cat. No. 26510. U. S. N. M.”
Schaus described this species from 34 and 132 from South Seymour.

Three specimens, 1 male and 2 females, from that series are in the

collection of the USNM. The male is labeled: “Harrisonia williamsi

Schs, type”; “South Seymour, Galapagos, April 23, 1923”; “Type No.

26510 U.S.N.M.” It has been selected, labeled and is now designated

as the lectotype.

Amyna insularum Schaus, 1923, Zoologica, 5(2): 37, pl. 1, fig. 8.
“Habitat: Conway Bay, Indefatigable; also from other islands.”
“Type Cat. No. 26511. U. S. N. M?

On page 25 Schaus cited the following collecting data:

“Conway Bay, Indefatigable 183 349 April Ist.”
“James Island 5é 82 April 5th.”
“Tagus Cove, Albemarle 20 2 April 6th.”
“Chatham Island Wd. 28 April 7th
“South Seymour od 98 April 23rd.”

The specimen selected and now designated as the lectotype of
Amyna insularum Schaus is labeled: “Amyna insularum Schs, type’;
“Conway Bay, Indefatigable, Galapagos, April 1, 1923”; “Type No.
26511 U.S.N.M.”; “Lectotype, Amyna insularum Schaus by E. L. Todd.”
It is a male and it is the specimen figured by Schaus. Six other
syntypes, 2¢ and 2? from the type-locality and 1¢ and 12 from
South Seymour, are also in the collection of the USNM.

Paectes indefatigabilis Schaus, 1923, Zoologica, 5(2):38, pl. 1, fig. 11.
“Habitat: Conway Bay, Indefatigable; also occurs on South Sey-
mour.
“Type Cat. No. 26514. U. S. N. M.”
The data cited on page 26 under this species reads:

“Conway Bay, Indefatigable 114 199 April 1st.”
“South Seymour a6. 29 April 23rd.”

The specimen selected, labeled and now designated as the lectotype
is a male in the collection of the USNM. It is labeled: “Paectes

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 3Y/

indefatigabilis Schs, type”; “Conway Bay, Indefatigable, Galapagos,
April 1, 1923”; “Type No. 26514 U.S.N.M.” There are 5 other syntypes
in the USNM, 2¢ and 32, all from the type-locality.

Paectes isabel Schaus, 1923, Zoologica, 5(2):39, pl. 1, fig. 12.

“Habitat: Conway Bay, Indefatigable.” “Type Cat. 26515. U.S.N.M.”
Holotype: Described from a unique male. The specimen is in the
collection of the USNM.

Syngrapha egena galapagensis Schaus, 1923, Zoologica, 5(2):41, pl.
2, fig. 14.
“Habitat: James Island.” “Type Cat. No. 26516. U. S. N. M.”

Holotype: Schaus described the male sex or what he thought was the
male and cited only 1 locality. However, on page 26 he listed a
8 from James Island, 1¢ and 12 from Chatham Island, and a ¢
from South Seymour. Since he did not mention the material from
the other islands on page 41, it is my opinion that the specimen in
the USNM bearing Type No. 26516 U.S.N.M. from “James Islan
(sic), Galapagos, April 5, 1923” is the holotype. It is, however, a
female, not a male!

Mocis incurvalis Schaus, 1923, Zoologica, 5(2):41, pl. 1, fig. 13.
“Habitat: the male from Conway Bay, Indefatigable, the female
from South Seymour.”

“Type Gat. No. 26517. U.S. N. M?”

The male bears the labels “Mocis incurvalis Schs, type ¢” and
“Type No. 26517 U.S.N.M.” It has been selected, labeled and is
presently designated lectotype for this species. The female syntype
from South Seymour is also in the collection of the USNM.

Anomis professorum Schaus, 1923, Zoologica, 5(2):42, pl. 2, fig. 16.
“Habitat: Chatham and other islands.”
“Type Cat. No. 26518. U. S. N. M.”
On page 27 Schaus cited the following collecting data:

“Conway Bay, Indefatigable 26 29 April Ist.”
“James Island 1° April 5th.”
“Tagus Cove, Albemarle 22 April 6th.”
“Chatham Island 73 159 April 7th.”
“South Seymour 83 102 April 23rd.”

There are 5 syntypes of this species in the collection of the USNM,
14 and 22 from Chatham Island and 14 and 12 from South Seymour.
The male from Chatham Island is labeled “Anomis professorum Schs,
type ¢” and “Type No. 26518 U.S.N.M.” It is selected, labeled and
now designated as lectotype. One of the 2 females from the same

38 PROG. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

locality is labeled “Anomis professorum Schs, type 2”, indicating that
Schaus was not always consistent in labeling a single specimen as
type as a routine taxonomic procedure. The same situation exists
in the following species, Melipotis harrisoni Schaus.

Melipotis harrisoni Schaus, 1923, Zoologica, 5(2): 42, pl. 2, fig. 15.
“Habitat: South Seymour and other islands.”
“Type Cat. No. 26519. U. S. N. M.”
The data cited on page 27 is as follows:

“Conway Bay, Indefatigable be April Ist.”
“Tagus Cove, Albemarle 32 April 6th.”
“South Seymour 6¢ 59 April 23rd.”

A male in the collection of the USNM is labeled: “Melipotis
harrisoni Schs, type”; “South Seymour, Galapagos, April 23, 1923”;
“Type No. 26519 U.S.N.M.” It has been selected, labeled and _ is
presently designated as the lectotype. There are 2 other syntypes in
the USNM, both females, 1 from Conway Bay, Indefatigable, the
other from Tagus Cove, Albemarle. The latter is labeled: “Melipotis
harrisoni Schs, type 2°.”

Epidromia zephyritis Schaus, 1923, Zoologica, 5(2):43, pl. 2, fig. 17.
“Habitat: Conway Bay, Indefatigable.”
“Type Cat. No. 26520. U. S. N. M.”

Holotype: This species was described from a unique female. It is
in the USNM.

Rivula P dubiosa Schaus, 1923, Zoologica, 5(2):44, pl. 2, fig. 19.

“Habitat: Conway Bay, Indefatigable.”

“Type Cat. No. 26522. U. S. N. M.”

On page 27 Schaus indicated that he had 2 female specimens of
this species. Only 1 is in the collection of the USNM. It bears the
Schaus type and type number labels and it is from the locality
given in the original description. This specimen has been selected,
labeled and is now designated as the lectotype.

Psorya hadesia Schaus, 1923, Zoologica, 5(2):44, pl. 2, fig. 18.
“Habitat: South Seymour.” “Type Cat. No. 26521. U. S. N. M.”
Schaus had available for study 2 specimens, a ¢ and a 2? from

South Seymour as stated on p. 27 in the collecting data. Both were

apparently reared from pupae found under stones. The male has a

label to that effect and the pupal case is on the pin. There is another

pupal case on a separate pin, but without a label. In the specific
description, Schaus described only the female sex and the female is
the specimen figured; it bears the type number label, but is labeled

PROG. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 39

“Ypsoria hadesia Schs, 2 type’. The male is labeled “Psorya hacdesia
Schs, type”, but does not bear the type number label. The female
probably should be considered to be the holotype, but because the
generic name on the name label is erroneous and because the female
does not agree with the generic diagnosis, I prefer to select it as the
lectotype and I so designate and label it. The male was not mentioned
in the specific description, but the part of the generic diagnosis
relating to the antennae was obviously prepared from the male, not
the female, which has simple, not pectinate, antennae.

REFERENCE

Todd, E. L. 1972. Notes concerning some moths described by William Schaus
in 1915. (Lepidoptera). J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 61(4):266-271.

NOMENCLATURAL PROBLEMS IN SIX GENERA OF TENEBRIONIDAE
( COLEOPTERA )

T. J. SpPrLMAN, Systematic Entomology Laboratory,
Agricultural Research Service, USDA*

ABSTRACT—The nomenclature of the following generic names in 6 genera of
the Tenebrionidae is explained (the first name in each series is now the valid
name): Adelina, Doliema; Cheirodes, Anemia; Cymatothes, Pyanisia; Hypogena,
Ulosonia; Mylaris, Iphthinus, Nyctobates; Iphthiminus, Iphthinus of authors. The
type-species of Hypogena and Iphthinus are designated. Iphthiminus is newly
proposed for the genus previously known as Iphthinus.

For the past few years I have been assembling a catalogue of the
Tenebrionidae of America, north of Mexico, and have been re-ex-
amining all original descriptions of genera and species and designations
of type-species. Because the world Tenebrionidae are so well cata-
logued—Gebien finished his second catalogue in 1948—my task has
not been difficult. However, I did find a few things that had been
overlooked or misinterpreted by previous workers, and because these
things are somewhat complicated and require explanations, I am
presenting them before the catalogue is published. My investigations
also apply to other areas of the world because the genera also contain
non-North American species.

1 Mail address: c/o U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560.

40 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

All but one of the 6 problems discussed below concern generic
names first published and made available by Dejean in his catalogue
of Coleoptera. Dejean did not morphologically describe any tene-
brionid genera or species; his catalogue was merely a list of genera
or species, with an author given for both and a locality given for the
species. Many of the generic names were being used for the first time.
Some of the genera included only names of undescribed species,
that is, nomina nuda; such generic names are, of course, themselves
nomina nuda. On the other hand, many generic names used for the
first time included names of previously described species, and those
generic names were thereby made available, according to Article
16(a) (v) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.
However, most older authors considered a generic name to be avail-
able only when a morphological description of the genus was given,
and they therefore rejected all instances of possible authorship of
genera by Dejean. Most modern authors have perpetuated these in-
correct interpretations.

All of these problems and the resultant changes concern only nomen-
clature. No species have been transferred from genus to genus, no
species have been synonymized, and no generic taxa are newly
synonymized, though in 1 case generic names are newly synonymized.
All classification is still exactly as given in Gebien’s and Blackwelder’s
catalogues. The first 4 problems discussed below are quite simple:
the junior synonym becomes the senior synonym. However, the fifth
problem is quite complicated: 2 genera are involved, junior and
senior synonyms change places, a generic name is transferred, and a
new generic name is proposed.

Adelina Dejean

Adelina Dejean, 1835:315. Type-species: Cucujus planus Fabricius; monotypic.
Doliema Pascoe, 1860:50. Type-species: Doliema platisoides Pascoe; monotypic.

These names apply to a genus usually known by the name Doliema;
the genus is in the Ulomini. The names have been subjective synonyms
for many years because their type-species are congeneric. Doliema
had been used as the valid name because previous cataloguers had
considered Adelina Dejean to be a nomen nudum. However, the
inclusion of plana Fabricius, originally described as Cucujus planus,
made the name Adelina available; 3 other included species were
actually nomina nuda. Dejean attributed the name Adelina to Chey-
rolat, but Chevrolat had used the name only in a collection or in an
unpublished manuscript.

The older name Adelina is the valid name for this genus. This
change of position of the 2 generic names does not constitute a new
synonymy. The genus occurs in all faunal realms except the Ethiopian.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 Al

The species are listed under the generic name Doliema in Gebien’s
catalogue (1940:785(592) ). (Incidentally, Gebien (1940:785( 592) )
synonymized Cucujus planus Fabricius, 1801 (p. 94) under Tenebrio
planus Olivier, 1795 (p. 57-14, pl. 2, fig. 17). I believe Olivier’s
description and illustration of Tenebrio planus apply more readily
to Pytho americanus Kirby, 1837 (p. 165), as was indicated by Blair
(1928:5).)

Cheirodes Gené

Cheirodes Gené, 1839:73. Type-species: Cheirodes sardous Gené; monotypic.
Anemia Laporte, 1840:218. Type-species: Anemia granulata Laporte; monotypic.

These names apply to a genus usually known by the name Anemia;
the genus is in the Opatrini. The names have been subjective synonyms
for many years because their type-species are congeneric. Anemia
had been used as the valid name because previous cataloguers had
credited Cheirodes to Dejean (1834:194) and had considered it a
nomen nudum. However, Gené’s description of Cheirodes sardous
in 1839 made Cheirodes available.

The older name Cheirodes is the valid name for this genus. This
change of position of the 2 generic names does not constitute a new
synonymy. The genus occurs in all faunal realms except the Neo-
tropical. The species are listed under the generic name Anemia in
Gebien’s catalogue (1938:422(549) ).

Cymatothes Dejean

Cymatothes Dejean, 1834:208. Type-species: Helops undatus Fabricius; mono-
typic.

Pyanisia Laporte, 1840:235. (Proposed as a subgenus of Helops Fabricius).
Type-species: Helops undatus Fabricius; designated by Hope, 1840:133.

These names apply to a genus usually known by the name Pyanisia;
the genus is in the Amarygmini. The names have been objective
synonyms for many years because they are isogenotypic. Pyanisia
had been used as the valid name because previous cataloguers had
considered Cymatothes Dejean to be a nomen nudum. However, the
inclusion of wndatus Fabricius, originally described in Helops, made
the name Cymatothes available; 3 other included species were
nomina nuda. This generic name is occasionally spelled Cymathotes,
but that is based on a spelling error of Blanchard (1845:33, 36).

The name Pyanisia was accidentally spelled Pyganisia by Hope
when he made the type-species designation.

The older name Cymatothes is the valid name for this genus. This
change of position of the 2 generic names does not constitute a new
synonymy. The genus occurs in the Western Hemisphere. The species
are listed under the generic name Pyanisia in Gebien’s catalogue

(1948:514 (859) ) and in Blackwelder’s catalogue (1945:543).

42 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

Hypogena Dejean
Hypogena Dejean, 1834:199. Type-species: Tenebrio biimpressus Latreille;
here designated.
Ulosonia Laporte, 1840:220. (Proposed as a subgenus of Uloma Dejean).
Type-species: Phaleria tricornis Dalman; designated by Lucas, 1920:665.

These names apply to a genus usually known by the name
Ulosonia; the genus is in the Ulomini. The names have been subjective
synonyms for many years because their type-species are congeneric.
Ulosonia had been used as the valid name because previous cataloguers
had considered Hypogena Dejean to be a nomen nudum. However,
the inclusion of biimpressa Latreille and another previously described
species made the name Hypogena available; 8 other included species
were nomina nuda. The type-species was originally described as
Tenebrio biimpressus Latreille.

The type-species of Ulosonia was listed by Laporte as tricornis
Palisot, but it was originally described as Phaleria tricornis Dalman.

The older name Hypogena is the valid name for this genus. This
change of position of the 2 generic names does not constitute a new
synonymy. The genus occurs in the Western Hemisphere. The species
are listed under the generic name Ulosonia in Gebien’s catalogue

(1940:786(593) ) and in Blackwelder’s catalogue (1945:533).

Mylaris Pallas
Mylaris Pallas, 1781:37. Type-species: Tenebrio gigas Linnaeus; designated by
Guérin-Méneville, 1844:120.
Iphthinus Dejean, 1834:203. Type-species: Tenebrio gigas Linnaeus; here
designated. [NEW SYNONYMY].
Nyctobates Guérin-Méneville, 1834:33. Type-species: Tenebrio gigas Linnaeus;
original designation.

Iphthiminus Spilman, n. gen.

Iphthiminus Spilman. Type-species: Iphthinus italicus Truqui; here designated.
Iphthinus (spelled Iphthimus) of Truqui, 1857:92, and subsequent authors.

Both of these genera are in the Tenebrionini. In the first genus,
the names Mylaris and Nyctobates have been objective synonyms for
a long time because they are isogenotypic. The genus has been called
Nyctobates by most authors even though Mylaris was recorded as
being older and even though Guérin-Méneville in 1844 pointed out
that Nyctobates should be the junior synonym. Incidentally, Pallas
correctly attributed Tenebrio gigas to Linnaeus, but he unnecessarily
renamed it Mylaris gigantea; Guérin-Méneville credited T. gigas to
Fabricius and accidentally spelled the generic name Mylasis; Motschul-
sky (1872:23) made an incorrect type-species designation and ac-
cidentally spelled the generic name Milaris.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 43

The generic name Iphthinus has not previously been in synonymy
with Mylaris and Nyctobates. In 1834 Dejean listed 30 species under
the generic name [phthinus Dejean in his catalogue; 7 of those
species had been previously described. Then in 1857 Truqui presented
the first morphological description of Iphthinus, but he used the
spelling Iphthimus. One of the 4 species which Truqui included
and described was the new species Iphthimus italicus; Motschulsky
(1872:24) designated it type-species. Since that time all authors have
considered: 1) Truqui to be the author of the generic name; 2)
Iphthimus to be the correct spelling; 3) italicus to be the type-species.
However, the facts are that: 1) Dejean is the author of the name
because his inclusion of previously described species made the name
available; 2) Iphthinus is the correct spelling and Truqui’s I[phthimus
must be considered a spelling error because he did not actually emend
the name; 3) the genus still does not have a type-species because
“italicus Bonelli? (Upis)”, as included by Dejean, was a nomen
nudum in 1834.

None of the 7 species available for type-species designation is
now in Iphthinus. Six of those 7 species are in genera which are
younger than Iphthinus, and selection of any 1 of them would change
the name of another genus to Iphthinus. The above selection of
Tenebrio gigas Linnaeus, credited by Dejean to Fabricius, has made
Iphthinus isogenotypic with Mylaris and Nyctobates; the name
Iphthinus is effectively buried under Mylaris, the oldest name.

Because of the type-species designations made above, the genus
known as Iphthimus was left without a generic name. For that genus
I have proposed the name Iphthiminus and have designated Iphthinus
italicus Truqui as type-species. In the above synonymy under the
new genus Iphthiminus I have cited Truqui’s (1857:92) description
of Iphthimus; this makes the new generic name available under
Article 13(a) (ii) of the Code.

The genus Mylaris includes gigas (Linnaeus) and its congeners,
all from Mexico and Central and South America; the species are listed
under the generic name Nyctobates in Gebien’s catalogue (1941:
344(639)) and in Blackwelder’s catalogue (1945:535).

The genus Iphthiminus includes italicus (Truqui) and its congeners,
all from the western Palearctic and from the Nearctic, the species
are listed under the generic name Iphthimus in Gebien’s catalogue

(1941:339(634) ).

REFERENCES

Blackwelder, R. E. 1945. Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico,
Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Part 3. U. S. Natl.
Mus. Bull. 185:343-550.

. 1949. Studies on the dates of books on Coleoptera. I. Coleop. Bull.
3:42—-46.

44 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., voL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

Blair, K. G. 1928. Pythidae. Junk and Schenkling’s Coleopterorum Catalogus,
pars 99, pp. 1-41.

Blanchard. &. 1845. Histoire des insectes. Tome II. Coléoptéres, Orthopteéres,
Thysanoptéres, Néuroptéres, Lépidoptéres, Hémiptéres, Aphanipteres, Strep-
siptéres, Diptéres, Anoplures et Thysanures. (Traité complet d’/histoire naturelle.
Tome 9.) 524 pp., 20 pls.

Dejean, P. F. M. A. 1833-1837. Catalogue des Coléoptéres de la collection
de M. le comte Dejean. [3rd edition] 443 pp. (Pp. 177-256 published June
1834, pp. 257-360 published 1835, according to Blackwelder 1949.)

Fabricius, J. C. 1801. Systema eleutheratorum. Vol. 2, 687 and 79 pp.

Gebien, H. 1938-1948. Katalog der Tenebrioniden. Teil I-II. Mitt. Miinchner
Entomol. Ges., vols. 28-34, 1938-1944 [1938-1948], pagination not con-
secutive. (Pages pertinent to this study: vol. 28, no. 2, 1938, pp. 397-428;
vol. 30, no. 2, 1940, pp. 755-786; vol. 31, no. 1, 1941, pp. 331-362; vol 34,
no. 2, 1944 [1948], pp. 497-555. Complete Teil I-II bound as separates with
continuous pagination, pp. 370-899; page numbers in parentheses in my
references to Gebien refer to these separates. )

Gené, J. 1839. De quibusdam insectis Sardiniae novis aut minus cognitis.
Fasciculus II. Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino. ser. 2. 1:43-84, 2 pls.

Guérin-Méneville, F. E. 1834, Matériaux pour une classification des Mélasomes
(Extraits d’une monographie de cette famille). Magasin de Zool. 4 (Mém.
Gen.): 1-39, pls. 101-118.

. 1844. Iconographie du regne animal de G. Cuvier. Vol. 7, insectes,
1829-1838 [1844]. 576 pp., 104 pls.

Hope, F. W. 1840. The coleopterist’s manual. Part 3. 191 pp., 3 pls.

Kirby, W. 1837. Insects, Coleoptera. In Richardson’s Fauna Boreali-Americana;
or the zoology of the northern parts of British Americana. 249 pp., illus.
Laporte de Castelnau, F. L. 1840. Histoire naturelle des insectes. Coléoptéres.

Vol. 2, 563 pp., 55 pls.

Lucas, R. 1920. Catalogus alphabeticus generum et subgenerum coleopterorum
orbis terrarum totius (famil., trib., subtr., sect. incl.). Pars I. Arch. f. Naturg.
84 (A, 1-5, 1918 [1920] ) :i-xxxi, 1-696.

Motschulsky, V. von. 1872. Enumération des nouvelles espéces de coléoptéres
rapportés de ses voyages. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou. 45(2):23-55.

Olivier, A. G. Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des insectes. Coléoptéres. Vol.
3, 65 fascicles, each with numbered pages.

Pallas, S. P. 1781. Icones insectorum praesertim Rossiae Sibiriaeque peculiarium,
quae collegit et descriptionibus illustravit. Part I, pp. 1-56.

Pascoe, F. P. 1860. Notices of new or little-known genera and species of
Coleoptera. Entomol. 1:36—64, 2 pls.

Truqui, E. 1857. Generis Iphthimi characteres. Entomol. Ztg., Entomol. Ver.
Stettin. 18( 1-3) :92-94.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973 45

A NEW SPECIES OF STRIGIPHILUS FROM THE SAW-WHET OWL,
AEGOLIUS ACADICUS
(MALLOPHAGA: PHILOPTERIDAE )

K. C. Emerson, 2704 North Kensington Street, Arlington, Virginia 22207 and
RocER D. Price, Department of Entomology, Fisheries, and Wildlife,
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55101

ABSTRACT—Strigiphilus aeadicus n. sp. is described and illustrated from
Aegolius acadicus (Gmelin) collected in Canada.

Through the courtesy of Mr. John G. Woods, Guelph, Ontario, and
Mr. Paul M. Catling, Toronto, Ontario, several series of Mallophaga
from the Saw-Whet Owl were made available to us for study. In our
opinion, these specimens represent a new species and we are describing
and illustrating it here.

Strigiphilus acadicus, n. sp.
Figs. 14
Male: External morphology and chaetotaxy as shown in fig. 2. Anterior
dorsal plate of forehead as shown in fig. 3. Genitalia, less sac, as in fig. 4.
Total length, 1.81—1.87 mm.
Female: External morphology and chaetotaxy as shown in fig. 1. Anterior
dorsal plate of forehead as for the male. Total length, 1.96-2.18 mm.

Discussion: This species belongs to the cursitans group as defined
by Clay (1966). Ledger (1970) illustrated the head of each species
in the group when he described S. zumpti Ledger. In general shape,
the head is essentially the same as for S. tuleskovi Balat and S. cursitans
(Nitzsch); however, the anterior dorsal plate of the forehead differs
from both in that the posterior projection does not extend beyond the
posterior margin of the plate. The male genitalia, while being shorter
than for S. cursitans and approximately the same length as for S.
tuleskovi, are distinctive; the distally central forked prolongations
of the basal apodeme are widely separated in S. cursitans and S.
tuleskovi (see Clay, 1966: fig. 27), but barely separated in S. acadicus.
Abdominal tergites of S. acadicus are narrow, each with 2 long setae
on the posterior margin, while both S. cursitans and S. tuleskovi
have wider abdominal tergites, each with 4 long setae on the posterior
margin. In general shape, S. acadicus is more robust, especially in
the abdomen, than either of the other 2 species.

Type host: Aegolius acadicus (Gmelin), Saw-Whet Owl.

Type material: Holotype male, allotype female, and 95 paratypes
collected off the type host on Toronto Island, York Co., Ontario,
Canada, on July 18, 1971, by John G. Woods; 20 paratypes collected
off type host in Ontario, Canada, by Paul M. Catling; 55 paratypes

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MaRcH, 1973

1

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 AT

Fig. 2-4. Strigiphilus acadicus, n. sp.: 2, dorsal-ventral view of male; 3,
anterior dorsal plate of forehead; 4, male genitalia.

collected off the type host at Dundas, Ontario, Canada, on February
13, 1971, by John G. Woods. The holotype and allotype will be
deposited in the U. S. National Museum; paratypes will be retained
by each author, and distributed to leading museums.

<

Fig. 1. Strigiphilus acadicus, n. sp., dorsal-ventral view of female.

48 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973

REFERENCES

Clay, T. 1966. A new species of Strigiphilus (Philopteridae: Mallophaga).
Pacific Insects. 8:835-847.

Ledger, J. A. 1970. A new species of Strigiphilus Mjéberg (Mallophaga:
Philopteridae) from the giant eagle-owl Bubo lacteus. J. Entomol. Soc. So.
Africa. 33:119-128.

A NEW GENUS, TWO NEW SPECIES, AND A SPECIES KEY
FOR BYRRHODES
(COLEOPTERA: ANOBIIDAE )

Ricuarp E. Wurre, Systematic Entomology Laboratory,
Agricultural Research Service, USDA*

ABSTRACT—tThe new genus Striatheea with the new species S. lineata is de-
scribed from southeastern U. S. The new species Byrrhodes grandis, from Mary-
land and South Carolina, is described; B. grossus White is synonymized with B.
ulkei Fall; and a revised key to Byrrhodes is presented.

A new species of anobiid from the southeastern United States is
sufficiently distinct from described genera to warrant a new generic
name.

Striatheca, n. gen.

Type-species: Striatheca lineata, new species.

General: Body elongate-robust; pubescence moderate in length and density,
not obscuring surface sculpture.

Head: Large; front nearly evenly rounded throughout; carina over antennal
base distinct, meeting with impressed groove over eye; eyes large, bulging,
not notched; antenna 10 segmented, Ist segment large, only 1 visible in re-
traction, 2nd segment much smaller, oval, segments 3 through 7 very small,
segments 8 through 10 distinctly enlarged, segments 8 and 9 triangular, 10th
segment elongate oval, last 3 segments together longer than all preceding
united; last segment of maxillary palpus elongate triangular, tip pointed, last
segment of labial palpus triangular, broad; undersurface of head between eyes
distinctly excavated for reception of antennae, excavation posteriorly delimited by
raised carina in shape of a 3.

Dorsal surface: Pronotum nearly as a segment of a sphere, at sides somewhat
concave, surface punctate, anterior angle nearly a right angle, posterior angle
not evident, lateral margin sharp, produced; scutellum moderate in size, rounded
apically, wider than long; elytron with distinct humerus and 10 complete,

‘Mail address: c/o U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973 49

distinctly impressed striae and a short scutellar stria, striae 1 and 10, 2 and 9,
3 and 4, 5 and 8, and 6 and 7 meeting at elytral apex; lateral elytral margin
foveate for hind leg.

Ventral surface: Prosternum short and broad, concave, longitudinally carinate
at center, base produced and pointed; fore coxae elongate, diagonal, touching,
concealed in retraction, anterior surface flat; mesosternum concave, produced
between middle coxae, nearly vertical posteriorly; middle coxae oval, separated,
nearly vertical, concealed in retraction, anterior face flat; metastemum with
about anterior third markedly inflexed each side of center, inflexed portion
delimited posteriorly with strong carina that is continuous from side to side,
metasternum anteromedially produced into concave, hooklike process; meta-
sternum with deep longitudinal groove, arising anteriorly in a fovea beneath
raised carina, extending to apex, metasternum at sides most distinctly rounded
before posterior margin; metepisternum very narrowly exposed, slightly widest
posteriorly; metepimeron not visible; hind coxae widely separated, nearly parallel
sided, attaining elytra at side; first abdominal segment distinctly depressed each
side for hind legs, margin behind depression produced, carinate, first segment at
center excavate for tarsi, each excavation bordered by distinct, diagonal carina,
this portion of first segment triangular in shape, first segment shortest, 3rd and
4th short, subequal, 2nd moderate, 5th longest, all sutures distinct throughout,
2nd weakly bisinuate, 3rd and 4th weakly arcuate.

Striatheca belongs to the subfamily Dorcatominae and is nearest
the genus Protheca Lec. The 2 differ in that the elytral striae of
Striatheca consist of deeply impressed lines and are distinct through-
out; the elytral striae of Protheca consist of rows of punctures and are
less distinct to absent at the elytral apex. Also, the anterior portion
of the metasternum in Striatheca is produced into a narrow, hooklike
process concealed in retraction; that of Protheca is produced into
a broad lobe which forms the anterior part of the tarsal grooves and
is visible in retraction.

In my key to the North American genera of Anobiidae (White, 1971)
Striatheca keys to Byrrhodes at couplet 46. To separate them the
following should be inserted.

46a(46). Metasternum produced anteriorly into a broad lobe visible in re-
traction and usually with a linear pit at center Byrrhodes
Metasternum produced anteriorly into a narrow hooklike process
concealed in retraction, metasternum at center longitudinally
grooved throughout 2 neces

Striatheca is a neo-Latin name of feminine gender formed by taking
the termination -theca and combining with it stria- which refers to
the strongly developed elytral striae.

Striatheca lineata, n. sp.
Figs. 1, 2,3

General: Body elongate-robust, 1.9 to 2.0 times as long as wide; pubescence
yellowish, moderate in length and density, erect or inclined, that of ventral

50 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL.

4 R. White S

Fig. 1, 2, 3, Striatheca lineata White; Fig. 1, dorsal view, small figure equals
actual size; Fig. 2, ventral view; Fig. 3, genitalia of male holotype, dorsal.
Fig. 4, Byrrhodes grandis White, diagonal view. Fig. 5, Byrrhodes tristriatus
(Lec. ), diagonal view.

surface inclined posteriorly, that of head inclined anteriorly, that of elytra erect,
hairs forming regular rows each side of a stria, hairs of each row inclined
over adjacent stria, thus hairs of each pair of rows crossing above stria, hairs
along elytral suture inclined backward; elytra black, shining, margins more or
less distinctly clouded with red, pronotum dull dark red, disk usually more or
less distinctly clouded with black to predominantly black with margins clouded
with red, head and Ist antennal segment dull dark red usually clouded with
black, ventral surface dull dark red usually clouded with black, legs dull red
orange, antennae dull orange.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 51

Head: Front distinctly, deeply punctured, punctures slightly irregular in size,
separated on an average by a little more than their diameter, surface shining;
eyes separated by 1.7 to 1.8 times vertical diameter of eye; Ist antennal
segment large, nearly as long as last (10th) segment, 2nd segment oval, less than
¥% length of Ist, 3rd segment oval, over % length of 2nd, segments 4—7 small,
subequal, each a little wider than long, last 3 segments distinctly enlarged,
clearly longer than all preceding united, segments 8 and 9 triangular, a little
longer than wide, segment 10 oval, a little over 2 times as long as wide; last
segment of maxillary palpus about 2 times as long as wide; last segment of
labial palpus a little longer than wide.

Dorsal surface: Pronotum with discal punctures distinct, somewhat irregular
in size and density, those at base separated on an average by less than their
diameter, those near apex separated on an average by about their diameter,
punctures toward sides becoming larger, more irregular in size and shape, at
extreme side punctures very irregular and running together, surface nearly
scabrous; elytral striae deeply, distinctly impressed, margins minutely irregular,
along each side of a stria with fine setate punctures regularly placed and with
raised margins, intervals smooth, nearly flat.

Ventral surface: Metasternal punctures large, dense, irregular in size and
shape, running together in some places, least dense before posterior margin;
abdomen finely, densely punctate, punctures round, varying somewhat in size,
much smaller than those on metasternum, separated on an average by a little
over their diameter; 5th segment somewhat flattened at center, apex grooved.

Length: 2.0 to 2.4 mm.

Described from 5 specimens. The male holotype (USNM 71724)
bears the data “MISS: Harrison Co., Gulfport, June 10-1968, LH
Williams coll., collected at blacklight trap”. Two paratypes (USNM )
bear the data “MISS. Harrison Co., Gulf Park Coll., June 16-1969,
Coll. L. H. Williams, Light trap”. Two additional paratypes are in
the Florida State Collection of Arthropods at Gainesville, Florida: 1
bears the data “McRae, Ga., J. W. Patton coll. 9 VI 63, coll. at light’;
the other, “Weems property, Red Water Lake, Putnam Co. Fla., H. W.
Weems, Jr., 27-28-V-1967, blacklight trap”.

I have found no external sexual characters and cannot be certain
of the sex of the paratypes without dissection.

The male genitalia (fig. 3) were drawn with light transmitted
through them from a white background.

Byrrhodes grandis, n. sp.
Fig. 4

General: Rather broadly oval, body 1.5 to a little over 1.6 times as long as
wide; body dark dull red to dark brown, body margins black, abdomen and,
to a lesser extent head, pronotum, and sides of elytra lighter than remainder
of body, antenna, except first segment, orange; pubescence dull yellow, short,
moderate in density, on dorsal surface semi-bristling, elytra with nearly erect,
convergent hairs over nonpunctate elytral lines, pronotum with scattered, nearly

52 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

-

erect hairs; body surfaces shining; body finely, densely punctured, punctures
largest, most dense on elytra, arranged in longitudinal bands separated by narrow,
non-punctured lines, latter in some places minutely impressed, punctures of
head, pronotum, metastenum and abdomen nearly comparable in size and
density.

Head: Eyes separated by slightly less than their vertical diameter (4), or
separated by a little less than 1.3 times their vertical diameter (2); antenna
10-segmented; in male, 8th antennal segment emarginate apically, slightly longer
than wide, outer margin sinuate, 9th segment emarginate apically, nearly 1.5
times as long as wide, 10th segment weakly arcuate, slightly widest near apex,
about 2.6 times as long as wide; in female 8th antennal segment emarginate
apically, a little over 1.2 times as long as wide, outer margin nearly straight, 9th
segment weakly emarginate, nearly 1.8 times as long as wide, 10th segment as
that of male; maxillary palpus triangular, 2 times as long as wide, labial palpus
triangular, slightly wider than long, outer tip pointed, inner tip rounded.

Dorsal surface: Pronotum at side weakly concave; elytral punctures arranged
into longitudinal bands delimited by narrow nonpunctate lines, lines sometimes
minutely impressed, bands averaging 5 punctures wide; side of elytron with 3
striae, all sharply, distinctly impressed, lowest stria distinct from about posterior
limit of metasternum to very near elytral suture at apex, weakly developed to
absent from metasternum to elytral base, middle stria distinct from level of
metasternum to near elytral apex, becoming weaker posteriorly, sometimes weakly
developed to near elytral base, uppermost stria distinct from about level of hind
coxa to about level of 4th abdominal segment, sometimes weakly developed to
about anterior limit of metasternum, becoming weaker posteriorly, sometimes
upper stria noticably weaker than lower 2; elytra at side nearly vertical, not
inclined between outer margin and lowest stria.

Ventral surface: Metasternum at center with a longitudinal slit-like fovea,
usually continued posteriorly as a groove; anterior metasternal lobe not con-
stricted by tarsal grooves; abdominal sutures most distinct at sides, weaker but
evident at center, suture between 2nd and 3rd segments weakly, anteriorly
arcuate at center, next suture more distinctly arcuate, last suture most distinctly
arcuate; abdomen longitudinally, weakly concave at center from 3rd to 5th
segments, more distinct in female.

Length: 2.8 to 3.1 mm.

This species is described from 5 individuals. The male holotype
(USNM, 71717), the allotype (USNM), and a female paratype (in
W. H. Tyson collection) bear the data “Bristol, MD., II-1970” and
were taken by W. H. Tyson. The holotype bears “Reared Brack,
fung.”, the allotype has “ex Bracken fung.” (sic), and the paratype
has “ex: Bracken fungus”. Two additional paratypes (USNM, 1
male, 1 female) bear “9181 27c, Hopk US, Greenville, S. C., J. E.
Smith Coll., June 5/12, Liquidambra styraciflua”. On a Hopkins card
is the additional data “Ptinid beetle which lives on fungi Sweetgum
bush”.

Among East Coast species B. grandis is most similar to but larger
than B. tristriatus (Lec.); the former is 2.8 to 3.1 mm in length, the

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 53

latter is 2.0 to 2.8 mm. Also, the intervals between the elytral striae
of grandis are flat (fig. 4), whereas the intervals between the elytral
striae of tristriatus are convex (fig. 5).

The nearest relative of grandis is ulkei from California. In ulkei
the interval between the lowest elytral stria and the elytral margin is
distinctly inclined outward at the bottom and not in the same plane
as the intervals above; this interval in grandis is vertical and in the
same plane as the intervals above.

Byrrhodes ulkei (Fall)

Byrrhodes ulkei (Fall), 1905:266.
Byrrhodes grossus (White), 1966:235. NEW SYNONYMY.

I have recently examined the 2 cotype specimens of B. ulkei and
found them to be the same species that I described as grossus. The
description in the key to species of Eutylistus Fall (=Byrrhodes) by
Fall (p. 265) as follows, “Elytra with a well defined though shorter
third inner stria at sides”, is intended by Fall to apply to ulkei, but
does not. Fall (p. 266) also gave the following description “The inner
stria begins farther back, not attaining anteriorly the posterior margin
of the metasternum, and is formed by one of the smooth lines becoming
finely impressed”. This description is very misleading. What is re-
ferred to by Fall as the third, or inner elytral stria, is a very feebly,
and (in the type) irregularly impressed line which is not at all com-
parable in depth or distinctness to the 2 impressed striae. The feebly
impressed line is comparable to the feeble lines to be found on the
puncture-free lines near the elytral base and suture, and it cannot
be accurately termed a stria.

Following is a key to species of Byrrhodes. It accommodates the
above change, the new species, and B. setosus. I have seen all of the
species during construction of the key.

Key To Nortu AMERICAN Species Or Byrrhodes

ils Each elytron with 10 distinct striae; 2.7 to 3.5 mm long; Florida to

RUISSISSINS EVE d= nn eS ee ee ee setosus Lec.

Each elytron with 2 or 3 distinct striae; 1.3 to 3.1 mm long; widely
SIStHE Rte oe hee EO oe ee. ee ee eae 2

2(1). Lowest lateral elytral stria deeply impressed anteriorly and ‘Boeing
elytral fovea for middle legs — 3

Lowest lateral stria distinct only to iseel a6 repre coxa or metasternum

or weakly impressed to absent anteriorly, not attaining fovea for
PRP N er espe Te ee eee eee 5

3(2).Elytra with just 2 distinct lateral striae; northeast U. S. to Florida —.
a od AES TO toe pe f _ intermedius (Lec. )
Elytra with a short, upper, 3rd stria; Florida t to salineenepi Bic sk Sapa cn Oe

54 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

4(3). Third elytral stria extending from base to level of hind coxa; southern

Biber la? sete _........ granus (Lec.)
Third elytral stria atendiig fon level “fe metasternum to level of 4th
abdominal segment; Florida to Mississippi -— levisternus (Fall)
5(2). Elytral punctures dense, forming longitudinal bands separated by narrow,
smooth lines; eastern States, Texas, and Fede 2.0 to 3.1 mm
long ee AE ES ee 6
Elytral punctures tae as erotic sparse, orem more or aioe regular rows,
or irregular; Texas to Florida: 15 'to:2.0 mm lone: eee 9
6(5).Elytron with an upper, distinct 3rd stria nearly or just as strong as
lower striae 2) ee eee 7
Elytron without a 3rd upper sttia as above -22 2 eee 8
7(6). Intervals between elytral striae flat or nearly so (Fig. 4); 2.8 to 3.1
mm long 228 ee ee ee grandis White

Intervals between elytral striae convex (Fig. 5); 2.0 to 2.8 mm long
we a eS iether 2 ee a ee tristriatus (Lec.)
8(6). Reddish brown; 2.2 to 3.0 mm long; California ulkei (Fall)
Reddish brown to mostly black; 1.7 to 2.3 mm long; eastern U. S.
fn ee Se ee ee ae oe incomptus (Lec. )
9(5). Menereradl punctures large, distinct, forming a series along posterior
margin; base of metasternal lobe narrowed by tarsal grooves; South
Carolina to Florida’ to -Mississippr = = ee fallax (Fall)
Metasternal punctures very small, fine, not forming a series along
posterior margin; base of metasternal lobe not narrowed by tarsal
grooves;s” ‘Texas §22.10)3.. 4.1 ess ip ree ee eee facilis (Fall)

My thanks are offered to George Wallace of the Carnegie Museum for the
loan of type specimens of Byrrhodes ulkei (Fall), to Lonnie H. Williams of the
Southern Forest Experiment Station for allowing me to retain for the USNM
collection the specimens of Striatheca lineata White, and to Robert Woodruff
of the Florida State Collection of Arthropods for loan of specimens.

REFERENCES

Fall, H. C. 1905. Revision of the Ptinidae of Boreal America. Trans. Am.
Entomol. Soc. 31:97-296.
White, R. E. 1966. Six new Anobiidae from North America with keys (Coleop-
tera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 68(3):228-236.
1971. Key to North American genera of Anobiidae, with phylo-
genetic and synonymic notes (Coleoptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am, 64(1):
179-191.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 55

NOTES CONCERNING CIIDAE (COLEOPTERA) ASSOCIATED
WITH MACRO-FRUITING BODIES OF HIGHER FUNGI
(BASIDIOMYCETES) IN WISCONSIN?*

J. K. AckerMAn, Lakeland College, Sheboygan, Wisconsin and R. D. SHENEFELT,
Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University
of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.

ABSTRACT—Ciidae from sporophores collected in Wisconsin were reared indi-
vidually on fungal material. The beetles are mycetophages or mycetobionts of many
Polyporaceae and some warrant further investigation as possible biological control
agents of polypores destructive to timber. A new species was discovered and some
were found for the first time to grow in fungi not dependent upon wood.
Associations of the beetles occur.

Ciidae (Coleoptera) have long been known to frequent various
kinds of polypores as mycetophages or, more commonly, mycetobionts.
While in recent years the major emphasis in their study has been on
ecological and host preference aspects (Elton 1949; Lawrence 1965;
1967a, 1967b) much remains to be learned concernng their biology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In conjunction with a search for biological agents which might
reduce damage caused by wood-rotting fungi, sporophores were col-
lected over a four-year period (1966-69) at 32 sites in 21 counties
in Wisconsin (fig. 1). The samples were placed in individual plastic
bags, and after being brought to the laboratory each was placed in
an ice cream carton provided with a water wick (dental roll inserted
through the bottom) and a Saran-wrap cover. Paper towels were
used to maintain humidity or to prevent accumulation of excess
moisture. After 6 months at room temperature, cold treatment (1
week at 40 F followed by 2 to 4 weeks at 0 F) was used to break any
resting or dormant state. Emerging ciids were preserved in 80% ethyl
alcohol, pinned, or retained for rearing studies.

Fungi containing ciids were sorted from the rest of the material,
placed in baby-food jars supplied with a dental roll wick as a water
source, and development of the insects, species associations, and
destruction of fruiting bodies were recorded.

1 Research supported by the Research Division, College of Agricultural and
Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin and by the Guido Rahr Foundation, the
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the University Research Com-
mittee.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

MARQUETTE| GREEN \ 7
LAKE TTT Mf
FOND DU LACT

WA , NAS NN
SRR
SS

Ve Se)

Figure 1. Distribution of collection sites.

RESULTS AND DiscuSsSION

Table 1 provides information concerning the fungi and the ciids
associated with them. For the first time a definite association was
made between a ciid and members of the soft-bodied, non-wood
associated Agaricaceae. Twelve species of beetles were found in 19
species of fungi. Among the insects was a genus, Rhopalodontus, not
previously recorded from the New World, and a new species recently
described by Dr. J. F. Lawrence.

Table II indicates that certain rather consistent associations oc-
curred, These relationships were not alike in different fungus species.
For example, Cis levettei (Casey), which is in general associated with
all.other ciids, was found with only 5 in Fomes applanatus (Pers. )

57

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

‘T eNSry Ul porequinu sv sayUNod OF JaJor SIOQUITN %
‘Bung orroods wor poureyqo s[enprarput jo yoquinu [¥}0} e}POIpUT s19quINN 7

IS ILOUs FSI OIL Ss I (Aaseg) snjynjino s1op9]ng
eal 9 p 9% 8 Z QoUdIMe'T snuDIUAaULD snjuopo]DdoYY
slorss T SF G Lb G I S&P Aaseg siaap] snuutajojv9O
CGISS € G 6 ia 9 (Aasen) syjonaasq s}2090]0V
(oj IOL € €9T Ainq pqopupu s1r90yoayod
FLILTes S G ¢ iv 98 aE SYHqNS “OD
IT‘O1's’s L6I € i co OL iT (Aaseg) 109292] °D
COLUPUILOUS 8S ran € Fp 6L 6 QF GS aT[PW sadiosnf “Dp
IGG OfT FL I 00G WIaYOUUBIY SNUDIAULD SI)
SG 9 6F LPT (49]891Z,) spusoo}oD1042 *D
CLIT L or 8¢ (Amq) syppnduys *D
COILS LGL GS I oe L¥I TI OMIA 12]18 8190409
zSeunoy) . 2 £ 2 > 2G, ~ . e ss a sy = & S > = 2 ¥9 Y BPH
SS 3 S$ e = ss &F = So [aes oe 3s 8 38 g gS
Pe 8k saps § Ee Shoe ee ee, ke eee
rar Se IO ine be SR Se et 8 eee OES te Sy an) esis
Re cor mes me key) “ee me om Ne cape Re i coe i a
= S : = 3 LO = = = n @ is) = “” = S 5 wn
ORS SS is. katie oe a Ses eae 9 s S og.
cm a Ras 5D = — D yt 3S = a 3
4 = iS Sees c we) al ies] #2 & a >
Ss TOT aah Gian ar acne: U8 = 3 8
Sy sig Onl: i 5 8 = oO S
Sie g aa cl = hey? 2 A S
Le | o i= 3 =~ . a
HE] a & inal at ~
i ~ t : v H a od
m 7} pee = —
5 ~

‘1Bunz JO sofoods yA poqeroosse sep “T 2P.L

58 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

Table 2. Associations among Ciidae within individual sporophores.

Giidae

2 @ § §& $$ BS 6e 4 (2 eo gee
See Ss S © 8 SS (8 oS ease
Ciidae oO e) Oo S) O ro) Sy = fo) ive} nv
Ceracis sallei x
C. singularis X X
C. thoracicornis XxX >
Cis americanus XxX x
C. fuscipes Xe x CXS Dee
C. levettei Xe KS ee XX es
C. subtilis XK Xi EX Xe: ONG Grex
Dolichocis manitoba XX ae
Malacocis brevicolis p, Ga. ee), ee, Gade. oe CPD Ba) © 0,6
Octotemnus laevis XK OX Xe IK XE Xe exe Xa
Rhopalodontus americanus Xx X X
Sulcacis curtulus PX XE SX ae xX

“xX” indicates that the species was found in the same sporophores as the other species,
e.g. C. sallei and C. singularis quite regularly occurred together.

Gill. but with 7 in F. fomentarius (Fr.) Kickx. Daedalea confragosa
(Bolt.) Fr. supported as many as 6 different species in the same
fruiting body.

RELATIONSHIPS OF BEETLES AND THE Hosts

Ceracis sallei Mellie

Three-hundred fifty-eight specimens were obtained from 6 fungi,
the best hosts being Porothelium sp., D. confragosa and P. tomentosus.
Fomes applanatus, the only fungus previously recorded as a host
for sallei, yielded only a few specimens. The insect caused extensive
sporophore damage, tunneling throughout the fungal pore areas. It
was a mycetophage on all hosts except Lycoperdon perlatum Pers.
where it was a mycetoxene. Both Graves (1960) and Lawrence
(19672) have provided additional host lists. Lawrence also indicated
that C. sallei has often been associated with Eridaulus levettei (Casey),
a ciid which did not occur in our collections.

Ceracis singularis (Dury)

Only 59 individuals were collected from 3 specimens of fungi taken
in 3 counties. Adults and larvae actively bored through the pore
area of Polyporus fibrillosus Karst. and completely destroyed fruiting

emerged

No.

emerged

No.

emerged

No

in

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 59

Fomes fomentarius
(1967)

fungus coll.

\

7o§ Polvporys sp. (1 spp.)
(1967)

ONAODWO -

7oq Polyporus fibriljosus
(1968)

fungus coll.

x

vi
vil
1

>

a
1
Vill

——_—_—— ee TiO Oe eee

Figure 2.
Vilas county.

Emergence of Cis americanus Mannerheim from three fungi collected

60 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

bodies of D. confragosa. The adults were generally observed in groups
of 2-4 on the surface of sporophores but were found singly within
tunnels while the larvae were quite gregarious.

Ceracis thoracicornis (Ziegler )

This beetle, under the name Ennearthron thoracicorne LeConte,
had previously been recorded from a number of polypore species
(Weiss 1920, 1921) and all hosts here recorded were previously
known. The developmental period appeared to be about 74-78 days,
during which time a great deal of fungal damage was caused by
larval activity.

Cis americanus Mannerheim

Fomes fomentarius supported the largest population of this insect.
The emergence pattern from the 3 major hosts was very erratic
(Figure 2), and months occurred between initial and final appear-
ance. Extensive sporophore damage was associated with this beetle.

Cis fuscipes Mellie

C. fuscipes has been extensively studied in the past and is quite
common, with host lists, ecological relationships, and life-cycles pre-
sented by Lawrence (1967b), Paviour-Smith (1960) and Elton (1949).
C. fuscipes occurred in 7 fungi, of which only 2 were previously
identified hosts. Its activities resulted in extensive sporophore de-
struction. The major host was D. confragosa which appeared to serve
as an overwintering site.

Cis levettei (Casey )

This is the first record of C. levettei in Wisconsin. Its most utilized
host was P. lucidus Lexs. ex Fr. which also seemed to provide an
overwintering site. Sporophore damage by this insect was extensive,
especially by the larvae which would literally rip chunks of the
fungus out with their mandibles and then grind them up. Frass and
fungal debris accumulated in large quantities on the floors of in-
cubation chambers.

Cis subtilis Mellie
This is also a new record for Wisconsin. D. confragosa was the
only significant host.

Dolichocis manitoba Dury

The most important host was F. fomentarius. Larvae were found
in large numbers and were quite active. In F. fomentarius emergence
began 9 months after sample collection and adults were observed

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., vOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973 61

thereafter for a period of 2 months. During this 11-month period
the insects completely destroyed the sporophores.

Malacocis brevicolis (Casey )

Few individuals of M. brevicolis were found, but the species was
associated with nearly all other ciid species encountered.

Octotemnus laevis Casey

This beetle was found in 7 fungal species but in insignificant num-
bers. Further host lists were given by Graves (1960).

Rhopalodontus americanus Lawrence

This ciid was found to live in 5 species of fungi, the most important
being P. betulinus (Bull.) Fr. Eight adults emerged from Lactarius
sp. and 6 from Russula sp., both agarics, and neither associated with
wood. The beetles emerged 4 and 5 months respectively after these
fungi were collected. The insects were definitely developing within
the agarics, the first such finding for any member of this family.

Sulcacis curtulus (Casey )

This also represents a new record for Wisconsin. Major hosts for
the insect were F. applanatus and F. fomentarius. Several months
of laboratory incubation were necessary before adults began emerging,
indicating a relatively long developmental period within the sporo-
phores.

SUMMARY

A great deal of damage to the fruiting bodies of some of the
bracket fungi important in the timber industry was accomplished by
members of the Ciidae. The beetles tunneled just beneath and
through the pore canals of the sporophores, and it seems possible
that they might influence the amount of fungal sporulation. They
were usually found in associations of species, not alone, and there
may be some mechanism requiring that the species occur in groups.
While knowledge of their biology is sketchy, Lawrence (1967b) has
provided information on Cis fuscipes. The results indicated that some
ciids might be useful in the control of some of the fungi involved,
but additional information is needed on their associations and _bio-
logical requirements, especially on their apparent group syndrome.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Our deep appreciation and thanks are expressed to: Dr. J. F. Lawrence for
his help in ciid identifications; Dr. R. F. Patton, project advisor; and Dr, M. P.
Backus and Dr. D. Myron for assistance and guidance in naming the fungi.

62 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973

REFERENCES

Elton, C. 1949. Population interspersion: An essay on animal community
patterns. J. Ecol. 37:1-23.

Graves, R. C. 1960. Ecological observations on the insects and other inhabitants
of woody shelf fungi (Basidiomycetes: Polyporaceae) in the Chicago area.
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 53:61-78.

Lawrence, J. F. 1965. Comments on some recent changes in the classification
of the Ciidae (Coleoptera). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. 133(5):175-193.

1967a. Delimitation of the genus Ceracis (Coleoptera: Ciidae)
with a revision of North American species. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv.
136(6):91-143.

1967b. Biology of the parthenogenetic fungus beetle Cis fuscipes
Mellie (Coleoptera: Ciidae). Breviora. 258:1-14.

1971. Revision of the North American Ciidae (Coleoptera). Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. 142:419-522.

Paviour-Smith, K. 1960. The fruiting-bodies of macro-fungi as habitats for
beetles of the family Ciidae (Coleoptera). Oikos. 11(1):43-71.

Weiss, H. B. and E. West. 1920. Fungus insects and their hosts. Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash. 33:1-20.

and ——————-. 1921. Additional fungus insects and their hosts.
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 34:59-62.

FLORIDA MEALYBUGS OF THE GENUS RHIZOECUS
WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES
(HomoptTERA: PsEUDOCOCCIDAE )

Epson J. HamBLETON, Collaborator, Agricultural Research Service,
U. S. Department of Agriculture’

ABSTRACT—Rhizoecus floridanus, a new hypogeic mealybug from Florida
and Georgia is described and illustrated. Two taxa, Morrisonella spinipes Hambleton
and Ripersiella simplex Hambleton are assigned to Rhizoecus. Ripersiella simplex,
described originally from Brazil, is reported for the first time from the United
States. A key to 8 Florida species is presented with data on host plants and
distribution.

This paper provides a name for an undescribed mealybug, presents
a key to the Florida species of Rhizoecus and includes notes on their
identity, host plants and distribution.

The genus Rhizoecus is 1 of 9 genera now recognized in the tribe
Rhizoecini, as defined by Williams (1969). Of the 9, most of which

1Mail address: 5140 Worthington Dr., Washington, D. C. 20016

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973 63

are tropical or subtropical in origin, only members of Rhizoecus and
one species of Geococcus are known to occur in Florida. While en-
gaged in a revision of the genus Rhizoecus for the New World, it
has been my privilege to study all of the slide-mounted specimens of
the genus represented in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods at
Gainesville.

In recent years several species of these subterranean mealybugs
have become of increasing importance in the production of com-
mercially grown ormamentals and other perennial plants. Prior to
1959, however, there were no records of their occurrence in the State.
Subsequently, many specimens have been collected by personnel of
the Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture,
particularly in nurseries. This intensive collecting has made it pos-
sible to record certain facts relative to the identification, presence,
and distribution of several species heretofore not known to occur in

Florida.

Rhizoecus Kinckel d’Herculais, 1878:163; Hambleton, 1946:50; Ferris, 1953:426;
McKenzie, 1967:370; Williams, 1962:41.

Type species: Rhizoecus falcifer Kiinckel d Herculais.

The genus is characterized as follows: Antennae 5- or 6-segmented, geniculate,
sensory setae of terminal segments well developed. Anal ring usually distinct,
bearing 6 setae, its cellular structure diversiform. Anal lobes usually undeveloped,
with or without some degree of sclerotization and bearing 3 or more elongate
setae. Derm with either bitubular or tritubular cerores of 1 or more sizes,
trilocular pores, with or without multilocular disk pores and tubular ducts.
Circuli number 0-5, their size and shape varying from circular and depressed
to conical or truncate. Head often with an irregularly-shaped sclerotized ventral
cephalic plate anterior to mouth parts. Eyes small or absent. Legs generally
spinose, claws long, ungual digitules short and setose or elongate and often swollen
apically. Body setae varying in length, mostly minute. Dorsal ostioles usually
distinct, often strongly sclerotized.

Key To THE Fiorma Species Or Rhizoecus

1. Abdomen with a circulus; derm without multilocular disk pores 2
Abdomen without a circulus; derm with multilocular disk pores ~~ 5
2. Eyes absent; anal lobes weakly sclerotized — floridanus, n. sp.
Eyes present; anal lobes not sclerotized — es ene eet De oe Piet

3. Body small, maximum length about 1.40 mm; rostrum moderately short,
about 50x long; outer portion of anal ring containing 17-23 cells;
antennae rather short, sensory setae weakly clavate _____ simplex ( Hambleton )

Body large, minimum length about 1.20 mm; rostrum stout, 84-88, long;
outer portion of anal ring containing 32-40 cells; antennae rather long,
sensory setae not clavate, weakly tapered — page 4

4. Ungual digitules about % as long as claws. ‘the latter narrow, elongate,
about 40u long; cells of outer portion of anal ring small, mostly
elongate oval or irregularly polygonal aul> ee maritimus (Cockerell )

64 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

Ungual digitules longer than claws, the latter stout, curved, about 20u
long; cells of outer portion of anal ring rather large, mostly subtri-
angulate and quadrate — _......... cacticans (Hambleton)

Antennae 5-segmented; eyes bene, eel ‘Iobes roundly protruding, each
bearing 5-7 elongate setae _-------_-_----------- falcifer Kiinckel d'Herculais

Antennae 6-segmented; eyes present; anal lobes simple or only weakly
protruding, each bearing less than 5 elongate setae ———_____________ 6

6. Anal ring setae short, stout, about 354 long; tritubular cerores large, of
1 size only; multilocular disk pores mostly with 7 loculi

NS wi eee spinipes (Hambleton)

Anal ring setae more Srelon care: 70-90u Ione tritubular cerores of 2 or 3
sizes; multilocular disk pores mostly with 10 loculi —————--.--__-_____ Te

Anal lobes not sclerotized; eyes very small, usually weakly pigmented;
multilocular disk pores relatively sparse, occurring only ventrally near
vulva; tritubular cerores of 2 sizes; cephalic plate apparently absent

Se a pritchardi McKenzie
onl Nokes Jeaellle sclerotized; eyes much larger, strongly pigmented;
multilocular disk pores more numerous, occurring dorsally and ventrally
over entire derm; tritubular cerores of 3 sizes; cephalic plate present
En eo ek Oe oo RE od americanus (Hambleton)

ut

So

Rhizoecus americanus (Hambleton )

Morrisonella americana Hambleton, 1946:18, fig. 18—19c.
Rhizoecus americanus: Ferris, 1953:428, fig. 163.

The first authentic record for the occurrence of this species in con-
tinental United States was made in Florida in August, 1959 from
specimens collected on the roots of Dieffenbachia sp. by C. O. Youtsey
at Altamonte Springs. Rhizoecus americanus was originally described
from Columbia, Ecuador, Cuba, Jamaica, and the British West Indies
from the roots of grasses, coffee, and palm. In recent years this
mealybug has been collected on some 30 different host plants, repre-
senting at least 17 plant families from Gainesville in the north to
Sugarloaf Key, near Key West in the south. Its occurrence on local
grasses and its wide distribution lend support to the belief that the
species may be endemic to the State.

Unless otherwise indicated, the names of collectors and collecting
dates for the taxa americanus and simplex are omitted to conserve
space. The majority of records were made during 1970 to 1971.

Host records: On Aralia sp., Largo; Areca sp., Seminole; Arecastrum romanzof-
fianum, Largo; Araucaria excelsa, Bradenton, Palmetto, Snead Island, St. Peters-
burg; Asparagus sprengeri, Snead Island; Calliandra haematocephala, Osprey;
Calliandra sp., Largo, Snead Island; Callistemon viminalis, Tallevast; Callistemon
sp., Delray Beach; Chlorophytum sp., Largo; Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, High
Point, Largo; Dieffenbachia amoena, Clarcona; Dieffenbachia picta, Fern Park,
Aug. 1962; Dieffenbachia sp., Altamonte Springs, Aug., 1959, Clarcona, Fem
Park, Apr., 1965; Dizygotheca elegantissima, Largo, Sarasota; Ernodes sp., Sugar-
loaf Key; Euphorbia milii, Largo; Ficus nitida, Largo; Gnaphalium sp., Fern

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973 65

Park; Hemigraphis replans, Clarcona; Hibiscus rosasinensis, Largo, Osprey;
Hibiscus sp., St. Petersburg; Lantana sp., Gainesville; Liriope sp., Largo; Mal-
pighia coccigera, N. Fort Meyers, Orlando; Nephthytis sp., Fern Park; Peperomia
pellucida, Fern Park; Phoenix loureiri, Snead Island; Pothos sp., Fern Park;
Pyracantha coccinea, Largo; Rhaphiolepsis sp., Largo; Saintpaulia ionantha;
Winter Garden, Aug., 1967; Strelitzia reginae, Largo; on Gramineae, Flamingo;
in debris of packrat nest, Upper Key Largo, March, 1968.

Rhizoecus americanus may be readily distinguished from all other
Florida hypogeic mealybugs by the presence of tritubular cerores
occurring in 3 distinct sizes. Other helpful identification characters
are its larger size, the sclerotized anal lobes, and wide distribution
of the multilocular disk pores.

Rhizoecus cacticans (Hambleton )
Ripersiella cacticans Hambleton, 1946:64, fig. 57-58.
Rhizoecus cacticans: Ferris, 1953:432, fig. 165; McKenzie, 1960:745; McKenzie,
1967:379, fig. 153.

The only known record for Rhizoecus cacticans in Florida is based
on 2 specimens collected on Mesembryanthemum sp. at Sanford,
Seminole Co., 15 February 1963, by C. O. Youtsey. Until additional
material is discovered, the true status of cacticans in Florida will
remain questionable. The Sanford specimens were originally recorded
(Tri-ology 1963) as R. leucosomus (Cockerell), a species not known
to occur in Florida. This species and cacticans have been confused
with R. simplex (Hambleton) and the new species floridanus, both
quite common in the State.

R. cacticans is a comparatively large mealybug with a long rostrum,
unsclerotized anal lobes, and with its anal ring composed of 32-40
rather large subtriangulate or quadrate cells in its outer portion. Other
distinguishing differences are presented in the key (p. 64).

Rhizoecus falcifer Kiinckel d’Herculais

Rhizoecus falcifer Kiinckel d’Herculais, 1878:163; Hambleton, 1946:53, fig. 41-43;
Ferris, 1953:444, fig. 172; Williams, 1962:47; McKenzie, 1967:389, fig. 158.

Rhizoecus falcifer has not been collected in Florida. Its inclusion
here is based upon 4 specimens in the United States National Museum
(USNM) collected by W. S. Craig in Iowa, 20 November 1953, from
roots of palm shipped from Florida. At the present time falcifer is
known to occur in Missouri, New Jersey, New York, and California.
According to McKenzie (1967) this mealybug is one of the more
common species in California, occurring there on a wide variety of
host plants.

The important characters separating falcifer from related species
are its large size, 5-segmented antennae, absence of eyes, and number
of elongate anal lobe setae.

66 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., voL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973

Fig. 1-9, Rhizoecus floridanus, n. sp., 2: apex of abdomen, right half, showing
anal ring and anal lobe characters; 2, tubular duct; 3, tritubular ceror; 4,
circulus, lateral view; 5, trilocular pore; 6, cephalic plate; 7, 5th and 6th
antennal segments showing falcate sensory setae; 8, claw; 9, rostrum.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., vOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 67

Rhizoecus floridanus, n. sp.
fig. 1-9

Adult female: Rather broadly ovate, more acute in area of head and thorax.
Length, 1.20-1.63 mm; width, 0.65-0.80 mm. Antennae 6-segmented, of medium
size, average length of segments in microns as follows: I, 31; II, 19; III, 25;
IV, 17; V, 16; VI, 37; apical segment slightly less than twice as long as wide,
bearing 3 moderately long, stout falcate setae and 1 slender, acute sensory seta;
penultimate segment with 1 smaller, rather elongate, weakly clavate sensory
seta. Interantennal space equal to about twice the length of segment I. Eyes
absent. Rostrum relatively short, measuring about 57 long, 40u wide; rostral
loop extending to or near insertion of 2nd pair of legs. Cephalic plate irregularly
triangulate to quadrate, wider posteriorly, about 38 across its base, bearing
indistinct vacuoles. Dorsal ostioles weakly sclerotized, inconspicuous.

Legs of medium size, average length of segments of hind pair measured in
microns as follows: trochanter, 37; femur, 81; tibia, 69; tarsus, 51; claw, 22;
ungual digitules long, their tips swollen, surpassing claws, the latter narrow,
elongate, weakly curved.

Abdomen bearing 1 conical circulus, variable in size, width at base varying
from 21-35y, its apex finely foveolate. Anal lobes undeveloped, each with a
small, narrow sclerotized patch between the 3 elongate setae, the longest measuring
about 60u long. Anal ring about 60u in diameter, its 6 setae considerably longer
and stouter than lobe setae, averaging about 87 long; outer anal ring cells large,
diversiform, 24-33 present, mostly isolated; inner portion of anal ring with 14-20
cells of similar size and shape lying adjacent to an inner darkened area of semi-
circular cells. Tritubular cerores small, walls of their individual ducts almost
parallel, 36-40 present dorsally and ventrally, most abundant on abdomen and
rather evenly distributed elsewhere. Multilocular disk pores absent. Tubular
ducts small, occurring on both surfaces widely scattered but absent on dorsum
of head. Trilocular pores fairly evenly distributed. Body setae mostly short.

Holotype female: Florida: Pembroke, Broward Co., 2-VIII-67,
R. G. Schmidt, on roots of Dracaena marginata, in USNM.

Paratypes: Fiorma. 133 adult females from Aechmea orlandiana, Lockhart,
6-I-64, R. J. Griffith; Anthemis sp., Tall Timbers, 12-XII-69, H. H. Tippins;
Aralia sp., Clearwater, 12-II-71, E. W. Miller; Arecastrum romanzoffianum,
Osprey, 10-II-71, J. R. McFarlin; Araucaria excelsa, Arcadia, 26-II-71, G. P.
Lamb; Bambusa sp., Orlando, 20-X-69, F. L. Ware; Billbergia sp., 30-XII-63,
R. J. Griffith; Buxus carissa, Eau Gallie, 8-II-71, H. C. Levan; Buxus sp., Mango,
19-II-71, E. R. Simmons, Plant City, 19-II-71, D. A. Vaughn; Calliandra sp.,
Largo, 10-II-71, C. K. Hickman et al.; Callistemon rigidus, Lakeland, 6-VI-69,
J. W. McLeod; Callistemon sp., W. Melbourne, 12-II-71, H. C. Levan; Carissa
grandiflora, Fairvilla, 2-II-71, F. L. Ware, Largo, 10-II-71, C. K. Hickman, Naples,
4-III-71, W. T. Walsh, Orlando, 21-V-71, F. L. Ware, Sarasota, 22-II-71, J. R.
McFarlin, Tampa, 15-II, 2-III-71, C. W. Hale; Carissa sp., Fairvilla, 22-II-71,
F. L. Ware, Punta Gorda, 16-V-71, G. B. Lamb, Seffner, 12-II-71, D. A. Vaughn,
W. Palm Beach, 11-II, 4-III-71, H. L. Messec; Citrus mitis, Largo, 10-II-71,
C. K. Hickman; Cortaderia selloana, Largo, 11-II-71, G. T. Williams; Dizygotheca
elegantissima, Bradenton, 5-I-71, J. R. McFarlin, Delray Beach, 15-II-71, W. E.

68 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., vOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

Wyles, Grant, 19-II-71, H. C. Levan, Osprey, 5-II-71, J. R. McFarlin; Eremechloa
ophiuroides, Gainesville, 29-III, 19-IV-67, G. W. Dekle and C. Lyons; Eugenia
sp., Palmetto, 25-II-71, J. R. McFarlin; Gardenia thunbergia, Pembroke, 14-IV-67,
H. G. Schmidt; Hoya sp., Orlando, 10-IJ-71, E. R. Fatic; Ilex opaca, Oneca,
27-V-71, J. R. McFarlin; Ilex rotunda, Fairvilla, 2-II-71, F. L. Ware; Ilex
vomitoria, Englewood, 29-IV-71, C. J. Bickner; Ilex sp., Seffner, 17-VIII-71,
D. A. Vaughn; Ilex cornuta burfordi, Fairvilla, 21-XII-71, F. L. Ware; Ixora
sp., Sebastian Inlet, 12-II-71, H. C. Levan; Jasminum sp., Gillette, 23-V-71,
C. J. Bickner; Lachnanthes tinctoria, Casselberry, 26-XII-63, C. O. Youtsey;
Leucophyllum frutescens, Winter Haven, 11-VII-68, H. C. Burnett; Philodendron
selloum, Apopka, 11-II, 15-II-71, C. L. Speaker, Plymouth, 29-I, W. W. Smith and
E. R. Fatic, 19-V-71, H. M. Van Pelt; Pyracantha sp., Mango, 19-II-71, E. R.
Simmons; Rhododendron sp., Bradenton, 11-I-71, S. L. Poe, Largo, 11-II-71,
G. T. Williams; Viburnum suspensum, Osprey, 15-II-71, J. R. McFarlin; Brom-
eliaceae, Orlando, 26-II-71, D. A. Grady; palm, Pinellas Park, 18-II-71, C. K.
Hickman; Gramineae, Plymouth, 12-X-71, H. M. Van Pelt. Grorcia. 4 adult
female paratypes, Spaulding Co., on perennial grasses, 16-V-1968, H. H. Tippins.

All paratypes are in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods,
Gainesville, with the exception of 2 each to be deposited in the col-
lections of the University of California, Davis: Virginia Polytechnic
Institute, Blacksburg; University of Georgia, Experiment; British
Museum (Natural History), London, and 5 in the USNM.

This mealybug should not be mistaken for any of its Florida relatives.
Its closest ally is probably R. simplex, but this species has eyes and
unsclerotized anal lobes, characters that separate it at once from
floridanus. The cellular structure of the outer portion of the anal
ring of the former is also of smaller size, the cells being more oval
elongate than those of floridanus.

Rhizoecus maritimus (Cockerell )

Ripersia maritima Cockerell, 1894:42.

Ripersiella maritima: Cockerell, 1899:278.

Morrisonella maritima: Hambleton, 1946:31, fig. 14-17.
Rhizoecus maritimus: Ferris, 1953:452, fig. 176.

This maritime species has not previously been reported from the
State of Florida. Known heretofore only from the coastal area of
the northeastern States, R. maritimus may be restricted in its host
preference to those salt-tolerant plants inhabiting coastal waterways.

Host records: On Faucaria tigrina, Tampa, 17-II-71, E. R. Simmons; Rhizoph-
ora mangle, Bailey's Bluff, 7-III, 3-VIII-71, G. T. Williams; Spartina patens,
Cedar Key, 19-VII-70, G. W. Dekle.

The distinguishing characters of R. maritimus are its large, stout
rostrum, small tritubular cerores, long, slender claws, and small cells
of the outer portion of the anal ring.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 69

Rhizoecus pritchardi McKenzie
Rhizoecus pritchardi McKenzie, 1960:749, fig. 23; McKenzie, 1967:400, fig.

162.

Since this species was first described by McKenzie (1960) from
California, R. pritchardi has been taken in 6 additional States, in-
cluding Florida in 1966. African Violet appears to be a perferred
host, and it has undoubtedly been widely distributed on this plant
in commerce across the United States.

Host records: On Saintpaulia ionantha, Apopka, 1-IV, 11-V-71, R. M. Remington,
Gainesville, 23-V-68, E. Mercer, Largo, 22-IV-66, J. R. McFarlin.

No other Florida species of Rhizoecus is easily confused with R.
pritchardi. Some specimens measure more than 2 mm in length,
and the antennae are widely separated. The derm bears tritubular
cerores of 2 sizes but lacks tubular ducts of the usual type.
Ripersiella simplex Hambleton, 1946:73, fig. 77-77a.

Rhizoecus simplex (Hambleton), n. comb.

This little mealybug is here recorded for the first time in the Northern
Hemisphere. Previously it was known only from the type locality,
Sao Paulo, Brazil. Material first collected in Gotha, Fla. in August,
1961 was misidentified as R. cacticans and reported (Tri-ology 1963)
as a new state record. Also, 5 specimens from Bellingham, Washington,
September, 1965, were incorrectly identified and noted (CEIR 1969)
as new for the State. Two specimens before me from Berkeley, Cal-
ifornia labeled cacticans agree with the type of simplex.

R. simplex is now distributed in at least 10 counties in Florida
and is commonly encountered in nursery stock.

Host records: On Buxus carissa, Eau Gallie; Calendula sp., Gainesville;
Carissa grandiflora, Orlando, Tallevast; Coccoloba uvifera, Fairvilla; Cordyline
sp., Lockhart; Cryptanthus sp., Winter Garden; Dieffenbachia sp., Lockhart;
Dizygotheca elegantissima, Bradenton; Eriobotrya japonica, Pompano Beach, Oct.,
1963; Euphorbia milii, Fairvilla; Gardenia sp., W. Melbourne; Hedera helix,
Fairvilla; Hoya carnosa, Apopka, Lockhart, Winter Garden, Jan., 1965; Hoya
exotica, Winter Garden, Feb., 1968; Ixora coccinea, Osprey; Ixora sp., Sebastian
Inlet; Neoregelia sp., Gotha, Jan., 1961; Nephrolepsis exaltata, Lockhart;
Peperomia sp., Lockhart; Pilea microphylla, Lockhart; Strelitzia reginae, Home-
stead, Snead Island; Zygocactus truncatus, Leesburg, Oxford; Zygocactus sp.,
Palma Sola, Dec., 1967; in packrat nest debris, Upper Key Largo, March, 1968.

This subterranean species bears no resemblance to R. cacticans,
with which it has previously been confused. Rhizoecus simplex is 1
of the smallest mealybugs. Of the Florida species, it more closely
resembles floridanus. Their differences, however, are readily observed
and are indicated in the key.

70 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

Rhizoecus spinipes (Hambleton), n. comb.

Morrisonella spinipes Hambleton, 1946:36, fig. 22--24.

To date, only 1 collection of this rather unique mealybug has been
made in Florida, but its occurrence in the State comes as no surprise
since it was originally described from Arkansas. Study of the 8 Florida
specimens as well as a single female from Mexico confirms the
validity of R. spinipes. Unfortunately this species was omitted from
Ferris’ Atlas of the Pseudococcidae (1953), and from the more re-
cently published keys to the North American species of Rhizoecus
by McKenzie (1960, 61, 62, 67).

Host record: Andropogon rhizomatus, Gainesville, 10-X-67, K. R. Langdon.

The broadly ovate body, small appendages, large tritubular cerores,
and short, stout anal ring setae separate spinipes from any other
described member of the Rhizoecus.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

For their generous cooperation in sending material for study, I am _ very
grateful to Mr. Harold Denmark and Mr. George W. Dekle, Bureau of Ento-
mology, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture, Gaines-
ville, Florida. Special acknowledgment is extended to Miss Louise M. Russell
and Dr. Douglass R. Miller, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washing-
ton, D. C. for their encouragement and assistance in many ways, and for
reading and criticizing the manuscript. I thank Dr. Hamlin H. Tippins, Division
of Entomology, Experiment Station, Experiment, Georgia, for the loan of
specimens.

REFERENCES

Cockerell, T. D. A. 1894. A maritime species of Coccidae. Insect Life. 7(1):
42-44,
1899. Some notes on Coccidae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.:
259-275.
Cooperative Economic Insect Report. 1969. 19(12):192.

Ferris, G. F. 1953. Atlas of the scale insects of North America. Vol. VI. The
Pseudococcidae (Part Il). Stanford, Calif. Stanford Univ. Press:279-506.
Hambleton, E. J. 1946. Studies of hypogeic mealybugs. Rev. de Ent. (Rio de

Janeiro) 17( 1-2) :1-77.
Kiinckel d’Herculais, J. 1878. Histoire de la cochenille vivant sur les racines
des palmiers de la section des Seaforthia. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 8(5):161-164.
McKenzie, H. L. 1960. Taxonomic studies of California mealybugs, with
descriptions of new species. Hilgardia. 29(15):681-770.
1961. Second taxonomic study of California mealybugs, with
descriptions of new species. Ibid. 31(2):15-52.
1962. Third taxonomic study of California mealybugs, including
additional species from North America and South America. Ibid. 32(14):
637-688.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973 yt

1967. Mealybugs of California, with taxonomy, biology and
control of North American species. Berkeley, Univ. Calif. Press: 526 pp.,
illus.

Tri-ology, 1963. No. 12:1.
= 1063. No, 18:2.
Williams, D. J. 1962. The British Pseudococcidae. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist. )
12(1):1-79.

1969. The family-group names of the scale insects. Bull. Br.

Mus. (Nat. Hist.) 23(8):317-341.

MITES ASSOCIATED WITH AQUATIC AND SEMI-AQUATIC DIPTERA
FROM SAN MATEO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
(AcARINA: HyGROBATIDAE, UNIONICOLIDAE, PIONIDAE, AscIDAE AND DIPTERA:
CHIRONOMIDAE, TIPULIDAE, PsyCHODIDAE )

R. H. Wutrset and R. F. ScHOEPPNER, San Mateo County
Mosquito Abatement District, Burlingame, California 94010

ABSTRACT—Light trap collections near a reservoir in San Mateo County,
California, included many aquatic and semi-aquatic Diptera (Chironomidae,
Tipulidae, Psychodidae) with attached mites (Acarina: Hygrobatidae, Unionicoli-
dae, Pionidae, Ascidae). Insects and associated mites are listed along with
abundance and some observations on their biology. Weekly tabulation of mite
incidence on Phaenopsectra profusa (Townes) is presented.

We have been concerned with an assessment of the chironomid
fauna occupying the Crystal Springs Reservoir, San Mateo County,
California. Early in this study a number of Diptera were observed in
a symbiotic relationship with certain Acarina. The purpose of this
paper is to report the association of representatives of 4 families of
mites and 3 families of Diptera collected during the spring of 1967.

Crystal Springs Reservoir, which occupies a small basin along the
San Andreas Fault, has a capacity of 22 billion gallons and an ap-
proximate surface area of 1341 acres. The Reservoir, owned by the
City and County of San Francisco, is one of their many water-holding
areas that extend from the Sierra Nevada Mountains north of Yosemite
National Park to the San Francisco Peninsula. These reservoirs supply
drinking water to the residents of San Francisco and several neigh-
boring cities on the Peninsula. Recent changes in the water delivery
will bypass the Crystal Springs Reservoir and thus transport water
directly from the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the consumer. Projected
use of this area remains uncertain, Constant encroachment onto land

=~]
bo

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

adjacent to the Crystal Springs Reservoir has occurred at an increased
rate. Either recreational or residential developments will place in-
creased population burdens upon this land during the immediate years
ahead. Aquatic insect populations along the perimeter of the Crystal
Springs Reservoir were sampled in order to evaluate potential nuisance
problems.

MetTHops AND MATERIALS

Two convenient and well protected locations were selected to
conduct this study. One site, near Hillsborough, California was on a
ridge % mile from the Crystal Springs Reservoir and the second site
was adjacent to the shoreline approximately 5 miles south of the
former location. At each site a single light trap (New Jersey type) was
suspended 5 feet above the ground. The power source for the traps
was obtained from electric outlets at nearby buildings. Semiweekly
collections were necessary because of the large volume of adults
attracted to the traps and the desirability of fresh specimens. After
each collection was sorted and tabulated, Diptera found to have at-
tached mites were mounted. The traps were operated for a period of
4 months from mid-February to mid-June, 1967.

RESULTS AND DIscussION

Baker & Wharton (1952) noted that % of the nearly 100 mite
families associated with arthropods were either predators or parasites.
Since the form of symbiosis has not been established in all cases, the
authors decided to refer to all Diptera and Acarina found in close
union as symbiotes. One can speculate as to the type of symbiotic
relationship between the Diptera and Acarina when the life histories
of closely related mites within the family are known.

The mites found on the insect specimens belong in 2 suborders of
the order Acarina: Mesostigmata and Prostigmata (Table 1). Each
of these suborders includes a wide range of ecological types—preda-
tors, scavengers, and plant parasites as well as a variety of symbiotes
of vertebrate and invertebrate animals. Hughes (1959) related that
dipterous insects are often parasitized by trombidiform mites.

The chironomids collected were parasitized by larval water mites
(Prostigmata: Hydrachnellae or Hydracarina) of 3 mite families
(Hygrobatidae, Unionicolidae, and Pionidae; Table 1). Sparing (1959)
lists 11 genera of the supercohort Hydrachnellae that parasitize the
Chironomidae. The larvae of the Hydrachnellae are usually parasitic
while the nymphs and adults of this group are (in most cases)
predaceous upon aquatic insects. All of the larval water mites that
we collected are of the aquatic type in the sense of Mitchell (1957);
that is they are highly adapted for swimming beneath the surface and,
in.the case of the species taken in our study, do so until the time that they

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973 73

Table 1. Diptera and Acarina symbiotes.

Chironomidae Prostigmata, Pionae
Phaenopsectra profusa (Townes) Hygrobatidae, Hygrobates Koch
Unionicolidae (same spp. on Chi-
ronomus n. sp. #51)

Chironomus n. sp. #51 Unionicolidae
Calopsectra n. sp. Hygrobatidae, Hygrobates Koch
Chironomus nervosus Staeger Pionidae
Tipulidae Mesostigmata, Parasitoidea, Ascidae
Psiloconopa cana (Walker) Cheiroseius Berlese
Psiloconopa caliptera (Say) Cheiroseius Berlese
Limonia canadensis (Walker ) Cheiroseius Berlese
Psychodidae Mesostigmata, Parasitoidea, Ascidae
Psychoda satchelli Quate Iphidozercon californicus Chant

Iphidozercon (undescribed sp. )

attach to emerging adults of insects with aquatic larvae. The abun-
dance of mites found on 2 families of Diptera are listed in Table 2.
In the family Chironomidae, Phaenopsectra profusa (Townes) was the
most frequently parasitized species in the light trap collections. Other
chironomid hosts with mite symbiotes occurred in considerably fewer
numbers as noted for Chironomus nervosus Staeger, Chironomus n.
sp. 51, and Calopsectra n. sp. Eighty-seven specimens of Chironomus
plumosus (L.), the largest of the chironomids, were found in the
light trap collections. Two female C. plumosus were parasitized but
they were not included in Table 2 since the mites were dislodged
before tabulation.

Generally, the larvae of the chironomid hosts listed may be con-
sidered littoral forms. All of these species construct silken tubes in
the littoral mud or on submerged vegetation. Chironomus plumosus
occurs in the profundal region of some American lakes. Generally all
of the Chironomus species and P. profusa reside in the bottom mud.
However, C. nervosus larvae were collected from the bottom mud
and from vegetation in about equal numbers according to Buckley
and Sublette (1964). The chironomid hosts have more than 1 genera-
tion per year. Phaenopsectra profusa exhibits spring and fall adult
population peaks as reflected by previous light trap collections. This
species seems to prefer colder water where the dissolved-oxygen con-
tent is relatively high (Darby 1962). Chironomus nervosus was in-
terpreted to have 3 generations per year by Mundie (1957). Hilsenhott
(1966) and Johnson and Munger (1930) related that C. plumosus had
2 generations per year in shallow Wisconsin lakes.

WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

PROC. ENT, SOC.

74

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PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 7

Table 3. Incidence of mites observed on Phaenopsectra profusa (Townes )*

Crystal Springs Reservoir Hillsborough
Weekly “Number Number Percent Number | Number Percent
collection period trapped with mites with mites trapped with mites with mites
March 2-8 Bi 0 0 9 0 0
9-15 22 0 0 27 0 0
16-22 28 0 0 40 u 2.5
23-29 38 6 15.8 21 3 14.3
30-Apr. 5 28 5 17.9 16 4 25.0
April 6-12 26 7 26.9 16 6 37.5
13-19 13 7 53.8 24 14 58.3
20-26 13 7 53.8 2 2 100.0
27-—May 3 if 1 100.0 8 6 75.0
May 4-10 4 4 100.0 0 0 0
11-17 1 1 100.0 0 0 0
18-24 ii it 100.0 0 0 0
25-31 3 3 100.0 1 1 100.0

1 For purposes of comparison the above table incorporates only data collected during the
period from March 1 to May 31, Ve

The incidence of mites on P. profusa, during the 13-week study
period, appears in Table 3. Peak flights of P. profusa were collected
at both study areas by mid-March 1967 while the mite build-up to
near peak abundance trailed this population by 1 month.

The site of mite attachment on the Diptera was primarily on the
abdomen. On all of the Diptera, mite attachment was most frequent on
the ventral and lateral sides of the abdominal segments and _ inter-
segmental membranes. For P. profusa, only 3 of the 285 mites noted were
attached to the thorax. With this species, the largest number of mites
were associated with the first and second abdominal segments. A lesser
number of mites were noted on segments 3-7, particularly the fifth
and sixth segments. Mites on hosts varied in number from a single
specimen, which was most common, to an instance when 17 larval
mites were found clustered on the abdomen of 1 P. profusa. Such
large numbers of mites undoubtedly caused considerable difficulty
to the flight and dispersal of the midges from their breeding grounds
or resting areas. The few adults collected that bore large numbers
of mites may have represented the most vigorous members of this
P. profusa population.

Psychoda satchelli Quate, widely distributed in the United States,
was represented in collections from 2 light traps previously discussed.
Quate (1955) reared P. satchelli at room temperature in the laboratory.

76 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

He found that they developed in the upper layers of high moisture fig
compost. He noted that no larvae or pupae were found in the compost
where standing water was present. In our collections, the adults of
P. satchelli undoubtedly came from the decaying vegetable matter
present above the reservoir shoreline.

Only two genera of Mesostigmata, Cheiroseius Berlese and Iphi-
dozercon Berlese, in the family Ascidae, were present in the collections.
Cheiroseius is noted to be cosmopolitan and 1 of the largest ascid
genera with approximately 50 species (Lindquist and Evans 1965).
The genus belongs to the subfamily Platyseiinae which is associated
with subaquatic habitats and is thought to be predaceous. Little is
known of the genus Iphidozercon, subfamily Arctoseiinae. Iphidozer-
con californicus Chant was the first species of this genus described
from North America. The original collection of females was found in
leaf mold at Davis, California (Chant 1963).

The family Ascidae was associated with 3 species of tipulids whose
larvae reside in moist habitats such as organically rich soil, sand,
and mats of algae along marsh and lake margins. Limonia canadensis
(Walker) and Psiloconopa cana (Walker) are widespread in California
while Psiloconopa caliptera (Say) is recorded only from the central
and southern parts of California (Alexander 1967). Limonia Meigen,
the largest genus in the order Diptera (2000 species), covers habitats
that include semi-aquatic situations such as saturated mats of algae,
liverworts, and mosses (Alexander 1965). Psiloconopa Zetterstedt in
the immature stages is found in soil and decaying vegetable material.
Most species occur in wet, sandy to richly organic soil at margins
of bogs, marshes, and streams (Alexander 1965).

The psychodids and tipulids collected have similar larval require-
ments. Semi-aquatic habitats such as algal mats, mosses, decaying
vegetable matter, or richly organic soil near margins of streams or
lakes provide the necessary requirements needed by the species
discussed.

The association of the mites collected in this study with the hosts
of all 3 families is suspected to take place when the host is terminating
the pupal stage, immediately prior to or at the time of adult emergence
(Radovsky 1969).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are grateful to Alan Stone, Systematic Entomology Laboratory,
USDA, Washington, D. C. for determination of the psychodids and tipulids; J.
E. Sublette, Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern New Mexico University,
Portales, New Mexico for determination of the chironomids; Rodger Mitchell,
The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, for confirmation of the unionicolid
identification; and F. J. Radovsky, Department of Entomology, B. P. Bishop
Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii for mite determinations and valuable review of this
paper. The authors are appreciative to Mr. John O’Marie, Division Manager, San

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., vOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 Tir

Francisco Water Department, for permission to utilize the water company
property for our survey.

REFERENCES

Alexander, C. P. 1965. Family Tipulidae, 16-90. Stone, A., et al., A Catalog
of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. USDA, Agr. Handb. no. 276.
Washington, D. C. 1696 pp.

1967. The crane flies of California. Bull. Calif. Ins. Surv. Vol. 8,
Univ. of Calif. Press 269 pp.

Baker, E. W. and G. W. Wharton. 1952. An introduction to acarology. The
Macmillan Co., New York 465 pp.

Buckley, B. R. and J. E. Sublette. 1964. Chironomidae (Diptera) of Louisiana
II. The limnology of the upper part of Cane River Lake, Natchitoches Parish,
Louisiana, with particular reference to the emergence of Chironomidae. Tulane
Studies in Zool. 11(4):151-166.

Chant, D. A. 1963. The subfamily Blattisocinae Garman (Aseosejinae Evans)
(Acarina: Blattisocidae Garman) (Aceosejidae Baker and Wharton) in North
America, with descriptions of new species. Can. J. Zool. 41:243-305.

Darby, R. E. 1962. Midges associated with California rice fields, with special
reference to their ecology (Diptera: Chironomidae). Hilgardia. 32(1):1-206.

Hilsenhoff, W. L. 1966. The biology of Chironomus plumosus (Diptera:
Chironomidae) in Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.
59(3) :465-473.

Hughes, T. E. 1959. Mites or the acari. Athlone Press, London 225 pp.

Johnson, M. S. and F. Munger. 1930. Observations on excessive abundance
of the midge Chironomus plumosus at Lake Pepin. Ecology. 11(1):110-126.

Lindquist, E. E. and G. O. Evans. 1965. Taxonomic concepts in the Ascidae,
with modified setal nomenclature for the idiosoma of the Gamasina (Acarina:
Mesostigmata). Mem. Entomol. Soc. Canada, No. 47, 64 pp.

Mitchell, R. 1957. Major evolutionary lines in water mites. Systematic Zool.
6(3):137-148.

Mundie, J. H. 1957. The ecology of Chironomidae in storage reservoirs. Trans.
R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 109(5):149-232.

Quate, L. 1955. A revision of the Psychodidae (Diptera) in America north
of Mexico. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 10(3):103-273.

Radovsky, F. J. 1969. Personal communication. Department of Entomology,
B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Sparing, I. 1959. Die Larven der Hydrachnellae, ihre parasitische Entwicklung
und Systematik. Parasitol. Schrift. 10:168.

78 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973

A NEW GENUS OF CICADELLIDAE FROM BRAZIL!’

( HOMOPTERA )
Bos G. Hitt, Murray State College, Tishomingo, Oklahoma 73460

ABSTRACT—Evanirvana aurea, n. gen. and n. sp., from Brazil is described,
illustrated and provisionally included in the tribe Evacanthini.

The 2 specimens included in this description were first recognized
as being unusual by Dr. James P. Kramer, Systematic Entomology
Laboratory, USDA. The specimens are of interest because work with
female characters has indicated that they may be annectent between
Evacanthini and Nirvaninae. They are being described to be available
for inclusion in an already completed work on the higher categories
of Cicadellidae to be published soon.

Evanirvana, n. gen.

Head with crown roundly produced beyond eyes; crown marginally carinate,
with carina more pronounced apically, central portion with distinct longitudinal
striae which are slightly curved. Ocelli absent; antennae more than twice as
long as head, antennal ledges scalelike. Clypeus tumid, with median longitudinal
carina lightly developed anteriorly and absent posteriorly. Forewings sub-
hyaline, each with 4 apical cells and a small appendix (large, however, as com-
pared with other genera of Evacanthini). Female genitalia (as compared with
Dussana Distant, Evacanthus Le Peletier and Serville, Onukia Matsumura and
Vangama Distant) with first and second valvulae of ovipositor comparatively
heavily sclerotized, short and broad. First valvular sculpturing with distinct
maculose area (fig. b). Second valvulae with teeth crowded apically; teeth
somewhat irregular and not arranged in a distinct convex curve. Third valvulae
short and broad with dorso-apical margin forming almost straight line. Pygofer
about 1% times as long as broad, terminating posterior to the first valvular apices
and not sharply constricted subterminally.

Type-species, Evanirvana aurea, n. sp.

Evanirvana, new genus, is not close to any other genus in the
Evacanthini and is included in this tribe provisionally. The genus
can be separated from other genera of the tribe by the sculpturing on
the first valvula (fig. b), the general shape of the second valvulae (fig.
d) or many other of the above characters.

‘Study accomplished with the aid of a 3-year fellowship from the Entomology
Research Division, Agriculture Research Division, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973 79

9009,

o2.
C0d-Dgado

Fig. a—d, Evanirvana aurea, n. gen., n. sp.: a, head and pronotum, dorsal aspect;
b, left first valvula apex, 150 x; c, second valvulae apices, lateral aspect; d, second
valvulae, lateral aspect.

Evanirvana aurea, n. sp.
fig. a-d

Length of female 8.5 mm including forewings; width 3 mm.

Color: Dull yellowish tan with markings on crown and pronotum. Crown with
somewhat W-shaped dark spot in apical portion which is nearly co-extensive
with enlarged ridges of longitudinal striae. Pronotum with orange arcuate spot
near anterior margin.

Leg chaetotaxy: Posterior tibia with 18 to 24 setae in row 1; 14 or 15 major
setae in row 2; about 24 setae in row 3; and many small setae gradually
increasing in size distally in row 4. First and second tarsomeres of posterior
leg with 5 and 2 platellae, respectively.

Male unknown.

Type: Holotype female (4-1868A) JUSSARAL [Maranhao],
ANGRA-E. DO RIO, BRAZIL, L. TRAVASSOS, XI-934, in U. S.
National Museum. A second specimen, also a female, Joinville, S.
Cath. Brazil, X-25, A. Maller.

80 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

CHEMICAL PROOF OF VALIDITY OF THE TAXONOMIC
SEPARATION OF VESPULA SUBGENUS VESPULA FROM
VESPULA SUBGENUS DOLICHOVESPULA
(HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE )

Joun A. FLuno,' Agricultural Research Service, USDA

ABSTRACT—The positive attraction of 7 species of yellow jackets, Vespula
(Vespula), to 2,4-hexadienyl butyrate, and the lack of attraction of this com-
pound for 2 or more species of hornets, Vespula (Dolichovespula), is chemical
proof of the validity of the subgeneric separation by taxonomists. Four species
of yellow jackets responded to the lure in Oregon, and 3 other species responded
in Maryland.

Bequaert (1930) recognized 2 subgenera of Vespula in his study
of the generic classification of the Vespinae. This separation is based
primarily on the malar space, which is nearly as long as or longer
than the penultimate segment in subgenus Dolichovespula Rohwer and
almost % the length of that segment in subgenus Vespula Thomson.
There are also behavioral differences between representatives of the
2 subgenera: species of Vespula (Vespula) usually nest in the ground,
but species of Vespula (Dolichovespula) usually nest above ground.
The former are ordinarily called yellow jackets and the latter, hornets.

Also, the synthetic chemical 2,4-hexadienyl butyrate? attracts species
of the subgenus Vespula but is not attractive to species of the subgenus
Dolichovespula. Davis et al. (1967) first noted the attractiveness of
this chemical to yellow jackets in August, 1962 when Vespula pensyl-
vanica (Saussure )* entered traps designed to capture the little house
fly, Fannia canicularis (L.) at Corvallis, Oregon. Then I tested 2,4-
hexadienyl butyrate during the summer of 1963 in Silver Spring,
Maryland and caught 3 more species of the subgenus Vespula, V.
maculifrons (Buysson), squamosa (Drury), and vidua (Saussure).
At least 2 species of subgenus Dolichovespula, V. arenaria (Fabricius )
and maculata (L.), were seen from time to time but did not enter the
traps.

In additional testing in Oregon, Davis et al. (1968) caught 3 more
Vespula (Vespula), V. acadica (Sladen), atropilosa (Sladen), and

‘Retired June 30, 1971.

* Synthesized by T. P. McGovern, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.

*Vespula vidua V. acadica, and V. atropilosa are considered subspecies of
Vespula (Vespula) rufa in Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico—Synoptic
Catalog (1951, USDA Agriculture Monograph No. 2, prepared under the direction
of C. F. W. Muesebeck, K. V. Krombein, and H. K. Townes). In treating these
as distinct species, I have followed C. D. F. Miller (Taxonomy of Nearctic
Vespula. 1961. Canad. Ent. Vol. XCIII, Supplement 22:1-52) and Supplement
2-of USDA Monograph No. 2 (loc. cit. supra).

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 81

vulgaris (L.). However, despite intensive trapping studies conducted
in Maryland and Oregon to exploit this chemical for possible practical
control of yellow jackets, hornets were trapped on only 1 occasion.
A few V. maculata (L.) were found in 1 trap in Oregon, but they
were never trapped in Maryland, though the species is common there.
Three other Dolichovespula (V. arctica Rohwer, V. arenaria, and V.
norvegicoides (Sladen) ) have been reported from Oregon, but were
not captured.

Thus, 7 species of yellow jackets, Vespula (Vespula), showed
strong positive responses to 2,4-hexadienyl butyrate, but 2 or more
species of hornets, Vespula (Dolichovespula), did not. Vespa crabro
germana Christ, the European hornet, was seen in Maryland from
time to time within a few yards of traps baited with this chemical but
showed no interest.

In addition, any attempt to use the lure to determine the relative
abundance of species of yellow jackets must be a cautious one since
the Maryland studies indicated that the 3 common species were not
attracted equally.

After several preliminary tests with traps of various designs, 1
type was selected and used more or less routinely. This trap consisted
of a glass pie dish filled with water to which a small amount of liquid
household detergent had been added. Then the lure was placed by
various means in the center of the dish. Figure 1 shows a bit of wire
screen folded in such a manner that it held the bit of paper towel
treated with the 2,4-hexadienyl butyrate just above the detergent-
water. (A paper plate was used to line this pie dish to improve
photography.) The yellow jackets responding dipped in flight as they
reached the lure; contact with the water usually resulted in drowning.
In earlier tests, a whiskey shot glass served the same purpose as the
folded wire screen. However, this trap design may have favored |
species over another. On 1 occasion (September 5 through 8, 1965),
an electrocuting grid was suspended in a tulip tree and baited with
the lure, and bits of canned tuna fish were placed at random points
on the charged wires to add attractiveness to the trap. When tuna
fish was used in the pie dish trap without the synthetic lure, no
maculifrons were captured, but the grid trap baited in this way caught
71 specimens.

The standard pie dish trap caught the 3 species in the following
order: squamosa (76.2%), vidua (22.3%), and maculifrons (1.5%).
However, 48 sight identifications of queens gave the following order:
maculifrons (56.2%), squamosa (37.5%), and vidua (6.3%).

No doubt trap design, trap location, and competition for available
food sources for the 3 species of yellow jackets all played a role in
the relative numbers collected. My general impression is that the
percentage represented by the relative abundance of queens sighted

82 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

.
| er
- 4 4, we - -
; « Y a 6}
hee) : ss Wein : 3 Se a 4 : ss rd ~

Fig. 1. Vespula ( Vespula) trapped with 2,4-hexadieny] butyrate.

is closer to the true picture, that is, both squamosa and maculifrons
were rather common, and vidua was relatively uncommon. However,
I may be in serious error. An imported species, Vespula germanica
(Fabricius) has been found from New York to Maryland that closely
resembles V. maculifrons. Thus, many specimens of presumed maculi-
frons may have been germanica; on the other hand, the possibility
exists that germanica may not respond to the synthetic lure since it
was never trapped. The subgenus for germanica is Vespula, which
makes it a yellow jacket. Then if germanica has not been erroneously
placed in this subgenus, the species may be an important exception
to the chemical proof of validity of subgeneric separation.

That maculifrons is not rare in Maryland is evident to anyone
interested in yellow jackets. They are most often seen flying an inch
or 2 off the lawn, possibly searching for ants. I saw three maculifrons
preying on alate ants (Lasius neoniger Emery ) that were swarming on
my lawn on September 17, 1967.

Only a weak conjecture can be made in regard to the behavioral or
physiological reasons for attractiveness of 2,4-hexadienyl butyrate:
It may somehow be associated with the underground nesting of yellow
jackets since it is attractive to several genera and species of chloropids
(Fluno et al. 1972) and to the European chafer, Amphimallon majalis

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., vOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 83

(Razoumowsky) (McGovern et al. 1970), all of which develop in
soil. However, the attraction for even the yellow jackets was limited
to the workers, though queens sometimes approached the traps in
Maryland when the bait was tested in the spring.

The positive response of Vespula (Vespula) and the absence of
a similar response by Vespula (Dolichovespula) substantiates the tax-
onomic separation between the subgenera. I would even suggest that
the subgenera should be elevated to full generic rank on the basis
of such a strong behavioral characteristic.

REFERENCES

Bequaert, J. 1930. On the generic and subgeneric divisions of the Vespinae
(Hymenoptera). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 25:59-70.

Davis, G., G. W. Eddy, T. P. McGovern, and M. Beroza. 1967. 2,4-hexadieny]l
butyrate and related compounds highly attractive to yellow jackets (Vespula
spp.) J. Med. Entomol. 4(3):275-80.

Davis, H. G., T. P. McGovern, G. W. Eddy, T. E. Nelson, K. M. R. Bertun,
M. Beroza, and J. C. Ingangi. 1968. New chemical attractants for yellow
jackets (Vespula spp.). J. Econ. Entomol. 61(2):459-62.

Fluno, J. A., H. G. Davis, and W. M. Rogoff. 1972. Chloropid flies attracted
to synthetic chemical lures. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 74:443-446.

McGovern, T. P., B. Fiori, M. Beroza, and J. C. Ingangi. 1970. Propyl 1,4-
benzodioxan-2-carboxylate, a new attractant for the European chafer. J. Econ.
Entomol. 63(1):168—-171.

PTEROMICRA INERMIS STEYSKAL A SYNONYM OF
SCIOMYZA VARIA (COQUILLETT)
(DrererRA: SCIOMYZIDAE )

Several dipterists, viz., G. E. Shewell, C. O. Berg, L. V. Knutson, and T. W.
Fisher, have expressed a suspicion that Pteromicra inermis Steyskal, 1956 (Papers
Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters 41:76) and Sciomyza varia (Coquillett), 1904
(Canad. Entomol. 36:12) are synonymous. Examination of the respective types
and other specimens of this rather rare species, including several reared specimens
of both sexes, shows that they are indeed synonymous. The virtually sole character
distinguishing Pteromicra from Sciomyza, a single dorsal pre-apical bristle
on the foretibia in the former and 2 such bristles in the latter, is subject to con-
siderable variation in Sciomyza varia. Generic concepts in the tribe Sciomyzini,
involving at least the genera Sciomyza, Pherbellia, Pteromicra, and Colobaea, seem
to be becoming ever more hazy and a serious attempt at their revision on a broad

basis should be made.

GrorcE C. StTEysKAL, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research
Service, USDA, c/o U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560.

84 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

COLASPIS FULVOTESTACEA LEFEVRE AND ITS CLOSE RELATIVES
(CoLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE )

Doris H. BLake, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D. C. 20560

ABSTRACT—Three new species of Colaspis are described: C. leiosomata and
C. eaeaoi from Costa Rica and C. ostmarki from Panama. A new description of the
holotype of C. fulvotestacea Lefévre is presented.

Recently I have received from H. E. Ostmark of the Division of
Tropical Research at La Lima, Honduras, specimens of beetles of a
species that was devastating banana fruit over 4,500 acres in
Changuinola, Panama, near Almirante, with the request for a name
of these. By coincidence I had just been drawing the type of Colaspis
fulvotestacea Lefevre which I had borrowed from the National
Museum of Natural History, Paris because no one here had been able
to identify that Lefévre species. The Panama specimens are closely
related to fulvotestacea, which was described from Cafioas, Colombia,
although with some differences. In the United States National Museum
is a series of smaller beetles from Waldeck, Costa Rica, collected on
Theobroma cacao by Ballou that are also very close to fulvotestacea,
and another series from San Carlos, Costa Rica, collected by Schildt
and Burgdorf, still different but belonging to the same group with
fulvotestacea. At first I was inclined to view these 3 as subspecies of
fulvotestacea, but the aedeagi of all 3, while similar, are each different.
These differences in the aedeagi together with other small differences
are analogous to the differences found in the brunnea group in the
United States. These beetles also form a group that is distinctly dif-
ferent from the other costate species in that the males show little or
no elytral costation, being smooth and shiny, but the punctation is
of the same pattern as the punctures between the costae of the costate
species. The elytra of the females show more traces of costae, usually
on the sides and at the apex. There are 2 other differences in these
species making them unlike other costate Colaspis: first, there is a
prominent transverse depression on the elytra below the basal umbone,
and secondly, on the head is a line of indented punctures from the
eye to the top of the clypeus. Possibly someone might think they are
not of the same genus as Colaspis, but the strongly sinuate margin of
the prothorax and the pattern of elytral punctures are distinctive
features of Colaspis.

Colaspis fulvotestacea Lefévre
ibe A

Colaspis fulvotestacea Lefevre, Mitth. Munch. Ent. II, 1878:123.

6.2 mm in length, elongate oval, shiny reddish brown with apex of femora and

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973 85

base of tibiae deeper brown, jaws piceous, antennae entirely yellowish brown,
prothorax with undulate margin having finely pointed tips, finely punctate, elytra
also finely punctate with punctures more or less in rows, transverse depression
across base below umbone.

Head with interocular space % width of head, smooth with a few punctures
over occiput and front, row of punctures from eye to frontal tubercles forming
a depressed line, clypeus with a few coarser punctures, anterior margin almost
straight over labrum. Antennae slender and long, entirely pale yellow brown.
Prothorax not twice as wide as long with strongly undulate, almost toothed,
margin; surface finely punctate, shining. Scutellum shiny deep reddish brown.
Elytra almost 3 times as long as prothorax and a little wider with transverse depres-
sion near base, punctation moderately fine except in depression and in lines, after
the pattern of the punctation in costate species. This male specimen without
costae. Body beneath shining, smooth, reddish brown with coxae and apex of
femora and base of tibiae deeper brown. Length 6.2 mm; width 3 mm.

Type: male, in National Museum of Natural History, Paris.
Type locality: Cafioas, Colombia, M. E. Steinheil.

Colaspis leiosomata, n. sp.
figs,

Between 6 and 6.5 mm in length, elongate oval, shining reddish brown with
darker coloring at juncture of femora and tibiae, and dark 7th and terminal
joint of antennae; prothorax finely punctate and with undulate margin; elytra
with transverse depression below basal umbone, not costate in male, except
possibly on side, and with vestiges of costae in female, elytral punctation moderately
coarse and in female with traces of being in geminate lines.

Head with interocular space % width of head, occiput and front smooth and
shiny, sometimes with a few very fine punctures, a depressed line of punctures
running from eye to frontal tubercles, clypeus well defined and usually with
a few coarse punctures, anterior margin varying from being nearly straight to
widely curved over labrum, jaws piceous and large. Antennae long and slender,
yellow brown with usually the 7th and last joint dark. Prothorax not twice as
wide as long with undulate sides, margin often darker, moderately convex, shining
with usually rather fine punctures. Scutellum smooth. Elytra almost 24% times
as long as prothorax and somewhat wider, a transverse depression near base, very
little trace of costae in males, but in females vestiges of costae on sides and at
apex; punctation in males not noticeably geminate but in females punctures
geminate as in the costate species. Body beneath pale except at the joining of
femora and tibiae, which is darkened. Length 6-6.5 mm; width 3-3.4 mm.

Type: male, and 3 paratypes, USNM Type No. 72429.

Type locality: San Carlos, Costa Rica, Schild and Burgdorf col-
lectors.

This species has the dark reddish-brown coloration of C. fulvotestacea
Lef., but differs from it in that the elytra are not so long proportionately
as in fulvotestacea and are more coarsely punctate. The aedeagus is
much shorter than in the other 2 species.

86 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973

3.Colaspis ostmarki new Species 4. Colaspis cacaoi new Species

Colaspis ostmarki, n. sp.
fig. 3
From 5.5-8 mm in length, elongate oval, shining yellowish brown with deeper

brown prothorax, prothorax moderately finely punctate and with undulate margin,
elytra with coarser punctures, mostly in geminate rows, except near apex and

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 87

margin where they become single, basal transverse depression on elytra below
umbone, in female vestiges of costae along sides and at apex, females much
larger than males.

Head with interocular space approximately % width of head, occiput and
front sometimes entirely smooth, without punctures, sometimes densely and
finely punctate, always a row of depressed punctures from eye to frontal tubercles,
clypeus coarsely and densely punctate, anterior margin nearly straight over labrum,
jaws deep brown. Antennae long and slender, yellow brown with 7th and
terminal joint often dark. Prothorax not twice as wide as long, convex, with
undulate margins sometimes verging on being angulate, surface shining and
usually finely punctate, but sometimes more coarsely and densely punctate.
Scutellum deep brown. Elytra more than twice as long as prothorax with
transverse depression below basal umbones, in female with costae along sides
and subcostate at apex, in male very little costate vestiges; punctation near suture
and margin in single rows but between in geminate rows becoming single near
apex, punctation of the same pattern as in costate species. Body beneath and
legs yellowish brown, occasionally femora at apex slightly deeper brown. Length
5.5-8 mm; width 3-4.5 mm.

Type: male, and 31 paratypes, USNM Type No. 72430.

Type locality: Changuinola, Panama, collected by H. E. Ostmark,
June 26, 1972 and C. A. Stephens, April 21, 1971, on bananas.

These beetles were found in great numbers feeding on bananas over
4.500 acres in Changuinola, northern Panama, near Almirante. They
are closely related to C. fulvotestacea Lefévre, described from Colom-
bia, but are more coarsely punctate and yellowish brown instead of
reddish brown, and the elytra are not so long. There is a great
difference in the size of the sexes—the female being much larger
than the male. The species is named after Dr. H. E. Ostmark who
has been working on them extensively as a pest to bananas, and who
has observed their life history and written it up.

Colaspis cacaoi, n. sp.
fig. 4

From 4.5-6 mm in length, elongate oval, shining yellowish brown with jaws,
the 7th and last antennal joints dark, head nearly impunctate except on clypeus,
prothorax finely punctate and with undulate margin; elytra with pronounced
depression below basal umbones, feebly costate on sides, punctation in basal half
more or less alternately geminate, towards apex in single rows.

Head with interocular space % width of head, occiput and front shining,
smooth, often impunctate except for the line of depressed punctures from eye
to tubercles, clypeus with coarse punctures, anterior margin of clypeus nearly
straight over labrum, jaws large and dark. Antennae long and slender, with
7th and usually apical joint dark. Prothorax not twice as wide as long with
undulate margins, surface shining, finely punctate. Scutellum pale brown. Elytra
more than twice but not 3 times as long as prothorax, and wider, with pronounced
transverse depression below basal umbones, lines of punctures irregularly al-
ternate in basal half, becoming more or less single on sides and at apex, some-

88 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

what costate, more so in female specimens. Body beneath entirely pale yellow
brown. Length 4.5-6 mm; width 2.4-3 mm.

Type: male, and 13 paratypes, USNM Type No. 72431.

Type locality: Waldeck, Costa Rica, collected by S. and C. H.
Ballou, on Theobroma cacao, July 21, 1936 and Feb. 13, 1934.

This is the smallest of the fulvotestacea group, and the palest yellow
brown without any trace of deeper coloring at the apex of the femora.
The male specimens often have a trace of costa from humerus to apex,
the female with more pronounced vestiges of costae. All the specimens
have strong elytral punctation. The aedeagus has a wider, more
rounded tip than the other 2 species.

DR. MARION RUSSELL SMITH, A BIBLIOGRAPHY

Davin R. SMirH,
Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA’

ABSTRACT—A list of the 150 publications of Dr. Marion Russell Smith is
presented, almost all of which are on the taxonomy of ants, Formicidae. A list
of the new taxa proposed is given following the reference in which they appear.

Dr. Marion Russell Smith worked and published on ants during a
period of 51 years, most of the time while employed by the Bureau
of Entomology and later the Insect Identification and Parasite Introduc-
tion Research Branch of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washing-
ton. D. C., from which he retired in 1963. He is presently living at
his home in Arlington, Virginia. Dr. Smith was employed as an ant
specialist in 1921 by the Mississippi State Plant Board where his
duties were to identify, map infestations, and direct contro] and
eradication programs of the Argentine ant (Iridomyrmex humilis
(Mayr) ). During this time, he worked under the direction of the late
R. W. Harned who encouraged him to work on other ants of Mis-
sissippi as well as those of other States. Through Mr. Harned’s en-
couragement, Dr. Smith was guided into his very productive career
as one of the leading ant specialists of the world.

An impressive number of publications was produced by Dr. Smith,
and few reprints of his articles are still available. The following
bibliography will serve as a guide to those who wish to acquaint
themselves with Dr. Smith’s work. The bibliography contains 150

-1 Mail address: c/o U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 89

entries, mostly on the taxonomy of the Formicidae. Eighty-six new
taxa were proposed by Dr. Smith, and these are listed, in parentheses,
following the publications in which they appear. The first list are
those publications for which Dr. Smith is the sole author, the second
list are those which Dr. Smith co-authored.

Smith, M. R.

1916.

1918.

1919.

1920.
1922.

1923.

1928.

Observations on ants in South Carolina. Entomol. News. 27:279-280.
Notes on South Carolina ants. Entomol. News. 27:468.

A key to the known species of South Carolina ants. Entomol. News.
29:17-29.

A list of Syrphidae of northern Indiana. Can. Entomol. 51:273-274.
Occurrence of the Argentine ant at Raleigh, North Carolina. J. Econ.
Entomol. 12:465.

The Bembicine wasps of North Carolina. Entomol. News. 31:80—82, 94-97.
Some ants noted to infest houses in Mississippi during the summer and
fall of 1921. J. Econ. Entomol. 15:113-114.

Two new varieties of ants. Entomol. News. 34:306—-308. (Camponotus
caryae var. essigi, n. var., Aphaenogaster lamellidens var. nigripes, n. var.)
Two new Mississippi ants of the subgenus Colobopsis. Psyche. 30:82-88.
(Colobopsis mississippiensis, n. sp., C. pylartes fraxinicola, n. subsp.).
The life history and habits of Bicyrtes quadrifasciata Say. Ann. Entomol.
Soc. Am. 16:238-246.

The Argentine ant control campaigns of 1922. Quart. Bull. State Plant
Board Mississippi. 2:19—20.

. The apparent eradication of the Argentine ant from Fayette, Mississippi.

J. Econ. Entomol. 17:603-604.

An annotated list of the ants of Mississippi. Entomol. News. 35:47-54,
77-85, 121-127.

A new species of ant from Kansas. Entomol. News. 35:250-253. (Pheidole
hayesi, n. sp.).

. The Argentine ant, an odorous species. J. Econ. Entomol. 20:646-647.

An additional annotated list of ants of Mississippi, with a description of
a new species of Pheidole. Entomol. News. 38:308-314. (P. dentigula,
n. sp.)

A contribution to the biology and distribution of one of the legionary ants,
Eciton schmitti Emery. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 20:401—404.
Observations and remarks on the slave-making raids of three species of
ants found at Urbana, Illinois. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 36:323-333.

An additional annotated list of the ants of Mississippi. Entomol. News.
39:242-246.

Controlling common Mississippi ants. Quart. Bull. State Plant Board
Mississippi. 8:1—4.

The biology of Tapinoma sessile Say, an important house-infesting ant.
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am, 21:307-329.

Plastophora crawfordi Coq. and Plastophora spatulata Malloch parasitic
on Solenopsis geminata F. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 30:105-108.

90

1929.

1930.

1935.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., vOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

Remarks concerning the distribution and hosts of the parasitic ant fungus,
Laboulbenia formicarium Thaxter. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 23:104-
106.

An additional annotated list of the ants of Mississippi, with a description
of a new species of Aphaenogaster. Entomol. News. 39:275-279. (A.
texana flemingi, n. subsp. )

Descriptions of five new North American ants, with biological notes. Ann.
Entomol. Soc. Am. 22:543-551. (Euponera (Trachymesopus) gilva
harnedi, n. subsp., Pogonomyrmex californicus barnesi, n. subsp., Lepto-
thorax wheeleri, n. sp., L. (D.) pergandei flavus, n. subsp., L. (D.)
pergandei floridanus spinosus, n. var.).

Two introduced ants not previously known to occur in the United States.
J. Econ. Entomol. 22:241-243.

A description of the male of Proceratium Roger, with remarks. Ann.
Entomol. Soc. Am. 23:390-392.

Description of three new North American ants, with biological notes. Ann.
Entomol. Soc. Am. 23:564-568. (Stenamma foveolocephala, n. sp.,
Myrmica schencki spatulata, n. var., Camponotus (Colobopsis) obliquus,
n. sp.)

Another imported ant. Florida Entomol. 14:23-24.

A list of Florida ants. Florida Entomol. 14:1-6.

An additional annotated list of the ants of Mississippi. Entomol. News.
42:16-24.

An ergatandrous form in Ponera opaciceps Mayr. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.
24:507-509.

A revision of the genus Strumigenys of America, North of Mexico, based
on a study of the workers. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 24:686-710.
(Strumigenys (S.) louisianae laticephala, n. subsp., S. (Cephaloxys) diet-
richi, n. sp., S. (C.) angulata, n. sp., S. (C.) clypeata laevinasis, n. var.,
S. (C.) missouriensis, n. sp., S. (C.) creightoni, n. sp., S. (C.) sculpturata,
n. sp.)

Is Eciton mexicanum F. Smith really Eciton pilosus F. Smith? J. N. Y.
Entomol. Soc. 39:295-298.

An additional annotated list of the ants of Mississippi. Entomol. News.
43:157-160.

. Additional species of Florida ants, with remarks. Florida Entomol. 17:

21-26.
Dates on which the immature or mature sexual phases of ants have been
observed. Entomol. News. 45:247-251, 264-267.

. Three new North American ants. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 27:384—387.

(Lasius (Cthonolasius) pilosus, n. sp., Pheidole sciophila semilaevicephala,
n. var., Aphaenogaster texana macrospina, n. subsp.).

Ponerine ants of the genus Euponera in the United States. Ann. Entomol.
Soc. Am. 27:557-564.

A list of the ants of South Carolina. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc, 42:353-361.
A list of the ants of Oklahoma. Entomol. News. 46:235-241, 261-264.
Two new North American ants. Psyche. 41:211-213. (Leptothorax foveata,
n. sp., Lasius (Acanthomyops) parvula, n. sp.)

1936.

1939.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 91

Two new species of North American Strumigenys. Ann. Entomol. Soc.
Am. 28:214-216. (S. (C.) rohweri, n. sp., S. (C.) clypeata brevisetosa,
n. var. )

Ants of the genus Ponera in America north of Mexico. Ann, Entomol. Soc.
Am. 29:420-430.

Consideration of the fire ant, Solenopsis xyloni McCook as an important
southern pest. J. Econ. Entomol. 29:120-122.

Distribution of the Argentine ant in the United States and suggestions
for its control or eradication. U. S. Dept. Agr. Cire. 387, pp. 1-39.
A list of the ants of Texas. J. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 44:155-170.

. The ants of Puerto Rico. J. Agr., Univ. Puerto Rico 20:819-875. (Macro-

mischa isabellae mutica, n. subsp., Prenolepis (Nylanderia) microps, n. sp.).
Notes on the legionary ants (Eciton, subgenus Acamatus), with a record
of new specific synonymy. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 40:157—160.

A study of the North American ants of the genus Xiphomyrmex Forel. J.
Wash. Acad. Sci. 28:126—130.

Ant-killng fungus. Nature Mag. 31:164.

The Texas leaf-cutting ant (Atta texana Buckley) and its control in the
Kisatchie National Forest of Louisiana. So. Forest Expt. Sta. Occas. Paper
No. 84, 11 pp.

A new species of North American Ponera, with an ergatandrous form.
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 41:76-78. (P. oblongiceps, n. sp.)

Ants of the genus Macromischa Roger in the United States. Ann. Entomol.
Soc. Am. 32:502-509. (M. polita, n. sp)

Notes on Formica (Neoformica) moki Wheeler, with description of a new
subspecies. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 32:581-584. (F. (N.) moki xerophila.
n. subsp.)

The North American ants of the genus Harpagoxenus Forel, with the
description of a new species. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 41:165-172.
(H. canadensis, n. sp.)

Notes on Leptothorax (Mychothorax) hirticornis Emery, and description
of a related new species. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 41:176-180. (L.
(M.) diversipilosus, n. sp.)

A study of the subspecies of Odontomachus haematoda (L.) of the United
States. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 47:125-130.

The discovery of the worker caste of an inquilinous ant, Epipheidole
inquilina Wheeler. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 42:104—109.

The identity of the ant, Camponotus (Myrmentoma) caryae (Fitch). Proc.
Entomol. Soc. Wash. 42:137-141.

. Two new species of Aphaenogaster. Great Basin Nat. 2:118-121. (A.

(Attomyrma) floridana, n. sp., A. (A.) boulderensis, n. sp.)

. A new apparently parasitic ant. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 44:59-61.

( Leptothorax minutissimus, n. sp.)

The males of two North American crapachyine ants. Proc. Entomol. Soc.
Wash. 44:62-64.

The relationship of ants and other organisms to certain scale insects on
coffee in Puerto Rico. J. Agr., Univ. Puerto Rico. 26:21-27.

1943.

1944,

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

The legionary ants of the United States belonging to Eciton, subgenus
Neivamyrmex Borgmeier. Am. Midland Nat. 27:537-590. (N. pilosum
mandibulare, n. subsp.)

Ants of the genus Tetramorium in the United States, with the description
of a new species. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 45:1-5. (T. rugiventris, n. sp.)
A new North American Solenopsis (Diplorhoptrum), Proc. Entomol. Soc.
Wash. 44:209-211. (S. (D.) longiceps, n. sp.)

Pheidole (Macropheidole) rhea Wheeler, a valid species. Proc. Entomol.
Soc. Wash. 45:5-9.

The first record of Leptothorax, subgenus Goniothorax Emery, in the
United States, with the description of a new species. Proc. Entomol. Soc.
Wash. 45:154-156. (L. (G.) wilda, n. sp.)

A generic and subgeneric synopsis of the male ants of the United States.
Am. Midland Nat. 30:273-321.

A new male legionary ant from the Mojave Desert, California. Lloydia.
6:196-197. (Eciton (Neivamyrmex) mojave, n. sp.)

Ants of the genus Cardiocondyla Emery in the United States. Proc. Entomol.
Soc. Wash. 46:30-41.

Ants of the genus Thaumatomyrmex Mayr, with the description of a
new Panamanian species. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 46:97-99. (T.
zeteki, n. sp.)

A key to the genus Acanthognathus Mayr, with the description of a new
species. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 46:150-152. (A. brevicornis, n. sp.)
Additional ants recorded from Florida, with descriptions of two new sub-
species. Florida Entomol. 27:14-17. (Dorymyrmex pyramicus flavopectus,
n. subsp., Formica pallidefulva archboldi, n. subsp.)

The genus Lachnomyrmex, with the description of a second species. Proc.
Entomol. Soc. Wash. 46:226-228. (L. haskinsi, n. sp.)

A second species of Glamyromyrmex Wheeler. Proc. Entomol, Soc. Wash.
46:254-256. (G. wheeleri, n. sp.)

. Ant hosts of the fungus, Laboulbenia formicarum Thaxter. Proc. Entomol.

Soc. Wash. 48:29-31.

A second species of Stegomyrmex and the first description of a Stegomyrmex
worker. Rey. de Entomol. 17:286-289. (S. manni, n. sp.)

Ants of the genus Apsychomyrmex Wheeler. Rev. de Entomol. 17:468—473.
Ants of the genus Cryptocerus F. in the United States. Proc. Entomol.
Soc. Wash. 49:29-40.

A study of Polyergus in the United States, based on workers. Am. Midland
Nat. 38:150-161. (P. lucidus longicornis, n. subsp.)

Notes on Pheidole (Decapheidole) and the description of a new species.
Rev. de Entomol. 18:193-196. (P. (D.) zeteki, n. sp.)

A new genus and species of ant from Guatemala. J. N. Y. Entomol.
Soc. 55:281-284. (Perissomyrmex, n. gen., P. snyderi, n. sp.)

A new and extraordinary Pheidole from New Guinea. Proc. Entomol. Soc.
Wash. 49:73-75. (P. (Pheidole) quadriprojectus, n. sp.)

A new species of Metapone Forel from New Guinea. Proc. Entomol. Soe.
Wash. 49:75-77. (M. krombeini, n. sp.)

1951.

1953.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 93

A new species of Megalomyrmex from Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone.
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 49:101-103. (M. (Wheelerimyrmex) incisus,
Nn. sp.)

A generic and subgeneric synopsis of the United States ants, based on the
workers. Am. Midland Nat. 37:521-647.

. A new species of Myrmecina from California. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.

50:238-240. (M. californica, n. sp.)

A new genus and species of ant from India. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 56:
205-208. (Acalama, n. gen., A. donisthorpei, n. sp.)

A new Leptothorax commonly inhabiting the canyon live oak in California.
Psyche. 56:112-115. (L. (Leptothorax) gallae, n. sp.)

A new species of Camponotus, subgenus Colobopsis from Mexico. J. N. Y.
Entomol. Soc. 57:177-181. (C. (C.) mathildeae, n. sp.)

A new species of Probolomyrmex from Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone.
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 51:38-40 (P. angusticeps, n. sp.)

On the status of Cryptocerus Latreille and Cephalotes Latreille. Psyche.
56: 18-21.

. Review. Ants of North America, by W. S. Creighton. Proc. Entomol.

Soc. Wash. 52:274-275.

. Formicidae. In: Pest Control Technology (Natl. Pest Control Assoc.).

pp. 261-300.

. On the status of Leptothorax Mayr and some of its subgenera. Psyche.

57:29-30. (Leptothorax subg. Myrafant, n. subg.)

Formicidae. In: Muesebeck, C. F. W., et al., Hymenoptera of America
North of Mexico, Synoptic Catalog, U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monog. 2, pp.
778-874.

Review. Ants of North America, by W. S. Creighton. Sci. Monthly.
50:63.

. A new species of Stenamma from North Carolina. Proc. Entomol. Soc.

Wash. 53:156-158. (S. carolinense, n. sp.)

Two new ants from western Nevada. Great Basin Nat. 11:91-96.
(Myrmecocystus pyramicus, n. sp., Veromessor lariversi, n. sp.)

On the collection of ants made by Titus Ulke in the Black Hills of South
Dakota in the early nineties. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 60:55-63.

The correct name for the group of ants formerly known as Pseudomyrma.
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 54:97-98.

A revision of the genus Romblonella W. M. Wheeler. Proc. Hawaiian
Entomol. Soc. 15:75-80. (R. vitiensis, n. sp., R. townesi, n. sp., R.
yapensis, n. sp.)

North American Leptothorax of the Tricarinatus-Texanus complex. J. N. Y.
Entomol. Soc. 60:96—106.

Dolichoderus granulatus Pergande, a synonym. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.
55:211.

. A new Pheidole (Ceratopheidole) from Utah. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc.

61:143-146. (P. (C.) grundmanni, n. sp.)

A new species of Probolmyrmex and the first description of a Probolomyrmex
male. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 61:127-129. (P. palauensis, n. sp.)

A new Metapone from the Micronesian Islands. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc.
61:135-1387. (M. truki, n. sp.)

94

1957.

1960.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

A new Romblonella from Palau and the first description of a Romblonella
male. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 61:165-167. (R. palauensis, n. sp.)

A new Camponotus in California apparently inhabiting live oak, Quercus
sp. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 61:211-214. (C. (Camponotus) quercicola,
n. sp.)

Pogonomyrmex salinus Olsen, a synonym of Pogonomyrmex occidentalis
(Cresson). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 48:131-132.

Review. Social Insects, by O. W. Richards. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.
56:221.

Ants of the Bimini Island Group, Bahamas, British West Indies. Am. Mus.
Novitates No. 1671, pp. 1-16.

Concerning type locality and type fixation of the North American ant,
Myrmica emeryana Forel. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 49:138-140.
New name for Martia Forel. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 49:17.
( Forelifidis, n. n.)

Review. The evolution of an insect society, by D. W. Morley. Proc.
Entomol. Soc. Wash. 57:188.

Ants of the genus Pheidole, subgenus Hendecapheidole. Proc. Entomol.
Soc. Wash. 57:301-305.

The correct taxonomic status of Pheidole (Pheidolacanthinus) brevispinosa
Donisthorpe. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 57:305.

An unusual ant collection record. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 50:28.
Remarks concerning the types of five species of ants described by Roger
or Forel. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 50:98-99.

Acanthostichus (Ctenopyga) townsendi (Ashm.), a synonym of Acantho-
stichus texanus Forel. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 50:48-50.

A key to the workers of Veromessor Forel of the United States and the
description of a new subspecies. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 32:36-38. (V.
stoddardi chicoensis, n. subsp.)

New synonym of a New Guinea ant. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 58:347.
A list of the species of Romblonella including two generic transfers. Bull.
Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 51:18.

Review. Die Wanderameisen der Neotropischen Region, by Thomas
Borgmeier. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 58:275-276.

A further contribution to the taxonomy and biology of the inquiline ant
Leptothorax diversipilosus Smith. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 58:271-275.
Revision of the genus Stenamma Westwood in America North of Mexico.
Am. Midland Nat. 57:133-174. (S. occidentale, n. sp., S. huachucanum,
n. sp., S. meridionale, n. sp.)

A contribution to the taxonomy, distribution and biology of the vagrant,
Plagiolepis alluaudi Emery. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 65:195-198.

New synonymy of a North American ant, Aphaenogaster macrospina M. R.
Smith. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 52:113.

Formicidae. In: Krombein, K. V., Hymenoptera of America North of
Mexico, Synoptic Catalog, U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monog. 2, 1st Suppl.,
pp. 108-162.

Notes on the synonymy of a North American ant. Proc. Entomol. Soc.
Wash. 62:251-252.

1961.

1962.

1963.

1954.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 95

Another ant genus host of the parasitic fungus Laboulbenia Robin. Proc.
Entomol. Soc. Wash. 63:58.

A study of New Guinea ants of the genus Aphaenogaster Mayr (Hymenop-
tera, Formicidae). Acta Hymenopterologica. 1(3):213-237. (A. (Plani-
myrma) perplexus, n. n., A. lustrans, n. sp.)

A remarkable new Stenamma from Costa Rica, with further remarks on
other Mexican and Central American species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae).
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 70:33-38 (S. expolitum, n. sp.)

A new species of exotic Ponera from North Carolina (Hymenoptera,
Formicidae ). Acta Hymenopterologica. 1(4):377-382. (P. exotica, n. sp.)
Review. Ants of Colorado, by R. E. Gregg. Ann, Entomol. Soc. Am.
56:721.

Notes on the leaf-cutting ants, Atta spp. of the United States and Mexico.
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 65:299-302.

A new species of Aphaenogaster (Attomyrma) from the western United
States. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 71:244-246.
(A. (A.) megommatus, n. sp.)

Review. Ants of North Dakota, by G. C. and J. Wheeler. Am. Midland
Nat. 71:249-250.

House-infesting ants of the eastern United States, their recognition, biology,
and economic importance. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bull. 1326, 105 pp.

. Formicidae. In: Krombein, K. V. and Burks, B. D., Hymenoptera of

American North of Mexico, Synoptic Catalog, U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monog.
2, 2nd suppl., pp. 343-374.
Theodore Pergande—early student of ants. Ent. News 78:117-122.

. Review. Pogonomyrmex harvester ants; A study of the genus in North

America, by Arthur C. Cole. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 15(2):157.

M. R. and Harned, R. W.

Argentine ant control campaigns in Mississippi. J. Econ. Entomol. 15:
261-264.

and Morrison, W. A.
South Carolina ants. Entomol. News. 27:110-111.

and Plank, H. K.
A survey of the pineapple mealybug in Puerto Rico and preliminary studies
of its control. J. Agr., Univ. Puerto Rico. 34:49-75.

and Wing, M. W.
Redescription of Discothyrea testacea Roger, a little known North American
ant, with notes on the genus. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 62:105—112.

Burrill, A. C. and Smith, M. R.

1919.

A key to the species of Wisconsin ants, with notes on their habits. Ohio
J. Sci. 19:279-292.

Snyder, T. E., Graf, J. E., and Smith, M. R.

1961.

Obituary. William M. Mann (1886-1960). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.
63:68-73.

96 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

THE MOUTHPARTS OF BRYOBIA RUBRIOCULUS (SCH.)
(ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE )

F. M. Summers, University of California, Davis; R. H. GonzALEz-R.,1
College of Agriculture, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; and
R. L. Wirt, University of California, Davis, California 95616

ABSTRACT—The morphology of the stylophore and pedipalps of the spider
mite, Bryobia rubrioculus (Sch), is described from conventional stained sections
and from electron microscope photographs. The study demonstrates new structures
on the tip of the rostrum and the manner in which stylophore and rostrum fit
together. The arrangement of these mouthparts suggests that the stylets form
a hollow probe through which food may be ingested.

The mechanism of feeding by spider mites is imperfectly under-
stood at present and we have only indirect or inferential knowledge
about how the mouthparts operate, i.e., whether probing and ingestion
occur concomitantly or alternately. Several bits of information to be
presented here seem to favor the first hypothesis, viz., that spider mites
ingest through their exserted cheliceral stylets.

Much of the internal anatomy of spider mites has been described by
Thor (1904), Becker (1935), and Blauvelt (1960) for Tetranychus
and by Ehara (1960) for Bryobia eharai Pritchard & Keifer. We have
studied the morphology of the oral appendages of 1 of the larger
spider mites, Bryobia rubrioculus (Sch.), with the hope that such
information may provide a better insight into how feeding occurs.
Included here are several photomicrographs of Panonychus ulmi (K.)
which demonstrate features not photographed for Bryobia.

METHODS

The Bryobia mites were prepared for study in 4 ways. Whole, live
specimens were mounted on slides in several fluids: water, methyl
cellulose, glycerine, vegetable oil, and Hoyer’s fluid. The thickness
of the rostral skeleton and reddish pigment in the soft tissues greatly
limited the usefulness of these mounts for the tracing of internal
ducts and channels with conventional microscopy. More useful were
serial sections of mites embedded in paraffin and subsequently stained
with Delafield’s haematoxylin and alcoholic eosin. Large numbers ot
mites were beaten from almond shoots onto sheets of paper, and the
dust and debris eliminated by lifting and inverting the paper so that
only the living mites remained attached to its under-side. The paper
was then loosely rolled into a closed tube which was positioned verti-
cally and thumped to drop the mites into flat dishes of tissue fixative.

1 Present address: Plant Protection Service, FAO, United Nations, Rome, Italy.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 97

Two fixatives were regularly used for paraffin sections: Carnoy-
Lebrun’s fluid and Bouin’s alcohol mixture.

The mites prepared for examination with a scanning electron micro-
scope (SEM) were fixed in ethanol, critical-point dried, and then
coated. The specimen having its stylets protruding was fixed in the
act of feeding by flooding the host leaf with boiling ethanol and
later cutting the leaf so as to free the mouthparts. Other specimens
were fixed in glutaraldehyde and sectioned for study with a transmis-
sion electron microscope (TEM).

We are especially indebted to 3 colleagues who volunteered their
technical services for preparing material and operating the electron
microscopes: to Mssrs. M. G. Kinsey and R. O. Schuster for operating
the SEM and Mr. E. J. Houk for operating the TEM. The SEM
photographs were made in the Facility For Advanced Instrumentation
and the TEM study was done with instruments in the Department of
Botany, University of California, Davis.

SKELETAL PARTS

Stylophore: The cheliceral stylets of Bryobia rubrioculus originate
in the anterodorsal portion of the stylophore. The proximal or basal
segment of each stylet comprises a spatulate sclerite, the lever, which
is deeply folded or U-shaped in cross section. The lever is much
longer than wide and bears the attachments of the protractor muscle
fibers on its upper, anteriormost expansion (Becker, 1935). Its mid-
section is suspended between mesal and lateral walls of the stylophore.
When at rest, the lever lies with its long axis almost parallel with
that of the stylophore itself. It is articulated behind with the shaft
of the stylet proper. The lever is suspended between two knobby
apodemes on which it pivots. The inner apodeme is a thick process
developed on the median vertical septum of the stylophore, 1 process
on each side of the septum (fig. 6). The outer apodeme of each side
is a thickened portion of the exterior wall of the stylophore.

The shaft of each stylet extends backward a short distance and then
loops down and turns forward so that its sharp tip projects from the
apical end of the stylophore. The loop lies close beside the sigmoid
piece whereas the lever anchors far forward (fig. 11).

The mechanism of forward thrust by the reverse-curved stylets
appears to require that the lever be pulled backward on short
ligamentous tethers before it begins to swivel and add impetus to
stylet protraction. The initial rearward displacement of the lever
before it begins to pivot is a conjecture, however, because we have
not directly observed how the stylar thrust is accomplished.

A SEM photograph of the stylophore of Panonychus ulmi (Koch)
shows that the stylets emerge from the stylophore at the apices of

98 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

paired stylar lobules which underlie the projecting fixed digits (fig.
18). The outer cuticle intucks to form an internal stylar sheath, an
enwrapment for individual stylets. In Tetranychus urticae the sidewalls
of the sheath form a spacious bursa which accommodates the entire
shaft, including its loop. The sheath in Bryobia rubrioculus fits very
snugly around the shaft and appears as a membranous ligature
spanning the diameter of the loop (figs. 7 and 11).

In B. rubrioculus the shaft of a stylet measures approximately 2.54
across its wide diameter in the region of the loop. The convex surface
of each stylet faces the rostral gutter where its shaft straightens out
of the loop to extend apically. Sections photographed with a TEM
demonstrate that the stylets are hollow and that, within the separate
stylar channels, their convexities are mesal. Figure 20 demonstrates
unmistakably that the shafts are provided with a tongue and groove
slide arrangement, a ridge or tenon on 1 and a linear groove on the
other member of the pair. In the protruded position the stylets are
probably juxtaposed to form a hollow probe (fig. 19).

The keel-like inferior surface of the stylophore fits into a V-shaped
trough, the rostral gutter, on the upper midline of the basis capituli
(fig. 6). The gutter has elevated lips which lie appressed to the keel
of the stylophore and constitute a bearing against which it slides.
The pair of fixed digits projecting from the stylophore are also wedge-
shaped in cross section to conform to the shape of the gutter (fig. 5).
The fitting together of these parts is illustrated in an SEM photograph
of Panonychus ulmi (fig. 15). Beneath the fixed digits and along the
more distal portion of the rostrum the stylets lie free within right

>

All drawings and photographs represent Bryobia rubrioculus unless otherwise
stated. Scale indices = 0.05 mm, each applicable only to nearest figure.

Fig. 1-6, Bryobia rubrioculus. Fig. 1. Frontal section cut somewhat obliquely
through tip of beak. This cut includes ventral surface of beak and external
aperture of rostral fossette. Fig. 2. Same section as fig. 1 but with optical focus
on opposite face of the section cut 7 microns thick. Internal ductule of rostral
fossette is illustrated. Fig. 3. Second 7-micron section of same specimen from
which fig. 1 was drawn. Section contains upper or tissue side of pharyngeal pump
piston with its numerous apodemes by which muscles insert in its concave sur-
face. Haemocoele between pharyngeal pump and median salivary duct locates
approximate internal end of fossette ductule shown in fig. 2. Fig. 4. Third 7-
micron section of same specimen illustrated on fig. 1. This cuts obliquely through
femur of pedipalps. Fig. 5. Portion of cross section to illustrate fitting of tips of
fixed digits into rostral gutter. Fig. 6. Cross section through mouthpart near
anterior tip of stylophore with its median suture (see also fig. 18) showing as
an open cleft. Side by side shafts of forwardly directed stylets are pressed deep
into rostral gutter close behind point of origin of stylar lobules on stylophore.
Dilator muscle fibers of pharyngeal pump occupy midregion of rostrum.

PROC.

ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

OES.

ROS. GUTTER.

F. DIGIT

PRO. STYL.

LEVER
CLEFT

ROS. GUTTER.

DIL. PH. PMP.

99

100 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

and left channels developed deep within the rostral gutter. Near the
tip of the beak the margins of the gutter are not appreciably elevated;
the lips press together to cover the stylar channels but they do not
fuse. The limit of travel of the stylophore in the rostral gutter is
not known. We believe that the body of the stylophore slips back
and forth over only a part of the length of the rostrum because the
stylar channels are separated and partly covered near the tip of the
beak.

Rostrum: Longitudinal sections of the rostrum indicate that this
mouthpart comprises a fleshy basis capituli within which the pharyn-
geal dilator and pedipalp muscles originate. The apex of the rostrum
is fashioned into a rigid, slender beak (fig. 3 and 12).

An anterior view of a highly magnified beak of B. rubrioculus reveals
several novel anatomical details. The apex of the beak is blunt or
cupuliform and surrounded by projecting adoral sensilla. The slit-
like fissure of the rostral gutter continues forward over the dorsal rim
of the beak to divide the front curtain—the velum—into two lateral
flaps. The stylets thrust through a widened part of the slit. Three
pairs of squamate sensilla border the convex tip. The dorsalmost are
nearly setiform; the lateral and ventral ones are wide-based lappets.
One crossrow of 6 dentiform sensilla guards the ventral lip of the
aperture in the velum (fig. 13). The dorsal lips of this aperture show
4 similar dentiform sensilla, 2 on each side of the vertical fissure. The
groups of oppositely placed dentiform sensilla possibly interdigitate
when the stylets are fully retracted.

There is an open pore on the midventral aspect of the beak of
B. rubrioculus. Until its internal connections are convincingly estab-
lished, we propose to call this aperture the rostral fossette. In lyoph-
ilized whole mounts (fig. 14) and in conventionally stained microtome
sections the opening stands agape but the fossette continues internally
as a constricted ductule. The latter ascends through the very thick
skeleton of the beak to the vicinity of the confluence of the pre-oral
channel and the lumen of the pharynx. The ductule comes to lie
very close to the membranous front wall of the pharyngeal pump.
Materials now available provide no further enlightenment about the
internal connections of this problematic structure.

>
Fig. 7, 8. Bryobia rubrioculus. Fig. 7. Center portion of fig. 8 drawn slightly
larger and at deeper focus to show where pair of minute ducts joins principal
ducts of tubular glands. Very large cells illustrated in both drawings tentatively
identified as elements of posterior esophageal glands of Thor. Fig. 8. Cross
section through propodosoma at level of coxae I, with skeletal shells of both
stylophore and rostrum open below. Several segments of duct of tubular salivary
gland are identifiable in this 10-micron thick section.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARcH, 1973 101

PRO. STYL.

SEPT. RETR.

STYL. SH.
STYLOPH.

SMALL
DUCT

OES. SAL.
GL.

SAL. D.

REN-SAL.GL.

& f me Pa Ney * a 5
ad Nad 7/3 \ Soe
4 reer Ve, p\ & ay

A a wk H

MEA es ee pee

a YS tee
y! VA RETR. ROS. M.

OES. SAL.GL.

AX

y

OES.

102 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

The median silk duct of the species which Blauvelt (1945) called
Tetranychus telarius L. is a groove which traverses the length of a
thickened rib in the bottom midline of the rostral gutter. An ana-
tomically similar duct occurs in Bryobia rubrioculus. However, the
second species is not known to produce silk. The cuticular fold
between the cheliceral and the pedipalpal appendages forms a sinus
into which the paired ducts of the tubular salivary glands flow. The
supportive rod becomes the grooved duct leading forward from the
salivary sinus; this rod is continuous with an aliform apodeme in
the haemocoele behind the salivary sinus. The apodeme anchors the
oblique retractor muscles of the stylophore; it is also the basal
expansion of the sigmoid piece—remnant of the median septum—
through which the main tracheal trunks descend.

The uppermost margins of the median salivary duct are closed
over, at least for part of its length, by longitudinal folds appended to
a bifid process positioned below and partly embedded in the fixed
digits (fig. 20). The interleaved folds are believed to form a sliding
seal.

The median salivary duct and the flanking stylar channels blend
into a common pre-oral canal close behind the apical velum. We
believe that it is in this heavily sclerotized part of the beak that the
shafts of the 2 stylets are pressed together and interlocked during
protraction. The point of stylet interlock during protraction—or
divarication during retraction—lies close to the aperture of the pharynx.
Valvular flaps appear to be present within this area of the ingressive
zone but their structure and operation are not yet understood.

SALIVARY GLANDS

The several glands associated with the mouthparts of B. rubrioculus
have not been described before. This study provides only limited
information about them because cytological and histochemical tech-
niques of greater delicacy than employed here will be required.

There are at least 3 sets of salivary glands which correspond to
structures identified in Tetranychus by Blauvelt (1945). Convoluted
tubular glands of 1 pair lie in the pleuroventral region of the podosoma.
This pair of glands corresponds anatomically to the tubular silk glands
of Tetranychus. The secretory cells of the gland on each side give way
to a thin-walled duct, the podocephalic canal (Grandjean, 1938), in
the vicinity of coxa I. The duct becomes subcuticular in the pleural
region above this coxa, then arches over the basal part of the pedipalpal
coxa and turns mesad to enter the salivary sinus. The mergence of
right and left ducts with this sinus is illustrated in figure 8.

Another pair of glands underlie the sigmoid piece, in front of the
brain and beneath the great muscles of the pharyngeal pump. Each
gland comprises a few very large vacuolated cells, the texture of the

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MArcH, 1973 103

TRACH. SAL. GL.

FOOD BALL

PRO. STYL. M.

STYLOPH.

LEVER

OES. SAL. GL.
DIL. PH. PMP.

10

Fig. 9, 10. Bryobia rubrioculus. Fig. 9. Parasagittal section to show placement
of unpaired tracheal salivary gland behind descending tracheal trunks and partly
enveloped by gastric caecum. Fig. 10. Sagittal section (slightly tilted) through

gnathosoma.

104 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

vacuolization depending upon the vagaries of fixation. These paired
clusters of cells (fig. 8 and 10) correspond in position to the fat body
described for Tetranychus by Blauvelt and possibly are the posterior
oesophageal glands mentioned by Thor (1904). It is possible that the
2 small ducts identified in figure 7 connect these gland cells with
the ducts of the tubular glands close to the salivary sinus. Their distal
connections with gland cells have not been traced; the ducts are
very minute, about lu in diameter, and are approximately the caliber
of nearby tracheoles. This pair of ducts probably corresponds to the
median branches of the podocephalic canal as illustrated in Cheyletus
by Summers and Witt (1971).

Reniform salivary glands are located between the eyes and the
posterior lobes of the stylophore (fig. 8). The groups of cells com-
prising this pair of glands are less voluminous than in Tetranychus
urticae. The ducts of these glands have not been identified in B.
rubrioculus.

An unpaired tracheal salivary gland (Thor, 1904) lies beneath the
dorsal integument of the propodosoma and is wedged between the ver-
tical trunks of the tracheae and the lobes of the gastric caeca (fig. 9).
Blauvelt traced the duct of this gland to the bases of the stylets of
Tetranychus but we have not been able to do so for B. rubrioculus.

Two pairs of very small, compact cell masses are situated close
to the base of the beak. One pair is larger than the other. The bodies
of the larger pair are almost globular in shape and are positioned below
the union of palp femur with the basis capituli. Strands of similar
cells, 1 strand per side, pass forward from the globular bodies into
the slender part of the beak, dorsal and lateral to the skeleton of the
pharyngeal pump. The strands transform into an ill-defined or loosely
organized reticulum in the vicinity of the rostral fossette. The bodies
of the second pair of small organs are fusiform and lie above and ex-
ternal to the larger bodies. Both pairs of these organs (fig. 12) are
believed to be ganglia, not glands as we first supposed.

The characteristic reddish-amber color of this brown mite, especially
evident in the mouthparts and legs, is attributable to dispersed grains
of red pigment. Some of the grains may be incorporated in the
hypodermis but others occur in great numbers and almost uniformly

—

Fig. 11, 12. Bryobia rubrioculus. Fig. 11. Frontal section through propodosoma
and stylophore. Median lobe of gastric caecum pushes small appendage between
paired stylet protractor muscle fibers. Superior and inferior stylophore retractor
muscle fibers almost complete on left side. Squamous epithelium of gastric
caeca show as sections and also in surface view (s.v.). Fig. 12. Frontal section
through gnathosoma. Tip of beak projects between femora of pedipalps. Two
pairs of peripheral ganglia illustrated.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 105

SUR RETR.
STYLOPH.

Pe
SAL. SIN.

OES. SAL,
GL.

OBL. PRO-
STYLOPH,

106 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

dispersed within deep-lying tissues. There is a noticeable increase in
numbers of the red granules in the immediate vicinity of the brain.

MUSCLES

Ten or 11 pairs of fibers originate fanwise around the posterior
rim of the stylophore shell (fig. 8). They converge to insert on the
anteriormost expansion of the stylar levers (fig. 6). These fibers
function as protractors of the stylets. They appear to have no antag-
onists and it is supposed that elasticity and tension developed in the
loop suffice to restore the stylets to their resting position.

The forward thrust of the stylophore is accomplished by 3 pairs of
robust fibers, the oblique protractors, stretching between the aliform
apodemes of the sigmoid piece and the inner, posterior rim of the
stylophore shell. These muscles straddle the descending tracheal
trunks (fig. 12). The angle of repose for these muscles is uncertain
because preserved specimens show the stylophore variously positioned
within the midrange of its travel. No other stylophore protractors
have been identified.

The stylophore bears 2 sets of retractor fibers. One set, the septal
retractor muscles comprises 2 pairs of parallel, straplike fibers which
lie close beside its median vertical septum (figs. 7 and 11). These
fibers originate far anteriorly on the median septum and insert, 1
pair above the other, on the skeletal support of the descending tracheal
trunks (dorsoventral trunks of Blauvelt). Another group of paired
fibers arises on the propodosomal cuticle, on or close to the weakly
defined humeral sulcus. There are 3 substantial fibers per side, only
2 of which act directly on the stylophore. The uppermost fiber passes

>

Fig. 13, 14, 17. Bryobia rubrioculus. Fig. 15, 16, 18, 19. Panonychus ulmi. Fig.
13. SEM photomicrograph of pedipalps and beak of B. rubrioculus (2240).
Velum partly agape and 6 dentiform sensilla prominently displayed. Rostral fos-
sette located near bottom line of picture. Fig. 14. SEM photo of beak of another
specimen of B. rubrioculus (1175). Velum obscured by foreign matter whereas
rostral fossette, dorsal fissure of rostral gutter, and setiform adoral sensilla clearly
demonstrated. Fig. 15. SEM photo of Panonychus ulmi, dorsal view of mouth-
parts (560). Domed tip of stylophore positioned at bottom of picture and
pointed fixed digits nestle within outfolded lips of rostral gutter. Paired condition
of fixed digits evident only near their pointed tips. Fig. 16. Another specimen of
P. ulmi, with shafts of stylets lifted out of open rostral gutter (SEM x700). Fig.
17. Similar preparation of B. rubrioculus (SEM X700). Paired condition of
fixed digits is obvious. Fig. 18. Especially good profile of lifted stylophore of
P. ulmi (SEM 950). Stylar lobules beneath fixed digits and emergence of
stylet shafts clearly revealed. Note also median sulcus of stylophore. Fig. 19.
Lateral view of mouthparts (upper left) of P. ulmi, with protruding stylets stuck
together (SEM 590).

QQ

\

\\
\

S
CTE IAT Nee
¢ LET ALIENS NOS

~
‘

108 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL.

5, no. 1, marcu, 1973

STYLET
CHANNEL

STYLET

te M. SAL. D. “Sm *
4 an \ ‘ \,

Ye.

Fig. 20. TEM photograph of B. rubrioculus. Represents oblique section through

rostrum below fixed digits of stylophore. Bifid process partly embedded within
fixed digits shown (16,000).

forward to attach high on the posterolateral rim of the stylophore shell
and is here named the superior retractor of the stylophore (fig. 11).
The fiber situated immediately beneath the superior retractor courses
slightly downward to insert on the posterior rim of the stylophore,
considerably below the anchorage of the superior fiber. This muscle
fiber is called the inferior retractor. The deepest of the 3 fibers passes

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., vOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973 109

obliquely down and forward to insert on the thickened posterolateral
lip of the rostral skeleton. Fibers of this pair retract the rostrum.
The dorsal retractors of the rostrum possibly also abduct this mouth-
part so that the beak moves towards the substrate. These 3 pairs of
muscle fibers are homologues of the muscles labeled dorsoventrals
10, 9, and 8 respectively by Blauvelt.

A cluster of muscle fibers which insert on the piston of the pharyngeal
pump are the dilators of this suctorial organ (fig. 10). Seven or more
fibers per side originate fanwise on the posterodorsal skeletal pillars
of the rostrum. They converge to insert on the piston by a series ot
about 11 pairs of slender apodemata. The latter appear V-shaped
in frontal sections of the mite. Antagonists of the dilators have not
been identified.

Discussion

In the light of current fragmentary knowledge about how spider
mites feed, it is possible only to present available evidence favoring
the notion that they feed through probing stylets. The stylets of
B. rubrioculus have an interlock and sufficient mesal convexity to form
a food tube. The punctures in the epicuticle of the upper epidermis
of almond leaves are minute and elliptical, very few punctures sparsely
distributed relative to numbers of palisade cells sucked empty (Sum-
mers and Stocking, 1972). The smallness and symmetry of each
perforation in the leaf surface leads us to suppose that the interlocked
stylets are not completely withdrawn and reinserted numerous times
through the same hole. The better hypothesis is that the stylets form
a feeding tube through which disrupted cell material is drawn as it
churns up and down or is re-directed to thrust into nearby, new leaf
cells, all without being completely withdrawn.

The most obvious structure of the feeding mechanism is the pharyn-
geal pump. The amount of dilator muscle presupposes that the force
of the suctorial draft is considerable, sufficient to evacuate fluids and
cell wreckage from deep-lying palisade leaf cells.

There is also a complex salivary system which requires much more
study in Bryobia and other genera of spider mites. We have not
identified a special salivary pump or syringe to assist with the out-
flow of glandular secretions. The structural relations of the paired
salivary ducts to the median sinus, and the continuity of the sinus with
the longitudinal salivary duct indicate that at least some of the secre-
tions are expelled through the preoral channel and, possibly, the
protracted stylets.

The various glands associated with the mouthparts may not be
continuously secreting organs; the flow during intermittent secretory
phases may provide sufficient force for excretion. Motions of the
muscles or sclerites of the mouthparts may also compress the salivary
sinus to assist in the outflow.

110 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., voL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

ABBREVIATIONS

bifid pr.—bifid process

br.—brain

dil. ph. pmp.—dilator muscles of pharyngeal pump
duct.—ductule of rostral fossette

f. digit—fixed digit (spina) of chelicera
glom.—glomerular lobe of peritreme
gn.—peripheral ganglion

haem.—haemocoele

m. sal. d.—median salivary duct
myopl.—non-fibrillar myoplasm, i.e., the coagulated protoplasm exclusive of the
striated fibrillae

obl. pro. styloph_—oblique protractor muscle of stylophore
oes.—oesophagus
oes. sal. gl—oesophageal salivary gland

peritr.—peritreme; the superficial canal which terminates in a projecting lobe or
glomerulus

ph. dil.—pharyngeal dilator muscle comprised of numerous separated muscle
fibers

ph. pmp.—pharyngeal pump

plp. m.—muscle of pedipalp

preor. canal—preoral canal

pro. styl—protractor muscle of stylet

ren. sal. gl—reniform salivary gland

retr. ros. m.—retractor muscle of rostrum (VI of Blauvelt)

rostr. fos.—rostral fossette

ros. gutter—rostral gutter

sal. d.—salivary duct

sal. sin.—salivary sinus

sept. retr. styloph.—septal retractor muscle of stylophore

sigm. pe—sigmoid piece, the remnant of the vertical septum formed by the
union of right and left chelicerae

styl—stylet, or moveable digit of chelicera

styl. sh—sheath membrane enclosing stylet

styloph.—stylophore or mandibular plate of classical literature

susp. apod.—suspensory apodeme

trach.—descending limb of tracheal system which connects peritreme with
distributing tracheae

trach. sal. gl—tracheal (or azygos) salivary gland

tub. sal. gl—tubular salivary gland

Scale indices in figures = 0.05 mm, each applicable only to nearest figure

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973 111

REFERENCES

Becker, E. 1935. Die mundwerkzeuge des Tetranychus telarius (L.) und deren
funktion in beziehung zur chemischen bekampfung des letzeren. (In Russian,
with German summary) Zool. Zhur., Moscow. 14(4):637-654.

Blauvelt, W. E. 1945. The internal morphology of the common red spider mite
(Tetranychus telarius Linn.). Cornell Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta., Mem. 270:1-34.
Ehara, S. 1960. Comparative studies on the internal anatomy of three Japanese
trombidiform acarinids. J. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Univ., Ser. VI, Zool. 14(3):

410-434.

Grandjean, F. 1938. Observations sur les Bdelles. Ann. Soc. Entomol. France.
57: 1-24.

Summers, F. M. and R. L. Witt. 1971. The gnathosoma of Cheyletus caca-
huamilpensis Baker (Acarina: Cheyletidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 73:
158-168.

Summers, F. M. and C. R. Stocking. 1972. Some immediate effects on almond
leaves of feeding by Bryobia rubrioculus (Scheuten). Acarologia. 14:170-178.

Thor, S. 1904. Recherches sur ]-anatomie comparée des Acariens Prostigmati-
ques. Ann. Sci. nat. Zool. Ser. 8, 19:1—187.

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112 Ppnoc, ENT, 80C, WAsH., voL. 75, NO. 1, MAncH, 1973

THREE NEW SPECIES OF CULEX SUBGENUS CULICIOMYIA THEOBALD
PROM SOUTHEAST ASIA AND A REDESCRIPTION OF THE TYPE
OF C. TRICUSPIS EDWARDS FROM ALOR,

LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS, INDONESIA

(Dierena: Cursicmar)'

SUNTHOUN SHUVANAKARN, Southeast Asia Mosquito Project,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C, 20560

ABSTRACT The 3 new species of Culex (Culiciomyia) described and illus-
trated in this paper are: lampangensis from Thailand, delfinadoae from the
Philippines, and ramalingami from West Malaysia (Malaya). The redescription
of C, tricuspis is based on the holotype male from Alor, Lesser Sunda Islands,

Indonesia,

During a preliminary study of specimens of Culex which accumulated
at the Southeast Asia Mosquito Project during 1968-1971, 3 new species
of Culiciomyia Theobald were discovered, but the descriptions pre-
sented herein have long been postponed because of a plan to include
them with other species in a single revision, However, as such as
extensive work has not been carried on, it appears appropriate to
describe these species now so that they can be recognized and
identified in the field by fellow workers who have been collaborating
with the Project in collecting and sending specimens from various
parts of Southeast Asia, As these species exhibit a great deal of
morphological differentation from other known members of Culiciomyia
the deseriptions given below will, accordingly draw attention to certain
taxonomic characters for consideration in a future attempt to char-
acterize the subgenus as well as to develop a scheme of internal
classification within the subgenus, In addition to the descriptions of
3 new species, C. tricuspis Wdwards (which has been removed from
Neoculex Dyar to Culiciomyia (Sirivanakarn, 1971)) is redescribed
for comparative purposes and for clarification of its identity, affinity,
and taxonomic status,

The descriptions of the news species are based on specimens col-
lected by the U.S. Army Medical Component, SEATO Laboratory in
Thailand, by M. D, Delfinado and the Noona Dan Expedition in the
Philippines, and by S. Ramalingam’s team of collectors in West
Malaysia, The redescription of C. tricuspis from Alor, Lesser Sunda
Islands, Indonesia, is based on a single type male at the British

Museum (N.H.).

| This work was ir patiee by Research Contact No, DA-49-193-MD-2672
from the U.S, Army Medical Research and Development Command, Office of the
Surgeon General, Washington, D.C,

PROC, ENT. SOC, WASH,, VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 113

All designated holotypes and allotypes will be deposited in’ the
U.S. National Museum (USNM), Washington, D.C, The paratypes
and other identified specimens will be placed for future reference
in the Southeast Asia Mosquito Project (SEAMP), Smithsonian Insti-
tution.

The format and terminology used in the descriptions and illustrations
follow the preceding papers on Culex by Bram (1967), Sirivanakarn
(1972), and others in the series of publications by the Southeast
Asia Mosquito Project. In facilitating identification, a taxonomic
discussion summarizing the best diagnostic features and the means
for separating the species from other previously known forms. is
provided,

Culex (Culiciomyia) lampangensis n, sp

fig, LA, 4 terminalia; 1B, larva

Female; Wing 4.0-4.5 mm, fore femur 2,1-2.3 mm, proboscis 2.3-2.5 mm,
abdomen 3,0-3.5 mm. Medium to large in size, general facies resembling
C. pallidothorax as described and figured by Bram (1967;137-143; 144),
Head, Decumbent scales on dorsum of vertex narrow and pale yellowish, coarser
and darker on lateral and posterolateral areas; scales on both sides of eyes
broad, forming distinct lateral white patches; erect scales numerous, dark to
black, sometimes slightly pale towards apices; palpus and proboscis dark scaled;
proboscis with 4—6 dark labial basal setae, 2 lateral ones longest, about as long
as palpus. Thorax, Scutum and scutellum dark greenish; seutal seales dark,
numerous and very dense, all narrow and fine, producing a smooth appearance;
pleuron same color as scutum, without definite dark band or spot on upper
half; 1 or 2 lower mesepimeral bristles present; scales practically absent, Legs
and Wings. Without marked coloration, Abdomen. erga IL-VIL with pale basal
bands; sterna pale yellowish scaled,

Male: In general as described in female, Head. Palpus longer than proboscis
by the length of terminal segment; palpal segment 3 with ventral lateral row
of 8-10 transparent scales; segments 4, 5 strongly plumose; proboscis with
submedian false joint and median ventral tuft of 10 long and dark setae;
antennal flagellum strongly plumose, Terminalia (fig, 1A), Very similar to
pallidothorax and papuensis, differing strikingly in the following features; tergal
lobe of segment IX large and prominent with 20 or more very strong setae;
subapical lobe of basimere elongate; number of strong setae on distal division
fewer than in the 2 species mentioned; leaflet absent; sternal apical spiculose
lobe reduced or poorly developed; lateral plate of phallosome with 1 large
inner basal denticle and a series of very weak denticles towards apex, latter
sometimes not developed or absent; basal sternal process of proctiger slender
and long, as in papuensis, but longer than in pallidothorax.,

Pupa: Abdomen 3.2 mm, paddle 0.8 mm, trumpet 0.58 mm, index about 5.
Extremely similar to pallidothorax and papuensis as figured by Bram (1967;
146, 152), differing in the combination of following chaetotaxy, Cephalothorax,
Hair 8-C usually triple (2-4); 9-C single or double, Abdomen, Hairs 7-1-1
usually double (2-3); 5-IV 3-4 branched (2-4),

1l4

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH.,

/ampangensis

voL. 75, No. 1, MARcH, 1973

phallosome
&

proctiger

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 ES

Larva: (Fig. 1B). Head 1.0 mm, siphon 1.7 mm, saddle 0.5 mm. Extremely
similar to pallidothorax and papuensis as described and figured by Bram (1967:
148, 154), differing from both as follows: Head. Hair 1-C flat, dark, spiniform
and usually with lateral barb of fine spicules, sometimes divided into 2 distal
spines; hair 5-C double; 6-C usually triple (3-4). Thorax. Hair 1-P triple;
2-P single; 3-P double; 7,8-P triple. Abdomen. Ventral brush (hair 4-X) of
saddle consisting of 5-6 pairs of hairs.

Type Data. Holotype, male (01888-8) with associated pupal and
larval skins and slide of terminalia (69/795), Ban Pha Daeng,
Lampang, THAILAND, elevation 500 meters, pool in dry streambed,
31 March 1967, K. Mongkolpanya (USNM). Allotype, female (01888-1)
with associated pupal and larval skins, same data as holotype (USNM).
Paratypes, 9 males (01888-2,3,4,5,6,9,10,11,15) with associated pupal
and larval skins, 3 females (01888-7,13,14) with associated pupal and
larval skins, same data as holo- and allotypes (SEAMP).

Distribution: Material examined: 243 adults (121 males, 122
females), 71 individual rearings (21 pupal, 50 larval), 69 whole
larvae. THAILAND. Chiang Mai, Doi Sutep; 2 males (terminalia
only). Nan, Pha Daeng Khawi; 2 males, 2 lp. Lampang, Ngao, Ban
Pha Daeng; 117 males, 122 females, 47 Ip, 21 p, 69L.

Taxonomic Discussion: C. lampangensis is extremely similar to
pallidothorax Theobald and papuensis (Taylor) in all stages and
apparently falls into a complex with these 2 species. The adults are
generally separated from pallidothorax by the absence of dark band
or spots on the upper part of the pleura and from papuensis by the
presence of basal transverse white bands on the abdominal terga.
The male terminalia are most diagnostic and are readily distinguished
from the other 2 species by (1) a larger and more prominent tergal
lobe of segment IX; (2) more strong setae on the tergal lobe; (3)
fewer setae and smaller sternal apical spiculose lobe on the distal
part of the subapical lobe and (4) fewer and considerably weaker
denticles on the distal tergal surface of lateral plate of the phallosome.
The pupa is not clearly distinguished from pallidothorax or papuensis
except for the combination of diagnostic hair branches as indicated
in the above description. The larva resembles the other 2 species in
most features of the chaetotaxy and in the shape of the siphon and
appears to show a great deal of overlap with papuensis. It can, how-
ever, be recognized by the dark, flat, spinelike head hair 1-C and
by the presence of 5-6 pairs of hairs in ventral brush of the saddle
(4 pairs in pallidothorax and usually 4 pairs in papuensis ).

—

Fig. 1. Culex (Culiciomyia) lampangensis n. sp. A, male terminalia: basimere
and distimere; phallosome and proctiger; IX-T, lobes of ninth tergum. B, fourth
instar larva: head; MP, mental plate; PT, pecten tooth; CS, comb scale;
terminal segments.

116 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

Biology: C. lampangensis is fairly common in the locality where
it was found and appears to be restricted to a high elevation in the
northern part of Thailand. Most of the adults were obtained from
rearing the larvae or pupae collected in ground pools in a dry
stream-bed or along a stream margin under heavy shade of forest.

Culex ( Culiciomyia) tricuspis Edwards
fig. 2A, 6 terminalia

Culex trifidus Edwards 1926, Bull. Entomol. Res. 17:108 (4). Rejected as a
junior homonym of C. (Melanoconion) trifidus Dyar 1921 by Edwards (1930).

Culex tricuspis Edwards 1930, Bull. Entomol. Res. 21:294. New name for C.
trifidus Edwards (1926).

Culex (Neoculex) tricuspis, Edwards 1932, in Wytsman Genera Insect. 194:194
(taxonomy); Mattingly and Marks 1955, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales,
80:163 ( 4*).

Culex (Culiciomyia) tricuspis, Sirivanakarn 1971, Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst.
7:62-85 (taxonomy).

Female: Unknown.

Male: Wing 3.3 mm, fore femur 2.1 mm, proboscis 2.6 mm. In general similar
to most forms of Culiciomyia except for the following. Head. Decumbent scales
on dorsum of vertex predominantly broad and pale; erect scales moderately dense,
all dark; palpus exceeding proboscis length by nearly the full length of segment
5, segment 2 thick, swollen at middle, segment 3 without ventral lateral row of
transparent scales, segments 4 and 5 very weakly plumose; proboscis without
submedian false joint, median ventral tuft of setae absent. Thorax. Scutum and
scutellum light brown; pleuron same color as scutum, scales practically absent,
1 lower mesepimeral bristle present. Legs and wings. Without marked coloration.
Abdomen. Terga II-VII with narrow pale apical bands; sterna entirely pale.
Terminalia (fig. 2A). Basimere abnormally large, basal half swollen, distal half
narrow, 5 scales present; subapical lobe strongly modified, with elongate stemlike
proximal and distal divisions, projecting mesad; stem of proximal division with
broad truncate apex, bearing a close-set row of dark and flat spicules, dorsal
surface of main stem with 2 dark strongly curved rods distad, 2 dark stout distally
curved rods and 2-3 strong flattened setae basad; stem of distal division shorter
and smaller than proximal one, with 1 stout club-shaped leaf and 1 blade on its
apex; distimere divided into 2 arms, dorsal arm bears tiny ventral seta and
similar seta dorsally just beyond middle and slender claw subapically, dorsal
subapical crest of spines absent; ventral arm with oblique truncate apex and
perpendicular process projecting dorsad; phallosome vaselike, similar to most
forms of Culiciomyia; lateral plate with strong basal denticle, distal tergal surface
entirely bare; proctiger with large crown consisting of close-set row of flat and
blunt spicules laterally and profuse tuft of filaments internally, the latter projecting
from both crowns and meshed together in the middle; lateral paraproct well

—

Fig. 2. Male terminalia. A, Culex (Culiciomyia) tricuspis Edwards, basimere
and distimere; phallosome; proctiger. B, Culex (Culiciomyia) delfinadoae n. sp.,
basimere and distimere; phallosome; proctiger; IX-T, lobes of ninth tergum.

Laz

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., voL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973

ok NM TS
proximal division \ ; Ni Hy!
y,

A

<

distal division 5)
UZ

hy
fy!

proximal division

proctiger

de/finadoae

118 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973

sclerotized, basal sternal process absent; cercal sclerite membranous, with a large
patch of strong spicules in center, 3-4 minute cercal setae.
Pupa and Larva: Unknown.

Type Data: Holotype, male (10.046), Alor, Lesser Sunda Islands,
INDONESIA, January 1926, Dr. Rodenwaldt; deposited in the British
Museum (N.H.).

Distribution: Known only from the type locality.

Taxonomic Discussion: C. tricuspis was previously assigned to the
subgenus Neoculex by Edwards (1932) on the basis of the absence
of transparent scales in the distal part of palpal segment 3 and the
presence of pale apical bands on the abdominal terga. This was
later followed by Mattingly and Marks (1955) who interpreted it to
be an annectant between Culiciomyia and Neoculex. However, for
the same reasons as given by Edwards, they were justified in retaining
it with the latter subgenus. In the current study (Sirivanakarn, 1971),
I re-examined the type and transferred this species to Culiciomyia.
On the basis of detailed comparative morphology, particularly the
type of the male phallosome, I am quite convinced that this is correct
and that it indicates a more accurate affinity for this species than in
the previous treatments.

C. tricuspis as described here is generally very similar to most
forms of Culiciomyia but differs in the complete absence of a ventral
lateral row of transparent scales on male palpal segment 3 and in
the absence of a ventral tuft of setae in the middle of labium. The
male terminalia are strikingly different from any other known form
of Culiciomyia in the spectacular modifications of the subapical lobe
of the basimere, distimere, and proctiger. The phallosome is similar
to all other Culiciomyia except for the absence of denticles on the
distal tergal surface of the lateral plate. It shows the closest affinity
with delfinadoae n. sp. described below, and with the latter it ap-
parently forms a distinct group within the subgenus Culiciomyia.

Biology: Nothing is known about its biology.

Culex (Culiciomyia) delfinadoae n. sp.
fig. 2B, ¢ Terminalia

Female: Wing 3.8 mm, fore femur 2.3 mm, proboscis 2.3 mm. In general
similar to C. tricuspis, differing from it as follows: Head. Decumbent scales on
dorsum of vertex narrower, occupying a broader area in center. Abdomen. Terga
II-VII entirely dark or sometimes with indistinct pale apical bands on terga
III-VII.

Male: Extremely similar to C. tricuspis in general and in the absence of a
ventral lateral row of transparent scales in the distal half of palpal segment 3,
differing as follows: Head. Palpus longer, exceeding proboscis by little more
than the length of segment 5; segment 2 uniformly slender, middle part not
swollen. Terminalia (fig 2B), Extremely similar to tricuspis, differing chiefly

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973 119

in the following: basimere apparently without scales; proximal division of sub-
apical lobe with slender elongate stem bearing on its apex 2 dark, stout rods
and row of 5-8 kinked setae extending from base to near apex, its base with
cluster of 4 dark stout rods and 1 bladelike seta; distal division with slender
stem bearing 2 equal club-shaped leaves apically; distimere furcates as in
tricuspis, dorsal arm (sometimes appearing to be ventral) more or less uniformly
thick from point of furcation to about 0.75 of length, distal 0.25 abruptly
tapered to pointed apex, 1 tiny ventral and a similar dorsal seta present sub-
apically; ventral arm (sometimes appearing to be dorsal) terminates in sharp
point apically, with perpendicular process ending in acute angle; phallosome
and proctiger essentially similar to tricuspis in most details; apical part of lateral
plate of phallosome usually entirely bare, sometimes with a few extremely weak
denticles.
Pupa and Larva: Unknown.

Type Data: Holotype, male with terminalia slide (69/601), Tawi
Tawi, Sanga Island, PHILIPPINES, crabhole, April 1967, M. D. Del-
finado (USNM). Allotype, female (USNM) and paratypes (13 males
and 1 female), same locality and data as holotype (SEAMP). This
species is named in honor of Dr. M. D. Delfinado, former taxonomist
at the Southeast Asia Mosquito Project, who collected the specimens
of this species.

Distribution: Material examined: 15 males, 2 females. PHILIP-
PINES, Palawan, Balabac, Dalawan Bay; 1 male with terminalia
slide (SEAMP 66-657), 9 Oct 61, Noona Dan Expedition. Sanga
Sanga Island, Tawi Tawi; 14 males, 2 females, as indicated in the
type data.

Taxonomic Discussion: C. delfinadoae is very closely related to
tricuspis. It is distinguished from the latter species by the details
of the subapical lobe of the basimere and by a few other features as
given above. As in tricuspis, it is similar to other forms of Culiciomyia
in the type of the male phallosome and in several external features,
but is strongly differentiated in several features of the basimere,
distimere, and proctiger as described and illustrated.

Biology: The adults of this species were collected from 2 localities
in the Philippines and those from the type locality were reported to
be collected from a crabhole, suggesting that it may breed in this
habitat. Nothing more is known about its biology.

Culex (Culiciomyia) ramalingami n. sp.
fig. 3A, ¢ Terminalia; 3B, Pupa; 4, Larva

Female: Wing 3.0 mm, fore femur 1.6 mm, proboscis 1.9 mm. Small to
medium sized, brownish species; in general similar to most forms of Culiciomyia;
differing chiefly in the following. Thorax. Scutum, scutellum and pleuron dark
brown; scutal scales narrow, dark, rather sparse, more or less resembling Lopho-
ceraomyia species. Abdomen. Terga very dark to black scaled dorsally, slightly

voL. 75, No. 1, Marcu, 1973

WASH.,

PROC. ENT. SOC.

0

ramalingami

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 121

pale laterally, terga V-VII sometimes with lateral pale scaling extending dorsad;
sterna entirely pale scaled.

Male: In general similar to female; differs from other Culiciomyia species in
the following. Head. Distal half of palpal segment 3 with ventral lateral row
of about 8 shorter transparent scales; proboscis slender, submedian false joint
absent, median ventral tuft of setae absent. Terminalia (fig. 3A). Strongly
modified; basimere abnormally large, broad oval, with prominent tuft of about
10 very long, flattened golden brown bristles towards apex laterally; all setae
covering lateral tergal surface strong, bristlelike; subapical lobe as detailed in
figure; distimere odd-shaped, with bifurcation as figured; phallosome and proctiger
essentially similar to most forms of Culiciomyia; lateral plate with 1 large inner
basal denticle, followed distally by row of 5 smaller denticles; paraproct of
proctiger with short basal sternal process; cercal sclerite well sclerotized; 1 or
2 cercal setae.

Pupa: (fig. 3B). Abdomen 2.7 mm, paddle 0.76 mm, trumpet 0.7 mm.
Differing from most forms of Culiciomyia in the following. Trumpet lightly to
strongly swollen at middle, basal and distal parts narrowed. Cephalothorax.
Integument of metanotum with striking pattern of dark sclerotized areas and
pale unsclerotized spots; hair 1-C strong, double; 5-C strong, 5-8b. Abdomen.
Segments I-IV dark, each with pair of clear, unsclerotized spots along dorsal
midline; other segments without such spots; hairs 5-IV-VI dark and _ long,
double or triple; 6-IV-VI usually double (2-3). Paddle. Pale, distal external
margin indistinct; apical hairs 1, 2-P minute; male genital lobe large, about
0.5 of paddle length.

Larva: (fig. 4). Head 0.78 mm, siphon 1.3 mm, index 9-10, saddle 0.26
mm, siphon/saddle ratio about 5. In general resembling most forms of Culiciomyia,
with the following distinctive features: Head. Antenna short, about 0.5 of
length of head; head hair 1-C apparently flat, simple or sometimes with lateral
barb of fine spicules; hairs 5,6-C with 5-6 pectinate branches; 7-C_ strongly
plumose, 10-12b. Thorax. Spiculation not developed; hairs 1,2-P equally long,
single; 3-P slightly shorter than 1,2-P, 3-5b; 7-P 3b; 8-P usually double (1-2);
1-M,T very strong, single or double. Abdomen. Segments II-VI with distinct
patches of fine spicules on ventral surface; all hairs strong; about 30 comb scales,
all with fringe of fine spicules; siphon slender and long, distally tapering; 15-20
pecten teeth; 8 strong siphonal tufts, arranged in 4 regular pairs, each tuft
4-6b, most proximal one 3-4 times as long as siphon width at point of attachment,
the rest gradually shorter. Anal segment. Dorsal subapical margin of saddle
moderately spiculated; hair 1-X strong, about 2 times as long as saddle; ventral
brush (4-X) with 4 pairs of hairs; anal papillae slender, distally tapering,
about 2 times as long as saddle.

Type Data: Holotype, male (814-28) with associated pupal and
larval skins and slide of terminalia, leaf axil of a plant, elevation
sea level, 8 mi. north of Tanjong, Tualang, Perak, WEST MALAYSIA,

od

Fig. 3. Culex (Culiciomyia) ramalingami n. sp. A, male terminalia: basimere
and distimere; phallosome and proctiger; IX-T, lobes of ninth tergum. B, pupa:
cephalothorax, dorsal view; metanotum and abdomen, dorsal view.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 123

19 October 1967, S. Ramalingam’s team of collectors, Univ. Malaysia,
Kuala Lumpur (USNM). Allotype, female (814-33) with associated
pupal and larval skins, same data as holotype (USNM). Paratypes,
5 males (814-11,14,18,22,27) with associated pupal and larval skins
and terminalia slides; 6 males (814-13,15,17,21,24,30) with associated
pupal and larval skins; 7 females (814-10,12,16,19,20,23,25) with
associated pupal and larval skins; 1 female (814-102) with associated
pupal skin, same data as holotype (SEAMP). This species is named
in honor of Dr. S. Ramalingam, Dept. Parasitology, Univ. Malaysia
who provided the specimens for study.

Distribution: Material examined: 12 males, 9 females, 21 individual
rearings (1 pupal, 20 larval), 6 whole larvae, all from Perak, WEST
MALAYSIA, as indicated in the type data.

Taxonomic Discussion: This is one of the most distinct forms of
Culiciomyia and can be easily recognized by the unique male ter-
minalia and by several features of the pupa and larva. The female
and general adult features are apparently quite similar to Lophocerao-
myia Theobald but can be readily distinguished from most members
of this subgenus in the female by lateral pale scaling of the abdominal
terga and in the male by the features of the palpus and antenna. The
unique male terminalia shows spectacular modification in several
features of basimere and distimere but resembles most Culiciomyia
species in the type of phallosome and proctiger. The pupa, unlike
other Culiciomyia species, is most distinct in coloration pattern and
in the presence of unsclerotized clear spots on the metanotum and
abdominal segments I-IV. The larva is superficially similar to C.
fragilis Ludlow and bailyi Barraud as described and figured by Bram
(1967), but is clearly distinguished from them by several features of
the chaetotaxy and siphon as described and illustrated.

Biology: All specimens of ramalingami in the type series were
collected from leaf axils of a plant at the height of about 1 meter above
the ground in open swamp at sea level. The adult biology is practi-
cally unknown.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am indebted to Dr. Botha de Meillon, Principal Investigator of the South-
east Asia Mosquito Project for reviewing the manuscript and for suggesting some
improvements. I also wish to thank Dr. Peter F. Mattingly for the loan of the
type of C. tricuspis at the British Museum (N.H.), and Miss Thelma Ford at
the Southeast Asia Mosquito Project for preparing the illustration.

<

Fig. 4. Culex (Culiciomyia) ramalingami n. sp., fourth instar larva. Head;
thorax and abdomen; terminal segment; CS, comb scale; PT, pecten tooth;
MP, mental plate.

124 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

REFERENCES

Bram, R. A. 1967. Contribution to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia
(Diptera, Culicidae). II. The genus Culex in Thailand. Contrib. Amer.
Entomol. Inst. 2(1):1-296.

Edwards, F. W. 1926. Mosquito Notes VI. Bull. Entomol. Res. 17:108.

1930. Mosquito Notes IX. Bull. Entomol. Res. 21:287-306.
1932. in Wytsman, Genera Insectorum, Diptera, Family Culicidae.
Fasc. 194, Desmet-Verteneuil, Brussels, 258 pp.

Mattingly, P. F. and E. N. Marks. 1955. Some Australian mosquitoes (Diptera,
Culicidae) of the subgenera Pseudoskusea and Neoculex. Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S.W. 80:163-176.

Sirivanakarmn, S$. 1971. Contribution to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia.
XI. A proposed reclassification of Neoculex Dyar based principally on the
male terminalia. Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst. 7(3):62—85.

1972. Contribution to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. XIII.
The genus Culex, subgenus Eumelanomyia Theobald in Southeast Asia and
adjacent areas. Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst. 8(6):1-86.

DEEP PINNING BOTTOMS FOR FRESHLY PINNED SPECIMENS

When insect specimens are pinned, either fresh in the field or in the laboratory
from relaxed specimens, there is often need to prop up legs or abdomens until they
are dry, to keep them from hanging down too far. This is sometimes done with pins
and sometimes by running a rectangle of stiff paper or light cardboard up on
to the pin to hold up the sagging members. The advent of very soft pinning
bottoms made of plastic foam has made a much easier method possible. Boxes,
trays, or pinning boards with especially thick pinning bottoms can be used. If
there are sagging parts on some specimens to be supported, the pins of those
specimens can be pushed deeper into the pinning material until the parts are held
up at the proper level.

Plastic foam for pinning bottoms is usually 34 inch (9.5 mm) thick. Two
layers rather than one should be used for boxes receiving freshly pinned specimens,
the total depth thus being increased to %4 inch (19 mm). This is deep enough to
support sagging legs, antennae, or abdomens while they are drying, if the pins
are pushed in deep. The foam is soft enough to insert pins easily to the full depth
and to withdraw them easily when specimens are ready for removal. It would be
possible, also, with a triple-thick bottom, to push pins in deep enough to hold
Hemiptera and Coleoptera horizontal on point mounts until the glue dries, keeping
them from tipping or from pulling off at the points.

Henry Townes, American Entomological Institute, 5950 Warren Road, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48105.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973 125

NOMENCLATORIAL NOTES ON THE TACHYINI
(COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE )

The purpose of this note is to provide a synonymical list for the species
Tachys vittiger LeConte, in order that H. Reichardt of Sao Paulo, Brazil, can
use the name in his carabid fauna of the Galapagos Islands. Tachys vittiger
LeConte (1851, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 5:193) equals Tachys beebei
Mutchler (1924, Zoologica, 5(20):223) NEW SYNONYMY, equals Tachys en-
senadae Mutchler (1934, Am. Mus. Novitates, No. 686:3) NEW SYNONYMY.
Further statements on this species will be made in my forthcoming revision of
the genus.

Terry L. Erwin, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washing-
ton, D. C. 20560.

A NEW RECORD OF AEDES (STEGOMYIA) ALCASIDI HUANG
(DierERA: CULICIDAE )*

The receipt of additional material in SEAMP now allows me to report the
presence of Aedes (Stegomyia) alcasidi Huang in Sabah, East Malaysia. Previously
it was only known from the Philippines as far south as Palawan, Sulu Archipelago,
and Kepulauan Sangi. This southern extension into Sabah is of some importance
to biologists and epidemiologists because of the ease with which it can be con-
fused with Aedes (Stegomyia) scutellaris (Walker).

Aedes (Stegomyia) alcasidi Huang

Aedes (Stegomyia) scutellaris (Walker), Knight & Hull 1952, Pacif. Sci. 6(2):
180. ( ¢*, 2, L) (misidentification ).

Aedes (Stegomyia) alcasidi Huang 1972, Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst. 9(1):37.
(3*, 9*, P*, L*).

Distribution: 117 specimens examined: 27 ¢, 28 2, 10é¢ terminalia, 26
individual rearings (26 1, 26 p).

MALAYSIA. East Malaysia: Sabah—Kota Belud (IV-1970, Ramalingam’s
team), 4 6, 4 9, 1 ¢ terminalia, 2 individual rearings (2 1, 2 p). Pulau
Banggi (V-1970, Ramalingam’s team), 19 ¢, 22 9,7 é@ terminalia, 23 individual
rearings (23 1, 23 p). Kudat (V-1970, Ramalingam’s team), 4 6, 2 9,2 ¢
terminalia, 1 individual rearing (11, 1p).

Biology: The immature stages of alcasidi were collected in rock pools, tree
holes, in a bamboo stump, coconut spathe, and areca-nut spathe in Sabah. The
immature stages were associated with Aedes (Stegomyia) paullusi Stone &
Farmer.

Yrau-Min Huanc, Southeast Asia Mosquito Project, Department of Entomology,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 20560.

* This work was supported by Research Contract No. DA-49-193-MD-2672 from
the U. S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Office of the
Surgeon General, Wahington, D. C.

126 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

SOCIETY MEETINGS

793rd Regular Meeting—January 6, 1972

The 793rd regular meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington was
called to order by President Curtis W. Sabrosky on January 6, 1972 in Room 43,
USNM. Thirty-seven members and 13 guests were in attendance. The December
minutes were read and approved.

Membership Chairman Rainwater presented 3 names for membership: Mike
Hastriter of Provo, Utah; Terry L. Erwin of Ent. Dept., Smithsonian; and André
Larochelle of Bourget College, Quebec, Canada.

The first note of the evening was by M. D. Leonard who read portions of an
article from the Oakland Tribune concerning P. H. Timberlake, uncle of President
Richard Nixon. The article mentioned the taxonomic endeavors of Timberlake.
Ted Bissell added a personal story of a meeting he had with Timberlake in Hawaii.

Frank Campbell reported that Dwight Delong had suffered a fractured pelvis
but was apparently only slightly slowed down. President Sabrosky informed the
members of the death of C. M. Packard, a past member.

The first half of the program was the address of Past President Edson J.
Hambleton. He spoke about “Studies on the Mealy bug genus Rhizoecus.” He
related how he became interested in mealy bugs in Brazil and discussed their
morphology, biology, and the taxonomic status of the genus Rhizoecus. A number
of taxonomic characteristics were illustrated.

The film, “Insects vs Alligator Weed,” concluded the program. Jack Coulson
of USDA, IIPI Branch introduced the film. After viewing, he answered several
questions relating to the very excellent film.

The meeting was adjourned at 9:45 P.M. Refreshments were served.

Dewey M. Caron, Recording Secretary.

794th Regular Meeting—February 3, 1972

The 794th Regular Meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington was
called to order by President Curtis W. Sabrosky on a rainy February 3, 1972 in
Room 43, USNM. Thirty-four members and 18 guests were in attendance. The
January minutes were read and approved.

Membership Chairman Rainwater presented 2 names for membership: Robert
G. Bellinger an undergraduate Entomology major at University of Maryland and
Elwood R. Hart of the Entomology Dept., Texas A. & M. University.

President-Elect Burditt reported that plans are underway for the ESW-ISW
June banquet. Tentatively, it will be June 1 at the National 4-H Center on
Connecticut Avenue.

The first note of the evening was by Mrs. Robert Snodgrass. She read excerpts
of a letter from McGraw Hill Book Publishers asking her permission to use the
text of Snodgrass “Principles of Insect Morphology” in a reprint program that
is designed to lower the cost of text books to non-U. S. and Canadian students and
to help combat piracy of popular texts. She displayed a copy of such a volume.

Louise Russell reported on 12 unusual aphid specimens that represent a new
North American record of a rare European species. The specimens came from a
student at the University of Tennessee who is operating pit-fall traps on a

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973 127

grassy bald, Roan Mtn., Tennessee. Reference to the Grassy Bald collection site
lead to a number of comments from members regarding this unusual habitat.

President Sabrosky reported receiving a letter from Mrs. A. L. Melander.
She indicated that at 93 she was enjoying good health and was active.

Dr. Sabrosky announced the passing of two well known Dipterists, C. H. Curran
and W. R. Thompson.

President Sabrosky introduced the main speaker for the evening Dr. Terry L.
Erwin of the Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution.

Carasip BEETLES, MOUNTAIN Tops, AND TREES

The common name “Predaceous ground beetles” is a misnomer! Not only are
many Carabidae omnivorous, scavengers, or vegetarians (seeds), but fully 4%
or more of the tropical species live on trees, foliage, or at least off the ground.
I propose the common name be regarded as (the sometimes now used) “carabid
beetles.” It is apparent that certain characteristics of member species are wide-
spread within faunal elements. Generally, species of mountain tops share similar
character states (e.g. dark color, loss of flight, compact bodies) even though
the species are unrelated, and even though the mountains may be on different
sides of the world. The same can be seen in arboreal elements (e.g. large eyes,
padded tarsi, elongate lateral setae of the elytra) and subepigean elements (e.g.
small eyes, pale colors, asymmetric anterior tarsi of males). Some of these infra-
taxa character states within faunal elements are obviously selected by the environ-
ment through species energy conservation (e.g. small eyes in lightless subepigean
microhabitats, wing loss on mountain tops) while others have no apparent rela-
tionships. It should be possible to characterize faunas by “shared character
states” and then predict habitats for “apparently” rare species known from only
old specimens with poor data. The only realistic way to study these character
functions is to pursue observational field work. Plans for studies on arboreal
faunas are now well underway and results should be forthcoming soon.—
Terry L. Erwin, Entomology Department, Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
D. €., 20560.

Following introduction of guests the meeting was adjourned at 9:30 P.M.
Refreshments were served.

Dewey M. Caron, Recording Secretary.

795th Regular Meeting—March 3, 1972

The 795th Regular Meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington was
called to order by President Curtis W. Sabrosky March 3, 1972 in Room 43,
USNM. Forty-five members and 32 guests were in attendance. Minutes of the
February meeting were read and approved.

President-Elect Burditt announced that the annual ESW-ISW banquet will
be June 1 at the 4-H Center. The speaker has not yet been selected; Mr. Burditt
welcomed suggestions.

President Sabrosky discussed the recent executive committee meeting and
indicated the financial problems facing the society. Several changes affecting
the Proceedings, all designed to strengthen the finances were mentioned. One
additional change recommended by the executive committee to the members in
attendance was presented in writing as provided by the By-laws. It was proposed

128 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

that Article 4 (Dues) Section 1 be revised to read 7 in place of 6. (The annual
dues shall be 7 dollars payable January 1).

The first note of the evening was presented by Ted Bissell who introduced
members to a new book, “Tortricid Fauna of Apple in New York,” by Chapman
and Lienk.

George Steyskal presented an interesting note on the frequency of language use
in the years 1913, 1958, and 1965 for entomological publications listed in the
Zoological Record and the Review of Applied Entomology. As expected, English
was the most frequently used and rose to about 60% during 1965. French and
German both decreased greatly over that time span to around 10% at present,
while Spanish, Italian and Russian showed less decrease.

G. G. Rohwer, Acting Assistant Administrator, briefly mentioned some current
activities of the USDA Animal and Plant Health Services (APHIS). He indicated
that the pest management program will be increased for cotton and tobacco this
year and some new work will be started on additional crops. He also reported
the capture of a Mexican fruit fly in Florida.

President Sabrosky recounted a fascinating story of the probable identification
of a bot fly collection that disappeared over 100 years ago. A number of con-
nections between published information on the flies and the recent examination
of the newly discovered collection were recounted and individual pieces of informa-
tion that add up to the collection indeed being the missing specimens were
presented.

Mort Leonard reported that fellow member Lou Davis was out of the hospital
and at last report resting comfortably.

Dr. Sabrosky introduced the speaker for the evening, Dr. Donald H. Messersmith,
Professor of Entomology, University of Maryland.

Dr. Messersmith presented a richly illustrated tour entitled “Insect Collecting
in South Africa.” His abstract:

In July and August, 1970, I had the opportunity to collect insects in southern
Africa while leading a nature study tour consisting of 12 people. In Southwest
Africa we traveled from Windhoek to the Atlantic coast and return, traversing
the Kalahari and very desolate Namib desserts. The only collecting was at a
well, and near the coast. A new ephydrid and a rare lygaeid were collected in
the Namib near Swakopmund.

I also collected near Capetown, but it was cold there on the Cape Peninsula.
Ants were the commonest.

I did better in the game reserves in Natal and Zululand, but they were ex-
periencing a severe drought there. The same was true in Swaziland and
Mozambique. Kruger National Park was very dry, but I was able to collect at
lights.

All in all collecting was not good because of very dry conditions. Nonetheless,
I obtained over 1500 specimens from 14 orders and a good variety of families.
Ants and Diptera were most numerous, followed by Orthoptera and Homoptera.
I also collected a variety of non-insectan arthropods, especially spiders. Perhaps
one of my biggest surprises was that among the insects I collected, most belonged
to familiar families and very few specimens looked particularly exotic. This was
not true for the specimens I collected in Colombia; many there looked very
exotic. However, southern Africa is at best subtropical which I suppose accounts

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 1, MARCH, 1973 129

for their “normal” appearance. All specimens are being donated to the Smith-
sonian,

There followed the introduction of several guests, including a student contingent
from the University of Maryland. The meeting was adjourned at 10 P.M. Re-
freshments were served.

Dewey M. Caron, Recording Secretary.

MEMBERSHIP LIST OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF WASHINGTON

(On record as of December 31, 1972)

Honorary Members Belkin, J. N. Campbell, R. E.
Bell, R. T. Carbonell, C. S.
Cory, E. N. Bellinger, R. G. Carlson, R. W.
Hoyt, A. S. Bender, A. H. Caron, D. M.
Muesebeck, C. F. W. Bender, E. K. Carrington, J. H.
Poos, F. W. Bennett, W. H. Cartwright, O. L.
Berg, G. H. Casebeer, R. S.

Members (* Life Member)

Abe, D. F. Berner, L. Chermock, R. L.
Adams, J. R. Berry, R. L. Chittick, H. A.
Addington, R. J. Bick, G. H. Clarke, J. F. G.
Adler, V. E. Bickley, W. E. Clausen, C. P.
Aitken, T. H. G. Billings, S. C. Cohen, E., Jr.
Alexander, J. L. Bissell, T. L. Cole, F. R.
Allen, E. J. Blake, D. H. Compton, C. C.
Allen, H. W. Blanchard, A. Cook, D. R.
Altman, Col. R. M. Bodenstein, W. G. Cooper, J. F.
Anderson, D. M. Boettcher, R. A. Cooper, K. W.
Anderson, L. D. Bohart, R. M. Cortes, R.
Anderson, W. H. Bohnsack, K. K. Coulson, J. R.
App, B. A. Boyd, E. M. Covell, C. V.
Arnaud, P. H. Bram, R. A. Crabill, R. E., Jr.
Arnell, H. Braun, B. H. Craig, G. B.
Ashlock, P. D. Brazzel, J. R. Crooks, E. E.
Autry, H. V. Brelland, O. P. Gross.0H. E
Baker, E. W. Buckett, J. S. Crossley, D. A., Jr.
Ball, G. E. Bullock, H. R. Cunliffe, F.
Barker, Z. A. Bunn, Col. R. W. Curtin, T. J.
Barnhart, C. S., Sr. Burditt, A. K., Jr. Cushman, H. G.
Barnum, A. Burks, B. D. Dahms, R. G.
Barr, A. R. Butler, L. Darsie, R. F.
Barr, W. F. Callaway, M. B. D’Ascoli, A.
Barry, C. Camin, J. H. Daum, R. J.
Battle, F. V. Cammer, P. A. Davidson, J. A.
meal R. Si, Jr. Camp, M. J. Davidson, R. H.
Bechtel, R. C. Campbell, F. L. Davis, D. R.
Becker, E. C. Campbell, J. M. Davis, L. G.

Bergman, P. W.
Berlin, O. G. W.

Cashatt, E. E.
Charpentier, P. O.

130 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

Davis, R.

Dean, H. A.
DeCoursey, R. M.
DeLong, D. M.
DeMeillon, B.
Denning, D. G.
Dews, S. C.
Dicke, F. F.
Dodge, H. R.
Donley, D. E.
Donnelly, T. W.
Dos Passos, C. F.
Dow, R. P.
Dowden, P. B.
Dozier, H. L.

Druckenbrod, L. M.

Drummond, R. O.
Duckworth, W. D.
Dunn, R. L.
Duress ee:
Durkee, H. T.
Dutky, S. R.
Eads, R. B.

Eberhard, M. J. W.

Eberhard, W. G.

Edmunds, G. F., Jr.

Edmunds, L. R.
Elias, M. K.
Elkins, J. C.
Emerson, K. C.
Emsley, M. G.
Enns, W. R.
Erwin, T. L.
Evans, H. E.
Evans, W. G.
Fairchild, G. B.
Fales, J. H.
Fedde, G.
Fennah, R. G.
Ferguson, D. C.

Field, G.
Field, W. D.
Fisk, F. W.

Flechtmann, C.
Flint, O..S.; Jr.
Floore, T. G.
Fluno, J. A.
Foote, B. A.
Foote, R. H.

Forattini, O. P.
Bord sae:
Foster, D. E.
Foster, G. A.
Foster, J. R.

Fox, I.

Fox RaG
Franclemont, J. G.
Friauf, J. J.
Froeschner, R. C.
Furniss, R. L.
Gagné, R. J.
Gahan, J. B.
Galindo-Toro, D.
Gammons, J. G.
Garrett, W. T.
Gentner, L. G.
Gentry, J. W.
Gerberg, E. J.
Gill, G. D.
Gimpel, W. F., Jr.
Godfrey, G. L.
Good, N. E.
Gordon, R. D.
Grabowski, W. B.
Graf, J. E.
Granovsky, A. A.
Grant, C. D.
Greenbaum, H. N.
Gregg, R. E.
*Gressitt, J. L.
*Gurney, A. B.
Habeck, D. H.
Hacker, J. D.
Hagen, K. S.
Haines, K. A.
Hall, D. G.
Hambleton, E. J.
Hamman, R. E.
Hansel, C. J.
Hanson, J. F.
Harbach, R. E.
Harding, W. C., Jr.
Harman, D. M.
Harmston, F. C.
Harrison, F. P.
Hart, E.R:
Haskins, C. P.
Hastriter, M. W.

Hatch, M. H.
Hawkins, L. S., Jr.
Hayes, D. K.
Heimpel, A. M.
Hendrickson, W. H.
Herman, L. H., Jr.
Herring, J.

Hevel, G. F.
Higgins, H. G.
Hitchcock, J. C.
Hodges, R. W.
Hoffmann, C. H.
Hoffmann, W. E.
Hoogstraal, H.
Hopla, C. E.
Horne, J. E.
Horning, D. S., Jr.
Howden, H. F.
Huang, Y.-M.
Hubert, P. A., Jr.
Huckett, H. C.
Hull, F. M.

Hull, Capt. W. B.
Hunter, P. E.
Hurd... P2Dsjz
Hutton, G. L.
Jackson, D. L.
Jacot-Guillarmod, C.
Jalil, M.

Jenkins, D. W.
Johnson, P. T.
Jones, R. H.
Jones, S. E.
Joseph, S. R.
Kamble, S. T.
Kaulens, E.
Kellen, W. R.
Khattat, F. H.
Kimball, C. P.
King, E. W.
Kingsolver, J. M.
Kinzelbach, R. K.
Kissinger, D. G.
Kiteley, E. J.
Knight, K. L.
Knipling, E. F.
Knutson, L. V.
Kono, T.
Kormilev, N. A.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 1, MARCH, 1973

Korytkowski, C. A.
Koski, J.T.
Krafsur, E. S.
Kramer, J. P.
*Krombein, K. V.
Kurezewski, F. E.
Laffoon, J. L.
Lamore, D. H.
Lanchester, H. P.
Lane, J.

Lane, M. C.
Langford, G. S.
La Rivers, I.
Larochelle, A.
Lassmann, G. W.
Lattin, J. D.
Laudani, H.
Leon, L. A.
Leonard, D. E.
Leonard, J. W.
Leonard, M. D.
Lewis, R. E.
Lien, J. C.

Lin, C. S.

acart. N.

Linam, J.
Linkfield, R. L.
Lipovsky, L. J.
oan: C:
Luginbill, P., Jr.
Lund, H. O.
Lyon, R. J.
Mabry, J. E.
Magner, J. M.
Main, A. J., Jr.

Maldonado-Capriles, J.

Mallack, J.
Mangan, R. L.
Manglitz, G. R.
Marinkelle, C. J.
Marsh, P. M.
Masner, L.

Mason, H. C.
Mason, W. R. M.
Matthews, R. W.
McCafferty, W. P.
McComb, C. W.
McDaniel, B.
McFadden, M. W.

McGovran, E. R.
McGuire, J. U.
McIntyre, T.
Medler, J. T.
Menke, A. S.
Merrill, D.
Messersmith, D. H.
Michael, A. S.
Milam, R. G.
Miller, D. R.
Mitchell, L. E.
Mitchell, R. T.
Mockford, E. L.
Moore, T. E.
Morgan, C. V. G.
Morgan, N. O.
Morrill, A. W., Jr.
Munson, S. C.
Murdoch, W. P.
Murray, W. S.
Murrill, R. D.
Nakahara, S.
Neff, S. E.
Nelson, C. H.
Nelson, G. H.
Nelson, R. H.
Neunzig, H. H.
Newkirk, R. A.
Nielson, L. T.
Noonan, C. R.
Oakjones, D. E.
Oakley, R. G.
Oman. PS W..
O'Neill, K.
Owens, H. B.
Parrish, D. W.
Parsons, M.
Peters, W. L.
Peterson, B. V.
Peyton, E. L.
Phillips, W. G.
Pipkin, S. B.
Polhemus, J. T.
Pomerantz, C.
Porter, B. A.
Poyner, M. M.
Prasad, V.
Pratt, H. D.
Price, D. W.

Price, R. D.
Rainwater, C. F.
Rainwater, H. I.
Ramalingam, S.
Ramos, J. A.
Ramsey, M. J.
Reardon, R. C.
Reed, W. D.
Rees, D. M.
Reeves, J. A.
Reichart, C. V.
Reinert, Maj. J. F.
Richardson, H. H.
Riegel, G. T.
Riherd, P. T.
Riley, R. C.
Ritcher, P. O.

Roberts, Capt. D. R.

Robinson, H.
Rohwer, C. G.
Roth, L. M.
Roth, M.

Rouse, E. P.
Rozen, J. G., Jr.
Russell, L. M.
Sabrosky, C. W.
Sailer, R. I.

St. George, R. A.
Sanderson, M. W.
Santana, F. J.
Scanlon, J. E.
Scarbrough, A. G.
Schmidt, C. H.
Schroeder, P. M.
Seal, W. L.
Sedman, Y.
Selander, R. B.
Shands, W. A.
Shaw, F. R.
Shenefelt, R. D.
Shepard, H. H.
Sherman, R. W.
Shewell, G. E.
Shockley, C. W.
Shortino, T. J.
Shriver, D.
Sieglin, W.
Sims, G. L., Jr.
Sirivanakarn, S.

131

132 PROC. ENT.

Skinner, F.

Slater, J. A.

Sluss, T. P.
Smiley, R. L.
Smith, C. F.
*Smith;,. DR
Smith, F. F
Snelling, R. R.
*Sollers-Riedel, H.
Sommerman, K. M.
Spangler, P. J.
Spencer, C. B., Jr.
Spilman, R. E.
Spilman, T. J.
Stage, G. I.
Stanford, C. L.
Stannard, L. J.
Starcke, H
Steffan, W. A.

Stegmaier, C. E., Jr.

Stehr, W. C.
Stewart, J. A.
Steyskal, G. C.
Stibick, J. N. L
Stoetzel, M. B.
Stoltzfus, W. B.
Stone, A.

Sullivan, W. N., Jr.
Suman, T. W.

SOC. WASH.,

Summers, F. M.
Swartzwelder, E. B.
Tanner, V. M.
Tarshis, I. B.

Teller, Capt. L. W., Jr.

*Thomasson, R. F.
Thompson, F.
Thompson, J. V.
Thompson, P. H.
Thornburg, M. C.
Tibbetts, T.
Timberlake, P. H.
Ihjeon, Wo II-
Todd, Fi; Ta:
Townes, G. F.
Townes, H.
Townes, M.
Townsend, L. H.
Trager, Maj. L., Jr.
Trapido, H.
Traub, Col. R.
Traver, J. R.
Triplehorn, C. A.
Tyson, W. H.
Varley, G. C.
Vasquez, A.
Vogt, G. B.
Walker, H. G.
Walkley, L. M.

Notice to Contributors

vot. 75, No. 1, MARcH, 1973

Wallis, R. C.
Walton, M.
Webb, R. E.
Weber, N. A.
Weems, H. V., Jr.
Weisman, D. M
Weisman, K. E.
Wendleton, D. S.
Werner, F.
Wharton, G. W.
Wheeler, G. C.
Whitcomb, R. F
White, R. E.
Whitsel, R. H.
Wilford, B. H.
Wilkinson, R. S.
Williams, D. J.
Williams, M. L.
Williams, R. W.
Wilson, N.

Wirth, W. W.
Woke, P. A.
Wood, F. E.
Wood, W. B.
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Yonke, T&T. Ri:

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Zavortink, T. J.
Zimmerman, E. C.

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CONTENTS

(Continued from front cover)

SIRIVANAKARN, S.—Three new species of Culex subgenus Culiciomyia
Theobald from southeast Asia and a redescription of the type of C. tricuspis
Edwards from Alor, lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia (Diptera: Culicidae) —

SMITH, D. R.—North American sawflies described by Klug and Konow
(Hymenoptera: Symphyta) oot a a

SMITH, D. R.—Dr. Marion Russell Smith, a bibliography —

SPILMAN, T. J.—Nomenclatural problems in six genera of Tenebrionidae
(Coleoptera) ———._-_—-

STEYSKAL, G. C.—Pteromicra inermis Steyskal a synonym of Sciomyza
earvia (Coquillett) (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) 2...

SUMMERS, F. M., R. H. GONZALEZ-R., and R. L. WITT—The mouth-
parts of Bryobia rubrioculus (Sch.) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) —

TODD, E. L.—tThe types of some noctuid moths from the Galapagos Islands
described by William Schaus in 1923 (Lepidoptera) —

TOWNES, H.—Deep pinning bottoms for freshly pinned specimens —_

WHITE, R. E.—A new genus, two new species, and a species key for
Byrrhodes (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) 1...

WHITSEL, R. H. and R. F. SCHOEPPNER—Mites associated with aquatic
and semi-aquatic Diptera from San Mateo County, California (Acarina:
Hygrobatidae, Unionicolidae, Pionidae, Ascidae, and Diptera: Chironom-
idne; Tipulidae, Psychodidae) —...... ...._.

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cn#Nol. 75 JUNE. 1973 No. 2

PROCEEDINGS.

| of the

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
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WASHINGTON, D.C. 20560

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY

CONTENTS

ANDERSON, D. M.—Keys to larvae and pupae of the Gymnetrinae of
| America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) — 133

j BARMAN, E. H., JR.—Biology and immature stages of Desmopachria
wonves (Aubé) (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) —— — 233

DUCKWORTH, W. D. and T. D. EICHLIN—New species of clearwing
moths (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) from North America — 150

EVANS, H. E.—Further studies on South American Bethylidae (Hymenop-
0 eee ae ee eerie en ost 2 ste Re et 194

FLINT, O. S., JR—A replacement name for Smicridea (R.) minima Flint
(Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae ) ed ee ee Ge ISR 219

FOOTE, B. A.—Biology of Pherbellia prefixa (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), a
parasitoid-predator of the operculate snail Valvata sincera (Gastropoda:

5 UES ACS [i Sta ne Se ey aE eT RON ewes LO 141
FRANCLEMONT, J. G—A new noctuid from Arizona (Lepidoptera:

Noctuidae: Cuculliinae Se DUS SE AL Ie PEO eG |

GAGNE, R. J.—Cecidomyiidae from Mexican Tertiary amber (Diptera) ... 169
GODFREY, G. L.—The larva of Platysenta albolabes (Grote) (Lepidoptera:

! Ea RE Se TY ek Bee eS See. oe eee ak Se. 187
HUANG, Y.-M.—A new species of Aedes (Stegomyia) from Thailand and

notes on the mediopunctatus Subgroup (Diptera: Culicidae) — . 234

KINGSOLVER, J. M—New synonymy in Languriidae (Coleoptera) _......._ 247

(Continued on back cover)

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Vol. 75 JUNE 1973 No. 2

KEYS TO LARVAE AND PUPAE OF THE GYMNETRINAE OF AMERICA
NORTH OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)

D. M. ANDERSON

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, c/o
U. S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560

lad

ABSTRACT—Keys to the larvae and pupae of 6 of the 7 species representing
the genera Gymnetron, Miarus, and Mecinus in North America are presented.

The curculionid subfamily Gymnetrinae (Mecininae of some
authors) is represented in North America by 4 species of Gymnetron
Schoenherr, 2 species of Miarus Schoenherr, and 1 species of Mecinus
Germar. With exception of the Miarus species, all of these have been
introduced from Europe into North America (Buchanan 1937, Sleeper
1954, Warner 1955), where they have become more and more widely
distributed, following the earlier dispersal of their introduced host-
plants. The larvae and pupae of all except the Mexican Miarus erebus
Casey have become available to me and I have prepared the keys set
forth here to aid in their identification. It would seem likely that the
need for these keys will increase as studies of various species of
Gymnetrinae associated with certain noxious weeds (e.g. Smith 1959,
Harris 1961) continue. The identification of the adults of the species
treated here has already been facilitated by a key to the 3 genera
(Kissinger 1964), a review of specific names in Miarus (Anderson
1964), and a key to the 4 species of Gymnetron (Hatch 1971).

The larval terminology used in this paper follows that set forth by
Anderson (1947). The terms applied to the pupae are in agreement
with those used by Burke (1968).

The spelling of Gymnetron used here follows that used by
Schoenherr (1825) in his original description of the genus and by
many other authors in subsequent papers, rather than his 1826 spelling
(Gymnaetron), which was used by some recent authors (e.g. Kissinger
1964, Hatch 1971) who were evidently not aware of Schoenherr’s 1825
paper. The latter publication was not cited in the Junk catalogue
(Klima 1934).

134 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

The larvae of the Gymnetrinae can be distinguished (under the
name Mecininae) from those of all other subfamilies of Curculionidae
through use of van Emden’s (1938) “Key to the subfamilies and tribes
of weevil-larvae with two [abdominal] tergal folds.” In other keys
(loc. cit.) van Emden separated the 3 genera of Gymnetrinae, but
was able to treat only 2 of the species treated in this paper. Scherf
(1964) provided keys that distinguish the larvae of the European
Gymnetrinae included here from those of many other European
Curculionidae, primarily on the basis of host-plants and type of feed-
ing damage, but he did not separate the larvae of Gymnetron antirrhini
(Paykull) and G. netum (Germar), as is done here.

Most larvae of species included in the following key will have to
be dissected and mounted under a cover-slip to permit examination
of such features as antennae and spiracles through a compound micro-
scope. Some clearing may also be necessary, depending on the con-
dition of the specimen.

Key to Larvae

1. Thorax bearing rounded, sclerotized lightly pigmented areas on pedal lobes
and epipleura (fig. 1, scl); theracic spiracle bicameral but abdominal
spiracles unicameral; postdorsal folds of abdominal segments I-V distinctly
more prominent than prodorsal folds (fig. 1, PsD); head dark brown with
only an indication of lightly pigmented area on each side; in roots of
Plantago\.spp! Bits I ee eS =e Mecinus pyraster (Herbst)

— Thorax bearing no sclerotized or pigmented areas on sides; spiracles either
entirely bicameral or entirely unicameral (except in Gymnetron antirrhini) ;
postdorsal folds of abdominal segments I-V not distinctly more prominent
than prodorsal folds (slightly more prominent in Gymnetron pascuorum) ;
head light brown or, if dark brown, with distinct unpigmented areas at
sides::in; seed capsmles.of ‘their: hosts, 2 2 eee 2

bo

Spiracles of thorax and abdomen all bicameral (fig. 6); anal opening
X-shaped; accessory sensory appendage of antenna elongate (fig. 7); hosts
are Campanulaceae, usually Lobelia spp. Miarus hispidulus LeConte'
— Spiracles all unicameral (fig. 2), or thoracic spiracle bicameral and
abdominal spiracles unicameral; anal opening transverse or rounded;
accessory sensory appendage of antenna shorter than in fig. 7; in seed
capsules of Scrophulariaceae or Plantaginaceae 3 (Gymnetron spp.)
3. Abdomen with 7 pairs of spiracles (fig. 3); head light brown with
irregular unpigmented lateral stripe running from posterior end of
epicranium to base of mandible (fig. 5); base of frons bearing prominent
transverse ridge (figs. 4, 5); in seed capsules of Verbascum spp. —--.--
Vs tee oe ee See eee 5 aed _..... Gymnetron tetrum (Fabricius)
— Abdomen with 8 pairs of spiracles; head dark to pale brown but never

1 Miarus hispidulus does not have a paired ventral sclerome on the prothorax
and therefore will not key to Miarus in the key to genera of Mecininae that van
Emden (1938) devised on the basis of European species.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 135

Fig. 1. Mecinus pyraster (Herbst), larva, lateral view (PsD, postdorsal fold;
scl, sclerites). Fig. 2-5. Gymnetron tetrum (Fabricius), larva: 2, abdominal
spiracle; 3, entire larva, lateral view; 4, head, front view; 5, head, lateral view.
Fig. 6-8. Miarus hispidulus LeConte, larva: 6, abdominal spiracle; 7, antenna;
dorsal view; 8, entire larva, lateral view.

136 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

bearing complete unpigmented lateral stripe on epicranium; transverse
ridge at base of frons not prominent if present; in seed capsules of Scroph-
ulariaceae other than Verbascum or in capsules of Plantago — 4
Basal article of maxillary palpus incompletely sclerotized on inner side
(fig. 13); head so lightly pigmented that epicranial and frontal sutures are
difficult to distinguish; asperities of body large, causing skin to appear
granulate (fig. 14); host Plantago lanceolata Linnaeus _-------------
ME le Sheers ee NE ee Gymnetron pascuorum (Gyllenhal)
Basal article of maxillary palpus completely sclerotised on inner side (fig.
9); frontal and epicranial sutures of head clearly visible as unpigmented
lines; asperities of body relatively small, not conspicuous (fig. 11); hosts
Ustially MUWaTed SOP sha een Ie ge ee 5
Head dark brown to black, usually bearing short unpigmented lateral
stripe on posterior % of epicranium; frons without asperities; abdominal
epipleura with 2 short setae (fig. 10) — Gymnetron antirrhini (Paykull)
Head medium to light brown, slightly mottled posteriorly but bearing
no unpigmented lateral stripe; frons covered with transversely oriented
asperities (fig. 12); abdominal epipleura bearing 3 setae, which are longer
than) thosesintig:y)l Oe se Eg ee Gymnetron netum (Germar)

Key to Pupae

No keys are available for the identification of the pupal Gymnetrinae of

Europe or other regions of the Old World. Scherf (1964) provided descriptions
of the pupae of 2 species (Mecinus pyraster and Gymnetron antirrhini) included
in this key.

lA

to

Both head and prothorax bearing a pair of transversely flattened, darkly
pigmented tubercles (figs. 15-17); found in seed capsules of Scroph-

ulariaceae! a Le Oi 2
Either head or prothorax bearing 1 or more pairs of rounded, lightly
pigmented tubercles (figs. 18, 23, 26); hosts not Scrophulariaceae —...... 4

Tergum of 9th abdominal segment bearing a fleshy median tubercle,
which projects posteriorly (fig. 19); abdominal segments 3-7 bearing 1
or 2Mlaterostemal setae*(hie.20)i 20 2. ee ee eee 3
Tergum of 9th abdominal segment without any median tubercle;
abdominal segments 3-7 bearing 3 laterosternal setae, hosts usually
Binariatspp: tts se eee Gymnetron netum (Germar)
Tubercle of 9th abdominal tergum rather elongate, slightly constricted
near midlength (fig. 20); abdominal segments 3-7 bearing 1 latero-
sternal seta; tubercles of prothorax distinctly granulate (fig. 15); hosts
are species of Verbascum — Gymnetron tetrum (Fabricius )
Tubercle of 9th abdominal tergum short, not constricted (fig. 21);
abdominal segments 3-7 bearing 2 laterosternal setae; tubercles of
prothorax not granulate; hosts usually Linaria spp. —_----------.---------------
brated Kn li 6S ENRON TL bn OE SL aD Gymneiron antirrhini (Paykull)
Head bearing pair of rounded tubercles but prothorax without tubercles
(fig. 23); body form elongate (fig. 25); posterior processes of abdomen
oriented posterolaterally (fig. 24); in roots of Plantago lanceolata
SN RAE OR ee AE BO AAS BEE Mecinus pyraster (Herbst)

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 137

Fig. 9-11. Gymnetron antirrhini (Paykull), larva: 9, maxillary palpus, dorsal
view; 10, side of abdominal segment 3, showing epipleural setae (epS); 11,
asperities of body integument, X137. Fig. 12. Gymnetron netum (Germar),
frons of larva, showing asperities. Fig. 13-14. Gymnetron pascuorum (Gyllenhal ),
larva: 13, maxillary palpus, dorsal view; 14, asperities of body integument, 137.
Fig. 15-18. Gymnetron spp., pupae, vertex of head and prothorax, ventral view:
15, G. tetrum (Fabricius); 16, G. antirrhini (Paykull); 17, G. netum (Germar );
18, G. pascuorum (Gyllenhal).

138 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

Fig. 19-22. Gymnetron spp. pupae, terminal abdominal segments: 19, G.
tetrum (Fabricius), dorsal view; 20, ventral view (1stS, laterosternal setae); 21,
G. antirrhini (Paykull), dorsal view; 22, G. pascuorum (Gyllenhal), ventral view.
Fig. 23-25. Mecinus pyraster (Herbst), pupa, ventral view: 23, vertex of head
and prothorax; 24, terminal segments of abdomen; 25, entire pupa. Fig. 26-28.
Miarus hispidulus LeConte, pupa, ventral view: 26, vertex of head and prothorax;
27, terminal segments of abdomen; 28, entire pupa.

— Head without tubercles but prothorax bearing pair of single or double
tubercles near anterior margin (figs. 18, 26); body form more ovate (fig.
28); posterior processes of abdomen oriented posteriorly; in seed capsules

CEOS. ots ES cls DA ae 5

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 139

5. Prothorax bearing pair of double tubercles, each with 2 setae, toward
anterior margin (fig. 26); posterior processes of abdomen fused at their
bases, forming fish-tail shaped structure (fig. 27); in seed capsules of
TO DE Aa STA) hse se Be ee Miarus hispidulus LeConte

— Prothorax bearing pair of single tubercles without setae (fig. 18); posterior
processes of abdomen not fused at base (fig. 22); in seed capsules of
Plantago: lanceolata’ ..- Gymnetron pascuorum (Gyllenhal )

Material Examined

The specimens upon which the preceding keys are based are
labelled with the following data. Numbers of larvae (L) refer to the
total of slide-mounted and unmounted specimens. All pupae (P)
examined were unmounted. Except those noted otherwise, the larvae
and pupae are associated with adult weevils. All of the material is in
the Coleoptera collection of the U. S. National Museum of Natural
History, Washington, D. C.

Gymnetron antirrhini: Hyannis, Mass., 28—VIII—43, seed capsules of Linaria,
W. H. Anderson, Colr. (18 L, 23 P). Six Mile Creek, Ithaca, N. Y., Aug. 26,
1954, Sept. 10 & 15, 1955, from seed capsules of Linaria vulgaris, D. M.
Anderson, Colr. (65 L, 88 P). Gile Hollow Rd., nr. Hinsdale, N. Y. Sept. 1,
1963, ex fruit of Linaria vulgaris, D. M. Anderson, Colr. (22 L, 42 P). Gentofte?,
Seeland, Denmark, 8—1917, on Linaria, J. P. Kryger (4 L, 1 P).

Gymnetron netum: Mystic, Conn., 29-IX—’44, in seed pods Linaria vulgaris
[USDA] Spec. Surv. 20136 (8 L) [no adults seen]. Flushing, L. I., N. Y., Aug.
5, 1944, [USDA] Spec. Surv. 17729 (7 L). Va.-W. Va. State Line, south of
Charleston, W. Va., 26 Aug. 1939, ex seed capsules of Linaria vulgaris, Wm. H.
Anderson Colr. (37 L, 19 P). Toledo, Wash., 19-IX—’44, in seed pods wild
snapdragon, [USDA] Spec. Surv. 19871 (8 L, 20 P).

Gymnetron pascuorum: Bethesda, Maryland July 2, 1956, taken from seeds of
Plantago lanceolata, J. A. Anderson, Colr. (62 L, 81 P). Marrebaek [Denmark],
247-1944, Plantago lanceolata seeds, J. P. Kryger Coll. (13 L, 73 P).

Gymnetron tetrum: Hard Scrabble Rd., nr. Ischua, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1961, ex
seed capsules of Verbascum thapsus, D. M. Anderson, Colr. (41 L, 68 P). New
York, N. Y., 1I-VIII-44, in seed capsules Verbascum thapsus, [USDA] Spec.
Surv. 18035 (17 P).

Mecinus pyraster: University Park, Maryland, June, 1958, Plantago lanceolata,
T. L. Bissell [collector], ad. det. R. E. Wl[arner] (1 L). Fuglangs Mose,
Denmark, 25—-VII-1939, Plantago lanceolata, [collected and determined by]
Kryger (5 L, 2 P) [no adults seen].

Miarus hispidulus: Orange, Conn. 16-IX—’44, in seed capsules Lobelia inflata,
[USDA] Spec. Surv. 19716 (6 L, 1 P) [mo adults seen]. Snow Hill, Md.,
21-VIII-1942, ex seed capsules of Lobelia cardinalis, W. H. Anderson, Colr.
(18 L, 20 P). South River, Md., Sept. 12, 1939, seed capsules—Lobelia cardinalis,
Wm. H. Anderson, Colr. (3 L, 6 P).

REFERENCES

Anderson, D. M. 1964. A review of the specific names in North American
Miarus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Coleopt. Bull. 18:21-24.

140 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

Anderson, W. H. 1947. A terminology for the anatomical characters useful in
the taxonomy of weevil larvae. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 49:123-132.

Buchanan, L. L. 1937. Notes on Curculionidae (Coleoptera). J. Wash. Acad.
Scrmpairole—ollee

Burke, H. R. 1968. Pupae of the weevil tribe Anthonomini. Texas A & M Univ.
Tech. Monogr. 5, 92 pp.

Emden, H. F. van 1938. On the taxonomy of Rhynchophora larvae (Coleoptera).
Trans. Roy. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 87:1-37.

Harris, P. 1961. Control of toadflax by Brachypterolus pulicarius (L.) (Coleop-
tera: Nitidulidae) and Gymnaetron antirrhini (Payk.) (Coleoptera: Curculi-
onidae) in Canada. Canad. Entomol. 93:977-981.

Hatch, M. H. 1971. The beetles of the Pacific Northwest, Part 5. University
of Washington Press, Seattle and London, 662 pp.

Kissinger, D. G. 1964. Curculionidae of America North of Mexico: A key to
genera. Taxonomic Publications, South Lancaster, Massachusetts, 143 pp.

Klima, A. 1934. Coleopterorum catalogus, auspiciis et auxilio W. Junk, pars
135, Curculionidae, Gymnetrinae, p. 11.

Scherf, H. 1964. Die Entwicklungsstadien der mitteleuropaischen Curculioniden
(Morphologie, Bionomie, Okologie). Abhandl. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. 506:
1=335:

Schoenherr, C. J. 1825. Tabulae synopticae familiae Curculionidum (Continu-
atio). Isis von Oken, 581-588.

1826. Curculionidum disposito methodica cum generum char-
acteribus, descriptionibus, atque observationibus variis, seu prodromus ad
synonymiae insectorum partem 4, Lipsae, 338 pp.

Sleeper, E. L. 1954. A European weevil in North America. Entomol. News.
55:129-130.

Smith, J. M. 1959. Notes on insects, especially Gymnaetron spp. (Coleoptera,
Curculionidae), associated with toadflax, Linaria vulgaris Mill. (Scroph-
ulariaceae), in North America. Canad. Entomol. 91:116—121.

Warner, R. E. 1955. Mecinus pyraster (Herbst), a European genus and species
not heretofore recorded in the United States (Curculionidae, Gymnaetrinae).
Entomol. News. 66:209-211.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 141

BIOLOGY OF PHERBELLIA PREFIXA (DIPTERA: SCIOMYZIDAE),
A PARASITOID-PREDATOR OF THE OPERCULATE SNAIL
VALVATA SINCERA (GASTROPODA: VALVATIDAE)*

B. A. FooTe
Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240

ABSTRACT—Information is presented on the life cycle of Pherbellia prefixa
Steyskal (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), a parasitoid-predator of the marsh-inhabiting
operculate snail Valvata sincera Say (Gastropoda: Valvatidae). Eggs are
deposited near stranded individuals of the host snail. Larval development can
be completed on 1 snail, and the host is always killed by the feeding of the larva.
The larval period requires 9-13 days, and the entire life cycle is completed in
33-43 days. There are at least 3 generations a year in northwestern Montana,
with overwintering probably occurring as pupae in a state of temperature-induced
quiescence. Discovery of the ability of P. prefixa to attack operculate snails
indicates a wider degree of adaptive radiation in the larval feeding habits of
Pherbellia than was previously suspected.

Knowledge of the natural history of snail-killing flies belonging to
the genus Pherbellia rests largely on the comprehensive study by Bratt
et al. (1969) which presented life cycles, elucidated larval feeding
habits, and described the immature stages of 28 species of the genus.
Larvae of Pherbellia were reported to feed on aquatic, hygrophilous,
or terrestrial snails belonging to a great variety of families and genera.
However, none of the species was reported to utilize operculate snails.
In fact, the only sciomyzid known to attack operculate snails in nature
is Hoplodictya setosa (Coquillett) whose larvae prey upon Littorina
littorea (L.), a common species on New England beaches (Neff and
Berg 1962). In laboratory rearings third-stage larvae of Knutsonia
trifaria (Loew), a European species, killed and ate the operculate
snails Hydrobia sp. and Melanopsis algerica (Pilsbry) if the snails
were removed from water (Knutson and Berg 1967).

During the summer of 1966, larvae of Pherbellia prefixa Steyskal
were found to be intimately associated with stranded individuals of
the operculate snail Valvata sincera Say. The discovery of yet another
species of Sciomyzidae that attacks operculate snails suggests that
members of this family could be useful in controlling the several
operculate snail hosts of Schistosoma japonicum Katsurada, the
causative organism of schistosomiasis in the Orient.

The purposes of the present paper are to elucidate the life cycle
and larval feeding habits of P. prefixa and to indicate its position in

1 This research was supported by grants from the National Institute of Allergy
and Infectious Diseases, U. S. Public Health Service, and the American Philo-
sophical Society.

142 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

the taxonomic and nutritional spectrum represented within the genus
Pherbellia.

LirE History

Pherbellia prefixa is a small, 3.0-3.8 mm long, bluish-gray fly that
has been placed in the subgenus Oxytaenia (Steyskal, 1966). Adults
have a long, tapering midfrontal stripe; 2 pairs of fronto-orbital
bristles, with the anterior pair being smaller; a short-haired arista; and
unmarked wings. The male genitalia are highly diagnostic and have
been illustrated by Steyskal (1966).

Pherbellia prefixa apparently has a rather limited distribution in
North America, having been recorded only from western Alaska
(Lower Yukon River), western Montana (Swan Lake, Lima), and
southeastern Idaho (Bear Lake). Doubtlessly it occurs elsewhere
in the northwestern States and Provinces but has been overlooked
by collectors. Its larval host, the operculate snail Valvata sincera, is
transcontinental, and the distribution of the fly obviously is limited
by factors other than the mere presence or absence of suitable prey.

Adults were collected only in open, unshaded marshes that became
progressively drier as summer advanced. In southeastern Idaho, they
were taken abundantly in the low-lying, poorly drained floodplain
that borders Bear River just north of Bear Lake. This habitat consists
of an extensive sedge marsh dominated by various species of spike
rush (Eleocharis spp.). The water depth rarely exceeds 1 ft. and
recedes steadily as summer progresses. The dropping water level
exposes large numbers of aquatic snails and fingernail clams. At this
site, P. prefixa occurred with numerous other species of Sciomyzidae
such as Sciomyza simplex Fallén, Atrichomelina pubera (Loew), P.
argyra Verbeke, P. schoenherri maculata (Cresson), P. propages
Steyskal, P. griseola (Fallén), Pteromicra siskiyouensis Fisher and
Orth, Dictya expansa Steyskal, D. montana Steyskal, Sepedon armipes
Loew, Tetanocera unicolor Loew, and T. plebeia Loew. Many of these
species are typical inhabitants of vernal grass-sedge marshes.

In northwestern Montana, P. prefixa was abundant in an extensive
Eleocharis-Carex marsh that borders the inlet of Swan Lake in Lake
County and in 2 small sedge marshes bordering the Swan River.
Associated with P. prefixa in these habitats were the following
sciomyzids: P. argyra, P. griseola, P. quadrata Steyskal, P. schoenherri
maculata, P. vitalis (Cresson), Pteromicra leucothrix Melander, P.
siskiyouensis, S. simplex, D. montana, Renocera cyathiformis
Melander, T. latifibula Frey, T. mesopora Steyskal, T. plebeia, and
T. unicolor. Adults of P. prefixa were rarely or never found in cattail
marshes, in stands of aquatic and semi-aquatic grasses, or in wooded
swamps. In all marshes where P. prefixa occurred, high populations

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 143

of Valvata sincera, the larval host, were present and were continually
being stranded as the marshes dried. In middle and late summer,
after the marshes had lost most of their water, the retracted and in-
active snails were found under litter or in the heavy growths of moss
that covered the soil surface. This sodden layer undoubtedly pro-
tected the snails from desiccation and permitted many of them to
survive until the marshes were flooded again in late fall.

The host snail, V. sincera, belongs to the family Valvatidae of the
molluscan subclass Ctenobranchiata. Members of this operculate
group are entirely aquatic and all possess gills. Species of Valvata
are restricted to freshwater situations and have been reported from a
wide variety of aquatic habitats. Apparently an ability to aestivate
allows them to survive in marshes having fluctuating water levels
(Baker 1928, Pennack 1953).

Biological observations were initiated with adults collected at the
Swan Lake marsh on July 1, 1966. Additional rearings were carried
out during the summers of 1967 and 1969 from material collected at
the same marsh and at a small Carex marsh situated approximately 4
miles east of Big Fork, Flathead Co., Montana.

At least in northwestern Montana, adult populations of P. prefixa
seemed largest during late June and July. Relatively few flies were
swept from marshes during August and none was taken in September.
Because of the relatively great longevity of the adults (up to 45 days )
and the extended oviposition period of the females, no distinct gener-
ations could be discerned in nature. Doubtlessly generations overlap,
and eggs, larvae and puparia probably can be found at any time
during the summer season.

During mid-day, adults were seen most commonly on sedge stems
fairly close to the substrate. During the late afternoon and evening
hours they became more abundant at higher levels in the vegetation,
apparently in response to decreasing temperatures and increasing
humidities. They were more active during cooler periods, and during
the hottest time of the day generally remained relatively inactive near
the soil or water surface. Their flight was usually short and swift,
rarely exceeding a few inches. Non-mating individuals remained quite
alert and quickly decamped when approached too closely. In contrast,
mating pairs were lethargic and could be collected easily in a shell
vial.

The premating period of adults held in laboratory breeding jars
varied from 2 to 5 days. No overt courtship behavior was observed,
and males attempted to mate with any nearby female with little or
no preparatory movements. They were also seen to approach similar
sized females of other species, although no actual copulations were
observed. A responsive female spread her wings slightly when a
male positioned himself on her dorsum, thus allowing the male to

144 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

make contact with her genitalia. In contrast, a disinterested female
did not spread her wings and attempted to dislodge the male by rapid
body movements and vigorous upward kicking movements of the hind
legs. Males attempting to mate with non-responsive females quickly
abandoned the effort and flew to the walls of the breeding jar.

Mating was seen most commonly in nature during the late afternoon
and evening hours, although mating occurred also at mid-day during
cloudy, cool weather. Mating pairs usually remained stationary on
sedge stems or leaves. Each copulation lasted from a few minutes to
well over an hour. The mating position resembled closely that de-
scribed for other species of the genus (Bratt et al. 1969). Mating was
seen most frequently in recently emerged adults, and mating fre-
quency declined steadily as females aged. Very few matings were
observed in females that were older than 35 days. Surprisingly, virgin
females isolated without males for several days rarely mated when
newly emerged or older males were finally introduced into the breed-
ing jars.

The pre-oviposition period of laboratory-reared females was 7 or
§ days. Eggs were attached loosely to projecting sprigs of peat moss
in the breeding jars. Most were scattered, although a few clusters of
3 or 4 eggs were found occasionally. Eggs were not found in nature,
but it is reasonable to assume that they were deposited into the moss
that harbored Valvata snails. Fecundity records are incomplete, but
most of the field-collected females deposited between 75 and 200 eggs
in the breeding jars. Females that were allowed access to decaying
snails always produced more eggs than those that were given a straight
honey and brewer's yeast diet. The presence of Valvata snails in the
breeding jars definitely stimulated oviposition. For example, a female
collected in nature on August 13, 1966, deposited only 2 eggs during
the 4 days she was held in a breeding jar containing living and dead
snails of the genus Lymnaea. However, when 2 living Valvata were
added, she deposited 29 eggs within a 12-hour period. Egg
production/day declined steadily as females aged, and those older
than 30 days rarely oviposited.

The incubation period of eggs held on moist peat moss at room
temperatures (22-26 C) varied between 1 and 4 days and averaged 3
days. Many eggs that were placed on sodden peat moss became
covered with a film of water and hatched more slowly, many requir-
ing 5 to 8 days. Newly hatched larvae were highly host specific and
only attacked individuals of the operculate snail Valvata sincera.
Larvae investigated but did not attack small snails of the genera
Discus, Gyraulus, Aplexa, Physa, Lymnaea, and Oxyloma. They
showed no interest in the slug Derocerus laeve (Miller) or in snail egg
masses. Whether they will attack other species of Valvata is unknown,
as only V. sincera was available during the course of the rearings.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 145

Newly hatched larvae were very active and continuously crawled
over and into the peat moss in the bottom of the breeding jars. Larvae
seemed to discover snails by random searching efforts, and no evidence
of olfactory attraction to prey was obtained. Larvae attacked only
when they came in direct contact with Valvata and frequently passed
within a few millimeters of a suitable snail without responding. They
showed little inclination to move up vertical surfaces, and in nature
probably confine their searching activities to the soil surface and
overlying carpet of moss. Upon contacting a living, retracted Valvata,
the larva crawled over the shell until it reached the operculum cover-
ing the aperture. It then moved quickly to 1 edge of the operculum
and slowly forced its way between the edge of the operculum and the
wall of the aperture. The point of entry into the body whorl of the
snail varied greatly and no particular site seemed to be preferred.
The operculum is soft and rather pliable. It bent up around the
penetrating larva and did not seem to present much of an obstacle.
The larva came to rest between the fleshy mantle of the snail and
the wall of the shell, with its posterior spiracles projecting slightly
between the edge of the operculum and the wall of the aperture. It
usually remained in this position throughout the larval period.

Generally only 1 first-stage larva was found in each Valvata, but
frequently 2 occurred together, and on 1 occasion 3 larvae were found
within 1 shell. Larvae occurring singly usually were able to complete
development within the 1 snail and form puparia. However, 2 larvae
were never able to remain throughout larval life within the originally
infested snail. In one case, only 8 puparia were formed by 20 larvae
that doubly infested 10 Valvata. Twelve larvae abandoned their still
living hosts as second instars and soon died. In another rearing, 4
Valvata were attacked by 6 newly hatched larvae. Five of the larvae
eventually formed puparia, but all were forced to attack a second
snail. On the 1 occasion when 3 first instars were found in a snail, all
3 larvae abandoned the dead snail as second instars and succumbed a
few days later. Most natural infestations probably are of the 1 larva:
1 snail variety.

As long as infested snails were held on relatively dry to moist peat
moss, first-stage larvae remained in place and rarely shifted position
within the shell. However, if the bottom of the rearing dish was
flooded, allowing a film of water to cover the operculum of the shells,
the larvae quickly abandoned the snails and could be found a few
minutes later wandering over the peat moss. Most of these larvae
later attacked other, more exposed Valvata and thus were able to
complete development. Apparently larvae within retracted snails are
poorly resistant to flooding of the marsh by unusually heavy summer
rains. However, in the vernal marshes preferred by P. prefixa flooding
rarely occurs after the water level begins receding in early summer.

146 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

Snails infested by single larvae commonly remained alive for 3 to
5 days and usually were not killed until the larva reached the third
stadium. A snail remained retracted and did not crawl about, although
its pulsating heart could be seen through the shell. In contrast, snails
infested by 2 larvae nearly always died within 2 or 3 days. Larvae
apparently fed by scraping away bits of flesh with their mouthhooks
and in the earlier instars apparently restricted their feeding to nonvital
tissues. Following death of the host, the larva rapidly fed upon and
soon consumed nearly all of the soft parts. Interestingly, however, the
muscle attaching the operculum to the body of the snail was rarely
destroyed, and the operculum usually remained in place throughout
the 6 to 13 days that the larvae remained within the shell.

Older larvae also were highly host specific for Valvata. Attempts
to feed second and third-stage larvae on small specimens of Gyraulus,
Lymnaea, and Physa were completely unsuccessful. If not provided
with Valvata, older larvae soon succumbed. The third, and probably
the second, instars can attack other Valvata if they leave their original
host before completing development. A third instar was seen to
abandon its original snail, wander about the rearing dish for a few
minutes, and then attack another retracted Valvata by pushing its
way between the edge of the operculum and the wall of the aperture.
It killed the second snail within 2 hours and formed a puparium 3
days later.

The relationship of a larva to its host was that of a parasitoid.
Typically only 1 larva invaded each Valvata, and 1 snail satisfied the
nutritional requirements of 1 larva. The larva apparently did little
damage during the first 2 instars. It was only as a maturing third
instar that it killed its host and consumed the tissues. The feeding
behavior was somewhat plastic, however, and larvae acted more like
predators under crowded conditions in which 2 or more larvae
infested a single snail. When that occurred, 1 or more of the larvae
shee geal left the original host and attacked and soon killed another
snail.

The first stadium lasted 3 to 5 days; the second, 2 to 3 days; and
the third, 4 to 5 days. The total larval period ranged between 9 and
13 days. Molting occurred within the host, and exuviae of the first
and second instars usually could be found appressed against the
columellar wall of the body whorl of the shell. Most puparia were
formed outside of the snail in peat moss, but several larvae pupated
within the body whorl of their hosts. Of 40 puparia obtained during
the laboratory rearings, 31 were formed in peat moss, and 9 were
situated within cleaned-out shells of Valvata. Shells containing puparia
still had the operculum in place across the aperture. Thus, pupation
within shells seemed to offer some protection from possible predators
and parasitoid wasps.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 147

Larvae that pupated away from the host buried themselves in peat
moss for 2 or 3 days before forming puparia. The prepupal period,
from formation of the puparium to the actual appearance of the pupa,
lasted about 24 hours. The pupal period for males was 15-16 days;
females, 16-18 days. Puparia formed in Valvata shells were curved
slightly to fit within the body whorl, although the anterior end of
the puparium was not flattened. The anterior end always faced the
aperture, and puparia were formed within 1 or 2 mm of the operculum.
Puparia formed in peat moss showed no body curvature.

In nature, most puparia probably were formed in or below the thick
layer of moss that carpeted the floor of the drying marshes. Puparia
buried in moss must gain considerable protection from desiccation
because the moss remains moist long after the marsh has become dry.
Probably the moss acts also as a protective layer against the intense
insolation that strikes the floor of the marsh during July and August.
Possibly it also acts as a sponge during heavy summer rains and
prevents the puparia from becoming water-logged. A water film
developing around puparia would be quickly absorbed by the drying
moss once the rain ceased. Puparia of P. prefixa are not covered with
a layer of hydrofuge material as are those of certain other species of
Pherbellia that attack stranded aquatic snails (Bratt et al. 1969).

No indication of diapause was observed for any stage of the life
cycle, and overwintering probably occurs in a state of temperature-
induced quiescence. The overwintering stage was not determined,
but based on overwintering habits of other species of Pherbellia it is
probably the pupa. With a pre-oviposition period of 7 or 8 days,
an incubation period of 2 to 4 days, a larval period of 9 to 13 days,
and a pupal period of 15 to 18 days, the entire life cycle in the
laboratory can be completed in 33 to 43 days. This implies that in
northwestern Montana at least 3 generations a year can be produced
during a warm season of some 150 days (mid-May to mid-October).

DISCUSSION

It seems reasonable to ask whether the utilization of an operculate
snail by larvae of P. prefixa could have arisen through competition
among various species of Pherbellia for the stranded aquatic or shore-
line snail resource in marshy habitats. At the present time in fresh-
water marshes having fluctuating water levels, 3 to 6 species of
Pherbellia whose larvae prey on stranded pulmonate gastropods can
be collected on any 1 date. Competition for pulmonate snails must
have been, and probably still is, rather fierce, and a species that shifted
its larval feeding to a previously non-utilized operculate snail would
have enjoyed a significant release from competition. In the marshes
sampled in northwestern Montana, P. prefixa frequently was the

148 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

most commonly collected species. As far as could be determined,
no other insect species was attacking Valvata snails in those habitats.

The advantages of utilizing operculate snails rather than non-
operculate species would seem to be two-fold. The species apparently
has escaped from competition from other species of Pherbellia.
Secondly, it appears that the developing larva gains considerable
protection from desiccation in the drying marsh and is somewhat
protected from attack by possible predators and parasitoids. The
major disadvantage as far as P. prefixa is concerned is that it has
become host specific for Valvata snails and has lost the ability to
attack other species of stranded gastropods. Therefore, an environ-
mental change that adversely affected populations of Valvata would
have concomitant deleterious effects on P. prefixa. However, this
danger may be more apparent than real, as a deteriorating marsh
environment undoubtedly would have adverse effects also on pul-
monate snail populations so that all species of Pherbellia that utilize
stranded aquatic gastropods would decline in numbers.

On the basis of adult characters alone, Steyskal (1966) placed P.
prefixa in the subgenus Oxytaenia (Sack 1939) along with such other
Nearctic species as P. beatricis Steyskal, P. bryanti Steyskal, and P.
propages Steyskal. Of the Palearctic species of Pherbellia, RoskoSny
(1967) and Bratt et al. (1969) placed P. brunnipes (Meigen), P.
knutsoni Verbeke, P. lichtwardti (Hendel), P. mikiana (Hendel), P.
nigrifrons (Bigot), P. strobli (Czerny), and possibly P. uliginosa
(Enderlein) in this subgenus. Information on larval feeding habits
and morphology is available only for P. beatricis, P. brunnipes, P.
knutsoni, and P. propages (Bratt et al. 1969).

Biologically, P. prefixa does not fit well within the subgenus
Oxytaenia, because all of the other reared species of this group ap-
parently feed solely on stranded pulmonate gastropods. None is
known to attack operculate snails, although there is a slight possibility
that larvae of P. beatricis have this ability. Adults of that species were
collected abundantly from the marshy banks of a small, highly alkaline
stream in central Ohio (Bratt et al. 1969). The most abundant snail
in the stream and stranded on the shores was a species of the
operculate genus Goniobasis. Specimens of Goniobasis were added to
rearing dishes containing newly hatched larvae of P. beatricis, but
no feeding was observed. However, the rearing took place before
it was known that larvae of P. prefixa could utilize operculate snails,
and it is possible that due to the very intimate relationship between
developing larvae and their operculate hosts the association was
overlooked. Larvae of P. beatricis were reared on the pulmonate
snails Aplexa hypnorum (L.) and Physa sp., but very few reached
the third instar and only 1 formed a puparium. Thus it is possible
that the “wrong” host was being utilized. Interestingly, Steyskal

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 149

(1966) on the basis of adult morphology felt that P. prefixa and P.
beatricis were very closely related. Probably P. prefixa and possibly
P. beatricis should be considered as highly specialized species of
Oxytaenia.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am indebted to A. H. Clarke, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa
for the determination of the host snail.

REFERENCES

Baker, F. C. 1928. The fresh water Mollusca of Wisconsin. Part I. Gastropoda.
Wisc. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 70: 1-507.

Bratt, A. D., L. V. Knutson, B A. Foote, and C. O. Berg. 1969. Biology of
Pherbellia (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem.
404: 1-247.

Knutson, L. V. and C. O. Berg. 1967. Biology and immature stages of mala-
cophagous Diptera of the genus Knutsonia Verbeke (Sciomyzidae). Bull.
Inst. roy. Sci. nat. Belg. 43(7): 1-60.

Neff, S. E. and C. O. Berg. 1962. Biology and immature stages of Hoplodictya
spinicornis and H. setosa (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Trans. Amer. Entomol.
Soc. 88: 77-93.

Pennack, R. W. 1953. Freshwater Invertebrates of the United States. Ronald
Press, N. Y. vii + 769 pp.

Rozkosny, R. 1964. Zur Taxonomie der Gattung Pherbellia Robineau-Desvoidy
(Diptera, Sciomyzidae). Acta Soc. Entomol. Cechoslov. 61: 384-90.

Sack, P. 1939. Sciomyzidae. In Lindner, E. (ed.), Die Fliegen der palaear-
kitschen Region. 5(pt. 1), 37, 129: 87 pp. E. Schweitzerbart, Stuttgart.

Steyskal, G. C. 1966. The Nearctic species of Pherbellia Robineau-Desvoidy,
subgenus Oxytaenia Sack (Diptera, Sciomyzidae). Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts,
Letters 51: 31-8.

GLUTOPS SINGULARIS BURGESS ON LONG ISLAND, N. Y.
(DIPTERA: PELECORHYNCHIDAE)

At the meeting of the New York Entomological Society of 19 May, 1931, C.
Howard Curran reported the capture of this rare fly at Cold Spring Harbor, Long
Island, N. Y. (Jour. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 40:267, 1932). He later wrote to me
that 2 females were collected by him on 9 May, 1931. This is the first record
for Long Island and is the most southerly point for this species. Curran’s record
has not been noticed in subsequent literature.

Mortmer D. LEonarp, Collaborator, Agricultural Research Service, USDA
(mail address: 2480 16th St., N. W., Washington, D.C. 20009).

150 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

NEW SPECIES OF CLEARWING MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: SESITDAE)
FROM NORTH AMERICA

W. DonaLp DuckwortH AND THoMas D. EICHLIN
Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560

ABSTRACT—Five new species of Clearwing moths from North America are
described: Melittia ealabaza, Synanthedon arkansasensis, S. canadensis, S.
dominicki, and Carmenta engelhardti. Relationships with previously described
species are discussed and distribution patterns are presented.

During the course of revisionary studies currently being conducted
by the authors on the Western Hemisphere Sesiidae ( = Aegeriidae),
a number of new species have been discovered from North America.
In addition to the revisionary studies, a fascicle on the family is being
prepared by the authors for publication in The Moths of America
North of Mexico. In order to treat the new species from North America
without making major alterations in format and to allow full discus-
sion, when necessary, of relationships with species that occur outside
the scope of the North American fascicle, the present paper was pre-
pared.

Although the North American sesiids have been the subject of 2
previous monographs, Beutenmiiller (1901) and Engelhardt (1946),
the fauna is still imperfectly known, as evidenced by the new species
herein described. Even more troublesome, the paucity of distribution
records for many species seriously restricts our knowledge of species’
ranges and extent of variation in populations throughout the range.
It is the authors’ hope that this publication and others planned for
the immediate future will stimulate interest on the part of collectors
to assist in improving our knowledge of this unique family.

The authors wish to thank the following individuals and institutions
who have provided specimens used in the present study: Dr. J. A.
Powell, University of California, Berkeley; Dr. Roland L. Fisher,
Michigan State University; Dr. Francisco Fernandez Yepez, Facultad
de Agronomia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay; Dr. Paul
H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Science; Dr. Harry K. Clench,
Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; Dr. John M. Bums, Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard University; Dr. Charles L. Remington,
Dr. Kirby Brown, Peabody Museum, Yale University; Dr. Abraham
Willink, Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucuman, Argentina; Mr. Richard
L. Brown, University of Arkansas; Mr. Julian P. Donahue, Los Angeles
County Museum; Dr. Saul Frommer, University of California, River-
side; Dr. Dale H. Habeck, University of Florida; Dr. P. E. Vanzolini
and Mr. Nelson Bernardi, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 151

Sao Paulo, Brasil; Mr. Bryant Mather, Clinton, Mississippi; Mr. J. R.
Heitzman, Independence, Missouri; Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro,
Brasil, and Dr. J. G. Franclemont, Cornell University.

The authors also wish to acknowledge the aid of Mr. George
Venable, Departmental Illustrator, for the artwork; and Mr. Tim
Friedlander, Summer Fellow, for technical assistance.

Genus Melittia Hubner
Melittia calabaza n. sp.

figs. 3a, 6; Map 1

Male: Antenna not pectinate but strongly ciliate ventrally, olive-green, dorsally
weakly powdered white or pale yellow on apical 1%. Proboscis well developed.
Labial palpus roughened, orange, white on basal segment and mixed ventrally
on second segment, often with line of black setaceous scales subventrally. Head
with vertex olive-green with specialized, setaceous scales (chaetosema) posteriorly
and medially; flat olive-green scales projecting shelflike from beneath antennae,
extending over middle of eyes; front white, often with gray dorsomesad; occipital
fringe setaceous, brown-black mixed with white, eyes margined with white scales.
Thorax olive-green with lateral tufts of long, setaceous, pale yellow or white
scales posteriorly, often projecting ventrally as well as posteriorly. Forewing
olive-green, opaque but for narrow hyaline streak at base below vein Cu and
another shorter hyaline streak in cell; costal edge pale orange; fringe fuscous,
tipped with white; wing ventrally with some pale yellow basally. Hindwing
hyaline except for very narrow band of brown-black on margins, brown-black
on veins, often some white on anal margin basally. Legs with coxae of pro-
thoracic legs orange, some white basally; femora of all legs orange at least
dorso-apically, often brown-black ventrobasally; tibiae of mesothoracic legs orange
with white on basal half; metathoracic legs with tibiae very strongly tufted with
erect, brown-black scales dorsomesally, orange-red dorsally and dorsolaterally,
some white dorsomedially; spurs brown-black with white tufting on posterior
margin on both lateral spurs; first tarsal segment tufted similar to tibiae, but with
less orange-red; all remaining tarsi alternately ringed with brown-black and white.
Abdomen dorsally olive-green; segment 2 orange, with orange medially at least
on segments 3-7, usually with black spot medially on anterior 44 of segments
2-6 and sometimes 7; abdomen ventrally orange with some white; anal tuft
weakly defined, rounded, mostly orange with some black mixed. Male genitalia
as in figure 3a. Inner margin of apical processes of uncus relatively sharply
angled. On valva, saccular ridge narrows abruptly toward apex, broadened and
somewhat excavated on basal % ventrad. Saccus elongate, slender and bulbous
at apex. Wing length of male, 13-15 mm.

Female: Maculation essentially the same as for the male with the following
exceptions: most olive-green coloration somewhat darker; small black scale tuft
present on labial palpus of male is lacking on female; abdomen mostly orange
except for dark olive-green on first segment and variously olive-green on seg-
ments 3—4, black spot dorsomedially on all segments except first; only 1 hyaline
streak on forewing. Female genitalia as in figure 6. Wing length of female,
12-15 mm.

152 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75,

no. 2, JUNE, 1973

Fig. 1-5. Male genitalia: 1, Synanthedon dominicki; 2, Carmenta engelhardti;
3a, Melittia calabaza; 3b, M. cucurbitae (right valva); 3c, M. satyriniformis

(right valva); 4, Synanthedon arkansasensis; 5

, S. canadensis.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 153

Synanthedon canadensis
S. dominicki

S. arkansasensis
Melittia calabaza

M. satyriniformis

M. cucurbitae
Carmenta engelhardti

Map 1. Distribution of sesiid species.

Host: Species of Cucurbitaceae. No specific records could be found
regarding host species, but a few specimens of the moth were labeled
as having been reared from calabaza, the Spanish vernacular for a
number of cucurbitaceous plants.

Distribution (map 1): Present records are from Texas and Arizona,
southward into Mexico in the Sierra Madre Occidental, then eastward
across central Mexico as far as Orizaba in the State of Veracruz.

Types: Holotype: ¢, Mexico: Mex., Teotihuacan, July 1, 1965, O.
S. Flint, (USNM No. 72384). Four paratypes: 1 3, College Station,
Tex., 9-11-19, T.D.E. slide no. 76063; 1 2, Tucson (Ariz.), 8-20-25,
H. F. Tate collector; 2 ?, Los Reyes, Mex., VII-1957, larva entre
tallo de calabaza, larvae col. VII-1957, pupacion VIII—57, emerg. de
al VI-58, Wm. W. Gibson collector; all deposited in the USNM. One
paratype: ¢, Tucson, Pima Co., Arizona, Aug. 8 - 43, R. L. Chermock

154 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

Collection; deposited in the Cornell University Collection, Ithaca,
New York.

Discussion: This species is very similar to Melittia cucurbitae
(Harris) and Melittia satyriniformis Hibner and together with them
forms a complex of apparently closely related species associated with
plants of the genus Cucurbita and related genera in the Cucurbitaceae.
Superficially, M. calabaza is readily distinguished by having the
second abdominal segment orange dorsally rather than olive-green as
is the case in the other 2 species. The males of M. satyriniformis are
additionally distinguishable from M. calabaza by having the abdomen
entirely olive-green dorsally, and by possessing a small hyaline streak
on the apical area of the forewing that is not present in the other 2
species,

The male genitalia of M. calabaza differ from the other 2 species
in the complex in the following characters (compare figs. 3a, b, c):
the inner margins of the apical uncal processes are sharply angled
relative to the other species; the saccus is narrow for most of its
length, bulbous at the apex, but thicker in the other species and only
slightly expanded apically; M. calabaza lacks the additional expanded
process in the center of the valva dorsad of the saccular ridge, a
character present on M. cucurbitae (rounded) and M. satyriniformis
(quadrate ) and useful in separating the latter two species; the saccular
ridge is abruptly narrowed toward its apex in the other 2 species; the
saccular ridge is widened and variously concave ventrad on its basal
‘2, though only slightly widened and depressed on M. cucurbitae
and essentially unwidened on M. satyriniformis.

The known distributions of the 3 species, M. calabaza, M.
cucurbitae, M. satyriniformis, are indicated in Map 1. The current
distribution patterns suggest that the species involved in this complex
may be sympatric in certain portions of their ranges. This cannot be
demonstrated until additional material can be examined from such
critical zones as Texas, the eastern coastal and inland areas and the
southern half of Mexico, assuming the ecological requirements of
each species do not prevent their occurring in the same localities. The
range of variation of the differentiating characters has not been
observed to overlap from species to species, based on the examination

of long series of each species from an area covering most of the
Americas.

Genus Synanthedon Hiibner
Synanthedon arkansasensis n. sp.

figs. 4, 8; map 1
Male: Antenna blue-black, clavate, tufted with scales apically, ciliate ventrally,

ventral side of scape yellow. Proboscis well developed. Labial palpus pale yellow
and smoothly scaled ventrally. Head with vertex blue-black, front mostly blue-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 155

Fig. 6-8. Female genitalia: 6, Melittia calabaza; 7, Carmenta engelhardti;
8, Synanthedon arkansasensis.

156 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

black with white laterally, some pale yellow dorsolaterally beneath scape, occipital
fringe vellow. Thorax blue-black dorsally with 2 subdorsal, longitudinal yellow
bands, a transverse yellow band on posterior margin; mostly yellow ventrally.
Forewing approximately 34 hyaline, dorsally with costal and anal margins, discal
spot, veins and fringe brown-black, with orange or yellow-orange on wing apex
between veins and often outlining discal spot. Forewing ventrally powdered with
orange or yellow-orange on veins and in apical region between veins. Hindwing
hyaline except for brown-black on veins and fringe with some orange powdered
on costal margin. Prothoracic leg laterally with coxa mostly yellow with blue-
black on mesal margin, femur blue-black, tibia and tarsi yellow, mesally all legs
mostly yellow. Mesothoracic leg with coxa and femur blue-black, tibia yellow
with blue-black at spurs, and tarsi yellow ventrally, blue-black dorsally.
Metathoracie leg with coxa and femur blue-black, tibia blue-black dorsolaterally,
yellow ventrally and at spurs, tarsi blue-black dorsally, yellow ventrally and in
ring around distal end of first and fifth segments. Abdomen and anal tuft mostly
blue-black, dorsally all segments except first edged posteriorly with yellow;
ventrally all segments except third may be edged posteriorly with yellow, yellow
on edge of anal tuft laterally and on apices of valvi. Male genitalia as in figure 4.
The genitalia are typical of the species included by Engelhardt (1946) in the
genus Ramosia, having the saccular ridge of the valva with a ventrally projecting
area covered with dark scales, beyond which the saccular ridge is naked to the
apex. The medioventral plate of gnathos wide but relatively short. The aedeagus
with small spines apically, minute cornuti on vesica. Wing length of male,
7-9 mm.

Female: Antenna as for male but lacking ventral cilia. Maculation as for male
except forewing powdered orange on veins basad of discal cell; hindwing
powdered orange along costal margin and wing fringe; abdominal bands of
yellow wider than on male; anal tuft mostly yellow with blue-black laterally and
medially. Female genitalia as in figure 8. Ductus bursae elongate, slender and
sclerotized on posterior % to %. Ductus seminalis arises from sclerotized

portion of ductus bursae slightly posterior to membraneous portion. Wing length
of female, 7-10 mm.

Host: Unknown.

Distribution (map 1): Present records are from Missouri, Arkansas,
Mississippi, Alabama, panhandle region of Florida, Georgia, coastal
North and South Carolina, and New Jersey.

Types: Holotype, ¢, Devil’s Den St. Pk., Washington Co., Arkansas,
17-VII-1966, R. W. Hodges, (USNM No. 72382). Fourteen paratypes
with same locality and collector as holotype; 1 2, 8-VI-1966, 1 3,
3-VII-1966, 1 2, 5-VII-1966, 1 4 2 2, 7-VII-1966, 2 3 1 2,
9-VII-1966, and 1 ¢, 13-VII-1966; all deposited in the USNM. Para-
types: 1 6, 4-VI-1966, 1 ¢ 1 2, 6-VII-1966, and 1 2, 9-VII-1966
are deposited in the collection of the University of Arkansas, Fayette-
ville. One é paratype: Wrangle Brook Rd., Lakehurst, N. J., 25
July, 1955, J. G. Franclemont, is deposited in the collection of Dr. qi
G. Franclemont, Ithaca, New York.

Discussion: Most, if not all, of the specimens of this species studied

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 157

were collected at light. Although sesiids are generally considered to
be diurnal or crepuscular in adult activity periods, the consistency
with which a few species, including S. arkansasensis, are captured at
lights suggests that they may be primarily nocturnal in habits.

Synanthedon canadensis n. sp.
fig. 5; map 1

Male: Antenna dorsally powdered pale yellow for entire length, clavate, ciliate
ventrally, with scale tuft apically. Proboscis well developed. Labial palpus
roughened ventrally, brown-black dorsally and laterally, yellow-orange ventrally
and mesally. Head with vertex blue-black, front blue-black with white laterally,
occipital fringe dorsally black mixed with yellow or yellow-orange, dorsolaterally
yellow or yellow-orange becoming white ventrolaterally. Thorax dorsally blue-
black apparently without lighter scaling, ventrolaterally with orange spot anterior
on mesothorax and pale yellow posterior to spot. Wings mostly hyaline with
blue-black on veins. Forewing dorsally with apical area dull orange between
veins, discal spot and costal margin blue-black; ventrally with apical area, costal
margin and fringe powdered dull orange. Hindwing ventrally with costal margin
and fringe powdered dull orange. Prothoracic leg with coxa mostly white, tinted
pale yellow ventrad, femur and tibia pale yellow ventrally, blue-black dorsally,
tarsi pale yellow. Mesothoracic leg with coxa white, femur blue-black, tibia
blue-black except for white medial tuft and white tuft around spurs, tarsi mostly
yellow-orange, blue-black dorsally. Metathoracic leg with coxa black basally,
white apically, femur blue-black, tibia blue-black with much white in tufts
around medial and apical spurs, tarsi yellow-orange with blue-black dorsally.
Abdomen entirely blue-black dorsally, orange with white on posterior half
ventrally, anal tuft orange except medio-basally. Male genitalia as in figure 5.
Saccular ridge of valva very wide, nearly straight, edge lined with short, dark,
simple scales. Wing length of male, 7-8 mm.

Female: Unknown.

Distribution (map 1): Present records from Alberta, Canada.

Type: Holotype: é, Waterton, Alberta, 10-VII-1923, H. Strickland,
T.D.E. slide no. 76021, (USNM No. 72381), deposited in the USNM.
One paratype: ¢, Banff, Alberta, 27-VII-1935, A. L. Melander, de-
posited in the collection of the University of California, Riverside.

Discussion: On the basis of the form of the saccular ridge, S.
canadensis resembles those species considered by Engelhardt (1946)
to be in the genus Thamnosphecia Spuler. In our current revisionary
studies of the family Sesiidae, we treat Thamnosphecia as a synonym
of Synanthedon.

S. canadensis is known only from the type series of 2 males, both
only in fair condition. The species superficially resembles the female
of Synanthedon richardsi (Engelhardt) from the eastern United States.
The males of S. richardsi have orange on the anal tuft restricted to the
base, and the antennae of both sexes of S. richardsi have pale yellow,
when present, only near the apices. Additionally, the tibia of the

158 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

metathoracic leg of S. richardsi is mostly yellow, whereas in S.
canadensis the tibia are blue-black ringed with white tufts.
Synanthedon fulvipes (Harris) occurs in Alberta and also resembles
S. canadensis; however, the orange anal tuft of S. canadensis easily
distinguishes it from S. fulvipes and a few other species with which
it might be confused.

Synanthedon dominicki n. sp.
fig. 1; map 1

Male: Antenna blue-black, spotted white near apex, clavate, tufted with scales
apically and ciliate ventrally. Proboscis well developed. Labial palpus smoothly
sealed, orange with brown-black apically and in narrow band dorsally. Head
with vertex blue-black, front blue-black, occipital fringe orange. Thorax dorsally
blue-black with subdorsal, longitudinal, orange stripe, orange ventrally. Forewing
nearly 24 hyaline with brown-black on costal margin, broad discal spot, strongly
diffused in apical area, some yellow ventrally toward wing base. Hindwing
hyaline except for brown-black on fringe and narrow discal spot. Legs mostly
blue-black except for orange on epiphysis of prothoracic leg and some white
on mesal surface of the tibiae and ventrally on tarsi. Abdomen blue-black
except for some pale orange powdering ventrally on segments 4-7, anal tuft
mostly orange-red except for blue-black on basal % dorsally. Exposed portions
of genitalia also orange-red with keel of orange-red scales ventrad. Male genitalia
as in figure 1. Wing length of male, 8 mm.

Female: Unknown.

Host: Unknown.

Distribution (map 1): South Carolina.

Type: Holotype: ¢, Wedge Plantation, South Santee River,
Charleston Co., S. C., March 27, 1967, Douglas C. Ferguson, T.D.E.
slide no, 76089, (USNM No. 72383), deposited in the USNM.

Discussion: This species is known only from the male holotype.
We take pleasure in dedicating this species to Dr. Richard B.
Dominick. It was on Dr. Dominick’s plantation where his guest, Dr.
Ferguson, collected the specimen at black light. More significantly,
Dr. Dominick is contributing to the study of Lepidoptera as one of
the prime movers behind the production of The Moths of America
North of Mexico, for which series we are currently preparing the
manuscript of the Sesiidae, Fascicle 5b.

Genus Carmenta Hy. Edwards
Carmenta engelhardti n. sp.

figs. 2, 7; map 1

Male: Antenna blue-black with apical scale tuft, clavate, ciliate ventrally.
Proboscis well developed. Labial palpus smoothly scaled ventrally, white basally,
brown-black dorsolaterally on apical half, pale yellow ventrally and mesally. Head
with vertex blue-black, front gray-black with white laterally, occipital fringe
dorsally pale yellow becoming white lateroventrally. Thorax dorsally blue-black

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 159

with subdorsal, narrow, longitudinal, yellow stripes, sublaterally with large
patches of pale yellow. Wings mostly hyaline, blue-black on wing margins,
veins, discal spot and apical area, slightly powdered with yellow on some veins,
between veins in apical area and in small patch on distal margin of discal spot,
yellow more extensive ventrad on wings. Wing fringe blue-black and tipped
with white especially on hindwings. Prothoracic leg with coxa white and blue-
black, femur blue-black laterally, white mesally, tibia black and white dorsally,
pale yellow ventrally, tarsi white at joints and ventrally, black dorsally. Meso-
thoracic leg mostly blue-black with white mesally on femur and basal 1/2 of
tibia, white band at tibial spurs, tarsi white ventrally and around joints. Meta-
thoracic leg blue-black and white mesally on femur, banded white at tibial
spurs, white ventrally and at joints on tarsi. Abdomen and anal tuft blue-black
with weak, pale yellow bands on posterior margin of segments two and four.
Male genitalia as in figure 2. The presence of a spine projecting from the ventral
margin of the valva is a unique structure in the North American Sesiidae.
Saccular ridge at its apex sharply recurved and continued to ventral margin of
valva. Wing length of male, 8-9 mm.

Female: Antenna as for male but lacking ventral cilia. Maculation as for
male, occasionally coxa of prothoracic leg slightly tinted with pale yellow on
the white. Female genitalia as in figure 7. Ductus bursae somewhat atypical of
Carmenta species in that it is very weakly sclerotized and expanded from origin
of ductus seminalis to corpus bursae. Wing length of female, 8 mm.

Host: Unknown.

Distribution (map 1): Presently known from Arizona and New
Mexico.

Types: Holotype: ¢, Garden Canyon, 5300 ft., Huachuca Mts.,
Cochise Co., Arizona, 14—VIII-1969, R. R. Snelling, T.D.E. slide no.
75975, deposited in the Los Angeles County Museum (Natural
History ), California. Two paratypes: 1 ¢, Skeleton Canyon, 5400 ft.,
Hidalgo Co., New Mexico, 12-VIII-1965, G. Ballmer, deposited in
the collection of the University of California, Riverside; and 1 2°,
floor of Carr Canyon, 5400 ft., Huachuca Mts., Cochise Co., Arizona,
8-9.VIII.1952, H. B. Leech and J. W. Green, deposited in the Cali-
fornia Academy of Natural Sciences, San Francisco.

Discussion: This species superficially resembles several species of
Carmenta and Synanthedon, and an examination of the genitalia may
be necessary for positive identification. The species is named for
George P. Engelhardt, who devoted more than 40 years of his life
to the study of the clearwing moths of North America.

REFERENCES

Beutenmiiller, W. 1901. VI. Monograph of the Sesiidae of America, North of
Mexico. Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1:217-315.

Engelhardt, G. P. 1946. The North American Clear-Wing Moths of the family
Aegeriidae. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus. 190:1-222.

160 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

NOTES ON THE GROWTH OF TAXONOMIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE
PSOCOPTERA AND ON THE GRAMMAR OF THE
NOMENCLATURE OF THE ORDER

GrorcE C. STEYSKAL
Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA,
c/o U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560

\BSTRACT—A growth curve is plotted for the accumulation of species de-
scriptions in the Psocoptera, resulting in an indication that about half the total
number of extant species has been described. The number of species per genus
is also plotted against the number of genera with each number of species. The
average number of species per genus is 8.27. The grammar of the nomenclature
of the latest general catalog is discussed.

The data in the world catalogue of the Psocoptera by Smithers
(1967) were made the subject of a trend curve analysis according to a
method I have described (Steyskal, 1965), whereby an attempt is
made to gain an insight by statistical means into the relative complete-
ness of our knowledge of the existing species of a taxonomic group.
I have shown that when a group is well known, that is, when the
primary work of species description is nearly completed, the plotting
of accumulated numbers of presently valid species against periods of
years (decades) within which the species were described will usually
yield a smooth sigmoid curve. Many groups of insects, when thus
analyzed, give a smooth curve, but one that is only the lower 1/2 of
a sigma. This may be taken to indicate that the rate of species de-
scription has not begun to slacken, and that many species (very
roughly 1/2 of those extant) remain undescribed. The larger the
group analyzed the smoother is the resulting curve. The Psocoptera,
with a total of 1565 recent species described and held valid in 1965,
are of a size that may be expected to produce a good curve, one with
no dots far from a smoothly curved line.

Starting with the 2 species described by Linnaeus in 1758, the
Psocoptera give the curve shown in Figure 1, one that is smooth but
far from sigmoid. It is evident therefrom that species description has
not yet definitely passed midpoint, beyond which, as shown by the
extrapolated broken line, the curve should start to turn to the right
as accumulated numbers of species lessen. The extrapolated curve
may be considered minimal, inasmuch as one of the effects of the
publication of a catalogue is often that of increased taxonomic
activity. It is not at all surprising that the alpha taxonomy of insects
as delicate and inconspicuous as the Psocoptera should have been so
slow in gaining impetus. Even the workers most familiar with any
particular group cannot with any degree of exactness tell at what

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 161

2250

ACCUMULATED NUMBER OF SPECIES

° °
1800 DATE 1900

NUMBER OF GENERA

NUMBER OF SPECIES IN GENUS

Fig. 1. Trend curve of the rate of species description in the recent Psocoptera.
The number of species is given at the upper end of the curve; the bottom line
(decades) begins with 1758, then 1760 and succeeding decades, with the zeroes
at 1800 and 1900. Fig. 2. Species-per-genus curve for recent Psocoptera.

point the progress of their group stands, and only an analysis such
as this will give a firm basis for its expression.

Another analysis, one first suggested by Willis (1922), deals with
the number of species per genus. This matter was also briefly treated

162 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

by me (Steyskal, 1946). The numbers of species per genus plotted
against the numbers of genera including each number of species
vields a characteristic ‘hollow curve’ that has so far not been explained.
Analysis of several groups in this manner shows that moderately large
eroups (families, orders) have many monotypic genera (those includ-
ing but one species) and but 1 or few very large genera. The number
of monotypic genera is often very roughly equal to the number of
species in the largest genus. The number of species per genus as an
arithmetic mean will vary from about 6 to 12, but very few genera are
found to be of average size. Smith (1956) also gave averages for a
number of groups of animals, reporting an average of 4 species per
genus in 584 genera of insects.

The species-per-genus curve for recent Psocoptera is shown in
Figure 2. The numbers of species per genus, followed in parentheses
by the number of genera including each number of species are: 1
(66), 2 (24), 3 (23), 4 (7), 5 (9), 6 (7), 7 (10), 8 (3) aaa
10 (4), 11 (3), 12 (2), 18 (2), 14 (2), 15 (1), 16 (yee
19 (2), 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 33, 34 (1 each), 35 (2), 34 45
(1 each), 56 (2), 61, 118, 204 (1 each). The average number of
species per genus is 8.27. If any conclusion may be drawn from this,
it is that a few genera are too large.

The nomenclatural grammar of Smithers’ catalogue is better than
that of many recent works, but in the interest of maximum accuracy
in a work as important as a general catalogue, the following notes
are offered.

1. Generic names formed with the ending -opsis, according to the
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (herein after referred
to as “the Code”), Article 30.a.i. are of feminine gender. Therefore,
the names Seopsis, Sphaeropsocopsis, Epipsocopsis, Amphipsocopsis,
Ectopsocopsis, and Neopsocopsis should be feminine, and several
species-names should be altered as follows: Seopsis pavonia and S.
termitophila (p. 20); Sphaeropsocopsis argentina (p. 30); Epipsocopsis
spatulata (p. 31); Amphipsocopsis surculosa (p. 54); Ectopsocopsis
annulata, E. aneura, E. mozambica, E. spathulata (p. 63); Neopsoc-
opsis pyrenaica (p. 95). The species-name pavonius is not classical,
but it may be considered a Neo-Latin adjective derived from the
noun pavo in a manner analogous to that of classical praedonius (from
praedo) and phrygionius (from phrygio).

2. The following generic names are properly of the gender in-

dicated and the species-names should be changed to the form shown
below:

Thylax, m. (classical proper noun); T. fimbriatus (p. 3):
Nepticulomima, f.; N. chrysomelaena (p. 4). The form chrysomelas
“golden-black’ is masculine.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 163

Pteroxanium, n.; P. funebre (p. 9).

Psocatropos (Psocus + Atropos), f.; P. floridana (p. 14).

Paramphientomum, n.; P. tristigatum (p. 19).

Embidopsocus, m.; E. oleaginus (p. 23). The word oleaginus is a
classical variant of oleagineus or oleaginius.

Neurosema (from Greek séma), n.; N. apicale (p. 35).

Mepleres, m.; M. solitarius (p. 50).

Cladioneura, f.,; C. coriacea (p. 72).

Archipsocus, m.; A. aneurus (p. 76).

Palmicola (see the Code, Art. 30.a.i.2, examples), m.; P. solitarius
(p. 82).

Psocus triangulum (p. 87). The species-name triangulum is a classi-
cal alternative form of triangulus and is a noun in apposition; it
therefore should not be changed to triangulus.

Hexacyrtoma (from Greek kyrtéma), n.; H. capense (p. 88).

Blaste, f.; B. lithina (p. 93).

Steleops, m.; S. pedunculatus (p. 114). Because the original author
did not make an indication of the gender of Steleops (see the Code,
Art. 30.a.i.2), the gender must be masculine, regardless of what its
author or anyone else may have done later.

Trichadenotecnum, n.; T. trigonosceneum (p. 117). The species-
name is evidently derived from Greek skéné, and with the final -ea
it must be an adjective. Compare the genus-name Anopistoscena,
also by Enderlein, wherein the final eta has been changed in the
classical transcriptional manner to a.

Thyrsopsocus, m.; T. pulcher (p. 119).

Phlotodes, m.; P. corticosus, P. lichenosus, P. lyriifer (p. 122). For
the reason given above under Steleops, this genus-name must be
masculine. It would seem that the species-name lyriifer ought to be
lyrifer, but there are no rules in the Code for such a change. The
species-name longigena, incidentally, may be considered a
compound noun in apposition, formed with the noun gena.

3. The following family-group names require correction:

Prionoglaridae to Prionoglarididae (p. 16). The genitive of Priono-
glaris (from Greek glaris ‘chisel’) is prionoglaridis.

Plaumannidae to Plaumanniidae (p. 21).

Neurostigminae to Neurostigmatinae (p. 31). The genitive of
Neurostigma is neurostigmatis.

Kolbeinae to Kolbiinae (p. 57). See Kolbia, below.

4. Miscellaneous errors:

Stigmatopathus horvarthi (p. 20) should be S. horvathi (originally
written with an accent mark: horvathi).
Kolbia Bertkau (p. 57) was needlessly and invalidly emended to

164 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

Kolbea by Enderlein. The original spelling should be preserved
and the subfamily-name based upon it should be Kolbiinae.

Pearmania usambarana (Enderlein) is the correct citation (p. 105)
because Badonnel, although he used “n. sp.,” did cite the Enderlein
name and merely changed the status of the variety to species and
described it in further detail.

5. The following notes, not calling for changes, are added by way
of comment only:

Caecilius nigroticta (p. 44) is probably an error for C. nigrotinctus,
but in the lack of a statement regarding its derivation in the original
publication there is the possibility that it could be based upon a
putative noun ficta. It should be considered a noun in apposition,
as it apparently has been.

Kilauella criniger (p. 81). Names in -ger are sometimes, as in this
case and in the classical word armiger, considered nouns.

Valenzuela, m. (p. 124) . This genus-name is dedicated to a man, En
Rafel Valenzuela, and therefore, in spite of its appearance, is
masculine in gender, as its author treated it in making the name
of its type-species V. marianus.

REFERENCES

Smith, P. W. 1956. The number of species per genus in different animal classes
in Illinois. Ill. Acad. Sci. Trans. 49: 165-171.

Smithers, C. N. 1967. A catalogue of the Psocoptera of the World. Australian
Zoologist. 14 (1): 1-145.

Steyskal, G. C. 1946. The number of species in a genus. Entomol. News. 57:
57-58.

1965. Trend curves of the rate of species description in zoology.

Science. 149 (3686): 880-882.

Willis, J. C. 1922. Age and area. Cambridge Univ. Press.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 165

A NEW SPECIES OF ACROBASIS FROM THE TRANS-PECOS
REGION OF TEXAS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)'

H. H. NeEunzic

Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina 27607

ABSTRACT—Acrobasis blanchardorum, n. sp., is described from west Texas
where it has been collected at elevations of approximately 5,000 to 7,000 ft. This
species appears to be most closely related to Acrobasis minimella Ragonot.

This paper provides a name for a new species of Acrobasis, so that
it can be included by A. and M. E. Blanchard in an annotated list of
the moths of Texas.

I wish to express my thanks to the Blanchards for the opportunity
to examine this material, and for permission to describe the following
new species.

Acrobasis blanchardorum, new species
fig. 1-6

Wing expanse 18-21 mm.

Head usually reddish brown, varying from pale brown to reddish brown suf-
fused with purple. Labial palpi reddish brown, or reddish brown with black,
becoming white on inner surfaces and at basal 1/5. Basal segment of antenna
fuscous and reddish brown.

Collar reddish brown to pale brown. Dorsum of thorax fuscous with pale
brown and/or reddish-brown scales. No sex-scaling on thorax.

Primaries fuscous, conspicuously irrorate with white, white concentrated on
basal area near raised-scale ridge and extending anteriorly to costa, on median
area, and in terminal area beyond subterminal line; basal area with brownish-red
scales anteriorly and medially, and ochreous patch near posterior margin; ante-
medial line obscure; a black, or black and reddish brown, triangular costal patch
following antemedial line; raised-scale ridge distinct reddish brown (with some
black scales in a few specimens, but reddish-brown scales predominating); area
between scale ridge and antemedial line ochreous; discal spots usually distinct;
subterminal line distinct at costa becoming indistinct elsewhere; scattered, some-
what obscure, reddish-brown scales between subterminal line and whitish terminal
area and below discal spots; undersurface of male with sex-scaling consisting of
long black streak just below costa which is covered for about 1/3 of its length
at base with yellowish-white to white scales. Secondaries pale smoky fuscous;
undersurface of male with sex-scaling consisting of long black streak just below
costa.

Male genitalia with gnathos terminating in simple hook; transtilla with posterior

1 Paper no. 3734 of the Joust Series of the North Carolina State University
Experiment Station, Raleigh.

=
166 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

Fig. 1, 2. Acrobasis blanchardorum. 1, male (holotype). 2, female.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 167

Fig. 3-6. Acrobasis blanchardorum. 3, 4, male genitalia. 5, female genitalia.
6, enlarged portion of inner wall of corpus showing a few of the inwardly pro-
jecting spines.

terminal margins rounded and distinctly concave; anellus a U-shaped _ plate;
aedeagus simple.

Female genitalia with ductus bursae elongate, membranous, and minutely
scobinate near union with corpus; corpus bursae with 2 distinct groups of 30-40

168 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

small inwardly projecting spines and numerous minute scobinations covering
about 1/2 of the corpus and surrounding a single signum.

Holotype: Sierra Diablo Wildlife Management Area, 6000’, Culber-
son Co.. Texas, ¢, 5-VI-69, A. & M. E. Blanchard, USNM type no.
72179, é genitalia slide HHN 168; in the United States National
Museum (USNM).

Paratypes: TEXAS: Sierra Diablo Wildlife Management Area, 6000’,
Culberson Co., 5 4,3 2, 5-VI-69, A. & M. E. Blanchard. Guadalupe
Mts., Nickel Creek, 5000’, 1 ¢, 10-VII-68, A. & M. E. Blanchard.
Davis Mountains, Mount Locke, 6700’, 1 ¢, 4-VII-69, A. & M. E.
Blanchard. Davis Mountains, 5 mi. SE Livermore, 6000’, 1 2, 29-
VIII-70, A. & M. E. Blanchard.

The paratypes have been deposited as follows: 1 ¢, 2 2, from Sierra
Diablo in the USNM; 1 ¢ from Sierra Diablo and 1 ? from Davis
Mountains, Livermore, in the North Carolina State University
Museum; remaining paratypes in the collection of A. Blanchard.

Larval Host: Unknown.

Distribution: Presently known only from the Trans-Pecos Region of
Texas. Collected at elevations of 5000-6700 feet.

Discussion: Acrobasis blanchardorum appears to be most closely
related to Acrobasis minimella Ragonot. Both A. blanchardorum and
A. minimella have a raised-scale ridge on the primaries and a gnathos
with its apical process a simple hook. This is a combination of char-
acters previously recorded, in the North American species of
Acrobasis, only for A. minimella. All other known species of the genus,
in North America, either have smooth primaries and a gnathos with
the apical process a simple hook, or they possess a raised-scale ridge
on the primaries and a gnathos with the apical process trifurcate.

In addition, the location and amount of male sex-scaling is similar
in A. blanchardorum and A. minimella, and the presence of distinct
groups of inwardly projecting spines on the female corpus bursae is
common to both species.

Acrobasis blanchardorum, can be most easily distinguished from
A. minimella on the basis of size and coloration. Acrobasis blanchar-
dorum is larger (A. minimella has a wing expanse of only 13-16 mm)
and is, in general, much lighter in color than A. minimella (white
scaling is very evident on A. blanchardorum and obscure on A.
minimella. Also, the raised-scale ridge of A. blanchardorum is reddish
brown, or predominately reddish brown, and the scale ridge of A.
minimella is black).

Differences in genitalia between the 2 species appear to be slight.
With the male genitalia, the lateral arms of the gnathos of A. minimella
are uniformly stout with the basal posteriorly projecting elements
short. Acrobasis blanchardorum has the lateral arms of the gnathos

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 169

becoming more slender basally and the posteriorly projecting elements
more elongate. Also the posterior margins of the transtilla are more
angulate in A. minimella than in A. blanchardorum.

No differences have been detected in the female genitalia.

Acrobasis minimella occurs from New Jersey south to Florida and
west to east Texas. It has not been collected in the Trans-Pecos
Region of Texas where A. blanchardorum is present.

Acrobasis blanchardorum is named after Andre and M. E. Blanchard
who collected the species.

CECIDOMYITIDAE FROM MEXICAN TERTIARY AMBER (DIPTERA)

RAYMOND J. GAGNE

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service,
USDA, c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560

ABSTRACT—Nine species of Cecidomyiidae from Tertiary Mexican amber are
found to belong in or near extant genera and, in some cases, to be close to or
indistinguishable from extant species.

This report is based on 12 cecidomyiids preserved in 11 pieces of
Mexican amber, dated Upper Oligocene to Lower Miocene, and in-
cludes the first fossil adult records of the supertribe Cecidomyiidi.
Some of the specimens are close to extant species, and all can be
referred at least questionably to extant genera. Although the sample
is very small, there is nothing to indicate that the cecidomyiid fauna
of ca. 30 million years ago was generically different from today’s:
present were Contarinia, one of the largest extant cecidomyiid genera
which contains closely host-specific gall-makers, the predaceous Lesto-
diplosis, the selectively mycophagous Clinodiplosis and Bremia, and
a porricondyline of the tribe Heteropezini, all recent species of which
exhibit paedogenesis.

Although 3 of the species listed here are new, in the sense that they
are unlike extant species known to me, I think there would be no
advantage in describing them formally. Naming them would tell us
no more than we already know and would require detailed future

I wish to thank Dr. Joseph H. Peck, Jr., of the Department of Paleontology,
University of California, Berkeley, for the loan of the specimens, and all those
who acquired, prepared, or made available these fossils for study. The specimens
are deposited in the University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley,

California.

170 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

comparison between these imperfect specimens (as are most fossils)
and subsequent finds, not only fossil but recent.

Lestremiinae
? Monardia sp.

This male specimen is probably a Monardia but the genitalia are covered on 1
side by an air bubble caught between the wings and abdomen and on the other
by an inclusion. The head, wings, and legs are in excellent condition, the last
with most of its setae and scales intact.

Upper Oligocene to Lower Miocene. U. C. Mus. Paleo. No. 13001, loc. B—7456,
purchased in Chiapas area, Chiapas, Mexico.

Porricondylinae
Heteropezini
? Henria sp.

Although 4 male specimens fr6m 4 pieces of amber belong here, a few details
needed for generic separation are not visible, viz. the eyes, palpi, and extra-setal
antennal sensoria. The species definitely fits within the tribe Heteropezini,
members of which exhibit paedogenesis. This species has 11 flagellomeres, 5-
segmented tarsi with ratios of each segment to first about: 1.0, 1.8, 1.1, 1.0, and
1.5. The wing is narrow, pointed apically, and surrounded by a long fringe of
setae; R5 reaches the costa at the wing apex. The genitalia are simple: the lobes
of tergum IX are triangular, setose; the edge of the ventral plate is concave
except for a small, medial triangular projection; and the telomeres are cylindrical,
rounded apically, untoothed.

Upper Oligocene to Lower Miocene. U. C. Mus. Paleo. Nos. 12819, 12821, loc.
B-5100, collected from sandstone blocks at base of Las Cruces slide, ca. 23 km.
e.-se. Simojovel; No. 12954, loc. B-7453, Santa Lucia; and No. 12959, loc.
B-7454, Simojovel, Chiapas, Mexico.

Cecidomyiinae
Oligotrophidi
Phaenolauthia (s.1.) sp.

This female is placed in Phaenolauthia sensu lato; when the generic limits of
recent species are agreed upon, it may be placed more precisely. The antenna
has 9 pyriform flagellomeres, the short R5 wing vein lies close to the costa and
the 2 veins join anteriad of the wing apex, the small claws are abruptly curved
at about 1/3 the distance from the base, and the short, telescoped abdomen is
terminated by 2 bilaterally flattened cerci. This specimen is in the same piece
of amber as the specimen of Contarinia sp. below.

Date unknown; possibly within the range of the other pieces of amber treated
here, i.e., late Oligocene to early Miocene. U. C. Mus. Paleo. No. 12617A, exact
loc. unknown, from Simojovel area, Chiapas, Mexico.

Cecidomyiidi
Contarinia sp.
This female specimen is a typical Contarinia.

Date unknown; possibly Upper Oligocene to Late Miocene. U. C. Mus. Paleo.
No. 12617B, exact loc. unknown, from Simojovel area, Chiapas, Mexico.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 171

Lestodiplosis sp.

This excellent female specimen is a typical Lestodiplosis: even the blunt setae
of the cerci are visible. It is not possible to separate it from recent Lestodiplosis
females, many of which are themselves indistinguishable from one another.

Date unknown; possibly Upper Oligocene to Later Miocene. U. C. Mus.
Paleo. No. 12616, exact loc. unknown, from Simojovel area, Chiapas, Mexico.

Lestodiplosis (sensu lato) sp.

Details of the genitalia of this male specimen are difficult to see because of
the size of the piece of amber it shares with other insects. The basimeres, telo-
meres, and aedeagus are long and narrow, and the tergum and sternum are short
and rounded, but basimeral lobes are not apparent. The tarsal claws are broadly
curved near midlength and node II of each flagellomere is pear-shaped, as in
Lestodiplosis. The labella are unusually long but the head is not preserved well
enough to see details.

Upper Oligocene to Lower Miocene. U. C. Mus. Paleo. No. 12822, loc.
B-5100, collected from sandstone blocks at base of Las Cruces slide, ca. 23 km.
e.-se. Simojovel, Chiapas, Mexico.

? Lestodiplosis sp.

Although the genitalia are not clear on the male specimen, the outline of the
basimere and telomere, the wings, antennae (of which only the basal flagello-
meres are present), and claws are characteristic of Lestodiplosis.

Upper Oligocene to Lower Miocene, U. C. Mus. Paleo. No. 13000, loc. B—7456,
purchased in Chiapas, Mexico.

Clinodiplosis sp. nr. terrestris (Felt)

The head, wings, legs, and genitalia of this male specimen are exceptionally
well preserved. The only apparent difference between this fossil and Clino-
diplosis terrestris (Felt) [new combination] is the width of the lobes on tergum X
which are wider in terrestris.

Date unknown; possibly Upper Oligocene to Late Miocene. U. C. Mus. Paleo.
No. 12620, exact loc. unknown, from Simojovel area, Chiapas, Mexico.

Bremia sp.

The genitalia of this male specimen are fairly well displayed. Sternum X is
typically elongate and narrow but the aedeagus is shorter, dorsoventrally flattened,
wide for most of its length, and tapers abruptly to a pointed apex. It is unlike
any recent species of which I am aware. Most of the legs, and the wings and
head are well preserved: circumfila I and III of the antennal flagellomeres have
loops that are longer than their respective flagellomeres but the loops of circum-
filum II are very short.

Probably Miocene, U. C. Mus. Paleo. No. 12703, loc. B-5103, Las Cruces slide
Simojovel area, Chiapas, Mexico,

172 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

A NEW NOCTUID FROM ARIZONA (LEPIDOPTERA:
NOCTUIDAE: CUCULLIINAE)

Joun G. FRANCLEMONT
Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850

ABSTRACT—Apsaphida eremna is a new species of noctuid that has been
taken in the mountains of southeastern Arizona. The larva has been reared from
the egg: the accepted food plants were Quercus arizonica Sargent and Quercus
hypoleucoides A, Camus.

The description of this moth has been promised to collectors for
some time. The name is now needed by E. L. Todd because he will
be referring to the species in a forthcoming paper on a group of
moths from Mexico, Central America, and South America.

Apsaphida n. gen.

Type-species: Apsaphida eremna n. sp.

This genus has the facies of Copivaleria and Psaphida, but it differs
by the absence of a “claw” on the apex of the fore tibia. The genus
is probably related to “Paramiana” viridescens Barnes and Mc-
Dunnough and related species. (“P.” viridescens is misplaced in
Paramiana; it lacks the enlarged fore tarsal claws (ungues) that are
present in P. laetabilis (Smith), the type of Paramiana, and in all
related species and genera.) The eyes are strongly lashed in Apsaphida
as in Psaphida and Copivaleria; they are not lashed in viridescens.
The external tympanal structure is the same in all the genera referred
to above, including a raised ridge (nodular sclerite) on the face of the
tympanal membrane. This ridge is strongly tri-crenulate in viridescens
but weakly so in eremna.

Description: Head with frontal area enlarged, projecting outward from vertex
to about level of upper % of eye, then gradually rounded inward to clypeal
region; palpi porrect, slightly ascending, clothed with rough scales and hairlike
scales; proboscis well developed; front clothed with hairlike scales, upper area
of front and vertex clothed with rough, dentate scales; eyes with conspicuous
lashes in front and behind; antennal scape with spreading tuft of narrow scales;
antennae strongly fasciculate in male, in female simple and pubescent. Thorax
rough scaled; patagia with flat dentate scales in front and narrow, feathery
scales behind; tegulae with broad dentate scales in middle and narrow scales on
inner and outer margins; disk of thorax clothed with dentate scales forming
longitudinal crest behind patagia and a double crest, 1 on each side of mid-dorsal
line, on caudal %. Wings with the venation as illustrated; R; short stalked
with Re in the forewing; Ms of hindwing weak; outer margin of both wings
crenulate; general appearance of wings rough, scales tending to curve upward.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 173

Fig. 1-4. Apsaphida eremna Franclemont. 1, paratype, male, Madera Canyon
4880’, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Cruz Co., Arizona, 29 March 1963, J. G.
Franclemont (Franclemont Collection). 2. paratype, female, Madera Canyon
4880’, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Cruz Co., Arizona, 9 April 1963, J. G.
Franclemont (Franclemont Collection). 3. larva, lateral view, Onion Saddle
7600’, Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise Co., Arizona, August 1967, reared from
the egg by G. L. Godfrey. 4. Larva, dorsal view, same individual as figure 3.

Legs with all tarsal segments with 3 well defined rows of well developed, ventral
spines. Abdomen clothed with hair and scales, with dorsal basal tuft and con-
spicuous tufts on the dorsum of the second and third abdominal segments.

Male genitalia as figured; the valves simple with a reduced corona of about
3 spines, no clasper; vesica with 2 groups of cornuti, 1 group of stout spines, few
in number, the other of many fine spines.

Female genitalia as figured; the ductus seminalis from the apex of the bursa
as in “P.” viridescens and Paramiana laetabilis.

Apsaphida eremna n. sp.

A dark gray and black appearing moth with most of the pattern
indicated by white or lighter scales and by black scales. There is
actually a considerable admixture of dark olive green scales which
fade to dark brown. The moth has somewhat the appearance of
Copivaleria grotei, but it may be readily separated from that species
by the absence of a fore tibial claw and the arrangement of the spines
on the tarsi; in grotei they are dense and irregular, and in the present
species they are in 3 regular rows.

Description: Male. Head with palpi black on the outer sides, a few white
scales intermixed; vestiture of front and vertex mostly of dark gray and olive
scales with white and with a few black scales intermixed. Thoracic vestiture
much like that of head in general aspect; patagia with band of broad, white
tipped, olive scales; tegulae black with central grayish white area; disk of
thorax grayish white. Forewings appearing dark gray, almost black, with lighter

174 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

Fig. 5, 6. Apsaphida eremna. 5. Outline of lateral view of head, proboscis
omitted. 6. Venation of forewing and hindwing.

gray and white and black scales delineating the somewhat ill-defined pattern, a
great part of scales actually dark olive green; basal line indicated as double
black line with lighter filling; t. a. line angled obliquely outward from costa to
inner margin, vague, composed of pale lunules, defined on inner side by black
and on outer side by a few black scales; t. p. line curved outward from costa,
then inward to submedian fold and then outward to inner margin, defined by
black dots on inner side; subterminal and terminal lines ill-defined; a series of
black terminal dots in interspaces between veins; fringe concolorous, with white
points at ends of veins; orbicular subcircular, indicated by narrow, pale line;
reniform narrow, constricted in middle, defined by pale line; conspicuous patch
of pale scales in tornal area. Hindwings dark gray, darker toward outer margin;
a vague dark discal bar; veins narrowly defined by black scales; terminal line
black; fringe checkered. Abdomen clothed with mixture of black, gray, and white
scales and hairs. Tarsi black, segments with white apical bands. Below, fore-
wings dark gray with vague t. p. line; hindwings white with evident t. p. line,
vague discal bar, and short, dark shade near base of wing in position of t. a.
line, some dark scales along costa and outer margin. Female similar to male,
but often with markings more sharply defined by white; discal bar of hindwing
less evident.
Male genitalia as figured.
Female genitalia as figured.

Type: Male. Madera Canyon 5600’, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa

Cruz Co., Arizona, 29 July 1960, J. G. Franclemont. Genitalia slide
4804. (Franclemont Collection).

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 175

Fig. 7-9. Apsaphida eremna. 7. Male genitalia with aedeagus removed, holo-
type, genitalia slide JGF 4804. 8. Aedeagus of male genitalia, holotype, genitalia
slide JGF 4804. 9. Female genitalia, paratype, Madera Canyon 5600’, Santa
Rita Mountains, Santa Cruz Co., Arizona, 29 July 1960, J. G. Franclemont,
genitalia slide JGF 4805.

Paratypes: Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Cruz Co., Arizona: Madera
Canyon 4880’ and 5600’, 91¢, 40 2, 29 March-30 April, 1963; 49 2,
142, 2 July-8 August, 1959 and 1960, J. G. Franclemont. Chiricahua
Mountains, Cochise Co., Arizona: 4 4, 1 2, Cave Creek 5400’, 2-11
April, 1966; 1 ¢, 12, East Turkey Creek 6400’, 25 July, 1966; 21 ¢,
5 2, Onion Saddle 7600’, 25 June-15 July, 1967. J. G. Franclemont.
Part of these paratypes will be distributed to other collections; 4 are
already in the collection of the United States National Museum of

176 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., voL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

Natural History. The following six paratypes are in the Collection
of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History: 1 ¢, Madera
Canvon. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, July 19-20, 1955, J. A.
Comstock; 1 ¢, Miller Canyon, Old Palmerlee, Huachuca Mountains,
Cochise Co., Arizona, July 23-24, 1955, J. A. Comstock; 2 4, 2 2,
Upper Camp Ground, Pinery Canyon [7000’], Chiricahua Mountains,
Cochise Co., July 5-9, 1956, Lloyd M. Martin, John A. Comstock,
William A. Rees.

Larva: Light apple green with overall pattern of small white dots;
only stigmatal line present, from immediately behind head, complete
to around margin of anal shield, white with pinkish suffusion on first
and second thoracic segments to all pink, more intense on thoracic
segments; spiracles deep pink with pale margins, all included within
stigmatal line; when full grown 32-34 mm long. The larvae were
reared by George L. Godfrey from eggs obtained from females taken
at light at Onion Saddle 7600’, Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise Co.,
Arizona, in mid July of 1967. The larvae accepted Quercus arizonica
Sargent and Quercus hypoleucoides A. Camus, but the latter appeared
to be preferred; it is the oak upon which the larva was resting when
photographed.

In the 2 locations where I have collected the moth there are 2
flight periods, 1 in early spring and a second in early to middle
summer,

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The collecting in Arizona in 1960 was supported by Grant No. 303, Johnson
Fund, American Philosophical Society, and in 1963 by Grant No. 3339, Penrose
Fund, American Philosophical, Society. The rearing of lepidopterous larvae in
Arizona in 1967 was supported by U.S.D.A.-ARS Grant No. 12—14—100-8031(33).
The genitalia drawings are by Mrs. Linda Lai; the other drawings and the photo-
graphs are by the author. The photographs of the larvae are copies of Koda-
chrome slides. I wish to express my appreciation to Robert E. Dietz, IV, and
George L. Godfrey for their assistance during the summers of 1966 and 1967
respectively.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 177

PSEUDOSTILOBEZZIA, A NEW GENUS OF BITING MIDGE FROM
VIET NAM (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE)

Wiu.is W. WIirtH

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service,
USDA, c/o U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560

NreHAN CHANTHAWANICH RATANAWORABHAN?+
Applied Scientific Research Corporation, Bangkok, Thailand

ABSTRACT—Pseudostilobezzia maceclurei, new genus and new species, are
described from Viet Nam. The genus is closely related to Stilobezzia in the tribe
Stilobezziini.

In the course of our revisionary study of the genera of
Ceratopogonidae of the world, we found in the collections of the U. S.
National Museum a specimen from Viet Nam which represents a new
genus closely related to Stilobezzia Kieffer in the tribe Stilobezziini.
The Oriental species of Stilobezzia were recently revised by Das
Gupta and Wirth (1968) to whom the reader is referred for a full
explanation of terminology.

Genus Pseudostilobezzia Wirth and Ratanaworabhan, new genus

Type-species, Pseudostilobezzia macclurei Wirth and Ratanaworabhan, new species.

Diagnosis (female): A moderately small, slender midge with unmarked legs
and wings. Eyes (fig. 1g) separated by space equal to diameter of 1 facet; with
fine interfacetal pubescence. Interocular space with transverse suture, below
this a moderately long seta. Antenna (fig. la) moderately long and slender,
proximal flagellar segments slightly fusiform, distal segments moderately
elongated. Palpus (fig. 1b) slender, five-segmented; third segment bearing
several elongate hyaline sensilla in small, round, sensory pit. Proboscis (fig. 1g)
moderately elongate; mandible (fig. le) with 8 moderately strong teeth. Thorax
moderately elongate, mesonotum moderately convex cephalad, without anterior
spine or tubercle. Legs (fig. 1i) slender, vestiture of inconspicuous hairs; femora
unarmed; fore tibia slightly swollen distally; hind tibial comb (fig. lh) with
7 spines. Tarsi (fig. 1j) slender, without strong ventral spines; fourth tarsomeres
cordiform; fifth unarmed ventrally. Claws (fig. 1k) large and moderately unequal
on fore leg; small and equal on mid and hind legs; claws slender with sharp tips.
Wing (fig. lc) with coarse microtrichia; macrotrichia absent. Two radial cells,
the first rhomboidal as typical for Stilobezzia; second elongate, well formed, 3.9
as long as first; costa moderately elongate, extending to 0.76 of wing length; r-m
crossvein moderately elongate, nearly perpendicular to axis of wing; medial fork
with short petiole, vein M2 faint at base. Abdomen (fig. 1f) moderately stout;
genital opening flanked by pair of short, rounded lobes. Two large, ovoid,

1 Acknowledgment is gratefully made to the Southeast Asia Treaty Organi-
zation of Bangkok for financial assistance for study at the U. S. National Museum.

178 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, yuNE, 1973

i j k :

Fig. 1. Pseudostilobezzia macclurei, female: a, antenna; b, palpus; c, wing;
d, spermathecae; e, mandible; f, abdomen, ventral view; g, head, anterior view;
h, hind tibial comb; i, femora and tibiae, left to right, of hind, mid, and fore legs;
j, tarsi, left to right, of fore, mid, and hind legs; k, fifth tarsomere and claws,
left to right, of hind, mid, and fore legs.

functional spermathecae (fig. 1d) plus a small rudimentary third. Male and
immature stages unknown.

Pseudostilobezzia macclurei Wirth and Ratanaworabhan, new species
fig. 1

Female: Wing length 1.30 mm. A uniformly dark brown species; mesonotum
slightly darker and scutellum paler; halter brownish. Antenna with lengths of
flagellar segments in proportion of 50—30-30-—30-30-30-30-33-56—60-—62-70_-90;
antennal ratio 1.41. Palpal segments with lengths in proportion of 10—23-33-
20-30; third segment with length to breadth ratio 3.3. Legs with proportions
of segments from femur to T5 as 65-65-40-16-6-5-12 on fore leg, 70—-70—46—
16-6-3-6 on mid leg, and 70-72—40-18-7-3-6 on hind leg. Spermathecae
measuring 0.072 by 0.043 mm, 0.057 by 0.036 mm, and 0.019 by 0.014 mm.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 179

Distribution: Viet Nam.

Type: Holotype, female, Dalat, Dralac Prov., Viet Nam, 12-14
November 1959, N. R. Spencer, light trap (Type no. 71178, USNM).

Discussion: Pseudostilobezzia appears to be closely related to
Stilobezzia, subgenus Stilobezzia, as evident from the general appear-
ance, wing venation, head and antennal structure, but differs in the
condition of the tarsi and claws. In females of Stilobezzia the fifth
tarsomeres bear strong ventral spines if the wing lacks macrotrichia
(subgenus Stilobezzia), or if spines are lacking the wing bears
macrotrichia (subgenus Neostilobezzia). In Stilobezzia the female
tarsal claws are large and unequal on all legs, or reduced to a single
long claw with a small basal barb. In the genus Monohelea, which
differs considerably in general features and wing venation from
Pseudostilobezzia, the female tarsal claws are sometimes small and
equal on the fore and mid legs, but are very unequal, or reduced to
a single long claw with a basal barb, on the hind leg.

We are very pleased to name this species in honor of Dr. H. Elliott McClure
of the Migratory Animal Pathological Survey, Bangkok, Thailand, in appreciation
of his long and enthusiastic help and guidance in our studies of Southeast Asian
Ceratopogonidae.

REFERENCE

Das Gupta, S. K., and W. W. Wirth. 1968. Revision of the Oriental Species of
Stilobezzia Kieffer (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 283:
1-149.

STUDIES ON IDIOCERINAE LEAFHOPPERS: X.
IDIOSCOPUS NITIDULUS (WALKER), NEW
COMBINATION (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)

J. MaLponano-CaPpRILEs
Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00708

ABSTRACT—lIdiocerus nitidulus Walker is transferred to the genus Idioscopus
Baker, and the male genitalia are illustrated.

Among specimens recently obtained for study from the Leiden
Museum, The Netherlands, there were some that I suspected to be
Idiocerus nitidulus Walker 1870 because they were collected in Java.
Dr. W. J. Knight at the British Museum (N.H.) kindly agreed to
compare a female and a male with Walker's type. After examining

180 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

Idioscopus nitidulus (Walker), male. 1, genital capsule, lateral view; 2,
aedeagus, caudal view; 3, same, lateral view; 4, style, ventral view; 5, same,
lateral view.

the specimens he reported, “I have compared your female specimens
of Idiocerus nitidulus Walker with the type and although it is a female
and the type is a male they are identical externally”. “The genitalia
of your male are identical although much smaller than the type which
is approximately the same size as your female specimen’.

In my paper on the Indian and Philippine species of Idiocerus
(Maldonado-Capriles 1964) I moved to Idioscopus Baker several
species of the latter. On page 93 I wrote, about Idioscopus incertus
(Baker), “Very close to Idioscopus niveosparsus, perhaps only a sub-
species or an extreme variety”. Idioscopus niveosparsus Lethierry
1889 is very variable in coloration, judging from the many specimens
studied before and the few at hand; this is to be expected of a very
prolific species with such a wide range of distribution. The genitalia
of I. nitidulus are very close to those of I. niveosparsus and I. incertus.
The seventh sternum of the female is similar to that of niveosparsus.
Thus, probably I. nitidulus is also a subspecies or just another extreme
form of niveosparsus. Unfortunately, nitidulus has priority over
niveosparsus. Because I. niveosparsus is of economic importance the
name has been used in many papers and, therefore, a change of name
would cause much inconvenience. Therefore, at the present time I
am only moving nitidulus to the correct genus and leaving the
problem of priority until more evidence, preferably biological, can
be obtained to clearly establish the synonymy. In such event the
name niveosparsus should be conserved.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 181

Idioscopus nitidulus (Walker), new combination
Idiocerus nitidulus Walker 1870. Linn. Soc. London Jour. Zool. 10:322

Study of the male type of this species shows that it properly belongs
in Idioscopus. The genitalia of a specimen labeled J. Sonneveldt,
Makasser, compared with that of the type, are illustrated in figures
1 to 5. A female labeled Tijomas, W. Java, has been also compared
with the type. Both specimens are in the Leiden Museum. This
species runs to I. incertus and I. niveosparsus in my paper of 1964.

REFERENCE

Maldonado-Capriles, J. 1964. Studies on Idiocerinae leafhoppers: II. The Indian
and Philippine species of Idiocerus and the genus Idioscopus (Homoptera:
Cicadellidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 66:89—100.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF ANTS OF THE GENERA TAPINOMA FOERSTER
AND PARATRECHINA MOTSCHOULSKY FROM PUERTO
RICO (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)

Davin R. SMITH

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA,
c/o U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560

ROBERT J. LAVIGNE
Entomology Section, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82070

ABSTRACT—Two new species of ants from Puerto Rico are described, the
worker and male of Tapinoma resenum, n. sp., and each caste of Paratrechina
(Nylanderia) ecisipa, n. sp.

No new species of ants have been described from Puerto Rico since
M. R. Smith (1936) described Prenolepis microps (a species now
placed in the genus Paratrechina). He listed and keyed 66 species of
ants and referred to the previous literature concerning ants of Puerto
Rico. Wolcott (1948) summarized the available information on their
habits, and provided additional locality records.

During a year’s sojourn (1969-1970) in Puerto Rico while working
for the Puerto Rico Nuclear Center, the junior author had the op-
portunity to collect ants, along with other insects, at various localities
around the island. Among the ants collected were 2 species not only
new to Puerto Rico, but so far as we can determine, undescribed.
These species, representing a new Paratrechina and a new Tapinoma,
are described herein.

182 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

Tapinoma rasenum, n. sp.
fig. 1-6

Diagnosis: The vestigial petiolar node, many toothed mandibles, and male
genitalia place this species in the genus Tapinoma. Its large size, coloration, and
long antennal scapes which surpass the posterior border of the head separate this
species from melanocephalum (Fabricius) and litorale Wheeler, the only other
known species of Tapinoma from Puerto Rico, and also from other Tapinoma
species known to us.

Holotype worker: Length, 3.1 mm; head width, 0.63 mm; head length, 0.65
mm; length of antennal scape, 0.65 mm; eye length, 0.1 mm. Head, thorax and
legs pale yellow with head slightly darker; gaster light gray. Moderately shining
with vestiture of moderately appressed white pubescence; without erect hairs
except for row on posterior margin of each segment of gaster and row on anterior
clypeal margin.

Antennal scape surpassing posterior margin of head by distance equal to length
of first 2 funicular segments; antenna 12-segmented. Eye small, its length equal
to % distance between mandibular insertion and eye: 9 facets in greatest
diameter and 6 facets in shortest diameter. Clypeus broadly, circularly, and very
shallowly emarginated on central % of anterior margin. Maxillary palpus long,
6-segmented. Each mandible with 4 large apical teeth and 10 to 12 smaller
basal teeth. Thorax evenly curved in profile, interrupted only by shallow meso-
epinotal depression. Petiole a slender stalk, without dorsal node. Anal slit
ventroapical.

Female: Unknown.

Paratype male: Length, 3.9 mm; head width, including eyes, 0.73 mm; head
length, 0.6 mm; eye length, 0.31 mm; length of antennal scape, 0.6 mm; fore-
wing length, 3.6 mm. Color pale yellow, head slightly darker; gaster pale gray;
genitalia reddish brown; interocellar area black; dorsum of thorax with 2 submesal
light gray longitudinal lines. Moderately shining with vestiture of moderately
appressed whitish pubescence; erect hairs only on clypeus, apical sternite and
genitalia.

Antenna 13-segmented; length of scape equal to first 4% funicular segments;
all funicular segments longer than broad. Each mandible long, with 25 or more
small teeth, all of similar size. Anterior border of clypeus without emargination.
Eyes large, oval, greatly protruding from side of head in frontal view; ocelli large.
No Mayrian furrows. Forewing with radial and cubital cell, no discoidal cell.
Petiole low, stout, without dorsal node. Cerci short. Genitalia prominent; para-
meres separated, each large and rectangular; volsella with triangular lateral flap
with many erect hairs and with 2 spinelike inner processes; penis valve pointed
at apex, ventral margin with 15 long, curved spines. Ninth sternite densely
clothed with hairs, with apical triangular projection at center.

Holotype: Worker, Maricao Forest Reserve, Rte. 120 (K5, H2),
Puerto Rico, 18 March 1970 (R. J. Lavigne), Type No. 72174 in the
United States National Museum (USNM).

Paratypes: All from same nest sample as holotype, 310 workers,
54 males including male described above. In USNM, University of
Wyoming, and University of Puerto Rico, San Juan.

183

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

oe
f)
ce )
a
is

oo

Fig. 1-4. Tapinoma rasenum. 1, worker. 2, worker mandible. 3, worker head,
front view. 4, male; 5, male mandible. 6, male penis valve.

184 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

Habitat: The ants were located on a dead limb of a living tree of
unknown species (3’ hgt.) on the mountainside just over the edge
of an embankment. The ants had established their colony under the
bark of the dead limb apparently by using tunnels and chambers
originally constructed by termites or carpenter ants. The colony was
first discovered during March and workers were collected by pound-
ing on the limb with a steel knife, which elicited an alarm reaction.
Pieces of bark were removed from the limb and chambers containing
winged males, larvae, and pupae, both worker and reproductive, were
uncovered. Eleven large and 3 medium sized workers of Camponotus
ustus Forel were collected from the same chambers as T. rasenum
workers when the nest was examined again on 27 May 1970.

Discussion: There was little variation in the nest sample examined;
the gaster of both the worker and male was pale gray to almost black.

The species name is an arbitrary combination of letters and is to
be treated as a noun.

Paratrechina (Nylanderia) cisipa, n. sp.
fig. 7-12

Diagnosis: The long antenna of P. cisipa resembles that of Paratrechina
(Paratrechina) longicornis (Latreille), but we are placing this species in the
subgenus Nylanderia because of the 6-toothed mandibles and presence of sub-
erect hairs on the antennal scapes and tibiae. It is separated from other species
of Nylanderia by the long antenna, suberect hairs on all surfaces of the antennal
scapes and tibiae, presence of 2 pairs of macrochetae on the pronotum, and the
pale yellow coloration. By these characters it is distinguished from fulva (Mayr),
vividula (Nylander), steinheili (Forel), and microps (M. R. Smith), the only
other species of this subgenus known from Puerto Rico. The large eyes will also
separate cisipa from microps.

Holotype worker: Length, 3.3 mm; head width, 0.6 mm; head length, 0.7 mm;
length of antennal scape, 1.1 mm; eye length, 0.19 mm. Head, thorax and legs
pale yellow, head slightly darker; gaster pale gray, darker than head and thorax.
Shining, with dilute, whitish, appressed pubescence; antennal scape with suberect,
whitish hairs on all surfaces, not bristlelike as other erect hairs of head and
body; macrochetae of head mostly on clypeus, frons and vertex; pronotum with
2 pairs of macrochetae, mesonotum with 2 pairs of macrochetae; each femur with
few macrochetae, mostly on inner surfaces; each tibia with fine, suberect hairs
on all surfaces, similar to those of antennal scapes; macrochetae on gaster rather
evenly distributed on segments.

Antenna 12-segmented; scape long, surpassing posterior margin of head by
nearly 4% its own length. Eye with about 11 facets in greatest diameter, 8 facets
in shortest diameter; separated from mandibular insertion by distance of about

Se ee lEE—E—EE eee
>

Fig. 7-12, Paratrechina (Nylanderia) cisipa, 7, worker. 8, worker mandible.
9, worker head, front view. 10, male. 11, male mandible. 12, male penis valve.

j aes us
— ie

<

ofl

"10

186 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

1% its greatest diameter. Clypeal border entire, not emarginated; each mandible
with 6 teeth; maxillary palpus long, 6-segmented; ocelli distinct. Thorax in
profile with mesonotum and pronotum evenly curved; meso-epinotal depression
distinct. Petiolar node distinct, inclined.

Paratype female: Length, 5.7 mm; head width, 0.8 mm; head length, 0.7 mm;
length of antennal scape, 1.1 mm; eye length, 0.31 mm; eye width, 0.21 mm;
forewing length, 5.5 mm. Mostly pale, dirty yellow to orange with gaster a little
darker than head and thorax and antenna and legs nearly whitish. Faintly shining,
somewhat dulled by appressed whitish pubescence. Bristlelike macrochetae
absent. Suberect hairs present on all surfaces of each antennal scape and tibia;
longer erect hairs moderately abundant on head, thorax and gaster and a few
on inner surface of each femur.

Antenna 12-segmented; scape long, surpassing posterior margin of head by
nearly 4% its own length. Distance between mandibular insertion and eye slightly
less than greatest eye length. Forewing with a radial and a cubital cell; no
discoidal cell. Most other features as for worker.

Paratype male: Length, 2.6 mm; head width, 0.5 mm; head length, 0.5 mm;
length of antennal scape, 0.9 mm; eye length, 0.21 mm; eye width, 1.8 mm;
forewing length, 2.8 mm. Pale yellow with head and gaster a little darker than
thorax. Moderately shining, somewhat dulled by whitish appressed pubescence.
Suberect hairs on all surfaces of each antennal scape and tibia. Macrochetae
short, mostly confined to clypeus, frons, vertex of head, dorsum of thorax, posterior
margin of each segment of gaster, each coxa, and few on inner surface of each
femur.

Antenna 13-segmented; scape long, surpassing posterior margin of head by
% its own length; funicular segments each longer than broad; scape equal to
length of first 5 to 6 funicular segments combined. Anterior border of clypeus
entire; each mandible narrow and curved, pointed at apex, without teeth. No
Mayrian furrows. Forewing with radial and cubital cell; no discoidal cell. Petiolar
node present, inclined; base of gaster with impression for reception of petiole. No
cerci. Genitalia rather prominent; parameres fused, apically slender, digitform;

with hairs; volsella with 2 digitform processes; penis valve oblong, with serrated
ventral margin.

Holotype: Worker, Luquillo Experimental Forest, El Verde Field
Station (PRNC), Puerto Rico, 1500’ alt., 1 July 1970 (R. J. Lavigne),
Type No. 72175 in USNM.

Paratypes: All from same nest sample as holotype, 415 workers, 9
females, 5 males, including male and female described above. In
USNM, University of Wyoming, and University of Puerto Rico,
San Juan.

Habitat: The colony was established inside a hollow in the trunk
of a living tree (Roystonea borinquefia O. F. Cook) at a height of 4
feet. The hollow was partly filled with sawdust and/or frass, and the
workers had constructed tunnels within. The colony was composed
of several hundred workers, probably exceeding a thousand.

Discussion: Little variation is present in the specimens from the
nest sample examined.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 187

The species name is an arbitrary combination of letters and is to
be treated as a noun.

REFERENCES

Smith, M. R. 1936. The ants of Puerto Rico. J. Agric., Univ. Puerto Rico 20 (4):
819-875.

Wolcott, G. N. 1948. Formicidae; ANTS, p. 810-839. The Insects of Puerto Rico
— Hymenoptera. J. Agric., Univ. Puerto Rico 32 (4): 749-975.

THE LARVA OF PLATYSENTA ALBOLABES (GROTE)
(LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)

GerorGE L. GODFREY

Illinois Natural History Survey and Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station,
Urbana, Illinois 61801

ABSTRACT—A description and illustrations of the last larval instar of Platysenta
albolabes (Grote) are given for the first time. Brief notes on the life history and
color descriptions of other larval instars of this species also are provided.

Thirteen species of noctuid moths belonging to the genus Platysenta
occur in America north of Mexico according to McDunnough (1938).
Larvae of 5 of these have been associated with the adult form and
described by Crumb (1956) as well as 1 designated by Crumb as
“Platysenta sp. No. 29.” While working in the Chiricahua Mountains,
Cochise Co., Arizona during the summer of 1967, Dr. John G. Francle-
mont and I successfully reared the larva of Platysenta albolabes
(Grote). The following notes and description of the caterpillar of
P. albolabes are offered to promote a better understanding of the
classification of the Noctuidae through a greater familiarity of the
larval forms.

All line illustrations were drawn to scale with the aid of a stereo-
microscope and a grid system. The scale lines represent 0.5 mm. The
terminology and relative measurements used in this paper are
explained in Godfrey (1972). Figures 1 and 2 are copies of Koda-
chrome transparencies taken by Dr. Franclemont.

Platysenta albolabes (Grote)
fig. 16

A gravid female of Platysenta albolabes collected at Onion Saddle,
7600 ft., Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise Co., Arizona, on the night

188 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

Fig. 1-2. Platysenta albolabes (Grote). 1, dorsal view. 2, lateral view.

of July 29, 1967, randomly deposited several green eggs inside an
ovipositional jar. The eggs hatched on August 5. The resulting larvae
passed through 5 instars in confinement, and the first prepupae were
observed August 25. The newly hatched larvae were offered leaves
of Solidago sp., Artemisia sp., and Brickellia sp., all Compositae. Only
the last plant was eaten, and it was provided for the duration of the
rearing.

Early Instars

The coloration of the first and second instars is similar: head opaque, body
pale green with white lateral area, white dorsal and subdorsal lines; setae and
setal insertions black. The third instar is characterized by: head green with black
setal insertions; body green with blackish dorsal thoracic setal insertions and
white dorsal abdominal setal insertions; white mid-dorsal line more distinct than
subdorsal lines. The coloration of the fourth and fifth instars is similar; it is
described below.

Last Instar

General: Head 2.5-2.7 mm wide. Total length 32-33 mm. Abdominal prolegs
present on third through sixth segments, about equally developed. Head and body

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 189

Wii
i MY/,
BH ty
iM ed
(

6
—

Fig. 3-6. Platysenta albolabes (Grote). 3, head capsule. 4, prothoracic
segment. 5, hypopharyngeal complex. 6, oral surface of left mandible.

smooth. Dorsal abdominal setae simple, no more than 3 times height of seventh
abdominal spiracle. Setal bases minute.

Head: Postgenal sutures straight, parallel to each other; epicranial suture 0.88
times height of frons (fig. 3); distance from seta F-1 to frontoclypeal suture

190 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

about 0.27 times distance between F-1’s; AFa cephalad and AF-2 caudad of apex
of frons; setae A 1-3 forming obtuse angle; seta L nearly on transverse line
formed by AF-2’s; seta P-1 transversely aligned with juncture of adfrontal sutures;
ocellar interspaces Oc 1—Oc 2 and Oc 3—Oc 4 subequal, less than ocellar inter-
space Oc 2—Oc 3.

Mouthparts: Oral surface of labrum lacking spines. Hypopharyngeal complex
(fig. 5): spinneret short, extending barely beyond base of Lps-1; stipular seta
extremely minute; Lps-1 about 2.3 times length of Lp-2; Lps-2 and Lp-1 subequal;
distal region with numerous short, thin spines above spinneret, spines becoming
stouter proximolaterad; transverse cleft evident between lobe of distal region
and proximolateral region; proximomedial region lacking spines; proximolateral
region bearing row of 10-11 stout spines; proximal ends of premental arms broadly
rounded. Mandible (fig. 6) characterized by an elongate inner tooth, length of
inner tooth greater than its basal width; inner ridges terminating before reaching
cutting edges; outer teeth 1-5 triangular; sixth outer tooth rounded but notched
medially.

Thorax: Segment T-1 (fig. 4): seta D-2 caudad of line formed by D-1 and
XD-2; major axis of spiracle passing caudad of SD 1-2 and between SV 1-2;
SD-1 transversely slightly cephalad of D 1-2. Segments T 2-3: seta L-1 located
dorsad and slightly caudad of L-2. Basal process of tarsal claw broadly rounded;
third tarsal seta slightly expanded medially before tapering distad.

Abdomen: Segment Ab-1: 3 subventral setae present; SV-1 located postero-
laterad of line formed by setae V and SV-3. Segments Ab 2-6: 3 subventral
setae present. Segment Ab-8: only 1 seta in each subventral group. Segment
Ab-9: seta SD-1 similar in structure to setae D 1-2. Anal and subanal setae no
larger than lateral setae on anal proleg. Crochets uniordinal.

Coloration: Head green, lacking reticulation or freckling; setal insertions
enclosed by narrow purple zone (fig. 3). Body (figs. 1, 2) generally green,
conspicuously speckled with whitish-yellow dots; intersegmental boundaries
faintly yellow; middorsal line white, continuous; subdorsal line white, discon-
tinuous, extremely faint, often absent; lateral area indicated only by whitish
dorsal margin continuing to distal end of anal proleg; setal bases white, frequently
associated with purple spot; purple spots especially distinct between D-1 abdominal
setal bases and middorsal line and in subdorsal area between SD-1 setal bases
and spiracles; spiracles and peritremes pale.

Material examined. 5 specimens: Onion Saddle, 7600 ft., Chiricahua Mountains,
Cochise Co., Arizona, August 1967. Reared by G. L. Godfrey on Brickellia sp.
from eggs of female identified by J. G. Franclemont. Hypopharyngeal complex
on slide G-0202 (Franclemont Collection ).

Comments

Published information on the larvae of other species of the genus
Platysenta reveals that they most frequently feed on plants of the
family Compositae (Crumb, 1956; Kimball, 1965). However, P. sutor
(Guenée) also feeds on celery (Umbelliferae) (Stoner and Wisecup,
1930). Inasmuch as P. albolabes fed only on Brickellia sp. and
rejected Solidago sp. and Artemisia sp. the species may have a narrow
range of foodplants within the Compositae.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 191

Some of the larval characters of P. albolabes are very similar to
those of other larvae of the genus described by Crumb (1956). The
characters include 3 subventral setae on the first abdominal segment,
the reduced condition of the spinneret, and the large inner tooth on
the mandible. Platysenta albolabes is not the same as Crumb’s
“Platysenta sp. No. 29” that also was described from Arizona speci-
mens. The latter had black reticulation on the head (Crumb, 1956),
quite unlike the head of P. albolabes.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was supported by USDA AGR RMA Grant No. 12-14—100-
8031(33) awarded to Dr. John G. Franclemont of Cornell University and funds
supplied by the Illinois Natural History Survey, the Illinois Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, and the Office of International Agriculture, College of Agriculture,
University of Illinois, Urbana. I thank Dr. Franclemont for reviewing the
manuscript.

REFERENCES

Crumb, S. E. 1956. The larvae of the Phalaenidae. U.S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull.
1135. 356 p.

Godfrey, G. L. 1972. A review and reclassification of the larvae of the subfamily
Hadeninae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from America north of Mexico. U.S.
Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 1450. 265 p.

Kimball, C. P. 1965. The Lepidoptera of Florida: an annotated checklist.
Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Vol. 1, 363 + v p.

McDunnough, J. 1938. Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United
States of America. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. Mem. 1(1):1-275.

Stoner, D., and C. B. Wisecup. 1930. Injury to celery in the Sanford, Florida,
District by the larvae of the noctuid moth Perigia sutor Guen. J. Econ.
Entomol. 23:644-645.

THE IDENTITY OF CALYCOMYZA JUCUNDA (WULP)
(DIPTERA, AGROMYZIDAE)

GEORGE C. STEYSKAL

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA,
c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560

ABSTRACT—Calycomyza jucunda (Wulp), described in the genus Agromyza,
is further described and its relationships established on the basis of examination
of the type specimen.

In his introductory paragraphs to the treatment of the genus
Calycomyza Hendel, Spencer (1969) stated that, “Differences between
many of the species are extremely slight and many involve color, male

192 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

oo
yoann cone

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.

aes septa cnet
BACON COMET Tek hn

LR

MA N\\ ‘X

UA MASS
i ANA \

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ital sinh

Fig. 1. Calycomyza jucunda (Wulp) male holotype. a. wing. b, left antenna.
c, left top of head, showing 2 sfo and 3 ifo bristles. d, left anterodorsal part of
thorax, lateral view. e, left lateral view of postabdomen, with ventral view (in
direction of arrow) of aedeagus; f, sperm pump.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 193

genitalia, or larvae together with feeding habit, i.e. leaf mines. For
example, in jucunda (Wulp) and promissa Frick the adults and male
genitalia are not satisfactorily distinguishable. . .”. He further stated
that jucunda had been misidentified by Frick (1956, 1959). In order
to establish the identity of the species described by Wulp as Agromyza
jucunda (1867), I dissected the postabdomen of the male holotype
through the kindness of Dr. P. J. van Helsdingen, of the Rijksmuseum
van Natuurlijke Historie, in Leiden, Netherlands.

The sex of the holotype has hitherto been questionable. It was
stated by Wulp to be a female, but in the report by Frick (1956: 289)
on the examination of it by Dr. Diakonoff it is cited as “sex?” My
examination revealed that it is, fortunately, a male. The labels with
the specimen are “TYPE (red label) /Kumlien Wisconsin (white
label) /TYPE Agromiza (sic) jucunda y. d. Wulp (white label).” The
word ‘Kumlien’ apparently refers to one Ludwig Kumlien, who is
known to have collected in North America.

The species is correctly placed by Spencer as a Calycomyza close to
promissa Frick. It runs in the key to Canadian Calycomyza species by
Spencer (1969: 145) to couplet 5, where the species C. menthae
Spencer and C. promissa Frick are differentiated by characters of the
larvae and male genitalia (aedeagus). In Frick (1956, 1959) the
species will run to C. promissa. The identity of the species treated by
Frick as jucunda must await examination of the genitalia of the species
Frick considered as synonyms of jucunda (platyptera Thomson and
coronata Loew) as well as of material Frick had before him.

Figure 1 shows various details of the type of Agromyza jucunda.
The face is yellowish with the antennal grooves brown; the fore femur
is wholly black; the 2nd dorsocentral bristle is nearly as long as the
3rd (hindmost) bristle; the acrostichal bristles are in 6 rows. Compar-
ison of the aedeagus (fig. le) with the figures of that structure in
C. menthae Spencer (1969: 154, fig. 261, 262) shows a close similarity
and at the same time distinct differences in detail. The figure of the
aedeagus of C. promissa Frick (Spencer, 1969: 154, fig. 265) is some-
what less similar to that of C. jucunda.

Calycomyza jucunda (Wulp) is therefore a species that has appar-
ently not been subsequently referred to correctly in the literature,
and one whose biology remains wholly unknown.

REFERENCES

Frick, K. E. 1956. Revision of the North American Calycomyza species north of
Mexico (Phytobia: Agromyzidae: Diptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 49:
284-300.

1959. Synopsis of the species of agromyzid leaf miners described
from North America. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 108 (no. 3407): 347-465.

194 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

Spencer, K. A. 1969. The Agromyzidae of Canada and Alaska. Mem. Entomol.
Soc. Canada 64: 1-311.

Wulp, F. M. van der. 1867. Eenige Noord-Americaansche Diptera. Tijdschr. v.
Entomol. 10; 125-164, pls. 3-5. Ref. on p. 161, pl. 5, fig. 19-20.

FURTHER STUDIES ON SOUTH AMERICAN BETHYLIDAE
(HYMENOPTERA)

Howarp E. Evans

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138

ABSTRACT—In the subfamily Pristocerinae, Xestobethylus Cameron is placed
in the synonymy of Pseudisobrachium Kieffer; the specific names flaviventris Kief-
fer and argentinicum Evans are placed in the synonymy of P. pallidipes (Cam-
eron), new combination. Two new species of this genus are described: P. chaco-
ense (Argentina) and P. erythrocephalum (Chile). In the subfamily Epyrinae,
2 new genera are described: Nothepyris, type-species N. brasiliensis, n. sp.
(Brazil), and Thlastepyris, type-species T. pertenuis, n. sp. (Brazil). Two addi-
tional new species are described: Rhabdepyris (Chlorepyris) eyanosoma (Argen-
tina, Surinam) and Epyris nigrivirens (Bolivia). New distribution records are
presented for species of Bakeriella, Aspidepyris, and Laelius.

This paper is a supplement to my Synopsis of the American
Bethylidae (Evans 1964) and to several subsequent generic revisions
(Evans 1965, 1967, 1969, 1970). Its purpose is to dispose of 1 generic
name, previously listed as unrecognizable, to describe 2 new genera,
to present several new distribution records, and to describe several
distinctive new species in material sent to me for identification. The
genera and species considered belong to the subfamilies Pristocerinae
and Epyrinae. Terminology is the same as that used in the Synopsis;
for standard abbreviations of body parts, see that paper and also this
journal, 72: 341 (1970).

Subfamily Pristocerinae
Genus Pseudisobrachium Kieffer

Pseudisobrachium Kieffer, 1904: 368 (type-species: P. laticeps Kieffer). Evans,

1964: 62 (generic description and synonymy). Evans, 1970: 45-65 (spp. of
Argentina and Chile).

Xestobethylus Cameron, 1909: 450 (type-species: X. pallidipes Cameron)
(new synonymy ). Evans, 1964: 17 (listed as unrecognized ).

This is a large and difficult genus, and for the present it is possible
to recognize only the males of some of the more common and distinc-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 195

tive species. The species treated here all belong to the subgenus
Pseudisobrachium, the other subgenus, Edapholigon Ogloblin, being
known from 3 female specimens.

Pseudisobrachium pallidipes (Cameron) new combination

Xestobethylus pallidipes Cameron, 1909: 450 (type: ¢, ARGENTINA:
Mendoza; in British Museum).

Plutobethylus flaviventris Kieffer, 1910: 53 (type: ¢, ARGENTINA: Mendoza;
in Berlin Museum) (new synonymy ).

Pseudisobrachium argentinicum Evans, 1964: 82 (new name for flaviventris
Kieffer, preoccupied in Pseudisobrachium) (new synonymy). Evans, 1970:
58.

When I visited the British Museum in 1961, I was unable to find
the type of Cameron’s pallidipes, a species unrecognizable from its
description. On a more recent visit I was able to find and study it.
Agreement with the type of Kieffer’s flaviventris is virtually perfect,
and the type locality is the same. This is one of the commoner
bethylids of Argentina, often being taken in light traps.

Pseudisobrachium chacoense, n. sp.
fig. 2

Holotype: ¢, ARGENTINA: 11 km W Las Cejas, Tucuman, 8-30
Dec. 1967 (L. Stange) [Inst. Miguel Lillo, Tucuman].

Description of male type: Length 5 mm; LFW 4 mm. Head and thorax black;
abdomen dark castaneous, irregularly banded with lighter brown at apical margin
of each segment; mandibles mostly light brown; antennae testaceous except weakly
infuscated on apical %; legs stramineous, including coxae; wings subhyaline,
veins light brown, stigma dark brown. Mandibles with 5 teeth, basal 3 teeth
small and close together. Clypeus broad basally, sides strongly convergent to a
truncate apex. First 4 antennal segments in a ratio of 17:4:7:7, segment 3 twice
as long as wide; flagellar pubescence short, subappressed, a few longer, fully
erect setae rising above pubescence. Eyes hairy, bulging from sides of head,
removed from vertex crest by approximately their own height. Head approximately
as wide as high, subquadrate, sides subparallel behind eyes and then suddenly
contracted to broadly rounded vertex; WF 1.45 x HE; ocelli slightly enlarged,
DAO 0.15 x WF; anterior ocellus very slightly above level of eye tops, ocellar
triangle compact, WOT and OOL subequal. Occipital carina absent dorsally.
Front alutaceous, moderately shining, punctures shallow, for the most part
separated by more than their own diameters. Thoracic dorsum dull, inconspic-
uously punctate; notauli absent. Propodeum, in dorsal view, 1.4 x as long as
wide, with median carina which nearly reaches crest of declivity and with several
short, irregular basal carinae. Mesopleurum with shallow punctures anteriorly,
callus poorly defined, alutaceous. Discoidal vein of fore wing lightly pigmented,
arising a short distance down on transverse median vein. Subgenital plate
rounded apically, hirsute, without a signum.

E, 1973

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 197

Paratypes: 26 ¢ 4, same data as type but various dates Dec. 1967-
May 1968 (L. Stange); 4¢ 4, Las Cejas, Tucuman, Jan.—Apr. 1968
(C. C. Porter) [Inst. Miguel Lillo, Mus. Comp. Zool., USNM].

Variation: The paratypes vary in size from 3.5 to 5.5 mm, LFW
from 2.5 to 4.5 mm. There is little variation in color or in standard
measurements except for minor variation in ocellar size. In specimens
with unusually small ocelli DAO is 0.14 x WF, OOL very slightly
greater than WOT; in the male with the largest ocelli, DAO is 0.20 x
WF, WOT 1.3 x OOL. In the smaller males the wing veins tend to
be very lightly pigmented and the discoidal vein interstitial with
media or nearly so. The smaller males also have only 4 teeth on the
mandibles and the third and following antennal segments only
slightly longer than wide.

Remarks: In my key to the species occuring in Argentina and
Chile (Evans, 1970), chacoense runs to couplet 15; it differs from the
five species keying out beyond that point in its subquadrate head
and characteristically shaped clypeus.

Pseudisobrachium erythrocephalum, n. sp.
ren, IL

Holotype: ¢, CHILE: La Fusta, C. Lonquimay, Malleco, 14 Feb.
1962 (L. E. Pefa) [Canadian Nat. Coll., Ottawa].

Description of male type: Length 6 mm; LFW 4.2 mm. Entire head, including
mandibles, bright orange; thorax and abdomen piceous; antennae light brown;
legs piceous except tarsi light brown; wings wholly lightly infuscated, veins and
stigma dark brown. Mandibles broad apically, with 5 strong, sharp teeth. Clypeus
with a Y-shaped ridge, arms of which terminate in small lateral extensions of
apical margin. First 4 antennal segments in a ratio of 19:4:9:8, segment 3 twice
as long as wide; flagellar pubescence short, subappressed, a few longer, fully
erect setae rising above pubescence. Eyes hairy, bulging from sides of head,
removed from vertex crest by a distance considerably exceeding their own
height. Head slightly higher than wide, sides of head roundly convergent from
just behind eyes; WF 2.0 x HE; OOL 1.2 x HE; ocelli in compact triangle well
above eye tops and far removed from top of vertex; DAO only 0.11 x WF;
OOL 1.8 x WOT; occipital carina complete. Front shining, non-alutaceous,
with small and shallow but rather close-set punctures. Thoracic dorsum also
shining, non-alutaceous; pronotum transversely striatopunctate; mesoscutum
wholly and uniformly punctate, notauli complete; scutellar groove very strong;
propodeal disc barely longer than wide, with complete median carina and some-

we

Fig. 1-6. Heads of holotypes of new species of Bethylidae, drawn to same
scale. 1, Pseudisobrachium erythrocephalum. 2, P. chacoense. 3, Rhabdepyris
(Chlorepyris) cyanosoma. 4, Epyris nigrivirens. 5, Nothepyris brasiliensis. 6,
Thlastepyris pertenuis. Fig. 7. Propodeum of holotype of Epyris nigrivirens.

198 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

what irregular transverse carina margining disc behind. Mesopleural callus
strongly elevated, polished and impunctate, mesopleurum otherwise with strong
punctures. Fore wing with discoidal cell faintly outlined by pigmented streaks.
Subgenital plate rounded apically.

Paratype: ¢, CHILE: Quebrada de La Plata, 550 m, Rinconada,
Prov. Santiago, 22 March 1966 (M. E. Irwin; Malaise trap) [Univ.
Calif. Riverside].

Variation: The paratype is similar in size to the type and apparently
of similar color, although it is somewhat greasy. In this specimen the
head is produced even farther above the eyes, measuring 1.05 X as long
as wide; the ocellar triangle is slightly broader, so that OOL is only
1.6 X WOT and barely greater than HE.

Remarks: This is one of the most striking species of the genus
known to me, not only because of its color but because of the unusual
form of the clypeus, the thoracic sculpturing, and the transverse carina
margining the propodeal disc. Only 1 other species of Pseudiso-
brachium is known from Chile (chilense Evans); this is also a very
distinctive species, but in quite different respects.

Subfamily Epyrinae
Genus Rhabdepyris Kieffer
Rhabdepyris (Chlorepyris ) cyanosoma, n. sp.

fig. 3

Holotype: °, ARGENTINA: 11 km W of Las Cejas, Tucuman,
1-15 Sept. 1967 (L. Stange) [Inst. Miguel Lillo, Tucuman].

Description of female type: Length 6 mm; LFW 3.8 mm. Head and thorax
deep blue, propodeum also of this color but with coppery tints medially; abdomen
a somewhat darker shade of blue, suffused with brownish apically; mandibles
dark blue except rufous apically; scape dark blue, remainder of antenna dark
brown, testaceous beneath; legs dark blue except tarsi brown; wings subhyaline,
fore wing weakly clouded along radial vein, veins and stigma dark brown.
Mandibles with unusually large tooth on inferior margin. Median lobe of clypeus
barely extending beyond interantennal portion of front; antennae short, first four
segments in a ratio of 19:5:5:7, segment 3 wider than long. Head subquadrate,
WH and LH subequal; WF 1.2 x HE; front angle of ocellar triangle exceeding
a right angle, OOL very slightly exceeding WOT. Vertex slightly gibbous behind
ocelli; distance from eye tops to vertex crest equal to slightly less than % HE.
Front moderately alutaceous, shining, with strong punctures which are separated
by 1-2 x their own diameters. Pronotal disc similar, but punctures slightly more
widely spaced; mesoscutum weakly punctate on posterior 1%, notauli broadened
and convergent here; scutellar pits small, connected by narrow but deep groove.
Propodeal disc 1.2 % as wide as long, center with 5 longitudinal carinae which
are connected by numerous cross-ridges; sides of disc shining and with weak
surface sculpturing; side-pieces finely, longitudinally striate. _Mesopleurum
shining, weakly alutaceous, punctate; upper fovea deep, elongate; lower fovea
broadly incomplete above. Front femora 2.1 x as long as wide; claws somewhat

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 199

trifid, with small basal swelling followed by 2 longer rays. Transverse median
vein of fore wing weakly curved. Abdomen depressed apically.

Paratype: ?, SURINAM: Kwatta Road to sea, mangrove forest,
3-6 March 1964 (D. C. Geijskes; Malaise trap) [Leiden Museum].

Variation: Although the paratype is from a place far from the type
locality and apparently from a very different habitat, it is closely
similar to the type. The propodeum lacks coppery tints, but in color
and size it is otherwise identical. WF is 1.35 x HE, OOL 1.35 x WOT.
Sculpturing is in every respect closely similar to that of the type. One
assumes that this species is widely distributed in South America.

Remarks: This is the only Rhabdepyris known in which the entire
body, including the abdomen and legs to the tibiae, is blue in color.
In my key (Evans 1965: 113) it runs to couplet 12, but it differs
from violaceus and tricolor not only in color but in the more elongate
head, much broader ocellar triangle, more elongate propodeum, and
several other features.

Genus Epyris Westwood
Epyris nigrivirens, n. sp.
figs. 4, 7

Holotype: °, BOLIVIA: Dept. Beni, Rio Itenez at mouth of Rio
Baures, 10 Oct. 1964 (J. K. Bouseman & J. Lussenhop) [Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist., New York].

Description of female type: Length 6.5 mm; LFW 4.5 mm. Black, head and
thorax (but not propodeum) reflecting dark green, apical % of abdomen suffused
with reddish brown; mandibles ferruginous, antennae also of this color except
flagellum somewhat infuscated on upper surface; legs fuscous to femora( front
femora reflecting dark green), tibiae and tarsi ferruginous; wings lightly tinged
with yellowish brown. Mandibles tridentate; clypeus broadly subangular. First
4 antennal segments in a ratio of 25:6:7:8, segment 3 slightly longer than wide.
Eyes sparsely hairy, slightly bulging from sides of head; vertex forming an even
arc above eye tops; front narrow, WF 0.90 x HE; ocelli in a compact triangle,
front angle less than a right angle, OOL 1.25 x WOT. Front shining, barely
alutaceous, covered with strong punctures which are separated by about their
own diameters. Thoracic dorsum slightly more evidently alutaceous than front;
pronotal disc with punctures somewhat weaker and more widely spaced than on
front; mesoscutum punctate on posterior % only; scutellar pits slender, oblique,
separated by 1.5 X their own maximum length. Propodeal disc 1.5 as wide as
long, with 7 strong carinae in the center; sides of disc shining, weakly sculptured;
posterior angles foveolate. Mesopleurum alutaceous and punctate, the fovea
ill-defined above. Middle tibiae strongly spinose for most of their length. Trans-
verse median vein of fore wing strongly curved below.

Allotype: ¢, BOLIVIA: Dept. Beni, Romansos, 1 km N Junction
Rio Itenez and Rio Paragua, 30 July 1964 (J. K. Bouseman & J. Lussen-
hop) [Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.].

200 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

Description of male allotype: Length 5.5 mm; LFW 4.2 mm. Black, head
with dark blue reflections, thorax more weakly reflecting dark blue (but not
propodeum); antennae wholly testaceous beneath, dark brown above; legs
black to femora, tibiae brownish, tarsi testaceous; wings lightly suffused with
brownish. Mandibles bidentate, upper tooth broad and blunt. First 4 antennal
segments in a ratio of 9:4:5:6, segment 3 1.4 X as long as wide, segment 11 3 X as
long as wide. Median lobe of clypeus obtusely angulate; eyes sparsely hairy;
vertex broadly rounded off a short distance above eye tops. WH 0.96 x LH;
WF 0.95 < HE; front angle of ocellar triangle less than a right angle, OOL 1.4 x
WOT. Front and thoracic dorsum polished, non-alutaceous, strongly punctate;
notauli convergent and widened behind, separated there by twice their own
width; scutellar pits separated by twice their own length. Propodeal disc 1.6 x
as wide as long, with 11 somewhat irregular longitudinal carinae, some of them
incomplete; sides of disc shining, with weak surface sculpturing; posterior angles
foveolate. Mesopleurum and fore wing as in female.

Remarks: This species is a member of the Subspinosus species-
group and is the first member of the group to be described from the
female sex and the first known species of the group of metallic colora-
tion. The male will run to subspinosus in my key (Evans 1969: 198),
although the propodeal sculpturing is much more like willinki; the
scutellar pits are more widely separated than in either of those species,
and of course the coloration is different. The female will not key out,
since no females of this group have previously been known. In the
key to species-groups (p. 188) it runs to couplet 6 but differs in having
a much shorter and broader propodeum. The tridentate mandibles are
also distinctive, although this feature is shared by 2 members of the
tricostatus group.

Genus Bakeriella Kieffer
Bakeriella cristata Evans

This is the only known species of the genus in which the scutellar
pits are separated by a broad, flat-topped ridge. I described it from
males from Bolivia and Brazil. Three additional males before me rep-
resent the first records for this genus from Argentina: 1 4, Eldorado,
Misiones, 13 Oct. 1964 (A. Kovacs) [Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.]; 2 44,
Pocitos, Gral. Sn. Martin, Salta, Jan. 1971 (Fritz & Martinez) [Coll. M.
Fritz].

I also have a specimen that very probably represents the female of
this species. It is from Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina, Brazil, collected
by Fritz Plaumann on 18 April 1941 [Coll. R. D. Shenefelt]. It is,
like the male, immediately separable from other Bakeriella by virtue
of having the scutellar pits elliptical and separated by a broad, flat-
topped ridge; it is also unique in the genus in having the front dark,
metallic green. The pronotum has the median carina weakly devel-
oped on the posterior %, otherwise absent. The mandibles have 2

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 201

large apical teeth, the upper | very broad; OOL is 1.1 x WOT; LFW
is 2.7 mm. The body is black, without metallic reflections except on
the front; the antennae, apical parts of the legs, and tip of the abdo-
men are ferruginous.

Genus Aspidepyris Evans

This unusual genus has been known from 3 specimens representing
2 species. Hence a new record seems worth noting.

Aspidepyris austrinus Evans

This species was described from Brazil and Bolivia (Evans 1967).
The following specimen represents a considerable northwestward
range extension: 1 ¢, Santo Domingo, Ecuador, 19 June 1965 (Luis
Pena) [Coll. H. K. Townes].

Genus Laelius Ashmead

This genus has not been reported from the southern hemisphere,
but since the species attack dermestid beetles, it is not surprising that
it does occur in South America, probably by introduction in commerce.

Laelius pedatus (Say )

Two females from Brazil appear identical to females from eastern
North America. They bear the following data: 1 2, Sao Paulo, 15 Jan.
1966 (W. W. Kempf) [Mus. Zool. Univ. Sao Paulo]; 1 %, Nova
Teutonia, Santa Catarina, March 1967 (F. Plaumann) [Museum of
Comparative Zoology ].

Genus Thlastepyris new genus

Type species: Thlastepyris pertenuis, n. sp.

Generic characters (of female; male unknown): Known species about 2.5 mm
in length, fuscous, entire body extremely flattened; wings fully developed. Head
much longer than wide, eyes situated well forward, far removed from vertex;
eyes sparsely covered with short setae, slightly bulging from side of head; labial
palpi short, with 3 segments; maxillary palpi with 6 segments; mandibles
slender, terminating in 4 teeth; clypeus protruding only a short distance beyond
base of antennae, with shallow median emargination, overhung laterally by
antennal insertions; antennae slender, elongate, 13-segmented, arising slightly
below bottoms of eyes; malar space very short; temples not at all developed,
head broadly flattened immediately behind eyes; occipital carina absent.

Pronotum simple, very flat, much longer than very short mesoscutum; propleura
angularly projecting anterolaterally of pronotum, in dorsal view; notauli absent;
parapsidal furrows thin, not reaching anterior margin of mesoscutum; scutellum
with pair of slender basal pits connected by very thin line; propodeum elongate,
disc weakly margined laterally and posteriorly, also with median carina which does
not quite reach posterior margin. Femora slightly incrassate, legs otherwise simple,

202 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

SDS

Te 2

Fig. 8. Maxilla and labium of Nothepyris brasiliensis, n. sp. Fig. 9. Mandible
of N. brasiliensis, n. sp. Fig. 10. Mandible of Thlastepyris pertenuis, n. sp.
Fig. 11. Fore wing of Nothepyris brasiliensis, n. sp. Fig. 12. Fore wing of
Thlastepyris pertenuis, n. sp.

not spinose; claws simple. Wings rather slender, fore wing with very small stigma
and short radial vein, basal cells of unusual shape and incompletely divided
(fig. 12). Abdomen exceedingly strongly depressed.

Remarks: This genus bears much resemblance to Cephalonomia
and Plastanoxus, but it cannot be placed in the Cephalonomiini
because of the 13-segmented antennae and elongate, fully segmented
palpi. It is perhaps best placed in the Sclerodermini because of the
reduced venation and very short clypeus, although the eyes are more

lateral and somewhat more protruding than is usually the case in
that tribe.

Thlastepyris pertenuis, n. sp.
fig. 6, 10, 12

Holotype: °, BRAZIL: Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina, 2 May 1941
(F. Plaumann) [Mus. Comp. Zool.].

Description of female type: Length 2.8 mm; fore wing 1.6 mm. Head and
thorax black, abdomen shining reddish brown; antennae and legs dark brown
except tibiae and tarsi testaceous; wings hyaline. First 4 antennal segments in a
ratio of 10:4:3:3, segment 3 barely longer than wide, segment 11 1.3 X as long
as wide. Head 1.15 x as long as wide; WF 0.60 x WH, 1.25 x HE; distance
from eye tops to vertex crest 1.3 x HE; OOL 2 x WOT, ocelli far above eye

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 203

tops and close to vertex crest. Front strongly alutaceous although moderately
shining, with median streak which is slightly elevated below, slightly depressed
just before anterior ocellus. Thoracic dorsum also alutaceous, moderately shining,
very sparsely and inconspicuously punctate; propodeum similarly alutaceous.
Venation of fore wing as figured.

Remarks: This striking species is known from a single specimen,
which I have held on to for several years in the hope of finding others
like it. The extremely depressed form suggests that it attacks an insect
living under bark.

Genus Nothepyris new genus

Type species: Nothepyris brasiliensis, n. sp.

Generic characters (of female; male unknown): Known species 3-4 mm
long, testaceous to piceous in color, wings fully developed. Head slightly wider
than maximum width of thorax, slightly wider than high (exclusive of mouthparts);
head very convex in front, vertex broadly rounded; eyes with sparse, short hairs,
well removed from crest of vertex and from posterior margin of head (i.e., temples
broad); labial palpi with 3 segments, maxillary palpi with 6; mandibles broad
basally, tapering to bidentate apex; clypeus short, broadly truncate, deeply
sunken at each antennal socket; antennae slender, 13-segmented, arising well
below bottoms of eyes; malar space about as long as width of mandibles at their
base; occipital carina absent.

Pronotum with smooth contours, somewhat longer than mesoscutum, latter
with both notauli and parapsidal grooves complete, linear; scutellum with
transverse, basal groove which is curved backward at each end; propodeal disc
margined with carinae laterally and posteriorly and with complete median carina.
Femora only slightly incrassate; middle tibiae somewhat broadened and bearing
many short, spinelike setae above; claws simple. Wing venation as figured
(fig. 11), differing in no important details from that of Nesepyris except that
the radial vein is somewhat thinner than other veins. Abdomen robust, the
sternites with tripartite apical plates similar to those of Lepidosternopsis although
much shorter.

Remarks: This genus fits readily in the Sclerodermini, running to
couplet 2 in my key to genera (Evans 1964: 161) but differing from
both Nesepyris and Chilepyris in head shape and form of the man-
dibles, from the latter genus in venation, and from the former in
palpal segmentation.

Nothepyris brasiliensis, n. sp.
figs. 5, 8, 9, 11

Holotype: 2°, BRAZIL: Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina, 11 April
1941 (F. Plaumann) [Mus. Comp. Zool.].

Description of type: Length 3.9 mm; fore wing 2.7 mm. Dark reddish brown,
thorax almost black, but head fading to light brown anteriorly, especially clypeus
and mouthparts; antennae and legs medium brown; wings hyaline except fore

204 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

wing weakly clouded on apical 14. First 4 antennal segments in a ratio of 15:6:5:
4, segment 3 1.7 x as long as wide, segment 11 1.3 x as long as wide. Front
narrow, WF 1.08 x HE; ocelli in a compact triangle opposite tops of eyes, front
angle less than a right angle; OOL 1.3 x WOT; distance from posterior ocelli to
top of vertex slightly exceeding WOT. Temples, in lateral view, approximately
as wide as maximum width of eye. Head shining, weakly alutaceous, with sparse,
shallow setigerous punctures. Thoracic dorsum moderately alutaceous, pronotum
somewhat more closely punctate than head, but mesoscutum impunctate.
Propodeal disc with weak surface sculpturing except for pair of sharp carinae
between median and lateral carinae which extend for 0.7 the length of the disc.

Paratypes: 10 22, same data as type but dated March-June 1941,
2 of them undated but evidently collected more recently [Mus. Comp.
Zool., USNM, Coll. R. D. Shenefelt].

Variation: The paratypes vary in length from 3.2 to 4.0 mm. Several
are somewhat paler than the type, somewhat ferruginous, but in
every case the thorax is darker than the head or abdomen. There
seem to be no important differences in sculpture or in standard
measurements.

REFERENCES

Cameron, P. 1909. A contribution to the knowledge of the parasitic Hymenoptera
of Argentina. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 35:419-450.
Evans, H. E. 1964. A synopsis of the American Bethylidae (Hymenoptera,
Aculeata). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard. 132:1-222.
. 1965. A revision of the genus Rhabdepyris in the Americas (Hyme-
noptera, Bethylidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard. 133:69-151.
1967. New generic records of Bethylidae from South America
(Hymenoptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 69:269-272.
1969. A revision of the genus Epyris in the Americas (Hyme-
noptera: Bethylidae). Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 95:181-352.
1970. The genus Pseudisobrachium in Argentina and Chile.
Acta Zool. Lilloana. 25:45-65.
Kieffer, J. J. 1904. Description de nouveaux Dryininae et Bethylinae. Ann.
Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova. 41:351—412.
- 1910. Description de nouveaux béthylids [Hymén.]. Ann. Soc.
Entomol. France. 79:31—56.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 205

COSMOPHORUS CAPEKI N. SP., FROM NEW YORK
(HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE: EUPHORINAE)

CG. oan

Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture,
Belleville, Ontario, Canada!

RoBERT MATTHEWS

Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30601

ABSTRACT—Cosmophorus eapeki, n. sp., is the fifth known Nearctic species
of Cosmophorus Ratzeburg. It is a parasite of the scolytid Pityophthorus rhois
Swaine breeding in Rhus typhina L.

Species of Cosmophorus Ratzeburg 1848 are rare braconids parasitic
on adult scolytids (Coleoptera). C. capeki new species was reared
and host-associated by the second author in 1967 during a biological
survey of Huyck Preserve near Rensselaerville, N. Y. It is the fifth
known Nearctic species of Cosmophorus. Following Capek (1970)
and Tobias (1971), the subfamily Cosmophorinae is not recognized
and Cosmophorus is placed in the Euphorinae chiefly on ethological
and larval characters.

The holotype of C. capeki is deposited in the U. S. National Museum,
Washington, D. C. (USNM).

Cosmophorus capeki, n. sp.
fig. 1-3

Holotype: Female. Length about 1.9 mm excluding antennae and ovipositor
sheaths. Piceous. Flagellar segment 1 pale, succeeding segments dusky, scape
and pedicel not as dark as flagellar segments 2-12 but darker than 1; mandibles
(except apices) and face reddish brown; front wing venation pale grey; femur
and tibia of each leg deeply infuscated. Head about 1.4 times as wide as long,
1.2 times as wide as thorax; eye not much longer than wide, its length to width
of face between eyes 1:1.6; ocular-ocellar line = basal width of mandible, slightly
more than 2.0 times as long as postocellar line; flagellum 12-segmented (fig. 3),
about 2.0 times as long as head width, 142 only slightly more than combined
length of pedicel +1. Mesonotum smooth, polished, apparently glabrous from
above but in side view bearing very short, widely-spaced setae; mesepisternum
generally rounded and smooth medially, thickly punctulate above and _ below.
Stigma (fig. 1) 3 times as long as wide, inner side somewhat longer than outer;
radial cell measured on wing margin 0.7 times as long as stigma, second abscissa
of radius almost complete to wing margin; first abscissa of radius short but distinct.
Hind wing as in fig. 2. Tibia of hind leg 0.36 mm long, 3 times as long as hind

1 Present address: Entomology Research Institute, Canada Department of
Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

206 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VoL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

ad Ee OS oad
ats Seg til,
Sp EO ee De ee

a ae

Fig. 1-3. Cosmophorus capeki new species. 1, front wing. 2, hind wing.
3, antenna of female.

tarsal segment 1. Tergite 1 of gaster 1.4 times as long as wide at apex (length
measured from spiracles to apex), dorsum evenly granulose; ovipositor sheaths
about as long as thorax and propodeum combined, 2.4 times as long as tergite 1.

Males and females: In the type series, the antennal flagellum is 11-segmented
in males, and 12-segmented in females. Color variation of basal antennal segments:
scape and pedicel of some male and female specimens are as dark as flagellar
segment 2 or as pale as segment 1, or pedicel is pale and scape dark; flagellar

segment 1 of female pale in all specimens whereas that of male may be pale
only at base.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 207

No significant sexual differences were found for the dimensions of the eye,
width of face, dimensions of the stigma, length of the hind tibia, nor width of
the apex of tergite 1 of the gaster (student’s tf test for unpaired data).

Dimensions (mm) of some body structures of C. capeki (means and standard
errors) are as follows:

eee Face
Length Width Width

6.2°N =26 0.15 + 0.099 0.12 + 0.010 0.23 + 0.012

Tergite 1 Hind Ovipositor
Apex Tibia Sheaths L.
Width Length

0.16 + 0.12 0.37 + 0.12 N= 15 0.57 + 0.025

Type: Holotype: °, United States. New York, Albany Co., near
Rensselaerville, Huyck Preserve, VIII.3, 1967 reared ex Pityophthorus
rhois Swaine in Rhus typhina L. (R. & J. Matthews). Type deposited
in USNM (USNM No. 72154).

Paratypes: 15 22, 19 68, same data as type but reared from
VIII-2-18, 1967. 3 2°, 3 868 British Museum (Natural History),
London; 5 22,5 ¢é Canadian National Collection, Ottawa; 1 2,1 4
Forest Research Institute, Banska Stiavnica, CSSR; all others in USNM.

DrAcnosis oF C. capeki AND KEY TO RELATED NEARCTIC SPECIES

C. capeki is characterized by a narrow apex of tergite 1, black body, and deeply
infuscated legs. Characters for the 4 other species included in the following key
are based on a study of the types of each species.

1. Flagellum 11-segmented ( ¢ ), 12-segmented (@) —----------------—---------— 2

— Flagellum 13-segmented ( ¢ ), 14-segmented ( Q) _.-------------------------------- 4

2. Tergite 1 of gaster 1.8 times as wide at apex as eye length; flagellum light
reddish brown with all segments more or less concolorous; legs greyish

yellow; hind tibia 0.51 mm long —__ Cosmophorus pityophthori Ashmead
— Tergite 1 1.0-1.3 times as wide at apex as eye length; flagellum dark reddish
brown or piceous, segment 1 pale; hind tibia not over 0.41 mm long 3

3. Head, thorax, abdomen light reddish brown, legs light testaceous — tes
(S22 ee See Cosmophorus hypothenemi Brues
— Head, thorax, abdomen black; legs deeply infuscated — peetiees
«aA vei sot * One eee Cosmophorus capeki n. sp.
4, Flagellar segments 1-5 distinctly yellow, succeeding segments dusky —.
_£. SA OE eee ees Cosmophorus dendroctoni Viereck
— Flagellar segments 1-2 yellow, 3 yellow basally, succeeding segments dusky
Cosmophorus hopkinsii Ashmead

Biology: The main details of Cosmophorous biology were reported
by Seitner and Notzl (1925) for C. henscheli Ruschka, the only species

208 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

to be comparatively well studied. Wasps enter host galleries and seize
adult beetles in their jaws and oviposit into their thoraces.

Comments: Cosmophorus capeki emerged from branches (25 mm
diameter or less) of red sumac (Rhus typhina L.) heavily infested by
the bark beetle Pityophthorus rhois Swaine. Branches collected and
placed in rearing containers on 5 July 1967 were maintained at room
temperature until 12 September 1967; beetles and parasites that
emerged were removed daily. There were 51 male- and 76 female-
reared parasites, the first emerging on 29 July, then daily until 18
August. Examination of the branches from which the wasps emerged
failed to reveal any parasite exit holes suggesting that Cosmophorus
emerges via the entrance galleries of the host scolytid. This is inter-
esting as most braconids parasitic on bark beetles chew out through
the bark overlying their host. Adult parasites provided with soaked
raisins and kept in plastic containers survived up to 3 weeks. However,
attempts to obtain life history data by inducing parasitism of beetles
in other heavily infested sumac stems were unsuccessful.

This species is named for Dr. Miroslav Capek, Forest Research
Institute, VS Banska Stiavnica, CSSR.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

For generous assistance in matters of type material we thank Dr. Paul Marsh,
Systematic Entomology Laboratory, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington;
Dr. Selwyn Roback, Academy of Sciences, Phildelphia; and Dr. R. D. Shenefelt,
Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison. We also express
appreciation to Dr. K.-J. Hedqvist, Department of Entomology, Swedish Museum
of Natural History, Stockholm, for taxonomic information. Dr. Donald E. Bright
of the Entomology Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada, kindly identified the
scolytid host.

REFERENCES

Capek, M. 1970. A new classification of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera )
based on the cephalic structure of the final instar larva and biological evidence.
Can. Entomol. 102:846-875.

Hedqvist, K.-J. 1955. Studien iiber Braconiden. I. Revision der Gattung
Cosmophorus Ratz. Entomol. ts. Arg. 76:92-98.

Seitner, M., and P. Notzl. 1925. Pityophthorus henscheli Seitner und sein
Parasit Cosmophorus henscheli Ruschka. Zeit. angew. Entomol. 11:187-196.

Tobias, V. I. 1971. Review of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera) of the USSR. In
Trudy russk. éntomol. Obshch. 54:156-268. (In Russian )

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 209

APHIDS COLLECTED IN THE LOS ANGELES STATE AND COUNTY
ARBORETUM (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)

Mortimer D. LEONARD!
2480 16th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. 20009

Harry G. WALKER

Los Angeles State and County Arboretum, 301 North Baldwin Ave.,
Arcadia, California 91106

ABSTRACT—An alphabetical list of aphids collected from plants in the Los
Angeles State and County Arboretum from March, 1966 through October, 1971,
with an indication of their relative abundance at the time of collection, is presented.
About 111 species and subspecies are listed, with several others identified to
genus only.

Aphids which have been identified from plants in the Los Angeles
State and County Arboretum, Arcadia, California, from March, 1966
through October, 1971, are listed alphabetically with an indication of
their relative abundance at the time of collection. This expressed by
A (Abundant), M (Moderate), and S (Scarce). The figures represent
the number of collections. About 111 species and subspecies are listed
with several others identified to genus only.

Leonard, et al. (1972) recorded 95 species of aphids (and 7 others
identified to genus) collected at the Los Angeles State and County
Arboretum during 1966 and 1967. In the present paper, 16 species
are included which are in addition to those in the previous paper;
these are marked with an asterisk.

1Collaborator, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. Agriculture.

A M S Total

Acyrthosiphon
pelargonii (Kalt. ) 7 6 13
A. pisum (Harris ) 9 4 2 15
A. solani (Kalt.) 44 6 6 56
Amphorophora sp. 4 3 7
A. agathonica Hottes 1 1
*A_ brevitarsis (G. & P.) 1 1
A. rubitoxica Kult. il 1
Aphis sp. 184 56 50 290
A. ceanothi Clarke 1 1
*A. cephalanthi Thos. 2 2
A. cerocarpi G. & P. 1 i 2

coreopsidis Ths.

. craccivora Koch 17 5 3

. eriogoni Cowen 1 1

. fabae Scop. 12 2 1

. gossypii Glover 136 50 36

. hederae L. il

. helianthi Mon.

. nasturtii Kalt. il

. nerii Fonsc. 2

. oestlundi Gill. 1

. pomi DeG. 26 2 1 2
2
8

*

PPPS E PRR ao oro

. sambucifoliae Fitch
spiraecola Patch 3
Brachycaudus
crataegifoliae Fitch §)
*B. helichrysi (Kalt.) 1
B. maidiradicis (Forbes ) il
Brachycolus atriplicis (1. ) il
Brevicoryne brassicae (L..) il
Calaphis sp. 4
C. betulella Walsh 1
C. castaneae Fitch 1
C. granovskyi Palmer 9
Cavariella aegopodii (Scop.) 3,
*C. pustula Essig il
Chaetosiphon
fragaefolii (CkIl.) 1
Chaitophorus sp. il 1
C. viminalis Mon. 1
*Chromaphis
jugandicola Kalt. il
Cinara sp. 4
*? C. apini G. & P. I
o Gite (CG, We 12. 1
. carolina Tissot Dp}
. cupressi Buckton 3
1
5
9

eh 6 5

mt Oe eS ee ep

ma bo e

Q

. curvipes Patch
. juniperina Mordy. I
. tujafilina Del G.
Coloradoa rufomaculata Wisn.
Dactynotus spp. 10
D. ambrosiae ( Ths.) complex 2 2
D. erigeronensis

baccharidis (Clarke ) 1 1
*Dysaphis tulipae ( Fonsc. ) 1

1
Erisoma crataegi (Oestl. ) i 1

a) O) ©} @) &
_
="

bo
—-
NUWOrH WY HHA WL

Bw PB DN

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

E. lanigerum (Hausmann)
Essigella sp. close to
patchiae Hottes
E. californica Essig
E. pini Wilson
Euceraphis gillettei Dvdsn.
E. punctipennis Zett.
Eulachnus agilis (Kalt. )
&/or rileyi (Wms. )
*Euthoracaphis
umbelliferae (Essig)
Hyadaphis foeniculi Pass.
H. pseudobrassicae (Davis)
Kakimia essigi G. & P.
Macrosiphoniella
ludovicianae_ (Oestl.)
M. sanborni Gill.
Macrosiphum _ sp.
M. avenae (Fab.)
. californicum (Clarke)
M. euphorbiae (Thos.)
M. fragariae (Wlk.)
M. geranii (Oestl.)
M. pennsylvanicum Pepper
M
M
M

=

. pteridis Wilson
rhamni_ (Clarke)
rosae (L.)

Masonaphis spp.
M. lambersi Mac G.
M. morrisoni (Swain)
Melanocallis
cartaefoliae Davis
*Monellia caryella Fitch
M. costalis Fitch
*Monelliopsis
bisetosa Richards
M. californica (Essig)
Myzocallis spp.
M. discolor (Mon.)
M. punctata (Mon.)
M. walshii (Mon.)
*Myzus certus (WIk.)
M. hemerocallis Tak.
M. lythri Schr.
M. ornatus Laing
M. persicae (Sulz.)
M. varians Dvdsn.

ld

—
el el

ta |

= Ww co — »

bo —
= On eae ee

a

ePNNNANRE FEW

(oy)
G2 UW
hm G2 CO

~I bo

el

Nore

146

18

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ive) - _ bo
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—_

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_
wNOUOrRNONWrRNY Ke

59

A M S Total
Ce ——— —
Nasonovia lactucae (L.) if 1
Neoceruraphis

viburnicola (Gill. ) 3 3
Neophyllaphis podocarpi Tak. 1 1 2
Neotoxoptera violae (Perg.) 3 2 5
Ovatus crataegarius (WIk.) 3 2 1 6
*0Q, phloxae (Sampson) 1 1
Pentalonia nigronervosa Coq. 4 i 5
* Pleotrichophorus

glandulosus (Kalt.) 1 1
P. gnapholodes (Kalt.) 1 1
Pterocomma salicis (L.) 2 2
P. smithiae (Mon.) 1 il
*Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) 1 1
R. padi (L.) 1 1
Siphonotrophia

cupressi Swain 6 I tl
Stegophylla quercifoliae Gill. 1 1 2
Takecallis arundicolens (Clarke ) 5 1 1 7
T. arundinariae (Essig) 14 15 6 35
Tamalia coweni (CkIl.) 1 i
Tinocallis alnifolii (Mon.) 2 2
Toxoptera aurantii Fonsc. 3f a 3 AT
Tuberculoides maureri (Swain) 4 4
T. (Pacificallis) n. sp.

Dickson in MS 1 1
T. platani (Kalt.) il il
Tuberolachnus salignus Gmelin 5 5
Wahlgreniella nervata Gill. 3 1 4
W. nervata arbuti Dvdsn. 1 1

REFERENCE

Leonard, M. D., H. G. Walker, and L. Enari. 1972. Host plants of aphids
collected at the Los Angeles State and County Arboretum during 1966 and 1967
(Homoptera: Aphididae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 74:95—120.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 213
RECOGNITION OF ZEMIOTES (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)

W. R. M. Mason

Entomology Research Institute, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

ABSTRACT—Zemiotes Foerster is accorded generic rank and is distinguished
from Meteorus Haliday. Phylogenetic relationships in Zemiotes and Meteorus
are discussed. Several new transfers to Zemiotes and new combinations in
Zemiotes are made.

The genus Zemiotes Foerster has generally been regarded as a
minor segregate of Meteorus Haliday, at best a subgenus. I have
recently concluded that it is neither. In fact it is a distinct genus
related to Zele Curtis but showing convergence toward Meteorus
in the structure of tergite I.

Zemiotes differs from Meteorus by the following characters: 1,
radiellan cell broadening apically; 2, a transverse pigmented vein,
(sometimes reduced to a crease or missing) dividing the radiellan
cell; 3, tarsal claws with a large basal tooth; 4, apical 2 or more of
tergites 3-6, (also more or less of tergite 2) uniformly hairy, never
with only a single, subapical, transverse row on each tergite; 5, the
cocoon covered with fine, fluffy whitish silk and never suspended on
a cord or covered in coarse brown silk as typically in Meteorus. All
these characters are the same in Zele except that a few species of that
genus have simple tarsal claws. The only difference I can find
between Zele and Zemiotes is in the petiolate abdomen of the latter.

The possibility of Zemiotes being ancestral to Meteorus or vice
versa must be considered. Since all Meteorus have the hairs on all
tergites (except the first) arranged in subapical rows and have the
interanal vein reduced to a tiny stub, an unpigmented crease, or
entirely absent, they cannot serve as ancestors to Zemiotes, which
have more or less evenly scattered tergite hairs and a well-developed
interanal vein. This is because both organs exhibit the plesiomorphic
condition in Zemiotes, and an apomorphic condition in Meteorus.

In order to study the possibility of Zemiotes being ancestral to such
a large and varied genus as Meteorus we must first determine which
species are primitive in Meteorus. There is a group of species in
Meteorus that is characterized by having a comparatively short and
broad petiole with ventral margins of tergite 1 widely separated, the
sternite free, glymmae present, large dorsal pits, and the spiracles
near the middle of the segment. All these characters are plesio-
morphic for the genus. Most of the species have the additional
plesiomorphic characters of a small third joint on the labial palpus,

214 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

making it 4-jointed, and a vestige of the interanal vein. This
group includes M. obfuscatus Nees, hypophloei Cushman, tibialis
Muesebeck, betulini Mason, and orchesiae Ashmead, all of which
have been reared from sub-cortical- or fungus-boring Coleoptera
larvae. It also includes M. humilis Cresson, a species associated
with stored products and reared from Tinea granella L., and other
species such as M. politus Provancher and fumipennis Muesebeck,
whose hosts are unknown. The cocoons, as far as known, are stalkless
and found within the beetle burrows.

The most strikingly plesiomorphic members of the above group
are M. cognatus Muesebeck, insignis Muesebeck, and some unde-
scribed species from Japan and North America. These species have
an exceptionally short and broad petiole with spiracles in front of the
middle, a sculptured second tergite and simple untwisted mandibles
with the teeth lying in a horizontal plane when closed. In addition
the intercubitella is more or less developed and some species show a
weak interanella. Meteorus cognatus, the only species with a known
host, is parasitic on larvae of Cerambycidae.

Thus we have a substantial group of Meteorus showing such a
concentration of plesiomorphic features that they can by no means be
derived from Zemiotes. In fact, these characters together with their
choice of coleopterous hosts strongly suggests that Meteorus evolved
from an extinct group that would find a natural position in our
classification in Diospilini or Helconini. I cannot suggest any extant
members of these tribes as ancestral to Meteorus because all have
lost all traces of the intercubitella.

The largest part of Meteorus, containing most of the familiar species,
has evolved from this group by further petiolization of the abdomen,
which involves fusion of the first tergite and sternite, disappearance
of glymmae and dorsal pits, and elongation of the petiole. At the
same time there has been a transfer of host affiliation from Coleoptera
to Lepidoptera, probably by way of larvae burrowing in fungi, then
to larvae in other concealed habitats, and finally to free-living larvae.
Concomitantly they evolved the familiar pendant cocoon.

I believe that the traditional Meteorus is a diphyletic assemblage
of convergent genera that should be placed in separate tribes. Meteo-
rus s. str. can be placed in Euphorini or Meteorini; which tribe to
use is a question beyond the scope of this paper. Zemiotes should
be transferred to Zelini. Zele albiditarsus Curtis, Meteorus caligatus
Haliday, Perilitus deceptor Wesmael, M. nigricollis Thomson, M.
rufulus Thomson, M. separandus Fischer, are here restored to Zemi-
otes. Dyscoletes alaskensis Ashmead, M. crassifemur Muesebeck,
M. levis Muesebeck, M. maximus Muesebeck, P. niveitarsis Cresson, P.
pallitarsis Cresson, and M. reticulatus Muesebeck are here transferred

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 215

to Zemiotes, where they make new combinations. There may be more
described Palearctic species in Zemiotes, but the Nearctic list is
complete. I know of no Zemiotes from outside the Holarctic region.

AN ANOMALOUS HINDLEG IN CALOSOMA FRIGIDUM KIRBY
(COLEOPTERA : CARABIDAE)

ANDRE LAROCHELLE
Collége Bourget, C.P. 1000, Rigaud, Québec

ABSTRACT—An anomalous specimen of Calosoma frigidum Kirby, in which
the left hindleg has a bifurcate metatarsus and an additional metatarsus, is
described and figured.

On May 25, 1967, while collecting insects in a deciduous forest near
the Bourget College campus, Mr. Jean-Pierre Lebel captured a speci-
men of Calosoma frigidum Kirby in which the left hindleg is grossly
misshapen (Fig. 1). The metatarsus is bifurcate beyond the second
segment, and there is an additional metatarsus arising from the outer
face of the tibia near the apex.

The apex of the left metatibia is noticeably thicker than that of the
right metatibia. The auxilliary metatarsus arises from the outer face
of the apical thickening proximad to the tibial spurs. The 2 basal
segments of the principal metatarsus are greatly enlarged and trian-
gular. In place of the third segment, there are 2 parallel segments.
The inner of these bears a fourth segment. At the time of capture,

Fig. 1. Abnormal hindleg of Calosoma frigidum Kirby.

216 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

the fifth segment of the inner ramus, the fourth and fifth segment of
the inner ramus, the fourth and fifth segment of the outer ramus, and
segments 3-5 of the auxiliary tarsus were missing. Bifurcate and
trifurcate legs have been occasionally reported in Coleoptera (Jayne
1880, Scudder 1891, Wickham 1904, Balazuc 1948, and Graves 1969).

I would like to express my appreciation to Jean-Pierre Lebel for giving me
the specimen, and to Ross T. Bell for revising the manuscript.

REFERENCES

Balazuc, J. 1948. La tératologie des Coléopteéres et expériences de transplantation
sur Tenebrio molitor L. Mém. Mus. Natl. d’Hist. Nat. (N.S.) 25:1-293.

Graves, R. C. 1969. An aberrant trifurcate tarsus in Elaphidion mucronatum
(Coleoptera : Cerambycidae). Coleopt. Bull. 23:23-24.

Jayne, H. F. 1880. Descriptions of some monstrosities observed in North American
Coleoptera. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 8: 155-162.

Scudder, S. H. 1891. A decade of monstrous beetles. Psyche. 6:89-93.

Wickham, H. F. 1904. Reduplication of the tarsus in Hydrocharis. Entomol.
News. 1904:238.

TWO ICHNEUMONIDS (HYMENOPTERA) FROM THE
EARLY CRETACEOUS

Henry TOWNES

American Entomological Institute, 5950 Warren Road,
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105

ABSTRACT—Tanychora petiolata and T. sessilis are described from the lower
Cretaceous of Siberia. Tanychora has a divided discocubital cell and a very large
areolet, both of which are primitive features.

In 1968, I visited the Paleontological Institute of the Academy of
Sciences of the USSR in Moscow for a few hours and was shown some
of their fossil Hymenoptera by Dr. A. Rasnitsyn. Among them were 2
relatively well preserved specimens of Ichneumonidae from the early
Cretaceous. Since these were the oldest fossils of Ichneumonidae
known and also because they showed some definitely primitive
features, I was much interested in them. Dr. Rasnitsyn agreed to lend

them for study. Descriptions and figures of them have been prepared
and are presented below.

Tanychora, n. gen.

Discocubital cell subdivided by complete vein into first cubital and first discal
cell. Areolet very large and wide. First tergite short and wide, its spiracle a

Fig. 1. Tanychora petiolata, drawn from the type.

little in front of the middle. Bullae not discernible in venation of fossil
specimens at hand, but they are presumed to be present, at least narrow ones.

Type-species: Tanychora petiolata, new species.
The generic name is from rav- (long), plus y#pa (space), referring
to the very wide areolet.

Tanychora petiolata, n. sp.
fie.

Front wing 4.6 mm long. Structure as figured. Microtrichia on wing moderately
dense. Punctures on mesopleurum and on side of pronotum moderately large and
dense.

Type: From an early Cretaceous deposit (Neocomian) on the
Zaza River, Zaza formation. The Zaza River is a tributary of the
upper Vitim River, Transbaikalia. Specimen no. 292/8 of the Paleon-
tological Institute, Moscow.

A second specimen, no. 3145/1075 of the Paleontological Institute,
Moscow, is very similar to the type and is conceivably conspecific. It is
from an early Cretaceous deposit at Anda-Khuduk (= Ondai Sair),
Mongolia. I have not seen the specimen but I have seen a photograph
and drawing of it.

218 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

Fig. 2. Tanychora sessilis, drawn from the type.

Tanychora sessilis, n. sp.
ate, PP
Front wing 3.7 mm long. Structure as figured. The specimen has the right
hind wing beneath the front wing. This wing is drawn to the left to show its
shape. Its venation is not distinct. Present also is the left front wing. This is

more distorted and less complete than the right wing. Microtrichia on wings
moderately dense.

Type: From an early Cretaceous deposit (Neocomian) at Baissa
(about 20 km down the Vitim River from the mouth of the Zaza River
and about 100 km up the Vitim River from the village of Romanovka).
Specimen no. 1989/2594 of the Paleontological Institute, Moscow.

Discussion

These 3 specimens differ from modern ichneumonids in having the
first cubital and first discal cells separated by a complete vein. In
many modern ichneumonids there is a stub (= ramulus) of this vein
on the discocubital vein. On the basal vein there is often a small node
which is the remnant of the former junction of the complete ramulus
with the basal vein. I have seen an atavistic specimen of Coccygo-
mimus pedalis in which the vein was complete, as it is in Tanychora.
It should be noted that this vein, complete in the fossil Tanychora and

as indicated by remnants in modern ichneumonids, is horizontal, and
not slanted as in braconids.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 219

The areolet in Tanychora is larger than in any modern ichneumonids.
Its shape indicates that the second intercubitus has dropped out,
leaving the first and third intercubiti as the boundaries of the areola.
This being so, the 2 intercubiti present in modern ichneumonids would
also be the first and third, rather than the first and second as commonly
stated. In Tanychora sessilis there seem to be 2 remnant stubs of anal
veins on submedius and in T. petiolata a small stub in 1 wing but not
in the other. If they are true remnants of anal veins these are features
shared by no other Apocrita except some braconids. The stubs, how-
ever, may be artifacts, or secondary developments as in the modern
genus Absyrtus.

Except for the venational features discussed above, these ancient
fossils seem to be typical ichneumonids. The costa and subcosta are
fused as in modern ichneumonids, the stigma is large, and the hind
wing venation is identical with that of modern genera. The propodeal
areolation is typical of that of many modern genera. The multi-
segmented flagellum is also a typical ichneumonid character. Tany-
chora could be ancestral to all of the modern Ichneumonidae, it could
represent an extinct phyletic line, or it could be a primitive representa-
tive of 1 of the modern subfamilies. There is not sufficient evidence to
eliminate any of these 3 possibilities.

No new light is shed on the relationships of the ichneumonids to
other families of Hymenoptera. The front wing venation of Tanychora
is very similar to that of trigonalids, whether because of relationship or
of convergence it is too early to state.

A REPLACEMENT NAME FOR SMICRIDEA (R.) MINIMA FLINT
(TRICHOPTERA: HyDROPSYCHIDAE )

In a recent paper in Trichoptera collected in northern Argentina (Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash. 85:241, 1972) I described a new species of Smicridea (subgenus
Rhyacophylax) as minima, unfortunately overlooking the fact that I had earlier
used minima for a species of Smicridea (subgenus Smicridea) from Jamaica
(Bull. Inst. Jam., Sci. Ser. 19:27, 1968). Smicridea (R.) minima Flint, 1972, is
thus a homonym and must be renamed. I here propose the name minuscula as a
replacement name for minima Flint, 1972.

Otiver S. Fuint, Jr., Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution
Washington, D.C. 20560.

220 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

A NEW SPECIES OF CULEX, SUBGENUS CULICIOMYIA THEOBALD
FROM CERAM, INDONESIA (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)'

S. SmIRIVANAKARN
Southeast Asia Mosquito Project, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 20560

and

T. KurtHARA
Dept. Parasitology, School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo

ABSTRACT—The female, male, pupa, and fourth instar larva of Culex (Culicio-
myia) ceramensis n. sp. from Ceram, Indonesia are described. The main diagnos-
tic features of this new species are summarized and its relationship with the other
known forms in the Oriental and Australasian regions is discussed.

The following description of all stages of Culex (Culiciomyia)
ceramensis n. sp. is based on specimens collected by the junior author
during a general field survey of the mosquitoes of Ceram during
March, 1972. This species is apparently closely related to C. papuensis
(Taylor) from the Australasian region and C. pallidothorax Theobald
from the Oriental region but is distinct from both in several details of
the male terminalia and in certain larval features as described below.

The holotype and allotype will be deposited in the U.S. National
Museum (USNM), Washington, D.C. The paratypes will be deposited
in the Department of Entomology, National Science Museum, Tokyo,
Japan, and in the collection of Southeast Asia Mosquito Project
(SEAMP), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

Culex (Culiciomyia) ceramensis, new species
fig. 1-6, larva; 7-10, ¢ genitalia

Female: Wing 3.8-4.0 mm, fore femur 2.3 mm, proboscis 2.2 mm, palpus
0.4 mm, abdomen 3.0 mm. Medium to large in size, very dark to nearly black
species; abdominal terga without basal transverse white bands. Head. Decumbent
scales on dorsal surface of vertex predominantly broad and dark; narrow decumbent
scales yellowish brown, very sparse, restricted to dorsal midline in center and
occiput; all erect forked scales entirely black; lateral part of vertex with distinct
bluish-white patch of broad appressed scales; palpus and proboscis dark scaled;
palpus about 0.25 of proboscis length. Thorax. Integument of scutum and
scutellum dark brown to black; scutal and scutellar scales numerous, fine, dark
brown to black; integument of pronotum and paratergite same color as scutum;
pleural integument paler except for ppl, psp, upper and lower stp which are as

1This work was supported by Research Contract No. DA-49-193-MD-2672
from the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Office of

the Surgeon General and by a grant to the junior author from the U.S.-Japan
Cooperative Medical Science Program.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 2250

dark as scutum; 1 lower mesepimeral bristle present, sometimes 2. Legs. Fore
and mid femora dark scaled anteriorly and dorsally, white scaled ventrally; anterior
surface of hind femur with white stripe extending from base to 0.5-0.75 of length;
all tibiae and tarsi dark scaled. Wing. All scales narrow, dark and moderately to
very dense on all veins. Abdomen. Terga completely dark to black scaled; sterna
pale yellowish scaled.

Male: In general as described for female, differing slightly in smaller size and
in the following sexual characters: Head. Palpus longer than proboscis by about
length of segment 5; segment 3 with lateral ventral row of 5-6 transparent
lanceolate scales on distal %, apex with 2-3 dark bristles laterally; segments 4
and 5 weakly plumose, bristles and hairs rather sparse; flagellar whorls of antennae
densely plumose. Terminalia (fig. 7-10). Tergal lobe of segment IX small, with
1-2 irregular rows of 6-8 moderately strong setae; subapical lobe of basimere
without sterno-apical spiculose lobe, proximal division with 2 lateral and 1 mesal
rodlike setae, followed distally by 1 strong spinelike seta and laterally by a row of
34 flattened bristlelike setae, none of which is foliate; sternal mesal portion with
small lobe bearing 1 long bladelike seta; distimere with dorsal subapical crest
of 4-5 strong spinelike spicules and a very small ventral and dorsal seta; subapical
claw short and small; aedeagus of phallosome vaselike, lateral plate broad proxi-
mally, tapered distally to a point, its inner tergal surface with 1 large basal denticle
followed distally by 2 rows of 4—5 strong and 4 weak denticles; proctiger crown
large and dark, composed of about 10 flat and blunt spicules laterally and dense
tuft of several fine, pointed spicules internally; paraproct broad, without basal
sternal process; cercal sclerite broad, well sclerotized; 3-4 tiny cercal setae present.

Pupa: Abdomen 3.0-3.5 mm, paddle 0.75-0.78 mm, trumpet 0.53-0.7 mm,
index about 7. Integument of cephalothorax pale yellowish or whitish except for
dark area along posterior mid-dorsal ridge and middle part of metanotum; trumpet
with oblique pinna; meatus narrow at extreme base, more or less cylindrical distally;
abdominal terga of segments I-IV dark in middle, pale laterally; other abdominal
segments entirely pale. Cephalothorax. Hair 8-C usually double (2-3); 9-C
usually single (1-2); 10-C 3—4b; 11-C double; 12-C 3-4b. Abdomen. Hair
1-III-VII double or triple; 5-IV, V double or triple, 1-1.5 times as long as
segment following; 5-VI single, about twice as long as segment following; 6-III-VI
all single, rarely double. Paddle. Broad, semispherical in shape and very pale;
external margin distinct except apically; midrib weak and lightly pigmented; apical
hairs 1, 2-P present, minute.

Larva (fig. 1-6): Head 0.75 mm, siphon 1.7 mm, index about 5. Head. Anten-
nal shaft entirely pale, with several weak spicules; head hair 1-C fine, filiform; 5,
6-C double; 7-C 7-8b. Thorax. Without distinct spicules; prothoracic hair 1-P
single or double; 2-P single; 3-P 2, 3b; 4-P 3, 4b; 7-P 2, 3b; 8-P double. Abdomen.
Spiculation absent; hairs 6-I, II usually triple, sometimes 4b; 6-III single and
very long; 6-IV, V shorter, double; 6-VI single, as long as 6-III; 1-IV-VI single
and very long, about the same magnitude as 6-III or 6-VI; about 40 comb scales,
all similar in size and each with rounded apical fringe of fine spicules. Siphon.
More or less elliptical in shape, middle part swollen, basal and distal parts
narrowed; basal 0.4 with a close-set row of 10-12 pecten teeth; siphonal hairs 10
in number, all weak, 4—6b each, irregularly paired, inserted more or less laterally.
Anal segment. Ventral brush with 5 pairs of hairs (total 10); anal papillae
tubular, with blunt apices, slightly longer than saddle.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

222,

phallosome

distimere

basimere

ceramensis

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 223

Type Data: Holotype: male (110) with slide of terminalia
(SEAMP 72/855); allotype: female (110-03) with associated pupal
and larval skins, decayed sago trunk lying on the ground, Piru, Ceram,
Maluku Province, INDONESIA, 10 March 1972, T. Kurihara; deposited
in USNM. Paratypes: 1 male (110) with terminalia slide (SEAMP
72/856); 2 females (110); 4 pupal skins; 4 larvae, 1 larval skin, all in
collection No. 110, deposited in SEAMP; 3 males (110-06, 07, 08) with
associated pupal and larval skins and terminalia slides; 1 female (110-
04), 3 females (110), same data as holotype, deposited in Dept.
Entomology, National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan.

Distribution: Material examined: 6 males, 7 females, 4 pupae,
5 larvae; 4 individual larval rearings, 9 from mass rearing. Known
only from Piru and Hatnulu, Ceram, Maluku Province, INDONESIA.

Taxonomic Discussion: Culex ceramensis is most closely related
to C. papuensis (Taylor), which is dominant and widely distributed
in the Oriental region (Delfinado 1966, Bram 1967), in the Papuan
part of the Australasian region (King and Hoogstraal 1946), and in
the South Pacific (Belkin 1962), and to C. pallidothorax Theobald
from the Oriental region (Delfinado 1966, Bram 1967). Adults of
ceramensis are exceedingly similar to papuensis in lacking basal
transverse pale bands on the abdominal terga, and, as in the latter
species, ceramensis can be readily separated from pallidothorax by
this negative feature. In external sexual characters of the male,
ceramensis is distinguished from papuensis by the fewer transparent
lanceolate scales in the distal % of palpal segment 3 and by the fewer
bristles on palpal segments 4 and 5. The male terminalia differ from
papuensis and pallidothorax strikingly in the following features:
(1) absence of sterno-apical spiculose lobe and reduction in number
of setae on subapical lobe of basimere and, (2) absence of basal
sternal process of the paraproct of the proctiger. The pupae cannot be
separated with certainty. The larva resembles the other 2 forms in the
shape of the siphon, but is readily separated by the following combina-
tion: (1) filiform head hair 1-C; (2) double branched head hairs 5
and 6-C; (3) prothoracic hair 4-P 3-4 branched; (4) more slender
and longer siphon and presence of more pecten teeth which extend
from extreme base to about 0.25 of total length and (5) ventral brush
(4-X) of saddle with 5 pairs of hairs.

This species, with papuensis (Taylor), pallidothorax Theobald, and

«

Fig. 1-10, Culex (Culiciomyia) ceramensis n. sp. Larva: 1, mental plate
(MP); 2, terminal segments; 3, head; 4, pecten tooth (PT); 5, comb scales (CS);
6, thorax. Male terminalia: 7, phallosome; 8, basimere and distimere; 9, proctiger;
10, lobes of ninth tergum.

224 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

barrinus Bram (1967), apparently falls into a distinct complex of
closely related forms within the subgenus Culiciomyia.

Biology: The adults of C. ceramensis were obtained from individual
and mass rearings from several larvae and pupae collected from a
decayed sago trunk lying on the ground. On another occasion,
immatures were collected from a hole in the ground in association
with specimens of C. (Lutzia) halifaxii Theobald. The biology of the
adults is unknown.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are indebted to Dr. Botha de Meillon, Principal Investigator of the Southeast
Asia Mosquito Project for help in the preparation of the manuscript. We also
express our thanks to Miss Thelma Ford, artist at the Southeast Asia Mosquito
Project, for preparing the illustrations.

REFERENCES

Belkin, J. N. 1962. The mosquitoes of the South Pacific. Univ. Calif. Press,
2 vols., 608 and 412 pp.

Bram, R. A. 1967. Contribution to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. II. The
genus Culex in Thailand (Diptera, Culicidae). Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst.
2(1):1-296.

Delfinado, M. D. 1966. The culicine mosquitoes of the Philippines, Tribe Culicini
(Diptera, Culicidae). Mem. Amer. Entomol. Inst. 7: 1-252.

King, W. V. and H. Hoogstraal. 1946. The New Guinea species of Culex
(Culiciomyia), with descriptions of two new species. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.
59:143-154.

A NEW SPECIES OF AEDES (STEGOMYIA) FROM THAILAND
AND NOTES ON THE MEDIOPUNCTATUS SUBGROUP
(DreTERA: CuLiciaAr)!

Yrau-Min Huanc
Southeast Asia Mosquito Project, Department of Entomology,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560

ABSTRACT—The male, larva and pupa of Aedes (Stegomyia)malikuli n. sp.,
from Thailand are described and illustrated. Notes on the mediopunctatus
subgroup are given.

Recently, two closely related species of the Aedes (Stegomyia)
mediopunctatus subgroup were received from Thailand. One is here
described as a new species and the other is perplexus (Leicester).

* This work was supported by Research Contract No. DA-49-193-MD-2672
from the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Office of
the Surgeon General, Washington, D.C.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 225

Both species were collected as larvae in the same tree hole from
Chiang Mai area. Unfortunately, they are extremely similar and
appear to be inseparable in all stages except male terminalia which
are strikingly different.

It is considered desirable to describe the new species at the earliest
opportunity, and point out once again that closely similar Stegomyia
species are not infrequently found in the same larval habitat, such
as in the same tree hole.

The following notes on the mediopunctatus subgroup demonstrate
the necessity to confirm identifications by examination of male
terminalia, particular care being taken to study the claspette of the
basimere. Gaps in our knowledge of this subgroup and the need for
material from the entire Oriental region, particularly material from
Peradeniya, Ceylon, the type locality of mediopunctatus (Theobald),
are obvious.

Aedes (Stegomyia) malikuli, n. sp.
figs. 1,2

This species is named for Mr. Vichai Malikul, Scientific Illustrator in the South-
east Asia Mosquito Project, in appreciation of his help in making the drawings
for my continued studies on the Stegomyia mosquitoes.

MALE. Head. Proboscis dark scaled, sometimes with a white patch at base
and a few pale scales on ventral side, as long as fore femur; palpus dark, slightly
longer than proboscis, with white basal band on each of segments 2-5; those on
segments 4, 5 incomplete dorsally; segments 4, 5 subequal, slender, upturned, and
with only a few short hairs; antenna plumose, shorter than proboscis; clypeus bare;
torus covered with white scales except on dorsal side; decumbent scales of vertex
all broad and flat; erect forked scales dark, not numerous, restricted to occiput;
vertex with a broad median stripe of broad white scales, with broad dark ones
on each side interrupted by a lateral stripe of broad white scales followed by a
patch of similar scales ventrally. Thorax. Scutum with narrow dark scales and
a broad median longitudinal stripe of similar white ones which reaches from
anterior margin, tapers posteriorly and forks at beginning of prescutellar space;
prescutellar space surrounded by white narrow scales; a patch of broad white
scales on the lateral margin just before the level of the wing root, extending
forward over the paratergite and the mesothoracic spiracle toward scutal angle
and backward over the wing root toward scutellum; acrostichal and dorsocentral
bristles absent; scutellum with broad white scales on mid lobe and broad dark
scales on side lobe, sometimes side lobe with few pale broad scales as well;
anterior pronotum with broad white scales; posterior prontum with broad white
scales and a few dark ones dorsally; paratergite with broad white scales; patches
of broad white scales on propleuron, on the subspiracular and postspiracular areas,
on the upper and lower portions of sternopleuron and on the mesepimeron; lower
mesepimeron without bristles; metameron bare. Wing. With dark scales on all
veins, sometimes with a minute basal spot of white scales on the costa; first forked
cell twice as long as its stem. Halter. With dark scales. Legs. Coxae with patches
of white scales; knee-spot absent on fore femur, present on mid and hind femora;

226 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

submediopunctatus perplexus
(India) (Thailand)

distimere

paraproct

aedeagus

Fig. 1. A, B and F, Aedes (Stegomyia) malikuli, n. sp.: A, B, dorsoventral
aspect of the male pupa; F, tergal aspect of the male terminalia. C-E, tergal
aspects of the claspette: C, A. (S.) perplexus (Leicester); D, A. (S.) submedio-
punctatus (Theobald); E, A. (S.) malikuli, n. sp.

7

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 22

fore and mid femora anteriorly dark; hind femur anteriorly with basal %4 white, a
complete dark band present which separates the basal white stripe from the apical
white scale patch, sometimes the dark band not complete on the lower portion of
anterior surface; all tibiae anteriorly dark; hind tibia with white stripe on basal-
ventral 4; fore tarsus with basal white band on tarsomere 1; mid tarsus with basal
white bands on tarsomeres 1, 2; hind tarsus with basal white bands on tarsomeres 1,
2; tarsomere 3 all dark; tarsomere 4 all white, sometimes dark at tip; tarsomere 5 all
dark, sometimes with a few white scales on basal area, or sometimes with basal 4%
white; fore and mid legs with tarsal claws unequal, all toothed; hind leg with
tarsal claws equal, simple. Abdomen. Abdominal segment I with white scales
on laterotergite; terga II-VI with large basal lateral white spots; tergum II with
or without a small basal median white spot; terga II-VI each with a basal white
band which is not connected with the lateral spots. Terminalia. Basimere short
and broad, about twice as long as wide; its scales restricted to lateral and ventral
areas; with numerous long setae on apicomesal area; with a patch of hairs (3-10)
on basomesal area of dorsal surface; claspette simple, with numerous long
setae on the slightly expanded distal part and with few shorter ones on sternal
side; distimere complex, expanded at base and forked apically, with hairs and
spiniform process; aedeagus with a distinct sclerotized iateral toothed plate
on each side; paraproct without ventral arms; cercal setae absent; tergum IX with
middle part produced into a large rounded lobe and with a small hairy lobe on
each side.

FEMALE. Unknown.

PUPA. Cephalothorax. Trumpet short, about 2.5 times as long as wide at
the middle; hair 1, 3-C single, slightly longer than 2-C; 2-C single; 4, 5-C single;
6-C single, shorter than 7-C; 7-C single; 10-C 2-branched, mesad and caudad of
11-C; 11-C single, stout. Abdomen. Hair 1-I well developed, with more than 10
branches, dendritic; 2-I single; 3-I single, long; 2, 3-I not widely separated,
distance between them as distance between 4, 5-I; hair 1-II with many branches,
dendritic; hair 2-II laterad of hair 3-II; hair 2-IV, V laterad of hair 1-IV, V;
hair 1-III usually with 2 branches (2—4); hair 1-IV usually double (2-3); 3-II,
III single, shorter than segment III; 5-IV-VI single, or sometimes 5-IV, V with
2 branches, short, not reaching beyond posterior margin of following segment;
hair 9-I-VI small, single, simple; 9-VII 2-branched, barbed; 9-VIII with 2
branches and barbed, reaching beyond fringe of paddle. Paddle. Margins with
fringe; hair 1-P single.

LARVA. Head. Antenna 0.5 length of head, without spicules; 1-A inserted
near middle of shaft, single, small, spine-like; inner mouth brushes pectinate at
tip; head hair 4-C well developed, with 5—7 branches, closer to 6-C than 5-C,
cephalad and mesad of 6-C; 5-C single, long; 6-C double; 7-C with 2 branches;
8, 10 and 13-C single; 9-C with 2 branches; 11-C 3-branched; 12-C with 3—4
branches; 14-C double; 15-C usually double (2-3); mentum with 10-11 teeth
on each side. Thorax. Hair 1-P usually 3-branched (2-3); 2-P single;
3-P double; 4-P single; 5, 7-P usually double (1-2); 6-P single; 9-P single; 11-P
single; 5, 7-M single; 6-M 2-branched; 8-M with 2-3 branches; 9-M single, long,
stout and barbed; 10, 12-M single, long, more slender than 9-M, barbed; 11-M
single; 7-T with 2-3 branches; 9, 10 and 11-T similar to those on mesothorax;
12-T much reduced; basal spine of meso- and metapleural hairs long, straight
and pointed at tip. Abdomen. Hair 6-I, II 2-branched; 7-I single; 7-II 2-branched;

Aedes (Stegomyia) malikuli n. sp.

Fig. 2. Aedes (Stegomyia) malikuli n. sp. fourth instar larva: A, dorsoventral
aspect of the head; B, dorsoventral aspect of the thorax and abdomen; C, lateral
aspect of the terminal abdominal segments.

6-III-V 2-branched, one more slender than the other; 7-III with 4—5 branches;
6-VI single; 1-VII usually with 3 branches, barbed; 2-VII 3-branched; comb of
5 scales in a row, arising from a sclerotized plate, each scale with fine denticles
at the base of the apical spine; pentad hair 2-VIII distant from 1-VIII; 1, 5-VIII

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 229

3-branched; 3-VIII with 3-4 branches; 2, 4-VIII single; siphon about 3 times as
long as wide, acus absent; pecten teeth 10-18 in number, evenly spaced, each
tooth with 3-5 basal denticles; 1-S with 2-3 branches, inserted beyond last tooth
and in line with the teeth; saddle incomplete; marginal spicules long and conspic-
uous; 1-X 2-branched; 2-X single; 3-X single; ventral brush with 4 pairs of
hairs on grid, each hair single; no precratal tufts; anal papillae about 3 times as
long as saddle, sausage-like.

TYPE DATA. Holotype male (04482-10) with associated larval
and pupal skins and terminalia slide (73/103), Huai Phrao, Chiang
Mai, THAILAND, collected as a larva in a small tree hole, partially
shaded, in a secondary deciduous forest in the mountains, altitude
1290 ft., VII-10-1970 (Chaliou & Anun). Deposited in the U.S.
National Museum. Paratypes: 7 males as follows: 1 male (04482-14)
with associated larval and pupal skins and terminalia slide (73/105),
with same data as holotype; 1 male (00136-22) with associated larval
and pupal skins and terminalia slide (68/161), Huai Mae Nam Noi,
Kanchanaburi, THAILAND, collected as a larva in a bamboo inter-
node, on ground, heavily shaded, in a bamboo grove in the mountains,
altitude 350 ft., V-25-1965 (Peyton); 2 males (00314-102, 103) with
associated pupal skins and terminalia slides (68/1013, 68/433), Doi
Sam Sao, Tak, THAILAND, collected as pupae in a bamboo internode,
3 ft. above ground level, in a primary rain forest in the mountains,
altitude 1500 ft., VIII-1-1965 (Somboon); 1 male (00315-102) with
associated pupal skin and terminalia slide (68/432), Khao Salak Phra,
Tak, THAILAND, collected as a pupa in a bamboo stump, 6 ft. above
ground level, partially shaded, near the stream, in a primary rain
forest in the mountains, altitude 1500 ft., VIII-1-1965 (Somboon); 2
males (00320-2, 100) with associated larval and pupal skins and
terminalia slides (68/434, 68/485), Doi Sam Sao, Tak, THAILAND,
collected as a larva or pupa in a small stream pool, with abundant
dead leaves, partially shaded, in a primary rain forest in the mountains,
altitude 2400 ft., VIII-2-1965 (Kol). Deposited in the U.S. National
Museum and British Museum.

DISTRIBUTION. 30 specimens examined: 9¢,9¢ terminalia, 8
individual rearings (41,8 p).

THAILAND. Chiang Mai: Huai Phrao (VII-1970, Chaliou &
Anun), 26, 2é terminalia, 2 individual rearings (2 1, 2 p);
Kanchanaburi: Huai Mae Nam Noi (V-1965, Peyton), 1é, 14
terminalia, 1 individual rearing (1 1, 1 p); Tak: Doi Sam Sao ( VIII-
1965, Somboon), 24, 2é terminalia, 2 individual rearings (2 p);
( VIII-1965, Kol), 24, 24 terminalia, 2 individual rearings (1 1, 2 p);
Khao Salak Phra (VIII-1965, Somboon), 14, 1¢ terminalia, 1 indi-
vidual rearing (1p).

TAIWAN. Taichung: Sun Moon Lake (VI-1-1948), 14, 14
terminalia.

230 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Aedes (Stegomyia) malikuli n. sp.,
a member of the mediopunctatus subgroup, is extremely similar to
other members of the subgroup. However, the male terminalia of
malikuli, having the claspette of the basimere simple with numerous
long setae on the slightly expanded distal part and with few shorter
ones on sternal side, are different from all other species that have
been described.

Based on the present collection data malikuli is a mountain species
extremely similar to perplexus (Leicester) which is widespread in
Thailand. Both species have been collected as larvae in the same
tree hole from Chiang Mai area. At present, I am unable to find any
reliable characters to separate them in all stages except male ter-
minalia. It is hoped that more material will be available to us and that
further reliable diagnostic characters might be found.

BIOLOGY. The immature stages of malikuli were collected in
bamboo internodes, in a bamboo stump, in a tree hole and in a stream
pool in Thailand. The larvae from Chiang Mai were associated with
other members of the w-albus group (mediopunctatus subgroup and
annandalei subgroup ).

NoTEs ON THE mediopunctatus SUBGROUP

Aedes (Stegomyia) mediopunctatus (Theobald) was originally
assigned to Group C (scutellaris group) by Edwards (1932). Knight
& Hurlbut (1949) subdivided the scutellaris group into 3 subgroups
known as Subgroup 1 (scutellaris s. str.), Subgroup II (albopictus),
and Subgroup III (mediopunctatus). Mattingly (1965) transferred
mediopunctatus from Group C to Group B (w-albus group). Based
on the rather strikingly differentiated characters the mediopunctatus
subgroup can easily be separated from all the members of the
scutellaris and albopictus subgroups in all stages. Therefore it should
be recognized as a distinct subgroup and placed under a different
group. I am following Mattingly (1965) in considering mediopunc-
tatus as belonging to the w-albus group.

The mediopunctatus subgroup can be distinguished from other
Stegomyia by the following combination of characters: palpi with
white scales; scutum with the median longitudinal white stripe broader
than usual, extending from anterior margin, tapering posteriorly and
forking at the beginning of prescutellar space; hind tarsus with tarso-
mere 3 all dark.

Members of the mediopunctatus subgroup are extremely variable
and difficult to separate in all stages except for the male terminalia.
At present, three distinct forms of the claspette are found: (1)
perplexus form, (2) submediopunctatus form; and (3) malikuli form.
Thus, at least three species are recognizable within this subgroup and

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 231

all are found within the Southeast Asia area. The diagnostic characters
and known distribution (based on the specimens which have been
examined by me) of the species of the mediopunctatus subgroup
are summarized below.

MALE
SPECIES DIAGONSTIC CHARACTERS DISTRIBUTION
mediopunctatus Ceylon ( Peradeniya )
(Theobald) 1905 Male unknown. type locality only.
perplexus Claspette bilobed with setae West Malaysia,
(Leicester) 1908 on sternal portion shorter and Thailand,

flattened, one of them stouter
than the rest.

submediopunctatus Claspette as perplexus form India,
(Barraud) 1923 except tergal portion with Philippines.
several distinctly long and
stout setae.

malikuli n. sp. Claspette simple, with numer- Thailand,
ous long setae on the slightly Taiwan.
expanded distal part and with
few shorter ones on sternal
side.

Theobald (1905) described mediopunctatus species from a single
female from Peradeniya, Ceylon. Thus, the true identity of this species
cannot be ascertained until a topotype male becomes available.

The Indian specimens previously described as mediopunctatus
(Theobald), mediopunctatus var. submediopunctatus (Barraud) and
mediopunctatus var. sureilensis Barraud by Barraud (1923, 1934) as
well as the Philippine specimens previously described as medio-
punctatus var. perplexus (Leicester) by Knight & Hull (1952) are all
submediopunctatus. However, when the topotypic male of medio-
punctatus from Ceylon becomes available, it may well prove that
submediopunctatus is a synonym. The discontinuous distribution of
this species is rather unusual. Specimens of this subgroup from parts
of Southeast Asia such as China (S. of Yangtze Kiang), Hong Kong,
Hainan, Viet Nam, Laos, Cambodia and Burma, which are totally
lacking in all collections, may help to answer the question if they
become available.

Stegomyia perplexus was originally described by Leicester (1908:
83) as a distinct species from Kuala Lumpur, Malaya. Barraud (1934:
231) considered it to be a variety of mediopunctatus (Theobald) in
having the 4th and 5th hind tarsal segments entirely white and

232 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

Mattingly (1965:46) treated as a subspecies. It is here elevated back
to full species rank.

It is now difficult to say what Lien’s (1962) record of mediopunc-
tatus var. perplexus (Leicester) represents. My only Taiwan male
specimen (from the Bishop Museum) of the subgroup is malikuli
n. sp. It is possible that either submediopunctatus or perplexus is also
present in Taiwan. However, no conclusion can be made without
examination of Taiwan specimens which are not available to us.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am grateful to Dr. Botha de Meillon, Principal Investigator, Southeast Asia
Mosquito Project (SEAMP), for the helpful assistance in connection with this
paper and for critical review of the manuscript. I also extend my thanks to Mr.
Vichai Malikul of SEAMP for his help in making the drawings.

I also wish to express my gratitude to Dr. P. F. Mattingly, Department of
Entomology, British Museum (Natural History), London, for several types and
other material in the British Museum; to Dr. W. A. Steffan, Department of
Entomology, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, for the Taiwan specimen. The
receipt of Thailand material from Dr. D. J. Gould and his staff of the SEATO
Medical Research Laboratory, Bangkok; the Malayan and Indian material from
Dr. S. Ramalingam and his staff, Department of Parasitology, the University of
Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, and the Philippine material from U.S. National Museum
is acknowledged with sincere appreciation.

REFERENCES

Barraud, P. J. 1923. A revision of the culicine mosquitoes of India. Part I.
Indian J. Med. Res. 10(3):772-788.

1934. The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma.
Diptera 5, family Culicidae, tribes Megarhinini and Culicini. Taylor and
Francis, London. 463 pp.

Knight, K. L. and W. B. Hull. 1952. The Aedes mosquitoes of the Philippine
Islands. II. Subgenera Skusea, Christophersiomyia, Geoskusea, Rhinoskusea,
and Stegomyia (Diptera, Culicidae). Pacific Sci. 6(2):157-189.

and H. S. Hurlbut. 1949. The mosquitoes of Ponape Island, eastern
Carolines. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 39(1):20-34.

Leicester, G. F. 1908. The Culicidae of Malaya. Stud. Inst. med. Res. F.M.S.
3(3):18-261.

Lien, J. C. 1962. Non-anopheline mosquitoes of Taiwan: annotated catalog
and bibliography. Pacific Ins. 4(3):615-649,

Mattingly, P. F. 1965. The Culicine mosquitoes of the Indomalayan Area. Part VI.
Genus Aedes Meigen, subgenus Stegomyia Theobald (Groups A, B and D).
Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent. London. 67 pp.

Theobald, F. V. 1905. Some new mosquitoes from Ceylon. J. Bombay Nat.
Hist. Soc. 16:237-250.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 233

BIOLOGY AND IMMATURE STAGES
OF DESMOPACHRIA CONVEXA (AUBE)

(COLEOPTERA: DyTISCIDAE )

E. H. BARMAN, Jr.

Department of Entomology and Limnology, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York 14850

ABSTRACT—In central New York, larvae and adults of Desmopachria convexa
are found in habitats supporting dense growths of aquatic vegetation. Eggs
are deposited externally on aquatic plants and probably onto bottom sediments.
The incubation period lasts 4—5 days. Larvae fed exclusively on ostracods in the
laboratory and refused small larvae of Chironomidae late in the third stadium.
Larval development requires 13-20 days, including a prepupal period of about
1 day. Pupation occurred in imperfectly constructed earthen cells. The pupal
period lasts 3-4 days, and the entire life cycle can be completed in 20-29 days
under laboratory conditions (21-25 C). The egg, 3 larval instars and pupa are
described and illustrated.

At least 8 species of Desmopachria occur in the United States
(Young, 1951; 1955). This genus is best represented in the United
States in the southwest and southeast, and apparently Desmopachria
convexa (Aubé) is the only species occurring in the midwest and north-
east. Blatchley (1910) stated that it is eastern in distribution, and the
range given for it by Young (1951) is Canada and New York to
Indiana. Specimens of this species from Michigan, Maine, Massachu-
setts, New Jersey, and Maryland have been examined in this study.

No information is available on the immature stages of species in the
genus Desmopachria. This study of D. convexa includes life cycle
data, observations on larval feeding habits, and descriptions of the egg,
3 larval instars, and pupa.

LirE History

Biological observations are based on adults and larvae collected at
the Lloyd-Cornell Ringwood Wildlife Preserve, on County Road 164
(Ringwood Road) 3.2 km northeast of Ellis Hollow, Dryden, Tompkins
Co., New York. Specific collection sites were Ringwood Pond and
Overflow Swamp. The pond, a kettle hole located on the northwest
side of Ringwood Road, contains water throughout the year. Dominant
vegetation is duckweed (Lemna minor L.) and watermeal ( Wolffia
columbiana Karst.) with some cattail (Typha latifolia L.). The swamp
is located southwest of the pond and has a depth of 0.7 to 1.0 m in the
spring, but it consists of a few pools covered with duckweed and
watermeal during the summer. Both areas characteristically have
dense growths of filamentous algae and large amounts of detrital

234 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

material. Conditions at other localities where adults of this species are
found in abundance are similar to those in the pond and swamp at
Ringwood.

Adults and larvae of Laccophilus maculosus Say, L. biguttatus
Kirby, and Hydrotus sayi J. Balfour-Brown were frequently collected
along with D. convexa at both sites. Larvae of an undetermined
species of Agabus were also taken. Adults of Hygrotus laccophilinus
LeConte, Agabus erichsoni Gemminger and Harold, and Acilius
semisulcatus Aubé were collected occasionally at both Ringwood
sites.

Adults observed in the laboratory were relatively inactive, usually
resting among gravel and bits of plants. Beetles were seen swimming
slowly near the bottom with frequent pauses. A limited amount of
feeding on ostracods and a commercial fish food was observed. It
was possible to maintain adults in the laboratory for only 6 to 7 days.

Eggs were obtained from a group of 12 adults within 48 hr after they
were collected on 13 June 1971. The eggs, encased in a gelatinous
matrix, were attached to the stems of Elodea canadensis and to the
bottom and sites of breeding containers. Most of the 15 eggs collected
were located on the bottom and sides of the containers. Torn gelatinous
matrices, some of which appeared to have bits of egg still in them
when they were examined under the microscope, indicated that a
number of eggs had been consumed. The incubation period for the
15 eggs was 4 to 5 days.

The numbers of eggs obtained were less than expected. Data
presented by Korschelt (1924) indicate that oviposition of an indi-
vidual Dytiscus extends over a period ranging from several days to
several weeks. It is possible that females were exposed to adverse
environmental conditions in the laboratory, causing premature
cessation of egg production and resulting in deposition of only small
numbers of eggs. Failure to obtain oviposition after beetles were
held in the laboratory for more than a week, even when the holding
period coincided with initiation of reproduction in field populations
indicates that laboratory conditions were unsuitable for successful
production of eggs. It is also possible that females produced few
eggs because they were collected near the end of their oviposition
period.

Larvae collected at Ringwood on 28 July 1969 exhibited behavior
similar to that of those hatched in the laboratory. The larvae were
sedentary for most of the time and remained in the corners of the
rearing containers or among the bits of Elodea. They were capable of
crawling with great rapidity when disturbed but were seldom seen
swimming. The larvae were fed entirely on ostracods from hatching
to the beginning of the prepupal period. Small chironomids added

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 235

near the end of the last stadium were not consumed, but the larvae
were near maturity and may have ceased feeding.

The larval stadia were: first stadium, range 3 to 4 days (average
3.6 days); second stadium, range 3 to 5 days (average 4.1 days);
third stadium, range 7 to 11 days (average 8.7 days). Increased
activity indicated that the third-instar larvae were ready to leave the
water in preparation for pupation. The larvae appeared to have some
difficulty in constructing pupation cells from soil provided, and none
of the cells seemed to be complete at pupation. The cell construction
was carried out on or very near the soil surface in the vicinity of some
irregularity on the surface. A period of about 1 day passed between
removal from the water and pupation, and the pupal stage ranged
from 3 to 4 days (average 3.6 days).

DESCRIPTIONS OF IMMATURE STAGES

Egg: Yellowish-white, minutely reticulate, nearly perfectly spherical; diameter
0.32 to 0.35 mm (x=0.33 mm). Enclosed in gelantinous matrix approximately
equal in depth to egg radius. (based on 12 specimens )

First-instar larva: Length 1.28 to 1.35 mm (x=1.31 mm). Body spindle-
shaped to gibbous; narrowed anteriorly and more strongly posteriorly. Sclerotized
areas dark brown, with regions on midline and near epicranial suture lighter
brown.

Head pear-shaped in dorsal view, widest posterior to ocular region. Length
0.32 to 0.35 mm (x—0.33 mm), width 0.20 to 0.24 mm (x=0.22 mm).
Occipital suture and temporal spines absent. Stem of epicranial suture distinct;
suture forked anteriorly with arms divergent basally, converging and then
extending outward as feeble lines almost to bases of antennae. Fronto-clypeus
prolonged into a long, bluntly rounded nasale extending well beyond bases of
antennae; ventro-anterior margin with clavate setae. Nasale about % length of
head, without notches but with 5 toothlike spines on ventro-lateral margin.
Ocelli in two parallel rows of 3 ocelli each. Antennae 4-segmented, about %
as long as head; segment I about % as long as II; II and III subequal; segment
IV bifurcate, less than % length of penultimate segment. Mandibles falcate.
Maxillary palp 3-segmented: first 2 segments subequal; terminal segment %
length of second segment; stipes short and only little wider than palp. Labium
long and narrow, more than twice as long as wide; bases of 2-segmented palps
approximate; segments subequal in length, terminal segment slightly club shaped.

Pronotum widest about 2% distance from anterior margin, with long, hairlike
setae generally confined to anterior and lateral margins. Mesonotum about ‘2
as long as pronotum but slightly wider, with 3 hairlike setae on lateral margins
and remaining setae shorter and irregularly distributed. Metanotum wider than
mesonotum but subequal to it in length, with long setae confined to lateral and
posterior margins. No spiracles on mesothorax.

Legs slender, coxae shorter than femora. Profemur about 2 times as long as
protibia; femora of remaining appendages less than twice as long as tibiae.
Protarsus and protibia subequal; tarsi on remaining segments little less than 1%
times as long as remaining tibiae. Natatory hairs absent.

236 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

Abdominal segment 8 completely sclerotized; segments 6 and 7 incompletely
sclerotized but with dorsal and ventral plates; other segments with dorsal plates
only. Segments 1 to 6 shorter than mesonotum, segment 7 about as long as
mesonotum; eighth segment 3 times as long as mesonotum, with long, acute siphon.
Segment 8 with strong setae on siphon; segments 1 to 7 with 4 strong setae and
4 to 6 long, hairlike setae on posterior margins dorsally. Ventral plates on segments
6 and 7 with 4 to 6 strong setae on posterior margins. No spiracles on abdominal
segments. Cerci 2-segmented: first segment stout, extending beyond apex of
siphon with primary setae only; second segment long and hairlike. (based on 10
specimens )

Second-instar larva: Length, 1.82 to 2.18 mm (x= 1.98 mm). Pigmentation
and general form similar to first-instar larva.

Head pear-shaped in dorsal view, widest posterior to ocular regions. Length,
0.41 to 0.44 mm (x—0.43 mm); width 0.31 to 0.33 mm (x=0.32 mm).
Epicranial suture distinct, arms convergent and then divergent. Nasale well
formed, without notches but with distinct toothlike spines. Single temporal
spine at each apex of well developed occipital suture. Ocelli in two parallel rows
of 3 ocelli each. Antennae 4-segmented, about % as long as head; segment I
about % as long as II; II and III subequal; segment IV bifurcate, less than %
length of penultimate segment. Mandibles falcate. Maxillary palp 3-segmented:
first 2 segments subequal; terminal segment % length of second segment;
stipes short and only little wider than palp. Labium long and narrow, more than
twice as long as wide; bases of 2-segmented palps approximate; segments subequal
in length, terminal segment slightly club shaped.

Proportions of thoracic segments as in first-instar larva. Long hairlike setae
on posterior as well as anterior and lateral margins of prothorax. Meso- and
metanotum with long setae on each lateral margin and on posterior margins.
Mesothorax without spiracles.

Legs slender, coxae less than 4% length of femora. Femora longer than tibiae
on all segments; tibiae and tarsi about equal on pro- and mesothorax, tarsus
longer than tibia on metathorax. Legs without natatory hairs.

Abdominal segment 8 completely sclerotized, terminating in long acute siphon;
segment 7 with separate but approximate dorsal and ventral plates. Segments 5
and 6 with well sclerotized ventral plates; ventral plates of segments 3 and 4
distinctly but less heavily sclerotized than posterior segments; remaining segments
with dorsal plates only. Dorsum of abdominal segments 1 to 7 with row of
strong setae, half as long as segment, on posterior margins; single strong setae
on each lateral margin. Segment 8 irregularly setose, including siphon. No
spiracles on abdominal segments 1 to 7. Cerci 2-segmented; first segment
stout, extending beyond apex of siphon and bearing primary setae; second
segment long and hairlike. (based on 5 specimens )

Third-instar larva: Length 2.99 to 3.68 mm (x = 3.29 mm). Body spindle-
shaped to gibbous; narrowed anteriorly and more strongly posteriorly (fig. De
Sclerotized areas reddish brown, with regions on midline and near epicranial suture
lighter brown.

Head pear-shaped in dorsal view, widest posterior to ocular region. Length
0.55 to 0.58 mm (x = 0.57 mm); width 0.41 to 0.44 mm (x = 0.42 mm). Cervical
ZeEron lacking. Stem or epicranial suture distinct; arms convergent and then
divergent. Occipital suture and temporal spines present; 1 strong spine with 5 to

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 237

1.0 MM

(ims '
\{yppeatanues

q Le ;
1

*

yy Y
Sid

Aauitis
pees

0.5 MM
—— rr

Figs. 1-9. Desmopachria convexa (Aubé): 1, mature larva, dorsal; 2, head

of mature larva, lateral; 3, pupa, ventral; 4, right mandible of mature larva,
ventral; 5, left maxilla of mature larva, ventral; 6, labium of mature larva, dorsal;
7, right proleg of mature larva; 8, right mesothoracic leg of mature larva; 9,
right metathoracic leg of mature larva.

238 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

6 weak spines at apices of occipital suture. Fronto-clypeus prolonged into long,
bluntly rounded nasale extending well beyond bases of antennae; ventro-anterior
margin with clavate setae. Nasale without notches and little less than 1% as long
as head. Each ventro-lateral margin of nasale with 7 toothlike spines posterior to
clavate setae, as follows: 2 small spines near apex followed by stronger one;
fourth spine very stout, flanked medially by longer, more slender ones;
series terminating in 2 strong spines (fig. 2). Ocelli in two parallel rows of three
ocelli each. Antennae 4-segmented, more than half as long as head, segment I
half as long as II, II shorter than III, IV bifurcate, less than half as long as III.
Mandible slender, falciform, with hairlike seta 1% distance from base (fig. 4).
Stipes of maxillary palp short, armed with hairlike setae, little wider than palp;
palp 3-segmented, with ratio of relative length (proximal to distal) approximately
4:3:1 (fig. 5). Labium long and narrow, greater than 2 times as wide as long;
2, short setae near base on ventral side, and 4 long setae on dorsal surface (fig. 6).

Pronotum widest posteriorly, narrower than but about twice as long as meso-
notum. Metanotum wider than mesonotum but subequal to it in length. Pronotum
setose laterally, posteriorly, and discally; meso- and metanotum irregularly setose.
Spiracle present in pleural region near each antero-lateral corner of mesonotum.

Legs with coxae long and stout, as long as or longer than femora. Femora
longer than tibiae and tarsi longer than tibiae on all segments. Natatory hairs
absent (figs. 7, 8,9).

Abdominal segments 7 and 8 completely sclerotized, segment 6 incompletely
sclerotized but with dorsal and ventral plates approximate. Abdominal segments
2 to 5 with strongly sclerotized dorsal and ventral plates; segment 1 membranous
beneath. Segments 1 to 6 shorter than mesonotum, 7 longer than it. Segment 8
more than 3 times as long as mesonotum and tapering to acute apex; siphon
more than half as long as mesonotum. Dorsal sclerites of abdominal segments
1 to 5 setose along posterior margins, with short setae irregularly distributed;
setation of ventral plates similar to that of dorsal sclerites. Setal pattern of segment
7 similar to that of preceding segments; segment 8 irregularly setose, with few
setae extending onto siphon. Spiracles present, in lateral margins of tergites 1 to 6
and on lateral aspects of segment 7. Cerci 2-segmented; first segment shorter than
siphon, bearing primary setae only; second segment long and hairlike. (based on
8 specimens )

Pupa: Yellowish white with eyes darker; ovate and widest near junction of
thorax and abdomen. Length 1.36 to 1.41 mm; width 0.95 to 1.13 mm. Head
withdrawn into prothorax. Origin of antennae beneath eyes, antennae extending
posteriorly beneath front legs. Femora at right to long axis of body, with tibiae
reflexed against femora and tarsi meeting at midline (fig. 3).

Face with projection on each side of head originating between eye and origin of
mandible, extending latero-posteriorly. Each facial projection bearing 2 long
styli on each distal corner. Head with ridge between midline and each eye,
extending from facial projection to near anterior margin of prothorax; ridge
bearing 4 long styli.

Prothorax with 36 to 38 long styli arranged along anterior, lateral, and posterior
margins, medial area without styli. Styli on remaining body segments variable in

number and position. Cerci longer than eighth abdominal segment in dorsal view.
(based on 3 specimens )

PROG. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 239

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This investigation was supported by NIH Training Grant no. TO1 ES00099
from the National Institute of Health Sciences. I am indebted to Professor
Clifford O. Berg of the Department of Entomology, Cornell University and Dr.
Paul J. Spangler, Smithsonian Institution, for their critical review of this
manuscript,

REFERENCES

Blatchley, W. S. 1910. An illustrated descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera
or beetles (exclusive of the Rhynchophora) known to occur in Indiana. With
bibliography and descriptions of new species. Indiana Dept. Geol. Nat. Res.,
Bull. No. 1. 1386 p.

Korschelt, E. 1924. Bearbeitung einheimischer Tiere. Erste Monographic: Der
Gelbrand Dytiscus marginalis L. Vol. II. Verlog von Wilhelm Engelmann,
Leipzig. 964 p.

Young, F. N. 1951. A new water beetle from Florida, with a key to the species
of Desmopachria of the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae).
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 46:107-—112.

1955. Desmopachria portmanni (Clark) in the United States
(Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 50:110-111.

DOLICHOPUS RETICULUS VAN DUZEE A SYNONYM OF D.
OCCIDENTALIS ALDRICH (DIPTERA: DOLICHOPODIDAE)

Dolichopus reticulus Van Duzee, 1926 (Canad. Entomol. 58:231) was described
from 29 specimens taken by its author at Olney and Newport, Oregon, and 1
from Nanaimo, British Columbia, with the type (not specifically designated) cited
as in the California Academy of Sciences. The species was stated to have the
“first antennal joint yellow, very narrowly black on upper edge.” The first couplet
of keys to group I of Dolichopus separates 2 groups on whether the Ist antennal
segment is wholly yellow or whether it is yellow below (and black above). If
carried through the keys as having the Ist antennal segment wholly yellow, D.
reticulus will agree entirely with D. occidentalis Aldrich, 1893 (Kans. Univ.
Quart. 2:19), which is a common species in the Northwest.

Material collected by me in Oregon during the last 2 years and that in the
collections of Oregon State University at Corvallis, including a number from
the type localities of D. reticulus, indicate that a fair percentage of D. occidentalis
show a Ist antennal segment with a narrow black stripe above. The fact that
only variations of D. occidentalis have been taken by others than Van Duzee
along the Oregon coast makes it seem obvious that D. reticulus should be con-
sidered a synonym of D. occidentalis.

GrorcE C. STEysKAL, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research
Service, USDA, c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560.

240 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

CAMPTOZYGUM AEQUALE (VILLERS), A PINE-FEEDING MIRID
NEW TO NORTH AMERICA
(HemipTerRA: Mirae)

A. G. WHEELER, JR. and THoMas J. HENRY

Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture,
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120

ABSTRACT—The European mirid Camptozygum aequale (Villers) (formerly
pinastri (Fallén)) is reported in North America from 11 counties in central and
western Pennsylvania in 1971 and 1972. Characters are given and figures are
provided for distinguishing this species from native mirids. Adults and nymphs
were among the most abundant insects on Scotch pine, Pinus sylvestris L.,
seedlings and trees from June to early August. Nymphs also were collected on
seedlings of Austrian pine, P. nigra Arnold, red pine, P. resinosa Ait., Mugho pine,
P. mugo Turra, and western yellow pine, P. ponderosa Douglas. Overwintering
occurred as eggs inserted in stems of Scotch pine seedlings; early instar nymphs
were observed first in early June, adults in late June. There was a single
generation in 1971 and 1972. From its distribution C. aequale appears to be an
introduced species in North America. Since eggs are inserted in stems of Scotch
pine seedlings, introduction with imported plant materials is considered likely.

In 1971 we initiated a survey of the Miridae associated with conifers
in Pennsylvania. One species collected commonly on Scotch pine,
Pinus sylvestris L., in western Pennsylvania proved impossible to run
to genus in the available North American keys. The eventual identi-
fication of this species as the European Camptozygum aequale
(Villers) (formerly pinastri (Fallén)) was made by Dr. Jon L. Her-
ring, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washington, D. C.
Subsequently, we found two additional specimens among unsorted
material in the U. S. National Museum collection, both bearing the
label: Chestnut Hill, Pa., VI-29-1938, J. C. Lutz. Recently, we reported
this species as new to North America (Wheeler and Henry, 1973).

C. aequale was described as a Cimex by Villers in 1789, but was
synonymized under pinastri Fallén 1807 by Reuter in 1888. In his
“Catalog of the Miridae of the World”, Carvalho (1959), with a
question, placed aequale as a synonym of pinastri. Although the
name pinastri has been used extensively in the European literature,
we are following Stichel (1958) and Kerzhner (1964) by using the
older name aequale.

In Blatchley (1926:752) specimens of C. aequale, if they are
said to be “distinctly punctate in front of [? posterior to] collar and
between calli,” will key to Tropidosteptes. This genus may be elim-
inated since it is characterized as being red and black. Since some
specimens are not distinctly punctate posterior to collar, it is possible

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 241

to run them to Platylygus or Lygus. Platylygus is disqualified because
in aequale the upper surface is pubescent; Lygus because in aequale
the rostrum surpasses the hind coxae. Specimens may be keyed in
Knight (1941:136) to Tropidosteptes or Neoborus. C. aequale differs
from Neoborus by having the first antennal joint thickened. Specimens
may be keyed to Camptozygum in Carvalho and Leston (1952) and
in Carvalho’s (1955) key to the world genera of the Miridae.

C. aequale does not resemble any of the other mirid species asso-
ciated with conifers found in Pennsylvania. It may be separated
from all other mirids in our area by the following combination of
characters: head smooth, shining with vertex wide, nearly % width
of base of pronotum; eyes protruding well beyond lateral margin of
pronotum; rostrum surpassing hind coxae; pronotum and _ scutellum
deeply punctured, corium and cuneus less so; coloration testaceous
(except for occasional specimens of the darker forms or varieties )
with characteristic red markings on tylus, lorum, antennal bases, base
of rostrum, propleura, and apices of femora and tibia. For Pennsyl-
vania specimens, measurements are as follows: Adult—length ¢,
3.8-4.2 mm; 2, 4.0-4.6 mm; width vertex, 0.5 mm; width pronotum
at base, 1.6 mm; length antennal segment I, 1.4 mm; II, 1.3 mm, III,
0.6 mm; IV, 0.5 mm. Nymph, instar V.—length, 2.5-3.4 mm.

Nearly all the Pennsylvania specimens we collected are testaceous
and refer to the var. maculicollis Mulsant in Wagner’s ([1941-56] )
key to varieties or forms. Southwood and Leston (1959) note that
this form is also most common in Britain, but that nearly black speci-
mens are not uncommon in Europe. Occasionally, we have collected
the var. fieberi Stichel and pinastri Fallén (Wagner's nominate form).
We have taken a single black specimen which is the nominate form
(= aequalis Villers in Wagner's key ).

Hiieber (1901) gives a detailed description of the adult, while
Saunders (1892, pl. 23, fig. 8) figures the adult. The last instar nymph
is described by Reuter (1875) and Butler (1923); the egg by Butler
(1923) and Kullenberg (1942). Male genitalia are figured by Wagner
(1952) (as printed, the figures were reversed) and ([1941-56]). To
facilitate recognition of C. aequale, we are providing figures of the
adult (fig. 1), last instar nymph (fig. 2), and male genitalia (figs. 3-5).

C. aequale occurs in England, throughout Europe, and south to
Algeria (Carvalho, 1959). In Europe it is found most often on Scotch
pine (Kullenberg, 1944), and has been said to be possibly restricted
to this pine (Reuter, 1908). Others, however, have taken specimens
from spruce, larch, fir, juniper, and other pines (Reuter, 1908; Butler,
1923; Kullenberg, 1944). Kaltenbach (1874) listed this mirid (cited
as Capsus pinastri) as an enemy of conifers but gave no other informa-
tion. In central Europe C. aequale var. maculicollis has been reported

242 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

Figs. 1-5. Camptozygum aequale (Villers): 1, adult; 2, fifth instar nymph;
3-5, ¢@ genitalia: 3, vesica; 4, right clasper; 5, left clasper.

to injure Scotch pine by piercing the needles which, as a result of this
feeding, are discolored and break off (Krausse, 1923). This premature
dropping of the needles is also cited by Reh (1929) and Otten (1956).
In England and Europe overwintering eggs inserted in young shoots
of pine hatch the following spring. Adults are found from late June

or early July to September (Butler, 1923; Southwood and Leston,
1959; Kullenberg, 1944).

SULLIVAN

of
L YCOMING\

————
LUZERNE

\e a“
——<
rons TURIL NS
ee

e=1971-72 Records
©=1938 Lutz Record

Fig. 6. Distribution of Camptozygum aequale (Villers) in North America.
All known records are from Pennsylvania.

In Pennsylvania C. aequale was collected in 1 central and 10 western
counties (fig. 6). It was one of the most abundant insects on Scotch
pine seedlings in nurseries and on mature trees in Christmas tree
plantations and ornamental plantings. The life history in Pennsylvania
is not completely known and is currently under study. Overwintering
occurs as eggs inserted in Scotch pine seedlings and probably also in
young shoots on large trees. Eggs on third-year Scotch pine seedlings
collected in a nursery in Indiana County on 20 March 1973 began to
hatch in the laboratory on 5 April 1973. We found early instar nymphs
on third-year Scotch pine seedlings in a nursery in Indiana County
on 5 June 1972; late instars became abundant on these seedlings by
mid-June. Late instars were still abundant and a few adults were
present on 27-28 June. At the same time, late instars and adults were
less abundant on 8’ Scotch pine trees in a nearby plantation. Adults
were common throughout July but their numbers declined sharply
during August, the latest record being 21 August. In Pennsylvania
there was a single generation in 1971 and 1972.

While Scotch pine appeared to be the preferred host, nymphs

244 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

were also found on Austrian pine, P. nigra Arnold, red pine, P. resinosa
Ait., Mugho pine, P. mugo Turra, and western yellow pine, P. pon-
derosa Douglas. In the same nursery where nymphs were abundant
on Scotch pine seedlings during June, nymphs were common on
third-year Austrian and western yellow pine seedlings. Only an occa-
sional adult and nymph, however, were found on the adjacent third-
year red pine seedlings.

Adults of C. aequale also were taken on mature pitch pine, P. rigida
Mill., red pine, Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst., Colorado blue
spruce, P. pungens var. glauca Regel, and arborvitae, Thuja sp. It is
unlikely, however, that these plants serve as hosts.

Since the known distribution fits Lindroth’s (1957) criteria of an
introduced species, it appears unlikely that aequale represents a true
Holarctic species. Recently, several European species of Heteroptera
have been shown to have a ballast origin in North America. For ex-
ample, Lattin (1966) presented a good case for a ballast introduction
of the nabid Stalia major (Costa) into the Pacific Northwest. A
ballast means of introduction of C. aequale, however, appears im-
probable. The Great Lakes region was not an important dumping
ground for European ballast materials, and most of the Heteroptera
found associated with ballast sites in British ports have been species
of ground-dwelling habits (Lindroth, 1957).

Introduction via imported plant materials is another possible means
of entry into North America. European Heteroptera for which a
nursery stock origin has been suggested include the lygaeid Megalono-
tus chiragra (F.) (Slater and Sweet, 1958) and the pentatomid
Picromerus bidens (L.) (Kelton, 1972). Since eggs of aequale are
inserted in stems of Scotch pine seedlings, an accidental importation
with Scotch pine nursery stock would appear probable. However,
the possibility of a legal importation into the United States on Euro-
pean nursery stock is unlikely since the shipment of two and three-
needled pines into this country has been prohibited by quarantine
since 1915 (H. I. Rainwater, Plant Quarantine Division, USDA,
Hyattsville, Md., personal communication). A clandestine introduc-
tion on nursery stock subsequent to the quarantine is possible as is
a legal importation on Scotch or some other pine prior to 1915. If,
however, this mirid had been introduced before 1915 and had soon
become well established, it should have been taken by some of the
early hemipterists. In addition, we did not find any specimens among
unsorted Miridae in the Carnegie Museum, Academy of Natural Sci-
ences of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania State University, or Cornell Uni-
versity collections. It is not known whether the 1938 specimens
collected in the Chestnut Hill area of Philadelphia (fig. 6) by the
amateur hemipterist J. C. Lutz were from an established population.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, No. 2, JUNE, 1973 245

During 1971 and 1972, we collected extensively from conifers in
eastern Pennsylvania and failed to take any specimens of this mirid.'
Perhaps the relatively large numbers of this mirid now found in
western Pennsylvania are the result of a second introduction.

C. aequale is well established in western Pennsylvania. Further
spread of this mirid is possible since eggs are inserted in stems of
Scotch pine seedlings. While its economic importance in this country
has not been determined, collectors are encouraged to report the
spread of this species to other areas.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to Dr. Jon L. Herring, Systematic Entomology Laboratory,
USDA, Washington, D.C., for identifying Camptozygum aequale and for his
helpful advice during the preparation of this report. We also thank Dr. Richard
C. Froeschner, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., for his suggestions
and advice. Dr. L. L. Pechuman, Cornell University, and our colleagues at the
Bureau of Plant Industry, F. B. Negley and K. R. Valley, kindly read the manu-
script and offered suggestions for its improvement. Finally, we thank our regional
Bureau of Plant Industry personnel for their valuable collections of C. aequale
and Mark Evans and Newton Teichmann, Jr. for their collections and observations
in Indiana County during summer 1972.

REFERENCES

Blatchley, W. S. 1926. Heteroptera or true bugs of eastern North America.
Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis. 1116 pp.

Butler, E. A. 1923. A biology of the British Hemiptera—Heteroptera. H. F.
and G. Witherby, London. 682 pp.

Carvalho, J. C. M. 1955. Keys to the genera of Miridae of the world
(Hemiptera). Bolm Mus. Para. Emilio Goeldi. 11:1-151.

1959. Catalog of the Miridae of the world. Part IV. Archos.
Mus. Nac., Rio de J. 48:1-384.

and D. Leston. 1952. The classification of the British Miridae
(Hem.), with keys to the genera. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 88:231-251.

Hiieber, T. 1901. Synopsis der deutschen Blindwanzen (Hemiptera heteroptera,
Fam. Capsidae). VI. Theil. pp. 112-188. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlags-
handlung (E. Koch), Stuttgart.

Kaltenbach, J. H. 1874. Die Pflanzenfeinde aus der Klasse der Insekten. Julius
Hoffmann (K. Thienemann’s Verlag), Stuttgart. 848 pp.

Kelton, L. A. 1972. Picromerus bidens in Canada (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae).
Can. Entomol. 104:1743-1744.

Kerzhner, I. M. 1964. 21. Cem. Miridae (Capsidae). pp. 700-765. In Bei—
Bienko, G. Ya. Opredelitel nasekomykh Evropeiskoi chasti SSSR. 1:1-935.
Akad. nauk SSR. Zool. Inst., Moscow. (Kerzhner, I. M. 1967. Family Miridae
(Capsidae). pp. 913—1003. In Bei—Bienko, G. Ya. Keys to the insects

1 We now have taken 3 specimens of this species in Philadelphia and neighboring
Montgomery Co., beginning with a third instar nymph collected on 22 May 1973.

246 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

of the European USSR. 1:1-1214. Israel Program for Scientific Translations,
Jerusalem (English translation by Jean Salkind) ).

Knight, H. H. 1941. The plant bugs, or Miridae, of Illinois. Bull. Ill. St.
Nat. Hist. Surv., No. 22, 234 pp.

Krausse, A. 1923. Entomologische Mitteilungen. 23. Uber Camptozygum
pinastri maculicollis Mls. Z. Forst.—u Jagdw. 55: 174-175.

Kullenberg, B. 1942. Die Eier der schwedischen Capsiden (Rhynchota) I.
Arkiv. Zool. Bd. 33A (15):1-16.

1944. Studien iiber die Biologie der Capsiden. Zool. Bidr. Uppsala.
ORES yiy7.

Lattin, J. D. 1966. Stalia major (Costa) in North America (Hemiptera:
Nabidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 68:314-318.

Lindroth, C. H. 1957. The faunal connections between Europe and North
America. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 344 pp.

Otten, E. 1956. Heteroptera, Wanzen, Halbfliigler. pp. 1-149. In Blunck, H.
(ed.). Tierische Schidlinge an Nutzpflanzen. 2. Teil. Sorauer, P. Handbuch
der Pflanzenkrankheiten. 5 Band, 5 Auflage, 3 Lieferung. Paul Parey, Berlin
and Hamburg. 399 pp.

Reh, L. 1929. Pflanzenschidliche Wanzen. Z. wiss InsektBiol. 24:43-49.

Reuter, O. M. 1875. Revisio critica Capsinarum, praecipue Scandinaviae et
Fenniae. J. C. Frenckell & Son, Helsingfors. [i] pp. 1-101.

1888. Revisio synonymica Heteropterorum Palaearcticorum quae
descripserunt auctores vetustiores (Linnaeus 1758—Latreille 1806). Syno-
nymische revision der von den Alteren autoren (Linné 1758—Laitreille 1806)
beschreibenen Palaearktischen Heteropteren. Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 15(2):
443-812. (Separate 458 pp.).

1908. Charakteristik und Entwickelungsgeschichte der Hemi-
pteren—Fauna (Heteroptera, Auchenorrhynchia und Psyllidae) der Palaeark-
tischen Coniferen. Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 36(1):1-129.

Saunders, E. 1892. The Hemiptera Heteroptera of the British Islands. L.
Reeve & Co., London. 350 pp.

Slater, J. A. and M. H. Sweet. 1958. The occurrence of Megalonotus chiragra
(F.) in the eastern United States with notes on its biology and ecology
(Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 53:102—107.

Southwood, T. R. E. and D. Leston. 1959. Land and water bugs of the
British Isles. Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd., London & New York. 436 pp.

Stichel, W. 1958. Illustrierte Bestimmungstabellen der Wanzen. II. Europa
(Hemiptera—Heteroptera Europae). Vol. 2, Heft 24, pp. 737-768. Martin-
Luther, Berlin—Hermsdorf.

Villers, C. 1789. Caroli Linnaei entomologia, faunae suecicue descriptionibus
aucta. Vol. I. pp. 24-765. Piestre et Delamolliere, Lyon.

Wagner, E. [1941-56]. IX. Teil. 21. Familie Miridae Dhm. 1859. In Gulde,
J. 1933-56. Die Wanzen Mitteleuropas. Hemiptera Heteroptera Mitteleuropas.
Otto H. Wrede, Frankfurt a. M.

1952. 41. Teil. Blindwanzen oder Miriden. pp. 1-218. In Dahl,
F, Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meeresteile nach ihren
Merkmalen und nach ihrer Lebensweise. Gustav Fischer, Jena.

Wheeler, A. G., Jr. and T. J. Henry. 1973. Cooperative Economic Insect Report.
23 (16) :228.

PROG. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 247

NEW SYNONYMY IN LANGURIIDAE (COLEOPTERA)

Casey described Planismus in the Cucujidae (1890, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 5:500)
with his new species floridanus from Florida as the only included species. Both
Dr. Roy Crowson and Dr. J. F. Lawrence called my attention to the fact that this
genus is synonymous with Pharaxonotha, which was described in the Crypto-
phagidae and was transferred to the Languriidae by Crowson (1955, The Natural
Classification of the Families of Coleoptera, p. 106). Further comparison of the
type of floridanus shows that it is a senior synonym of Pharaxonotha zamiae Blake
(1928, Psyche. 30:111), also described from Florida. The following synonymy
results:

Pharaxonotha Reitter, 1875 (Deut. Ent. Z. 19:84) Type-species: Pharaxonotha
kirschi Reitter (Ibid, p. 84). Monotypic.
Planismus Casey, 1890 (Ibid, p. 500) Type-species: Planismus floridanus
Casey, 1890 (Ibid, p. 501). Monotypic. NEW SYNONYMY.
floridanus Casey, 1890 (Ibid, p. 501) (Planismus). FL, Biscayne Bay; FL.
zamiae Blake, 1928 (Psyche 30:111). FL, Homestead. NEW
SYNONYMY.

JouN M. KincsoLver, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research
Service, USDA, c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560

ON THE FAMILY-GROUP NAMES BASED UPON THE GENERA
BUCCULATRIX ZELLER AND STENOMA ZELLER (LEPIDOPTERA)

There has been some use of the family name Bucculatrigidae recently and the
family Stenomidae has apparently usually been so designated.

The genus-name Bucculatrix is not classical, but is Latin in form. Its base may
be considered as the noun buccula, but the remainder of the name is a suffix
usually applied to verbal bases to form feminine agent nouns such as _bellatrix
and venatrix. These have the genitive stem -tric-, and family-group names based
upon Bucculatrix would therefore be Bucculatricidae, Bucculatricinae, etc.

The genus-name Stenoma is a classical Greek word whose genitive stem is
stenomat-. Family-group names based thereupon should therefore be Stenomatidae,
Stenomatinae, etc.

GrorcE C. STEYSKAL, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research
Service, USDA, c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560.

248 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

REASSIGNMENT OF PSEUDODRILUS MOTS. FROM
ANOBIIDAE TO DRILIDAE (COLEOPTERA)

The Central Asian genus Pseudodrilus Motschulsky was included among the
incertae sedis by Pic (1912, Coleopterorum Catalogus, Pars 48, p. 79). In the
original description Motschulsky (1869, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 42:272)
made the following statement, “Forme intermédiaire entre Drilus, Anobium et
Xyletinus.” This is probably the reason for the assignment of the genus to
Anobiidae.

Although Pseudodrilus has not appeared in catalogs of Drilidae (Olivier 1910,
Coleop. Cat., Pars 10; Wittmer 1944, Rev. Soc. Entomol. Arg. 12(3):203; 1948,
Ibid., 14(1-2):115) the description agrees more closely with the Drilidae than
with the Anobiidae. During this work I have examined specimens of the family
Drilidae, but attempts to acquire a specimen of Pseudodrilus mamillatus Mots.
for examination have been unsuccessful.

Portions of the description of Pseudodrilus that lead me to believe that it
belongs in Drilidae rather than to Anobiidae include a reference to the form of
the elytra, “. . . celle des élytres rappelle les Lampyris.”, to the prothorax, “Corselet
transversal, un peu convex et incliné, presque tronqué antériéurement, en
demicercle postérieurement, bord faiblement en relief, les latéraux arrondis; sur le
dos deux impressions peu apparentes.”, and to the abdomen, “Abdomen de six
segments; le l-ier trés-court, le 3-éme et le 6-éme les plus longs; vers le bord de
chacun on distingue facilement une fovéole respiratoire.” The elytra of the
Anobiidae fit quite tightly against the body; those of the Drilidae are much
looser and comparable to those of the Lampyridae. The pronotum of the Anobiidae
is quite distinctly convex and never truncate anteriorly; that of the Drilidae agrees
much more closely with the above description. The abdomen of the Anobiidae
has but 5 (sometimes apparently 4) segments and respiratory pits are never
visible. The abdomen of members of Drilidae that I have seen consists of 6
segments and respiratory pits at the side of the abdomen are quite distinct.

RicHarp E. Wuire, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research
Service, USDA, c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560.

BOOK REVIEWS

Chopard, L. 1969. Orthoptera, vol. 2, Grylloidea. 421 pp., 284 figs.
In The Fauna of India and Adjacent Countries. Issued by The
Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. Published by the Government
of India, Delhi. Price: Wheldon & Wesley, Hitchin, Herts.,
SG4 8TE, England, $7.29.

This valuable and long-awaited book is one of the latest volumes in the series
begun in 1888 under the general title “Fauna of British India, . . .”; the title
and management of the series were modified when India became independent.
By 1950 there had been 81 volumes issued. This volume is thoroughly mono-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 249

graphic in scope and includes a_ suitable introduction, identification keys,
descriptions, a moderate number of illustrations, a bibliography, and an index.
It is highly useful for the area extending from West Pakistan to Malaya and
Indochina, including Ceylon.

The author, Dr. Lucien Chopard, is listed as an Honorary Professor at the
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. He was born in 1885 and died
Nov. 15, 1971. Since before World War I he was a distinguished contributor
to the systematics and biology of Orthoptera (broad sense). Although he was
active in all groups of Orthoptera, and the author of several book-size volumes
covering the order as a whole, Grylloidea (true crickets) was his favorite group,
and in 1967-68 he published a systematic catalogue for the world cricket fauna
(Orthopterorum Catalogus, Pars 10, 12). For years it has been a personal feeling
with me that the most accomplished contributors of their generation to the world
fauna of Orthoptera were Uvarov, Chopard, Rehn, Hebard, and Bey-Bienko;
Hebard died in 1946, the others from 1965 to 1971.

Chopard pays high tribute to Henri de Saussure, who in a classic 1877-78
work (Melanges Orthoptérologiques) established the classification of crickets
which is still basic today in spite of the many contributions made since Saussure’s
time. In Chopard’s monograph there are 355 species treated belonging to 84
genera; 5 genera and 82 species are described here as new. An indication of
Dr. Chopard’s preéminence in the field of cricket taxonomy is the fact that 220
of the 355 described species were named by him. He reports that the Indian
fauna (from India, Pakistan, and Ceylon) is reasonably different from that in
Burma and Malaya. Various species occur in both areas, but several cricket groups
are especially well represented in the Indian fauna and other groups are much
richer in Malaya than in India.

The publication of this book culminated a long-term effort. In the mid and
late 1920’s Chopard wrote extensive basic papers on the crickets of India and of
Ceylon. In 1937 he accepted the assignment of preparing the “Fauna” volume,
but World War II and other events intervened. April, 1969 is the announced
publication date, but the manuscript had been submitted as early as 1963. The
book was scarcely seen outside of India until 1970, and even later some deliveries
were very slow. The long interval between manuscript completion and publication
not only was very disappointing to Dr. Chopard and to entomologists waiting
to use the book, but numerous changes occurred meanwhile. A notable example
is that generic division has occurred in Gryllus (broad sense), so that the 33
species referred to Gryllus in the book now fall in 8 genera. Chopard’s 1967-68
Catalogue appeared in the interim, reflecting a more modern disposition of
species, and it is often necessary to use it to check the nomenclatural accuracy
of names in the 1969 book.

In spite of these and other handicaps attendant to a work so large and so
long delayed, the book is a tremendous source of information on Oriental crickets.
I find it very helpful during attempts to identify interceptions from S.E. Asia.
There is no doubt that more detailed collecting and refined studies of behavior
will require modifications in lists and concepts of relationship, but this final
major volume by Dr. Chopard will remain an invaluable fundamental contribution.

Asuiry B. Gurney, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research
Service, USDA, c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560.

250 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

The African Campsomerinae (Hymenoptera, Scoliidae). By J. G. Betrem.
1972 (1971). Monografieén van de Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging
No. 6. Sold by the Society at Zeeburgerdijk 21, Amsterdam-O, Netherlands.
326 pp., 6 pls., 55 text figs., 47 maps. 120 guilders.

Members of this subfamily of economically important scarabaeid larval
parasites have always posed extremely difficult problems in systematics because
of the marked sexual dimorphism in both color and form. Betrem has already
published classical contributions on the Indo-Australian, western Palaearctic and
Sino-Japanese species. This latest study, in which J. C. Bradley collaborated,
conforms to the meticulous, detailed treatment established in those earlier mono-
graphs, and maintains the same high quality. The keys, descriptions emphasizing
the salient characters, and the illustrations will greatly facilitate identification.
Localities are listed for all specimens examined, and maps illustrate the range
of many of the species.

The area treated is continental Africa so that most species of the Ethiopian
faunal region are considered as well as many southern Palaearctic species.
Regrettably, not all of the Ethiopian species are considered. Most of the species
from Madagascar and other offshore islands are not mentioned except two which
are type-species of subgenera; neither of these subgenera occurs in continental
Africa.

In keeping with the philosophy manifest in his most recent contributions,
Betrem has established a number of new genera and subgenera. Unquestionably
these represent natural groupings, being supported by combinations of characters.
A more conservative worker would undoubtedly have retained the traditional
separation into just a few genera and subgenera, recognizing most of the new
subgenera as species groups. However, judged from my experience with the
Melanesian fauna, where Betrem has established a similarly weighted hierarchy,
I am confident that the reclassification of higher categories established for the
African fauna represents a natural ordering and merits adoption by aculeate
hymenopterists.

This outstanding monograph, together with Bradley’s earlier work on most taxa
of the Scoliinae, provides us with a complete treatment of the scoliids of continental

Africa except for the many species belonging to the typical genus Scolia (sensu
Betrem ).

Kart V. Kromsein, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C. 20560.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 251

SOCIETY MEETINGS

796th Regular Meeting—April 6, 1972

The meeting was called to order by President Curtis W. Sabrosky in Room 43,
USNM. Thirty-seven members and 20 guests were present.

Chairman Burditt of the Annual Banquet committee announced that tickets
for the Banquet on June 1, 1972, would be $5.00 each and would be available
by the next meeting. Victor Adler would be Ticket Chairman. The price would
include potato chips and dinner. Hopefully, various industries would furnish
liquid refreshments to accompany the potato chips.

Dr. Sabrosky showed several mementoes of his recent trip to Russia, including
a calling card with Russian on 1 side and English on the other, and several
popular Russian natural history guides.

Dr. Krombein circulated a Festschrift printed in honor of Professor Yasumatsu
from Japan on the occasion of the latter’s retirement at the age of 63.

Dr. Bickley circulated Six-legged Science by Brian Hocking, a collection of
popular talks given by Hocking on the subject of entomology.

Mr. T. J. Spilman showed photographic slides of Hemipeplus mexicanus Grou-
velle, a cucujid beetle, that is intercepted at Texan ports of entry in palm fronds
coming from some of the northern states of Mexico. The beetles are small, being
about 5.5 mm long, elongate, and very flat; they are perfectly adapted to live
in the confined spaces between the bladelike leaflets of palms. Because the
beetles are intercepted 2 or 3 weeks before the religious services of Palm Sunday,
they could be called the Palm Sunday Beetle.

The Speaker of the evening, President C. W. Sabrosky, discussed his one-month
survey visit to Moscow and Leningrad during May-June, 1971 as part of the
exchange program between the American and Russian Academies of Science.
Special emphasis was placed on the Zoological Institute of the Academy of
Science in Leningrad, which is the principal center for systematic entomology in
the USSR. Color slides were shown of institutes, museums, and entomologists.

After a question and answer period, the meeting was adjourned and refreshments
were served.

Dewey M. Caron, Recording Secretary.

797th Regular Meeting—May 4, 1972

The meeting was called to order by President Curtis W. Sabrosky in Room 43,
USNM. Thirty-seven members and 17 guests were present.

Membership Chairman Rainwater read 2 names for membership. They were
Richard Lee Berry of the Ohio Dept. of Health, and Shripat T. Kamble of the
Entomology Department, North Dakota State University.

President-elect Burditt and Ticket Chairman Adler gave a pep talk for the
annual banquet to be held June 1 at the National 4-H Center, Chevy Chase.

In accord with the announced proposal to change Article IV, Section I of the
Constitution to read, “The annual dues shall be seven dollars payable January 1”,
President Sabrosky called for discussion. The motion on acceptance of the pro-
posed change passed.

252, PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

hel

In the first note of the evening Ted Bissell introduced members to a new book
Woody Plants of Maryland by Brown and Brown. He also indicated that insects
infesting the willow oak catkins, described in a note last year as literally
covering his automobile, have been captured by caging.

Mort Leonard presented a short notice on the safe and successful Viet Nam
tour of Steve Hammond, son of Eastern Branch President Bob Hammond.

Bob Nelson introduced Henry H. Richardson, a fellow worker of several years
ago. He presented slides on his experience and views of Australia and especially
Canberra, site of the International Congress of Entomology this summer.

Don Davis introduced visitor Julian Jumalon of San Carlos University, Cebu,
Philippines. Dr. Jumalon showed photographs of some of his exquisite and deft
butterfly mosaics.

President Sabrosky introduced the speaker Dr. W. G. Robinson, Jr. of the
Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville. Dr. Robinson
addressed the members on “Insect Sperm Ultrastructure, evolution and cell
motion”. His remarks were excellently presented and _ illustrated with photo-
micrographs. His abstract:

Coccid insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) are highly specialized parasites of
plants, and as such they have attracted the interest of many scientists, from
those concerned with economic control to those involved in basic research on
biomedical problems of humans. Hughes-Schrader, through her comprehensive
review of the cytology of the coccids in 1948 (Advances in Genetics 2:127),
opened the way for the use of coccids for investigations on basic biological
problems in heredity, development, and evolution. Our interest was inspired by
her discovery that the sperm of coccids undergo an extremely unusual development.
This results in a sperm which, unlike typical sperm, is not divisible into head,
middlepiece and tail, and has no acrosome, centrioles, mitochondria, or typical
flagellum.

In lieu of the 9+ 2 pattern of microtubules found in the flagellum of most
sperm, the motile apparatus of most coccid sperm have 1 to several concentric rings
of microtubules surrounding acentrically located crescents of microtubules. A
straight line drawn to connect the 2 terminal microtubules of the crescent defines
a plane in which bisection of the spermatozoon divides it into halves with unequal
numbers of microtubules. The asymmetry that can be demonstrated in this
manner relates the 16 different patterns found so far in coccid sperm to the
9 + 2 pattern, which is asymmetric also.

The results suggest that the ability of a cell filament to effect the two-
dimensional component of flagellar and flagellalike motility depends, not on a
9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules as previously believed, but on the organization
of microtubules into asymmetric patterns. It is clear that general theories on
mechanisms of flagellar motion or on the evolution of cell motility should include
a consideration of coccid spermatozoa. Also, information on sperm and sperm
bundle structure may provide significant help in unraveling the phylogeny and
taxonomic status in the more “difficult” groups of coccids.

Before adjournment at 10 o’clock President Sabrosky invited all to the banquet
and bid all a summer farewell.

- Dewey M. Caron, Recording Secretary.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 253

798th Regular Meeting—June 1, 1972

The 798th meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington was the
annual banquet. 152 members and guests gathered June 1 at the National 4-H
center, Chevy Chase, Maryland. The second reading for membership of Shripat
T. Kamble, North Dakota State University, and Richard Lee Berry, Ohio Depart-
ment of Health, plus the first reading of T. J. Shortino, ARS, Beltsville, constituted
the business of the Society by toastmaster, Lou Davis. The speaker for the evening
was Mr. Phil M. Schroeder, APHIS. His remarks, “Reflections on India”, were
supplemented with numerous slides of his recent assignment and travels on the
Indian subcontinent.

Dewey M. Caron, Recording Secretary.

799th Regular Meeting—October 5, 1972

The meeting was called to order by Treasurer T. J. Spilman, in the absence of
other officers, in Room 43, USNM. Thirty-one members and 15 guests were
present.

Membership Chairman Rainwater read 4 names for membership. They were:
Joan D. Chapin, Department of Entomology, Louisiana State College, Ralph E.
Harbach, Department of Biological Science, Western Illinois University, Robert
W. Husband, Biology Department, Adrian College, and Charles Shapiro, Chevy
Chase, Maryland.

The Treasurer gave a financial report of the annual banquet meeting held
during June, and reported a surplus.

Mrs. R. E. Snodgrass noted that a book by the late R. E. Snodgrass, Insects,
Their Ways and Means of Living, originally published in volume 5 of the
Smithsonian Scientific series in 1930, has been reprinted.

Robert T. Mitchell exhibited a rough sketch and specimen of a curious, tiny,
antlike parasitic Hymenopteran, which, Karl Krombein determined at a glance as
a Dryinid. Following this lead, the exhibitor has since found interesting and
detailed accounts in C. P. Clausen’s Entomophagous Insects of parasitism of
leafhoppers by Dryinidae and observed specimens of parasitized leafhoppers in
the sweeping samples in which this and other Dryinidae were taken.

George C. Steyskal exhibited a sample of a McPhail trap and gave some
account of its history and use in fruitfly survey work. He also told about results
in gathering unexpected Diptera of several families from 1 of the traps hung in a
tree in his backyard in Bethesda, including over 200 specimens of the chloropid
genus Gaurax.

R. I. Sailer presented an 8-minute color film on G. E. Bohart’s research with
Odynerus wasps at the Bee Pollination Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Logan, Utah.
Insecticide applications for control of alfalfa weevils kill pollinating megachilid
bees; the Odynerus wasps may be useful biological control agents as they provision
their nests with alfalfa weevil larvae.

Treasurer Spilman introduced the speaker for the evening, Dr. Emest C. Bay,
Chairman of the Entomology Department, University of Maryland, who spoke on
“People, Mosquitos, and Little Fishes of Northern Nigeria”. His comments and
slides on mosquito problems and the people of Northern Nigeria were appreciated
and elicited several questions.

254 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

Following introduction of guests, the meeting closed at 10 P.M., and refreshments
were served.

Dewey M. Caron, Recording Secretary.

800th Regular Meeting—November 2, 1972

The meeting was called to order by President Curtis W. Sabrosky in Room 43,
USNM. Forty-six members and 15 guests were present.

Membership Chairman Rainwater presented 8 names for membership. They
were: Lawrence H. Rolston, Dept. of Entomology, Louisiana State University;
Tirzah M. Clark, Washington, D.C.; Georgann L. Kates, Hyattsville, Md; John F.
Burger, Rockville, Md.; Douglas William Sutherland, Adelphi, Md.; Robert C.
Pordan, Phillipsburg, New Jersey; M. W. Boesel, Zoology Dept., Miami University;
and Richard W. Baumann, Dept. of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution.

Nominating Committee Chairman Dr. Krombein presented the slate of officers
for the 1973 year. The officers nominated by Dr. Krombein and his committee of
Steinhauer and Stone were: President-elect, Victor E. Adler; Recording Secretary,
Raymond J. Gagné; Corresponding Secretary, Terry Erwin; Treasurer, T. J.
Spilman; Editor, Lloyd Knutson; Custodian, Doug Miller; Program Chairman,
F. Eugene Wood; Membership Chairman, Ivan Rainwater.

Treasurer Spilman announced a gift to the publication fund from Alan Stone.

Under the category, for the good of the Society, Lou Davis passed an umbrella
to its owner, Lloyd Knutson. The umbrella was homeless from the October meeting.

The first note of the evening was presented by President Sabrosky. He
introduced members to the book by R. L. Usinger, Autobiography of an
Entomologist.

Frank Campbell also displayed a book, The Insect Societies, by E. O. Wilson.
Dr. Campbell conducted an informal poll regarding Alan Stone’s double-crosstik
puzzle in the September issue of the ESA bulletin. The difficulty of the puzzle
was apparent.

John Horne presented a note on ant lions. He demonstrated and circulated a
fascinating natural habitat display that he had constructed to show the life
history of ant lions.

President Sabrosky showed a poster from France that pictured some endangered
species of insects.

Vic Adler and Mort Leonard spoke about the recent passing of Dr. H. R. Haller.

President Sabrosky introduced the first of the 3 program speakers. Dr. Donald
Duckworth of the Smithsonian Institution illustrated his comments on the 14th
International Congress of Entomology of this past summer in Australia with some
excellent slides. The second speaker, Louise Russell, Systematic Entomology
Laboratory, USDA, spoke about the 21st conference of the New Zealand Ento-
mological Society held following the International Congress this past year. Dr.
Sabrosky added a few slides of the 2 meetings and his later travels in Monaco.
Dr. Wallace Murdoch, Executive Secretary of the Entomological Society of
America, completed the program by presenting comments on the 15th International
Congress to be held in Washington, D.C. in 1976. He outlined efforts to arrange
the meeting and progress on plans to date.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 255

Following introduction of guests, including Mr. Eda, First Secretary of the
Japanese Embassy, the meeting was adjourned.

Dewey M. Caron, Recording Secretary.

801st Regular Meeting—December 7, 1972

The meeting was called to order by President Curtis W. Sabrosky in Room 43,
USNM. Forty-eight members and 18 guests were present.

President Sabrosky gave a summary of the annual reports of all the officers
except the Treasurer. The assembled members and guests rose for a moment of
silence in honor of the 3 members and 1 associate who died in 1972. Treasurer
Ted Spilman gave his annual report on the finances of the Society.

The names of the new slate of officers for 1973 nominated at the November
meeting by the committee of Chairman Krombein and members Stone and
Steinhauer were read. These were:

President-elect, Victor Adler

Recording Secretary, R. J. Gagné
Corresponding Secretary, Terry Erwin
Treasurer, T. J. Spilman

Editor, Lloyd Knutson

Custodian, Doug Miller

Program Chairman, F. E. Wood
Membership Chairman, Ivan Rainwater

President Sabrosky asked if there were nominations from the floor. There
was none, and Pres. Sabrosky requested a motion to ask the secretary to record
a unanimous ballot for the entire slate of officers. This was moved, seconded,
and carried. The 1973 slate of officers was declared elected, effective at the
close of the meeting.

Mr. and Mrs. Ramsey introduced their collection of fabrics with natural
history motifs. They exhibited samples following the meeting.

George Steyskal identified an interesting collection of Tephritidae made by
President Sabrosky near Ayre’s Rock in Australia.

The film on Alfalfa Leafcutter Beekeeping scheduled for the meeting was
cancelled. Dr. W. E. Bickley held forth on the other main topic of the evening,
an illustrated account, slightly entomological, of his travels to Australia and Japan.

T. J. Spilman exhibited pictures of Stromatium fulvum (Villers), a cerambycid
beetle, and damaged wooden legs of a chest of drawers. The legs had been
carved from an unknown wood in Spain in 1960 and attached to the chest which
originated in the United States. In 1964 the chest with legs was sent to the
United States and stored in a warehouse in Hyattsville, Maryland. When the
piece of furniture was removed from storage in 1972 fine powder fell from the
legs. The legs had been severly tunneled and a larvae and adult beetle were
found in the tunnels. The legs had undoubtedly been carved from infested wood.
A long life cycle, in this case 12 years, is typical of this species. The beetle is
found in the Mediterranean region and is said to have become established in
the West Indies and South America. Though often accidently introduced into
the United States, it has apparently not become established.

256 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

Introduction of visitors followed.

President Sabrosky thanked his officers and committees for their fine work
during his tenure as President and called Art Burditt forward to accept the gavel.
President Burditt accepted with pleasure, but explained that because of the ARS
reorganization, he had been transferred to Miami, and would have to resign as
President of the Society. As his single official act during his tenure, he appointed
a committee of Chairman Krombein and members Stone and Steinhauer to
nominate a President-Elect. Pres. Burditt then regretfully resigned and asked
Vic Adler, President-Elect for 1973, to take the gavel.

President Adler called upon the nominating committee to select a new President-
Elect. The Committee, in the absence of member Steinhauer, nominated B. D.
Burks. President Adler asked Helen Sollers-Reidel to continue as head of the
Hospitality Committee, and adjourned the meeting at 9:50.

A holiday punch and cookies were served.

R. J. Gacné for Dewey M. Caron, Recording Secretary.

802nd Regular Meeting—January 4, 1973

The meeting was called to order by Recording Secretary R. J. Gagné, in the
absence of President Adler, in Room 43, USNM. Forty-one members and 11
guests were in attendance. A special election for a new President-Elect was held.
Dr. B. D. Burks had been nominated at the previous meeting. There were no
other nominations from the floor. A motion was made, seconded, and carried to
record a unanimous ballot for B. D. Burks as President-Elect. Dr. Burks then
came forward to preside over the meeting.

Ivan Rainwater read the names of applicants for membership, Phil Perkins,
College Park, Maryland, and E. C. Bay, University of Maryland, for the first time.
B. D. Burks read the Committee Assignments for 1973.

The featured speaker of the evening was Curtis Sabrosky, whose topic was
“Biosystematics of the Bird Blow Flies, Protocalliphora.” A synopsis follows.

Bird blow flies (Protocalliphora) are, in the larval stage, obligatory blood
sucking parasites of nestling birds. The group is Holarctic, extending as far
north as birds nest and south to central Mexico, North Africa, and temperate
Eurasia at least as far south as Szechuan in South China. Until the 1920's,
dipterists had considered that there were only 2 species in both Europe and
North America, or 1 species and a variety. Successive revisions by Shannon
and Dobroscky (1924) and Hall (1948) raised the Nearctic total to 10 species,
and recent studies have found a dozen or more new ones in addition. European
dipterists have also added a number of species in the last 10 years. Taxonomic
characters such as color, sexual dichromatism, width of frons, chaetotaxy, male
genitalia, and features of the immature stages were discussed and illustrated.
The life history was outlined, including overwintering of the adults, eggs laying
in the nests, feeding habits of the larvae, length of stages, longevity of adults, etc.
The ecology was discussed, with a conclusion that the flies showed habitat
preference rather than preference for species of birds or types of nests. In general,
the larvae do not cause the death of nestlings, although they may do so in certain
cases.

George Steyskal introduced a book entitled Challenging Biological Problems.
- Floyd Smith presented a note on the subject of the earliest known reference

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 257

to an American insect, the periodical cicada, in the first volume of Philosophical
Transactions, published in 1666.

Frank Campbell called attention to the book, Leaf Cutting Ants, by N. Webber.

Doug Sutherland exhibited volume 3 of the new EPA compendium of registered
pesticides.

John Davidson presented photos of minute sensory organs of a coccid taken
with an electron microscope. He showed also photos of the sensory pits in the
antennae of Dineutes (Gyrinidae: Coleoptera).

After the introduction of guests, the meeting was adjourned. Coffee and
cake were served.

R. J. Gacne, Recording Secretary.

803rd Regular Meeting—February 1, 1973

The meeting was called to order by President Adler in Room 43, USNM.
Thirty-eight members and 12 guests were in attendance.

Membership Chairman Rainwater read the names of Kathleen K. Smith and
George E. Camin for the first time. B. D. Burks, co-chairman of the annual
banquet, announced that the banquet would be held Thursday, May 3lst, at
the National 4-H Club Center. The cost of tickets was not yet known.

Helen Sollers-Reidel introduced 2 books by David Gillette: The Mosquito
and Common African Mosquitos. Ralph Bram spoke of an introduction to the
U.S. of Hippobosca longipennis in a shipment of cheetahs to the San Diego Zoo.
This hippoboscid is a pest of domestic dogs and cats in South Africa, its area of
origin.

In the first half of the regular program, Ashley B. Gurney discussed exploration
in Nevada and adjacent States during June 1972, in search of the Nevada sage
grasshopper, Melanoplus rugglesi Gumey. Solitary populations were found in 5
States, mainly at sites where he last collected it in 1953. This demonstrated the
permanence of the solitary phase. No specimens of the migratory phase, which
attracted much attention in the late 1940’s and early 1950's, were seen. He
showed kodachrome pictures of scenes photographed by his son, Richard D.
Gurney, during the last part of the trip. The latter also showed two sequences of
close-up insect photographs, one a series of the European mantis, including
feeding and oviposition. The second series was of the life history of an ambush
bug, Phymata fasciata (Gray), reared from nymphs and displaying the various
stages and feeding activity.

In the second half of the evening, Douglas Sutherland gave a well-illustrated
talk on the variety of biomes in Idaho and on certain insect problems relating to
the changing ecosystem.

Following the introduction of visitors, the meeting was adjourned, and
refreshments were served,

R. J. GAcng&, Recording Secretary.

258 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

SUMMARY REPORTS OF SOCIETY OFFICERS FOR 1972
CORRESPONDING SECRETARY

(1 November, 1971 to 31 October, 1972)

Membership. on 1 November, 197]. "= = eee 507
Membership on 31. October, 1972- 503
Circulation and distribution of Proceedings (September, 1972 issue) ____ 839

The membership is distributed among 46 States, the District of Columbia, 2
Territories, and 16 foreign countries. The Proceedings go to members and
subscribers in 49 States, the District of Columbia, 2 Territories, and 43 foreign
countries. A detailed report is on file with the Recording Secretary. Davmw R.
SmiruH, Corresponding Secretary.

CUSTODIAN
(1 November 1971 to 31 October 1972)

The value of publications sold by the Custodian’s office amounted to $227.00.
Of this, $148.00 was for 14 copies of the Memoirs, $7.00 for 5 copies of Weld’s
gall papers and $72.00 for miscellaneous numbers of the Proceedings. A copy
of the complete detailed report is on file with the Recording Secretary. ROBERT
D. Gorpon, Custodian.

TREASURER

(1 November 1971 to 31 October 1972)

Special
General Publication
Fund* Fund**
ee ee eee OL Pe ea ee EES Ae eid
On hand, Nov. 1, 1971 $ 1,131.32 $9,889.37

Credits LOAN
Receipts 7,900.91 908.4
eon Pa " from Special Publication Fund
tee 75.00 to General Fund
iil from Publ. Fund — 3,543.85 Balance, 11/1/71 $1,785.11
Debits : re
Additi :
Disbursements 12,651.08 212.19 ase Hee we bs
Transfer to Gen. Fund 75.00
es a eae 44 ae Balance, 10/31/72 $5,329.46

On hand, Oct. 31, 1972 $ 136.66 $6,966.73
ee

“In National Bank of Washington, a checking account. **In Columbia
Federal Savings and Loan Association: $5,000.00 in a certificate of deposit
$1,966.73 in a passbook account. Because of increased operating costs, we fee
once again had to borrow from the Special Publication Fund to meet expenses in

the General Fund. A detailed report is on file with the recording secretary.
THEODORE J. SPILMAN, Treasurer.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 259

EDITOR

(Calendar year 1972)

Four numbers of the Proceedings were published in 1972. All of the 480
pages were devoted to scientific papers, notes, book reviews, minutes of meetings,
announcements, and obituaries. Ninety-nine scientific papers and notes were
published. The Society and the Proceedings benefitted from 9 fully paid papers
of 57 pages which did not cause the articles of regular contributors to be delayed.
In order to eliminate problems about billing procedures, a new policy was started
whereby reprints are ordered from the Society, not from the press. This new
procedure is working very well and will be continued indefinitely. Several
changes in publication charges were instituted by the Executive and Editorial
Committees in order to offset increased printing costs. These were: an increase
in the cost of reprints; an increase in page charges; a limit set on the number of
nonpaid papers per issue; and the addition of charges for notes of 1 page or less
beginning in 1973. Paut M. Marsu, Editor.

260 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., vOL. 75, No. 2, JUNE, 1973 261

HERBERT L. J. HALLER
1894-1972

Herbert Haller, national and world leader in research on agricultural chemicals
and expert on methods for the chemical control of insect pests, died in Suburban
Hospital near Washington, D.C., on November 1, 1972. His contributions to
agriculture in the United States and other countries around the world will remain
a lasting monument to his ability, energy, and forceful character.

Dr. Haller was born at 2213 Victor Street, Cincinnati, Ohio, August 15, 1894.
His boyhood in Cincinnati was notable for thrift and hard work. His several
jobs while he was working his way through school included helping with
prescriptions in a local drugstore, an experience that kindled in him a growing
interest in chemistry and biology. After graduation from Fairview Heights School
and East Night High School he entered the University of Cincinnati working
alternate 2 weeks at an industrial plant, shop or laboratory; he thus completed
his undergraduate studies, receiving the degree of Ch.E. in June of 1918. He
immediately enlisted in the Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, and was assigned
to the Color Investigations Laboratory of the United States Department of
Agriculture in Washington, D.C. There he developed new photosensitive dyes
to replace dyestuffs not obtainable from Germany during World War I. He was
promoted rapidly in the USDA from Junior Chemist to Assistant and to Associate
Chemist. In 1923 he accepted an offer to join the staff of the Rockefeller Institute
for Medical Research in New York City where he worked in the laboratory of
the internationally known biochemist, Dr. P. A. Levene. During this period
Herbert Haller continued his studies at Columbia University and was awarded
the Ph.D. degree in Biochemistry in 1926. In 1929 he returmed to public service
in the USDA where he devoted himself to research on pesticides including DDT,
rotenone, the pyrethrins, allethrin, and the first synergists for pyrethrins; he
was particularly interested in exploring naturally-occurring insecticides. His
rise in responsibility for direction of research was rapid from senior to principal
chemist, Insecticide Division, 1927-47; Assistant Bureau Chief, Bureau of Ento-
mology and Plant Quarantine, 1947-53; Assistant Director, Crops Research
Division, 1954-57; Assistant to the Administrator, Farm Research, 1957-60;
Assistant Administrator, Farm Research, 1960 until retirement in 1964.

He was widely known and highly esteemed in the United States and abroad
among scientific and industrial groups for superior qualities as a leader. As
an inspiring teacher and a friend ever willing to encourage and assist others, he
influenced many young scientists entering the fields of agricultural research in
chemistry and entomology. His outstanding personal qualities enabled him to
bring together the representatives of government and industry to promote the
most effective control of the pests of agriculture and insect pests of medical
importance. Most characteristic of Dr. Haller was his readiness to listen to others
sympathetically and always to help another person if he could. He liked to visit
field stations of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine where he would
take a lively interest in the problems encountered by the entomologist; he
never failed to follow up on the chemical aspects of a problem. Often
these discussions with the entomologist bore fruit. On one such occasion,
Dr. Haller was asked by a field entomologist in Texas to explain the reason for
superior performance of the insecticide pyrethrins when dissolved in sesame

262 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973

oil in comparison with other types of oils that were then in general use. Dr. Haller
encouraged the entomologist to publish his findings. Subsequent investigations
on sesame oil resulted in the discovery of the key to the chemical structure of the
powerful pyrethrins synergists that were later taken up by industry and manu-
factured for worldwide use.

Dr. Haller’s publications, in cooperation with colleagues, include bulletins,
circulars, scientific papers, and popular articles numbering more than 200 titles.
In addition he applied for and obtained 43 United States Public Service Patents
on pesticides and other useful chemicals covering photosensitizing dyes, rotenone,
methods of purifying pyrethrum extract, mothproofing compositions, synergists,
and DDT formulations.

Dr. Haller was a leader and active member of the following scientific
organizations: American Chemical Society (Councilor, 5 years), Entomological
Society of America, American Association for the Advancement of Science,
Entomological Society of Washington, Washington Academy of Sciences,
Washington Chemical Society (President, 1941), Association of Official
Agricultural Chemists, Insecticide Society of Washington (Charter Member and
Past President), Alpha Chi Sigma (President, 1947), and Sigma Xi. Some of
the honors conferred were the following: Hillebrand prize for 1932 presented by
the Chemical Society of Washington in recognition (with F. B. LaForge) of
meritorious work on the structure of rotenone; Certificate of Merit from the
War Department (1946) for the direction and coordination of studies on pesticide
chemicals (including DDT and insect repellents) for the prevention of disease
and protection of property in military operations; U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Distinguished Service Award (1960), “For National and World Leadership in
research on agricultural chemicals and for outstanding scientific contributions to
the chemical control of agricultural pests’; member of the Expert Advisory
Panel on Insecticides of the World Health Organization; and Technical Advisor
to the Office of Scientific Research and Development, National Research Council,
during World War II.

Dr. Haller examined the first sample of DDT received in the United States
from Switzerland in 1942 with no other identity than the name “Gesarol”. He
soon determined its structure and synthesized a sample. He advised and assisted
commercial companies in the United States in promptly establishing under
wartime conditions the manufacture of DDT. He also played a leading role in the
introduction and use in this country of benzene hexachloride (BHC), and of the
organic phosphorus insecticides.

In 1961 he was selected by the Kansas City Section of the American Chemical
Society to receive the Charles F. Spencer Award for outstanding achievement
in agricultural chemistry and was presented a gold medallion and an honorarium
of $1000. In addition to his work as a member of the World Health Organization,
Dr. Haller was engeged in many other international activities among which are
the folllowing: United States Representative on the Expert Panel on Uses of
Pesticides in Agriculture convened by the world Food and Agriculture Organization,
Rome, Italy; member of the Applied Chemistry Committee of the International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; member of a U.S. team of specialists on
insect and other pest control measures for a visit to the Soviet Union (1959)
for review of methods used for the chemical and biological control of arthropods
and other pests. In 1959 he also visited Poland, Israel, and Yugoslavia to evaluate

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 2, JUNE, 1973 263

pest control projects. Since retirement he served as a consultant to the National
Agricultural Chemicals Association.

In his many and varied scientific inquires, Dr. Haller ever maintained a healthy
degree of skepticism. This discipline in his character was appreciated by his
colleagues who placed a deservedly high value on his conclusions and opinions
knowing that they were invariably rooted in the facts. It is impossible to
summarize in a few words the total impact of his long, useful, and adventurous
career. As an administrator and organizer of research and operations in the dual
fields of chemistry and entomology, Dr. Haller had no superior.

Dr. Haller is survived by his wife, Iva Haller, of the home, 4407 38th Street,
N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016; a son, Herbert A., of Kensington, Md.; a
daughter, Mrs. Jean Jones, Roanoke, Va.; and seven grandchildren.

STANLEY A. HALL
WILLIAM N. SULLIVAN
W. DoyLe REED, Chairman

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CONTENTS

(Continued from front cover)

LAROCHELLE, A.—An anomalous hind-leg in Calosoma frigidum Kirby
(Coleoptera: Carabidae) —____—__-____-__-__—__——
LEONARD, M. D.—Glutops singularis Burgess on Long Island, N. Y.
(Diptera: Pelecorhynchidac)) 2-2 eee
LEONARD, M. D. and H. G. WALKER—Aphids collected in the Los
Angeles State and County Arboretum (Homoptera: Aphididae)
LOAN, C. and R. MATTHEWS—Cosmophorus capeki n. sp., from New
York (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Euphorinae) ——-—— —._____
MALDONADO-CAPRILES, J.—Studies on Idiocerinae leafhoppers: X.
Idioscopus nitidulus (Walker), new combination (Homoptera: Cicadel-
fiche )) oe ee ee
MASON, W. R. M.—Recognition of Zemiotes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae )
NEUNZIG, H. H.—A new species of Acrobasis from the Trans-Pecos region
of ‘Texas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) ...... <2 = eee
SIRIVANAKARN, S. and T. KURIHARA—A new species of Culex, sub-
genus Culiciomyia Theobald from Ceram, Indonesia (Diptera: Culicidae)
SMITH, D. R. and R. J. LAVIGNE—Two new species of ants of the genera
Tapinoma Foerster and Paratrechina Motschoulsky from Puerto Rico
(Hymenoptera: Fomnicidae) =... eee
STEYSKAL, G. C.—Notes on the growth of taxonomic knowledge of the
Psocoptera and on the grammar of the nomenclature of the Order —__-
STEYSKAL, G. C.—The identity of Calycomyza jucunda (Wulp) (Diptera:
IN@TOMYZIGAE) 2.288
STEYSKAL, G. C.—Dolichopus reticulus Van Duzee a synonym of D.
occidentalis Aldrich (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) —
STEYSKAL, G. C.—On the family-group names based upon the genera
Bucculatrix Zeller and Stenoma Zeller (Lepidoptera) —...-.---------
TOWNES, H.—Two ichneumonids (Hymenoptera) from the Early Creta-
GeOUS: ee ee
WHEELER, A. G., JR. and T. J. HENRY—Camptozygum aequale (Villers),
a pine-feeding mirid new to North America (Hemiptera: Miridae) —___
WHITE, R. E.—Reassignment of Pseudodrilus Mots. from Anobiidae to
Drilidae. (Coleoptera) <.... 22-2.)

WIRTH, W. W. and N. C. RATANAWORABHAN—Pseudostilobezzia, a-

new genus of biting midge from Viet Nam (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
OBITUARY—Herbert L. J. Haller
BOOK REVIEWS

ol. 75 SEPTEMBER 1973 No. 3

PROCEEDINGS

of the

SNTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
of WASHINGTON

DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20560

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY

CONTENTS

BELL, R. T.—A new species of Clinidium from Guatemala (Coleoptera,

Meanicse. on Rnysowdae). 22. em ee ae
DONNELLY, T. W.—The status of pia a traviatum and ee

(Odonata: Coenagrionidae) 297
FAIRCHILD, G. B.—Notes on neotropical Tabanidae Ue eal a XIV. Two

new species of Tabanus from Panama and Colombia — 319
GAGNE, R. J.—A review of Karschomyia Felt with eee of seven

new nearctic species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) - ee citee _. 345
HAAS, G. E. and N. WILSON—Siphonaptera of Wisconsin _..... _. 802
HARRISON, B. A.—Anopheles (An.) reidi, a new species of the Barbirostris

species complex from Sri Lanka (Diptera:Culicidae) — _ 365
HOWDEN, H. F.—Four new species of Onthophagus from Mexico and the

United States (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) 329
KROMBEIN, K. V.—A new ele from New Ireland ee

tera: Scoliidae) Slee, 3 ae pate : one es
MALDONADO-CAPRILES, J.—Parapycnoderes, a new genus for Pycno-

deres porrectus (Distant) (Hemiptera: Miridae) — _ 314

MILLER, D. R.—Brevennia rehi (Lindinger) a potential pest of rice in the
U. S. (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) _ 372

NAGARAJA, H. and S. NAGARKATTI—A key to some New World species
of Trichogramma Pnonent: Trichogrammatidae ), with descriptions
SEES go ee ane OS be niaceemtigy . aCe

(Continued on back cover)

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Wel 75 SEPTEMBER 1973. No. 3

TAXONOMIC AND DISTRIBUTIONAL NOTES ON SOME SPECIES
OF NYSTALEA GUENEE, WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THE
SPECIES OF THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES
(LEPIDOPTERA: NOTODONTIDAE)

E. i. Topp
Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA’

ABSTRACT—tThe species of the notodontid genus Nystalea Guenée known to
occur in the United States are discussed. The 3 species treated include N. collaris
Schaus which is recorded from Texas. A key for the separation of the species is
provided, known distribution is recorded, and food plants are listed. N. quaesita
Draudt is treated as a new synonym of N. collaris Schaus and N. biumbrata Schaus
as a new synonym of N. nyseus (Cramer). A lectotype is selected for Nystalea
biumbrata Schaus. The status of Nystalea eutalanta Dyar is changed from a species

to a subspecies of Nystalea ebalea (Cramer).

Two species of the genus Nystalea Guenée have been previously
reported from the continental United States of America. A third
species, N. collaris Schaus, is now recorded from southern Texas. The
species related to N. nyseus (Cramer), including N. indiana Grote
and N. collaris Schaus from the United States, are extremely similar
in pattern of maculation. Consequently, there have been many mis-
identifications and erroneous statements of distributional range. The
primary purpose of this paper, therefore, is to present in keys and/or
in illustrations the distinguishing characters of the species of the United
States and of some other species with which they have been or might
be confused. The food plants of the species treated, in so far as they
are known, include some plants of economic importance.

Nystalea Guenée

Nystalea Guenée, 1852, p. 122. Type-species: Phal. [aena] Noct. [ua] ebalea
Cramer, 1780. Designated by Schaus, 1901, p. 268.

Cyrrhesta Walker, 1857, p. 633. Type-species: Phal. [aena] Noct. [ua] nyseus
Cramer, 1775. Monotypy.

1 Mail address: c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560.

266 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

Eunystalea Grote, 1895, p. 47. Type-species: Nystalea indiana Grote, 1884.
Monotypy.

Congruia Dyar, 1908, p. 45. Type-species: Congruia congrua Dyar, 1908.
Monotypy.

The following combination of characters will permit the separation
of species of Nystalea from species of other North American notodontid
genera. Male antenna with basal %4-% fasciculate, female antenna
simple; inner margin of forewing nearly straight, lacking a scale-tooth;
scape of antenna with a large, erect, dorsally-pointed scale tuft.

In a key to the North American notodontid genera, Neumoegen
and Dyar, 1894, p. 182, separate Nystalea from Datana Walker on the
supposed presence or absence of an accessory cell of the forewing.
According to those authors Nystalea species lack an accessory cell.
That is incorrect. An accessory cell is present in the forewing of the
species of Nystalea, it is elongate and usually very narrow, but even
so, easily observable.

Forbes, 1948, does not treat the genus Nystalea Guence, but uses
a tribal name, Nystaleini, in his classification of the family. In the
diagnosis of the tribe, page 206, he indicates that the antennae of the
male are pectinate to % or more, with simple apex. That statement
is true for the 2 genera he included, Symmerista Hiibner and Dasylophia
Packard, but Nystalea males have the antennae fasciculate.

Key to U.S. species of Nystalea

1. Apex of forewing rather truncate, termen angled at M2; costal margin of
forewing lacking contrasting pale spots; sclerotized structure at base of
costa of valva of male genitalia either broad and shieldlike with a pointed
lobe on ventral margin or crescent-shaped, terminating in 1 or 2 sharp
dentations at either end; 8th abdominal segment of female with a pair of
heavily-sclerotized, free, sharply-pointed, lateral processes — = 2

— Apex of forewing more produced, termen evenly convex or rarely slightly

angled at M.; costal margin of forewing with contrasting median and apical

pale spots; sclerotized structure at base of costa of valva of male a large,
dorsally-directed, elongate, spatulate process; female genitalia with a large
lamellae postvaginalis, 8th abdominal segment lacking free, sclerotized,
sharp-pointed lateral processes

Area of forewing between basal and antemedial bands distinctly darker

than most of remainder of wing and delimited distally by a distinct trans-

verse line; sclerotized structure at base of costa of male valva crescent-
shaped; lateral process of 8th abdominal segment of female fairly stout,
about 4 times as long as wide, nearly straight == N. indiana Grote

— Area of forewing between basal and antemedial bands not distinctly darker
than remainder of wing, distinct transverse lines lacking; sclerotized struc-
ture at base of costa of male valva broad, circular or oval, shieldlike; lateral
process of 8th abdominal segment of female slender, about 6 or 7 times as
long as wide, sinuous Oe Ul Ae N. collaris Schaus

to

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 267

3. Reniform spot of forewing indicated by 2 black points in a pale oval spot
cpobstst st : Se ee _...... N. ebalea eutalanta Dyar
— Reniform spot of forewing apparently not marked __ N. ebalea ebalea (Cramer)

Nystalea indiana Grote
me. 1, 2, 11 and 15

Nystalea indiana Grote, 1884, p. 7. Smith, 1891, p. 50; 1893, p. 231. Neumoegen
and Dyar, 1894a, p. 116, 1894b, p. 199. Packard, 1895, p. 173. Dyar, 1897,
p. 10. Schaus, 1928, p. 71. Draudt, 1932, p. 911, pl. 143, row. h. Gaede, 1934,
p. 207. Torre and Alayo, 1959, p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 3, pl. 10, fig. 3-4.

Eunystalea indiana (Grote). Grote, 1895, p. 47 (Separat-Abdruck p. 7). Schaus,
1901, p. 326. Dyar, 1903, p. 252. Holland, 1904, p. 295, fig. 179. Grossbeck,
1917, p. 83. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917, p. 93. McDunnough, 1938, p.
133. Kimball, 1965, p. 152.

Nystalea guttulata Schaus, 1904, p. 143; 1928, p. 71 (= indiana Grote).

Cyrrhesta nyseus (Cramer), nec Cramer. Gundlach, 1881, p. 280 [partim ?].
Anonymous, 1895, p. 67 [partim ?]. [Misidentifications. ]

Nystalea nyseus (Cramer), nec Cramer. Bruner, Scaramuzza and Otero, 1945, pp.
73, 149, 150 [partim ?]. [Misidentification. ]

The characters given in the key will separate indiana from the other
2 species occurring in the continental United States. However, the
presence in the Antilles of other closely-related, undescribed species
that may resemble indiana in maculation necessitates genitalic exami-
nation for identification. Some of them may have been misidentified
in Cuba and elsewhere as Nystalea nyseus (Cramer) by some of the
earlier workers. The undescribed species will be treated in a separate
paper on the Notodontidae of the Antilles.

Distribution: Originally described from Indian River, Florida, it
is known primarily from Fort Lauderdale, Florida, south into the Keys,
and from Cuba. Most Cuban records are from Oriente Province, but
this may be only a reflection of collecting activity.

Food Plants: In Cuba, Eucalyptus sp., Psidium guajava L. (Common
Guava) and Psidium molle Bertol. (Guisaro Guava) have been re-
corded as foodplants of indiana. Possibly, some of the records refer
to undescribed species.

Nystalea collaris Schaus, new status
fie, 3, 4, 10, 12, and 16
Nystalea nyseus collaris Schaus, 1910, p. 576.
Nystalea nyseus f. collaris Schaus. Draudt, 1932, p. 912, pl. 143, row i.
Nystalea nyseus var. collaris Schaus. Gaede, 1934, p. 208.
Nystalea quaesita Draudt, 1932, p. 912, pl. 144, row a. Gaede, 1934, p. 208.
[New synonymy. ]

The occurrence of this species in the continental United States was
discovered a number of years ago with the receipt of a specimen col-
lected by J. M. McGough at Brownsville, Texas in October, 1953.

7

Fig. 1-8, dorsal aspect of adults of Nystalea species. 1, N. indiana male,
Miami, Florida. 2, N. indiana, female, Vero Beach, Florida. 3, N. collaris, male,
Mercedes, Texas. 4, N. collaris, female, Brownsville, Texas. 5, N. nyseus, male,
Hansa Humbolt, Santa Caterina, Brazil. 6, N. discalis, male, Juan Vinas, Costa

Rica. 7, N. ebalea ebalea, male, San Salvador, El Salvador. 8, N. e. eutalanta,
female, Paradise Key, Florida.

Other specimens collected by P. T. Riherd at Mercedes, Texas in July,
1957 were subsequently submitted for identification. More recently
R. O. Kendall, San Antonio, Texas has sent a specimen and reported

others (1 in the collection of André Blanchard, Houston, Texas) from
Brownsville, Texas.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 269

Investigation in the 1950’s revealed this to be Nystalea collaris
Schaus. This name was found to represent a distinct species and not
a form or variety of N. nyseus (Cramer). It is my opinion that Nystalea
quaesita Draudt is a synonym of collaris. The name proposed by
Draudt was based on an example with yellowish-brown vestiture of
the front of the thorax and the head whereas the type of collaris has
the vestiture of those parts dark brown, nearly black. In this group of
notodontids, as in Datana and other genera, the coloration of those
parts is apparently variable and not of specific significance. In some
species this color variation may not be so great or 1 color may pre-
dominate, but the species still exhibit a great range of variation. The
examples from Texas have the vestiture colored as in quaesita, but the
genitalia agree with collaris.

This species resembles nyseus in maculation, but tends to be slightly
smaller and has quite distinctive genitalia. It is the only species of
the genus presently known to occur in Texas. The characters given
in the key will separate it from the other species from the United States.

Nystalea discalis Schaus, 1910, p. 575, is another species of the nyseus
complex that occurs with collaris in Costa Rica and with nyseus in
South America. It may be easily separated from both by its slightly
larger size, distinctive reniform spot of forewing (see fig. 6), and by
differences in the male genitalia. The sclerotized process at the base
of the costal margin of the valve is only slightly developed and the
process from the left side of the aedeagus is very large (see fig. 13),
longer than greatest diameter of aedeagus.

Distribution: Known from southern Texas (Brownsville and
Mercedes) to Juan Vinas, Costa Rica.

Food Plants: J. M. McGough in correspondence reported this spe-
cies as defoliating “Myrtus compacta” in 1953; P. T. Riherd reared it
on Myrtus communis L. (Myrtle) in 1957 and R. O. Kendall reared it
on Psidium guajava L. (Common Guava) in 1969.

Nystalea nyseus (Cramer )
fig. 5 and 9

Phal. [aena] Noct. [ua] nyseus Cramer, 1776, pp. 119, 154 (Index), pl. 75, fig. E.

Cyrrhesta nyseus (Cramer). Walker, 1857, p. 633. Kirby, 1892, p. 617.

Nystalea nyseus (Cramer). Moeschler, 1890, p. 123 (in part). Schaus, 1901, p.
268. Dyar, 1915, p. 223. Draudt, 1932, p. 912, pl. 143, row i. Gaede, 1934,
p. 208. Hambleton and Forbes, 1935, p. 244. d’Aratijo, et al., 1968, p. 242.°

Nystalea guttiplena Walker, 1857, p. 635. Druce, 1887, p. 248. Kirby, 1892, p.
618. Schaus, 1901, p. 268 (= nyseus Cram.).

Nystalea biumbrata Schaus, 1928, p. 1. Draudt, 1932, p. 911. Gaede, 1934, p.
206. [New synonymy. ]

2 The authors of this paper cite 13 other references to this species. The refer-
ences cited occur in the Brazilian literature and are not of a taxonomic nature.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

270

IS

Fig. 9-16, male and female genitalic structures of Nystalea species. 9-11,
sclerotized basal, costal process of male valva. 9, N. nyseus. 10, N. collaris. 11,
N. indiana. 12-13, apical half of aedeagus of male. 12, N. collaris. 13, N. discalis.
14-16, female genitalia. 14, N. ebalea eutalanta. 15, N. indiana. 16, N. collaris.

This species does not occur in the continental United States, but
2 of the species that do occur there have been misidentified as this
species. For that reason, a brief discussion of the characters by which
it may be identified and a statement of its distribution is given.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 271

The maculation is essentially identical to that of collaris and thus
it is not surprising that Schaus described it as a subspecies of nyseus,
but the genitalia of both sexes are different. The male genitalia of
nyseus have the sclerotized process from the base of the costal margin
of the valve developed in the form of an elongate clavate projection.
In collaris the sclerotized process is a broad shieldlike structure with
a pointed thumblike projection from the ventral margin of the shield-
like part. The species indiana has a crescent-shaped process from the
base of the valve with the ventral tip and sometimes the dorsal tip
also slightly bifid. In the female genitalia, the sclerotized lateral
process of the eighth segment of the abdomen is very small, being
less than % the length of the ovipositor lobe while in collaris and
indiana the lateral process is as long as or longer than the lobe of the
ovipositor.

Distribution: Judging from the material in the United States Na-
tional Museum it would appear that the geographic distribution pre-
viously cited for this species is in part erroneous. I have been unable
to locate any specimens from north of Panama on the continent. The
only valid records from the Antilles appear to be 5 specimens recently
collected on Dominica and the one published record, Hampson, 1898,
p. 259, from Dominica and St. Lucia as N. guttiplena Walker.

Food Plants: In Brazil the following foodplants have been reported.
Eucalyptus sp.; Psidiwm araca Raddi (Aragazeiro); P. guajava L.
(common Guava, Goiabeira or Guayabo) and Camboata (Cupania
vernalis Cambess. or Trichilia excelsa Benth.?).

Types: The present location of the type of nyseus is not known.
The original description was based on a specimen from Surinam from
the cabinet of M. le Baron Rengens. It may be in the Rijksmuseum
van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, Netherlands. The species has been
identified from the illustration accompanying the original description
and by means of the type locality. The type of Nystalea guttiplena
Walker is a female in the British Museum (Natural History), London.
The name was placed as a junior synonym of nyseus by Schaus, 1901,
p. 268. I believe that this synonymy should be accepted because the
type has had a false abdomen applied and the original locality is un-
known. Mr. D. S. Fletcher has sent me colored photographic slides
of the type and a sketch and photographic negative of the genitalia
from Notodontid genitalia slide No. 310 (BMNH). The genitalia are
those of a species of the ebalea group, but the photos are of an adult
of the nyseus complex. Mr. Fletcher was unable to find any indication
that the abdomen was attached with glue, but such evidence could
have been destroyed when the abdomen was removed for genitalic
preparation. The abdomen has been badly damaged by dermestids
at some time in the past, but the lamella antevaginalis is mostly intact

272 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

and is characteristic. Schaus, 1928, pp. 1 and 2, obviously based his
description of Nystalea biumbrata on a male, 50 mm in expanse, from
Tucuman, Argentina, and labeled Type No. 33292 U.S.N.M. In my
opinion that is sufficient indication that he considered the specimen
to be the holotype, but he did have other examples as indicated by
his statement, “In a series of specimens there is variability in the in-
tensity of the markings.” There are nine similarly-labeled specimens
in the collection of the United States National Museum that were
probably before Schaus at the time of the original description. Ac-
cordingly, I have selected, labeled, and now designate the male bear-
ing the following labels as lectotype, “Nystalea biumbrata Schs, Type
6”; “Tucuman, Argentina”; “R. Schreiter Coll.”; “Collection Wm.
Schaus”; “Type No. 33292 U.S.N.M.”; “é genitalia on slide, June, 1958,
E. L. Todd 847” and “Lectotype, Nystalea biumbrata Schaus by E. L.
Todd.” The 9 specimens from Tucuman, Argentina are extremely
variable as Schaus indicated. In the darker examples the anterior %
of the antemedial and, to a lesser extent, the postmedial band of the
forewing are more conspicuously marked than in typical nyseus and
the area between the antemedial and basal bands is darker, but the
genitalia agree with those of nyseus. Three of the 9 specimens from
Tucuman, including the lectotype, have the head and thorax very dark
brown, but in the other six it is yellowish or yellow brown.

Nystalea ebalea ebalea (Cramer)
key Th

Phal. [aena] Noct. [ua] ebalea Cramer, 1780, p. 41, 249 (Index), pl. 310, fig. C.

Nystalea ebalea (Cramer). Guenée, 1852, p. 122. Walker, 1857, p. 634. Dewitz,
1877, p. 96; 1879, p. 170. Gundlach, 1881, p. 282. Druce, 1887, p. 248.
Moschler, 1890, p. 123. Gundlach, 1891, p. 163. Kirby, 1892, p. 617. Druce,
1898, p. 466. Schaus, 1901, p. 268. Wolcott, 1923, p. 179. Forbes, 1930, p.
45. Draudt, 1932, p. 909, pl. 143, row e. Hoffman, 1933, p. 275. Gaede,
1934, p. 206. Wolcott, 1936, p. 444. Bruner, Scaramuzza and Otero, 1945,
pp. 12, 58, 175, pl. 6, fig. 2, pl. 7, fig. 5. Wolcott, 1948, p. 624.

Nystalea ebalea (Stoll). Gowdey, 1926, p. 57. Torre and Alayo, 1959, p. 9, pl.
etic plelOn fio. 12.

Nystalea conchyfera Guenée, 1852, p. 122, pl. 9, fig. 2. Walker, 1857, p. 634.
Herrich-Schaffer, 1866, p. 134. Dewitz, 1877, p. 96 (= ebalea Cramer).
Kirby, 1892, p. 618.

Nyctalea (sic) conchifera (sic) Guenée. Anonymous, 1895, p. 67.

Typical Nystalea ebalea (Cramer) probably does not occur in the
continental United States, but it is common in Cuba, México, and
elsewhere in Central and South America at least south to Santa
Catarina, Brazil. There is 1 specimen in the collection of the U.S.
National Museum labeled, “Everglades”; “Collection Wm. Schaus”

2

and “Barnes Collection.” The locality could be authentic, but should

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 273

be questioned until other examples known to be from Florida are
available.

The typical subspecies may be distinguished from N. ebalea euta-
lanta Dyar by the characters given in the key.

Food Plants: Anacardium occidentale L. (Common Cashew);
Comocladia dentata Jacq. (Guaoprieto or Guao de sabana); and
Spondius spp. (Tussac, Yellow Mombin and Purple Mombin).

Nystalea ebalea eutalanta Dyar new status
fig. 8 and 14

Nystalea eutalanta Dyar, 1921, p. 142. Draudt, 1932, p. 909. Gaede, 1934, p. 206.
Eunystalea eutalanta (Dyar). McDunnough, 1938, p. 133. Kimball, 1965, p. 152,
pl. 19, fig. 32 (as indiana Grt. in error).

The Floridian population of ebalea is easily separated from the
typical subspecies by the paler coloration and the distinctly-marked
reniform spot of the forewing. Until now it has been considered to be
a distinct species, but the genitalia are identical to those of ebalea.
For this reason, I herein treat the population in Florida as a subspecies
of the widely distributed ebalea.

REFERENCES

Anonymous. 1895. Catalogo numérico del museo zooldgico Cubano (Museo
Gundlach). 112 pp. Habana: Alvarez.

d’Aratijo e Silva, A. G., et al. 1968. Quarto catdlogo dos insetos que vivem nas
plantas do Brasil, seus parasitos e predatores. Pt. 2, V. 1: 622 pp. Rio de
Janeiro: Ministerio da Agricultura.

Barnes, W. and J. McDunnough. 1917. Check list of the Lepidoptera of boreal
America. 392 pp. Decatur, Illinois: Herald Press.

Bruner, S. C., L. C. Scaramuzza, and A. R. Otero. 1945. Catalogo de los
insectos que atacan a las plantas econdmicas de Cuba. Cuba Estac. Expt. Agron.
Bol. 63, 246 pp.

Cramer, P. 1775-1776. De uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld-
deelen Asia, Africa en America (Papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde,
lAsie, l'Afrique et Amérique). V. 1, 155 pp., 96 pls. Amsterdam: Baalde
and Utrecht: Wild [pp. 1-132, 1775; pp. 133-155, 1776.]

1780-1782. Ibid. V. 4, 252 pp., 112 pls. [289-400]. [pp. 1-90,
1780; pp. 91-164, 1781; pp. 165-252, 1782.]

Dewitz, H. 1877. Diammerungs—und Nachtfalter von Portorico, gesammelt von
Herrn Consul Krug. Mittheil. d. Miinchener Entomol. Ver., 1:91—96.

1879. Naturgeschichte cubanischer Schmetterlinge. Nach _ beo-
bachtungen des Herrn Dr. Gundlach bearbeitet. Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Naturwiss.,
52:155-174, 1 pl.

Draudt, M. 1931-1934. Notodontidae. In Seitz, Die Gross-schmetterlinge der
Erde, 6:901-1070, pls. 143-159. Stuttgart: Kernen. [pp. 901-904, 1931; pp.
905-1016, 1932; pp. 1017-1048, 1933; pp. 1049-1070, 1934.]

Druce, H. 1881-1900. Lepidoptera, Heterocera. In Godman and _ Salvin,

274 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoologia, Insecta, 1:i-xxxii, 1-490, pls. 1-41.
London: Taylor & Francis. [pp. i-xxxii, 1900; pp. 1-24, 1881; pp. 25-32,
1883: pp. 33-112, 1884; pp. 113-160, 1885; pp. 161-200, 1886; pp. 201-256,
1887: pp. 257-344, 1889; pp. 345-440, 1890; pp. 441-490, 1891.]

1891-1900. Ibid., 2:1-622, pls. 42-101. London: Taylor &
Francis. [pp. 1-24, 1891; pp. 25-128, 1892; pp. 129-184, 1893; pp. 185-272,
1895; pp. 273-336, 1896; pp. 337-440, 1897; pp. 441-536, 1898; pp. 537-592,
1899; pp. 593-622, 1900.]

Dyar, H. G. 1897. A generic revision of the Ptilodontidae and Melalophidae.
Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 24:1—20.

. 1903. A list of North American Lepidoptera. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
No. 52:1-723.

1908. Notes on some species of Notodontidae in the collection of
the United States National Museum, with descriptions of new genera and species.
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington, 9( 1/4) :45-69.

. 1915. Report on the Lepidoptera of the Smithsonian biological sur-
vey of the Panama Canal Zone. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 47(2050):139-350.

. 1921. New American Lepidoptera and records. Ins. Insc. Menstr.,
9:137-145.

Forbes, W. T. M. 1930. Insects of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands—Heterocera
or Moths (excepting the Noctuidae, Geomtridae and Pyralididae). Scientific
Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, V. 12, pt. 1, 176 pp. 2 pls. New
York: New York Academy of Sciences.

1948. Lepidoptera of New York and Neighboring States, Part II.
Memoir 274, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exper. Stat., 263 pp.

Gaede, M. 1934. Notodontidae. In Strand, Lepidopterorum Catalogus, Pt. 59:
351 pp. Berlin: Junk.

Gowdey, C. C. 1926. Catalogus Insectorum Jamaicensis. Jamaica Dept. Agric.,
Entomological Bull. No. 4, Part 1, pp. 1-114, i-xiv.

Grossbeck, J. A. 1917. Insects of Florida. IV. Lepidoptera. Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nets, leben, Wo Oy, Aude, leila

Grote, A. R. 1884. A new species of Nystalea. Papilio, 4:7.

1895. List of North American Eupterotidae, Ptilodontidae,
Thyatiridae, Apatelidae and Agrotidae. Abhandlg. nat Ver. Bremen, 14(1):
43-128 [Separat-Abdruck pp. 1-87].

Guenée, A. 1852. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species Général des
Lépidoptéres. V. 6 (Noctuélites, V. 2): 444 pp. Paris: Librairie En-
cyclopédique de Roret.

Gundlach, J. 1881. Contribucién 4 la Entomologia Cubana. Pt. 1 Lepidopteros.
445 pp. Habana: Montiel.

1891. Apuntes para la fauna Puerto-Riquefia. Pt. 7 Lepiddépteros.
Soc. Espan. de Hist. Nat. Ann., 20: 109-207, 323-384.

Hambleton, E. J. and W. T. M. Forbes. 1935. Uma lista de Lepidoptera
(Heterocera) do estado de Minas Geraes. Arch. Inst. Biol. Sao Paulo, 6( Suppl.
2): 23-256)

Hampson, G. F. 1898. The Moths of the Lesser Antilles. Trans. Ent. Soc. London,
1898, Pt. III, pp. 241-260, pl. XVII.

Herrich-Schaeffer, G. A. W. 1866. Die Schmetterlinge der Insel Cuba. Bombyci-
dae. Corresp.-Blatt zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg, 20:117-122; 131-136.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 275

Hoffmann, C. C. 1933. La Fauna de Lepiddpteros del distrito del Soconusco
(Chiapas). Ann Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Mexico, 4(3/4):207-307.

Holland, W. J. 1903. The Moth Book. Pp. i-xxiv, 3-479, 263 text figs. 48 pls.
Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Page Co.

Kimball, C. P. 1965. The Lepidoptera of Florida, an annotated checklist. 363 pp.,
26 pls. Gainesville, Florida: Florida Dept. of Agric.

Kirby, W. F. 1892. A synonymic catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera. 951 pp.
London: Gurney and Jackson.

McDunnough, J. 1938. Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United
States of America, Pt. 1 Macrolepidoptera. Mem. So. California Acad. Sci., 1:
1-272.

Moschler, H. B. 1890. Die Lepidopteren-fauna von Portorico. Abhandl. Senckenb.
nat. Ges., 16:69-360, 1 pl.

Neumoegen, B. and H. G. Dyar. 1893-1894a. Preliminary revision of the
Bombyces of America North of Mexico. Journ. New York Entomol. Soc., 1:97-
118, 153-180, 1893; 2:1-30, 57-76, 109-132, 147-174, 1894.

Neumoegen, B. and H. G. Dyar. 1894b. A preliminary revision of the lepidopterous
family Notodontidae. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 21:179—208.

Packard, A. S. 1895. Monograph of the Bombycine moths of America North of
Mexico, Pt. 1 Notodontidae. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. V. 7, 291 pp., 88 text fig.,
49 pls., 10 maps.

Schaus, W. 1901. A Revision of the American Notodontidae. Trans. Entomol.
Soc. London, pp. 257-343, pls. 11-12.

. 1904. New species of American Heterocera. Trans. Amer. Entomol.
Soc., 30:135-178.
. 1910. New species of Heterocera from Costa Rica——III. Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 8, V. 6: 561-585.
1928. New moths of the family Ceruridae (Notodontidae) in the
United States National Museum. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 73(2740):1-90.

Smith, J. B. 1891. List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America. 124 pp. Philadel-
phia: American Entomological Society.

1893. Catalogue of the lepidopterous superfamily Noctuidae found
in Boreal America. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 44:1-424.

Torre y C., S. L. de la and P. Alayo D. 1959. Revision de las Notodontidae de
Cuba, con la description de dos nuevas especies. Publ. 43, Univ. Oriente, Dept.
Ext. y Cult. Rel. 60 pp., 5 fig., 15 pls.

Walker, F. 1857. List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection
of the British Museum. Pt. 11: 493-764. London: Trustees British Museum.

Wolcott, G. N. 1923. Insectae Portoricensis (A preliminary annotated check-list
of the insects of Porto Rico with descriptions of some new species.). Journ.
Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 7(1):1-312.

1936. Insectae Borinquenses (A revised annotated checklist of the
insects of Puerto Rico.). Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, 20(1):1-600, 190
text fig.
. 1948. The insects of Puerto Rico. Lepidoptera. Journ. Agric. Univ.
Puerto Rico, 32(3):537-748, 62 text fig.

276 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

THE GRAMMAR OF NAMES IN SLATER’S CATALOGUE OF
LYGAEIDAE OF THE WORLD (HETEROPTERA)

GrEorGE C. STEYSKAL

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA*

ABSTRACT—Corrections in grammar of names listed in Slater's Catalogue of the
Lygaeidae of the World (1964) are listed.

Because of the importance of the family treated and because there
is little doubt that the work will be relied upon for many years, the
following notes on the grammar of some of the names included among
the 2,748 species listed in the great catalogue of the Lygaeidae of the
world by J. A. Slater (1964), together with pertinent comment, are
offered in a purely constructive spirit in an effort to make the work
even more valuable and reliable. Dr. Slater has most graciously agreed
to the publication of these notes with the remark that, “I think it will
be helpful to all of us.”

No attempt will be made here to deal with the legalistic or zoological
aspect of the use of lygaeid names, but only to treat the purely gram-
matical aspects of the requirements of the International Code of Zoo-
logical Nomenclature, and then only insofar as the cases seem to me
clearcut. Names will be referred to in the form I consider correct,
followed by a page reference in the catalogue. No reference will be
made to cross-references nor to nomina nuda.

One of the more obvious errors is in regard to species-group names
ending in -cola, a Latin word-element meaning ‘inhabitant of.’ These
have been regularly changed in the catalogue in masculine genera to
-colus, although their proposers have been uniformly correct in treating
them as nouns in apposition and therefore invariable. The following
instances should revert to the form shown: insulicola (247), alticola
(278), lichenicola (286), monticola (288), paludicola (290), gramini-
cola (312), arboricola (325) nubicola (327), pteridicola (328),
deserticola (544), muscicola (874), monticola (907), conicola (923),
agricola (1025), capicola (1117), sabulicola (1365), alticola (1466).

In several further cases nouns have had their endings changed as
though they were adjectives. Such are the following: aurora (20),
melanostoma (24), simla (100), monostigma (133), furcula (196),
talpa (463), leucoderma (496), striola (586), erythrocephala (606),
flavicosta (757), mimula (1132), sororcula (1142), merula (1237)
chiragra (1358), apicimacula (1382).

Two cases somewhat similar to those in the preceding paragraph

>

* Mail address: c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 277

are: nesiota (495), which should be considered a noun transcribed
from Greek nésiotés in the same manner as Greek nautés was tran-
scribed as nauta by the Romans, and the analogous annamita (499).

Four generic names ending in -dema were treated as feminine by
their authors, in 2 cases with stated derivation from Greek démas
(neuter). Because there is a change of ending here, the genera should
be treated as of feminine gender. Therefore Cymodema_ (387),
Bathydema (1004, correct), Lamprodema (1344), and Macrodema
(1450) should all be feminine. The following changes in species-group
names in these genera are in order: Cymodema tabida (388), Lampro-
dema inermis, L. maura (1345), L. m. nitidula, L. minuscula, L. rufipes
femorata (1348), Macrodema microptera (1451).

Generic names in -plax are to be derived from the Greek word of
that spelling, one which is of feminine gender. Macroplax (644) is
correctly treated as feminine, but the following changes are in order:
Microplax albofasciata (661), M. interrupta (663), M. limbata, M.
plagiata (665), Platyplax fuscata (770), Lamproplax membranea, L.
picea (942).

As all other names in -coris, Cryptocoris and Telocoris should be
masculine. The following changes in species names are in order:
Cryptocoris fasciatus (1058), Telocoris vittatus (1063).

The generic name Neseis is a classical personal name and therefore
according to the Code (Art. 30a.i) is feminine. Species-group names
should be changed as follows: N. pallida (243), N. ampliata, N.
alternata (244), N. crypta, N. fasciata, N. fulgida, N. hiloensis ap-
proximata, N. h. intermedia (245), N. h. interoculata, N. h. jugata
(246), N. nitida, N. n. consummata (247), N. saundersiana (248), N.
whitei brachyptera (249).

Inasmuch as names in -gaster should be feminine (see Code, Art.
30a.i), the generic name Heterogaster should be feminine and certain
of the species-group names in it should be changed: H. affinis rubri-
cata, H. albida (750), H. cathariae cinnamomea (756), H. distincta,
H. flavicosta (757; the latter a noun), H. nasuta (757), H. semicruciata
(759).

The generic name Esuris is feminine, as originally indicated by Stal
in his use of the combination Esuris tergina (821).

The generic name Myocara can only be derived from Greek myo +
cara. The latter word means ‘face’ and is unusual in being of neuter
gender. The species-names should therefore be M. acuminatum and
M. australe (836).

The generic name Daerlac (1058), one of Signoret’s anagrams, ac-
cording to the Code (Art. 30b.ii) should be masculine and the correct
form for one of its species is D. picturatus (1059).

The binomen Arocatus suboeneus (30) was indeed published in that

278 PROC. ENT, SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

form, but it seems evident that the species-name may be considered a
typographical error for subaeneus, inasmuch as the generic name
Lygaeus, appears in the same paper once as Lygoeus, and once as
Lygoegus and the title of the paper appears in capital letters as

LYGCEIDES EXOTIQUES.
The following changes, requiring little special comment, seem mostly
to be inadvertent errors among many correct forms:

Astacops maior (36), the originally proposed form, is merely earlier
(more classical) Latin than the later variant major.

Lygaeosoma argillaceum, L. bipunctatum (65)
L. contaminatum, L. laterale (66)
L. modestum, L. neglectum (67)

L. sardeum (68) may be considered a neo-Latin adjective meaning
‘Sardinian’ and formed on the pattern of Tartareus or Sophocleus.

L. erythropterum (71)
L. sardeum numidicum, L. sordidum, L. timorense, L. villosulum (72)

Pylorgus femurmaculosum (380) is a case similar to that of Melanoplus
femurrubrum (De Geer), the name of the North American red-
legged grasshopper. The names refer to the coloration of the femur,
which is a neuter noun, and not to the whole insect, and the species-
names are noun phrases in apposition.

Holcocranum sculpturatum (707)
Tomocoris ornatus (868 )

Ligyrocoris piliger (1092). Names in -ger and -fer, used as adjectives,
have the gender forms -ger, -fer, m.; -gera, -fera, f.; -gerum, -ferum,
n.; there is no form in -us.

Myodocha inermibus (1101) can hardly be considered an adjective.
In form it is the plural dative (any gender) of inermis. If accepted
at all, it should be considered a non-classical noun.

Neosuris fulgida (1107)

Pachybrachius afer (1110); adj., afer, afra, afrum.
P. maculifer (1131)

Sisamnes claviger (1177)

Elasmolomus v-album (1227). According to the Code (Art. 26b), one
of the few cases where a hyphen is permitted is in a construction
such as this.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 279

Rhyparochromus albiger (1275)

R. alboacuminatus niger (1316)

Megalonotus albipilis (1371). There is no objection to the -is form.
Aoploscelis bivirgatus niger (1400)

Emblethis horvathianus (1432); incidentally, Emblethis is passive
aorist participle of Greek emballo, masculine form.

Nysius vecula (1508). I can find no way to derive vecula in classical
dictionaries. It should be treated as a noun in apposition.

Heterogaster antiqua, H. famosa, H. radobojana, H. rediviva (1510)

REFERENCES

Slater, J. A. 1964. A catalogue of the Lygaeidae of the world. Storrs, Conn.:
University of Connecticut. 2 vols., xviii +- 778, 779-1668.

A NEW SPECIES OF CLINIDIUM FROM GUATEMALA
(COLEOPTERA, CARABIDAE OR RHYSODIDAE)

Ross T. BELL
University of Vermont, Zoology Department, Burlington, Vermont 05401

ABSTRACT—Clinidium (s. str.) suleigaster n. sp. is described and illustrated.

Through the courtesy of Dr. E. C. Becker I have been permitted to
examine and describe the following new species of Clinidium. It rep-
resents the most northern record for the subgenus Clinidium s. str.
on the mainland of Central America.

Clinidium sulcigaster Bell, new species
fig. 14

Holotype: Canadian National Collection Holotype 12,700. Male.
Finca Mocha, Santa Barbara, Department of Suchitepequez, Guate-
mala, altitude 3000 ft, June 23, 1966, collector J. M. Campbell. The
locality is in southwestern Guatemala near Lake Atitlan. The eleva-
tion is much less than those recorded for the other species recorded
from Guatemala, Clinidium (Arctoclinidium) guatemalenum Sharp.

Description: Length 5.5 mm; dark reddish brown; body narrower and more
parallel sided than in the most similar species, Clinidium incis Bell; apical segment

280 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

of antenna unusually large, approximately equal in length to the 3 preceding
segments, broader than 10th segment; apical stylet long, stout; antennal segments
4-10 twice as broad as long; head relatively small, narrow, elongate; frontal grooves
deep; both inner and outer margins of temporal lobes nearly parallel; occipital
groove narrow, relatively long; 3 temporal setae on each side, most anterior one
longest; eye small, elongate, without lenslike structure seen in C. incis.

Sides of pronotum more parallel than in C. incis; pronotum relatively narrow,
greatest width about 65% of median length; median groove very broad, deep,
its anterior end expanded to form oval pit about 4% width of pronotum at that
level; groove narrowing posteriorly but with slight secondary widening just ante-
rior to level of basal impressions; discal setae entirely absent; pronotum with 3
marginal setae on each side; angular seta absent; 1 basal seta present on each
side, varying in position (medial to basal impression on 1 side and lateral to it
on the other); basal impression continued anteriorly by narrow shallow discal stria
which reaches anterior to middle of pronotum; prothoracic sternopleural sutures
obsolete; propleural suture deeply channeled, continuous.

Each elytron with 6 striae (including submarginal); 3 inner striae deep, not
evidently punctate; 3rd stria merging posteriorly with 2nd, and combined 3rd and
2nd merging with Ist stria; Ist interval as wide and as convex as 2nd interval;
3rd and 4th intervals also convex; 4th stria deep posteriorly, reduced to row of
punctures at middle 3rd, absent in anterior 3rd; no trace of any stria between
4th and 5th (marginal) striae; latter deep, entire, becoming narrower anteriorly;
Ist and 2nd striae without setae; 3rd stria with 4 setae, including 1 at base; 4th
stria with 2 setae near apex; 5th (marginal) stria with 6 or 7 setae in posterior
half; subapical tubercle without setae; apical tubercle with 3 setae.

Metasternum without median sulcus, posterior median pit of metasternum
divided into 2 pits by median ridge; abdomen with sulcus in median line bounded
laterally by paired carinae, this sulcus including entire median part of stermum
I, most distinct on sternum II + III, but continuing across sternum IV, ending
on sternum V; transverse sulci of abdomen broadly interrupted medially, not
evidently punctured; sternum VI as in male of C. incis, with 2 setae; femora
grooved, each with 1 dorsal seta.

Male without proximal tooth on anterior tibia; calcars only slightly notched
proximally; calcar of third tibia thicker but not longer than that of second tibia.

Female unknown. The median abdominal groove might be a secondary sexual
character and be lacking in the female.

This species traces in Bell (1970) to C. incis Bell. The latter species
differs in lacking the median sulcus and the longitudinal carinae on
the abdomen, and has an entirely different eye, with a round pro-
truding lens seemingly derived from the genal lamina. Clinidium incis
also has a complete 4th stria and traces of an additional stria between
the 4th and marginal striae. The transverse sulci of the abdomen are
not interrupted. The antennae have segments 4-10 less transverse and
more beadlike, while the apical stylet is more slender. There are also
many differences in chaetotaxy.

In the keys of Grouvelle (1903) and Arrow (1944) the new species
will key to Clinidium cavicolle Chevrolat, 1873, from Colombia. The

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 281

Rae
Oe Ot OF tess

FIP BRIN RS resins

y

4

oT]

ALS
Ce

er

Ea S

eee ee

eet Woe

--ee © --

SI SPTX Cte We!

PACS te st 4 Ot

A Dd mT tle NNT AS il 7, toe nr ees amet Sp

Fig. 1-4. Clinidium sulcigaster n. sp., male. 1. Dorsal view, legs removed.
2. Ventral view of pterothorax and abdomen. 3. Lateral view of pterothorax,
abdomen, and elytra. 4. Dorsolateral view of head and anterior portion of pro-
thorax, antenna removed.

original description of the latter species indicates that it has round eyes
and shallow frontal grooves. Clinidium sulcigaster has elongate eyes
and deep frontal grooves.

The only other Clinidium known from Guatemala, C. guatemalenum
Sharp belongs to a different subgenus (Arctoclinidium Bell). In addi-
tion to the subgeneric characters, it differs from C. sulcigaster in lack-

282, PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

ing the enlarged median pit on the pronotum, in having 5 (rather
than 4) striae “medial to the marginal stria, and in having coarse punc-
tures on the last abdominal sternum.

REFERENCES

Arrow, G. J. 1942. The beetle family Rhysodidae, with some new species and a
key to those at present known. Proc. Roy. Entomol. Soc. London (B). ILI:
171-83.

Bell, R. T. 1970. The Rhysodini of North America, Central America, and the
West Indies (Coleoptera: Carabidae or Rhysodidae). Misc. Publ. Entomol.
Soc. Amer. 6:289-324.

Chevrolat, L. A. 1873. Descriptions de quelques espéces de rhysodides. Ann.
Soc. Entomol. France. (5) 3:387-388.

Grouvelle, A. H. 1903. Synopsis des rhysodides et descriptions d’espéces nouvelles.
Rey. Entomol. Caen. 22:85-148.

THREE TRYPHONINE ICHNEUMONIDS FROM CRETACEOUS AMBER
(HYMENOPTERA)

HeENRY TOWNES

American Entomological Institute, 5950 Warren Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan
48105

ABSTRACT—The genera Catachora, Urotryphon, and Eubaeus are described
from amber believed to be 80 to 90 million years old, collected on the Taimyr
Peninsula, Siberia. These 3 genera are believed to be related to Grypocentrus
and Idiogramma.

Fossil ichneumonids in 4 small pieces of amber have been received
for study from the Paleontological Institute, Moscow, through Dr.
A. Rasnitsyn. According to Dr. Rasnitsyn, their age is Cretaceous,
Coniacian-Santonian, 80 to 90 million years old. They were collected
in 1971 at Yantardakh Hill, East Taimyr Peninsula, 3 km up from
the mouth of the Maimetcha River, which is a branch of the Kheta
River. The Kheta River, in turn, is a branch of the Khatanga River.

The 4 specimens in amber represent 3 species in 3 genera. All 3
are small, stout-bodied ichneumonids with the propodeum areolated
and the first tergum short and wide, with the spiracle in front of its
middle and, at least in 2 of the genera, with the median dorsal carinae
reaching about 0.75 the length of the tergum. The one female speci-
men has an ovipositor of moderate length with a distinct nodus and
no subapical notch. The apex of the front tibia of all specimens is

PROC, ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 283

rounded on the outer side, without a projecting tooth. All specimens
are very small, with the front wings 1.15 to 1.9 mm long. These sizes
are at and below the lower size range of modern ichneumonids. Cor-
related with the small size, their antennae have few segments (13 to
15 segments), the stigma is large, radial cell short and deep, first
brachial cell short, and discoidella weak or absent.

In general, these 3 Cretaceous genera resemble small stout bodied
ichneumonids of several subfamilies, such as Grypocentrus and Idio-
gramma (Tryphoninae), Adelognathus (Adelognathinae), Lysibia
and Gnypetomorpha (Gelinae), Lathrolestes (Scolobatinae), and
Earobia and Pygmaeolus (Phrudinae). The true relationships of the
3 must be decided by using the small inconspicuous characters con-
sidered fundamental to the above subfamilies rather than general
resemblances. All 3 have the spiracles of the first tergum in front
of the middle. This rules out the possibility that they belong to the
Adelognathinae or the Gelinae. The ovipositor of the single female
is of the type used for external parasitism, with a distinct pre-apical
nodus. This indicates relationships with the Tryphoninae or Gelinae.
There is no tooth at the apex of the front tibia. This rules out placing
them in the Scolobatinae. It therefore seems safe to assume that all
3 of the Cretaceous genera belong in the Tryphoninae. Among the
living genera of Tryphoninae they show the greatest resemblance to
Grypocentrus and Idiogramma. Probably they are part of a large
complex of tryphonine genera, mostly extinct, which remain unknown
except for these 3 fossils and a few genera surviving in the Holarctic
Region.

As for their tribal placements, this is somewhat arbitrary, partly
because all details of the specimens can not be seen, partly because
only one of the specimens is a female, and partly because the classifi-
cation of even the modern genera may be arbitrary. To assign them
somewhere in the classification, however, I am referring Catachora
and Eubaeus to the Tryphonini and Urotryphon to the Idiogram-
matini. All 3 have the portion of the metacarpus distad of the radius
unusually long. This could be a basis for placing all 3 in a new tribe,
but such a classification does not seem necessary on the present
evidence.

It is almost certain that these 3 Cretaceous genera were parasitic
on sawflies, probably on xyelids. The modern genera most similar
to them are Grypocentrus, which parasitizes leaf-mining sawflies
(Fenusa), and Idiogramma, which attacks Xyela larvae in the stami-
nate cones of Pinus. Since Xyelidae were relatively abundant in the
Cretaceous, these are the most likely hosts. Larvae of modern xyelids
tend to feed in buds or strobili. Their ancestors probably did the same.

The very small size of these specimens (front wing 1.15 to 1.9 mm

284 PROC. ENT, SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

long) is intriguing. Very few of the living ichneumonids have a front
wing measurement below 2.0 mm. The smallest (dwarfed) specimens
on pecord belong in the genera Stenomacrus and Diaglyptidea, with a
wing length of 1.7 mm and there is a species of Aneuclis with the front
wing l. 6 mm. A number of other genera have dwarfed individuals
with a wing length as short as 1.8 mm. The average wing length of
the fossils (1.62 ‘mm) is so low that there has to be a special reason
for it. Obviously, the hosts themselves had to be exceptionally small
insects, as ichneumonids are nearly all solitary parasites which are
only a little smaller than their hosts. The sawfly hosts of that period
must have been smaller than any sawflies now living, and to have
been so small they must have had unusually small feeding niches.
They were either leaf miners or fed in very small buds or strobili, or
in small flower parts or seeds.

The 4 fossil specimens are described below. All are from the lo-
cality mentioned in the opening paragraph and the specimens can be
found in the Paleontological Institute in Moscow. The amber pieces
are not numbered but the specimens can be recognized individually
from the drawings and descriptions.

Catachora, Townes new genus
fig. 1A
Front wing 1.8 mm long. Structure as figured. On the propodeum, the areola
is hexagonal and slightly longer than wide. The sculpture of the thorax and

abdomen is not clearly visible. What can be seen is that the punctures are
moderately small and not dense.

This genus appears to be related to Grypocentrus. It differs in
the very deep radial cell, differently shaped areolet, and very short
first brachial cell. No female is at hand but it is presumed that
the ovipositor would not be of the specialized shape found in
Grypocentrus.

The genera name is from xaré (downward), plus yépa (space),
referring to the downward projecting radial cell.

Genotype: Catachora minor, new species.

Catachora minor Townes, new species
fig. 1A

Structure as figured, and as described under the generic heading.

Type: ¢, in Cretaceous amber, collected on the Taimyr Peninsula,
Siberia (Paleontological Institute, Moscow).

nS EEE Eee
>

Fig. 1. A. Catachora minor, side view of type male and front view of head.
B. Urotryphon pusillus, side view of type male and abdomen of paratype female.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VoL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 285

86 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

Fig. 2. Eubaeus leiponeura, side view of the unique specimen.

Urotryphon Townes, new genus
fig. 1B

Front wing 1.9 mm long. Structure as figured. On the propodeum, the areola
and basal area are confluent. The occipital carina is apparently absent. The
sculpture of the thorax and the abdomen is not clearly visible. What can be
seen is that the punctures are moderately small and not dense. The front and
lower parts of the head are lacking.

This genus seems to be related to Idiogramma. Points of resem-
blance are the relatively large head with eye relatively small, the

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., voL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 287

venation, apparent lack of creases to separate the abdominal epipleura,
and the long ovipositor. It differs from Idiogramma in the lack of a
discoidella and in the nearly complete areolation of the propodeum.
The generic name is from otpa (tail) plus Tryphon, alluding to the
long ovipositor.
Genotype: Urotryphon pusillus, new species.

Urotryphon pusillus Townes, new species
fig. 1B

Structure as figured, and as described under the generic heading.

Types: ¢ and 2, from Cretaceous amber, collected on the Taimyr
Peninsula, Siberia (Paleontological Institute, Moscow). The holotype
male is figured. It lacks the front and lower part of the head. The
paratype female, of which the abdomen is figured, consists of the
abdomen, propodeum, middle and hind legs, and an indistinct piece
of the front wing showing the nervellus and its juncture with the
discoideus.

Eubaeus Townes, new genus
fig. 2

Front wing 1.15 mm long. Structure as figured. Front wing broad and hind
wing very narrow. The venation on the only specimen available is very difficult
to see. Dr. A. Rasnitsyn has sent enlarged photographs of the venation. The
venation shown in the photographs, together with what I could see is repre-
sented in the drawing. In the hind wing, the mediellan and submediellan cells
seem to be very small but these can not be seen distinctly. Only one spur was
seen on the middle tibia, but there might be 2.

The absence of the second recurrent vein is a feature of several
other very small ichneumonids as well as of Eubaeus, and is corre-
lated with small size rather than with phyletic connections. Other
ichneumonids that lack the second recurrent vein are Gnypetomorpha,
Neorhacodes, Polyauon stiavnicencis, Sathropterus (usually), Meso-
chorus obliterator, and Ophionellus. Except for the last 2, these are
very small species.

The generic name is from ef (very), plus Baws (small).

Genotype: Eubaeus leiponeura, new species.

Eubaeus leiponeura Townes, new species
Structures as figured, and as described under the generic heading.

Type: ¢, in Cretaceous amber, collected on the Taimyr Peninsula,
Siberia (Paleontological Institute, Moscow).

288 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

A KEY TO SOME NEW WORLD SPECIES OF TRICHOGRAMMA
(HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE), WITH
DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES*

H. NacarajaA and SupHA NAGARKATTI
Indian Station, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Bangalore, India

Although Trichogramma spp. have been used for several decades
for the biological control of a variety of lepidopterous pests, no serious
exploratory surveys have apparently been made for new species oc-
curring in different parts of the world. This is especially true of some
continents, such as South America, Africa, and parts of Asia. In the
course of a biosystematic study of the genus, circular letters sent to
entomologists in various countries have drawn some response and as
a result, 4 new species of Trichogramma have been found in the New
World, and they are described in this paper. A key to most of the
New World species has also been included. There is every likelihood
of more being present not only in the continental areas, but also in the
adjoining islands, and a thorough search may prove quite rewarding.

The need for a reliable key to identify Trichogramma spp. has
always been felt by entomologists working with this group of insects.
Not all characters dealt with in the following key are ideal (in the
sense stated by Mayr et al., 1953) inasmuch as some of the characters
apply only to either the females or the males, even the most important
ones cannot be observed directly, and some are not necessarily ab-
solute. Nevertheless, this key will hopefully facilitate more reliable
determination than hitherto. The following key and the descriptions
are based on specimens that were reared on eggs of Corcyra
cephalonica St. at 80° F. (+ 2°) and 50% R. H. in the laboratory
(with the exception of T. bennetti sp. nov., T. semblidis (Auriv.),
and T. retorridum (Gir.), of which we did not have live cultures).
For further details of the generalized male genitalia of Trichogramma
and descriptions of the better known species, see Nagarkatti and
Nagaraja, 1968 and 1971 respectively.

Key TO THE NEw WOBR LD sPECIEs OF Trichogramma?

1. Dorsal expansion of gonobase broad, without distinct side lobes but with
rounded posterior extremity; aedeagus broad, shorter than apodemes,
both together shorter than genitalia. T. bennetti N. & N., n. sp.

‘ This research has been financed in part by a grant made by the United States
Department of Agriculture under PL-480. Manuscript submitted through Dr.
R. H. Foote, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agr. Res. Ser., USDA.

* Although an attempt has been made to include in the key as many species
as possible from the New World, we have necessarily had to omit mention of
T. helocharae Perkins, T. intermedium How., and T. koehleri Blanchard, speci-
mens of which we could not obtain for examination.

oo | pw |

10.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 289

Male genitalia not as above
Chelate structure almost reaching © el of onbhaicene
Chelate structure distinctly below level of gonoforceps ey |
Antennal hairs nearly 4 times maximum width of flagellum; aol ex-
pansion of gonobase short, appearing cup-shaped when viewed from
caudal end; wing remigium with regularly ee trichiae Ans a2
oe ne eS T. maltbyi N. & N., n. sp.
Antennal hairs about 2 times the maximum width of flagellum; dara
expansion of gonobase triangular with slight constrictions at base; wing

remigium with irregularly arranged trichiae _.__ T. retorridum (Girault )
Median ventral projection minute; tip of dorsal expansion of gonobase
distinctly below level of chelate structure _....._. T. rojasi N. & N., n. sp.

Median ventral projection small, but not minute; tip of dorsal expansion
of gonobase reaching level of chelate structure or extending beyond it 5
Males dimorphic; apterous males with gynecoid antennae without body
reduction, alate males with normal antennae __ T. semblidis ( Aurivillius )
Males monomorphic — See eet, |
Antennal hairs almost blane Neaed a ioncese thaw about 2 ames maxi-
mun width of flagellum ———.-..-
Antennal hairs sharply tapering, length of inne hair 2% to 3 times

Minka wach OF flagellum): 22 2-4 a ee ee 8
Fringe on tornus of fore-wing about ia aes Ww nate Saale antenna with
eeONRE) Wane 0) lei — T. californicum N. & N., n. sp.
Fringe on tornus of fore-wing 4% to 1% the width; male antenna with less
than. .50)) hairse 2 . ee 9

Longest antennal hair Alene 2M t times hes maximum width GE flapelitine
females with little or no black pigment; dorsal expansion of gonobase
SOmiewHaLepTonG) 22 Oo _- LO
Longest antennal hair about 3 t times thea maximum wath OF iegelloras
females dark colored; dorsal expansion of gonobase somewhat narrow;
arrhenotokous and thelytokous strains present __ T. semifumatum ( Perkins )
Chelate structure far below gonoforceps; median ventral projection
almost reaching level of chelate structure; females moderately dark with
blackish prothorax and abdomen _----.-.. T.. fasciatum (Perkins )
Chelate structure close to gonoforceps; median ventral projection not
reaching level of chelate structure; females yellow occasionally with
black pigment only in mesoscutum, sides of parapsides and anterior part
Gteabelonainal segments: 2.2) T. perkinsi Girault
Ovipositor distinctly longer than hind tibia; wing remigium with regularly
arranged trichiae; females completely devoid of black pigment

cope es et sc : T. minutum Riley
Ovipositor as long as or slightly shorter than hind tibia; wing remigium
with somewhat irregularly arranged trichiae; females with anteriormost
abdominal terga black =... T. pretiosum Riley

Trichogramma bennetti Nagaraja and Nagarkatti, new species
fig. 1-7

Male: Pigmentation based on a few available specimens, light yellow with
blackish thoracic sclerites and abdomen. Fringe on tornus of fore-wing about

290 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

Fig. 1-7. Trichogramma bennetti. n. sp. 1, forewing. 2, antenna of male.
3, male genitalia. 4, aedeagus. 5, enlarged view of chelate structure. 6, enlarged
view of median ventral projection. 7, relative lengths of aedeagus, hind tibia and
Ovipositor.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 291

¥% the width of wing (fig. 1). Antennal hairs finely tapering and long, the
longest being nearly 3 times the maximum width of flagellum (fig. 2).

Genitalia (fig. 3): Dorsal expansion of gonobase highly chitinized and simple
with characteristically rounded, bulbous posterior extremity reaching level of
chelate structure. Sides of dorsal gonobase expansion nearly parallel. Chelate
structure (fig. 5) appears bilobed and is located far below tips of gonoforceps.
Median ventral projection (fig. 6) minute but visible. Median ventral ridge
paired, extending to about one-third the entire length of genitalia. Aedeagus
(fig. 4) stout but posterior end pointed, appearing somewhat spear-shaped;
shorter than apodemes, both together slightly shorter than genitalia and dis-
tinctly shorter than hind tibia (fig. 7).

Female: Pigmentation same as of male. Ovipositor slightly longer than hind
tibia (fig. 7).

Holotype: Male from Trinidad (West Indies); ex eggs of Hypsipyla
ferrealis Hmps. on Carapa guyanensis; 1968 (F. D. Bennett coll.) in
the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., USNM no. 71352
mounted on slide. Male genitalia dissected and mounted on slide.
Allotype female also mounted on slide. Paratypes in Commonwealth
Institute of Biological Control, Indian Station, Bangalore, India.

Remarks: T. bennetti was received from Dr. F. D. Bennett, CIBC
West Indian Station, Trinidad, who reared it from eggs of H. ferrealis
on Carapa guyanensis. Myers (1932) mentions an unidentified species
of Trichogramma from the same host in Guyana, which could very
well be the same as T. bennetti. If this is true, it is possible that the
species occurs on the South American continent as well as on the
adjoining islands.

Trichogramma californicum Nagaraja and Nagarkatti, new species
fig. 8-14

Male: Dull yellow with blackish thorax and abdomen. Fringe on tornus in
fore-wing about 49 the width of wing (fig. 8). Antennal hairs somewhat blunt
and short, the longest hair being nearly twice the maximum width of flagellum
(fig. 9).

Genitalia (fig. 10): Dorsal expansion of gonobase highly sclerotized and
triangular with slight constrictions at base; posterior tip of dorsal expansion of
gonobase reaching level of chelate structure. Chelate structure (fig. 12) well
below tips of gonoforceps. Median ventral projection (fig. 13) distinct and
pointed, below level of chelate structure. Median ventral ridge paired, extending
anteriorly to about 1% the length of genitalia. Aedeagus (fig. 11) slightly longer
than apodemes, both together distinctly shorter than hind tibia (fig. 14).

Female: Color same as male. Ovipositor almost equal in length to hind
tibia (fig. 14).

Holotype: Male from Alturas, Modoc County, northeastern Cali-
fornia, U.S.A.; ex eggs of Hemerocampa pseudotsugata (McD.); 1967

(R. D. Doutt coll.) in the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C.,
USNM no. 71353. Male and dissected male genitalia mounted on

i)
Ko)
to

WOS

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

Fig. 8-14. Trichogramma californicum. n. sp. 8, forewing. 9, antenna of male.
10, male genitalia. 11, aedeagus. 12, enlarged view of chelate structure. 13,

enlarged view of median ventral projection.
hind tibia and ovipositor.

14, relative lengths of aedeagus,

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 293

slide. Allotype female on slide. Paratypes in the British Museum
(Natural History), London.

Remarks: Trichogramma californicum was received from Dr. R. L.
Doutt of the Division of Biological Control, University of California,
Berkeley, and it had been suspected to be T. euproctidis (Girault).*
Examination, however, revealed that the species is vastly different
from T. euproctidis, which is of European origin. Moreover, the 2
species cross only to a very limited extent in the laboratory. Tricho-
gramma californicum was reared from eggs of the Douglas fir tussock
moth, H. pseudotsugata, in northeastern California. Although T. cali-
fornicum appears to belong to the T. minutum Riley—T. pretiosum
Riley complex, it can be differentiated from these species by the
presence of short antennal hairs, the dark pigmentation, and the
ovipositor to hind tibia ratio. Trichogramma californicum could be
considered to bear semispecies status with respect to T. semifumatum,
with which it crosses in both directions to a limited extent ( Nagarkatti
and Fazaluddin, in press). It may be pertinent to mention the receipt
of a population of Trichogramma from the Netherlands (received
from Dr. M. Gijswijt of the Agrobiologisch Laboratorium, ’s Graveland )
which closely resembles T. californicum in all respects except for the
slightly darker pigmentation. Moreover, eggs of C. cephalonica when
parasitized by T. californicum turn grayish brown in color on the 4th
day, while those parasitized by the Netherlands population turn black
in color, as is usual with other species. Laboratory crossing tests be-
tween the Netherlands population and T. californicum have shown
that they are totally reproductively isolated.

Trichogramma maltbyi Nagaraja and Nagarkatti, new species
fig. 15-21

Male: Head yellow, thorax, abdomen and hind femur dark fuscous, except
for light yellow intersclerital region and propodeum and basal part of abdomen.
Fringe on tornus of fore-wing about 4% the width of wing (fig. 15). Antennal
hairs finely tapering and very long, the longest hair being nearly 4 times the
maximum width of flagellum (fig. 16).

Genitalia (fig. 17): Dorsal expansion of gonobase highly sclerotized with
rounded sides, appearing cup-shaped when viewed from caudal end, constricted
at base. Dorsal expansion of gonobase below tips of chelate structure. Chelate
structure (fig. 19) almost reaching tips of gonoforceps. Median ventral projection
(fig. 20) minute. Median ventral ridge paired, fused anteriorly, extending to

3 Trichogramma euproctidis (Girault) is reported by Dr. B. D. Burks (Sys-
tematic Entomology Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.)
to be frequently encountered in material collected in the U.S.A. which he receives
for identification. This species is not included in the key as it is believed to be
of European origin and has been introduced into the U.S.A. Trichogramma
evanescens Westwood frequently observed by the authors is also excluded for
the same reason.

294 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

Fig. 15-21. Trichogramma maltbyi. n. sp. 15, forewing. 16, antenna of male.
17, male genitalia. 18, aedeagus. 19, enlarged view of chelate structure. 20, en-
larged view of median ventral projection. 21, relative lengths of aedeagus, hind
tibia and ovipositor.

about 4 the length of genitalia. Aedeagus (fig. 18) as long as apodemes, both
together much shorter than hind tibia (fig. 21).

Female: Color same as male. Ovipositor nearly equal in length to hind tibia
(figs 21);

Holotype: Male from Berrien County, Niles, Michigan, U.S.A.; ex
eggs of Oulema melanopus (L.) on oats; 1968 (H. Maltby coll.) in

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., vOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 295

W L¢

Fig. 22-28. Trichogramma rojasi. n.

24, male genitalia. 25, aedeagus. 26, e

aay

nlarged view of

larged view of median ventral projection. 28, relative

tibia and ovipositor.

sp. 22, forewing. 23, Antenna of male.

chelate structure. 27, en-
lengths of aedeagus, hind

296 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., USNM no. 71354. Male
and dissected male genitalia mounted on slide. Allotype female on
slide. Paratypes in the British Museum (Natural History), London.

Remarks: Trichogramma maltbyi was reared from eggs of O.
melanopus and Lema collaris Say by Maltby et al. (1969). It was
originally thought to be T. evanescens, a European species that has
been introduced into the U.S.A., but crosses by the above authors
proved that the 2 would not interbreed. Moreover, we have found that
the male genitalia vastly differ in the 2 species, although the antennal
hair length and pigmentation are comparable.

Trichogramma rojasi Nagaraja and Nagarkatti, new species
fig. 22-28

Male: Dull yellow with blackish thorax and abdomen. Fringe on tornus of
fore-wing about % the width of wing (fig. 22). Antennal hairs rather blunt,
short, the longest being slightly more than twice the maximum width of flagellum
(fig. 23).

Genitalia (fig. 24): Dorsal expansion of gonobase highly chitinized, triangular
with blunt apex and slightly constricted base. Chelate structure (fig. 26) slightly
below tips of gonoforceps. Median ventral projection (fig. 27) short. Median
ventral ridge paired, extending anteriorly to about % the length of genitalia.
Aedeagus (fig. 25) as long as apodemes, both together shorter than hind tibia
(fig. 28).

Female: Same color as male. Ovipositor slightly longer than hind tibia
(fig. 28).

Holotype: Male from La Cruz, Chile; ex eggs of Tatochila sp. on
Trifolium sp.; 1968 (Sergio Rojas coll.) in the U.S. National Museum,
Washington, D. C., USNM no. 71355. Male and dissected male geni-
talia mounted on slide. Allotype female on slide. Paratype in the
British Museum (Natural History), London and Collection of the
Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Sub-Estacion Experimental
La Cruz, Chile.

Remarks: Dr. Sergio Rojas of the Sub-Estacion Experimental,
Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La Cruz, collected this
species from eggs of Tatochila sp. on Trifolium and Rachiplusia ou
Guén. on alfalfa and beans. This was originally believed to be either
the same as or close to T. semifumatum (Perkins). Comparing it with
specimens of T. semifumatum from U.S.A., we have found that they
are distinct and hence consider T. rojasi as a distinct species.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are grateful to Dr. F. D. Bennett, Dr. R. L. Doutt, Mr. H. Maltby,
and Dr. S. Rojas for making specimens and live cultures of the Trichogramma
spp. available for study. The guidance received from Dr. V. P. Rao, Entomologist-
in-charge, CIBC Indian Station, is gratefully acknowledged.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 297

REFERENCES

Maltby, H. L., T. L. Burger, G. E. Moorehead, and V. R. Montgomery. 1969.
A new record of a Trichogramma species parasitising the cereal leaf beetle.
J. Econ. Entomol. 62:1157-1158.

Mayr, E., E. G. Linsley, and R. L. Usinger. 1953. Methods and Principles of
Systematic Zoology. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc., N.Y., 336 pp.

Myers, J. G. 1932. Biological observations on some neotropical parasitic Hy-
menoptera. Trans. Entomol. Soc. 80:121—136.

Nagarkatti, Sudha, and M. Fazaluddin. Biosystematic studies on Trichogramma
species: II. Experimental hybridization between some Trichogramma spp.
from the New World. (In Press).

Nagarkatti, Sudha, and H. Nagaraja. 1968. Biosystematic studies on Tricho-
gramma species: I. Experimental hybridization between Trichogramma
australicum Girault, T. evanescens Westwood and T. minutum Riley. Tech.
Bull., Commonw. Inst. Biol. Control. 10:81—96.

1971. Redescriptions of some known species of Trichogramma
(Hym.: Trichogrammatidae), showing the importance of the male genitalia
as a diagnostic character. Bull. Entomol. Res. 61:13-31.

THE STATUS OF ENALLAGMA TRAVIATUM AND WESTFALLI
(ODONATA: COENAGRIONIDAE)

THomMAs W. DONNELLY
Dept. of Geology, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York, 13901,
and Research Associate, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Florida State
Dept. of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida, 23601

ABSTRACT—Enallagma westfalli is shown to be a subspecies of E. traviatum,
differing in the character of the superior arm of the superior appendage of the
male. The subspecies westfalli occurs west of the Appalachians from Pennsylvania
and Michigan to Texas and Louisiana. The subspecies traviatum ranges from
Massachusetts to northern Georgia, occurring east of the Appalachians. The ex-
treme pale color of the type westfalli is not characteristic of the subspecies
throughout most of its range.

In 1964 I described the new species Enallagma westfalli from east-
em Texas, commenting that, “. . . clearly westfalli is congeneric with
traviatum Selys and equally clearly with pallidum Root and daeckii
(Calvert).” I also redefined the subgenus Teleallagma Kennedy, in-
cluding in it westfalli with pallidum and daeckii. The principal

298 PROC. ENT, SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

criterion for the subgenus was reduction of the dark color in the 3
species.

Subsequent to this description several workers have commented to
me on the similarity between westfalli and traviatum and have sug-
gested the possible synonymy of the 2. To clarify this question I as-
sembled a series of Enallagma traviatum which represents almost the
entire geographic distribution of the species. The Leon County, Flor-
ida, specimens recorded by Byers (1930) were the only possibly criti-
cal specimens that I was not able to locate, and I studied no specimens
from Illinois.

As a result of this investigation I conclude that Enallagma westfalli
and traviatum are conspecific, that the structural differences between
geographically extreme specimens require the recognition of 2 sub-
species, and that the reduction of dark color in the typical westfalli
is’a relatively local phenomenon of limited taxonomic significance.
There is a very slight tendency for southern populations of both
westfalli (excepting the specimens from Texas, Oklahoma, and Loui-
siana, which stand apart in extreme reduction of dark color) and
traviatum to be slightly paler than their northern counterparts, but a
clinal variation cannot be convincingly demonstrated at this time. I
also conclude that the subgenus Teleallagma should no longer be
recognized because of the lack of a clear distinction among traviatum
s.l., pallidum, and daeckii. I have already commented (1964) on the
unreliability of the wing-venation characters for separating this taxon
from Enallagma.

Enallagama traviatum traviatum Selys, new combination

Superior arm of male superior appendage long and thin, typically with dis-
tance from inferior arm to apical hook about 3 times the width of the superior
arm in internal dorsolateral view (fig. 1). Specimens from North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Georgia have arm perceptibly shorter and thicker (fig. 2) than
typical specimens from the more northern part of the range, but with the ratio
greater than about 2% times. Distribution; east of Appalachians, Georgia to
Massachusetts.

Enallagma traviatum westfalli, new combination

Superior arm of male superior appendage short and thick, typically with distance
from inferior arm to apical hook about 2 times or less the width of this arm in
internal dorsolateral view (fig. 4). Specimens from Indiana, Pennsylvania, and
Tennessee have a slightly longer and thinner arm (fig. 3), but with the ratio
less than 24%. Distribution: west of Appalachians, Texas to Michigan and west-
ern Pennsylvania.

One might well enquire as to why the impressive structural differ-
ences between typical traviatum and westfalli were not noticed previ-
ously. The answer may hinge somewhat on the history of the study

PROG. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 299

Fig. 1-4, Lateral-dorsal-internal view of male appendages. 1, 2, Enallagma t.
traviatum: 1, Fruitland, Md.; 2, Wallace, S.C. Fig. 3, 4, E. t. westfalli: 3, Coffee
Co., Tenn.; 4, Cleveland, Texas.

300 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

Fig. 5, Map showing localities of specimens studied. Open circles: Enallagma
t. traviatum; solid circles: E. t. westfalli.

of Odonata in North America, which was confined almost entirely to
the New England region between the Civil War and the end of the
nineteenth century, but which shifted into the midwest in the early
years of the twentieth century. After the turn of the century, ac-
quaintance with the northeastern fauna diminished, a problem com-
pounded by the apparent reluctance of American Odonatists to study
those type specimens of northeastern Odonata that existed in the Hagen
collection at the M.C.Z. (Montgomery, in litt.).

The series studied here (representing well over 100 male speci-
mens ), however, shows a nearly continuous variation in the character
of the superior appendage. The greatest break in that series occurs
between the North Carolina specimens and the Tennessee specimens,
suggesting that the Appalachian Mountain system is the natural

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 301

dividing line between the 2 forms. The variation, and the fact that
only a very few specimens are difficult to assign to either taxon,
establish the difference as typically subspecific. No differences could
be found in female specimens, which are not included in the tabula-
tion of specimens. The distinct tibial color pattern I noted (1964)
in the nymph might also be an unreliable taxonomic criterion. Dennis
Paulson (in litt.) has stated that a minority of traviatum nymphs he
has studied in North Carolina have this stripe.

MATERIAL STUDIED

Collections designated as follows: MCZ, Museum of Comparative Zoology;
ANSP, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; TWD, Donnelly collection;
UFla, University of Florida.

Enallagma t. traviatum

MASSACHUSETTS: Middlesex Co.; Sherborn, 16 July 1894, 1 4, Morse
(MCZ); Lincoln, 4 July 1937, 1 ¢, C. H. Blake (MCZ); Plymouth Co.; Ware-
ham, 8 July (yr?), 1 6 (MCZ). NEW JERSEY: Camden Co.; Clementon, 4
June 1908, 1 ¢, Calvert (ANSP); Gloucester Co.; Almonesson, 28 June 1916,
1 6, Calvert (ANSP). MARYLAND: Anne Arundel Co.; Waterford Mill, 10
June 1939, 1 6, E. G. Fisher (ANSP); Montgomery Co.; C & O Canal at Carde-
rock, 9 July 1950, 3 ¢, Donnelly (TWD); Prince Georges Co.; Greenbelt Lake
at Beltsville, 17 June 1951, 3 ¢, Cook (UFla); Wicomico Co.; Fruitland, 15 June
1954, 4 6, Donnelly (TWD). NORTH CAROLINA: Henderson Co.; Hender-
sonville, 13 June 1939, 1 ¢; 13 June 1940, 3 ¢; 18 June 1940, 3 ¢; 17 June
1941, 11 ¢; 18 June 1941, 1 ¢; 25 June 1941, 3 6, Westfall (UFla and Comell);
Jackson Co.; Cashiers, Cashiers Lake, 19 July 1967, 5 @, Westfall (UFla); Jack-
son Co.; Cashiers, Stevens-Magowan Ponds on US 64, 3 August 1967, 3 4,
Westfall (UFla); McDowell Co.; Highway S-80, north of Pleasant Gardens, Lake
Tahoma, 18 August 1967, 2 4, Westfall (UFla); Orange Co.; Glen Lennox Hill,
Chapel Hill, 28 May 1965, 3 ¢, Paulson (UFla). SOUTH CAROLINA: Green-
ville Co.; Middle Saluda River nr. Marietta, 7 June 1958, Donnelly (TWD);
Marlboro Co.; pond, 1.6 miles north of Wallace, 5 June 1966, 5 ¢, Paulson
(TWD and UFla). GEORGIA: Rabun Co.; nr. Rabun Gap, roadside pond on
US 23-441, 4 August 1967, 8 ¢, Westfall (UFla); Rabun Co.; Mountain City,
lake at the “Playhouse,” 4 August 1967, 3 ¢, Westfall (UFla); Rabun Co.; nr.
Rabuns Gap, 3.5 miles west of US 23-441 on Wolfork Road, York’s Fish pond,
15 August 1967, 1 ¢, Westfall (UFla); Rabun Co.; Pond 1.1 mile east of
Satolah Post Office, 10 August 1967, 3 4, Westfall (UFla).

Enallagma t. westfalli

MICHIGAN: Washtenaw Co.; Third Sister Lake, 16 June 1934, 3 6, Gloyd
(MCZ). INDIANA: Allen Co.; Viberg Lake, 14 June 1914, 1 2 (UFla), 24
July 1932, 1 ¢, Williamson (UFla); Whitley Co.; Round Lake, 24 June 1898,
1 ¢, Williamson (ANSP), 25 June 1898, 1 ¢, Williamson (ANSP), PENNSYL-
VANIA: Westmoreland Co.; Ligonier, 4 July 1960, 2 4, H. White (White).
TENNESSEE: Blount Co.; Laurel Lake nr. Townsend, 2 July 1960, 6 ¢, Trogdon

302 PROC. ENT, SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

“=

(UFla); Campbell Co.; Cove Lake St. Pk., 13 June 1959, 2 6, Trogdon (UFla);
Coffee Co.: Womack’s Lake, 20 June 1959, 4 $, Trogdon (UFla); Cumberland
Co.; Cumberland Mt. St. Pk., 14 June 1959, 2 6, Trogdon (UFla); Dickson Co.;
Montgomery Bell St. Pk., 17 July 1959, 1 ¢@, Trogdon (UFla); Overton Co.;
Standing Stone St. Pk., 14 June 1959, 1 6, Trogdon (UFla); Pickett Co.; Pickett
St. Pk., 23 August 1954, 1 ¢, Donnelly (TWD). OKLAHOMA: LeFlore Co.;
Wister, 4 June 1907, 1 6 (MCZ); Pushmataha Co.; 1.5 miles north of Antlers,
13 June 1957, 1 4, Bick (Bick). TEXAS: Harrison Co., Sue Bell Lake, 30 May
1949, 1 4, J. E. Harwell (UFla); Liberty Co.; pond % mile west of Cleveland,
(in addition to type series described by Donnelly (1964), 17 May 1964, 2 4,
Donnelly (TWD).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am extremely grateful to Dennis Paulson, Leonora Gloyd, B. Elwood Mont-
gomery, Clifford Johnson, and Minter Westfall for discussions on the relationship
of these species. I am further grateful to Paulson, Westfall, Harold White, and
George Bick for the loan of specimens for this study.

REFERENCES

Byers, C. F. 1930. A contribution to the knowledge of Florida Odonata. Univ.
of Fla. Publ., Biol. Sci. Ser., v. 1, no. 1, 327 pp.

Donnelly, T. W. 1964. Enallagma westfalli, a new damselfly from eastern Texas,
with remarks on the genus Teleallagma Kennedy. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.
66: 103-109.

SIPHONAPTERA OF WISCONSIN

GLENN E. Haas and Nrxon WiLson
Department of Biology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa 50613

ABSTRACT—Thirty-seven species of fleas (Siphonaptera) are listed for Wiscon-
sin. Hosts and distribution by county are summarized for each species and any
new records are presented in detail; primary references since Knipping et al.
(1950) are listed in the synonymy under each species. Chaetopsylla lotoris
(Stewart), Conorhinopsylla stanfordi Stewart, Stenoponia americana (Baker),
Tamiophila grandis (Rothschild), Peromyscopsylla scotti Fox, and Opisodasys
pseudarctomys (Baker) are recorded from the State for the first time.

INTRODUCTION

Knipping et al. (1950) listed 32 species of fleas from Wisconsin.
Two probably were misdeterminations, 2 were synonyms, and 2 were
undetermined. One of the last 2 is probably a species on their list.
Johnson and Traub (1954), Haas and Dicke (1959), and Thompson
(1966) each added a species new for the state. We have listed 107

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 303

records for some of these species and for 6 species not previously re-
ported from the State. Thus, the present list has 37 species.

Distribution is summarized by counties, and unpublished records
are presented in detail. Primary references are listed in the synonymy
under each species starting with Knipping et al. (1950), except for
earlier ones they missed. Genera and species of fleas are listed alpha-
betically under the presently accepted family names. Material listed for
the first time is either in the collections of the authors, Milwaukee
Public Museum (MPM), or University of Wisconsin (UW). The col-
lector is not listed when it is Haas; it is unknown for a few collections
from the Milwaukee Public Museum and University of Wisconsin.

The University of Wisconsin collection contains a male and a female
Malaraeus euphorbi (Rothschild), labeled as “Ex Field Mouse,
Madison, Wisc., 25 VIII 53, R. J. Dicke Coll.” The specimens are ex-
cluded in the following list because we doubt the validity of the col-
lection data.

PULICIDAE
1. Cediopsylla simplex (Baker)

Cediopsylla simplex: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let. 40:
199, 205, 206. Haas & Dicke, 1959, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let. 48:125-
132, figs. 1, 2, 3. Steinhaus & Marsh, 1962, Hilgardia 33:465, 466.
Distribution. Adams, Brown, Columbia, Dane, Dodge, Door, Dunn, Forest,

Grant, Green, Jackson, Jefferson, Juneau, Kenosha, La Crosse, La Fayette,

Manitowoc, Marathon, Marinette, Milwaukee, Monroe, Pierce, Polk, St. Croix,

Sauk, Trempealeau, Vernon, Waukesha, and Wood Counties.

Additional Record. Adams County (Adams): 1 ¢@, 1 9, ex Vulpes vulpes

L. 18.X11.1965, F. Easterman (MPM).

Hosts. Canis familiaris L. (dog), Canis latrans Say (coyote), Felis catus L.

(cat), Procyon lotor (L.) (raccoon), Sylvilagus floridanus (Allen) (eastern

cottontail), and V. vulpes (red fox).

2. Ctenocephalides canis (Curtis )

Ctenocephalus canis: Moll, 1917, J. Parasitol. 4:89.
Ctenocephalides canis: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let.

40:200, 205.

Distribution. Dane, Manitowoc, Milwaukee, and Rock Counties.

Additional Records. Dane County (Madison): 1 9, 29.V.1958, Carmody
(UW). Manitowoc County (Two Rivers): 3 44, 3 29, ex garden soil,
18.VIII.1954, R. P. Rehnauer (UW).

Hosts. C. familiaris, Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout) (Norway rat), and
garden soil.

3. Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouché)

Ctenocephalides felis: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let.
40:200, 205.

304. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

Ctenocephalides felis felis: Haas & Dicke, 1959, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let.

48:131, 132.

Distribution. Dane, Grant, and Milwaukee Counties.

Additional Records. Dane County (Madison): 1 ¢, ex Didelphis marsupialis
L., 2.X.1956, H. G. Cooke; 2 ¢ 6, 1 9, ex Homo sapiens L., 2.1V.1954, R. J. Dicke
(UW); 1 8, 1 9, im house, 11.IX.1951, R. J. Dicke (UW); I 2, m house,
16.1X.1955, L. Smith; (Stoughton): 6 6 $, 1 9, ex F. catus, 15.VIII.1925, A. A.
Granovsky (UW). Grant County: 1 ¢, 29.V.1960, R. Mergen (UW). Milwau-
kee County (Milwaukee): 1 9, ex F. catus, 10.111.1949, K. MacArthur (MPM);
1 3,1 9, ex H. sapiens, 30.X1.1954, I. Hauke (MPM); 2 66, 1 9, ex H.
sapiens, 10.VII.1956, T. Glendenning (MPM); 1 6, 1 &, ex H. sapiens,
17.1X.1957, C. Bagley (MPM); 1 9, ex H. sapiens, 27.X.1958, R. Ash (MPM);
1 g, 1 9, ex H. sapiens, 17.VIII.1959, J. C. Warner (MPM); (West Allis):
1 4,1 2, ex H. sapiens, 15.X.1952, R. Wentzel (MPM).

Hosts. D. marsupialis (opossum), F. catus, H. sapiens (man), S. floridanus,
and in house.

4. Euhoplopsyllus glacialis affinis (Baker )

Hoplopsyllus affinis:; Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let.

40:200, 206.

Distribution. Pierce County.

Host. Lepus americanus (lapsus for L. townsendii? ).

Knipping et al. (1950) listed this rabbit flea from “Jack rabbit (Lepus
americanus) Pierce County, 7/1/41, 4 males, 4 females.” The white-tailed jack
rabbit, L. townsendii Bachman, is the only species of Lepus recorded from Pierce
County by Jackson (1961). L. americanus Erxleben is the snowshoe rabbit.

5. Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild)

Xenopsylla cheopis: Schiller & Morgan, 1949, J. Parasitol. 35(6, Sec. 2):40.
Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let. 40:200, 206.
Distribution. Dane and Milwaukee Counties.

Additional Records. Milwaukee County (Milwaukee): 1 ¢, 1 9, ex R.
norvegicus, 15.X1.1947, R. Larsen (MPM); 1 4, 4.X1.1947, R. L. & K. MacArthur

(MPM).

Hosts. Mesocricetus auratus (Waterhouse) (golden hamster), Mus musculus
L. (house mouse), and R. norvegicus.

VERMIPSYLLIDAE

6. Chaetopsylla lotoris (Stewart)

Distribution. Adams and Ozaukee Counties.

Records. Adams County (Adams): 1 ¢, 1 9, ex V. vulpes, 18.XII.1965,
F. Easterman (MPM). Ozaukee County (Friedsburg?): 2 24, 3 99, ex P.
lotor, 23.X1.1951, K. MacArthur (MPM).

Hosts. P. lotor and V. vulpes.
These are the first records for the species from Wisconsin.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 305

Hystric SHOPSYLLIDAE

7. Conorhinopsylla stanfordi Stewart

Distribution. Iowa County.

Records. Iowa County (Clyde Twp., Sec. 12 (1.6-3.2 km S of Clyde)): 1 2,
ex Peromyscus sp. nest, 16.XI.1967, J. O. Jackson (UW); 1 9, same data except
30.X1I.1967; 1 ¢, same data except 23.XII.1968.

Host. Peromyscus sp. nest.

These are the first records for the species from Wisconsin.

8. Corrodopsylla curvata curvata (Rothschild)

Doratopsylla curvata: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let.

40:205.

Distribution. Dane and Iowa Counties.

Additional Records. Iowa County (Clyde Twp., Sec. 12 (1.6-3.2 km §S of
Clyde)): 1 9%, ex Peromyscus sp. nest, 14.X.1968, J. O. Jackson (UW). No
locality: 1 ¢, ex Peromyscus sp. nest, 22.VII.1968, JOJ (UW).

Hosts. Blarina brevicauda (Say) (short-tailed shrew), Sorex cinereus Kerr
(masked shrew), and nest of Peromyscus sp.

9. Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes pseudagyrtes Baker

Ctenopthalmus (sic) pseudagyrtes: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wise. Acad. Sci.
Arts Let. 40:200, 205, 206.

Ctenophthalmus (Nearctoctenophthalmus) pseudagyrtes pseudagyrtes: Hopkins
& Rothschild, 1966, An Illustrated Catalogue of the Rothschild Collection of
Fleas (Siphonaptera ) in the British Museum (Natural History), vol. IV, p. 535.
Distribution. Bayfield, Dane, Iowa, Jefferson, and Walworth Counties.
Additional Records. Dane County: 1 ¢, ex Tamias striatus (L.), 6.1I1.1956;

15 $6, 22 99, ex PMicrotus nest, 21.I1V.1957; 1 ¢, 1 9, same data except

25.1V.1957. Iowa County (Clyde Twp., Sec. 12 (1.6-3.2 km S§ of Clyde) ):

2 2 9, ex 2 Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque), 4.VII.1967, J. O. Jackson (UW);

1 g, ex P. leucopus nest, 16.X1.1967, JOJ (UW); 1 4, same data except 3.11.1968.

Walworth County (Lake Geneva): 1 9, ex D. marsupialis, 20.VII.1971, (UW).
Hosts. B. brevicauda, D. marsupialis, Eutamias minimus (Bachman) (least

chipmunk), Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord) (meadow vole), Mustela frenata

Lichtenstein (long-tailed weasel), Peromyscus sp., P. leucopus (white-footed

mouse), S. cinereus, T. striatus (eastern chipmunk), and nests of ?Microtus and

P. leucopus.

10a. Epitedia wenmanni wenmanni (Rothschild)

Epitedia wenmani (sic): Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let.
40:204, 205, 206.

Epitedia wenmanni wenmanni: Benton, 1955, J. Parasitol. 41:493(fig. 2). Haas
& Dicke, 1959, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let. 48:131, 132. Hopkins &
Rothschild, 1962, An Illustrated Catalogue of the Rothschild Collection of Fleas
(Siphonaptera) in the British Museum (Natural History), vol. II, p, 249.
Distribution. Dane County.

306 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

Additional Records. Dane County (Madison): 1 ¢, 1 9%, ex Peromyscus
?maniculatus (Wagner), 12.X1.1956; 1 9, ex T. striatus, 18.1X.1956.

Hosts. B. brevicauda, M. pennsylvanicus, Peromyscus sp., P. ?maniculatus (deer
mouse), S. floridanus, T. striatus, and nest of PMicrotus.

10b. Epitedia wenmanni testor (Rothschild)

Distribution. Iowa County.

Records. Iowa County (Clyde Twp., Sec. 12 (1.6-3.2 km S of Clyde)): 1 ¢,
ex P. leucopus nest, 15.111.1968, J. O. Jackson (UW); 1 6, 2 29, same data
except 22.J11.1968.

Hosts. P. leucopus nest.

These are the first records for the subspecies from Wisconsin.

Benton (1955) included southwestern Wisconsin within the range
of E. w. wenmanni without indicating having seen specimens from the
region. He examined an intergrade specimen from northeastern Iowa
and included the area in the zone of intergradation. The Wisconsin
specimens of E. wenmanni that we examined indicate the existence
of a population of E. w. testor in Clyde Township, lowa County, and
suggest a zone of intergradation between that locality and Madison,
Dane County, only about 64 km to the east.

Only males are considered here as females cannot be determined
with assurance (see Holland and Benton, 1968). Males are separated
on the basis of measurement “A,” that is, the distance from the most
dorsal margin of second lobe of fixed process of clasper to the most
dorsal margin of condyle of movable process. Holland and Benton
(1968) gave measurement “A” as 45 to 60 » in E. w. wenmanni and
80 to 96 » in E. w. testor. The male listed previously as E. w.
wenmanni measured 58 p, and the 2 males listed above as E. w. testor
measured §2 and 96 ». We examined an intergrade male with a mea-
surement of 62 ». This specimen and a female were collected in the
University of Wisconsin Arboretum, Madison, Dane County, from a
P. leucopus nest on 12.X1.1966 by Mertins & Klein (UW).

11. Nearctopsylla genalis (Baker)

Nearctopsylla genalis: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let.
40:204, 205.
Distribution. Bayfield County.
Hosts. B. brevicauda and S. cinereus.
The subspecies is probably N. g. hygini (Rothschild).

12. Rhadinopsylla fraterna (Baker)

Rectofrontia fraterna: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let.
40:203, 205.
Distribution. Dane County.
Hosts. B. brevicauda and S, cinereus.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 307

The occurrence of this species in Wisconsin should be confirmed in view of
Smit’s (1957) recent work.

13. Stenoponia americana (Baker)

Distribution. Douglas County.

Records. Douglas County: 1 ?, 27.X1.1943, (MPM); (Jct. Moose and St.
Croix Rivers (ca. 13 km W of Gordon)): 2 29, ex Clethrionomys gapperi
(Vigors), 27.XI.1943, W. Pelzer (MPM).

Host. C. gapperi (red-backed mouse ).

These are the first records for the species from Wisconsin.

14. Tamiophila grandis (Rothschild )

Distribution. Walworth County.

Record. Walworth County: 1 9, ex Sciurus niger L., 27.1X.1956, T. Koerber.
Host. S. niger (fox squirrel).

This is the first record for the species from Wisconsin.

LEPTOPSYLLIDAE

15. Odontopsyllus multispinosus (Baker)

Odontopsyllus multispinosus: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts
Let. 40:202, 206. Haas & Dicke, 1959, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let. 48:
125, 126, 128, 129, 131, 132. Hopkins & Rothschild, 1971, An Illustrated
Catalogue of the Rothschild Collection of Fleas (Siphonaptera) in the British
Museum (Natural History), vol. V, p. 284.

Distribution. Buffalo, Dane, Grant, Jackson, Sauk, Trempealeau, and Vernon

Counties.

Host. S. floridanus.

16. Peromyscopsylla catatina (Jordan)

?Peromyscopsylla catatina: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts
Let. 40:205, 206.

P. catatina no doubt occurs in northern Wisconsin since it was
recorded from Iron County, Michigan (Lawrence et al., 1965) and
northcentral Minnesota (Benton et al., 1971). Nevertheless, the
record of Knipping et al. (1950) is questionable (see following dis-
cussion of P. h. hamifer).

17. Peromyscopsylla hamifer hamifer (Rothschild )
Peromyscopsylla catatina (3 not seen): Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wise. Acad.
Sci. Arts Let. 40:205, 206.
Peromyscopsylla hamifer hamifer: Johnson & Traub, 1954, Smithson. Misc. Collns.
123(4) :45.
Distribution. Bayfield County.
Host. M. pennsylvanicus.

Traub informed us (pers. comm., 1972) that the Wisconsin speci-
men of P. h. hamifer now in the National Museum of Natural History

308 PROC. ENT, SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

and listed by Johnson and Traub (1954) from Microtus sp. in Bayfield
County had earlier been misdetermined as P. catatina. It was a fe-
male collected by “P.K.” at Cable, Bayfield County, on 16 October
1948. Thus, it is probably 1 of 4 females collected in that county on
the same day from M. p. pennsylvanicus and listed as P. catatina by
Knipping et al. (1950). We were unsuccessful in locating the remain-
ing specimens of this series.

18. Peromyscopsylla scotti Fox

Distribution. Iowa County.

Records. Iowa County (Clyde Twp., Sec. 12 (1.6-3.2 km S of Clyde)):
2 2 2, ex P. leucopus, 22.VIII.1967, J. O. Jackson (UW); 1 6, same data except
12.1X.1967.

Host. P. leucopus.

These are the first records for the species from Wisconsin.

CERATOPHYLLIDAE

19. Ceratophyllus gallinae (Schrank )

Ceratophyllus gallinae: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let.

40:201.

Distribution. Door, Forest, Kewaunee, Manitowoc, Marinette, and Milwaukee
Counties.

Additional Records. Door County (Egg Harbor): 3 99, ex H. sapiens in
chicken house, 7.X.1946, (UW). Forest County (Crandon): 1 9, ex H. sapiens,
20.1V.1952, (MPM). Kewaunee County (Kewaunee): 2 6 4,1 9, ex H. sapiens,
9.X.1944, F. Levy (MPM). Marinette County (Marinette): 1 ¢, 1 9, ex H.
sapiens in chicken coop, 1.VI.1950, F. Goldstein (MPM). Milwaukee County
(Hales Comers): 1 4, ex H. sapiens, 15.1V.1955, (MPM); (Milwaukee): 1 9,
ex H. sapiens, 20.1V.1955, K. MacArthur (MPM); 1 9, ex R. norvegicus,
10.1V.1948, (MPM); (Wauwatosa): 1 9, ex H. sapiens, 4.1.1955, (MPM).

Hosts. H. sapiens, R. norvegicus, and H. sapiens in chicken coop and chicken
house.

20. Ceratophyllus garei Rothschild

Ceratophyllus garei: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let.
40:201, 206.
Distribution. Dane County.
Host. Circus cyaneus (L.) (marsh hawk).

21. Ceratophyllus idius Jordan and Rothschild

Ceratophyllus idius: Thompson, 1966, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 68:45, 46.

Distribution. Dane County.

Hosts. Passer domesticus (1..) (nest) (house sparrow) and Progne subis (L.)
(nest) (purple martin).

The nest materials were collected in late October from a purple martin house
vacated by martins and occupied by house sparrows (Thompson, 1966).

PROC, ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 309

22. Ceratophyllus styx riparius Jordan and Rothschild

Ceratophyllus riparius: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let.
40:201, 206.
Ceratophyllus riparius riparius: Smit, 1956, Opuse. Ent, 21:141(fig. 12
(topotype) ), 142(fig. 15 (topotype) ), 143, 144.
Distribution. Milwaukee County (type locality: Bay View, Milwaukee).
Additional Record. Milwaukee County (Bay View, Milwaukee): 8 ¢ 4,4 2 9,
ex Riparia riparia (L.), 13.V.1911, A. C. Burrill & R. A. Muttkowski (MPM)
(topotypes ).
Host. Riparia riparia (bank swallow) and nest.

Smit (1969) considered C. riparius to be a subspecies of C. styx
Rothschild, a flea of R. riparia. Ceratophyllus styx riparius is the only
subspecies in North America; 3 additional subspecies occur in Europe
and Asia.

Jordan and Rothschild (1920) stated that their Wisconsin speci-
mens were collected from a nest of R. riparia in May 1911 by R. A.
Muttkowski. Smit (pers. comm., 1972) informed us that the speci-
mens were collected on 9 May 1911, 4 days before the collection by
Burrill and Muttkowski.

23. Megabothris acerbus (Jordan)

Megabothris acerbus: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let.
40:201, 206.
Distribution. Vilas County.
Host. Tamiasciurus hudsonicus (Erxleben) (red squirrel).

24. Megabothris asio megacolpus (Jordan)

Megabothris asio: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let. 40:201,

205, 206.

Megabothris asio megacolpus: Haas & Dicke, 1959, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts

Let. 48:131, 132.

Megabothris asio asio: Haas & Dicke, 1959, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts. Let.

48:132.

Distribution. Dane and Iowa Counties.

Additional Records. Iowa County (Clyde Twp., Sec. 12 (1.6-3.2 km § of
Clyde)): 1 &, ex Peromyscus sp. nest, 7.XI.1967, J. O. Jackson (UW); 1 9,
same data except 30.VI.1969.

Hosts. M. pennsylvanicus, Mustela vison Schreber (mink), S. floridanus, and
nest of Peromyscus sp.

25. Megabothris quirini (Rothschild)
Megabothris quirini: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let.
40:201, 206.
Distribution. Bayfield County.
Host. M. pennsylvanicus.

310 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

26. Monopsyllus eumolpi eumolpi (Rothschild)

Monosopsyllus (sic) eumolpi: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts
Let. 40:204, 206.
Distribution. Bayfield County.
Host. E. minimus.

27. Monopsyllus vison (Baker)

Monosopsyllus (sic) vison: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts

Let. 40:204, 206.

Distribution. Bayfield, Dane, Florence, and Sheboygan Counties.

Additional Records. Bayfield County (Bayfield): 1 ¢, 1 9, ex weasel,
28.X1.1914, J. G. S. (UW). Florence County: 1 ¢, ex T. hudsonicus, X.1959,
R. E. Mumford.

Hosts. Mustela sp. (weasel), Peromyscus sp., Spermophilus franklinii (Sabine )
(Franklin’s ground squirrel), and T. hudsonicus.

28. Monopsyllus wagneri (Baker)

Megabothris wagneri: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let.
40:202, 205, 206.
Monosopsyllus (sic) wagneri: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci.
Arts Let. 40:204, 206.
Monopsyllus wagneri systaltus (Jordan): Haas & Dicke, 1959, Trans. Wisc. Acad.
Sci. Arts Let. 48:1'31, 132.
Monopsyllus wagneri: Johnson, 1961, U.S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. No. 1227:38.
Haas, 1970, J. Mammal. 51:796.
Distribution. Dane, Iowa, Juneau, and Sheboygan Counties.
Additional Records. Dane County: 1 ¢, 1 92, ex Peromyscus sp., 12.VII.1956;
1 6, ex P. Pmaniculatus, 4.X1.1956; 1 ¢, ex PMicrotus nest, 21.IV.1957; ( Univer-
sity of Wisconsin Arboretum): 6 ¢ 4, 4 2 9, ex P. leucopus nest, 12.X1.1966,
Mertins & Klein (UW). Iowa County (Clyde Twp., Sec. 12 (1.6-3.2 km S of
Clyde)): 1 9, ex P. leucopus, 11.VII.1967, J. O. Jackson (UW); 1 ¢6, ex P.
leucopus nest, 22.111.1968, JOJ. (UW).
Hosts. B. brevicauda, Peromyscus sp., P. leucopus, P. ?maniculatus, S. flor-
idanus, nests of ?Microtus and P. leucopus, and den of V. vulpes.

29. Nosopsyllus fasciatus (Bosc)

Ceratophyllus fasciatus: Moll, 1917, J. Parasitol. 4:89.
Nosopsylla fasciata: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let. 40:
202.
Nosopsyllus fasciatus: Haas & Dicke, 1959, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let.
48:131, 132.
Distribution. Dane and Milwaukee Counties.
Additional Record. Milwaukee County (Milwaukee): 1 ¢, 1 9, ex R.
norvegicus, 15.X1.1947, R. Larsen (MPM).
Hosts. R. norvegicus and S. floridanus.

30. Opisocrostis bruneri (Baker )

Opisocrostis brunneri (sic): Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts
Let. 40:202, 205, 206.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 311

Opisocrostis bruneri: Haas & Dicke, 1959, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let. 48:
131, 132. Steinhaus & Marsh, 1962, Hilgardia 33:465. Haas, 1965, J. Med.
Ent. 2:140, fig. 1. Haas, 1970, J. Mammal. 51:796, 797.

Distribution. Dane, Fond du Lac, Jefferson, Juneau, Kenosha, Rock, and
Waukesha Counties.

Additional Records. Dane County: 6 ¢4, 1 92, ex Spermophilus_ tri-
decemlineatus (Mitchill), 22.VI.1956; 1 4, same data except 24.VI.1956; 1 Q,
ex T. striatus, 10.VIII.1956; 1 ¢, 1 9, same data except 17.VIII.1956; 2 6 ¢,
same data except 23.1X.1956. Fond du Lac County: 2 9 9, ex S. tridecemlineatus,
30.1X.1956. Jefferson County (Aztalan State Park): 3 26, 6 22, ex S.
tridecemlineatus burrow entrance, 2.VIII.1958. Rock County: 6 ¢ 4,6 29, ex
3 S. tridecemlineatus, 3.V.1956. Waukesha County: 5 ¢@6, ll 929, ex S.
tridecemlineatus, 6.V1.1956; 3 6 6, 1 9, same data except 27.1X.1956.

Hosts. S. franklinii, S. tridecemlineatus (thirteen-lined ground squirrel), S.
floridanus, T. striatus, burrow of S. tridecemlineatus, and den of V. vulpes.

31. Opisodasys pseudarctomys (Baker )

Distribution. Florence County.
Record. Florence County: 15 ¢ 4, 6 29, ex Glaucomys sabrinus (Shaw),
X.1959, R. E. Mumford.

Host. G. sabrinus (northern flying squirrel).
This species is recorded from Wisconsin for the first time.

32. Orchopeas caedens caedens (Jordan)
Orchopeas cadens (sic): Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let.
40:202, 206.
Orchopeas howardi (1 not seen): Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci.
Arts Let. 40:203, 206.
Distribution. Dane, Florence, Jackson, Manitowoc, and Sheboygan Counties.
Additional Record. Florence County: 1 ¢@, ex G. sabrinus, X.1959, R. E.
Mumford.

Hosts. G. sabrinus, G. volans (1L.) (southern flying squirrel), Peromyscus sp.,
Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin (gray squirrel), and T. hudsonicus.

We have examined a specimen in the University of Wisconsin col-
lection that is probably 1 of 2 females listed as Orchopeas howardi
from northern flying squirrel in Jackson County by Knipping et al.
(1950). They gave the scientific name as Glaucomys volans, the south-
ern flying squirrel, and Jackson (1961) indicated that this is the
species known to occur in Jackson County. The slide is labeled,
“Orchopeus cadens (sic), No. 15 B.B.M.” on the front and, “Orchopeas
howardi” on the back. The specimen is an O. c. caedens. It has the
sclerotized ridge on the lower lobe of sternum VII typical of this
subspecies.

33. Orchopeas howardii howardii (Baker)

Orchopeas wickhami: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let.
40:203, 205, 206.

Sh PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

?Orchopeas howardi: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let.

40:203, 206.

Orchopeas howardii howardii: Haas & Dicke, 1959, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts

Let. 48:131, 132.

Distribution. Columbia, Dane, Iowa, Jackson, Milwaukee, and Walworth
Counties.

Additional Records. Columbia County (Portage): 1 6, ex S. niger, 14.X.1951,
W. J. Woodman (UW); same data except 11.1.1952 (UW). Dane County:
2 99, ex D. marsupialis, 30.111.1956; 1 9, same data except 9.VII.1956; 1 @,
ex Hylocichla ustulata (Nuttall), 25.V.1957, J. Martz (UW): Sed oy 1k eetex
S. carolinensis, 4.V.1956; (Madison): 2 6 6, ex S. niger, 15.V.1955, D. Lupton
(UW). Iowa County (Clyde Twp., Sec. 12 (1.6-3.2 km S of Clyde)): 1 ?, ex
Peromyscus sp. nest, 4.V.1968, J. O. Jackson (UW). Milwaukee County (Mil-
waukee): 1 4, 4 29, in attic containing squirrel nest and dead _ squirrel,
3.V.1951, L. A. Penn (MPM). Walworth County: 1 ¢, 2 29, ex S. niger,
27.1X.1956, T. Koerber.

Hosts. D. marsupialis, H. ustulata (olive-backed thrush), M. auratus, S.
carolinensis, 8. niger, S. floridanus, nest of Peromyscus sp., and in attic.

Orchopeas howardi of Knipping et al. (1950) is listed questionably here because
1 of their 2 specimens is probably the O. c. caedens specimen in the University
of Wisconsin collection (see previous discussion of O. c. caedens). We have not
seen the other specimen.

34. Orchopeas leucopus (Baker)

?Orchopeas sp.: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let. 40:203.
Orchopeas leucopus; Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let.
40:202, 205, 206. Haas & Dicke, 1959, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let. 48:

131, 132.

Distribution. Bayfield, Dane, Dodge, Door, Iowa, Jefferson, Sheboygan, and
Walworth Counties.

Additional Records. Dane County: 3 ¢@4, 3 29, ex Peromyscus sp.,
28.111.1956; 2 2 9, same data except 8.V.1956; 1 ¢, same data except 17.V1.1956;
1 9, ex P. ?maniculatus, 4.X1.1956; 2 9 9, same data except 12.X1.1956; 1 9,
ex T. striatus, 8.V11I.1956; (University of Wisconsin Arboretum): 7 ¢ 6, 15 9 9,
ex P. leucopus nest, 12.X1.1966, Mertins & Klein (UW). Iowa County (Clyde
Twp., Sec. 12 (1.6-3.2 km S of Clyde)): 1 9, ex P. leucopus, 11.VII.1967, J. O.
Jackson (UW); 1 6, 1 9, ex P. leucopus nest, 9.III.1968, JOJ (UW); 1 34,
same data except 22.11I.1968. Walworth County (Lake Geneva): 1 9, ex D.
marsupialis, 20.VII.1971, (UW).

Hosts. D. marsupialis, M. pennsylvanicus, M. frenata, Ondatra zibethicus (L.)
(muskrat), Peromyscus sp., P. leucopus, P. ?maniculatus, S. floridanus, T. striatus,
Zapus hudsonius (Zimmermann) (meadow jumping mouse), and nest of P.
leucopus.

35. Oropsylla arctomys (Baker)

Oropsylla arcotomys (sic): Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts
Let. 40:203, 205.

Distribution. Adams, Crawford, Dane, and Pierce Counties.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 313

Additional Records. Adams County (Adams): 1 92, ex V. vulpes, 18.XII.1965,
F. Easterman (MPM). Dane County: 1 2, ex Marmota monax (L.), 6.VIII.1956;
1 9, ex Mephitis mephitis (Schreber), 15.X.1956. Pierce County (Prescott):
1 6,1 92, ex M. monax, 16.VII.1910, (MPM).

Hosts. D. marsupialis, M. monax (woodchuck), M. mephitis (striped skunk),
Taxidea taxus (Schreber) (badger), and V. vulpes.

The specimen from M. mephitis was found in a lock of its hair in the box
trap after release of the host.

36. Thrassis bacchi bacchi (Rothschild )

Thrassis sp.: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let. 40:204, 205.
Thrassis bacchi bacchi: Haas & Dicke, 1959, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let.
48:131, 132. Haas, 1970, J. Mammal. 51:796. Stark, 1970, Univ. Calif. Pub.
Ent. 53:98(map 6), 101, 103, 104, fig. 246.
Distribution. Dane County.
Additional Records. Dane County: 1 ¢, ex S. tridecemlineatus, 25.V1.1956;
2 4 4, same data except 22.VIII.1956; 3 ¢ 4,1 92, same data except 26.VIII.1956.
Hosts. M. vison, S. tridecemlineatus, S. floridanus, and den of V. vulpes.

ISCHNOPSYLLIDAE
37. Myodopsylla insignis (Rothschild )

Myodopsylla insignis: Knipping et al., 1950, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let.

40:205. Smit, 1958, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 60:176(fig. 5).

Distribution. Dane, Dodge, and Richland Counties.

Additional Records. Dane County (Madison): 1 92, ex Myotis lucifugus (Le
Conte), 17.VIII.1956, T. Koerber; 1 92, ex bat, 5.VII.1960, M. L. Noller (UW);
(Oregon): 2 9 9, ex bat, 22.IX.1966, R. D. Shenefelt (UW). Dodge County
(Iron Ridge Mine): 1 9, ex Myotis sp., 17.1V.1971, N. D. Watts (UW). Rich-
land County (Eagle Cave): 1 3, ex M. lucifugus, 6.X1.1954, R. E. Lewis (UW).

Host. M. lucifugus (little brown myotis).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to K. MacArthur, Milwaukee Public Museum, Wisconsin; Dr.
A. H. Benton, State University College, Fredonia, N.Y.; and L. J. Bayer, J. O.
Jackson, and Dr. G. R. DeFoliart, University of Wisconsin, Madison, for loan of
specimens and permission to publish on them. We thank Dr. R. Traub, University
of Maryland, Baltimore, for information on P. hamifer and F. G. A. M. Smit,
British Museum (Natural History), London, for information on C. styx riparius.

REFERENCES

Benton, A. H. 1955. The taxonomy and biology of Epitedia wenmanni ( Roths-
child, 1904) and E. testor (Rothschild, 1915) (Hystrichopsyllidae: Siphon-
aptera). Jour. Parasitol. 41:491—495.

——__—_——. O. R. Larson, and B. A. Ven Huizen. 1971. Siphonaptera from
Itasca State Park region. Jour. Minn. Acad. Sci. 37:91-92.

Haas, G. E. and R. J. Dicke. 1959. Fleas collected from cottontail rabbits in
Wisconsin. Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let. 48:125-133.

314 PROC. ENT, SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

Holland, G P. and A. H. Benton. 1968. Siphonaptera from Pennsylvania mam-
mals. Amer. Midl. Natur. 80:252-261.

Jackson, H. H. T. 1961. Mammals of Wisconsin. Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison.
xii + 504 pp.

Johnson, P. T. and R. Traub. 1954. Revision of the flea genus Peromyscopsylla.
Smithson. Misc. Collns. 123(4):1-68.

Jordan, K. and N. C. Rothschild. 1920. On American bird-Ceratophylli. Ectopara-
sites. 1:65-76.

Knipping, P. A., B. B. Morgan, and R. J. Dicke. 1950. Preliminary list of some
fleas from Wisconsin. Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let. 40:199-206.

Lawrence, W. H., K. L. Hays, and S. A. Graham. 1965. Arthropodous ectopara-
sites from some northern Michigan mammals. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich.
No. 639. 7 pp.

Smit, F. G. A. M. 1957. New hystrichopsyllid Siphonaptera. Bull. Brit. Mus.
(Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 6:39-76.

. 1969. A catalogue of the Siphonaptera of Finland with distribution

maps of all Fennoscandian species. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 6:47—86.

Thompson, P. H. 1966. Arthropods from nests of the house sparrow. Proc.
Entomol. Soc. Wash. 68:44—-48.

PARAPYCNODERES, A NEW GENUS FOR PYCNODERES
PORRECTUS (DISTANT) (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE)

J. MaLponapo-CaPRILES

Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagtiez, Mayagiiez,
Puerto Rico, 00708

Examination of the genitalia of the male of Pycnoderes porrectus
(Distant) shows that this species, although having the general ap-
pearance of a Pycnoderes, belongs in a separate genus herein de-
scribed as new. The male studied, identified by J. C. M. Carvalho
and deposited in the British Museum (N.H.) and kindly loaned to
me by Mrs. G. M. Black, has been declared the type of the genus.

In the measurements that follow, 26 micrometer units are equivalent
to 1.0 mm. Support for this study was made possible by National
Science Foundation grant GB-7382.

Parapycnoderes Maldonado-Capriles, new genus
Type of the genus: Pycnoderes porrectus (Distant) 1893.

Bryocorinae, Bryocorini. Habitus as in fig. 9. Thorax and forewing with dense,
silvery, decumbent, silky pubescence. Pronotum densely pitted. Head somewhat

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 315

roundly produced between bases of antennae; vertex slightly convex, corrugate on
each side of median line; eyes small, projecting laterally beyond anterior margin
of pronotum, sessile, contiguous to collar. Beak reaching mesocoxa. Antenna in-
serted adjacent to eye on infero-frontal angle; slender, first segment thickest,
others gradually thinner, first segment equal in length to interocular width, second
slightly over 1.6 times as long as first, third 1.5 times as long as first, fourth
as long as first and third combined. Pronotum with long collar, collar slightly
longer than calli; calli developed, polished; posterior lobe inflated, bigibbous,
gibbosities well separated; posterior margin slightly and broadly concave above
scutellum. Scutellum triangular, shorter than wide, horizontal, medianly depressed.
Hemelytra ornamented with grayish white; broadly oval, opaque, with broad
flat embolium; cuneus wider than long; membrane semitranslucent, with 1 sub-
quadrate cell. Legs long and slender, tarsi thickened toward apex; arolia absent,
pseudoarolia arising from ventral surface of claws. Abdomen broad at base.

Parapycnoderes runs to couplet 48 in Carvalho’s key to the Bryo-
corini genera of the world. Although it looks more like a Pycnoderes,
the new genus keys out together with Cyrtocapsus on account of the
silky pubescence of the latter. Carvalho’s key can be modifed to in-
clude the new genus as follows:

46.) Hemelytra with embolium narrow ——..... —_- ___ AG
Hemelytra with embolium broad — ch ca See py ee 49
48a. Hemelytra and pronotum covered with silky pubescence; eyes reaching
back to sides of anterior margins of pronotum —_- Cyrtocapsus Reuter
Hemelytra and pronotum with fine delicate pubescence; eyes produced
laterally not backwardly” = 2. - Sixeonotus Reuter

49. Collar longer than calli; margins of hemelytra broadly oval; cuneus
wider than long; forewings and pronotum with silky pubescense
oe oR er ee ae ne eee Parapycnoderes n. gen.

Collar shorter, inconspicuous; margins of hemelytra subparallel or
slightly oval; cuneus longer than wide; forewings and pronotum
ame LINES pMMesCence. ke Pycnoderes G. & M.

Parapycnoderes porrectus (Distant) new combination

Pycnoderes porrectus (Distant) 1893. Biol. Cent. Amer. Rhynce.:441.

Redescription of male: coloration typical of the genus, that is, blackish with
grayish-white appendages and ornamentation of forewings. Head, thorax, and
scutellum black; brown along vertex on each side of median line. First antennal
segment dark brown with grayish-white base and apex; second segment pale
stramineous and very slightly darkening towards apex, third slightly darker than
second, fourth brownish. Beak grayish white. Legs including coxae grayish white;
midfemur brownish on apical half; hind femur brownish except basally; hind
tibia brown postbasally. Forewing blackish brown; embolium with a post-basal
and an apical grayish-white spot; cuneus apically, apical 4 of cell of membrane,
and remainder of membrane ivory. Freshly caught specimens probably have
silvery areas on the forewing as the appearance of the wing is similar to old
specimens of Pycnoderes in which these areas are lost.

316 PROC. ENT. SOC, WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

Fig. 1-6, 9, Parapycnoderes porrectus, male: 1, right clasper, lateral view; 2,
same, dorsal view; 3, left clasper, ventral view; 4, same, lateral view; 5, penis,
lateral view; 6, same, dorsal view; 9, habitus. Fig. 7-8, Pycnoderes heidemanni,
male: 7, left clasper, lateral view; 8, right clasper, ventral view.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 317

Vertex convex, with row of 6-8 transverse striations from midlength of eyes
to before antennal base on each side of median line; tylus elevated, convex.
Length of head 18, width across eyes 16, interocular space 9. Antennal seg-
ments 9:16:13:22. Eyes small. Collar slightly longer than calli (5.5:5), pitted.
Calli polished. Pronotum as described for the genus; length 25, posterior width
36. Scutellum above level of forewings, as illustrated, apex of membrane
surpassing tip of abdomen. Length 4.5 mm.

Genitalia as in fig. 1-6.

Holotype, ¢, Capetillo, Guatemala, Central America; G. C.
Champion collector, Distant collection 1911-383, in the British Mu-
seum (N.H.), London.

The genus is monotypic. As stated above, this species has the
general appearance of the broad-winged species of Pycnoderes but
can be easily separated from these by the very broad oval forewings,
longer collar, wider cuneus, silky pubescence, and the genitalia.

REFERENCES

Carvalho, J. C. M. 1955. Chaves para os generos de mirideos do Mundo
(Hemiptera). Bol. Mus. Paraense Emilio Goeldi. 11(2):1-151.

Distant, W. L. 1880 (1883, 1884, 1893)—Biologia Centrali Americana Insecta.
Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Supplement: pp. 304-462, 1884-1893.

A NEW SYNHALONIA FROM NEW MEXICO (ANTHOPHORIDAE)

P. H. TimpeRLAKE
Division of Biological Control, University of California, Riverside, California 92502

ABSTRACT—A new species, Synhalonia bakeri, is described from Aztec, New
Mexico.

A new species of Synhalonia was collected by Carl F. Baker in 1899
at Aztec, New Mexico. In my key to the species of Synhalonia (Univ.
Calif. Publ. Ent. 57:1-76) it runs to couplet 72, distinguishing
quadricincta and albescens, and it agrees closely in aspect to the latter
species. It differs in having the hair of the abdomen more uniformly
distributed and the third joint of the antennae much longer.

Synhalonia bakeri Timberlake, new species

Male: Black, with dot at base of mandibles, labrum, and clypeus, and line on
supraclypeal area pale yellow. Clypeal mark almost touching margin of eyes,

318 PROC. ENT, SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

almost squarely emarginate on each side and broadly truncate at summit. Antennae
and legs dark, small joints of tarsi ferruginous. Tegulae ferruginous. Wings
slightly dusky, more so than in albescens, nervures ferruginous, subcosta fuscous.
Pubescence pale ochreous or whitish, moderately long and dense but concealing
surface of mesonotum. Hair of abdomen depressed, nearly uniform in distribution,
without distinct bands, and without black hair except on sterna 4 and 5.

Head much broader than long, with inner orbits diverging above. Cheeks
strongly receding, about half as wide as eyes. Eyes oval, strongly convex, about
twice as long as wide and strongly elevated at summit over surface of vertex.
Posterior ocelli about their distance apart from margin of eyes. Proboscis long,
galeae about as long as head, almost bare, very minutely shagreened on outer
face and moderately shining. Antennae inserted at middle of face, reaching base
of abdomen; flagellum only slightly compressed, with its first joint about % as
long as second, and second somewhat longer than any of following 8 joints. Legs
normal. Clypeus convex, broadly truncate at summit, and very narrowly separated
from margin of eyes on each side. Second submarginal cell receiving recurrent
nervure slightly less than 14 of its length from apex. Disk of wing with sparse,
very short minute dusky bristles, fading out toward distal margin. Clypeus thinly
hairy, shining, with moderately close, shallow punctures, leaving moderately wide
impunctate median space. Mesonotum moderately shining, with close shallow
punctures, interstices less than a puncture width and minutely tessellate. Sternum
6 shining, almost bare, rounded at apex, with oval impression on each side at
middle of length, inner margin of impression ridged, lateral margin of plate form-
ing outer margin of impression and very bluntly angulate. Sternum 7 with broad,
thin, almost truncate apical lobes, narrowly separated, and with rounded sclerotized
lateral margins almost even, except for 1 small rounded pre-apical notch, forming
small acute lobe. Subgenital plate much as in albescens, but broader at apex,
or about intermediate between figures 5 and 9, p. 73, in paper cited above.

Length 13.5 mm; anterior wing 9 mm; width of abdomen 4.6 mm.

Holotype, ¢, Aztec, San Juan County, New Mexico, April 28, 1899 (Carl
F. Baker).

Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 319

NOTES ON NEOTROPICAL TABANIDAE (DIPTERA) XIV. TWO
NEW SPECIES OF TABANUS FROM PANAMA AND COLOMBIA‘

G. B. FarcuHiLtp

Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida 32611

ABSTRACT—A group of 6 coastal swamp inhabiting species of Tabanus (Dipt.
Tabanidae) from Panama and Colombia is reviewed. All species are keyed and
figured, and T. nondescriptus and T. eldridgei n. sp. are described.

The accumulation of much additional material from Pacific coastal
areas of eastern Panama, due to the efforts of personnel of the Office
of Interoceanic Canal Studies during 1967, clarified the interrelation-
ships of a group of tidal swamp-inhabiting species. Four of these were
previously described (Fairchild, 1943), and later (Fairchild, 1958)
additional material of 3 of them was reported and variation discussed.
With adequate material it now appears that at least 6 species form a
closely similar group sharing the same general habitat, and ranging
from Panama to Ecuador, though only in Panama has this habitat been
at all explored for Tabanids. It is the purpose of this note to provide
a key to the species, descriptions of the 2 new species, and figures
and comparative notes on all species. The “frontal index” referred to
in the key is obtained by dividing the length of the frons from a line
joining the inner eye angles to the vertex, by the width at the base
between the inner eye angles. The head should be positioned so that
both base and vertex are in the same focal plane when measuring
length of frons.

Key to Females

1. Wings greyish hyaline, including costal cell, without brown clouds or

darkened vein margins. Frontal index 3 or less —. 2
— Wings with at least narrow brown margins on veins, a a ie sometimes
darkened. Frontal index 3 or more —_-.... 3

2. Frontal index about 2.3. Median callus abeenie ieconotane astaped it
and scutellum dark steel grey, abdomen yellowish brown with 3 narrow
indistinct pale-haired stripes. Eyes uniformly green in life —— ~~
UN Ge gh se MT PO ee thet _ rhizophorae Fairchild

— Frontal index about 3. Median callus saanelly present as a slender, sunken
groove. Mesonotum striped, brownish grey, scutellum concolorous. Abdo-
men cinnamon brown with an obscure median row of small grey triangles
and more prominent dorsolateral steplike broad grey stripes. Eyes bronzy
with a narrow median dark stripe —--- z. praepilatus Fairchild

3. Abdomen when undenuded with deena finde fated: ‘dorsolateral stripes
as well as a median stripe. Frontal index usually less than 4 — 4

1 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series No. 4500.

320 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

_— Abdomen when undenuded without dorsolateral stripes, yellow basally,
contrasting with blackish mesonotum. Frontal index usually greater than 4, 5
4, Palpi very slender, almost clubbed at tip. Frontal callus drop-shaped.
Basal plate of antenna only slightly longer than wide. Smaller species,
wing length 8-10 mm. Eyes green with median stripe and lower margin
dark jourplishiy = == = eee eee nereus Fairchild
— Palpi stouter, tapered. Frontal callus oblong or long oval. Basal plate
markedly longer than wide. Larger species, wing length 9-12 mm. Eyes
bronzy: unpattermed = ee nondescriptus Fairchild, n. sp.
5. Frontal index about 4. Frontal callus drop-shaped. Basal plate of antennae
less than twice as long as wide, the third segment about % height of frons.
Abdomen with conspicuous broad pale middorsal stripe. Eye bronzy green,
unstriped, “Costalcell hyaline, = rixator Fairchild
— Frontal index about 5. Frontal callus oblong or long oval. Basal plate
unusually slender, over twice as long as wide, the third segment over 4%
height of frons. Abdomen with inconspicuous narrow middorsal pale
stripe. Eye green with dark median stripe and lower margin. Costal cell
darkcvellow.* <= 22 8 ee ee eldridgei Fairchild, n. sp.

Tabanus rhizophorae Fairchild
figs 1

Tabanus rhizophorae Fairchild 1942, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 35:449-450, fig. 6.
2. Old Panama, R. de P.

The types consisted of 11 2 and 2 4, all collected sweeping marsh
grass, or netted in the vicinity of tidal mud flats near Old Panama and
Paitilla Point, on the outskirts of Panama City. Since then only a few
specimens have been secured, as follows: 1 2, Old Panama, 10 May
1949, sweeping salt marsh grass; 1 2, San Francisco de la Caleta, be-
tween Old Panama and Paitilla Point, biting on beach, 6 February
1955; 1 2, Chame Bay, Panama Prov., netted near tidal flats, 15 April
1955; 1 2, Venado Beach, Ft. Kobbe, Canal Zone, 28 April 1959, W. J.
Hanson coll. All localities are on the Pacific coast of Panama. A
single 2 specimen, El Maria, Coiba Island, Panama, 16 January 1950,
P. Galindo coll. differs in having a tinted costal cell and slightly nar-
rower frons, but lacks antennae. The locality is a large island off the
coast of Chiriqui Prov., and this specimen may represent a distinct
form. The male differs from males of nondescriptus and praepilatus,
the only other species of this group whose males are known, in having
the upper eye facets poorly differentiated and demarcated.

Tabanus praepilatus Fairchild
fig. 2)

Tabanus praepilatus Fairchild 1943, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. (1942) 35:445-—

446, Fig. 11, 2. 1947, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. (1946), 39:569. 1958, Ann.
Entomol. Soc. Amer., 51:530, 2.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 321

Fig. 1. Tabanus rhizophorae San Francisco de la Caleta, Panama, 6 Feb. 1955,
biting on beach. All figures are to the same scale and all are of females.

The species occurs in or near coastal mangrove swamps on the
Pacific coast of Panama from Guarachiné, Darien Prov. to Guararé
and Tonosi, Los Santos Prov. Specimens have been taken from Janu-
ary to June and August, so it may fly throughout the year. The single
é was taken in a light trap at Guarachiné, together with 2 2. The
eye in life is greenish bronze with a single narrow median dark stripe.

Tabanus rixator Fairchild
fig. 5

Tabanus rixator Fairchild 1943, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., (1942) 35:448, Fig.
10, 2. 1958, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 51:530 (in part).

The types are not now before me, and it is quite possible that speci-
mens of nondescriptus formed part of the type series, as is intimated
in the second reference above. At any rate, most of the specimens
listed in 1958 seem to belong to nondescriptus, and I now have but
2 specimens of true rixator, one of which was compared with the
holotype. This specimen is from Paitilla Point, Panama City, 13
September 1950. The other is also from vic. Panama City, taken in

Fig. 2. Tabanus praepilatus Los Santos, Salinas, Panama, 13 Feb. 1964,
Henriquez coll.

a mangrove swamp at the base of Paitilla Point, 3 December 1964.
These localities are now entirely urbanized. Both specimens had
bronzy green eyes without bands.

Tabanus nereus Fairchild
figs so
Tabanus nereus Fairchild 1943, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., (1942) 35:446, fig. 9,
9. 1958, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 51:530.

In addition to the specimens previously reported, I have now seen
the following material. 12 2, Howard Field, Ft. Kobbe, C. Z., May,
June, July, August, October, and December taken in horse-baited
mosquito stable traps and 1 in a light trap; 25 2, Curiche River,
Choco, Colombia, May, June, July, August, October, and November
1967, collected mostly in Malaise traps by personnel of the Office of
Interoceanic Canal Studies. A somewhat defective specimen from

PROC. ENT. SOC, WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 323

Fig. 3. Tabanus nereus Old Panama, Panama, light trap 26 Sept. 1952.

Guayaquil, Ecuador, May-June 1913 is probably also nereus. The
accumulated data thus indicate that this species occurs along the
Pacific coast from Los Santos Prov., Panama to Guayaquil, Ecuador,
and flies almost entirely during the rainy season.

Tabanus nondescriptus Fairchild, new species
fig. 4

Tabanus rixator, Fairchild, 1958, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 51:530, in part, nec
Fairchild, 1943.

A small dull brownish species with 3 inconspicuous pale stripes on abdomen,
wings with all veins narrowly brown margined, frontal callus brown, higher than
wide, and eyes unpatterned.

Female. Length 13.5 mm, wings 12 mm. Eyes bare, bronzy green in life,
without bands. Frons slightly over 4 times as high as basal width, about 4% wider
at vertex than at base, pale brownish-grey pollinose with scattered short black
hairs. Basal frontal callus yellowish brown, higher than wide, long oval or oblong,
narrower than frons, usually separated from a small spindle-shaped median callus.
Subcallus concolorous with frons, pollinose, without hairs. Frontoclypeus and

4

Fig. 4. Tabanus nondescriptus n. sp. Holotype.

genae paler and greyer, sparsely white-haired except area adjoining subcallus
which is brown-haired. Beard white. Antennae wholly orange, the scape slightly
narrower than width of basal plate, beset above with black hairs. Pedicel short,
with moderate dorsal spur, black-haired. Basal plate longer than wide, longer
than style, its dorsal angle prominent, at about 14 distance from base to apex of
plate. Palpi white, the first and base of second white-haired, remainder black-
haired, second segment slightly inflated basally, rather slender but blunt-pointed,
subequal to antennae in length. Proboscis reddish brown, labella fleshy, sclerotized
parts not much longer than palpi.

Mesonotum reddish brown, grey pollinose, beset with sparse short black and
golden hairs, forming indistinct stripes. Notopleural lobes concolorous, with longer
black hairs. Scutellum paler, more reddish, with sparse long black hairs dorsally,
shorter pale hairs on sides. Pleura paler, white pollinose and white-haired.

Legs light reddish to yellowish brown, the femora and coxae white-haired, the
tibiae mostly yellow-haired, but with black hairs apically on fore and hind pairs.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 325

Rd

Fig. 5. Tabanus rixator Homotype. Paitilla Point, Panama, 13 Sept. 1950.

Tarsi slightly darker, black-haired dorsally, copper-haired ventrally. Wings with
venation normal, short spur at sharp angle of fork of third vein, glass clear except
for faint and very narrow browning along all veins. Stigma yellow. Halters
pale yellow.

Abdomen dull light reddish brown, thinly greyish brown pollinose, dorsally
clothed with short black hairs, except for middorsal series of narrow, contiguous,
whitish or pale yellow-haired triangles on terga 1 to 6, and pair of dorsolateral
pale-haired stripes on terga 2 to 5. Middorsal stripe underlaid by paler pollinosity,
dorsolateral stripes less so. Tergum 7 wholly dark-haired. Sterna and extreme
sides of terga white-haired.

Holotype 2, vic. Old Panama, Panama proy., Republic of Panama,
10 June 1949, netted in mangrove swamp.

326 PROC. ENT, SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

Male. Length 10 mm, wing 9 mm. Eyes holoptic, bare, larger facets well-
differentiated and demarcated, forming patch in upper % of eye occupying about
% total eye area, with border of small facets to vertex. Line between large and
small facets not abrupt, size change occurring over several rows of facets, those
in the center much the largest. Small flattened tubercle sunk between eyes at
vertex. Antennae as in female, though third segment more slender. Palpi porrect,
white haired, last segment oval, not mammillate.

Coloration as in female, abdomen with sparser, longer hairs in which pale
hairs appear to predominate, though the specimen is not well enough preserved
to discern a pattern.

Allotype ¢, Chame, Panama prov., Panama, 3 April 1951, light trap.

Paratypes: 6 9, same data as holotype, (some labelled IV—10—49, others
VI-10—49, the April date probably the correct one): 1 ¢ 1 9, Chame, Panama
prov., 3 April 1951, light trap; 1 9, Panama, R. Paessler, July-Aug. 1907; 1 9,
vic. Panama City, 3 Dec. 1964, in mangrove swamp; 1 @, Libano, Panama
prov., 27 Aug. 1963, Shannon trap; 2 92, Juan Diaz, Panama prov., 16 Dec.
1964, mangrove swamp; 2 2, Tocumen, Panama prov., 30 Nov. 1964; 2 9, San
Jose Id., Pearl Islands, 23 March 1946, D. Jenkins coll.; 1 2, same locality, July
1944, Morrison coll.; 6 9, Patino Point, Darien prov., 18 July, 17 Aug. 1952,
light trap; 68 9, Santa Fé, Darien prov., Nov. 1966(2), Jan. 1967(1), Feb.
1967(12), Mark 1967(23), Apr. 1967(16), May 1967(8), July 1967(1), Sept.
1967(1), Oct. 1967(2), no date (2), mostly collected in Malaise trap, O.1.C.S.
coll.; 8 9, Ft. Kobbe, Canal Zone, Jan., Feb., Apr., 1953, Oct. 1957, May, July
1968, and no date, in horse baited mosquito trap. 1 9, Camarén, Panama, nr.
Ft. Kobbe, Dec. 1951, horse trap. 1 9, Albrook Field, C. Z., Aug. 1951. Types
in my coll. pro tem.

The paratypes range in wing length from 9 to 12 mm, and there is a short
stub at the fork of the third vein in about ™% the wings, the remainder usually
having an angle at the point where an appendix would be. Fresh specimens are
slightly darker than the holotype, which was selected because it shows especially
well the abdominal pattern.

The species is exceedingly close to nereus Fairchild, but differs in
having unbanded eyes, a higher, more rectangular callus, differently
shaped antennae, more prominently striped abdomen and larger aver-
age size. The means and medians for wing lengths of available speci-
mens of nereus are both 9.5 mm, and for nondescriptus 11.13 and
11.25 mm, for those from Sta. Fé, Darien, and 11.0 mm and 10.5 mm
for those from all other localities. Tabanus nondescriptus differs from
rixator in generally larger size, reddish scutellum, long oval or oblong
callus, and in lacking a broad prominent yellow stripe on abdomen.

The species occurs near or in mangrove swamps along the Pacific
coast from Darien Prov. to the Canal Zone area. Specimens have
been taken flying about the collector, in horse-baited mosquito stable
traps, and most abundantly, in Malaise traps. It appears to fly

throughout the year, with perhaps a peak of abundance from February
through May.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 327

YY

\
\\
SS
ES

SO
SS
SQ

—

——
ee
— me SS
~~
~
=.
saat

=
Pg | a en
~
—
—

~ —
—__—
=

—_—~
==
——_

Fig. 6. Tabanus eldridgei n. sp. Holotype.

Tabanus eldridgei Fairchild, new species
fig. 6

Female. Length 13.5 mm, wing 12.5 mm. Eyes bare, in life green with single
purple band above middle and lower margin broadly purple. Frons about 5
times as high as width at base, narrowed below, as figured, orange brown pollinose
and with scattered erect dark hairs. Vertex with slightly paler, greyish discolored
spot. Frontal callus narrower than frons, higher than wide, as figured, yellowish
brown. Subcallus pollinose, slightly paler than frons. Frontoclypeus and genae
yellowish grey pollinose, beard grey. Antennae as figured, orange yellow, first
2 segments beset with black hairs, third slightly darker, style dusky but not
contrasting strongly with basal plate. Palpi moderately slender, as figured, yel-
lowish white, beset with black hairs throughout.

Mesonotum and scutellum blackish brown, unstriped, notopleural lobes very
slightly paler, thinly brown pollinose and thinly beset with mixed erect black

328 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

hel

hairs and semi-recumbent shiny golden hairs. Pleura steel grey, whitish pollinose
and greyish-white-haired. Coxae pinkish grey, pale-haired. Femora yellowish
brown, mainly black-haired, fore pair slightly darker. Fore tibiae obscurely
bicolored, basal third yellowish brown, apical 24 blackish, all black-haired. Mid
and hind tibiae concolorous with femora, black-haired, hind pair without con-
spicuous fringe. Tarsi dusky, but only fore pair black. Wings with normal vena-
tion, no appendix at fork of third vein. Costal cell deep yellow, stigma brown and
all veins broadly and heavily brown margined, especially towards wing apex,
wing otherwise dusky hyaline. Halters dull yellow.

Abdomen above with first 3 terga brownish yellow, remainder blackish, sub-
shiny, clothed with black hairs except for narrow paler pollinose middorsal stripe
from segments 1 to 6, which is beset with sparse orange hairs on terga 1 to 3.
Posterior border of tergum 1 also bears orange hairs in the middle. Beneath the
abdomen is yellowish on first 3 sterna, blackish on remainder, pale pollinose, pale
haired on first 3 segments, becoming darker posteriorly, not noticeably banded.

Holotype 2, Curiche River, Choco Dept., Colombia, 5 June 1967,
1.0.C.S. No. 1401. In U.S. National Museum. Named in honor of
Lt. Col. Bruce F. Eldridge, under whose able direction this and many
other biting arthropods were collected during a biomedical survey of
possible sea level canal routes through eastern Panama and adjacent
Colombia.

Paratypes 38 ?, same locality, April (4), May (10), June (7),
July (2), Aug. (1), Sept. (1), Oct. (7), Nov. (4), Dec. (1); 1967:
These paratypes range in wing length from 10 to 12.5 mm. 2 2, Rio
Raposo, Dept. Valle, Colombia 14 Oct. and 18 Nov. 1965, V. H. Lee
coll.; 1 2, Esmeraldas, Prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador, no date, Luis A.
Leon coll. These last 3 are the size of the smallest Choco specimens.
Paratypes in U.S.N.M., M.C.Z. and my collection.

This species is closely related to T. nondescriptus Fairchild, rixator
Fairchild, and nereus Fairchild. From the first it differs in having a
yellow costal cell and more heavily dark-margined wing veins, more
slender third antennal segment, narrower and more convergent frons,
in lacking any vestiges of dorsolateral abdominal pale stripes, and in
having banded eyes. From rixator it differs in more heavily marked
wings and yellow costal cell, narrow mid-abdominal stripe, narrower
frons, more slender antennae, banded eyes and generally larger size.
From nereus it differs in narrower frons, taller callus, longer and more
slender antennae, yellow costal cell, no dorsolateral stripes, and
blackish scutellum.

An additional 5 2, 3 from Curiche River and 2 from Rio Raposo, are
very similar, but have the costal cell not tinted, the veins less heavily
margined, frons broader and callus wider, fore tibiae bicolored and
mesonotum and scutellum blacker, with greyer pollinosity. I believe
they are a different species, but since none is perfect and the speci-
mens few, I refrain from describing them at this time.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 329

REFERENCES
Fairchild, G. B. 1943. Notes on Tabanidae (Dipt.) from Panama. X. The genus
Tabanus Linn., and resume of the Tabanidae of Panama. Ann. Entomol. Soc.
Amer. 35:441-474. (1942)
1958. Notes on Neotropical Tabanidae. II. Descriptions of new
species and new records for Panama. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 51:517-530.

FOUR NEW SPECIES OF ONTHOPHAGUS FROM MEXICO AND
THE UNITED STATES (COLEOPTERA; SCARABAEIDAE)

H. F. Howpren
Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIS 5B6

ABSTRACT—Four new species of Mexican and United States Onthophagus
Latreille are described: cartwrighti from Southern California and Baja California,
cuevensis from Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi, and neomirabilis and subeancer
from Oaxaca.

In 1932 Boucomont published a paper entitled, “Synopsis des
Onthophagus d’Amerique du Sud.” The title is misleading, since the
paper is an extensive review of the genus for the New World from
Mexico southward. Common species north of Mexico were included,
but obviously no careful study was made of the Canadian and United
States species. This was rectified with the publication by Howden
and Cartwright of the “Scarab beetles of the genus Onthophagus
Latreille north of Mexico” (1963). Scattered descriptions of Central
and South American species have appeared since 1932, but no one has
radically altered the groupings established by Boucomont.

The present paper describes 1 species from Southern California
and Baja California, not included in Howden and Cartwright’s 1963
revision, and 3 from Mexico. None of the 3 Mexican species falls
readily into groups established by Boucomont, and none is closely
related to described North or Central American species.

Photographs used herein, except for figs. 8 and 12, were taken using
a JEOL-U3 scanning electron microscope. Specimens were not coated
or treated, specimen charging being largely eliminated by the use of
low voltages (1.8 to 2.0 KV).

Onthophagus cartwrighti Howden, new species
fig. 3, 4, 5
Holotype: Male, major, length 7.0 mm, greatest width 3.8 mm. Very similar
to velutinus Horn (see Howden and Cartwright, 1963, p. 105), differing from
male majors of velutinus as follows: clypeus more reflexed anteriorly, most discal
punctures discrete, posterior margin with distinct carina; frons coarsely punctate,

330 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

a few punctures with minute setae; vertex (fig. 3) with 2 nearly vertical horns,
horns more widely separated than is usual in velutinus (fig. 1, 2) and with inner
basal swellings (fig. 3); pronotum with pronounced median swelling (fig. 4), sur-
face behind swelling with numerous small tubercles overhanging small punctures,
a few punctures with minute setae; pronotal surface between punctures very finely
granulate, shining; elytra similar to velutinus but with tubercles on intervals
less conspicuous and with very short setae, surface less dull; ventrally similar to
velutinus but lacking long, conspicuous setae except near coxae.

Male minor: Unknown.

Allotype: Female, length 7.5 mm, greatest width 4.2 mm. Differing from
male majors as follows: head (fig. 5) narrower; clypeus less reflexed anteriorly,
disc transversely rugose, posterior marginal carina more elevated; vertex behind
eyes with distinct carina (fig. 5), lacking horns; pronotum with more pronounced
and wider swelling than in male (fig. 5) and much better developed than in
female velutinus (fig. 6), the swelling highest laterally; forelegs less elongate
than in male (a sexual character found in most North American Onthophagus).

Type Material: Holotype, male major, 20 mi. N. Comondu, L.
(Baja) California, 23 July 1938, Michelbacher and Ross (CAS).
Allotype, female, Triunfo, L. Cal., 13 July 1938, Michelbacher and
Ross (CAS). Paratypes: 3 6,1 9. 1 6, 5 mi. W. San Bartolo)
Cal., 13 July 1938, Michelbacher and Ross (H.H.); 1 ¢, Cal. (no other
data, Carnegie); 2 4, Calif., San Diego Co., Scissors Crossing, 30 and
31 July 1964, E. Kaen, J. Hammer (H.H., Sleeper).

Variation occurs mainly in size and in the degree of development of
the horns in the males. In males length varies from 7.0 to 8.1 mm
and greatest width from 3.7 to 4.3 mm. The 1 female paratype mea-
sures 6.4 mm in length and 3.6 mm in greatest width. Variation in
the horns of the males is considerable. The horns vary in length,
degree and angle of separation, and 2 of the males lack any indication
of the inner basal swelling. In the latter 2 specimens the horns are
similar to those of well developed males of velutinus, but are more
widely separated.

Onthophagus cartwrighti can be separated from velutinus (to which
it keys in Howden and Cartwright, 1963) by the following characters:
pronotal swelling distinct in both sexes (fig. 4, 5), pronotal tubercles
and accompanying punctures more numerous, and dorsal setae much
less conspicuous. In males the more widely separated horns, often
with an inner basal swelling, is an additional character.

It should be mentioned that males of velutinus from Arizona gen-
erally have the horns more widely separated than males from Texas
(fig. 1, 2), but the slight development of the pronotum is constant.
The pronotal development in females of cartwrighti could possibly
cause them to be confused with male minors of browni H. & C. All
New World male Onthophagus have the last abdominal segment nar-
rowed medially to receive the pygidium, whereas females have the
last abdominal segment the same width throughout. This character

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., vOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 331

Fig. 1-9. Onthophagus spp.: 1, O. velutinus, male major from Del Rio, Texas.
2, O. velutinus, male major from Prescott, Arizona. 34, O. cartwrighti, male
major from San Diego Co., California. 5, O. cartwrighti female. 6, O. velutinus,
female. 7-8, O. subcancer, male major. 9, O. subcancer, female.

will prevent possible confusion between cartwrighti and browni. Also
the range of cartwrighti alone will separate it from any presently
known related species.

The species is named for O. L. Cartwright, who has done much to
advance our knowledge of North American Scarabaeidae.

Onthophagus cuevensis Howden, new species
hic, 10, 11

Holotype: Male major, length 9.1 mm, greatest width 4.9 mm. Color dorsally
black, vertex and pronotum dark green, sometimes appearing black depending

332 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

on angle of light; ventrally black with tibiae and tarsi dark brown. Clypeus
broadly arcuate, faintly emarginate medially, margin shallowly reflexed; surface
of disc irregularly punctate, appearing rugose; clypeal-frontal junction delimited
by 2 low carinae. Frons moderately convex with scattered small punctures, sur-
face between punctures smooth and shining. Vertex (fig. 10) with abruptly
elevated transverse carina between eyes, each side of carina terminating in a
vertical horn; vertex behind carina impunctate, alutaceous laterally. Gena with
sides rounded, evenly arcuate with clypeus; surface coarsely punctate, Pronotum
(fig. 11) transversely swollen behind head, anterior face almost vertical above
margin, laterally with concave notch on either side; pronotal dise coarsely punctate
with fine secondary punctures interspersed; surface between punctures smooth
and shining. Elytra with striae obsolete, indicated by a doubled line interrupted
by vague punctures, punctures more distinct laterally; intervals with 2 irregular
rows of small tubercles, each with minute seta at posterior margin; surface be-
tween tubercles slightly irregular, shining. Pygidium convex in apical 4%, smooth
and shining apically. Fore legs not noticeably elongate, tibial spur sharply bent
inward. Metasternum coarsely punctate near margins, impunctate along midline.
First 3 abdominal segments impunctate and smooth in median ¥%, coarsely
punctate laterally; remaining segments coarsely punctate, most punctures with
an erect seta.

Paratype: Male minor, length 6.6 mm, greatest width 3.5 mm. Differing from
male major as follows: color dark brown, pronotum with greenish hue; clypeal-
frontal carina only slightly elevated; transverse carina on vertex low, not abrupt,
horns lacking, indicated by obtuse angle on each side half-way to midline; pronotal
protuberance evident only as a slightly elevated, broad convexity behind head,
lacking lateral concavities.

Allotype: Female, length 7.1 mm, greatest width 3.6 mm. Color as in male
major. Characters of head as described for male minor, Pronotum with anterior
protuberance slightly more pronounced than in male minor, slightly concave on
either side of swelling; pronotal punctures more numerous than in male major;
pygidium only slightly convex. Otherwise similar to male major except terminal
abdominal segment of uniform width, not narrowed medially as in males.

Type Material: Holotype, male major, Mexico, San Luis Potosi, 3600
ft. 15 mi. W. El Naranja, 18 June 1971, A. Newton, #237, in trap
baited with feces (H.H.). Allotype, 2, Mexico, San Luis Potosi,
Cueva de Los Avales, 16 April 1965, Reddell, Mekenzie (USNM).
Paratypes, 5 ¢: 3, same data as Allotype; 2, Mexico, Tamaulipas,
Cueva de Rancho del Cielo #7, 2 June 1964, J. Reddell, D. Mekenzie,
L. Manire (USNM, H.H.).

Variation in the size of the 5 male paratypes is from 6.5 to 10.0 mm
in length and from 3.5 to 5.5 mm in greatest width. Variation in the
degree of development of the carinae of the head and of the pronotal
protrusion is included in the descriptions of the male major and minor.
The only unusual aspect is that the degree of development of the
carina on the vertex does not seem to be correlated with body size.
One male paratype measuring 8.7 mm in length has the carina of the
vertex distinctly elevated but lacks any indication of the lateral horns.

PROC, ENT. SOC. WASH.,

Go

99
33

Fig. 10-15. Onthophagus spp.: 10-11, O. cuevensis, male major. 12-13, O.
neomirabilis, male major. 14-15, O. mirabilis, male major.

A smaller specimen, measuring 7.5 mm in length, has the lateral horns
on the carina relatively well developed. Usually the degree of de-
velopment of the male sexual characters is correlated with size, at
least in the genus Onthophagus.

334 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

Onthophagus cuevensis cannot readily be placed in any of Bou-
comont’s (1932) groups. Males may key to group 5, but are more
closely related to species in groups 1 and 9. Characters of the pro-
notum and elytra relate cuevensis to brevifrons Horn, hypopotamus
Harold, etc., but the carina on the vertex with the lateral horns is
closest to coproides Horn. The greenish color of the pronotum, horns
and carina on the vertex of the males and the broad pronotal pro-
trusion will separate cuevensis from any of these species. All of the
related species occur in mammal nests or burrows and cuevensis
seems, likewise, to have unusual habits. The majority of specimens
were taken in caves, probably associated with bat guano. The Spanish
word for cave is “cueva” and the name of the species is derived from
the Spanish.

Onthophagus neomirabilis Howden, new species
fig. 12. 13

Holotype: Male major, length 10.3 mm, greatest width 5.7 mm. Color dark
brown, pronotum noticeably darker. Clypeus with long, slender, vertical horn
(fig. 12) at anterior margin, apex of horn rounded and flattened, slightly nar-
rowed; disc of clypeus with a distinct concavity behind horn occupying % of
clypeal width; posterior clypeal suture obsolete medially, marginal juncture of
clypeus and gena broadly rounded. Frons and vertex nearly flat, with shallow
transverse depression between eyes; surface finely punctate. Pronotum (fig. 13)
with anterior, median conical projection extending over head; apex of projection
flattened and emarginate, slightly bifurcate; pronotum on each side near margin
at anterior 14% with low callosity; pronotal surface coarsely punctate, punctures
separated by a distance approximately equal to their diameters; surface between
smooth and shining. Elytra (fig. 12) with distinct striae, striae with large, dis-
tinct punctures separated by a distance equal to 2 or 3 times their diameters;
intervals broadly convex, moderately, irregularly punctate, the numerous punc-
tures giving intervals a roughened appearance; surface between punctures smooth
and shining. Pygidium only slightly convex, heavily and coarsely punctate. Fore
legs elongate, as is typical for males of many species in the genus. Prosternum
laterally smooth, lacking punctures except near margins. Middle and hind femora
with outer surfaces smooth, only a few vague fine punctures present. Metasternum
with scattered coarse punctures except along midline. Abdominal segments each
with transverse row of coarse punctures near anterior margin.

Male minor and female: Unknown.

Type Material. Holotype. Male major, 4000 ft., Km. 140 on Oaxaca
Hwy. 140 (15 mi. S. of Valle Nacional), Oaxaca, Mexico, 22 May 1969.
H. F. Howden, taken in trap baited with feces (H.H.).

This species is very close to Onthophagus mirabilis Bates (fig. 14,
15) which Boucomont (1932) places in his group 7. Bates (1887)
based his description of mirabilis on a single male major taken at

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., voL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 335

Rio Morona, Ecuador. I have seen the type which is now in the
Oberthur collection in the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle,
Paris. I also have examined a second specimen that I believe to be
mirabilis, labeled “Volcan Chiriqui, Panama, 4000’, 19 July 1936”
(USNM). Illustrations of mirabilis used in this paper are of the
Panamanian specimen.

Onthophagus neomirabilis can be separated from mirabilis by the
following characters: clypeal horn with apex rounded, not bifid as
in mirabilis (fig. 14); pronotal protrusion as in fig. 13, not distinctly
bifid with tips divergent as in mirabilis (fig. 14); punctures of elytral
striae more pronounced than in mirabilis; prosternum laterally pre-
dominantly smooth (mirabilis has fine punctures); middle and hind
femora with a few, vague fine punctures, in mirabilis numerous fine
punctures are present.

Onthophagus subcancer Howden, new species
fig. 7, 8, 9

Holotype: Male major, length 6.5 mm, greatest width 3.7 mm. Color dorsally
very dark brown; elytra vaguely mottled with reddish brown, apices and bases
near humeri distinctly reddish brown; pygidium brown; ventrally dark brown
except legs brown. Clypeal margin anteriorly shallowly emarginate, emarginate
portion forming base of long, slender, upright, slightly curved, nearly cylindrical
horn (fig. 7); sides of clypeus divergent to expanded and reflexed genae; clypeal
disc concave behind horn, moderately punctate only near lateral margins; clypeal-
frontal suture obsolete. Frons and vertex nearly flat, finely punctate, shining.
Pronotum (fig. 7, 8) with an anteriorly directed biconical protrusion extending
over anterior pronotal margin; width of protrusion slightly less than distance be-
tween eyes; pronotum on either side of protrusion concave to reflexed anterior
angles; pronotal surface, except at apex of protrusion, with scattered shallow
punctures, punctures separated by a distance equal to 3 to 4 diameters; each
puncture with a very minute seta, surface between punctures with extremely fine
secondary punctures, otherwise smooth and shining. Elytra with shallow striae,
striae delimited by double lines interrupted by shallow punctures; intervals nearly
flat, having numerous irregularly scattered punctures, each puncture with minute
seta; surface between punctures smooth and shining. Pygidium slightly convex,
surface heavily, coarsely punctate. Fore legs greatly elongated, with tuft of hairs
at tibial apices. Metasternum centrally with punctures similar to those of
pronotum, punctures becoming coarse laterally; metasternal midline indented in
posterior 23. Abdominal segments each with transverse row of fine setose punc-
tures near anterior margins; a few long setae present laterally on last 3 segments.

Paratype: Male minor, length 4.9 mm, greatest width 3.0 mm. Differing from
male major in the following respects: clypeus truncate anteriorly, majority of
truncate margin vertically elevated into a flat triangular horn, slightly wider than
high; sides of clypeus behind truncate margin evenly diverging to slightly ex-
panded genae; clypeal surface irregular medially, coarsely punctate laterally;
genae, frons and anterior of vertex punctate, each puncture with minute seta;
pronotum anteriorly with 2 slightly rounded humps 0.5 mm _ behind anterior

336 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

margin, otherwise surface evenly convex and more conspicuously punctate than
in male major; elytral intervals slightly less heavily punctate; pygidium less heavily
punctate, setose near apex, surface between punctures shining; fore legs less
elongate, but still more than in females.

Allotype: Female, length 5.9 mm, greatest width 3.3 mm. Differing from
male major in the following respects: clypeus (fig. 9) narrowly emarginate
anteriorly, shallowly reflexed; sides of clypeus evenly divergent to genae, sides of
which are even with clypeus; clypeal disc transversely rugose; clypeal-frontal junc-
tion with low carina; frons and vertex slightly convex, surface punctate, punctures
similar to those on pronotum; pronotum evenly convex, punctures more numerous
than in male major, usually separated by a distance equal to less than 1 diameter,
each puncture with minute seta; pygidium similar to male minor; fore legs not
elongate, lacking tuft of setae at tibial apices; terminal abdominal segment of
uniform width, not narrowed medially as in males.

Type Material: Holotype, male major, Mexico, Oaxaca, 4800’, 18
mi. S. Valle Nacional, 31 July 1971, A. Newton, #304 (H.H.). Allo-
type, 2°, Mexico, Oaxaca, 4000’, 15 mi. S. Valle Nacional, 12 August
1970, A. Newton, dung trap (H.H.). Paratypes, 15 ¢, 9°29: 13ues
6 2, same data as Holotype; 2 6, 3 ?, same data as Allotype (CAS,
CNC, USNM, MCZ, HH, and Newton).

Variation is largely covered in the descriptions of the major and
minor males and of the female. Males vary from 4.9 to 7.0 mm in
length and from 3.0 to 4.0 mm in greatest width. Females vary from
5.4 to 6.6 mm in length and from 3.0 to 3.8 mm in greatest width.
There is some variation in the extent of the reddish-brown markings
on the elytra, but the basal and apical markings are present in the
entire series.

Onthophagus subcancer will most readily key to Boucomont’s (1932)
group 3. It can be separated from the species in that group on the
basis of the long, slender horn at the anterior clypeal margin in male
majors, the biconical pronotal projection present on most males, and
the overall dark brown color with bases and apices of the elytra
reddish brown. The shape of the clypeal horn is not unlike that of
neomirabilis, but the smaller size, color, and smoother elytra will
readily separate swbcancer.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

A number of persons and institutions have assisted me with the present work.
I am particularly indebted to Mr. A. Newton, Harvard University, Cambridge,
Mass., who collected and gave me many of the specimens included herein. Other
specimens were made available through loan by Dr. Robert Gordon, Systematic
Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washington, D.C., Mr. Hugh B. Leech, Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Calif., and Dr. Elbert L. Sleeper,
California State College, Long Beach, Calif. Dr. A. Descarpentries and Mme.
A. Bons, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, were most helpful with
questions concerning the type of Onthophagus mirabilis Bates. Mr. Colin Jones,
Staff Photographer, Carleton University, aided with the photography and Mr.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 ool

Lewis Ling, Carleton University, took the S.E.M. pictures. I am grateful to all
of these individuals and institutions for their generous assistance. The work has
been supported by an operating grant from the National Research Council of
Canada.
REFERENCES
Bates, H. W. 1887-1889. Pectinicornia and Lamellicornia. In Godman and
Salvin, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta. Coleoptera, Vol. 2, Pt. 2:1-416.
Boucomont, A. 1932. Synopsis des Onthophagus d’Amerique du Sud (Col.,
Scarab.). Ann. Soc. Entomol. France 101:293-332.
Howden, H. F., and O. L. Cartwright. 1963. Scarab beetles of the genus
Onthophagus Latreille north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. 114:1-132.

SAWFLIES OF THE SUBFAMILY HETERARTHRINAE IN SOUTH
AMERICA (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)

Davip R. SMITH
Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA’

ABSTRACT—A key is given to the 3 genera of Heterarthrinae that occur in
South America. Caliroa O. Costa is represented by an introduced species, C. cerasi
(L.) that occurs in Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay. Brasinusa Malaise is known
from southern Brazil and possibly northern Argentina and includes B. plaumanni
Malaise. Notofenusa Benson is found in Chile and southern Argentina, and 4 spe-
cies from Chile and includes: N. surosa (Konow), N. asorusa, n. sp., N. flinti,
n. sp., and N.-nema, n. sp. Notofenusa cognata (Spinola), new combination, is
also included, but the species cannot be placed.

The Heterarthrinae are poorly represented in the Neotropical Region
and are found only in the southern section of South America. Three
genera are known, and one, Caliroa O. Costa of the tribe Caliroini, is
represented by only the introduced species C. cerasi (L.). The other
2 genera, Brasinusa Malaise and Notofenusa Benson of the tribe
Fenusini, are very closely related to several Nearctic genera. All
members of this subfamily in South America are small and black, the
smallest of the family Tenthredinidae. Hosts are not known for the
South American species, but all the North American species of Fenusini
are leafminers in the larval stage.

Key to Genera of Neotropical Heterarthrinae

1. Vein 2A & 3A of forewing complete, connected to 1A by an anal crossvein
(CEI aiid (helene Oe a ae Caliroa O. Costa

1 Mail address: c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560.

338 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

— Anal cell of forewing petiolate, basal section of vein 2A & 3A atrophied,
only basal stub present which is either straight or curved up and meeting
1A.to form a small basal anal cell) [Fenusinty| eee 2
Tarsal claw bifid, with basal lobe; stub of vein 2A & 3A of forewing curved
up and meeting 1A to form a small basal anal cell; antenna stout, its length
not.much more than) head! width) =" === =e Brasinusa Malaise
— Tarsal claw simple, with basal lobe; stub of vein 2A & 3A of forewing
straight; antenna slender, long, its length nearly twice width of head ____
te ies ee a ed ee Notofenusa Benson

to

CALIROINI

Caliroa O. Costa
Type-species: Caliroa sebetia O. Costa. Monotypic.

Caliroa cerasi (L.)

This species was treated in detail in my revision of the Nearctic
Heterarthrinae (Smith, 1971). It is nearly a cosmopolitan species by
introduction and has been recorded from Chile, Argentina, and
Uruguay in South America. The larvae feed on pear and other
rosaceous plants and are often pests in orchards.

FENUSINI

Brasinusa Malaise

Brasinusa Malaise, 1964. Ent. Tidskr. 85:35.

Type-species: Brasinusa plaumanni Malaise. Orig. desig.

Antenna stout, its length subequal to head width; 9-segmented; third segment
twice length of fourth segment. Clypeus truncate; malar space absent. No
prepectus. Tarsal claw bifid, with basal lobe. Vein 2A & 3A of forewing atrophied
at base, only basal stub present which is curved up and meets 1A to form a small
basal anal cell. Hindwing with radial cell open at apex; cells Rs and M both
absent; anal cell present.

This genus is close to Bidigitus Smith, known only from California.
Bidigitus and Brasinusa are the only 2 known genera of this tribe with
bifid tarsal claws and a basal lobe. Brasinusa is distinct, however,
by the presence of a basal anal cell in the forewing and stouter an-
tennae. The genus includes only 1 species from Santa Catarina, Brazil
and possibly Northern Argentina. I have seen 1 male specimen from
Tucuman, Argentina which differs from plaumanni only by the slightly
different shape of the harpe and valves of the genitalia. The differ-
entiating characters are not sufficient at present to warrant describing
it as new, and I am not including it in the distribution of plaumanni.

Brasinusa plaumanni Malaise

Brasinusa plaumanni Malaise, 1964. Ent. Tidskr. 85:36. Qoage
Female: Average length, 3.6 mm. All black except for each tibia which is some-

PROC, ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 339

times brownish. Wings moderately, uniformly infuscated; veins and stigma black.
Lancet as in fig. 7.

Male: Average length, 3.5 mm. Color as for female. Harpe and parapenis
as in fig. 12; penis valve pointed at apex, fig. 13.

Distribution: Known only from Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina, Brazil. I have
seen specimens with the following collection dates: X—16-1949, X—22-1958,
IV-10-1963, I-1966, II-1966, IV-13-1966, X-1969, II-1971, III-1971, IV—1971.

Type: At the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm.
Type examined.

Discussion: The generic characters and genitalia of plaumanni as
illustrated should distinguish this species from possible unknown spe-
cies and from species of Notofenusa.

Notofenusa Benson

Notofenusa Benson, 1959. Proc. Roy. Entomol. Soc. London, Ser. B: Taxonomy

28:91. Type-species: Scolioneura surosa Konow. Orig. desig.

Antenna long and slender; 9-segmented; length about twice head width; third
segment 11% times length of fourth segment; apical 4 segments each longer than
broad. Clypeus truncate; malar space absent; antennal crests distinct. No
prepectus. Tarsal claw with 1 outer tooth and large acute basal lobe. Forewing
with stub of vein 2A & 3A straight at apex. Hindwing with cell R open; cells
Rs and M both absent; anal cell present, short and broad.

This genus most closely resembles the holarctic Profenusa Konow,
but the longer and more slender antennae and more produced antennal
crests will distinguish Notofenusa.

There are a number of species in this genus from central Chile south
to Tierra del Feugo and southern Argentina. All are similar in size,
external structure, and coloration and are difficult to distinguish. The
genitalia of both sexes, however, provide good characters for species
separation. The treatment below is based on females, because, un-
fortunately, the sexes could not be associated adequately. Though I
examined several series which included both sexes from the same
locality with the same collection dates, 2 or more species were repre-
sented in each series, and it was impossible to determine the correct
association. The male genitalia do show good characters, and those
of 2 of the forms are illustrated (fig. 14-17), but the problem of their
correct identity will have to await further investigation.

I saw only 1 specimen (a male) from Argentina (Bariloche, Rio
Negro, Nov. 1926). It is similar to some males from Chile but cannot
be identified at this time.

Key to Species of Notofenusa—Females

1. Lancet short, with about 12 serrulae; each serrula low, rounded, and sym-
ETE Ag(ca DOT CM, p Ae: eae ne ee ene Nenee earner _ flinti Smith, n. sp.

340 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 341

— Lancet longer, with 15 or more serrulae; each serrula flat at apex or deeper

ang rounded at apex and asymmetrical... 2
2. Each serrula rounded at apex, with at least 3 anterior subbasal teeth (fig.
1G.L)) * 2 SEER a See a Ae sonisa Smith. 7.87,
— Each serrula flat at apex, at most with 1 anterior subbasal tooth (fig. 9,
ND) aces ea a Mie Oe SENS A an Ae a Re eee, ee
3. About 15 serrulae, each with 1 anterior and 3 or 4 posterior subbasal teeth
(Grit 6 ()) a a aes zs _...... surosa (Konow)

— About 25 serrulae, each without anterior and with 1 posterior subbasal
tooth (fig. 9)

Je eT NE = Be eee _ nema Smith, n. sp.

Notofenusa surosa (Konow)

Scolioneura surosa Konow, 1905. Ztschr. System. Hym. Dipt. 5:162. 9.
Notofenusa surosa: Benson, 1959. Proc. Roy. Entomol. Soc. London, Ser. B,

Taxonomy 28:92.

Female: Average length, 3.8 mm. Antenna and head black; apex of each
mandible reddish. Thorax black. Legs black with extreme apex of each femur,
each tibia entirely, and each tarsus basally white, each tarsus usually infuscated
and blacker toward apex. Abdomen and sheath black. Wings moderately, uni-
formly infuscated; veins and stigma black.

Antenna rather short, only 1144 times head width. Hindtarsus about 3% length
of hindtibia. Sheath straight above, slightly rounded below and at apex. Lancet
with about 15 serrulae; each serrula low, broad, flattened at apex, and with 1
anterior and 4 or 5 posterior subbasal teeth; serrulae on basal 4% of lancet some-
times without anterior subbasal tooth (fig. 10).

Male: Unknown.

Distribution: CHILE: Valdivia, I-1924. Sierra de Nahuelbuta, W. of Angol,
1200 m. I-3-51. Crest, Sierra Nahuelbuta, W. of Angol, I-2-1951. El Coigo,
Cord. Curico, Oct.-Nov. 1959. Pichinahuel, Cord. Nahuelbuta, Jan. 10, 10-20,
20-28, 1959. Las Cruces, Cord. Parral, October 1958. Lago Icalma, 13/17-I-
1962. Las Trancas, Cord. Chillan, 1/11—XII-1964. Angol, 29 Oct. 1956.

Type: Konow’s type is at the Institut fiir Pflanzenschutzforschung,
Eberswalde, Germany, a female, labeled “Chile, Concepe., 9.1903, P.
Herbst,” “Coll. Konow,” “Type,” and the name label “Scolioneura surosa
Konow, Chile.” Type examined.

Discussion: This species is separated from flinti by the deeper and
apically truncated serrulae of the lancet and shorter antennae, the
antennae of flinti being at least twice the head width. Characters of
the lancet must be used to separate surosa from the other 2 species;
the lancet of nema has many more serrulae and lacks anterior subbasal
teeth, and that of asorusa has the serrulae slightly deeper, rounded at
their apices, and with more anterior subbasal teeth.

<

Fig. 1, forewing and hindwing of Brasinusa plaumanni. Fig. uh forewing and
hindwing of Notofenusa surosa. Fig. 3, tarsal claw of B. plaumanni. Fig. 4, tarsal
claw of N. surosa. Fig. 5, antenna of B. plaumanni. Fig. 6, antenna of N. surosa.

SHS ie
{drohoohhhliee
OL (|

Be 7, Lancet of Brasinusa plaumanni. Fig. 8, lancet of Notofenusa flinti n. sp.
Fig. 9 , lancet of N. nema n. sp. Fig. 10, lancet of N. surosa n. sp. Fig. 11, serrulae
of N. asorusa n. sp.

Notofenusa asorusa Smith, new species
fig. 11

Female: Average length, 3.5 mm. Identical to surosa (Konow) except for
characters of the female lancet as follows: about 15 serrulae; each serrula rounded

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 343

at apex, not flat as in surosa and with 3 or 4 anterior and 5 or 6 posterior sub-
basal teeth (fig. 11); the serrulae are also slightly deeper than those of surosa.
Male: Unknown.

Holotype: Female, labeled “El Coigo, Chile, Cord. Curico, Oct—
Nov. 1959, Luis E. Pena.” At the Illinois Natural History Survey.

Paratypes: CHILE: same data as for holotype (3 22). Las
Cruces, Cord. Parral, October 1958, Luis E. Pena (7 2? 2). Pichinahuel,
Cord. Nahuelbuta, January 20-28, 1959, Luis E. Pena (1 2). 40 Km.
E. of San Carlos, Nuble, XTI-24-50, leg Ross and Michelbacher (1 @ ).
50 Km. E. of San Carlos, Nuble, XIJ-26-50, leg Ross and Michelbacher
(1 2). Bio-Bio, El Abanico, XII-30-1950, leg Ross and Michelbacher
(1 2). Nuble, 40 Km. E. of San Carlos, XII-23-1950, leg Ross and
Michelbacher (1 2). At the Illinois Natural History Survey, Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences, and U.S. National Museum.

Discussion: It is unnecessary to describe this species more than
above because of its similarity to swrosa except for characters of the
female lancet as stated. The species name is an arbitrary combination
of letters and is to be treated as a noun.

Notofenusa flinti Smith, new species
fig. 8

Female: Average length, 3.6 mm. Antenna and head black; apex of each man-
dible reddish. Thorax black. Legs black with extreme apex of each femur and each
tibia entirely whitish. Abdomen and sheath black. Wings moderately, uniformly
infuscated; veins and stigma black.

Antenna long and slender, at least twice as long as head width. Hindtarsus
slender, nearly as long as hindtibia. Sheath long, straight above and_ nearly
straight below with obliquely truncated apex. Lancet short, with 12 serrulae,
each serrula low and rounded with 7 or 8 coarse subbasal teeth (fig. 8).

Male: Unknown.

Holotype: Female, labeled “Chile: prov. Magallanes, Rio Las
Minas, 10, 15 Jan. 1966, Flint and Cekalovic.” U.S.N.M. Type no.
72353.

Paratypes: CHILE: same data as for holotype (5 22). Prov.
Magallanes, Punta Arenas, 9-15 Jan. 1966, Flint and Cekalovic (1 ? ).
Prov. Magallanes, Chor. Las Piedras, 11 Jan. 1966, Flint and Cekalovic
(1 2). Prov. Magallanes, Rio Tres Brazoz, 9-13 Jan. 1966, Flint and
Cekalovic (1 2). In the U.S. National Museum.

Discussion: The lancet is quite unlike that of other species of
Notofenusa having fewer serrulae and these low and rounded. The
antennae and hind tarsi are longer and more slender than in other
species of the genus, but flinti is difficult to determine on this basis
unless other species are available for comparison. This species is
named after one of the collectors, Oliver S. Flint, Jr.

344 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

Fig. 12, Harpe and parapenis and, fig. 13, penis valve of Brasinusa plaumanni.
Fig. 14, harpe and parapenis, and fig. 15, penis valve of Notofenusa sp. Fig. 16,
harpe and parapenis, and fig. 17, penis valve of Notofenusa sp.

Notofenusa nema Smith, new species
fig, 9

Female: Average length, 3.6 mm. Head and antenna black; apex of each
mandible reddish. Thorax black. Legs black with extreme apex of each femur
and each tibia entirely whitish; inner surface of each tibia may be infuscated.
Abdomen and sheath black. Wings moderately, uniformly infuscated; veins and
stigma black.

Antenna slender, relatively short, about 144 times head width. Hindtarsus
stout, only about 2 length of hindtibia. Sheath straight above, rounded below
and at apex. Lancet long, with about 25 serrulae, each serrula low, broad, flat
at apex, without anterior subbasal teeth and with only 1 large posterior subbasal
tooth; annuli parallel and close together (fig. 9).

Male: Unknown.

Holotype: Female, labeled “Pichinahuel, Chile, Cord. Nahuelbuta,
January 20-28, 1959, Luis E. Pena.” At the Illinois Natural History
Survey.

Paratypes: CHILE: same data as for holotype (1 2). 40 km. E.
of San Carlos, Nuble, XII-24—50, leg Ross and Michelbacher (1 @).
El Coigo, Cord. Curico, Oct-Nov. 1959, Luis E. Pena (1 2). Angol,
30 Dec. 1936, D. S. Bullock (1 2). At the Illinois Natural History
Survey and California Academy of Sciences.

Discussion: Externally, this species is indistinguishable from surosa
and asorusa; however, the lancet of nema is much longer, has more
serrulae, and each serrula is flat and has only 1 subbasal tooth. The
shorter antennae will help to separate this species from flinti in addi-
tion to the lancet characters. As devised, the species name is an
arbitrary combination of letters and is to be treated as a noun.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 345

Notofenusa cognata (Spinola), new combination

Tenthredo cognata Spinola, 1851. In Gay, Historia, fisica y politica de Chile,
Zoologica, v. 6, p. 558.

This species must belong in Notofenusa because of its small size
and coloration, and it may be one of the species described here. I was
unable to locate the type, however, and because the classification of
this genus is based on genitalia, the type will have to be examined for
correct placement.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The cooperation of the following has made this review possible: Per Inge
Persson, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden; G. Morge, Institut
fiir Pflanzenschutzforschung, Eberswalde, Germany; D. W. Webb, Illinois Natural
History Survey, Urbana; and P. H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences,
San Francisco.

REFERENCES

Smith, D. R. 1971. Nearctic Sawflies III. Heterarthrinae: Adults and Larvae
(Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). U.S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bul. 1420, 84 pp.

A REVIEW OF KARSCHOMYIA FELT WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF
SEVEN NEW NEARCTIC SPECIES (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)

RAYMOND J. GAGNE

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA’

ABSTRACT—Karschomyia Felt (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is redescribed and a
key is given to the 10 Nearctic species. These are described and their genitalia are
illustrated. The new species of Karschomyia described herein are curiosa, ectopia,
insolita, inusitata, mira, perissa, and praecipua. The extra-Nearctic species are
listed, with elegans Mamaev a new synonym of ramosa (Kieffer). Karschomyia
townsendi Felt from Peru is transferred to Coquillettomyia Felt.

The genus Karschomyia Felt (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Cecido-
myiidi) comprises a number of medium-sized, brown species which
as adults are readily recognized by the transversely divided abdominal
terga and sterna of segments II-VI. Karschomyia shares that char-

1 Mail address: c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560.

346 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

acter with Lobodiplosis Felt, a closely related genus. The 2 genera
differ only in the form of the male genitalia: in Karschomyia the
basimere has glabrous, membranous mesal lobes of various bizarre
shapes and the telomere is wide, mesally concave, and usually lobed;
the basimere of Lobodiplosis has a setose apicoventral lobe and the
telomere is elongate-attenuate. Females of these genera are neither
separable to genus nor identifiable to species except in association with
males.

The little that is known of the biology of Karschomyia indicates that
the larvae are saprophagous. Most of the Nearctic species were either
swept or caught in traps, but some were reared from such various
sources as stems of Iceland poppy, a pig carcass [3 species from the
same pig!], and pine bolts. Three Palaearctic species have been reared
from decaying wood.

Karschomyia Felt

Karschomyia Felt 1908:398. Type-species, Mycodiplosis viburni Felt (orig.
des. ).

Male: Postvertical peak elongate. Eyes very large, broadly connate at vertex;
eye facets hexagonoid. Antennal flagellomeres elongate, trinodal, trifilar; cir-
cumfila regular, not elongate, most loops not reaching to following node. Palpus
long, 4 segmented. Wing: Rs faint, located approximately 1% distance from
arculus to apex of R,; Rs not bent at Rs, strongly curved apically to join C
posteriad of wing apex; C broken at juncture with R;; Cu, M;,,, and PCu strong.
Tarsal claws strongly bent at basal 1%, longer than empodia, simple or toothed
either on all legs or only forelegs. Abdominal terga and sterna II-VI transversely
divided cephalad of caudal setal row. Genitalia: basimere spherical, robust, with
glabrous, membranous, mesal lobes; telomere of various shape, not elongate-
attenuate, usually concave mesally and lobed; cerci short, quadrate; sternum X
lobes triangular or quadrate, of same length as cerci, each lobe bisetose apically;
aedeagus long, somewhat pigmented, of bizarre shape.

Female: Antennal flagellomeres elongate, usually slightly constricted near
middle, circumfila with many closely-set bases. Ovipositor not protrusible; sternum
VIII not sclerotized or setose; sternum IX covered with long setae; tergum IX
naked; cerci truncate-ovoid with setae of approximately uniform length.

Larva (from Mamaev & Krivosheina (1965)): spatula clove-shaped. Post-
ventral papillae without setae. Terminal papillae in 2 groups of 4 each, 3 papillae
of each group with short, pointed setae, 1 with shorter, blunt seta.

As reported in Gagné (in press), Metadiplosis Felt (1908), Plesio-
bremia Kieffer (1912), and Hiastatus Marikovskij (1956) are syn-
onyms of Karschomyia.

There are 10 Nearctic species, 7 of which are new to science and
described herein. These are separated most easily by the shape of
the male genitalia, but also by the setation of the male abdominal
tergum VII and the presence or absence of teeth on the tarsal claws.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 347

None of the species is Holarctic except possibly caulicola. In addition
to the Nearctic species there are 8 Palaearctic and 1 Indian, as fol-
lows: abnormis (Mamaev, 1961b), aceris Mamaev (1960), concinna
(Marikovskij, 1956), curvidentata (Mamaev, 1961b), hemisphaerica
Kovalev & Mamaev (1966), marikouskii (Mamaev, 1961b), orientalis
(Grover, 1965), ramosa (Kieffer, 1904; = elegans Mamaev (196la),
new synonym), and xylophila (Mamaey, 1961b).

In the Felt Collection, on loan to the Systematic Entomology Labo-
ratory from the New York State Museum in Albany, there is a male
specimen labeled, “Bremia ramosa Kieffer—from J. J. Kieffer,” and
it is apparently properly identified. Although Kieffer (1913) illus-
trated the male genitalia of ramosa, the drawing is meaningful only
when compared with an actual specimen. The specimen also fits
the illustration of elegans in Mamaey (196la), and this is the reason
for the above new synonymy.

Karschomyia townsendi Felt (1912) from Peru is here transferred
to Coquillettomyia Felt. New combination. The male genitalia of
townsendi, with the short, sclerotized, bifid aedeagus ea elongate,
linear, asetose sternum X, are characteristic of Coquillettomyia, and
the abdominal terga and sterna are entire. The names I have chosen
for the 7 new species described below all mean “peculiar,” a reference
to the bizarre male genitalia.

Key to adults of Nearctic Karschomyia

1. Foretarsal claw toothed, mid and hind claws toothed or simple — 2
Lara claws suuple 0. eee Seas FA TE Ya ls 7
De alistarsal claws toothed: __... K. inusitata Gagné, n. sp.
= Only staretarsal. claws toothed). 2 3
3. Caudal setal row of male oe VII continuous _--.-.. re 4
— Caudal setal row interrupted mesally ~~ Seats a
4. Aedeagus forked proximad of midlength; Pelomere eiade d a uicnlia ( fig.

(3) eet 2 KK; curtosa Gagne) ne sp.

— Redeacas fomed calle, (iamecc!a acute e apically (fig. 11) ee
ween eS I ae SI Sy are See ees _.......... K. perissa Gagné, n. sp.

5. Aedeagus narrow, attenuate, sinuous in hide view; telomere deeply lobed
(PES, TUSSI Sake 2 es a tea nee _ K. viburni (Felt)

— Aedeagus wide, only weakly curved in (ateral view; telomere entire — 6

6. Aedeagus aspinulose, with 4 apical recurved hooks (fig. 25-26)

_ K. mira Gagné, n. sp.

— Aedeagus spinulose, without hooks (fig. 1-2) _. K. caulicola (Coquillett )
7. Caudal setal row of male tergum VII continuous = 8
— Caudal setal row interrupted mesally —.. 9
8. Aedeagus palmately divided, lobes large; telomere widest near midlength,

with 1 apical tooth (fig. 14-15) — K. spinosa (Felt)
— Aedeagus trifid only apically; telomere wide ast wpiealy; with 2 apical teeth
MMT EL) eee ot K. ectopia Gagné, n. sp.

348 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

9. Aedeagus trifid from base; telomere deeply bilobed, apical tooth narrow

(fig. 20-04)" 2 EE Ee K. insolita Gagné, n. sp.
— Aedeagus divided only apically, telomere not deeply lobed, apical tooth
wide, discontinuous (fig. 12-13) _......_._... K. praecipua Gagné, n. sp.

Karschomyia caulicola (Coquillett )
fig. 1-3

caulicola Coquillett 1895:401 (Diplosis).

Wing length: male, 1.7 mm; female, 2.1-2.3 mm. Foretarsal claw toothed,
mid and hind claws simple. Caudal row of setae of male tergum VII interrupted
mesally. Male genitalia as in fig. 1-3.

Types: Lectotype, here designated, male, reared from larvae ex
stem Iceland poppy, Papaver nudicaule L. (Papaveraceae), Isles of
Shoals, N. H., emerged VII, 1893, USNM Type No. 6085. Paralecto-
types, male and 10 females, same data as holotype.

The drawing accompanying the original description of the Palearctic
K. concinnus ( Marikovskij) (1956) shows some resemblance to this
species in the trifoliate interparameral structure and the spinose
aedeagus.

Karschomyia curiosa Gagné, new species
fig. 4-6
Wing length: male, 2.0 mm. Foretarsal claw toothed, mid and hind claws

simple. Caudal row of setae of male tergum VII continuous. Male genitalia as
in fig, 4-6. Female unknown.

Holotype, male, swept, Wheaton Park, Montgomery Co., Md., VIII-
27-1970, R. J. Gagné, USNM Type No. 72373. Paratype, male, Robin
Branch (near Wayah Bald), 4480’, Macon Co., N.C., 38° 10.1’ N,

83° 35.1’ W, VII-3-1958, J. L. Laffoon, in Laffoon Collection, Iowa
State University.

Karschomyia ectopia Gagné, new species
fig. 7-10

Wing length: male, 1.7 mm. Tarsal claws simple. Caudal row of setae of
male tergum VII continuous. Male genitalia as in fig. 7-10. Female unknown.

Holotype, male, Holmes Run, Va., VII-1-1960, W. W. Wirth, USNM
Type No. 72374.

The genitalia of this species approach those of K. perissa in the gen-
eral shape of the telomere and apically trifid aedeagus. Karshomyia
ectopia differs, however, in other details of the genitalia, e.g. the

apically narrower aedeagus and wider stemum X, and in the simple
foretarsal claws.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 349

Plate 1
Fig. 1-10, male genitalia: 1, Karschomyia caulicola (dorsal). 2, same (ventral).
3, same (lateral). 4, K. curiosa, n. sp. (ventral). 5, same (dorsal). 6, same
(lateral). 7, K. ectopia, n. sp. (dorsal). 8, same, aedeagus (lateral). 9, same,
telomere (caudal). 10, same (lateral).

350 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

Plate 2
Fig. 11-18, male genitalia: 11, Karschomyia perissa, n. sp. (ventral view but
aedeagus flattened to lateral view). 12, K. praecipua, n. sp. (dorsal). 13, same

(ventral). 14, K. spinosa (dorsal). 15, same (ventral). 16, K. viburni (ventral).
17, same (dorsal). 18, same (lateral).

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 351

Karschomyia insolita Gagné, new species
fig. 22-94
Wing length: male, 2.0 mm; female, 2.3 mm. Tarsal claws simple. Caudal

row of setae of male tergum VII interrupted mesally. Male genitalia as in fig.
992.4.

Holotype, male, Black Lake, N. Burgess Township, Ontario, VII-
27-1970, J. A. Downes, to be deposited in Canadian National Collec-
tion. Paratypes, 2 males, female, same data as holotype, deposited in

USNM.

Karschomyia inusitata Gagné, new species
fig. 19-21
Wing length: male, 1.4-1.5 mm. Tarsal claws toothed. Caudal row of setae

of male tergum VII interrupted mesally. Male genitalia as in fig. 19-21. Female
unknown.

Holotype, male, ex loblolly pine logs infested with Dendroctonus
frontalis Zimm. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Elizabeth, La., VI-1968,
L. S. Pickard, USNM Type No. 72376. Paratypes: 2 males, ex pig #7
(dry stage), Clemson, S.C., VIII-15-1966, J. A. Payne; 5 males, Silver
Spring, Md., VIJI-9-1972, W. W. Wirth.

Karschomyia mira Gagné, new species
fig. 25-26
Wing length: male, 1.7-2.9 mm. Foretarsal claw toothed, mid and hind claws

simple. Caudal row of setae of male tergum VII interrupted mesally. Male
genitalia as in fig. 25-26. Female unknown.

Holotype, male, Silver Spring, Md., VIII-9-1972, W. W. Wirth,
USNM Type No. 72375. Paratypes, 3 males, same data as holotype.

Karschomyia perissa Gagné, new species
fig. 11
Wing length: male, 1.7 mm. Foretarsal claw toothed, mid and hind claws

simple. Caudal row of setae of male tergum VII interrupted mesally. Male
genitalia as in fig. 11. Female unknown.

Holotype, male, ex pig #7 (dry stage), Clemson, S.C., VIII-15-
1966, J. A. Payne, USNM Type No. 72377.

Karschomyia praecipua Gagné, new species
fig. 12-13
Wing length: male, 1.9 mm. Tarsal claws simple. Caudal row of setae of

male tergum VII interrupted mesally. Male genitalia as in fig. 12-13, Female
unknown.

352 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

Plate 3
Fig. 19-26, male genitalia: 19, Karschomyia inusitata, n. sp. (dorsal). 20,
same, aedeagus (lateral). 21, same (ventral). 22, K. insolita, n. sp. (dorsal).
23, same (ventral). 24, same (mesal). 25, K. mira, n. sp. (dorsal). 26, same
(ventral).

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 353

Holotype, male, collected on Salicornia virginica L. (Chenopodia-
ceae), extracted by Berlese funnel, Sonoma Co., California, X-25-
1968, G. N. Cameron, USNM Type No. 72378.

Karschomyia spinosa (Felt)
fig. 14-15
spinosa Felt 1908:406 ( Metadiplosis ).

Wing length: male, 1.8 mm. Tarsal claws simple. Caudal row of setae of
male tergum VII continuous. Male genitalia as in fig. 14-15. Female unknown.

Holotype, male, Albany, N.Y., VII-14-1906, C 573, in Felt Collection.

Additional material examined: male, Wabasha, Minn., A. E. Pritchard.

Karschomyia viburni (Felt)
fig. 16-18

viburni Felt 1907:34 (Mycodiplosis ).

Wing length: male, 1.7-2.2 mm; female, 1.9-3.0 mm. Foretarsal claw toothed,
mid and hind claws simple. Caudal row of setae of male tergum VII interrupted
mesally. Male genitalia as in fig. 16-18.

Holotype, male, Albany, N.Y., VI-1-1906, C 89, in Felt Collection.

Additional material examined: B.C.: Longford, IX-18-1963. CAL.: Mt.
Home, San Bernardino Mts., San Bernardino Co., A. L. Melander. MD.: Silver
Spring, VIII-9-1972, W. W. Wirth. MASS.: Mt. Greylock. ME.: Seal Harbor,
VII-29-1930, A. L. Melander. N.Y.: Albany, VI-11-1906; Keene Valley, VIII-—
26-1917, H. Notman; Woodworth’s Lake, Adirondack Mts., C. P. Alexander.
ONT.: Webbwood, VII-24-1971, G. Muller. S.C.: Clemson, ex pig #7 (dry
stage), VIII-15-1966, J. A. Payne. VA.: Holmes Run, Fairfax Co., VI-26 and
VII-29, 1960, W. W. Wirth.

REFERENCES

Coquillett, D. H. 1895. Two dipterous insects injurious to flowers. Insect Life.
7:399-402,
Felt, E. P. 1907. New Species of Cecidomyiidae. 53 pp. Albany, N.Y.
1908. Appendix D. Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 124:286—422.
. 1912. New gall midges or Itonididae (Dipt.). J. N.Y. Entomol.
Soc. 20:146-156.

Gagné, R. J. (in press). A synopsis of the Nearctic genera of Cecidomyiidi
(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Cecidomyiinae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer.
Grover, P. 1965. Studies on Indian gall midges. XIV. One new genus and seven
new species of Trifilini (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera). Marcellia, 32:21-61,
Kieffer, J. J. 1904. Nouvelles Cécidomyies xylophiles. Soc. Sci. de Bruxelles.

Ann. 28 (Mém.): 367-410.
1912. Neue Gallmiicken-Gattungen. 2 pp. Bitsch, France.
1913. Diptera. Fam. Cecidomyidae. Genera Insectorum, Fase.

152, 346 pp., 15 pls.

354 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

Kovalev, O. V. & B. M. Mamaev. 1966. New species of freeliving gall midges
of [the] tribe Itonidini (Diptera, Itonididae) from the Primorye Territory.
Akad. Nauk SSSR, Trudy Zool. Inst. 37:228—-232.

Mamaev, B. M. 1960. Description of two new genera and one species of gall
midge (Itonididae, Diptera) developing in rotten wood. Zool. Zh. 39:1521—
1524.

196la. New representatives of genera of gall midges, known in the
Nearctic region, among the fauna of the European part of the USSR (Itonid-
idae, Diptera). Doklady Akad. Nauk. 139:728—729.

1961b. Neue Hiastatus—Arten. Beitrage Entomol. 11:446—450.

Mamaev, B. M. and E. P. Krivosheina. 1965. Larvae of gall midges. Diptera,
Cecidomyiidae. Akad. Nauk USSR. Moscow. 278 pp.

Marikovskij, P. T. 1956. New gall midges (Diptera, Itonididae) of the USSR.
Entomol. Obozr. 35:184—195.

DE GEER’S EXOTIC MUSCA SPECIES (DIPTERA:
SYRPHIDAE AND CALLIPHORIDAE)

F. CuHrIsTIAN THOMPSON

Department of Entomology, The American Museum of Natural History,
New York, N.Y. 10024

ABSTRACT—Musca surinamensis De Geer, described from Surinam, is relegated
to nomen dubium status in the family Syrphidae. Musca erythrocephala De Geer,
also described from Surinam, is newly placed as a synonym of Cochliomyia
macellaria (Fabricius ).

De Geer, in his Memoires pour servir a histoire des Insectes (1776:
145, 146), described only 2 exotic species of Musca, surinamensis and
erythrocephala, both from Surinam. Fabricius (1781:422, 424) syn-
onymized both species (see below) although he indicated that the
synonymy of erythrocephala was dubious. Since Fabricius’ time both
of De Geer’s names have been considered to apply to syrphids and
Fabricius’ synonymies have been accepted almost without exception.
However, while preparing the fascicle on the family Syrphidae for
A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States,

I questioned both of Fabricius’ synonymies and have decided that
neither is correct.

Musca surinamensis De Geer

This species has been accepted as a synonym of Palpada hortorum
(Fabricius) 1775, a West Indian species not known from the main-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 35

oh |

land. De Geer said that his species was very similar to Eristalis
horticola (De Geer) and, among other things, that the wings, although
transparent, nevertheless are tinged brownish yellow almost through-
out and the legs are mixed yellow-ochre and brown (“Les ailes,
quoique transparentes, sont cependant teintes de brun jaunatre
presque par-tout, . . . les pattes sont melees de jaune docre & de
brun.”). These characteristics, along with the type locality of
surinamensis, clearly exclude hortorum as a synonym. Unfortunately
the problem of the true identity of surinamensis is not as easily solved
as the types are lost and the original description is inadequate. De
Geer’s reference to the similarity of his species to Eristalis horticola
(De Geer) indicates that surinamensis should be placed in Palpada,
and of the Palpada known to me the female of vinetorum seems to fit
the description the best. However, rather than replace a well-known
name with a dubious senior synonym, I feel surinamensis should be
left as nomen dubium.

Musca erythrocephala De Geer

Fabricius synonymized this species with his Ornidia obesa but he
indicated that the synonymy was dubious because of differences in
body pile and head color. Kertész (1910:189) listed erythrocephala
as a valid species of Volucella. Williston (1886:316) and Fluke
(1957:68) did not list De Geer’s species in their catalogs of Neotropical
syrphids. However, van Doesburg (1963:50 & 1966:94) pointed out
this omission, reprinted the original description, and later suggested
that Fabricius’ synonymy of erythrocephala should be accepted ™. . .
till the contrary has been proved.” Apparently Fabricius and the other
workers who have considered erythrocephala a syrphid have ignored
the first line of De Geer’s description, which states that his species is
very similar to Lucilia caesar (Linnaeus), a well known species of
Calliphoridae. The only reference to erythrocephala De Geer that I
could find in the calliphorid literature was by Hall (1948:307, 308),
who in a discussion of the usage of the original combination “Musca
erythrocephala” by various authors mentions De Geer’s species. Hall
stated that for erythrocephala De Geer: 1) the type locality “. . . was
not located”; 2) apparently the type “. . . is lost”; and 3) it “. . . may
belong to Rutilia” (an Australasian genus of Tachinidae).

The “types” of Musca erythrocephala De Geer are still extant and
are calliphorids, not syrphids or tachinids. Dr. Persson has kindly
loaned me the 3 specimens under this name in the De Geer Collection
(in the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm); 1 ¢ and
1 2 are Chrysomyia megacephala (Fabricius) 1805, and 1 ® is
Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius) 1775. Since the type-locality of
erythrocephala is Surinam this would exclude the specimens of Ch.

356 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

megacephala, an Oriental species, from being types and would restrict
the name to the single specimen of Co. macellaria, a common and
widespread New World species. However, to prevent any future
uncertainty about the validity of this restriction, I hereby designate
the single female specimen of Co. macellaria as the lectotype of Musca
erythrocephala De Geer and have so labelled the specimen. Thus, the
name Musca erythrocephala De Geer is removed from the family
Syrphidae to the family Calliphoridae and synonymy under Cochlio-
myia macellaria (new synonymy ).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank the following: Dr. R. J. Gagné, Systematic Entomology
Laboratory, USDA, Washington, D.C., for aiding in the identification of the
calliphorid species; Dr. P. I. Persson, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, for
the loan of the De Geer types; and Dr. P. Wygodzinsky, American Museum of
Natural History, New York, for his critical reading of this manscript.

REFERENCES

De Geer, C. 1776. Mémoires pour servir a histoire des Insectes. Vol. 6, 523 pp.,
30 pls. Stockholm.

van Doesburg, P. H. 1963. Preliminary list of Syrphidae known from Suriname
and British and French Guiana. Stud. Fauna Suriname (Natuurwet. Stud.
Suriname) 5(28):1-33.

1966. Syrphidae from Suriname. Additional records and descrip-

tions. Stud. Fauna Suriname (Natuurwet. Stud. Suriname) 9(35):61—107.

Fabricius, J. C. 1781. Species insectorum exhibentes eorum differentias specificas,
synonyma, auctorum, loca natalia, metamorphosin. Vol. 2, 517 pp. Hamburgi
et Kilonii [= Hamburg and Kiel].

Fluke, C. L. 1956-57. Catalogue of the family Syrphidae in the Neotropical
region (Diptera). Rev. Brasil. Entomol. 6:193-268, 7:1—181.

Hall, D. G. 1948. The blowflies of North America. [Vol. 4], 477 pp., 51 pls.
In Entomological Society of America, Thomas Say Foundation Publ.

Kertész, K. 1910. Catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum. Vol. 7, 470 pp.
Lipsiae, Budapestini [= Leipzig, Budapest].

Williston, S. W. 1886. Catalogue of the described species of South American
Syrphidae. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 13:308-324.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 357

ANOBIIDAE DESCRIBED BY M. HATCH, WITH NEW SYNONYMS
(COLEOPTERA)

RicHARD E. WHITE
Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA’

ABSTRACT—Three holotypes of species described by Hatch have been examined
with the following results: Hadrobregmus nelsoni Hatch and H. roguensis Hatch
are synonymized with H. gibbicollis (Leconte); Vrilletta fenderi Hatch is syn-
onymized with Xyletinus grossus Van Dyke. The types of Oligomerus oregonensis
Hatch and O. crestonensis Hatch have not been located.

Melville Hatch described 8 species of Anobiidae as new in his “The
Beetles of the Pacific Northwest” (1961). I have previously seen the
holotypes of 3 of the species (Catorama roguensis, C. nelsoni, and
Xeranobium oregonum) and reported on them (White, 1965, p. 313,
p. 333, and 1971, p. 620). Of these three I found only X. oregonum
to be valid. In another paper (1969) I presented reasons why I re-
garded the status of Oligomerus oregonensis Hatch as uncertain.
Below are the results of my examination of the types of 3 of the 5
remaining species and my attempts to locate the types of the other 2.

Hemicoelus gibbicollis (Leconte )
Anobium gibbicollis Leconte, 1859, p. 284.
Hadrobregmus nelsoni Hatch, 1961, p. 318. NEW SYNONYM.
Hadrobregmus roguensis Hatch, 1961, p. 319. NEW SYNONYM.

The holotype of nelsoni (with the data, “College Place, VII-13-49
Wash, G. H. Nelson; To light; [light blue disk]; TYPE Hadrobregmus
nelsoni 1958—M. Hatch; Hadrobregmus sp. n. Nelson collection,” in
University of Washington) exhibits a number of prothoracic differ-
ences from typical members of gibbicollis. These are as follows: in
side view the pronotal crest is less distinctly produced; the lateral
margin is obsolete at the center but the existing portions of the margin
are longer and the anterior portion of the margin nearly attains the
anterior angle and is more distinctly produced, thus making the
pronotum wider; and the granules at the side are larger and more
distinct. Figure 18 in Knutson (1963, p. 185) of the pronotal outline
of a specimen Knutson assigned to gibbicollis almost exactly matches
that of the holotype of nelsoni. Also, in the USNM series of over 60
specimens of gibbicollis there is a specimen from Sonoma, California,
determined by Knutson as gibbicollis, which is in very good agree-
ment with the type of nelsoni. The genitalia of this specimen of
gibbicollis were dissected and placed in a microvial, but, unfortu-

1 Mail address: c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560.

358 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO, 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

nately, these are fragmented and incomplete. However, it is clear
that Knutson, during his revisionary work on Hemicoelus saw a speci-
men (-s?) of what corresponds to nelsoni and concluded that the
specimen was a member of the variable gibbicollis. I am in agree-
with this.

I have seen the holotype of roguensis (label data, “ORE.: Rogue
Rv. N. F., Beaver Sulphur F. C., Aug. 10, 1959, K. M. Fender; TYPE
?, Hadrobregmus roguensis 1957—M. H. Hatch,” in University of
Washington) and find the above change to be necessary. This speci-
men is a small example of the species gibbicollis (but within the
normal size range) and does not differ significantly from it.

Xyletinus grossus Van Dyke

Xyletinus grossus Van Dyke, 1946, p. 86.
Vrilletta fenderi Hatch, 1961, p. 322. NEW SYNONYM.

The holotype of fenderi (bearing the data, “Siskyou Summit, Siskyou
Mts. Cr., VI-S-47, K. M. Fender; not murrayi Lec., compared with
type, M. H. Hatch 1958; TYPE, Vriletta fenderi, 1958-M. Hatch;
Vriletta murrayi Lec., M. Hatch-1957” in University of Washington)
is a member of the genus Xyletinus. It is in very close agreement
with Van Dykes description of X. grossus and with illustrations of an
antenna and the palpi of the holotype that I made some years ago.

Oligomerus oregonensis Hatch

Oligomerus oregonensis Hatch, 1961, p. 316.

In the original description the location of the holotype is given
as the WSU collection. Dr. W. J. Turner of the Department of Ento-
mology at Washington State University has informed me that the
type is not to be found in their collection. Inquiries are still being
made as to the location of the type.

Oligomerus crestonensis Hatch

Oligomerus crestonensis Hatch, 1961, p. 316.

In the original description the location of the type is given as the
Stace Smith collection. Kathleen M. Stuart, Curator, Spencer Ento-
mology Museum, The University of British Columbia, informs me
that the type is not to be found in the Stace Smith collection. Inquiries
are still being made as to the location of the type.

My thanks are offered to Melville Hatch, William Tumer, and
Kathleen Stuart.

REFERENCES

Hatch, M. H. 1961. Family Anobiidae. In Beetles of the Pacific Northwest,
pt. 3. Univ. Wash. Pubs. Biol. 16:309-327

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 359

Knutson, L. V. 1963. Revision of the genus Hadrobregmus of North America
(Coleoptera: Anobiidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 65:177-195.
Leconte, J. L. 1859. Additions to the coleopterous fauna of Northern California
and Oregon. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 11:281-292.
Van Dyke, E. C. 1946. New species of North American Coleoptera. Pan-Pac.
Entomol. 22:84—89.
White, R. E. 1965. A revision of the genus Tricorynus of North America
(Coleoptera: Anobiidae). Misc. Pubs. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 4:285-368.
. 1969. Taxonomic notes on North American Anobiidae (Coleoptera ).
Ent. News. 80:252-258.
1971. A revision of the genus Xeranobium Fall (Coleoptera:
Anobiidae). Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc, 97:595-634.

TABANIDAE (DIPTERA) OF TEXAS. I. COASTAL MARSH
SPECIES, WEST GALVESTON BAY; INCIDENCE, FREQUENCY,
ABUNDANCE AND SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION

Parrick H. THOMPSON

Veterinary Toxicology and Entomology Research Laboratory, Agr.
Res. Serv., USDA, College Station, Texas 77840

ABSTRACT—Collection of Tabanidae in estuarine marshes and meadows of
West Galveston Bay, Brazoria County, Texas produced 16235 specimens of 20
species and subspecies in 3 genera; 3 in Chrysops, 1 in Chlorotabanus, and 16
in Tabanus. Nearly all material was collected with 6 modified Manitoba Traps
and 3 modified Animal Traps. Routine collections were made weekly April
2-September 29. Tabanus nigrovittatus Macquart included 88% of the material
taken and was found throughout most of the season (Apr. 19—Sept. 29). Six
other dominants included most (89%) of the remaining 12% (in decreasing
order of abundance): Tabanus sulcifrons Macquart, T. texanus Hine, T. lineola
var. hinellus Philip, T. subsimilis Bellardi, T. stygius Say, and Chrysops flavidus
Wiedemann.

The Tabanidae of Texas are known only from the work of Blume
et al. (1972), Easton, Price, and Graham (1968), Gingrich and Hoff-
man (1967), Parman (1928), and Townsend (1898) (records of sev-
eral species); of McGregor and Schomberg (1952, checklist); of
L. L. Pechuman, C. B. Philip, and the Smithsonian Institution (un-
published records); and of Hine (1907) and Philip (1962) (descrip-
tions from series collected in the state (Tabanus texanus and T. eadsi,
respectively ) ).

360 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

Texas Coastal Marshes

The Texas coast line is a long crescent of barrier beaches and sand
bars (e.g., Galveston and Padre Islands) enclosing bays and estuaries
(e.g., Galveston and Baffin Bays). Inland from the beaches and
dunes are salt marshes—low, intermittently flooded tidelands.

The geological formations underlying the marshes are broad belts
of Pleistocene strata, 30 to 40 miles wide and paralleling the coast
line from the Sabine River to the Rio Grande River or to Baffin Bay.
These strata, the Houston Group, extend between the Pliocene deposits
and the Recent coastal silts. The Lissie Sand formation, extending
50 miles inland, is composed of thick sand beds (60%), lentils of
gravel (10%), and clay and silt (30%). It is 530 ft thick at the Hoskins
Mound study area (Kennedy 1841, after Sellards, Adkins, and
Plummer 1932). The Beaumont Clay formation, a stratum of 75-80%
gray clay (the remainder, sand), lies over the Lissie and is overlain
by Recent beach deposits. Salt domes are common on the coast east
of Houston. These are young surface deposits pushed up by plugs
of rock salt 1 mile wide and 4 to 5 miles deep; the domes are often
capped with gypsum and sulfur and can overlay oil, as they do in
the Hoskins Mound study area.

Study Area

The Hoskins Mound study area is a tract of coastal marshes and
grasslands adjoining West Galveston Bay in Brazoria County. It lies
6 miles north of the western tip of Galveston Island and 11 miles east
of Angleton. The intracoastal waterway borders the southern margin
of the study area and lakes, bayous, ditches, tidewater pools, and
stagnant ponds mark the marshes. Seahorse saltgrass (Distichlis
spicata (L.) Greene) dominates the marshes, and such marshes are
flooded under high tides. Patches of cordgrasses (Spartina spartinae
(Trin.) Hitche. and S. patens ( Ait.) Muhl.) and toad rush (Juncus
bufonius L.) are scattered intermittently throughout the Distichlis. A
third cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, forms extensive, often
pure stands in lower areas of the marsh inundated by tidewaters,
around the margins of lakes, bayous, and pools, and on the gently
sloping shores of adjacent mud flats. A ridge traversing the marsh
parallel to the intracoastal waterway (Hayes Ridge) and the lake
south of it divide the marshes from higher ground inland. The ridge
above the lake is approximately 2 miles long and 0.33 miles wide.
Spartina spartinae, S. patens, J. bufonius, and an association of flower-
ing plant species controlled by bluestem (Andropogon glomeratus
(Walt.) B.S.P.) and three-awn (Aristida oligantha Michx.), compose
the vegetation here. Areas of S. patens and J. bufonius in lower parts
of the ridge are often flooded for long periods after rains and storm

PROC, ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 361

Table 1.—Collection methods and catches (females) of Tabanidae taken at
Hoskins Mound, Brazoria County, Texas, 1971.

Manitoba Animal Grand Seasonal
Traps (6) Traps (3) Total Range
Chrysops
brunneus Hine* 6 6 Aug 25-Sept 2
flavidus Wiedemann 108 2 110 Apr 30-Sept 29
niger Macquart*? 1 1 Jun 25
Chlorotabanus
crepuscularis (Beq.)*° Aug 14
Tabanus
abdominalis F.**° 22, 1 23 Jun 18-Jul 18
acutus (Bigot)** 12 31 43 Jun 18-Aug 25
americanus Forster 2 2 Jun 18
atratus Fabricius** 4 1 5 Jun 18-Sept 29
cymatophorus Osten Sacken* ff i 8 Jun 24-Jul 22
eadsi Philip* 1 3 4 Aug 25-Sept 29
lineola F.* 4 0 4 Jul 11-22
lineola var. hinellus Philip*® 334 56 390 Apr 19-Sept 29
mularis Stone* 14 44 58 Jun 4-Sept 29
nigrovittatus Macquart*** 8340 5891 14231 Apr 19-Sept 29
nigrovittatus var.
fulvilineis Philip 68 22 90 May 7-Sept 16
proximus Walker** ils 1 16 June 18-Jul 18
stygius Say* 141 4 145 May 28-Sept 2
subsimilis Bellardi 124 22, 146 Apr 2-Sept 16
sulcifrons Macquart* 424 42 466 Jun 4-Sept 2
texanus Hine* 40 373 413 Apr 19-Sept 29

a Brazoria County record.

> Identified from specimen fragments.

© Collected _in 1970. :

4 Tabular figures do not include 52 male specimens (41 males for T. lineola var. hinellus,
1—5 males for others). : : ;

€ Tabular figures do not include the following numbers of female specimens taken in mis-
cellaneous collections: T. abdominalis, 1; T. lineola var. hinellus, 2; and T. nigrovittatus, 19.

tides. The gradually sloping high pastures and meadows north of the
ridge are dominated by S. spartinae. Bermuda grass (Cynodon
dactylon (1..) Pers.) is also comon in these pastures used for winter
grazing of cattle. The pastures and meadows are unaffected by nor-
mal tides, being flooded only immediately after heavy rains. Water
remains only after storms.

The information contained under this and the preceding headings
was compiled from Harry and Harry (1971), Hunt (1967), Jurries
(1970), Parker et al. (1971), and Sellards, Adkins, and Plummer
(1932).

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

362

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PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 363

Methods

Most flies were collected by the modified Animal Trap (AT) and
the modified Manitoba Trap (MT). These traps were described in
Thompson (1969); the most recent modifications were described in
Thompson and Gregg (in press). Very small numbers of specimens
were also collected from adhesive-treated asphalt shingles nailed to
wooden stakes; from a gray, sedan delivery wagon; from above my
head and from marsh vegetation or above it with an aerial net; and
from 4 ten-ft lengths of white plastic PVC pipe (3 in. ID) treated
with an adhesive and painted with black lines or bands (1 in. vertical,
1 pipe and 1 in. horizontal, 1; 3 in. vertical, 1; and unpainted, 1)
(Table 1, miscellaneous collections). Catches were removed from
traps weekly, April 2-Sept. 29, 1971. Three ATs and 6 MTs were
erected in the marshes, in adjoining pastures, and on nearby ridges.

The Fauna

This study produced 16235 specimens of 20 species and subspecies
in 3 genera; 3 in Chrysops, 1 in Chlorotabanus, and 16 in Tabanus
(Table 1).

The fauna included species that were very abundant (T. nigrovit-
tatus); abundant (50-100 specimens); common (10-50 specimens);
and uncommon or rare (10 specimens or less (Table 1)). Tabanus
nigrovittatus was the most abundant dominant species including 85%
of the material. Eight other species included most (89%) of the re-
maining 12%: 1 deer fly (C. flavidus); 3 species of the nigrovittatus-
quinquevittatus complex (T. mularis, T. nigrovittatus var. fulvilineis,
and T. texanus); 2 species of the T. lineola complex (T. lineola var.
hinellus and T. subsimilis); and 2 large horse flies (T. stygius and T.
sulcifrons). Three other large or medium-sized horse flies (T.
abdominalis, T. acutus, and T. proximus) were common. Eight spe-
cies of the 3 genera represented were uncommon or rare.

The first species to appear was T. subsimilis (Apr 2). This species,
T. nigrovittatus, T. texanus, T. lineola var. hinellus, and C. flavidus
were the only species to appear in April; these 5 species were among
the 7 most abundant forms collected. T. nigrovittatus var. fulvilineis
appeared in May. The remaining species (but for C. brunneus and
T. eadsi) were first collected in the first half of June. All common
and abundant species continued into September, except T. abdominalis,
T. acutus, and T. proximus. Catches indicated that populations of
most species increased and decreased irregularly with no distinct
peaks of abundance (Fig. 1). Tabanus stygius peaked in mid-June,
and T. sulcifrons in mid-July. Catches dropped markedly after heavy
rains.

364 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I gratefully acknowledge the help of the following persons: Mr. Edward J.
Gregg for conscientiously collecting catches and maintaining traps; and Doctors
Alan Stone, L. L. Pechuman, and Harold W. Harry for editorial comments.

REFERENCES

Blume, R. R., J. A. Miller, J. L. Eschle, J. J. Matter, and M. O. Pickens. 1972.
Trapping tabanids with modified Malaise traps baited with COs. Mosquito
News. 32:90-5.

Easton, E. R., M. A. Price, and O. H. Graham. 1968. The collection of biting
flies in West Texas with Malaise and animal-baited traps. Mosquito News.
28:465-9.

Gerry, B. I. 1949. Control of salt marsh tabanids by means of residual DDT-oil
spray. J. Econ. Entomol. 42:888—90.

Gingrich, R. E. and R. A. Hoffman. 1967. Abundance and survival of tabanid
larvae in effluent from a dairy barn. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 60:72—-4.

Harry, H. W. and M. S. Harry. 1971. Macroscopic shore vegetation of the
northwestern Gulf of Mexico (Mimeo.) Biol. Dept., Texas A&M Univ., College
Station, Texas.

Hine, J. S. 1907. Descriptions of new North American Tabanidae. Ohio Natur.
8:221-30.

Hunt, Charles B. 1967. Physiography of the United States. W. H. Freeman
and Co., S. F., Calif. 480 p.

Jurries, R. W. 1970. A preliminary study of population dynamics of cotton rats
(Sigmodon hispidus) related to effects of Malathion in a ‘Texas coastal marsh.
M. S. Thesis, Dept. Wild. Sci., Texas A&M Univ., College Station. 121 p.

McGregor, W. S. and O. C. Schomberg. 1952. A partial annotated list of species
of the Tabanidae. J. Econ. Entomol. 45:746.

Parker, J. C., H. W. Holcomb, Jr., W. G. Klussmann, and J. C. McNeill, IV.
1971. Distribution of aquatic macro-fauna in a marsh on West Galveston Bay,
Texas and possible effects theron resulting from impoundments for shrimp
culture. Texas A&M Sea Grant Publ. No. TAMU-SG-71-208.

Parman, D. C. 1928. Experimental dissemination of the tabanid egg parasite
Phanurus emersoni Girault and Biological notes on the species. USDA Cire. 18.

Philip, C. B. 1962. New North American Tabanidae. XVI. A new species from
the south Texas Gulf Coast. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 64:171—4.

Sellards, E. H., W. S. Adkins, and F. B. Plummer. 1932. The Geology of Texas.
I. Stratigraphy. Univ. Tex. Bull. No. 3232. Bur. Econ. Geol., Univ. Tex.,
Austin 1007 p.

Thompson, P. H. 1967. Tabanidae of Maryland. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc.
93:463-519.

Thompson, P. H. 1969. Collecting methods for Tabanidae (Diptera). Ann.
Entomol. Soc. Amer. 62:50-7.

Thompson, P. H. and E. J. Gregg. Structural modifications and performance
of the modified Animal Trap and the modified Manitoba Trap. (In press )
Townsend, C. H. 1898. Diptera from the lower Rio Grande or Tamaulipan

region of Texas. II. J. N.Y. Ent. Soc. 6:50-2.

PROC, ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 365

ANOPHELES (AN.) REIDI, A NEW SPECIES OF THE BARBIROSTRIS
SPECIES COMPLEX FROM SRI LANKA (DIPTERA:CULICIDAE)'

Bruce A. Harrison”

Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army
Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. 20012

ABSTRACT—The female of Anopheles (Anopheles) reidi n. sp. from Sri Lanka
is described, illustrated and compared morphologically with the other members
of the barbirostris species complex, and the members of the bancrofti species
complex. Variations in the adult habitus of An. barbirostris Van der Wulp, and
An. barbumbrosus Strickland and Choudhury are also discussed.

Carter (1925, 1950) discussed a species of Anopheles in the Ceylon
fauna which he considered conspecific with Anopheles pseudobarbiro-
stris Ludlow 1902. Reid (1962) examined two specimens seen by
Carter and decided on the basis of morphological and zoogeographic
differences that they were not conspecific with pseudobarbirostris,
and probably represented a new species. However, since the two
specimens were in poor condition, he chose not to describe them as
new, but called them the “Ceylon species”.

Recently, Smithsonian Institution personnel working under Smith-
sonian Research Foundation Grant SFG-0-2854, Biosystematic Studies
of the Insects of Ceylon, collected a near perfect female specimen
in Sri Lanka that I consider the same species as the specimens seen
and discussed by Carter and Reid. I have been unable to borrow
the two original specimens for comparison or those seen by Reid,
but I am convinced of this association because this female has all
of the characters described by Reid (1962) for the “Ceylon species’.
A comparison of this specimen with the lectotype and original de-
scription (Ludlow 1902) of An. pseudobarbirostris quickly confirmed
Reid’s opinion. This new species is very distinct from the other known
species of the barbirostris and bancrofti complexes.

Anopheles (Anopheles) reidi, n. sp.
fig. 1

Anopheles (Anopheles) pseudobarbirostris of Carter 1925, Ceylon J. Sci. (D)
1: 69 (@); Baisas 1931, Philippine J. Sci. 44: 429 (in part); Christophers
1933, Fauna of British India. Diptera, 4: 162 (in part); D’Abrera 1944, J.

1This work was supported in part by Research Contract No. DA-49-193-
MD-2672 from the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command,
Office of the Surgeon General, and carried out at the Southeast Asia Mosquito
Project, Smithsonian Institution, USNM, Washington, D.C. 20560. This paper
is contribution number 1194 from the Army Research Program on Malaria.

* Captain, Medical Service Corps, U.S. Army.

366 PROC. ENT, SOC, WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

naa i

————1. 0 mm

1.0mm

1.6mm ‘

Fig. 1. Anopheles ( An.) reidi, n. sp., holotype @: A, right wing; B, abdominal
sterna V-VIII; C, head; D, fore, mid and hind legs, lateral view. Anopheles
(An.) pseudobarbirostris Ludlow, lectotype 9: E, abdominal sterna I-VIII, and
distal half of right wing. Anopheles (An.) barbumbrosus Strickland and Choud-
hury, (Sri Lanka 9 ): F, abdominal sterna V-VIII, and distal half of right wing.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 367

Mal. Inst. India 5: 344; Bonne-Wepster and Swellengrebel 1953, Anopheline
Mosq. Indo-Australian Region, p. 221 (in part); Stone et al. 1959, Thomas
Say Found., Entomol. Soc. Am. 6: 26 (in part).

Anopheles (Anopheles) bancrofti of Covell 1927, Indian Med. Res. Mem. 7: 14
(in part); Edwards 1932, Genera Insect. 194: 40 (in part).

Anopheles (Anopheles) bancrofti var. pseudobarbirostris of Carter 1950, Ceylon
J. Sci. (B) 24: 106.

Anopheles (Anopheles) “Ceylon species” of Reid 1962, Bull. Entomol. Res.
53: 38 (92); Reid 1968, Stud. Inst. Med. Res. Malaysia 31: 120.

FEMALE (Fig. 1). Head. Palpus with very dense, erect black scales, most
distal scales more decumbent; palpus slightly shorter than proboscis; proboscis
with black scales, most distal scales more decumbent, labellum nearly bare;
fore femur/proboscis ratio 1.01; clypeus without scales; vertex with erect
broad dark brown-black scales except several broad white scales just above the
interocular space; interocular space with short narrow white scales and long
brown setae forming dark frontal tuft; antennal pedicel with small dark scales
on upper and outer aspects; first antennal flagellomere with short black scales,
remaining flagellomeres without scales. Thorax. Scutal integument frosty gray-
brown, with dark longitudinal lines on the dorsocentral and supraalar bare areas;
anterior promontory with narrow erect pale scales mesally, darker and broader
scales laterally; scutum with short fine, pale curved scales, especially dense
on acrostichal and prescutellar areas; scutal setae tan to dark brown, in anterior
promontory, acrostichal, dorsocentral, lateral prescutal, fossal, antealar and supra-
alar groups; scutellum with long brown setae and narrow pale curved scales;
anterior pronotum with dark erect scales on cephalic half, pale short setae on
caudal half; pleuron generally dark brown, with 1 pale scale on left propleuron,
14 pale scales on lower sternopleuron just cephalad of lower sternopleural
setae, and 3-9 pale scales in median patch on mesepimeron; pleural setae
number, 4—5 propleural, 6-7 spiracular, 3-4 upper and 6-8 lower sternopleural,
15-19 prealar, 10-12 upper and 0 lower mesepimeral. Wing. Costa mainly dark
scaled, with small humeral pale spot, several scattered individual pale scales
on basal 44, small subcostal pale spot and small preapical pale spot; subcosta
with several pale scales adjacent to sector spot on vein R, and 1-2 pale scales
at apex adjacent to subcostal pale spot on costa; preapical pale spot involves
fringe scales and tip of vein Ri; remigium with dark scales except small central
pale spot; humeral cross vein with 3-4 large dark scales; R-—R: mostly dark
scaled, with 3-4 small groups of pale scales proximal to more distinct pale sector
spot, 15-20 scattered pale scales beyond sector spot out to level of subcostal
pale spot on the costa, only 1-2 pale scales in preapical dark area beyond level
of subcostal pale spot; tip of Ri with pale scales; R, with dark scales; Ra.»
with dark scales to fork; Re with dark scales except pale scales on tip; Rs with
dark scales except small pale spot on basal half and slightly larger preapical
pale spot, tip with dark scales; Ri; with distinct dark basal spot, distinct pale
preapical spot and tip with dark scales, remainder with mixed pale and dark
scales; M with dark scales to fork; M:,2 base and tip with dark scales, mixed pale
and dark scales in between; Me: base and tip with dark scales, mixed pale and
dark scales in between; extreme base of Cu with pale scales and 1-2 dark
scales, followed by distinct dark patch of scales, remainder to fork with mixed
pale and dark scales; Cu: with small dark spots at base, M-Cu crossvein and

368 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

tip, distinct pale spot between dark spots at base and M-Cu crossvein, remainder
mixed pale and dark scales; Cuz with pale scales mixed with infrequent dark
scales on basal 4, apical 1%4 with dark scales; 1A with mixed pale and dark
scales on basal 14, distinct dark mark at midpoint followed by large preapical
pale area, tip with dark scales; apical dark mark on Cuz longer than apical dark
mark on 1A; primary, secondary and tertiary fringe scales dark except preapical
pale fringe spot immediately above and down to level of R:, small accessory pale
apical fringe spot adjacent to Re, long apical pale fringe spot from Rus caudally to
slightly beyond M:,2, and small pale fringe spot on caudal margin of wing
adjacent to tip of Cus; Halter. With dark scales. Legs. Fore and mid coxae
with upper and lower patches of pale scales, hind coxa with only lower scale
patch; mid coxa with 1 upper coxal seta; hind coxa with 2 large caudo-mesally
projecting setae. Fore leg: femur swollen on basal half and dark scaled except
narrow basal band of pale scales, anterior and posterior apical pale spots and
scattered, often grouped, pale scales along anterior and posterior surfaces; tibia
with dark scales, without pale basal or apical band, with scattered, often grouped,
pale scales along entire length of anterior and posterior surfaces; tarsomeres 1
and 2 with pale apical bands approximately equal to segment width and scattered,
usually grouped pale scales; tarsomeres 3-5 with only dark scales. Mid leg:
femur with dark scales except small basal pale band, anterior and _ posterior
apical pale spots and scattered pale scales that nearly form continuous line on
posterior surface; tibia with dark scales except scattered pale individual or groups
of scales that form broken lines on anterior and posterior surfaces; tarsomere 1
with dark scales, apical pale band approximately equal width of segment, and
scattered pale individual or groups of scales mostly on anterior and posterior
surfaces; tarsomere 2 with dark scales, a small dorso-apical pale spot and several
mostly anterior and posterior patches of scattered pale scales; tarsomeres 3-5
with dark scales. Hind leg: femur with dark scales except small basal pale
band, anterior apical pale spot and scattered pale individual or groups of scales
that form broken lines on anterior and posterior surfaces; tibia with dark scales
except dorso-apical pale spot and scattered pale individual or groups of scales
that form broken lines on anterior and posterior aspects; tarsomeres 1-5 with
dark scales except tarsomere 1 with scattered individual or groups of pale
scales on anterior and posterior surfaces, tarsomeres 1-4 with apical pale band
approximately equal segment width, and tarsomeres 2—5 with basal pale band
approximately equal or smaller than segment width. Abdomen. Integument light
to dark brown, without tergal scales, but with numerous long dark setae; sterna
without scales except 3 median black scales near caudal margin of sternum VI,
and sternum VII with 15 median white scales on cephalic half and more than
20 median black scales on caudal half.
MALE, PUPA AND LARVA. Not known.

TYPE DATA. Holotype female, SRI LANKA (Ceylon): Central
Province, Kandy District, Peradeniya Botanical Gardens, January
1971, Piyadasa & Somapala collectors. The holotype is deposited in
the Smithsonian Institution, U.S. National Museum (Natural History),
Washington, D.C., and is in excellent condition with all body parts

present and only minor rubbing damage evident on the wings and
legs.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 369

DISTRIBUTION. SRI LANKA. Examined: Female holotype from
Central Province, Kandy District, Peradeniya Botanical Gardens.
Carter (1925) listed two females collected in Western Province,
Colombo District, Colombo and Ganemulla, and Reid (1962) ex-
amined a female collected in 1936 in the Province of Uva, Badulla
District. All previous records of pseudobarbirostris from the Indian
subregion (Sri Lanka) probably apply to reidi. Accordingly, pseudo-
barbirostris Ludlow now has its western most extension in the Philip-
pines and the Celebes.

BIOLOGY. No data.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Carter’s (1925) association of speci-
mens of this species with pseudobarbirostris was apparently based on
both having spotted legs and a pale fringe spot adjacent to the tip
of wing vein Re. These similarities are superficial, for reidi belongs
to the barbirostris species complex, while pseudobarbirostris is a
member of the bancrofti species complex (Reid 1962). Adult members
of the barbirostris complex have the following characters that will
differentiate them from the bancrofti complex: wing with an apical
pale fringe spot at vein R,,; and often from Ry,; to Mi,2; wing without
a prehumeral pale spot on the costa; wing with scattered pale scales
on the basal half of the costa; and abdominal sternum VIII without
pale scales. These two complexes also have distinct zoogeographical
distributions, with only a small area of overlap. The bancrofti com-
plex has basically an Australasian distribution with records from
Australia, Celebes, Ceram, the Moluccas, New Guinea and the Philip-
pines. The barbirostris complex has a distinct Oriental distribution
that extends from India east to the Philippines, Ambon, Celebes,
Ceram and the western tip of New Guinea. Only 4 of the 11 species
in the latter complex are known to be sympatric with members of the
bancrofti complex.

Besides the above species complex differences, reidi can be differ-
entiated from pseudobarbirostris by having the following additional
characters: pale spots on the legs formed by groups of scales; hind
tarsomere 2 with a distinct basal pale band; and abdominal sterna
II-VI without pale scales.

Anopheles reidi can be separated from all the other members of
the barbirostris species complex by possessing the following primary
characters: (1) spotted legs; (2) a pale basal band on hind tarso-
mere 2; and (3) pale bands crossing all 4 of the hind tarsal joints.
Additional characters on reidi that have secondary value are: (1)
wing with an accessory apical pale fringe spot at vein Re; (2) wing
with an apical pale fringe spot from vein Ry,5 to Mi.2; and (3)
abdominal sterna II-VI without pale scales. The possession of the two
latter characters places reidi in Reid’s (1962) vanus subgroup of the
barbirostris complex, along with ahomi Choudhury (Assam), barbum-

370 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

brosus (Oriental), manalangi Mendoza (Philippines) and vanus
Walker (Philippines, Borneo, Celebes and Moluccas).

Besides reidi, there are two other members of the barbirostris com-
plex known from Sri Lanka. The first, barbirostris (barbirostris sub-
group), possesses none of the primary or secondary characters listed
for reidi. The second, barbumbrosus (vanus subgroup), lacks the
accessory pale fringe spot at Re listed under the secondary characters,
and all of the primary characters listed for reidi. Both barbirostris and
barbumbrosus from Sri Lanka have adult characters that differ from
barbirostris and barbumbrosus specimens from Southeast Asia, but
these differences apparently reflect infraspecific geographical vari-
ation. Adult barbirostris from Sri Lanka typically have dark wings and
numerous pale scales on the abdominal sterna, characters that are us-
ually found on An. campestris Reid, in Malaysia and Thailand. Adults
of barbumbrosus from Sri Lanka have only narrow apical pale bands
on hind tarsomeres 3 and 4, and do not have an accessory pale fringe
spot on the wing at Ry (Fig. 1), while those from Indonesia (topo-
typic), Malaysia and Thailand have basal and apical pale bands on
hind tarsomeres 3 and 4 and have a distinct accessory pale fringe spot
at Re. However, the larvae, pupae and male genitalia of barbirostris
and barbumbrosus from Sri Lanka are essentially identical with South-
east Asian barbirostris and barbumbrosus specimens. Such disjunct
adult and larval character associations and leg and wing variations
have been previously noted by Reid (1963 and 1968) in barbirostris
and other species.

The only other species in the barbirostris complex currently known
from the Indian subregion is ahomi from Assam. This poorly known
species does not have speckled legs, but does have a wide pale wing
fringe spot from Ry,; to My,2 and the abdominal sterna without pale
scales, making it a member of the vanus subgroup. Currently, there
is confusion regarding the presence or absence of an accessory pale
wing fringe spot on ahomi. Wattal, Kalra and Gopal (1962) indicate
ahomi has this pale spot, while Reid indicates it is absent. Reid (1962,
p. 38 and personal communication) based his description of the
ahomi wing on an excellent wing illustration drawn by Wattal who
examined the wing of ahomi at Reid’s request and sent him the
illustration.

Anopheles vanus of Wattal, Kalra and Gopal (1962) reported from
India, does not agree with the definition of vanus assigned by Reid
(1962), after he examined Walker's type specimen. Reid (1968) con-
siders the specimens seen by the above authors as variants of barbiro-
stris sensu stricto.

The adult female of reidi is one of the most easily recognized
members of the barbirostris complex. Hopefully, this will help in the
discovery of other specimens, particularly the male and immatures.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 371

The importance of the immature stages cannot be over stressed for
Reid’s (1962) revision of the barbirostris complex was based primarily
on larval and pupal characters. The barbirostris complex in the
Indian subregion needs re-evaluation in light of Reid’s revision. The
limited Indian material available for study consists almost entirely
of adults without associated immature skins.

Anopheles reidi is named in honor of Dr. John A. Reid in recognition
of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of anopheline
systematics and human malaria and filarial epidemiology. His many
faceted approach to anopheline taxonomy has been a major demon-
stration of the value of the biological species concept in taxonomy and
medical entomology.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Special appreciation is due Mr. E. L. Peyton, Acting Principal Investigator,
Southeast Asia Mosquito Project (SEAMP), and LTC Bruce F. Eldridge, Chief,
and Dr. Ronald A. Ward, Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army
Institute of Research, for critically reviewing the manuscript. Appreciation is
also due Dr. Karl V. Krombein, Project Coordinator-Biosystematic Studies of
the Insects of Ceylon, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, for
his assistance. I am also very grateful to Miss Gloria Gordon, SEAMP Illustrator,
for preparing the illustrations.

REFERENCES

Carter, H. F. 1925. The Anopheline Mosquitoes of Ceylon. Part I. The Dif-
ferential Characters of the Adults and Larvae. Ceylon J. Sci. (D) 1(2):57-97.
1950. Ceylon Mosquitoes: Lists of Species and Names of Mos-

quitoes recorded from Ceylon. Ceylon J. Sci. (B) 24(2):85-115.

Ludlow, C. S. 1902. Two Philippine Mosquitoes. J. New York Entomol. Soc.
10(3):127-131.

Reid, J. A. 1962. The Anopheles barbirostris group (Diptera, Culicidae). Bull.
Entomol. Res. 53(1):1-57.

1963. Notes on Anopheline Mosquitoes from Malaya, with De-
scriptions of Three New Species. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 57(1):97-116.

1968. Anopheline Mosquitoes of Malaya and Borneo. Stud. Inst.
Med. Res. Malaysia 31:520 pp.

Wattal, B. L., N. L. Kalra and R. Raja Gopal. 1962. A Study of Anopheles
barbirostris Van der Wulp in the Collection of the Malaria Institute of India
with First Record of A. barbumbrosus Strickland and Choudhury and A. vanus
Walker in India. Ind. J. Malar. 16(1):63-74.

Be PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

A FURTHER NOTE ON ACOMPHA COSTALIS (WIEDEMANN)
(DIPTERA: RICHARDIIDAE)

Sepsis costalis Wiedemann was made the type of a new genus of Sepsidae,
Sepsisia, by Curran (1934, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 62:347). Later I placed
it in the genus Acompha (Richardiidae) on the basis of examination of
Wiedemann’s type (Steyskal, 1971, Papéis Avulsos de Zool., Sao Paulo. 23:157).
I was not at that time able to locate the specimen seen by Curran.

Through the courtesy of F. Christian Thompson, Curran’s specimen was located
in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, and made available
to me. It is indeed conspecific with Sepsis costalis Wiedemann. The specimen
lacks its head and all legs except one, the left foreleg with only the basitarsus
remaining. It disagrees with Curran’s description only in having the veins at
the apex of the wing distinctly convergent, as in my drawing, and in that the
femur of the foreleg, the tibia of which is closely drawn up against it, bears 2
anteroventral and 1 posteroventral subapical spinules. The mesoscutum bears a
distinct posterior dorsocentral bristle at the end of a row of closely spaced, very
small setae and a double median row of similar small setae mesally.

GrorcE C. STEYSKAL, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research
Service, USDA, c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560.

BREVENNIA REHI (LINDINGER) A POTENTIAL PEST OF RICE IN THE
U. S. (HOMOPTERA: COCCOIDEA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE)

During the preparation of a revision of the mealybug genus Heterococcus Ferris,
it has become apparent that H. tuttlei Miller and McKenzie (1970, Ann. Entomol.
Soc. Amer. 63:438—453 ) should be treated as a junior synonym of H. rehi Lindinger
(1943, Arb. Morph. Taxon. Entomol. 10:145-152) (NEW SYNONYMY). Fur-
thermore, it is evident that rehi should be transferred to Brevennia Goux, the
name becoming Brevennia rehi (Lindinger) (NEW COMBINATION).

It is important that this information be made available as soon as possible
because B. rehi has been known only from Bangladesh, Burma, India, Java, Nepal,
and Pakistan (Williams 1970, Bull. Entomol. Res. 60:109-188) where it is some-
times considered a pest of rice (Banerjee 1956, Proc. Zool. Soc. Calcutta 9:65-84;
Trehan and Pringle 1946, Jour. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 46:139-153). In the USS.,
B. rehi has been reported as H. tuttlei from Yuma, Arizona, and Bard and El
Centro, California (Miller and McKenzie 1970, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 63:
438-453 ). In these areas it is a pest of Bermuda grass, Cynodon dactylon, grown
for seed. An additional infestation has been found at Pompano Beach, Florida on
the same host. If B. rehi were introduced into the rice growing areas of the U.S.,
it might also become a pest of that host.

I wish to thank Dr. D. J. Williams, Commonwealth Institute of Entomology,

London, and Miss L. M. Hanford, British Museum (N.H.) for providing speci-
mens of B. rehi for study.

Douctass R. MILLER, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research
Service, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 373

A NEW CAMPSOMERIELLA FROM NEW IRELAND
(HYMENOPTERA: SCOLIIDAE)

Only 1 female of Campsomeriella manokwariensis (Cameron) was available
from New Ireland when I prepared my monograph of the scoliid wasps of New
Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands (Krombein, K. V. 1963. The
Scoliidae of New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands. Nova
Guinea, Zool. 22:543-651, 46 figs., 1 tab.). I mentioned (p. 603) that this
specimen, collected along the lower Kait River, was unlike females of typical
manokwariensis in that the apical setal fringes of the first 4 abdominal terga were
drak brown rather than white. Two additional females are now at hand from
Kandan, New Ireland. Their tergal fringes are black, suggesting that this dark
coloration is not an individual variation, and that the New Ireland population
merits description as a discrete subspecies. Males of the several subspecies of
manokwariensis can be separated only on the basis of their provenance. Two
males bearing New Ireland labels are considered to be the opposite sex of
m. kraussi.

Campsomeriella (Campsomeriella) manokwariensis kraussi Krombein,
new subspecies

Holotype: @, Kavieng, New Ireland, 0-50 m, October 1968, N. L. H. Krauss
(Bishop Museum). BPBM type no. 9923.

Female: Length 15 mm, forewing 12 mm. Characters as described for typical
manokwariensis except that all of the abdominal vestiture is black and the wings
are more deeply infumated.

Allotype: ¢, Gilingil Plantation, southwest New Ireland, 2 m, 4 July 1956,
J. L. Gressitt (Bishop Museum).

Male: Length 15 mm, forewing 12 mm. Characters as described for typical
manokwariensis.

Paratypes: 1 92, same data as holotype (USNM). 1 @, lower Kait River,
southwest New Ireland, 7 July 1956, E. J. Ford, Jr. (Bishop Museum). 1 4,
Kandan, New Ireland, 24 December 1959, W. W. Brandt (USNM). The former
female is like the holotype; the latter female has the first 4 tergal fringes dark
brown except for the sides which are medium brown.

Karu V. KroMBEIn, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Wash-
ington, D.C. 20560.

BOOK REVIEW

The Classification and Phylogeny of the Psocoptera. 1972. Courtenay N.
Smithers. Memoir 14, Australian Museum, 349 pp., 910 figs. Australian Mu-
seum, College St., Sydney 2000, Australia. Paper bound, Price: $7.00 (Austra-
lian).

This valuable book is the result of a thesis submitted to Rhodes University,
Grahamstown, South Africa. The early chapters supply much concise and useful
introductory material about the biology of psocids, and several classifications
which have been current at different periods in the history of systematic work

374 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

on these insects are compared. The largest section, of over 200 pages, defines
and illustrates in considerable detail the world genera and higher categories in
the arrangement as currently utilized by most Psocoptera specialists. It is a classi-
fication growing out of Pearman’s 1936 outline, mainly as modified by Roesler in
1944 and Badonnel in 1951, and it now comprises 35 families. There follow
sections on fossils, phylogeny and evolution, and zoogeography; near the end, a
new classification is proposed. There are many morphological drawings, and
numerous phylogenetic “trees” show group relations. Because of the availability
of the bibliography and catalogue mentioned below, synonymous generic names
(there are now 215 valid genera) are not listed in the index of the present volume,
and its bibliography mainly includes recent publications.

Dr. Courtenay Smithers, who in 1972 served as the Secretary of the 14th
International Congress of Entomology in Canberra, is now Principal Curator at
the Australian Museum, Sydney, where he has been working since early 1960.
Earlier his home was in Rhodesia, where he studied psocids for about 5 years.
In the past he has published several dozen papers on psocids, the most important
ones being a Bibliography of the Psocoptera (1965) and a Catalogue of the
Psocoptera of the World (1967). Hence, the new volume is the third of his
works to deal with the world fauna and its literature in a comprehensive way,
and it clearly demonstrates his full grasp of this Order of insects.

Prior to 1936, psocid classifications, especially that of Enderlein, till then the
outstanding describer, utilized chiefly superficial external characters, regardless
of their fundamental importance. However, John Pearman of England was the
first to develop a wide range of basic characters, some of them concerned with
biology, and he had a deep influence on the work of his contemporaries. (It was
my long-remembered pleasure to visit him at his country cottage near Tring, in
1965.) It is a pity that his hoped-for “Essay,” planned to follow his preliminary
1936 classification, was apparently far short of completion when he died in late
1970. During recent decades a great many species and genera of Psocoptera
have been described, especially from tropical and subtropical regions, so that the
modified Pearman classification has undergone considerable testing at the same
time the number of known species has grown to nearly 2,000 (1605 species in
1967; 136 species were known to Hagen in 1866).

In Smithers’ new classification the emphasis is on an application of Hennig’s
system of selecting fundamental or plesiomorphous characters rather than derived
or apomorphous ones. It is not always clear how the former are recognized, and
there are no identification keys to the 25 families. Two suborders are recognized,
and the suborder comprising the “lower” genera includes a large number of
families, but the more advanced or “higher” genera in the other suborder are
concentrated in a small number of families, unlike the situation with the pre-
Smithers classification. In the formation of a classification for which permanence
is hoped, the principle of seeking fundamental characters instead of arbitrarily
selecting superficial ones is sound. After 18 years of experience with the world
fauna, including the utilization of fossil genera insofar as possible, Smithers is
well situated to make an appraisal of the principal group characters exhibited by
Psocoptera. He feels that the Hennig method deserves a fair trial, and that here
in a small but diverse order there is an opportunity to make that test. How well
newly discovered genera will fit into the classification in the future will tell some-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 375

thing of its naturalness and value. The eventual publication of a new key to
families will be of great service.

In less than 40 years our knowledge of Psocoptera has advanced a great deal,
due in part to the fact that about a half-dozen dedicated and skilled cooperating
specialists were working at approximately the same time. The new volume by
Smithers is a real landmark in the history of psocopterology.

AsHLEY B. GurRNEy, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research
Service, USDA, c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560.

General and Applied Entomology. 3rd Edition. By V. A. Little. 1972. 527 pp.,
315 figs. Harper & Row, 49 East 33rd St., New York, N. Y. 10016. $13.95.

This book, designed as an introductory textbook of entomology, is by an ex-
perienced teacher who knows that the majority of students using it will take only
one course. Consequently, he has assembled here a broad spectrum of information
intended to represent entomology fairly and give beginning students a worthwhile
background. Dr. Little is a Professor Emeritus at Texas A. & M. University. The
first edition of his book appeared in 1957, the second edition in 1963. The current
edition has a few less pages and illustrations than the first, but some photographs
in edition 1 seem clearer. Space devoted to literature references and a glossary
of terms is somewhat greater in edition 3. Some subjects such as pheromones,
ecology, and behavior now are discussed more fully. A key to the insect orders
is kept, but keys to families are omitted. A chapter on control methods is near
the end of the book, though in edition 1 it was located before the reviews of
insect orders.

The contents and arrangement are well planned and I feel that they are largely
adequate, especially for institutions where the emphasis is on economic aspects.
However, several small orders of insects appear to be discussed more briefly than
they deserve even in a beginning text, and more attention to them and to such
considerations as phylogeny might stimulate a larger number of students. More
comment on non-economic species and more examples of those with intriguing
habits could help to make entomology an appealing or even exciting subject.

Though literature references in this type of book necessarily are selective and
quite limited, there are gaps here which are disappointing. At least one 1970
work is cited, but such basic earlier books as the 1959 second edition of “Ward
& Whipple,” Uvarov’s new 1966 book on grasshoppers and locusts, Arnett’s 1960
and 1968 compilations on Coleoptera, and McKenzie’s 1967 book on mealybugs
are missing. A 1963 work by Tietz on insect families is cited, but it was with-
drawn by the publisher after a few copies were distributed and so it is not gen-
erally available.

In spite of these shortcomings, this is a useful, substantial text, one which
should be familiar to teachers concerned with a choice of which concise, under-
standable, reasonably brief book is best for a beginning course in entomology.

Asuiry B. Gurney, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research
Service, USDA, c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560.

376 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, ‘1973

SOCIETY MEETINGS

804th Regular Meeting—March 1, 1973

The meeting was called to order by President Adler in Room 43 of the U.S.
National Museum of Natural History. Forty-seven members and 15 guests were
present.

Membership Chairman Rainwater presented for membership the names of Joan
R. Callahan of the University of Arizona and Dr. Robert La Vigne of the Uni-
versity of Wyoming.

Banquet Co-chairman Burks annouced that the price of tickets for the annual
banquet would be set at $5.75 each. The Master of Ceremonies would be C. W.
Sabrosky, but the Speaker was not yet selected.

John Kingsolver presented a note about a complex of bruchid beetles infesting
the seed pods of Cassia grandis, a widely distributed Neotropical leguminous tree.
He exhibited some beetles and a large seed pod of Cassia grandis.

Ashley Gurney discussed the late William R. Walton’s interest in the Ento-
mology of English Poetry. Mr. Walton’s Presidential Address on that subject
was published in 1922 (Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington. 24:159-203). There
is an extensive collection of his additional notes and poems in the Manuscript
Division, Library of Congress.

John Osmun, Secretary General of the XVth International Congress of Ento-
mology to be held in Washington, D.C. in 1976, announced that C. W. Sabrosky
was elected President of the Congress by the Entomological Society of America.
President Adler asked Maynard Ramsay to form a committee to study the part
the Entomological Society of Washington could take in the Congress.

President Adler noted the presence at the meeting of Reece Sailer, recently
retired from ARS, and wished him well in his new position with the University
of Florida.

The Speaker of the evening was Dr. Allan Ashworth of North Dakota State
University who gave a well-illustrated talk on fossil beetles as indicators of
Pleistocene environments. A question and answer period followed.

Following the introduction of visitors the meeting was adjourned. Cake and
coffee were served following the meeting.

R. J. Gacn&, Recording Secretary

805th Regular Meeting—April 5, 1973

The 805th Regular Meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington was
called to order at 8 P.M. on April 5, 1973, by President Adler in Room 43 of
the National Museum of Natural History. Thirty-seven members and 12 guests
were present.

Treasurer Spilman announced the receipt of a third gift to the Publication Fund
by member Alan Stone, a true benefactor of the Society.

Annual Banquet Co-chairman Burks announced that the speakers at the banquet
would be Drs. Hobson and Early, who would represent the point of view of the
chemical industry in relation to the current interest in environmental protection.
A 35 mm sound and color film would be shown.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973 377

Kellie O'Neill showed color slides of thripid larvae to which minute, crustacea-
like ectoparasites were attached. They were collected by Ramona Beshear on
flowers in Georgia. B. D. Burks said that the ectoparasites are chalcidoid planidia
probably of the family Eucharitidae, which are ordinarily known as ant parasites.
It is not known whether they normally attack thrips. They are similar to those
reported in Texas by Wilson and Cooley (Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 65;414—418.
1972), in a well illustrated account that summarizes previous records of chalcidoid
planidia attached to thripid larvae.

Don Messersmith exhibited a chunk of the outer shell of a magnetic termite
mound.

President Adler introduced the main speaker of the evening, John V. Osmun,
who gave a fascinating, well-illustrated account of his recent research on termites
during an extended trip to Australia. He also showed an excellent film about
Australian termites produced by the CSIRO. A lively question and answer period
followed his presentation.

After the introduction of visitors, the meeting was adjourned at 10:05. Refresh-
ments were served following the meeting.

R. J. Gacn&, Recording Secretary

A TERM STRICTLY EQUIVALENT TO “TYPE-SPECIES”

The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Art. 67A) contains a
recommendation that “only the term “type-species” or a strictly equivalent term
in another language should be used in referring to the type of a genus. The
term genotype should never be used for this purpose.”

There is good reason for avoidance of the term “genotype” (from Greek
genos + typos), because of confusion with the use of that term in a different
sense in genetics. However, many languages must use a phrase as a strict equiv-
alent of “type-species,” and even in English the use of the term is attended with
difficulties.

I would suggest that a compound based upon the Latin phrase typus generis
or the Latin compound generitypus (not generotypus) is strictly equivalent to
“type-species” and is sufficiently different from “genotype” to obviate any con-
fusion. Generitype in English is thus “strictly equivalent” and synonymous to
“type-species” and may be used in an adjectival form: generitypic or generi-
typical. The term may also be used in the manner of modern scientific termi-
nology in any modern language, as for example in German (Generityp or
Generitypus), Russian (transliterated: generitip), French (généritype), Spanish
(generitipo ), Italian ( generitipo ), etc.

GrEorGE C. STEYSKAL, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research
Service, USDA, c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560.

378 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER, 1973

PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE BY THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS

Cynipid Galls of the Eastern United States, by Lewis H. Weld
Cynipid Galls of the Southwest, by Lewis H. Weld __._____-______
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Unusual Scalp Dermatitis in Humans Caused by the Mite Dermato-
nhagoides, ‘by. Jay R: Travers eS Eee

MEMOIRS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
No. 1. The North American Bees of the Genus Osmia, by Grace
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by. Adam.G Bovine.) 1949) sa ae J. ee eee
No. 3. The Nearctic Leafhoppers, a Generic Classification and Check
List, by Paul Wilson Oman, 1949 oa eee eee
No. 4. A Manual of the Chiggers, by G. W. Wharton and H. S. Fuller.
QB eee ec eS ee ah ee
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Washington, D.C. 20560.

CORRECTION
WHEELER, G. C. and Jeanette WHEELER, the Subfamilies of Form

icidae,

1972, Vol. 74, No. 1, p. 37, under CERAPACHYINAE: Delete the sentence

reading “Promesonotal suture distinct; other thoracic sutures obsolete.”

Pores >
|
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Lot >

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

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CONTENTS

(Continued from front cover)

SMITH, D. R.—Sawflies of the subfamily Heterarthrinae in South America

(Hymenoptera: “Tenthredinidae) == 2 337
STEYSKAL, G. C.—The grammar of names in Slater's catalogue of Lygaei-

dae of the World (Heteroptera) ... * 2 oe ee ee 276
STEYSKAL, G. C.—A further note on Acompha costalis (Wiedemann)

(Diptera: Richardiidac) 2 372
STEYSKAL, G. C.—A term strictly equivalent to “type species” ——_______ at7

THOMPSON, F. C.—De Geer’s exotic Musca species (Diptera: Syrphidae
and: ‘Galliphoridae)) 2-2 eee Eprreeny 354

THOMPSON, P. H.—Tabanidae (Diptera) of Texas. I. Coastal marsh spe-
cies, West Galveston Bay; Incidence, frequency, abundance and seasonal

distribution =. ee ee ee eee 359
TIMBERLAKE, P. H.—A new Synhalonia from New Mexico (Anthophori-
Cleve) a hg a ee 317

TODD, E. L.—Taxonomic and distributional notes on some species of Ny-
stalea Guenée, with special emphasis on the species of the continental

United States (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) — eas
TOWNES, H.—Three tryphonine ichneumonids from Cretaceous amber

(Hiymenoptera:): ne ee 282
WHITE, R. E.—Anobiidae described by M. Hatch, with new synonyms

(‘Goleoptera)! 2. -o ee 357
BOOKGREVIEW Sa = ee oe se oA es Oe ee 373
SOGIETY MEETINGS 2.2.2. ee 376
PUBLICATIONS: HORUSALE 22s Sl ee od 378

ERRATA

oe OS

Vol. 75 DECEMBER 1973 No. 4

PROCEEDINGS

of the

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
of WASHINGTON

DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20560

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY

CONTENTS

BECKER, E. C.—A European species of Melanotus now established at
Baltimore, Maryland (Coleoptera: Elateridae) —-.-.-_____. 454

BISSELL, T. L.—Aphid births (Homoptera: Aphididae) Fae eae eee 416
BLAKE, D. H.—Two new species of the genus Metachroma Chevrolat

; Mepleanterie: Chrysoniendac)) 22 408
FERGUSON, D. C.—The species of the genus Tacparia Walker ‘asia!
terace "Geometndae)) <2 cs a eee /: (5 y/

GORDON, R. D.—Studies on the genus Aphodius of the United States and
Canada (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). I. Two new species from Oregon
SHIA OSes Pa ee ene sen acneleles ome 2 ee 435

HENRY, T. J. and A. G. WHEELER, Jr.—Plagiognathus vitellinus
(Scholtz), a conifer-feeding mirid new to North America (Hemiptera:
Pease ee SN eS emi 480

KRAMER, J. P.—Revision of the American planthoppers of the genus Sto-
baera (Homoptera: Delphacidae) with new distributional data and
BREE TCCORES, io te Pe i ee 379

KROMBEIN, K. V.—Systematic and distributional notes on Melanesian
Cerceris (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) --—----------—--—-——-—------—- 464

LAROCHELLE, A.—Notes on the mating habits of some Carabidae (Cole-
“inp oat ee AO ee re Ee Nee 429,

LAROCHELLE, A.—Ground-Beetles arabs under an electric light (Cole-
gptera: Carabidae) —— —_______ > BE ee an ae

(Continued on back cover)

ENT OMOLOGICAL SOCIETY —

OF WASHINGTON |
ORGANIZED Marcu 12, 1884 i

OFFICERS FOR 1973

Victor E. Apter, President Douctass R. MILLER, Custodian
BARNARD Burks, President-Elect F. EucENE Woop, Program Chairman
RAYMOND J. Gacné, Recording Secretary H. Ivan Rainwater, Membership Chairman
Terry L. Erwin, Corresponding Secretary HELEN SOLLERS-RIEDEL, Hospitality Chairwoman
THEODORE J. SPILMAN, Treasurer Witu1AM E. Bicxiey, Delegate, Wash. Acad. Sci.

Publications Committee

Lioyp Knutson, Editor
Joun A. Davipson PauL M. MArsH
Louis G. Davis GeEorGE C, STEYSKAL

All correspondence concerning Society business should be mailed
to the appropriate officer at the following address:

Entomological Society of Washington
c/o Department of Entomology
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Washington, D. C. 20560

Honorary President
C. F. W. MUESEBECK

Honorary Members
FREDERICK W. Poos ERNEst N. Cory Avery S. Hoyt

MEETINGS.—Regular meetings of the Society are held in Room 43, Natural History Building, Smithsonian
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Title of Publication: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington.
Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (March, June, September, December).

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Editor: Dr. Lloyd Knutson, same address as above.
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This issue was mailed February 12, 1974
Second Class Postage Paid at Washington, D.C. and additional mailing office.

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Vol. 75 DECEMBER 1973 No. 4

REVISION OF THE AMERICAN PLANTHOPPERS OF THE GENUS
STOBAERA (HOMOPTERA: DELPHACIDAE) WITH NEW
DISTRIBUTIONAL DATA AND HOST PLANT RECORDS

James P. KrRaMErR

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA?

ABSTRACT—This paper presents the first inclusive key to the 11 known species
of Stobaera Stal. Two new species are described, S. ealdwelli from the Southwest
and S. muiri from coastal California. Stobaera minuta Osborn is synonymized
with S. concinna (Stal), and S. nigripennis Crawford is synonymized with S.
tricarinata (Say). Stobaera testacea (Fowler) is transferred to Neoperkinsiella
Muir. All critical diagnostic structural features are illustrated. Many new distri-
butional and host plant records are included. The economic significance of the
included species rests on the fact that most feed on Ambrosia spp., ragweeds.

Species of the genus Stobaera Stal are common in North America,
and almost any general collection of delphacids contains a scattering
of specimens. Until now, their biological role was obscure at best. We
now know, largely through the careful fieldwork of R. D. Goeden and
D. W. Ricker at the University of California, Riverside, that Stobaera
spp. are feeders on Ambrosia spp., ragweeds. What role these plant-
hoppers may play in biological control is not yet known, but some may
well transmit plant viruses useful in controlling ragweeds. Some of the
Ambrosia spp. recorded here are usually found in Franseria in stan-
dard botanical references, but I am following the names provided by
Drs. Goeden and Ricker. The purpose of this study, then, is to pro-
vide a tool for the separation of species and to expand the distribu-
tional knowledge and host/food plant relationships of the species.

A survey of the existing taxonomic literature reveals no work treat-
ing all the described species of Stobaera. Thomas Say described the
first species in 1825 and Edward P. Van Duzee, the last in 1917. Eight
different taxonomists contributed species descriptions to the genus
through the years, but there is no evidence in the literature that any
of them ever studied types of earlier or contemporary workers.

1 Mail address: c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560

380 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

Crawford (1914a: 571-576) attempted the only revision of Sto-
baera and keyed 4 species of which one, quadripustulata Van Duzee,
was later correctly transferred to Pissonotus Van Duzee (see Morgan
and Beamer 1949, Journ. Kansas Ent. Soc. 22(3): 121-122). Except
for pallida Osborn, the most easily recognized species in the genus,
Crawford lumped all the names under tricarinata (Say). This action
cleared a jumble of names from the existing literature, but Crawford
unfortunately lumped together taxa that have since proved to be dis-
tinct species. He recognized the variation in size and color pattern
in his version of tricarinata (Say) but then proceeded to describe a
new species, nigripennis Crawford, on the basis of color and wing
length. Van Duzee (1914b: 164) mildly objected to Crawford’s list
of syns. under tricarinata (Say) but presented no real evidence to re-
fute this treatment. Two other keys to species exist: Van Duzee
(1923b: 51) and Metcalf (1923a: 166). Van Duzee’s key separates
only tricarinata (Say) and pallida Osborn; this is no real task. Met-
calf's key is probably the best of the lot but in it concinna (Stal) is
erroneously identified, color of the frons is too heavily weighted, and
references to figures do not always agree with the verbal statement.
His figures of the male genitalia (fig. 622, pallida Osborn; 624, tri-
carinata (Say); and 625, minuta Osbom) are not detailed enough
and appear to have been made from dry specimens. Even so, they are
more useful than his fig. 623, concinna (Stal), which is obviously the
female genitalia and not the male genitalia as labeled. Metcalf’s key
covered only the species of eastern North America.

Stobaera Stal

Stobaera Stal 1859a: 327. Type-species, Delphax concinna Stal.
Goniolcium Fowler 1905a: 132. Type-species, Goniolcium granulosum Fowler.

The genus can be recognized, at least in the North American fauna, by the
following combination of characters. In dorsal view, vertex but slightly pro-
duced in front of eyes with frontal carina distinct, lateral carinae of pronotum
bowed and usually fading before reaching hind margin, veins of forewings stud-
ded with dark pustules or granules often bearing setae. In facial view, frons
strongly tricarinate for entire length, central carina not forked before reaching
vertex, scape and pedicel large, scape flattened, subtriangular, its distal edge
oblique, pedicel terete and papillate, eyes deeply indented ventrally. Ground
color of head, thorax, and legs varies from stramineous to light brown, marked,
mottled, shaded, or washed with contrasting hues of tan to fuscus or black; legs
usually ringed with fuscus, face usually appearing bicolored or tricolored with
shades of tan to black, forewing hyaline and typically with dark, more or less
crescent shaped marking from costal margin on distal crossveins to apex of clavus
and curving around distal margin of apical cells. Male genitalia with variably
setose style having more or less porrect basal ventral process, diaphragm poorly
developed, aedeagus extruded through a ringlike structure suspended from anal

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 381

segment, aedeagus at least partly asymmetrical with much intraspecific variation
in dentation. Distribution: Southern Canada, United States, Mexico, Central
America, and West Indies. Host /food plants usually Ambrosia spp., ragweeds.

-

al » |

Ge

10.

Key to species of Stobaera

Lateral carinae of frons distinctly bowed; frons tan, marked with creamy

flecks. Atlantic Coast, Fla., Mexico fee fs OMe pallida Osborn
Lateral carinae of frons straight or nearly so; frons not marked as above —. 2
Pro- and mesonotum strongly bicolored, central area yellow to orange and
lateral areas fuscus to black. Southwestern U. S. _.. caldwelli Kramer, n. sp.
Pro- and mesonotum not strongly bicolored, general color eos brown
to fuscus with variable shading — Rune eee ert:

Style with lateral margin near apex smoothly vousded eee 21). ear Calif.
pares Aah e er NE Re 2 dns. fo EO ee ee bilobata Van Duzee

Style with lateral margin near apex angular or angularly produced _.....__ 4
Style with keel near base (fig. 33) Seen ee Narr aie eee
Styler without keel aiear base = 2- > ae ee ee ee ee ee 6

Antennae, eyes, and interocular portion of frons predominately fuscus to
black. Found on silver beachweed, Ambrosia chamissonis, in California
pines LE By 6 1 eg BS es Be ee muiri Kramer, n. sp.
Antennae, eyes, and interocular portion of frons predominately tan to me-
dium brown. Found on Ambrosia confertiflora and widespread —
PRP 15 as So 4 od yc ie oe ee ee concinna (Stal)
Style with outer apical angulation much shorter than inner apical angula-

(eC) DOG ice oho) ® ne eee aes BESTE oN gS ALS eee ee. 7
Style with outer apical angulation equal to or longer than inner apical
angulation (fig. 64, 73), Mexico, Cent. Am, _.....-___ : eee 6!)
Style broadest across middle with inner basal Pr eeeinin minute (ie 43).
alee vom a AE ee eee giffardi Van Duzee
Style broadest across apex with inner basal projection long — 8

Inner basal projection of style slender, acute apically, and appearing to
arise near base (fig. 52); aedeagus broad, stout, and acute or subacute
at apex (fie. 50). Widespread, pede tricarinata (Say)
Inner basal projection of style not so slender, blunt or subacute apically,
and appearing to arise above base (fig. 48); aedeagus elongate and
broadly capitate at apex (fig. 45). Florida. affinis Van Duzee
Process of anal segment in posterior view broad at tip, bearing 1 or more
acute projections on each side of central prolongation (fig. 67, 69)
prwueiven Carne 2 ees Ort a, i et a ee granulosa (Fowler)
Process of anal segment in posterior view narrow at tip, lacking acute
projections or with only exceedingly minute ones on each side of acute
Pentralsprolongation..2 2 Ee era ern |
Process of anal segment in nisstenton view aiender and without distinct
preapical constriction (fig. 74-76), in lateral view not sharply bent ven-
Cea CLIO PATO)? 3 co 2 ors es oe ee ee Oe ee azteca Muir
Process of anal segment in posterior view broad with distinct preapical
constriction (fig. 79, 80), in lateral view sharply bent ventrally (fig. 79,
SN ih Babee A ere Bees Sn eg le Ge ee Ee le Reel Mt

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

382

)

Fig. 1-6, Stobaera pallida. 1, male genital capsule in lateral view; 2, styles
in posterior view; 3, aedeagus in lateral view; 4, distal portion of aedeagal shaft
in lateral view (Piney Point, Md.); 5, aedeagal apex in lateral view (La Belle,
Fla.); 6, aedeagal apex in dorsal view.

Stobaera pallida Osborn
fig. 1-6

Stobaera pallida Osborn 1905b: 375.

Salient features: Males, 3.2-4.0 mm; females, 3.5-4.8 mm. The frons
with its bowed lateral carinae and tan ground color marked with
creamy flecks makes pallida the most easily recognized species in the
genus. The flecks may be transverse or round. Unlike other species
in the genus, except bilobata, the interocular portion of the frons is
not conspicuously darker than the rest of the frons, and the legs are
not ringed with brown. The dark markings of the forewings are usu-
ally absent in females but distinct in males. No specimens with con-
spicuously shortened forewings were seen.

Male genitalia: Style in posterior view (fig. 2) with slender mesally directed
process near midpoint of inner margin, apex narrowed and curved inward to pro-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 383

duce a large hook, inner basal process moderately long. Aedeagus in lateral view
(fig. 3) comparatively slender and in form of inverted “U” with ventral margin
dentate. Gonopore (fig. 6) large and irregular at the dorsal apex. Process of
anal ring in lateral view (fig. 1) appears as a moderately stout hook.

Type: No lectotype selected. Three males and 3 females (O.S.U.),
Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y., Aug. 18, 1904 with red paratype labels
were studied. These were not mentioned in the original description.

Specimens studied: UNITED STATES: FLORIDA, Cape Sable, Dade Co.,
Daytona, Ft. Myers, Gainesville, Homestead, Key West, La Belle, Sanford, Tampa,
Venice; MARYLAND, Chesapeake Beach, Piney Point; NEW YORK, Bayville,
Cold Spring Harbor, Nassau, Oyster Bay, Riverhead; VIRGINIA, Cape Henry,
Chincoteaque Island, Deep Creek. MEXICO: DISTRITO FEDERAL; MEXICO,
Toluca; PUEBLA, Huauchinango. Total specimens studied, over 200.

Host data: The host plant of Stobaera pallida is Baccharis hali-
mifolia, groundsel-bush. Many of the specimens studied were col-
lected from this plant in New York, Maryland, and Florida. Although
most specimens were collected without host data, we can safely as-
sume that they were associated with groundsel-bush because the dis-
tribution of the insect and plant coincide in large part. Baccharis
halimifolia is known from Massachusetts south to Florida and west
to Texas and south to Mexico in shore hammocks, sea beaches, salt
marshes, and low ground inland.

Notes: Stobaera pallida stands well apart from its congeners on
the basis of the characters noted above and in the key. The shape of
the aedeagus in lateral view (fig. 3) resembles that of the Pacific
coastal bilobata (fig. 18); but in other characters, the 2 species differ
markedly. The Mexican records are new to the literature, and addi-
tional new state records for both the United States and Mexico will
undoubtedly be added with further collecting.

Stobaera caldwelli Kramer, new species
fig. 7-17

Salient features: Males, 3.0-3.5 mm; females, 3.2-3.9 mm. The
characteristic which distinguishes caldwelli at once from all its con-
geners is the coloration of the pro- and mesonotum. The areas mesad
of the outer carinae are unmarked yellow to deep orange, and the
areas laterad of the carinae are darkly fuscus to black. The dark
markings of the forewings, typical of the genus, are distinct in both
sexes. The frons is darkened between the eyes, the central portion
stramineous, at times washed vaguely with pink, and basally un-
marked or with a small touch of fuscus on each side of central carina.
The clypeus varies from lightly fuscus to almost black. The legs are
banded with fuscus. No specimens with conspicuously shortened
forewings were seen.

384 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

[ r

1]

Fig. 7-17, Stobaera caldwelli. 7, aedeagus in lateral view (Twin Pines, Calif.);
8, male genital capsule in lateral view (Ariz.); 9, same (Nev.); 10, aedeagus in
lateral view (Borrego Springs, Calif.); 11, aedeagal apex in lateral view (Nev. );
12, same (Nev.); 13, same (Ariz.); 14, styles in posterior view; 15, aedeagal
apex in dorsal view (Ariz.); 16, same (Calif.); 17, aedeagal apex in dorso-anterior
view (Nev.).

Lig mb

Male genitalia: Style in posterior view (fig. 14) with apex subtruncate, outer
apical angulation minute, inner apical angulation moderately long and distinct,
with narrow keel on lateral margin near base, inner basal process short. Aedeagus
in lateral view (fig. 7, 10) moderately stout and somewhat decurved with apex
quadrately produced. Shape of aedeagal apex in lateral view (fig. 11-13) vari-
able. Dorsal and ventral margins of aedeagus in lateral view smooth or sparsely
dentate. Gonopore (fig. 15-17) of moderate size at dorsal apex. Process of anal
ring in lateral view (fig. 8-9) appears as a short hook.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 385

Type: Male (USNM type no. 72355) Palm Desert, California,
Riverside County, 14 May 1970, R. D. Goeden and D. W. Ricker,
field collected on Ambrosia dumosa, burrow-weed or bur-sage.

Specimens studied: UNITED STATES: ARIZONA, Ashfork, Atascosa Mt..
Baboquivari Mts., Bisbee, Chiricahua Mts., Congress Junction, Dome, Ft. Hua-
chuca, Galiuro Mt., Gila Bend, Glendale, Granite Dell, Huachuca Mts.. Hualpai
Mt., Kaibab, Kirkland Junction, Littlefield, Mustang Mt., Nogales, Patagonia.
Phoenix, Prescott, Sabino Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Sedona, Tinajas Atlas, Tomb-
stone, Tumacacori Mt., Tuscon, Wickenburg, Yuma; CALIFORNIA, Borrego
Springs, Boulevard, Cabazon, Cedar Canyon, Desert Center, Fillmore, Indio,
Jacumba, Joshua Tree Nat. Mon., Kelso, Lake View Terrace, Lytle Creek, Mohave,
Morongo Valley, Needles, Niland, Oak Grove, Ocotillo, Palm Desert, Palm
Springs, Riverside, San Diego, Twentynine Palms, Twin Pines, Victorville, Yucca
Valley; NEVADA, Glendale, Mercury, Mesquite, Overton, Las Vegas, Riverside;
NEW MEXICO, Carlsbad Cavern, Las Cruces, Mesilla Park; TEXAS, Alpine, Ft.
Davis, Davis Mts.; UTAH, Modena, St. George. MEXICO: BAJA CALIFOR-
NIA NORTE, Tijuana; SONORA, Hermosillo. Total specimens studied, 589.

Host Data: Most specimens were collected without plant associ-
ations. The following list includes the plants and numbers of specimens
of caldwelli collected from them: Ambrosia dumosa, burrow-weed
or bur-sage, 49 (163 6, 3322); Hymenoclea salsola, a burrowbrush,
11 (888, 322); Ambrosia confertiflora 9 (76 ¢, 222); Ambrosia
eriocentra 8 (16, 722); Ambrosia acanthicarpa, sandbur, 2 (24 4 );
Ambrosia psilostachya, western ragweed, 1 (12). If we can assume
that the greatest number of specimens were collected on the primary
host, then the distribution of the insect and host plant coincide quite
well. Ambrosia dumosa is known from southern California, Arizona,
Utah, Lower California, and Sonora. Stobaera caldwelli is known
from So. California, Arizona, New Mexico, W. Texas, Sonora, Nevada,
and Utah. Stobaera caldwelli may be catholic in its host/food plant
choices with other factors of the environment limiting its distribution.

Notes: Color pattern, as noted in the key, separates this most com-
mon Southwestem species at once from its congeners. The styles are
close to those of concinna and muiri. In caldwelli the stylar keel is
narrow (fig. 14), but in those 2 species it is wider (fig. 25, 33). How-
ever, the aedeagus in lateral view (fig. 7, 10) is not greatly different
from that of muiri (fig. 22) and some of the varients of concinna
(fig. 32). This species in named for Dr. John S. Caldwell whose
general studies of the fulgoroids and all the auchenorhynchous Ho-
moptera of Puerto Rico comprise major contributions to the taxonomy
of this order of insects.

386 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

Stobaera bilobata Van Duzee
fig. 18-21

Stobaera bilobata Van Duzee 1914a: 44.

Salient features: Males, 2.0-3.3 mm; females, 2.5-3.8 mm. Normal
longwinged and shortwinged forms occur in both sexes. The shorter
winged form appears more common in the series at hand. In males,
the forewings are largely dark except for irregular hyaline areas in
the outer apical cells and central portions of the costal and preapical
cells. In females, the forewings vary from nearly unmarked except
for a dark spot distally on costal cell to marked like males. The inter-
ocular portion of the frons is not conspicuously darker than the rest
of the frons, and the legs are not ringed with brown. The head tends
to be more acute apically and generally narrower than in its congeners.

Male genitalia: Style in posterior view (fig. 21) stout and somewhat sigmoid
in outline, apex smoothly turned inward to acute tip, inner basal process obscure.
Aedeagus in lateral view (fig. 18) comparatively slender and in form of inverted
“U” with dentation on dorsal and lateral margins. Gonopore (fig. 19) at apex
of aedeagal dorsum. Process of anal segment in lateral view (fig. 20) acute
apically with ventral tooth.

Type: Lectotype male (labeled but unpublished by Van Duzee)
with labels “San Diego Co., California, 6-6-14, E. P. Van Duzee” and
“LECTOTYPE bilobata” (red label); and “E. P. Van Duzee Collec-
tion” (yellow label). Repository of lectotype: California Academy
of Sciences.

Specimens studied: UNITED STATES: CALIFORNIA, Del Mar, La Jolla,
Niles Canyon, San Diego Co. Total specimens studied, 68, including lectotype
and 12 specimens labeled paratypes.

Host data: Several of the specimens seen were taken on Hazardia
squarrosus now Haplopappus squarrosus.

Notes: Stobaera bilobata is best distinguished by the shape of the
styles. It is known only from San Diego County in southernmost Cali-
fornia.

Stobaera muiri Kramer, new species
fig. 22-26

Salient features: Males, 2.0-3.0 mm; females, 2.7-3.8 mm. Normal
longwinged and shortwinged forms occur in both sexes. All but 1
male and 4 females of the series before me are of the shorter winged
form. The forewings are similarly marked in both sexes. The color of
the forewing varies from darkened apically in the form of a crescent
along the inner margin and an irregular mark on outer apical cells
with additional dark areas at center of corium and on clavus to un-
marked except for a dark spot distally on costal cell and irregular in-
fuscations on inner apical cells. In facial view the antennae, eyes, and

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 387

I

23

26

19

Fig. 18-21, Stobaera bilobata. 18, aedeagus in lateral view; 19, aedeagus in
dorso-anterior view; 20, male genital capsule in lateral view; 21, styles in poste-
rior view. Fig. 22-26, Stobaera muiri. 22, aedeagus in lateral view ( Oceanside,
Calif.); 23, apical portion of aedeagus in lateral view; 24, male genital capsule
in lateral view; 25, styles in posterior view; 26, basal portion of styles in posterior
view, variation.

388 PROG. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

interocular portion of the frons appear nearly a unicolorous fuscus
to black. However, there are pale spots in the interocular portion of
the frons, and the bases of the antennal segments are sometimes paler.
The rest of the frons is either unmarked or has fuscus areas on each
side of central carina at the base. The clypeus is variably infuscated,
and the legs are ringed with brown or fuscus.

Male genitalia: Style in posterior view (fig. 25) with apex subtruncate, outer
apical angulation minute, inner apical angulation moderately long, with broad
keel on lateral margin near base, and inner basal process fairly short. Aedeagus
in lateral view (fig. 22-23) moderately stout and somewhat decurved with apex
quadrately produced, dorsal margin variably dentate. Process of anal segment
in lateral view (fig. 24) appears as a short hook.

Type: Male (USNM type no. 72356) Sunset Beach, California,
Orange County, 2 Feb. 1970, R. D. Goeden & D. W. Ricker, insectary
reared on Ambrosia chamissonis, silver beachweed.

Specimens studied: UNITED STATES: CALIFORNIA, Goleta, Imperial
Beach, Long Beach, Malibu River, Newport Beach, Oceanside, San Clemente,
San Diego, Santa Barbara, Sunset Beach, Ventura. Total specimens studied, 98.

Host data: Except for 4 specimens taken without data, all examples
of muiri were collected on or reared from Ambrosia chamissonis, sil-
ver beachweed. Because the distribution of silver beachweed _ in-
cludes all of coastal California and scattered points northward to
British Columbia, muiri more than likely has a greater distribution
than here recorded. Silver beachweed occurs on coastal dunes and
sandy beaches from sea level to 50 ft.

Notes: Stobaera muiri is structurally close to both caldwelli and con-
cinna but differs from these species in color pattern, as noted in the
key, and host/food plants. It is a littoral species of the U.S. Pacific
coast. The species is named for Frederick A. G. Muir whose collected
works form the major contribution to our knowledge of the Delpha-

cidae.

Stobaera concinna (Stal)
fig. 27-40

Delphax concinna Stal 1854b: 246.
Stobaera concinna (Stal), Stal 1859a: 327.
Stobaera minuta Osborn 1905b: 376. N. Syn.

Salient features: Males, 2.5-4.0 mm; females, 3.2-4.5 mm. Normal
longwinged and shortwinged forms occur in both sexes, and the longer
winged form is more common. The forewing is marked like that of
muiri except the brown or fuscus crescent is usually more strongly
developed across the distal crossvein to the costal margin. In facial
view the antennae, eyes, and interocular portion of the frons appear

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 389

39

Fig. 27-40, Stobaera concinna. 27, aedeagus in lateral view (Sanford, Fla. );
28, aedeagal apex in lateral view (Superior, Ariz.); 29, same (Sanford, Fla.);
30, same (Brownsville, Tex. ); 31, same (Haiti); 32, aedeagus in lateral view (Ar-
cadia, Calif. ); 33, styles in posterior view; 34, male genital capsule in lateral view;
35, aedeagal apex in dorsal view (Superior, Ariz.); 36, same (Ariz.); 37, same
a Fla.); 38, same (Miami, Fla.): 39, same (Fla.); 40, same (Sanford,

avy.

390 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

tan to medium brown. However, there are pale spots in the inter-
ocular portion of the frons, and the edges of the antennal segments
are variably paler. The rest of the frons is either unmarked or has
variable embrowning on each side of the central carina at the base.
The clypeus is unmarked or variably infuscated, and the legs are
ringed with brown or fuscus.

Male genitalia: Style in posterior view (fig. 33) similar to that of muiri with
a broad keel on lateral margin near base. Aedeagus in lateral view (fig. 27-32)
moderately stout, somewhat decurved, broadest in distal half, venter at apex with
a variably developed tooth, dorsal and ventral margins largely smooth. Distal
portion of aedeagus in dorsal view (fig. 35-40) highly variable in number and
development of lateral teeth, gonopore large. Process of anal segment in lateral
view (fig. 34) appears as a short hook.

Type: Lectotype male with labels: “Mexico” (handwritten) and
“concinna” (handwritten) and “255 72” (red label) and “Riksmuseum
Stockholm” (green label). Repository of lectotype: Riksmuseum,
Stockholm. A lectotype male is also selected here for Stobaera minuta
Osborn with labels: “Cameron, La., Aug. 14-28, 1903” and “Herbert
Osborn Collection” and “PARATYPE” (red label). Repository of
lectotype: Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Colum-
bus, Ohio.

The lectotype of concinna is in nearly perfect condition but the
left antenna is missing and the form is somewhat distorted by the
pin through the mesonotum. It is the longer winged form (3.75 mm);
the base of the frons is lightly embrowned; the clypeus is tan and
lightly embrowned distally and vaguely laterally. The lectotype of
minuta is in perfect condition and represents the shorter winged form
(2.5 mm) of concinna and differs only in its smaller size and in the
pale unmarked basal portion of the frons.

Specimens studied: UNITED STATES: ARIZONA, Ajo Mts., Atascosa Mt.,
Baboquivari Mts., Benson, Catal Spring, Chiricahua Mts. Congress Junction,
Ft. Huachuca, Globe, Granite Dell, Huachuca Mts., Nogales, Patagonia, Phoenix,
Sabino Canyon, Sta. Catarina Mts., Tankeut, Tempe, Tinajas Altas, Tucson;
CALIFORNIA, Arcadia, Chula Vista, Hollywood, Indio, Los Angeles, Oakgrove,
Oxnard, Palomar Mt., Refugio Canyon; COLORADO, Ft. Collins; FLORIDA,
Belle Glade, Cedar Keys, Coco, Elfers, Ft. Myers, Gainesville, Islamoranda, La
Belle, Miami, New Port Ritchy, Orlando, Ormond Beach, Palm Beach, Sanford,
Tampa; LOUISIANA, Cameron; TEXAS, Brownsville, Catarina, Comstock,
Cotulla, Edna, Ft. Davis, Laredo, Sanderson, Tyler, Uvalde Co., Webb Co.;
UTAH, Leeds. MEXICO: OAXACA, Santa Engracia; SONORA, Guaymas;
VERACRUZ, Fortin. WEST INDIES: CUBA, Ermita, Havana, Jobabo; DO-
MINICAN REPUBLIC, La Romana; HAITI, Port-au-Prince. Total specimens
studied, 441.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 391

Host data: Only 47 of the specimens studied have data which
show plant associations. The following are Californian records of
the host/food plant with the number of specimens of concinna col-
lected from them: Ambrosia confertiflora 28 (944, 1922) field
collected; and Ambrosia psilostachya, Western ragweed, 11(5¢ 4.
622) insectary reared. Eight specimens from Florida are labeled
“Amb” [rosia] or “rag w” [eed]. Judging from the data at hand, it
appears that Ambrosia confertiflora is the host plant of S$. concinna
with A. psilostachya an alternate host or food plant. Ambrosia con-
fertiflora occurs mainly in dry plains and wastelands from So. Cali-
fornia eastward to Kansas, Texas, Tennessee, and probably Florida.
It is known from Puerto Rico and as far south as the Mexican state
of Guerrero. The records for S. concinna (So. California, Utah, Ari-
zona, Colorado, Texas, Louisiana, Florida, and Vera Cruz) coincide
reasonably well with the distribution of A. confertiflora.

Notes: Stobaera concinna is structurally close to both caldwelli and
muiri but can be separated from those species by the characters noted
in the key and by host plants. Information gleaned from the litera-
ture and from determined specimens in collections shows that no one
since the original description has correctly determined the species.

Stobaera giffardi Van Duzee
fig. 41-44

Stobaera giffardi Van Duzee 1917a: 313.

Salient features: Males, 2.4-2.8 mm; females 3.0-3.5 mm. No truly
longwinged form occurs in the series before me. The forewing is
lightly marked and bears a fuscus patch distally on the costal cell
and on the first apical cell from the inner margin. Some specimens
have irregular infuscations at the middle of the forewing. In still
others, the entire proximal half of the forewing is largely dark. The
interocular portion of the frons is often darker than the rest of the
frons and bears pale spots. There is at times a distinct pale band
across the frons just below the eyes with the lower portion of the frons
lightly or heavily mottled with tan to fuscus. In other specimens, the
band is absent and all of the frons below the eyes is mottled. The
clypeus is either essentially unmarked or clearly infuscated, and the
legs are ringed with brown or fuscus.

Q

Male genitalia: Style in posterior view (fig. 43) similar to that of tricarinata
but convexly expanded at middle on both margins with inner basal process ex-
ceedingly short. Aedeagus in lateral view (fig. 41) not clearly distinguishable
from that of tricarinata. Gonopore (fig. 44) elongate and apical at aedeagal
dorsum. Process of anal segment in lateral view (fig. 42) appears as a short

hook.

392 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 393

Type: Male (No. 379) Niles Canyon, California, Alameda Co..
11 May 1916, Wm. Gifford, on wormwood. Respository of type: Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences.

Specimens studied: UNITED STATES: CALIFORNIA, Alameda Co. (Leona
Hts); San Mateo Co. (Portola Valley); Santa Clara Co. (Los Altos, Saratoga):

Santa Cruz Co.; Tuolumne Co. (Yosemite); OREGON, Jackson Co. (near Siskiyou
Pass). Total specimens studied, 162.

Host data: The original type series was collected on wormwood
or sagebrush, Artemisia sp., and there are no additional data to add
at this time.

Notes: Stobaera giffardi is structurally closest to tricarinata but
differs in characters of the style as noted in the key. Additional field
work is needed to establish its host/food plants and distribution.
These are presently known as Artemisia sp. and central California
to southern Oregon.

Stobaera tricarinata (Say)

fig. 50-62

Delphax tricarinata Say 1825a: 337.
Delphax bifasciata Provancher 1890b: 337.
Stobaera nigripennis Crawford 1914a: 576. N. Syn.

Salient features: Males, 2.8-4.6 mm; females 2.9-4.8 mm. Normal
longwinged and shortwinged forms occur in both sexes. The longer
wing form outnumbers the shorter wing form about 10:1. The fore-
wing varies from nearly immaculate to strongly marked with fuscus
like concinna or rarely nearly entirely fuscus. The interocular portion
of the frons is tan to fuscus with pale spots; the central portion of the
frons is pale and unmarked; the basal portion of the frons on each
side of the central carina is almost always darkened with fuscus or
black. The clypeus is either unmarked or lightly marked with fuscus.
The legs are ringed with fuscus to black.

Male genitalia: Style in posterior view (fig. 51, 52) similar to that of giffardi
but only slightly convex on inner and outer margins at middle and with inner
basal process long. Aedeagus in lateral view (fig. 50, 55, 58) approximately
hemicircular in outline with variable number of teeth on or near dorsal and ven-
tral margins. Gonopore (fig. 59-62) elongate and apical at aedeagal dorsum.
Process of anal segment in lateral view (fig. 54) somewhat variable in length
but usually appearing as a slender hook.

<

Fig. 41-44, Stobaera giffardi. 41, aedeagus in lateral view; 42, male genital
capsule in lateral view; 43, styles in posterior view; 44, aedeagal apex in dorsal
view. Figs. 45-49, Stobaera affinis. 45, aedeagus in lateral view; 46, aedeagal
apex in dorsal view; 47, right style in broad view; 48, styles in posterior view; 49,
male genitalia capsule in lateral view.

394 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

Type: The type locality of tricarinata is Missouri, but Say’s speci-
men is lost. No neotype is selected because there is no problem in
recognizing this species. The type of nigripennis (USNM type no.
15975) from the Argus Mts. of California was found to be a short
and fuscus winged form of tricarinata.

Specimens studied: UNITED STATES: ALABAMA, Selma; ARIZONA, Flag-
staff, Grand Canyon, Granite Dell, Oak Creek Canyon, Phoenix, Prescott, Sedona,
White Mts., Yarnell Mts.; CALIFORNIA, Alpine, Argus Mts., Beaumont, Car-
pinteria, Chatsworth, Chino, El Toro, Encinitas, Fillmore, Goleta, Jamul, La
Mesa, Los Angeles, Mill Creek Park, Oakgrove, Ontario, Palm Canyon, Palm
Springs, Pasadena, Pela, Pine Valley, Piru, Poway Rainbow, San Bernadino,
San Juan Capistrano, Santa Barbara, South San Gabriel, Valley Center, Ventura,
Wildomar, Yorba Linda, Yosemite; COLORADO, Ft. Collins, Grand Junction,
Gunnison, Palisade, Palmer Lake, Snyder, Sterling; FLORIDA, Florida Caverns
St. Park (Jackson Co.); GEORGIA, Athens, DeWitt, Thomasville; IDAHO,
Crater of the Moon Nat. Mon.; ILLINOIS, Algonquin, Elgin, Havanna, Muncie,
Nord, Rocky Branch; INDIANA, Indianapolis, Lafayette, Martinsville; IOWA,
Ames; KANSAS, Baldwin, Garnett, Onaga, Popenoe, Topeka, Wellington;
LOUISIANA, Opelousas, Shreveport, Tallulah; MARYLAND, Bell, Beltsville,
Glen Echo Park, Hyattsville, Lakeland, Laurel, Plum Point; MASSACHUSETTS,
Chicopee; MINNESOTA, Chisago Co., Washington Co.; MISSOURI, Langdon,
Wellston; MISSISSIPPI, State College; NEBRASKA, Beemer, Omaha, Schurler;
NEVADA, Caliente, Dixie, Las Vegas, Overton; NEW JERSEY, Angelsea, Fort
Lee, Lakehurst, Riverton; NEW MEXICO, Albuquerque, Espanola, Mesilla Park;
NEW YORK, Babylon, Ithaca; NORTH CAROLINA, Rutherford Co.; NORTH
DAKOTA, Tower City; OHIO, Cedar Swamp, Columbus, Cuyahoga Falls; ORE-
GON, Bend, Silver Lake, Unity; PENNSYLVANIA, Philadelphia, State College;
SOUTH CAROLINA, Columbia; TENNESSEE, Nashville; TEXAS, Clifton,
Cotulla, Lubbock, Plano, San Antonio, Spur, Uvalde; UTAH, Cedar, Dixie, Fish
Lake, Hurricane, Kanab, Logan, Marysvale, Moab, Monroe, Orderville, Promon-
tory, Provo, Richfield, St. George, St. Clara, Salt Lake City, Sigurd, Smithfield, Sol-
dier; VIRGINIA, Arlington, Falls Church, Great Falls, Herndon, Peach Grove Hill.
MEXICO: BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE, Tijuana. Total specimens studied,
627.

Host data: Most specimens were collected without plant associ-
ations. The following list includes the plants and number of speci-
mens of tricarinata collected from them: California—Ambrosia psilo-
stachya, western ragweed, 36 (106 6, 2622); Ambrosia confertiflora
2 (268); Ambrosia chamissonis, silver beachweed, 1 (12); Mary-
land—Helianthus argophyllus, silverleaf sunflower, 5 (522). If, as
before, we assume the favored host is the plant species from which
most of the insects were collected, then the distribution of the insect
and its probable host plant coincide well. Western ragweed occurs
in uncultivated land and is recorded for most of the United States
and southern Canada and all of the 32 states from which tricarinata is
known.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 395

Jv 61 62

Fig. 50-62, Stobaera tricarinata. 50, aedeagus in lateral view (Peach Grove
Hill, Va.); 51, styles in posterior view (Va.); 52, same (Oregon); 53, aedeagal
apex in dorsal view (Calif.); 54, male genital capsule in lateral view, with varia-
tions of anal process and style; 55, aedeagus in lateral view (Tijuana, Mex.);
56, distal portion of aedeagus in lateral view (Palmer Park, Colo.); 57, aedeagal
apex in dorsal view (Oregon); 58, aedeagus in lateral view (Silver Lake, Oregon );
59, aedeagal apex in dorsal view (Va.); 60, same (Colo.); 61, same (Ind.);
62, same ( Minn. ).

396 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

Notes: This is the most common species of Stobaera in the United
States, based on the records at hand. We have studied specimens
from upper New York south to western Florida and westward to Cali-
fornia and Oregon. Structurally tricarinata is closest to giffardi (see
notes under this species ).

Stobaera affinis Van Duzee
fig. 45-49

Stobaera affinis Van Duzee 1909a: 199.

Salient features: Males, 3.0-3.4 mm; females, 3.0-3.9 mm. Be-
cause of damage to the distal portions of the forewings in some of the
specimens at hand, it is difficult to state the total length of these
specimens and to ascertain their true wing length. However, all seem
to be of the longer winged form. The forewing is marked like that
of tricarinata. The frons is similar in markings to that of tricarinata
except for the central portion which is usually, but not always, mottled
with brown. The markings of the clypeus and legs are not distinguish-
able from those of tricarinata.

Male genitalia: Style in posterior view and broad view (fig. 47, 48) similar
to that of tricarinata except for inner basal process arising above base, process
usually broader and blunter as well. Aedeagus in lateral view (fig. 45) elongate,
decurved, and distinctly capitate, variably toothed marginally and submarginally
distally. Gonopore (fig. 46) elongate at aedeagal apex dorsally. Process of anal
segment in lateral view (fig. 49) produced as a moderately short hook.

Type: Lectotype male with labels: “Crescent City, Fla., Apr. ‘08,
Van Duzee” and “LECTOTYPE affinis” (red label), and “E. P. Van
Duzee Collection” (yellow label). Repository of lectotype: Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences.

Specimens studied: UNITED STATES: FLORIDA, Cedar Keys, Crescent

City, Dunedin, Ft. Myers, Gadsden Co., Gainesville, Miami, New Smyrna, Red-
dick, St. Augustine, Sanford. Total specimens studied, 80.

Host data: Only 1 specimen, a male from Sanford, was taken on
“Amb” [rosia] sp.

Notes: The aedeagus of affinis is unlike that of any other species
in Stobaera, and the form of this structure distinguishes it at once
from its congeners. Stobaera affinis is presently known only from
Florida on Ambrosia sp.

Stobaera granulosa (Fowler)
fig. 63-69

Goniolcium granulosa Fowler 1905a: 132.

Salient features: Males, 4.3-4.5 mm; females, 4.8-5.0 mm. Only
longwinged forms of this species were seen. The forewing is marked

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 397

W
7
ey

Fig. 63-69, Stobaera granulosa. 63, male genital capsule in lateral view; 64, styles
in posterior view; 65, aedeagus in dorsal view; 66, male anal segment in lateral
view; 67, apex of process of male anal segment in posterior view (Guatemala);
68, aedeagus in lateral view; 69, male anal segment in posterior view, with enlarged
apical portion below (Mexico).

398 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

like that of concinna. The frons, clypeus, and legs are marked like
those of tricarinata.

Male genitalia: Style in posterior view (fig. 64) with both outer and inner
apical angulations distinctly produced, acute, and approximately of the same
size, inner basal process of moderate length. Aedeagus in lateral view (fig. 68)
stout, decurved, apically subacute, and with a partly toothed crest on dorsal mar-
gin. Gonopore (fig. 65) irregularly elongate and seeming to occupy most of
aedeagal dorsum. Process of anal segment in posterior view (fig. 67, 69) broad
apically with 1 or more teeth on each side of longer central tooth, in lateral view
(fig. 66) strongly decurved and broad for most of length with both preapical
and apical tooth.

Type: Lectotype male with labels: “é” and “Type H. T.” and
“Goniolcium granulosum Fowler” (handwritten) and “Chilpancingo,
Guerrero, 4600 ft, June, H. H. Smith” and “B. C. A. Hompt. I Goni-
olcium granulosum, Fowl.” This appears to be the specimen illus-
trated with the original description (Fowler 1905a: PI. 13, figs. 7 &
8). Repository of lectotype: British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

Specimens studied: MEXICO: GUERRERO, Chilpancingo; OAXACA, Santa
Engracia; VERACRUZ, Jalapa, Cordoba, Orizaba. GUATEMALA, Chichicaste-
nango. Total specimens studied, 22.

Host data: None.

Notes: The shape of the anal process of the male provides the
best characters for the identification of granulosa, a species known
from southern Mexico and Guatemala.

Stobaera azteca Muir
fig. 70-76
Stobaera azteca Muir 1913b: 242.

Salient features: Males, 4.0-4.2 mm; females, 4.2-4.8 mm. Only
longwinged forms of this species were seen. Markings of forewings,
frons, clypeus, and legs like those of granulosa.

Male genitalia: Style in posterior view (fig. 73) similar to that of granulosa
except with a slight convexity on inner margin below inner apical angulation.
Aedeagus in lateral view (fig. 70) essentially like that of granulosa except slightly
blunter apically. Gonopore (fig. 71) irregularly elongate and occupying most of
aedeagal dorsum. Process of anal segment in posterior view (fig. 74-76) smoothly
tapering to acute apex or tapering broadly at apex, in lateral view (fig. 74-76)
not strongly decurved but variably tapering to acute apex.

Type: Lectotype male with label: “Mexico, Morelos, Koebele 07”.
Repository of lectotype: Bernice P. Bishop Museum.

Specimens studied: MEXICO: GUERRERO, Chilpancingo; MORELOS;
PUEBLA, Necata; SAN LUIS POTOSI, Valles; VERACRUZ, Orizaba, Pueblo
Viejo. GUATEMALA, Yepocapa. NICARAGUA, San Marcos. Total specimens
studied, 13.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 399

Fig. 70-76, Stobaera azteca. 70, aedeagus in lateral view; 71, aedeagus in dorsal
view; 72, male genital capsule in lateral view; 73, styles in posterior view; 74, male
anal segment in posterior view above and lateral view below ( Veracruz); 75, same
(Guerrero); 76, same (San Luis Potosi).

400 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

Host data: None.

Notes: The shape of the anal process of the male provides the
best character for the recognition of azteca, a species known from cen-
tral Mexico south to Nicaragua. It is closely related to both granulosa
and koebeli.

Stobaera koebeli Muir
fig. 77-81

Stobaera koebeli Muir 1913b: 242.

Salient features: Males, 4.0-4.3 mm; females, 4.3-5.1 mm. Only
longwinged forms of this species were seen. Markings of forewing,
frons, clypeus, and legs like those of granulosa.

Male genitalia: Style in posterior view close to that of azteca except without
convexity on inner margin below inner apical angulation. Aedeagus in lateral
view (fig. 81) similar to that of azteca except distinctly broader in middle third.
Gonopore (fig. 77, 78) elongate and occupying most of aedeagal dorsum. Pro-
cess of anal segment in posterior view (fig. 79, 80) broadly tapering to near apex
where sharp constriction produces acute apical tooth, at times edges of constric-
tion sharp and asymmetrical, in lateral view (fig. 79, 80) strongly decurved and
variably tapering to acute apex.

Type: Lectotype male with labels: “Morelos” and “Tantepec”
and “A. Koebele Collector’. Repository of lectotype: Bernice P.
Bishop Museum.

Specimens studied: MEXICO: DISTRITO FEDERAL, Mexico City; MORE-
LOS, Tantepec, Yautepec; VERACRUZ, Cordoba, Orizaba. GUATEMALA,
Guatemala City. Total specimens studied, 12.

Host data: None.
Notes: The shape of the anal process of the male provides the

best characters for the recognition of koebeli, a species known from
southern Mexico and Guatemala.

Species removed from Stobaera
Neoperkinsiella testacea (Fowler), New Combination

Goniolcium testaceum Fowler 1905a: 133.
Stobaera testaceum (Fowler), Crawford 1914a: 576.
Neoperkinsiella williamsi Muir 1926b: 17. N. Syn.

Dr. R. G. Fennah of the Commonwealth Institute of Entomology
most kindly informed me of the new synonymy above. Fowler pub-
lished an excellent habitus illustration with the original description,

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 401

Fig. 77-81, Stobaera koebeli. 77, aedeagus in dorsal view (Orizaba); 78, same
(Yautepec); 79, male anal segment in posterior view above and lateral view below
(Yautepec); 80, same (Orizaba); 81, aedeagus in lateral view (Orizaba).

and Muir provided fine figures of the critical features of the male
genitalia with his description of N. williamsi.

Type: Lectotype male with labels: “4” and “Cerro Zunil” and “B.
C. A. Homopt. I. Goniolcium testaceum, Fowl.” and “Goniolcium
testaceum” (handwritten). Repository of lectotype: British Museum

(Nat. Hist.).

402 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Without the most generous cooperation of the persons and their institutions
listed here, this study would not have been possible. To all of them I express
my sincere thanks and deep gratitude for loans of type material and information
vital to this study. Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Department of Entomology, California
Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California; Drs. R. D.
Goeden and D. W. Ricker, Department of Entomology, Division of Biological
Control, University of California, Riverside, California; Dr. J. Linsley Gressitt
and Mrs. Carol Higa, Entomology Department, Bernice P. Bishop Museum,
Honolulu, Hawaii; Dr. W. J. Knight and Dr. R. G. Fennah, Department of Ento-
mology, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), London; Dr. Per Inge Persson, Department
of Entomology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm; and Dr. Charles
A. Triplehorn, Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus,
Ohio.

REFERENCES

All citations can be found in Metcalf, Z. P. 1944. Author’s list, A-Z. A bibli-
ography of the Homoptera (Auchenorhyncha) 1: 1-886.

SAWFLIES OF CHILE: A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES AND
KEY TO GENERA OF TENTHREDINIDAE
(HYMENOPTERA: SYMPHYTA)

Davin R. SmirH

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA?

ABSTRACT—Ucona acaenae, new genus and new species, is described from
Chile. This species was recorded under the name “Antholcus varinervis ( Spinola)”
in the literature relating to its importation into New Zealand where it was used
as a biological control agent for Acaena spp. A key to the six genera of the family
Tenthredinidae known from Chile is also included.

The sawfly family Tenthredinidae is not well represented in Chile.
About 10 species are known, 3 of which are very similar in size and
coloration and have often been confused. These species have the head
and thorax shining black and most of the abdomen a contrasting red
or orange. One species has long, erect black hairs covering the head,
thorax and legs and has trifid tarsal claws. This is the species I am
treating as Trichotaxonus coquimbensis (Spinola) (Smith, 1973).
The other two species, both with short, inconspicuous hairs and bifid
tarsal claws, are the main subject of this paper.

In 1851, Spinola described Tenthredo varinervia from Chile, a species

*Mail address: c/o U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 403

which Konow (1904) recognized as belonging to a distinct genus which
he called Antholcus. Konow also emended the species name to
varinervis. In the late 1920's, a sawfly was found in Chile feeding on
Acaena, a troublesome weed in New Zealand. This sawfly was imported
to New Zealand for use as a biological control agent under the name
Antholcus varinervis (Spinola). (The species name varinervia is an
adjective and in combination with Antholcus it should be A. vari-
nervius. )

While studying certain South American sawflies and attempting to
identify some collections from Chile, I found that the name varinervis
was incorrectly applied to the Acaena-feeding species. Though I was
unable to locate the type of varinervia Spinola, it is evident from
Spinola’s description that the Acaena-feeding species is not the species
he described. In varinervia, the abdomen is orange, the legs are orange
except for each coxa, trochanter, and hindtarsus, the clypeus is emar-
ginated, the third antennal segment is longer than the fourth segment,
and, in the forewing, the second cubital cell receives both recurrent
veins. In the Acaena-feeding species, the apex of the abdomen is black,
the legs are mostly black except for the reddish hindtibia, the clypeus
is truncated, the third antennal segment is the same length as the
fourth segment, and, in the forewing, the second and third cubital cells
each receive | recurrent vein. The only character mentioned by Spinola
not in perfect agreement with my interpretation of varinervia is the
petiolate anal cell of the forewing. However, after examining a number
of specimens, I found that this character could apply to both species,
but less so to varinervia. In the forewing of varinervia, vein 2A & 3A
is complete, connected to 1A by an oblique crossvein, but, in some
specimens, the portion of 2A & 3A basal to the crossvein is partially
obliterated and the anal cell appears petiolate. Spinola may have seen
specimens in which this vein was not evident. The Acaena-feeding
species always has a petiolate anal cell in the forewing and vein 2A & 3A
is atrophied with only the basal stub present, and this is curved up at its
apex.

The sawfly imported into New Zealand represents a new genus and
species and is described below. All references to the species feeding
on Acaena and its importation into New Zealand apply to this new
species.

Ucona Smith, new genus

Antenna long, slender, filiform, length about 3 times head width; first and
second segments each longer than broad; third segment subequal in length to
fourth segment; segments beyond third gradually decreasing in length. Clypeus
truncate; malar space short, less than 14 diameter of front ocellus; no genal carina;
postocellar area broader than long; each mandible bidentate; eyes small, far apart,
scarcely converging below; distance between eyes below much greater than length
of an eye. No prepectus; cenchri separated by distance greater than breadth of one.

404 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

Fig. 1, lancet of Ucona acaenae. Fig. 2, lancet of Antholcus varinervius. Fig. 3,
harpe and parapenis of U. acaenae. Fig. 4, penis valve of U. acaenae. Fig. 5, harpe
and parapenis of A. varinervius. Fig. 6, penis valve of A. varinervius. Fig. 7,
antenna of U. acaenae. Fig. 8, antenna of A. varinervius. Fig. 9, tarsal claw of
U. acaenae. Fig. 10, sheath of U. acaenae.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 405

Tarsal claw bifid, inner tooth shorter than outer tooth; no basal lobe; hindbasitarsus
subequal in length to remaining segments combined; hindtibial spurs equal to
width of hindtibia at apex. Basal plates separated on meson, leaving triangularly
shaped membranous area. Forewing with anal cell petiolate, basal stub of vein
2A & 3A curved up at apex; second and third cubital cells each receiving 1 recurrent
vein. Hindwing of female without cell M; anal cell petiolate with petiole subequal
to cell width; apex of radial cell close to apical margin of wing. Hindwing of male
with partial peripheral vein, open only between cells R and M.

Type-species: Ucona acaenae, new species. The only known species.

This genus is properly placed in the subfamily Blennocampinae of
the Tenthredinidae where it resembles the genus Periclista Konow.
Periclista, however, has the third antennal segment longer than the
fourth segment, the clypeus usually emarginated, usually a longer malar
space, the eyes closer together with the distance between them equal
to or shorter than the length of an eye, the tarsal claws with a basal
lobe, and the male with a complete peripheral vein in the hindwing.
The genus Antholcus in the subfamily Allantinae has stouter antennae
with the third segment longer than the fourth segment, an emarginated
clypeus, postocellar area at least as long as broad, usually complete
vein 2A & 3A in the forewing connected to 1A by an oblique crossvein,
a distinct acute basal lobe on the tarsal claws, sometimes appearing
as a third tooth, hindwing of female with cell M, and of male with
complete peripheral vein.

The name is an arbitrary combination of letters. Gender, feminine.

Ucona acaenae Smith, new species

Female.—Length, 7.2 mm. Antenna and head black. Thorax black with tegula
and paraptera brownish. Legs black with extreme apex of front and middle
femora and base and outer surfaces of front and middle tibiae whitish; hindtibia
orange. Abdomen orange with basal plates, apical 2 segments, and sheath black.
Wings darkly, uniformly infuscated; veins and stigma black.

Sheath uniformly slender from above, in lateral view, dorsal and ventral margins
nearly straight with apex broadly rounded (fig. 10). Serrulae of lancet each
truncate at apex, directed anteriorly, with no anterior and 7 or 8 posterior
subbasal teeth; distance between serrulae longer than breadth of a serrula (fig. 1).

Male.—Length, 7.0 mm. Color as for female. Structure as for female except for
hindwing which has a partial peripheral vein, absent only between cells R and M.
Genitalia as in figs. 3, 4; penis valve with short lateral, anteriorly projecting spine
and long, slender dorsal membranous lobe.

Holotype.—Female, labeled “Temuco, Chile, Bro. C. Joseph,”
“Nelson, N. Z., em. April 1931.” U.S.N.M. type no. 72352.

Paratypes.—Same data as for holotype (2 292); Nelson, N. Z., 3-5-37
(1 2,3 64); Nelson, N. Z., 10-37 (2 9 92); from piripiri, —/6/43, Nelson No.
927 (4 29). In the U. S. National Museum and Department of Scientific and
Industrial Research, Entomology Division, Nelson, New Zealand.

406 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

2A¢ 3A

13

246 5,

14

Fig. 11, forewing of Notofenusa surosa. Fig. 12, forewing of Ucona acaenae.
Fig. 13, anal cell of forewing of Trichotaxonus coquimbensis. Fig. 14, anal cell of
forewing of Antholcus varinervius.

Discussion.—This sawfly feeds on species of Acaena (Rosaceae),
the majority of species of which are found in South America and New
Zealand. The host is also known in New Zealand as piripiri, hutiwai,
and bidibidi. In the late 1920's, this sawfly from Chile was found
feeding on this plant, and, because it could be easily transported and
reared in large numbers, it was introduced into New Zealand in 1928
for use in biological control. Several introductions were carried out up
to 1940, and in some areas populations persisted up to four years after
release. However, it is not known to have survived in the country.

Following are a list of papers dealing with this insect under the name
Antholcus varinervis:

Miller, D. 1928. New Zealand Jour. Agr. 37: 49 (note on S. Amer. study for
eventual introduction ).

Joseph, C. 1929. Rev. Univ. Santiago, 14: 708-726 (biology).

Miller, D. 1929. Rpt. Dept. Sci. Indus. Res., New Zealand, p. 19 (note on
introduction ).

Joseph, C. 1930. Rev. Univ. Santiago 15: 862-867 (transport to N. Z.).

Miller, D. 1930. Rpt. Dept. Sci. Indus. Res., New Zealand, p. 35.

Miller, D. 1931. Rpt. Dept. Sci. Indus. Res., New Zealand, p. 20.

Miller, D. 1932. Rpt. Dept. Sci. Indus. Res., New Zealand, p. 17.

Janvier, H. 1933. Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. 16: 256-268 (biology).

Miller, D. 1933. Rpt. Dept. Sci. Indus. Res., New Zealand, p. 4.

Anonymous. 1933. Nature 131: 283-284 (note on importation).

Miller, D. 1936. New Zealand Jour. Sci. Tech. 18: 584.

Miller, D. 1938. Rpt. Cawthron Institute, p. 29.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 407

Valentine, E. W. 1970. New Zealand Ent. 4: 52-62 (list of phytophagous
Hymenoptera of New Zealand).

Miller, D. 1970. New Zealand, Dept. Sci. Indus. Res., Inf. Ser. No. 74, pp. 60-67
(insects of Acaena; biology and history of “A. varinervis” in New Zealand).

The species name, acaenae, is taken from its host plant.

Genera of Tenthredinidae in Chile

Six genera of Tenthredinidae are now known from Chile. Strangely,
members of the subfamily Selandriinae are absent, yet it is the dominant
group in South America. The genera bear a closer resemblance to
Nearctic forms than to the sawflies of other parts of South America.
The following key will distinguish the genera of this family known from

Chile.

1. Veins M and Im-cu of forewing divergent (fig. 11) [small black species less

than 5 mm in length; tarsal claws with 1 or 2 outer teeth and basal lobe] _ 2
— Veins M and Im-cu of forewing parallel (fig. 12) [larger, bicolored species;
tarsal claw bifid or trifid, with or without basal lobe] —- 3

2. Antenna stout, apical 4 segments reduced, together about as long as third
segment; vein 2A & 3A of forewing complete, connected to 1A by crossvein
(as in fig. 14) [1 introduced species, C. cerasi (L.), on pear and other
Rasatede eters = 2) as 8 he 8 eee Caliroa O. Costa

— Antenna slender, segments gradually decreasing in length; vein 2A & 3A of
forewing atrophied, leaving anal cell petiolate (fig. 11) [minute species,
less than 4 mm long; possibly leafminers; N. surosa (Konow) and several

Tacemiaiedsspecies [at tt.) ee ee Notofenusa Benson
3. Vein 2A & 3A of forewing complete, ine fod to 1A at center or connected
tomlAbysani oblique cxossveim (i12Se Loe 2e meee eee een 4
— Vein 2A & 3A of forewing atrophied, leaving anal cell SSCs only basal
stub of 2A & 3A present which is curved up at apex (fig. 12) 5
4. Head, thorax, and legs covered with long, erect, black hairs; tarsal claws
trifid [T. coquimbensis (Spinola) ] SS Trichotaxonus Rohwer
— Hairs of body short, inconspicuous; tarsal claws bifid, with basal lobe
[Apuanneroits (Spinola) |. 2. Antholcus Konow

5. Tarsal claws with basal lobe; antenna stout, less than twice head width
[species yellowish and black; includes P. lorata Konow, P. limbata ( Ender-
lein), P. antarctica (Malaise), and several unidentified species]
ey Oreos SOL eh a _........ Periclista Konow

— Tarsal claws without basal lobe; antenna long, sentien nearly three times
width of head [red and black species; U. acaenae Smith] —....... Ucona Smith

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The cooperation of the following made this paper possible: E. W. Valentine,
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Entomology Division, Nelson,
New Zealand, for providing specimens, references, and information on Ucona
acaenae; D. W. Webb, Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana, and P. Arnaud, Jr.,
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, for providing additional specimens
of Chilean sawflies.

408 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

REFERENCES

Konow, F. 1904. Ein neues Tenthrediniden-Genus (Hym.). Ztschr. System.
Hym. Dipt. 4:3-4.

Smith, D. R. 1973. The sawfly tribe Lycaotini in South America (Hymenop-
tera: Tenthredinidae). Pan-Pacific Ent. 49:93-101.

Spinola, M. 1951. Hymenoptera. In Gay, C., Historia fisica y politica de Chile,
Zoologica, v. 6, pp. 153-572.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS METACHROMA
CHEVROLAT (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

Doris H. BLAKE

Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 20560

ABSTRACT—Metachroma rhizophorae from the Panama Canal Zone and
British Honduras and M. angusticolle from Illinois, new species, are described.

Since my revision of the genus Metachroma was published in
December 1970, 2 new species of that genus have come to light; 1 from
Chicago, Illinois and the other collected by Dr. Daniel Simberloff of
Florida State University on mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.) in the
Panama Canal.

Metachroma rhizophorae Blake, new species
fig. 1

From 4 to 5 mm in length, elongate oblong oval, shining yellowish or reddish
brown with dark occipital spot, 4 more or less elongate dark spots across pronotum,
and irregular dark markings from humerus down along side of elytra, antennae
with apical joints 7-11 mostly dark, pronotum finely punctate, elytra more coarsely
and striately punctate.

Head with interocular space less than half width of head, eyes large, no sulcus
separating front from clypeus, front indistinctly punctate, occiput more distinctly
punctate, yellow brown with a dark occipital spot, in females covering more of
back of head and down front and about eyes, clypeus shallowly emarginate over
labrum, jaws large and shining piceous. Antennae with 5 apical joints wider and
darker than basal joints and extending below humeri. Prothorax about a third
wider than long, convex, with arcuate sides, a small tooth at each corner and
narrow explanate margin, surface shining, finely and not densely punctate, varying
from pale to deep yellowish brown with 4 more or less elongate piceous spots
across, the two inner ones being larger and longer, margins in female dark.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 409

]. Metachroma rhizophorae nsp. 2. Metachroma angusticolle n.sp.

Scutellum varying in color from yellow brown to piceous. Elytra not much wider
than pronotum and not quite 3 times as long, with parallel sides and _ striate
punctures not reaching apex, larger along sides; yellowish brown varying from
pale to darker, with irregular dark markings from humerus down along side to
apical curve, in some specimens broken and in others extending half across elytra,
these markings paler in male. Body beneath yellow brown with breast deeper
reddish brown, legs pale yellow brown, hind femora toothed, and with emargination
in both middle and hind tibiae. Length 3-4 mm; width 2-2.2 mm.

Type: male and 10 paratypes, USNM Type No. 71532.

Type locality: Diablo, Bt. (boat) ramp, Panama Canal, 21 January
1970, on common mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L., Daniel Simberloff.

Other locality: One male collected at Landifar, Berlize City, British
Honduras, February 21, 1970 by D. Simberloff.

In this species, as in M. angustulum Crotch and M. interruptum
(Say), the male and female show dimorphism in coloring. In this case
the male is paler than the female. This color dimorphism may be
fairly common in the genus but the scarcity of specimens in a given
species prevents me from drawing conclusions. In the female of this
species the elytral punctures are ringed with dark, giving them the
appearance of being much coarser than in the male. As far as is known
the larva of these Eumolpid beetles lives in the ground, and one
wonders how this one survives in a mangrove swamp.

410 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

Metachroma angusticolle Blake, new species
itileg, 2

From 6 to 6.5 mm in length, elongate oblong, shining yellow brown above,
last 6 or 7 antennal joints dark, body beneath black with mid metasternum, breast
and abdomen black; head and prothorax finely and not densely punctate, elytra
with striate punctures fine and rather deeply impressed in basal half, producing
a faint costate appearance of intervals, somewhat irregularly punctate on sides and
at apex.

Head with interocular space half width of head, eyes large, occiput and front
finely and not very densely punctate, median linear depression on front, clypeus
with denser and coarser punctures, no groove between clypeus and front, anterior
margin of clypeus over labrum slightly curved. Antennae extending well below
humerus, basal 4 joints pale yellow brown, remainder wider and black. Prothorax
moderately convex, not twice as wide as long, with slightly curved sides and
very narrow explanate margin on sides and tiny tooth at each corner; pale yellow
brown with reddish-brown margins, surface shiny, finely but not very densely
punctate. Scutellum varying from yellow to reddish brown. Elytra more than 3
times as long as prothorax and considerably wider, with fine, close-set, striate
punctures rather deeply impressed in basal half producing a slight costate effect of
intervals, at apex punctures more shallowly set, on sides and at apex confused.
Body beneath with middle of metasternum, breast and abdomen black. Middle
and hind tibiae emarginate near apex. Length 6-6.5 mm; width 3-3.3 mm.

Type: female, USNM Type No. 72241 and 5 paratypes, 3 of which
are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.

Type locality: Chicago, Illinois, June 29, 1911, collected by E.
Liljeblad, from the George Greene collection.

Probably because of its slightly costate appearing elytra, due to the
deeply impressed striate punctures, the specimens were put with the
yellow brown costate species of Colaspis both in the collection at the
MCZ and in the USNM collection. In reality this species is very close
to M. longipenne Blake described from southern Arizona. It is slightly
larger and wider, being from 6 to 6.5 mm long in contrast to M.
longipenne which is from 5.4 to 6 mm long, and correspondingly wider,
being from 3 to 3.3 mm wide in contrast to longipenne’s 2.4 to 2.7 mm.
Moreover the Chicago species is pale yellow brown above and black
beneath, whereas longipenne has a deep reddish-brown head and
prothorax, and is pale yellow brown beneath. It also has entirely pale
antennae, whereas the Chicago species has the basal joints only pale,
the remainder black. It is strange that no other collection of this beetle
has been seen by the writer from such a well known place as Chicago.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 411

A NEW GYMNODAMAEUS FROM WESTERN COLORADO
(ACARINA: CRYPTOSTIGMATA, GYMNODAMAEIDAE)*

TyLer A. WOOLLEY’

Department of Zoology and Entomology, Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, Colorado 80521

Harotp G. Hicerns*®
Department of Biology, Granger High School, Granger, Utah 84119

ABSTRACT—A new species of oribatid mites, Gymnodamaeus theliis, is
described, figured, and compared with G. veriornatus Higgins, 1961, G. chalazionus
Woolley, 1972, and G. leurolomasus Woolley and Higgins, 1973. The new species
is differentiated by a prominant median nipple on the posterior margin of
the notogaster. General size categories are indicated for various species of
Gymnodamaeus. Distribution of the new species includes locations in western
Colorado, Washington, and South Dakota. A key to the species of Gymnodamaeus
of North America is included.

As indicated in other articles (Woolley, 1972; Woolley and Higgins,
1973), the understanding of the complex of species of the genus
Gymnodamaeus is expanding as the current research is extended and
intensified in depth. The number of new species of this genus dis-
covered in North America has doubled since Jacot (1937), Banks
(1947), and Hammer (1952) published on them. Comparisons with
the species described from Europe, viz. Gymnodamaeus femoratus
(Koch), Schweitzer, 1922, G. bicostatus (C. L. Koch) Sellnick, 1928,
G. austriacus Willman, 1935, G. hispanicus Grandjean, 1928, G. tuni-
catus Balogh, 1958, indicate 2 general size ranges for the species. These
size ranges we have categorized provisionally as large and small, with
respective average lengths of 550 w and above for the larger species,
500 » and below for the smaller ones. These arbitrary limits seem to
hold for the 2 categories involved in most observations we have made.
The new species described below falls in the category of larger species
with G. veriornatus Higgins, 1961, G. chalazionus Woolley, 1972, and
G. leurolomasus Woolley and Higgins, 1973.

It is our general opinion and conclusion, as a result of this part of
our study, that intensified collecting over extensive areas and periods
of time is necessary to disclose the details of a species complex. Initial
results indicate that seasonal fluctuations may affect the presence of
certain species as well.

1 Research supported by the Yampa Project; Ecology Consultants, Inc.

* Department of Zoology and Entomology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Colorado 80521.

* Biology Department, Granger High School, Granger, Utah 84119.

412 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

The status of such collecting in the science of oribatidology is mini-
mal. All too few of the new species described are part of intensified
studies. All too few of the new genera and species named are desig-
nated well within the limits of known familial arrangements; if hard
to place in familial schemes, neither are they characterized in new
families. All too few are compared extensively with other species from
the local area or from other states or countries. Intensive studies need
to be initiated by all concerned. Adoption of such practices would
greatly improve the classification, the identification, and the knowl-
edge of the biology and ecology of oribatids.

Discovery of this new larger species in such disjunct locations as
western Colorado, South Dakota, and from the Olympic National
Forest in Washington indicates that we need more intensive ecologi-
cal and more extensive geographic investigations of the oribatids.
Until we increase the intensity and extent of the collections, until we
increase the numbers of investigators, per se, and increase the num-
bers willing to study in such an intensive manner, we will not under-
stand well the ecology and distribution of oribatids, nor will we be
able to determine or systematize their classification as effectively as
we otherwise might.

The new species described in this paper is another one taken from
the collections near Hayden, Colorado, in our study of the ecology
in the environs of a coal-burning power plant.

Gymnodamaeus theliis, Woolley and Higgins, new species
fig. 1-4

Diagnosis: Distinguishing features of this new species are the
prominent, median nipple on the posterior margin of the notogaster,
the absence of a reticulate pattern on the dorsum compared to G.
veriornatus, and the absence of teeth on the medial margins of the
genital plates, as found in G. veriornatus and G. chalazionus, but of
smaller size than both of these species. The trivial name is derived
from the Greek, thelion, implying diminutive nipple or teat. The new

species is about the same size as G. leurolomasus, but larger than G.
plokosus.

Description: Color dark, reddish brown; prodorsum about as broad as long,
rostrum blunt, rostral hairs about as long as lamellar hairs, covered with cero-
tegument, decurved; lamellar hairs inserted on lateral margins of prodorsum
posterior to interrupted, dorsal transverse bar behind rostrum; interlamellar hairs
very short, conical, inserted on anteriorly projecting point of curved, sclerotized
bars arched anterior to pseudostigmata (fig. 1); a sclerotized, arched, transverse
bar anterior to interlamellar hairs; pseudostigmata round, erected above surface of
prodorsum; sensillum flattened, clavate, with many barbed flattened flanges on

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 413

\
\
y
My
}
'

Fig. 1-4, Gymnodamaeus theliis. 1, dorsal aspect, legs partially omitted; A,
enlarged view of left sensillum. 2, ventral aspect. 3, prodorsal sclerotization of
male from Washington, showing variation in configuration of transverse bars.
4, prodorsal sclerotization of female from Washington, showing variation in con-
figuration of transverse bars.

head, pedicel less barbed at base (fig. 1, 1A); cerotegument covering much of
prodorsum, extended over sides, on legs, hairs of legs, tectopedia; tectopedia I
and II as in Figure 1.

Notogaster slightly more than twice as long as prodorsum, somewhat circular
in outline, surface covered with cerotegument and small tubercles; tubercles
smaller than those of G. chalazionus; notogastral hairs as in figure 1, many
obscured by cerotegument; posterior margin of notogaster with prominent median
tubercle or nipple, with 3 hairs inserted each side, 2 pairs of hairs anterior to
nipple on dorsum, 1 pair simple, short, nearest the nipple; other pair long,
covered with cerotegument, inserted about their lengths anterolateral to nipple,
as in figure 1; cerotegument over surface of notogaster applied to hairs as well.

414 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

Infracapitulum broadly triangular (fig. 2), mental hairs as in figure 2; ventral
apodemata and coxisternal setae as in figure 2; apodemata IV typically arched
anterior to genital opening, groovelike, with reticulations in groove; genital
opening slightly shorter than anal aperture, each genital cover with 6 simple
setae, medial margins of covers without teeth; a pre-anal piece anterior to anal
covers, each anal cover with 2 setae; adanal setae as in figure 2.

Legs heterotridactylous, median claw much heavier than laterals.

Measurements: For the Colorado specimens, females are generally larger than
males, with a range of 702 »-636 » * 416 u—-378 pw and an average length of 669 yu,
average width of 402 uw. Males ranged in size from 672 yu-612 w in length,
390 u—360 « in width, with average length of 636 « and width of 378 u. The 2 male
specimens from South Dakota were 630 u X 372 u and 596 uw x 330 uw; 1 specimen
was of undetermined sex. The specimens taken from Washington ranged from 630 u
to 558 uw in length, 396 »—-342 uw in width for females, 594 «528 uw in length,
342 u-306 uw in width for males; averages were 600 uw length, 358 « width for
females and 568 uw length, 322 » width for males. Two specimens of those collected
measured were not identified as to sex, but their measurements are not included
in the above calculations. Measurements of all specimens were taken for length
from rostrum to the terminal end of the notogastral nipple and for width at the
widest point of the notogaster posterior to legs IV, excluding the cerotegument in
both instances. The cerotegument in all specimens was partially loosened and was
not a good reference point for measurements of either length or width.

Collections and distribution: The type, a male, and 7 paratype
males, 9 paratype females and 1 nymph were collected under aspens,
4 miles south Seneca Road, Hayden, Colorado, 8 June 1971, by T. A.
Woolley and H. G. Higgins. Two males, and 1 female (1 specimen
with sex undetermined) were collected under oak brush, Wolf Creek
North, from a 1968 spoil bank, Hayden, Colorado, 8 June 1971, by T.
A. Woolley and H. G. Higgins. Two males and 1 specimen of unde-
termined sex were taken from the litter, grass under oak and birch,
from a picnic ground, E. Legion Lake, Custer State Park, S. D., 27
August 1968 by T. A. Woolley.

Five males, 3 females, 1 specimen of undetermined sex and | nymph
were collected under hemlock and incense cedar at the site of Old
Fort Townsend, Washington, 13 June 1972, by T. O. Thatcher. One
female specimen was taken from hemlock limbs, Hoh River, 2 miles
west of Olympic Park Boundary, Washington, 13 June 1972, by T. O.
Thatcher.

The type and a paratype of each sex from the Colorado collections
will be deposited in the U. S. National Museum.

Discussion: Although slightly smaller in size than the specimens
from Colorado and South Dakota, the representatives of this new
species from Washington have practically identical features. The
structure that shows some variation is the sclerotized bar anterior to
the interlamellar hairs. In the Washington specimens, this bar is more

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 415

heavily sclerotized and has rounded tips near these hairs (fig. 3, 4).
We consider these variations to be intraspecific, but not sufficient to
erect a subspecies.

It is interesting that this species occurs in locations so widely sepa-
rated, yet we would almost predict that the species will be found in
the intervening areas when collections are intensified and extended.
This is the first time in our own experience with oribatids that we
have limited the areas of collection and extended collections over
some time, but intensified our efforts to collect in certain limited
habitats within a general area. We conclude that existing gaps in
the geographic distribution of oribatids are only temporary and that
these gaps will be closed when more extensive collecting is done.

Key To The North American Species Of Gymnodamaeus

1. Genital plates with teeth on medial margins —...- TD
— Genital plates without teeth on medial margins __.._______ 8
2. Dorsum of notogaster with reticulate pattern = —-—« veriornatus Higgins

— Dorsum of notogaster without reticulate pattern, covered with tubercles
Bee Se eee et en I Es chalazionus Woolley

3. Each genital plate with 7 setae —_-___ leurolomasus Woolley and Higgins
—— Hach. cenital plate; with.O setae... ee ee 4
4. Rostral and lamellar hairs about equal length DF Sak Ta TE PE See 5
— Rostral hairs much shorter than lamellar hairs —— == 5
5. Notogaster with 4 posterior nubbins and hairs — Sciurons Woolley, el Higgins
— Notogaster without posterior nubbins ______-_-_-_____________-__-- pearsei Banks
6. Dorsum of notogaster with a distinct pattern of oval and crescentic-shaped

ATeCAS 2 Rae ee ve | re _ sl ey a eee Tae ornatus Hammer
=—Worsum: without. distinct pattern... 4 eS ee eee ee |
7. Posterior edge of notogaster with projection or knob 8
— Posterior edge of notogaster smooth and rounded Men en ied en 9
8. Posterior edge of notogaster with 4 small, circular nubbins each eames a

SHOUEH aI Set Ae Pies ss Dyes ee eh ee quadricaudiculus Jacot
— Posterior edge of notogaster usually with single, large nipplelike knob, with

3 procumbent hairs each side __...___________ theliis Woolley and Higgins
9. Six notogastral hairs on posterior margin ___________-________-------_____-- minor Banks
— Four notogastral hairs on posterior margin — _.. gildersleeveae Hammer

REFERENCES

Balogh, J. 1958. Oribates nouvelles d’Afrique tropicale. Revue de Zool. et de
Bot. Africaines. 58( 14) :1-34.

Banks, N. 1947. On Some Acarina from North Carolina. Psyche. 54(2):110-141,

Grandjean, F. 1928. Deux nouvelle Oribatei d’Espagne. Bull. Soc. Zool.
53 (6) :424—-441,

Hammer, M. 1952. Investigations on Microfauna of Northern Canada. Acta
Artica. 4:108 p.

Higgins, H. G. 1961. A new beetle mite from Utah. Great Basin Naturalist.
21( 14) :27-28.

416 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

Jacot, A. P. 1937. Journal of North American Moss Mites. J. N. Y. Entomol.
Soc. 45( %4 ):353-375.

Schweitzer, J. 1922. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Terrestrichen Milbenfauna der
Schweiz. Verhandl. Naturforsch. Gesell. in Basel. 33:23-112.

Sellnick, M. 1928. Formenkreis: Hornmilben, Oribatei, In Tierwelt Mitteleuropas,
3(4/9):1-42.

Willmann, C. 1935. Faunitisch-okologische Studien in Anningergebiet, IV, Die
Milben Fauna 1, Oribatei. Zool. Jahr. Abt. Syst. Oekol., and Geog. Tiere
66:331-384.

Woolley, T. A. 1972. A new species of Gymnodamaeus from Colorado. Great
Basin Naturalist. 32(2):97—-103.

Woolley, T. A. and H. G. Higgins. 1973. Two new species of Gymnodamaeus
from Colorado. Great Basin Naturalist. 33(1):37-42.

APHID BIRTHS (HOMOPTERA, APHIDIDAE)

THEODORE L. BISSELL
University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742

ABSTRACT—Thirteen viviparous births in 6 species of aphids, belonging to the
Callaphidini, were observed. The newborn aphids bore on the anal end a round
object assumed to be the remnant of the embryonic membrane. The nymph was
seen to remove the remnant with its feet in most cases.

In the summer of 1971 observations were made on the bearing of
aphids by viviparae of 3 species, indoors and under the microscope.
This was under artificial light where the temperature was about 90F.

Aphids seem always to be born feet downward, although embryos
in the adult may lie with dorsal or ventral surface, or a side, upper-
most. The embryo’s head is directed forward and the aphid is born
tail-end first, as far as I have observed. Four births were recorded
with varying details.

June 28. Monelliopsis nigropunctata (Granovsky) from pecan,
Glenn Dale, Maryland. Female dropped a nymph, taking 5 minutes
from the time the tip of the nymph could first be seen. Nymph mo-
tionless until free. On its anal end was a rounded wad about the size
of its eye. On hitting the leaf the nymph backed a space of 7 or 8 mm,
crossing a leaf vein much higher than itself in the journey, stopped,
and kicked free the object on its tail. This took about 2 minutes. Then
the nymph apparently began to feed.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 Al7

June 28. Monellia caryella (Fitch) from Carya cordiformis. Col-
lege Park, Maryland. Female observed bearing a nymph which had an
object on the anal end. Birth took 3 minutes. Nymph stood in origi-
nal position and spent 65 seconds kicking the object to the leaf, then
it turned and walked away.

July 1. Monellia microsetosa Richards from Carya glabra, Hyatts-
ville, Maryland. Nymph ready to drop from female, had object on
anal end. Free from mother it backed 5 mm, then went forward 10
mm before feeding. Apparently object was dropped, though no kick-
ing was observed.

July 20. Monelliopsis nigropunctata from Carya tomentosa, Wash-
ington, D.C. Female walked across leaf carrying nymph which was
moving its legs and which bore an object on the anal end. Nymph
dropped after 3 to 5 minutes had elapsed. It backed about 3 body
lengths, having difficulty with the leaf pubescence. Stopped by a
leaf vein. Nymph and object mounted on slide. No form could be
seen in the object.

In July, 1973, 8 births were observed in Protopterocallis canadensis
Richards and P. sp., undescribed, aphids that also infest hickories.
In all the nymph upon extrusion from the mother aphid was seen to
move its legs, alight on the leaf, and then kick away the wad or rem-
nant of the embryonic envelope from its anal end. Most of the 8 in-
dividuals backed several lengths from the adult either before or after
shedding the remnant.

Later the same process was observed in Melanocallis caryaefoliae
( Davis).

The object seen in each case was doubtless the wadded remnant
of the membrane which enclosed the embryo during development.
Apparently the membrane splits at the head end of the embryo within
the mother and is worked backward before birth.

I find nothing quite like this process in the literature. Burnett
(1856) studied the embryology of Aphis (Longistigma) caryae Harris
(again from hickory) in considerable detail. He had this brief re-
port on birth: “When the young animal has reached its full develop-
ment as an embryo, it bursts from its encasement and appears to es-
cape from the abdomen of its parent through a small opening (porus
genitalis) situated just above the anus. In the species under con-
sideration, it generally remains clinging on the back of the parent
until its external parts are dry, and it is able to begin life for itself.”

Riley (1879) reported that in 3 species of gall aphids ( Eriosomati-
nae) the young, deposited by winged migrants as “pseudova,” were
each enclosed in a “glossy pellicle.” This was ruptured and “worked
off in a few minutes.”

418 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

Webster and Phillips (1912), writing of nymphs of the greenbug,
Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), stated that the covering sac corre-
sponds to the vitelline membrane in the true egg. “Normally in warm
temperatures, the young Toxoptera frees itself from this enveloping
sac during birth. At a temperature of about 60F. or below, the young
are often times dropped before they free themselves from the sac.
In the latter case, upon landing on the surface of the leaf, they expand
and contract gently until the sac is ruptured at the cephalic extremity
and they are freed from their prison.”

Uichanco (1924), in his exhaustive work on the embryology of
Dactynotus tanaceti, found that each egg or oocyte in the ovariole
was early covered with a cellular follicle which gave nourishment
and protection to the growing embryo. The follicle was later called
a “membranous envelope.” It “usually ruptures before extrusion of the
young through the vaginal slit is completed.”

I thank Miss Louise Russell, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Belts-
ville, Maryland, and Henry L. G. Stroyan, Harpenden, England, for helpful sug-
gestions.

REFERENCES

Burnett, W. I. 1856. Researches on the development of viviparous aphides.
Proc. American Assoc. Adv. Sci. 7th meeting, Cleveland, Ohio, July, 1853,
203-223.

Riley, C. V. 1879. Part I, Biological notes on the Pemphiginae with descrip-
tions of new species. Notes on the Aphididae of the United States, with de-
scriptions of species occurring west of the Mississippi, by C. V. Riley and J.
Monell. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. of the Territories. Vol. 5(1):1-11.

Uichanco, L. B. 1924. Studies on the embryogeny and postnatal development
of the Aphididae with special reference to the history of the “symbiotic organ”
or “mycetom.” Philippine Jour. Sci. 24(2):143-247 + 13 pl.

Webster, F. M. and W. J. Phillips. 1912. The spring grain-aphis or “green
bug.” U.S.D.A.; Bur. Entomol. Bull. 110:1-155.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 419

TWO NEW SPECIES OF ENLINIA FROM THE SOUTHWESTERN
UNITED STATES (DIPTERA: DOLICHOPODIDAE)

HAROLD ROBINSON
Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560

ABSTRACT—Enlinia arizonica H. Robinson and E. texana H. Robinson are
described as new.

The minute flies of the Dolichopodid genus Enlinia have proven
to be very numerous and widely distributed in the Western Hemi-
sphere. More than 70 species are presently known, mostly from tropi-
cal regions (Robinson, 1969), and 5 species have been reported in
North America north of Mexico (Robinson & Arnaud, 1970). Two
additional species are described here from the southwestern United
States on the basis of collections of Dr. Willis W. Wirth.

Enlinia arizonica H. Robinson, new species
fig. 6-9

Male. Length 1.1 mm; wing 1.0 mm by 0.5 mm. Face and front black dulled
with brownish-black pollen; eyes contiguous below, anterior facets enlarged, sur-
face with longer rather prominent pale hairs near mouth. Palpus and proboscis
dark. Antenna black, all segments small, segment 3 blunt, arista only slightly
longer than facial area.

Thorax dark metallic greenish or bluish black slightly dulled with blackish
pollen above, denser brownish pollen on pleura; setae dark with pale reflections;
about 8 pairs of acrostichals, about 10 pairs of rather small dorsocentrals; scutel-
lum with hind margin evenly curved, with pair of widely separated bristles.

Legs mostly black with dark setae, segments 1 and 2 of fore tarsus whitish.
Fore coxa without strong bristles; fore femur (fig. 8) rather broad and flat with
series of long curving setae along antero- and postero-ventral margins, those
near tip of femur up to twice as long as width of the femur; mid femur (fig. 9)
with series of longer erect ventral setae near base with some as long as width of
femur; hind femur and all tibiae nearly plain, fore tibia with a long sinuous seta
ventrally at tip; hind tibia with a rather long apical ventrally. Fore tarsus (fig.
8) with basal 2 segments broad and compressed, segment 1 with very small
black ventral spicule at tip, segment 3 flat and asymmetric, last 2 segments slen-
der, lengths of segments from base as 4-2—2-2-4; mid tarsus plain, very elongate
and slender, lengths of segments as 8—-5—4—2-3; hind tarsus as 6—6-5-—3-3, basitar-
sus with more erect slender hairs ventrally.

Wing (fig. 6) broadly oblong, clear with brown veins; costa rather arched
beyond vein 1; vein 2 rather close to costa, scarcely turned forward at tip; vein
3 bending distinctly backward in distal half, ending before broad tip of wing;
vein 4 straight, strongly divergent from 3; crossvein rather short, half as long
as last of vein 5; vein 6 represented by slight fold well in from margin; setae of
hind margin short. Knob of halter black.

420 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

Abdomen (fig. 7) slightly longer than thorax, cylindrical, blackish, setae dark;
sternum 3 with slender erect projection from middle of hind margin. Hypopygium
small, capping tip of preabdomen, brown; lamella very long slender, ribbonlike,
with a crest of strong black setae near base and a few more further along on
outer margin, fringes of finer pale hairs along both margins; a pair of inner ap-
pendages shorter, rodlike.

Holotype male and 1 male paratype: Arizona, Cochise Co., Portal,
S.W. Res. Sta. 5-9 June 1972. W. W. Wirth. Malaise trap. USNM
type no. 72434.

The new species is close to Enlinia taeniocaudata H. Robinson &
P. H. Arnaud, but the male wing lacks the sinus in the hind margin,
the ventral setae of the fore femur are longer and more irregular, the
basal segments of the fore tarsus are white, and the hypopygial ap-
pendage is somewhat shorter with fewer setae in the basal crest.

Collected with Enlinia arizonica was a female that may belong to
the species but has too many differences to be certain. The eyes are
not contiguous, anterior facets are not enlarged and the lower surface
does not have longer hairs; the face is as wide below as the width of
the first antennal segment. The legs are wholly blackish; fore femur
with only a series of short rather erect hairs ventrally; fore tarsus seg-
ments as 4—2-1.5-1.5-3; mid tarsus as 6-3-2.5-2-3; hind tarsus as 8-6-
4-3-3, with ventral hairs of basitarsus not slender but rather erect.
Wing more oval, with costa less arched; vein 2 more arched in basal
half, straighter and further from costa in distal half; vein 3 nearly
straight; vein 4 slightly bent at crossvein, very slightly arched in last
part; crossvein about % as long as last of vein 5. Anal margin not as
sharply rounded toward base. Abdomen more metallic dark greenish
black.

Also collected at the same time were 3 male specimens of Enlinia
californica H. Robinson & P. H. Amaud, previously known only from
San Mateo County, California.

Enlinia texana H. Robinson, new species
fig. 1-5

Male. Length 1.0 mm; wing 1.0 mm by 0.4 mm. Face and front greenish to
bluish black dulled with slight pollen; eyes contiguous below, anterior facets
enlarged. Palpus and proboscis dark. Antenna black, all segments small, seg-
ment 3 blunt, arista only slightly longer than facial area.

Thorax dark metallic bluish green with slight pollen, more blackish on pleura;
setae dark with pale reflections; about 8 pairs of acrostichals, 9-10 pairs of rather
small dorsocentrals; scutellum with hind margin evenly curved, with a pair of
widely separated bristles.

Legs blackish with dark setae. Fore coxa with strong bristle on inner anterior
surface; anteroventral surface of fore femur with series of rather erect short setae
\%-¥ as long as width of femur, stouter erect seta at distal 1% on anterior sur-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 42)

7 8 9 ar

Fig. 1-9, Enlinia species. 1-5, E. texana: 1, male wing; 2, female wing; 3,
male fore tarsus, lateral view; 4, male fore tarsus, anterior view; 5, male abdomen.
Fig. 6-9, E. arizonica, male: 6, wing; 7, abdomen; 8, fore leg; 9, middle femur.

face; middle femur with 2-3 very long erect setae at base ventrally followed by
3-4 short small erect setae; hind femur and all tibiae plain, tibiae with only
minute dorsal setae, mid tibia with series of close set short setae ventrally scarcely
distinct from other rows. Fore tarsus (fig. 3-4) distorted, segment 1 broad with
broader tip, segment 2 very short and slightly projecting ventrally, segment 3
set anteriorly at tip of segment 2, oblong and bulging anteriorly at base, with
rather stout hooked pale seta ventrally, 1 long stout seta and 2-3 long slender
setae on inner anterior surface, segment 4 small with short very narrow base,
segment 5 with elongate slender base, lengths of segments from base as 4—1-—3-
1.5—4; mid tarsus plain, lengths of segments as 5-3-2.5-2.5-3; hind tarsus plain,
segments as 7—5—4—3-4.

Wing broadly oval, more sharply rounded and longer fringed along middle of
anal margin, wing clear with veins black; veins 2 and 3 slightly diverging, slightly
curving backward, vein 2 more bulging near basal 4%, nearly straight at tip; vein
4 with rather sharp angle at crossvein, more strongly arching in last part; cross-
vein perpendicular to base of vein 4, about as long as last of vein 5; vein 6 repre-
sented by faint streak along base of anal margin. Knob of halter black.

A22, PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

Abdomen (fig. 5) about as long as the thorax, stout, cylindrical but curving
downward, metallic greenish black, setae dark; a long stout curved horn on mid-
dle of sternum 3, a slender forked appendage on sternum 4. Hypopygium dark
brown, rounded with broad thin armatures bearing a forked appendage having
curved branches; outer lamellae very small, white, covered with short pale hair.

Female. Plain. Face about as wide below as antennal segment 1, anterior eye
facets not enlarged. Fore coxa and tarsus plain, segments of fore tarsus as 4—1.5—
1.5-1.5-3; mid femur and tibia without distinctive ventral setae. Wing (fig. 2)
similar to male but anal margin slightly broader with vein 6 in from edge. Ab-
domen plain, not curving downward.

Holotype male, allotype female, and 4 male and 2 female paratypes:
Texas, Llano River, Kimble Co., 23 May 1972. W. W. Wirth. Malaise
trap. USNM type no. 72435.

The new species is a member of the typical group as indicated by
the seta on the fore coxae and the marginal sixth vein of the wing.
The species is one of those having the larger sternal appendages and
more metallic green abdomen but is distinct from close relatives by
the lack of spots or notable vein distortion in the wings.

A single female collected at the same locality seems to represent
another undescribed species. The tarsi of the female are whitish ba-
sally as in Enlinia ciliata H. Robinson but the face is broader and the
abdomen is brown.

REFERENCES

Robinson, H. 1969. A monographic study of the Mexican species of Enlinia
(Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Smiths. Contr. Zool. 25:1-62.

Robinson, H. and P. H. Arnaud, Jr. 1970. The genus Enlinia Aldrich in America
north of Mexico (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci.
83:1-9.

NOTES ON THE MATING HABITS OF SOME
CARABIDAE (COLEOPTERA)

ANDRE LAROCHELLE
College Bourget, C. P. 1000, Rigaud, Québec

ABSTRACT—The mating habits of Pterostichus chalcites Say are described,
and the duration of coitus is given for 20 species of ground beetles.

Matinc Hasirs or P. chalcites Say

The literature contains little work on the mating activities of the
family Carabidae. Pterostichus chalcites is distributed in eastern
North America, north to Québec, west to Indiana, and south to Louisi-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 423

ana (Lindroth, 1966). Observations on the mating of 14 pairs of this
species were made in May 1972. These individuals were collected
from under stones and dead leaves, on a damp sandy field in Rigaud,
Québec, and taken into the Collége Bourget laboratory for observa-
tion. The beetles were placed in a large terrarium with sandy soil.

Not till May 11 was any inclination towards mating shown, though
the insects were very active in the daytime, and ate with voracity what
was given to them. Males are quite aggressive and spend much time
chasing the females to this purpose. When a male locates an appar-
ently receptive female he directs his antennae forward. Then from a
few centimeters away, he makes a quick dash and leaps onto the dor-
sum of the female from behind, pushes himself forward until his palpi
touch the surface of the pronotum of his mate, clasps her between
the pro- and mesothorax with his first pair of legs, and around her
abdomen with his second pair of legs. The male supports himself
with the last pair of legs. But the female does not always welcome the
male’s advances, sometimes succeeding by running, passing under de-
bris or rolling upside down. Meanwhile, the male everts his aedeagus,
which comprises a central penis and 2 lateral parameres; then the
penis, which was drawn back within the abdomen, is brought into a
central position pointing forward. The female rarely accepts sexual
service without a struggle. If the female is receptive, i.e., opens the
apex of the abdomen, mounting is quickly followed by insertion of
the penis into the female’s genital opening. At that time, the female's
antennae are directed obliquely forward, while those of the male are
pointed backwards. The sexual partners are, for the most part, mo-
tionless during the act of copulation. At times, however, the female
walks about; furthermore, the mounted female cannot endure any
approaching insect and drives him away at once. The duration of the
coitus ranges from 6 to 17 minutes, and lasts 13 minutes in the average.
After the male withdraws his penis, the pair may remain motionless
over 2 minutes after which the female drives off the male in passing
under a debris; then both beetles run away. In 1 instance, a male re-
turned and mated with the same female after copulating 34 minutes
before.

Duration of the Coitus of some Ground-beetles

Little is known of the duration of coitus in Carabidae. According
to the entomological literature, the coitus of those insects may last
from a few seconds to most of a day ( Balduf, 1935). This list records
observations made in the laboratory.

Agonum cupripenne Say—From 5 to 27 minutes (12 mating pairs).
Agonum extensicolle Say—From | to 2 minutes (3 mating pairs ).
Amara patruelis Dejean—1 minute (for 1 case).

Anisodactylus harrisi Leconte—35 minutes (for 1 case ).

A424 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 |

Anisodactylus lugubris Dejean—10 minutes (for 1 case).

Carabus chamissonis Fischer—From 5 to 8 minutes (4 mating pairs ).
Chlaenius pensylvanicus Say—2 minutes (for | case).

Chlaenius sericeus Forster—From 1 to 10 minutes (6 mating pairs).
Chlaenius tomentosus Say—9 minutes (for 1 case).

Chlaenius tricolor Dejean—22 minutes (for 1 case).

Harpalus affinis Schrank—F rom 45 to 101 minutes (8 mating pairs ).
Harpalus herbivagus Say—From 7 to 15 minutes (2 mating pairs).
Harpalus rufipes De Geer—5 minutes (for 1 case).

Nebria gyllenhali Schénherr—8 minutes (for 1 case).

Pterostichus chalcites Say—From 6 to 17 minutes (5 mating pairs).
Pterostichus coracinus Newman—From 50 to 53 minutes (2 mating pairs).
Pterostichus lucublandus Say—From 20 to 121 minutes (5 mating pairs).
Pterostichus melanarius Iliger—51 minutes (for 1 case).

Pterostichus punctatissimus Randall—3 hours and 3 minutes (for 1 case).
Sphaeroderus nitidicollis Chevrolat—22 hours and 49 minutes (for 1 case).

The observations described in this paper have been made in Québec since 1969.
I wish to express my deep appreciation to Mr. Jean-Pierre Lebel for his technical
help, and to the “Ministére des Terres et Foréts du Québec” for its financial
support.
REFERENCES

Balduf, W. V. 1935. Bionomics of Entomophagous Coleoptera. N.Y. 230 p.
Lindroth, C. H. 1966. The Ground-beetles (Carabidae, excl. Cicindelinae )
of Canada and Alaska, Part 4. Opusc. Entomol. Suppl. 29:409-648.

GROUND-BEETLES FLYING UNDER AN ELECTRIC LIGHT
(COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)

ANDRE LAROCHELLE
Collége Bourget, C.P. 1000, Rigaud, Québec

ABSTRACT—The present paper lists 107 species of Carabidae observed flying
under an electric light; 41 species were not previously recorded in flight.

The capacity of flight is of great consequence for the dispersal of
ground-beetles. In order to study their ability of flight, we employ a
simple, non-expensive method. Living insects are collected by hand
in the field and carried home in glass containers. Insect death may be
somewhat avoided by putting in a piece of paper and by not over-
crowding the specimens. Small holes in the cover of jars permit air
circulation. In the laboratory, the containers are put in a dark room
under a lighted electric lamp. The container’s cover being removed,
the insects fly readily to light. Then, one has only to capture them
with the hand and put them into a killing jar before their identification.

PROC, ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 425

Since 1970, 107 species of ground-beetles from Québec have been
observed flying in this way. The following is a list of species observed
flying which are identified by localities and the number of specimens
in each species. An asterisk before a scientific name indicates that the
species has not been previously recorded in flight in the entomological
literature.

SPECIES ACCOUNTS

* Acupalpus canadensis Casey—Rigaud (4).
Acupalpus carus Leconte—Choisy (1); Rigaud (10).
Acupalpus pauperculus Dejean—Choisy (1).
* Acupalpus pumilus Lindroth—Choisy (1); Rigaud (6).
Acupalpus rectangulus Chaudoir—Choisy (1).
Agonum aeruginosum Dejean—Rigaud (19).
Agonum affine Kirby—Rigaud (1).
Agonum anchomenoides Randall—Choisy (1); Mistassini (1); Rigaud (1).
* Agonum canadense Goulet—Choisy (1).
Agonum cupripenne Say—Rigaud (5).
* Agonum excavatum Dejean—Choisy (1); Rigaud (1).
* Agonum extensicolle Say—Rigaud (1).
Agonum harrisi Leconte—Choisy (1); Rigaud (16).
Agonum lutulentum Leconte—Rigaud (1).
Agonum melanarium Dejean—Amos (3); Choisy (9); Mistassini (1); Rigaud
(63).
Agonum metallescens Leconte
Sainte-Monique (1).
Agonum muelleri Herbst—Amos (1).
Agonum octopunctatum Fabricius—Choisy (1).
* Agonum palustre Goulet—Choisy (8); Rigaud (6).
Agonum propinquum Gemminger and Harold—Choisy (5); Rigaud (8).
Agonum sordens Kirby—Mistassini (1); Rigaud (1).
Amara aenea De Geer—Rigaud (7).
* Amara angustata Say—Rigaud (1).
* Amara impuncticollis Say—Rigaud (17).
* Amara patruelis Dejean—Amos (1); Rigaud (5).
Anisodactylus discoideus Dejean—Blandford (1); Choisy (18); Rigaud (1).
Anisodactylus harrisi Leconte—Choisy (1); Rigaud (7).
Anisodactylus kirbyi Lindroth—Choisy (3); Rigaud (3).
Anisodactylus lugubris Dejean—Rigaud (6).
Anisodactylus nigrita Dejean—Choisy (2); Rigaud (5).
Anisodactylus rusticus Say—Rigaud (10).
Anisodactylus sanctaecrucis Fabricius—Choisy (15); Rigaud (6).
Anisodactylus sericeus Harris—Rigaud (1).
Badister grandiceps Casey—Rigaud (1).
* Badister ocularis Casey—Rigaud (4).
Bembidion bifossulatum Leconte—Blandford (1).
Bembidion bruxellense Wesmael—Mistassini (2).
Bembidion carinula Chaudoir—Mistassini (2); Sainte-Monique (2).

Pare du Mont-Tremblant (1); Rigaud (1);

+ *« &© & &

426 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

* Bembidion castor Lindroth—Bécancour (3); Blandford (15); Choisy (7);
Rigaud (3).

Bembidion chalceum Dejean—Bécancour (1); Blandford (4).
Bembidion concretum Casey—Choisy (3); Rigaud (21). |
Bembidion confusum Hayward—Choisy (4).

* Bembidion frontale Leconte—Choisy (44); Rigaud (6).

* Bembidion graciliforme Hayward—Choisy (22).

* Bembidion immaturum Lindroth—Amos (3); Mistassini (4); Pare du Mont-
Tremblant (2).

Bembidion inaequale Say—Bécancour (1).

Bembidion incrematum Leconte—Amos (3); Blandford (17).

Bembidion levettei Casey—Blandford (2); Choisy (2); Rigaud (12); Sainte-
Monique (2).

Bembidion mimus Hayward—Choisy (11); Mistassini (1); Rigaud (20).

* Bembidion muscicola Hayward—Choisy (2); Rigaud (1).

Bembidion nigrum Say—Bécancour (21).

* Bembidion nitidum Kirby—Rigaud (1).

* Bembidion oberthueri Hayward—Choisy (4).

Bembidion planum Haldeman—Bécancour (13).

Bembidion patruele Dejean—Blandford (1); Choisy (13); Mistassini (1);
Rigaud (53); Sainte-Monique (3).

Bembidion petrosum Gebler—Bécancour (2).

Bembidion punctatostriatum Say—Blandford (1).

Bembidion quadrimaculatum oppositum Say
Rigaud (9).

Bembidion salebratum Leconte—Choisy (3); Rigaud (1).

Bembidion semistriatum Haldeman—Pare du Mont-Tremblant (1).

Bembidion stephensi Crotch—Rigaud (3).

Bembidion tetracolum Say—Rigaud (1).

Bembidion versicolor Leconte—Blandford (5); Rigaud (1).

Blethisa multipunctata Linné—Rigaud (2).

* Bradycellus atrimedeus Say—Choisy (4); Rigaud (3).

* Bradycellus badipennis Haldeman—Rigaud (108).

Bradycellus congener Leconte—Rigaud (5).

Bradycellus kirbyi Horn—Rigaud (1).

Bradycellus lecontei Csiki—Heéberville (1).

* Bradycellus lugubris Leconte—Amos (1); Rigaud (6).

* Bradycellus neglectus Leconte—Rigaud (1).

Bradycellus nigriceps Leconte—Choisy (1); Rigaud (9).

Bradycellus nigrinus Dejean—Héberville (5); Rigaud (9).

Bradycellus rupestris Say—Choisy (8); Rigaud (10).

Bradycellus semipubescens Lindroth—Rigaud (32).

Chlaenius cordicollis Kirby—Bécancour (14).

* Chlaenius lithophilus Say—Choisy (1); Rigaud (1).
Chlaenius niger Randall—Rigaud (1).
Chlaenius pensylvanicus Say—Choisy (3); Rigaud (3).
Chlaenius tricolor Dejean—Rigaud (1).
Clivina americana Dejean—Rigaud (5).
Clivina fossor Linné—Choisy (1); Mistassini (2); Rigaud (3).

Blandford (1); Choisy (2);

* * * &

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 427

Dyschirius globulosus Say—Rigaud (3).

Dyschirius integer Leconte—Choisy (6); Rigaud (1).

Dyschirius sphaericollis Say—Choisy (6).

Elaphrus americanus Dejean—Choisy (6).

Elaphrus californicus Mannerheim—Bécancour (1); Choisy (34); Rigaud (4).

Elaphrus clairvillei Kirby—Choisy (3); Rigaud (5).

Harpalus affinis Schrank—Rigaud (2).

Harpalus herbivagus Say—Choisy (8); Rigaud (22).

Lebia atriventris Say—Rigaud (2).

Lebia ornata Say—Rigaud (6).

Loricera pilicornis Fabricius—Amos (2); Rigaud (2).

Microlestes linearis Leconte—Rigaud (2).

Olisthopus parmatus Say—Rigaud (1).

Pterostichus chalcites Say—Rigaud (4).

Pterostichus luctuosus Dejean—Rigaud (1).

Pterostichus lucublandus Say—Rigaud (2).

Schizogenius lineolatus Say—Bécancour (7).

Stenolophus comma Fabricius—Blandford (1); Choisy (17); Mistassini (1);
Rigaud (22).

Stenolophus conjunctus Say—Choisy (1); Rigaud (6).

Stenolophus fuliginosus Dejean—Choisy (3); Sainte-Monique (5); Rigaud (22).

Stenolophus ochropezus Say—Choisy (2); Rigaud (2).

Tachys incurvus Say—Choisy (1).

Tachys obliquus Casey—Choisy (53).

Tachys tripunctatus Say—Bécancour (1).

Trichocellus cognatus Gyllenhal—Rigaud (1).

THE GENUS DICTYODES MALLOCH (DIPTERA: SCIOMYZIDAE)

GrEorGE C,. STEYSKAL
Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA’

ABSTRACT—Dictyodes Malloch is characterized by its place in a new key to

the genera of the tribe Tetanocerini with vallar bristles. The specimen identified
by Malloch with Tetanocera dictyodes Wiedemann and made type of the genus
is shown to have been misdetermined and is described as Dictyodes platensis,
new species. The genus is known only from southern Brazil to northern Argentina.
Pherbina cayennensis Robineau-Desvoidy, from French Guiana, is treated as a
nomen dubium that may possibly be referred to Dictyodes.

The genus Dictyodes was erected by Malloch (1933: 321), with the

type and sole species Tetanocera dictyodes Wiedemann (1830: 583),
from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Malloch characterized the genus very

1 Mail address: c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560.

428 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

briefly: “Similar to Protodictya, but no hairs on hind side of hind coxae,
and arista dark with moderately long black hairs.” Inasmuch as all
specimens examined, except the one seen by Malloch (in which the
hindcoxae are very difficult to view), show distinct setae on the hind
(or dorsal) margin of the hindcoxae, only the character of dark-colored
arista remains. Among Tetanocerini with bristles on the vallum (ridge
just below base of wing), the genus is, however, quite distinct, as shown
in the following key.

GENERA OF TETANOCERINI WITH VALLAR BRISTLES

1 (6) Arista with white pubescence or hairs; tp (posterior crossvein )

sometimes strongly S-curved.

Arista with longish white hairs; tp arcuate, only slightly S-curved;

vallar bristles occasionally lacking (Holarctic)
Bae CSSD enemies Shai We Te, 278 et wea __... Limnia Robineau-Desvoidy

2) Wiieta fence white-pubescent.

4 (5) Lunule at most very narrowly free; tp strongly S-curved; meso- and
pteropleura with fine hairs only; face wholly whitish (Palaearctic )
2g Ne EN Pica pee pe Knutsonia Verbeke

5 (4) Lunule roaulls free; tp weakly to strongly S-curved; meso- and
pteropleura with strong bristles; face with central black spot
(South and Central America) —2 02 Protodictya Malloch

6 (1) Arista with loose blackish hairs; tp seldom strongly S-curved.

7 (8) Nearly entire front between orbital bristles convex and _ glossy;

Odes N@arctic)) ne ee ee Poecilographa Melander
(7) Front not convex and glossy; 2 de.
(10) Midfrontal stripe tomentose; prosternum usually setose (Holarctic )
IEA net et SPT OU Edn ORG a 8 es Trypetoptera Hendel
9) Midfrontal stripe alla prosternum usually bare.
2) Meso- and pteropleura bare or with a few fine hairs (in addition
to: vallars)) \CNearchic))) =e = ae eee Pherbecta Steyskal

12(11) Meso- and pteropleura with at least 1 bristle each (in addition to

vallars ).

13(14) Second antennal segment broader apically than at base, a little

longer than high; mesoscutum with longitudinal stripes (Palaearctic

= __........ Pherbina Robineau-Desvoidy
14(13) Second “gutennal cecuene Fane, allel dedi c 1.5 times as long
as high; mesoscutum without distinct stripes (South American)

wii. cays! sce Dictyodes Malloch

bo
—
Go
——

w
—

Malloch based his description of Dictyodes dictyodes (Wiedemann)
on a specimen from Montevideo. That specimen is in the U.S. National
Museum collections. It does not agree well with the original
description, either in size or in color pattern of body and wing. Other
specimens accumulated since Malloch’s time fit the description much
better. It has become obvious that 2 species are involved, which may
be distinguished as below.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 429

Hither the misidentified species here described as new, or the species
here identified as the Wiedemann species will fit the generic concept
equally well. It therefore seems logical to continue the original
type-designation (Art. 70.a.iii of the Code) and unnecessary to refer
the case to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.

Dictyodes dictyodes (Wiedemann)

Length of wing 7.5 mm; head with distinct brown orbito-antennal spot,
parafacial with many conspicuous blackish setae above level of lower margin
of eye and nearly to base of antenna, glossy midfrontal stripe evident in dull
front; mesoscutum with more or less continuous sublateral brown stripes bearing
postalar, supra-alar, and sublateral bristles and with irregular brown marks in
dorsocentral areas running into blotch before scutellum; mesopleuron with 2
strong posterior bristles; wing dark brown with whitish spots uniformly distributed,
brown color somewhat darker along costa, 3 squarish whitish spots in cell R:
beyond tip of vein m; dorsum of abdomen with distinct median and lateral brown
longitudinal stripes.

Material examined: ARGENTINA: 1 9, “Cap. Fed., IV, 24 P. P.” (Shannon);
1 ¢, 28 km SW Buenos Aires, 7-8 July 1964 (C. O. Berg); 1 pair with puparia,
same locality as preceding, no date, V6443 (laboratory reared by V. W. Kaczynski).
BRAZIL: 1 @, Iguazu, 6 October (R. C. Shannon); all in U.S. National Museum.

Dictyodes platensis Steyskal, new species

Length of wing 4.3 mm; head without orbito-antennal spot, parafacial with only
4-6 inconspicuous fine hairs above level of lower margin of eye; midfrontal stripe
not distinct in generally dull front; mesoscutum with pair of short longitudinal
bars medially at anterior end and with X-shaped arrangement of dark brown
spots (1 pair about base of posterior dorsocentral bristles, a single spot between
anterior dorsocentrals, 1 pair just behind transverse suture, and 1 pair about and
mesad of base of sublateral bristles); mesopleuron with 1 posterodorsal bristle;
wing mottled dark and pale smoky brown, dark brown along costa interrupted
in cell Ri by 3 longer-than-wide whitish rectangular spots, area of discal cell and
cell R; between tp crossveins largely filled by whitish blotch; abdomen dorsally
uniformly tawny.

Holotype, male. URUGUAY: Montevideo (L. Tremoleras), no.
72407 in U.S. National Museum; paratype, male, ARGENTINA: S. S.
Prinzessin, Buenos Aires, New Dock, 19.VI.1920 (Dr. W. C. C. Pakes),
in British Museum ( Natural History ).

Another name that may possibly be referred to Dictyodes is Pherbina
cayennensis Robineau-Desvoidy (1830: 689), the entire description of
which is as follows: “4. Pherbina cayennensis R. D. Simillima Ph.
reticulatae; magis flava; alae rete maculisque magis bruneis. Cette
espéce, tout-a-fait semblable au Ph. reticulata @Europe, a ensemble
du corps plus fauve; les taches et le réseau des ailes sont d'un brun
plus prononcé. Cette espeéce, originaire de Cayenne, fait partie de la
collection du comte Dejean.” Efforts to locate the type have been

430 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

fruitless, and it must be presumed lost. Comparison of the species by
its author with the European Pherbina reticulata (= P. coryleti) is all
that permits reference of the species to Dictyodes. Nothing resembling
P. coryleti has been recovered from northern South America (Cayenne
— French Guiana), and until such a specimen may be found and
treated as a neotype the name Pherbina cayennensis must be con-
sidered a nomen dubium.

REFERENCES

Malloch, J. R. 1933. Acalyptrata. Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile,
British Museum (Natural History), part 6, fase. 4: 177-391, pls. 2-7.

Robineau-Desvoidy, J. B. 1830. Essai sur les Myodaires. [Paris] Inst. de France,
[Cl. des] Sci. Math. et Phys., Acad. Roy. des Sci., Mém. présentés par divers
Savans [ser. 2], 2: 1-813.

Wiedemann, C. R. W. 1830. Aussereuropiische zweifliigelige Insekten. Vol. 2,
xii + 684 pp., pls. 7-l0b. [Considered as published prior to Robineau-
Desvoidy, 1830].

TABANIDAE (DIPTERA) OF TEXAS. II. PINE BELT SPECIES,
HUNTSVILLE STATE PARK; INCIDENCE, FREQUENCY,
ABUNDANCE AND SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION

Patrick H. THomMPsON

Veterinary Toxicology and Entomology Research Laboratory,
Agr. Res. Serv., USDA, College Station, Texas 77840

ABSTRACT—Collection of Tabanidae in the Pine Belt of east Texas near
Huntsville, Walker County, Texas, produced 1469 specimens (females) of 27
species in 5 genera: Chrysops, 10 species; Chlorotabanus, 1; Leucotabanus, 1;
Tabanus, 14; and Hybomitra, 1. Weekly collections were made Apr. 7—Sept. 29,
1971, with modified Manitoba Traps and aerial insect nets used overhead. Six
species comprised 80% of the total catch: Chrysops callidus Osten Sacken, 32%;
Tabanus melanocerus petiolatus Hine, 14%; C. pikei Whitney, 13%; T. lineola F.,
12%; T. trimaculatus Palisot de Beauvois, 5%; and T. subsimilis Bellardi, 4%.
A pasture opening in an upland pine forest was the most qualitatively productive
of 4 trap sites, producing 25 of the 27 species represented. Collections of 3 species
of deer flies (Chrysops) represent State records.

This paper is the second in a series describing the Tabanidae of
Texas and their relative abundance and seasonal distribution. Except
for the records cited in the first paper of this series, the Tabanidae of
the State are poorly known.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 431

The Eastern Timberlands or Pine Belt (“Pineywoods” )

The rolling hill country of east Texas is covered largely (70% ) by
forests interspersed with grasslands. This extension of the Southern
Pine Forest of the Coastal Plain is a belt 75-125 mi. wide from the
Red River to a point 25 mi. from the coast. This conifer forest provides
75% of the Texas lumber and pulpwood production; the remaining
25% is made up of hardwoods from this region. The geological forma-
tions in the region studied (Walker County) are Oligocene strata of
the Gueydan Group. These strata extend in a belt 28-55 mi. wide
from Newton County at the Louisiana line southwestward to Starr
County at the Mexican border. The Trinity and San Jacinto Rivers
provide the major drainage basins of the Pineywoods.

Study Area

This study was conducted in Huntsville State Park, 10 mi. south of
Huntsville in southern Walker County. The park includes 2,122 acres
bordering the western edge of the Sam Houston National Forest.
Lake Raven is a 215-acre impoundment in the center of the park.
Dominant forest trees are the native shortleaf pine (P. echinata Mill. )
and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.). Dominant hardwoods are bitternut
hickory (Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch), southern red oak
(Quercus falcata Michx.), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.),
and sassafras (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees). Flowering dogwood
(Cornus florida L.), redbud (Cercis canadensis L.), and yaupon
(Ilex vomitoria Ait.) are the major shrubs and small trees. These
flora are characteristic of the Pine Belt.

The information contained under this and the preceding headings
was complied from Hunt (1967) and Sellards, Adkins, and Plummer
(1932).

Methods

Most flies were collected by the modified Manitoba Trap (MT)
initially described in Thompson (1969) and again modified (Thompson
and Gregg, in press). One trap was located at each of 4 sites in the
park grounds. Sites were chosen considering accessibility and factors
previously shown to produce quantity and diversity of material
(proximity to water, elevation, percentage of canopy cover; Thompson
1969, 1970). The first trap site (dam) was located in a sparsely
wooded and swampy lowland forest at the southwestern margin of the
lake. The second site (opening) was a pasture opening in a pine forest
south and upland of the dam site. The third site (creek) was the
sandy and barren bank of a small creek in the heart of the park's
lowland forest. The fourth and last site (stable) was on a sandy
oak-pine ridge next to a stable concession in the park. Overhead

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

432

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434 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

collections with an aerial net were also made at sites where deer flies
(Chrysops) were observed. Several specimens were removed from
automobiles and several were caught while biting me. Collections were
made weekly, Apr. 7-Sept. 29, 1971.

The Fauna

The study produced 1469 specimens (all females) of 27 species in 5
genera: Chrysops, 10 species; Chlorotabanus, 1; Leucotabanus, 1;
Tabanus, 14; and Hybomitra, 1 (Table 1). The most abundant species
—those represented by 50 or more specimens—were Chrysops callidus
(32% of the total catch), Tabanus melanocerus petiolatus (14%),
C. pikei (18%), T. lineola (12%), T. trimaculatus (5%), and T.
subsimilis (4% ). These 6 species comprised 80% of the total catch;
21 species, the remaining 20%.

Several species were much more common in catches from some
trap sites than in catches from others. Deer flies were not observed
above my head in the sites found in the heart of the lowland hardwood
forest (creek and stable); however, these species did fly above my
head in the upland pines (opening) and at the base of this ridge
near the lake (dam). Most species of deer flies were taken predomi-
nantly at the opening and dam sites; Chrysops callidus was abundant
at all sites. Tabanus proximus predominated at the dam. Tabanus
melanocerus petiolatus and T. trimaculatus were more numerous in the
creek bed trap than in traps from the other sites. Catch differences of
other species were not sufficient to suggest habitat specificity. Several
sites were more qualitatively productive than others. Of the 27 species
collected, 25 were taken at the opening, 18 at the dam, and 14 each
at the creek and stable (MT catches, Table 1).

Chrysops callidus and C. pikei first appeared in early April, peaked
in early May, and then declined greatly in mid-June. The dominant
horse flies were most numerous in late May (T. trimaculatus), early
June (T. lineola and T. subsimilis), or late June (T. melanocerus
petiolatus ).

Four of the 6 dominant species attacked man or livestock. Chrysops
callidus annoyed men and horses on trails, bridle paths, firelanes, and
in openings in the upland pines. Tabanus lineola and T. subsimilis
were the species most annoying to horses in the corrals near the stables.
One specimen each of C. callidus, C. upsilon, and T. molestus bit me
during daytime collections in the park.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I gratefully acknowledge the help of the following persons: Mr. Edward J.
Gregg, for conscientiously gathering catches and maintaining traps; and the
Messrs. Jerry Oliver, Duane Hoff, and Johnny Smith, HSP, for suggesting trap
sites and overcoming technical difficulties.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 435

REFERENCES

Hunt, Charles B. 1967. Physiography of the United States. W.H. Freeman and
Co., S. F., Calif. 480 p.

Sellards, E. H., W. S. Adkins, and F. B. Plummer. 1932. The Geology of Texas.
I. Stratigraphy. Univ. Tex. Bull. No. 3232. Bur. Econ. Geol., Univ. Texas, Austin.
1007 p.

Thompson, Patrick H. 1969. Collecting methods for Tabanidae (Diptera). Ann.
Entomol. Soc. Amer. 62: 50-7.

1970. Tabanidae (Diptera) of Patuxent Wildlife Research Center,
Laurel, Maryland. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 63: 572-6.

1973. Tabanidae (Diptera) of Texas. I. Coastal marsh species, West
Galveston Bay; abundance and seasonal distribution. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.
75: 359-364.

and E. J. Gregg. Structural modifications and performance of the
modified Manitoba Trap and the modified Animal Trap for collection of
Tabanidae. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. In press.

STUDIES ON THE GENUS APHODIUS OF THE UNITED STATES
AND CANADA (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE): I. TWO
NEW SPECIES FROM OREGON AND CALIFORNIA

Rosert D. GORDON
Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA"

ABSTRACT—Two new species of Aphodius from the western United States
are described. One of these species, A. spermophili, lives in the burrows of
Spermophilus beldingi Merriam. The habitat of the other species, A. perpolitus,
is not known.

This is the first of a proposed series of papers dealing with the
genus Aphodius Iliger in the United States and Canada. The purpose
of these papers is to make known information on the taxonomy, biol-
ogy, and ecology of members of the genus, and to make it easier to
identify them. There are presently many described species of Apho-
dius, but there are adequate keys to only a few small parts of the
genus.

Horn (1887) produced the first comprehensive paper dealing with
the genus Aphodius in North America. Nothing was done in the na-
ture of a comprehensive treatment from 1887 to 1922 when Schmidt
revised the Aphodiinae of the world. Schmidt described a few addi-
tional U.S. species and incorporated them in keys, but he did not add
to or change Horn’s classification to any degree except nomeclaturally.

1 Mail address: c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560.

436 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., vOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

William J. Brown revised Horn’s series I-b (1927), the subgenus Platy-
derides Schmidt (1928), and the subgenus Diapterna Horn (1929).
In these papers Brown described several new species and made many
changes in classification. With the publication of these papers it be-
came possible, for the first time, to identify most North American
specimens belonging in those groups. Hatch (1971) provided a key
to the species of Aphodius occurring in the Pacific Northwest, this
being the first comprehensive treatment of any consequence since
Brown's papers.

Schmidt (1922) listed and gave a key to 74 subgenera of Aphodius
for the world. Many of these include North American genera and it
is usually possible to assign a species to a subgenus, but in my opinion
many of these subgenera are not valid and others should be expanded,
divided, or otherwise modified in order to be usable. The species in
this and papers to follow are not assigned to subgenera, but the sub-
genus to which the species will go in Schmidt’s key is indicated under
remarks.

The present paper deals with 2 previously undescribed species from
southern Oregon and northern California collected by Mr. Joe Schuh
of Klamath Falls, Oregon. One of the species was collected from the
burrows of Spermophilus beldingi Merriam (equals Citellus beldingi)
and is a typical member of the subgenus Platyderides. The other has
no host data and is probably not associated with a rodent burrow or
nest,

Type material is deposited in the following collections: Joe Schuh
collection, Klamath Falls, Oregon (JS); U.S. National Museum,
Washington, D.C. (USNM); H. Howden collection, Ottawa, Canada

Thanks are due Henry Howden for taking the electron scanning
photographs of the species herein described.

Aphodius spermophili Gordon, new species
vane, IL, Bh SS

Holotype: Male, length 5.65 mm, greatest width 2.60 mm. Form elongate,
convex. Color reddish brown throughout. Head shining, posterior %4 punctured,
punctures nearly contiguous, anterior %4 densely tuberculate, tubercles small,
pointed; anterior margin of clypeus nearly truncate medially with sharp, upturned
tooth on each side (fig. 2). Pronotum smooth, shining, punctures separated by
the diameter of a puncture medially, becoming coarse and denser laterally; antero-
lateral angle abrupt, lateral margin explanate, feebly curved, posterolateral angle
broadly rounded, concave internally, punctures becoming contiguous in concav-
ity, posterior margin beaded, broadly rounded (fig. 1, 2). Elytron shining, punc-
tures on intervals fine, arranged in 2 very irregular rows, striae distinctly im-
pressed, intervals slightly convex. Ventral surface shining medially, alutaceous
laterally; metasternum with irregularly scattered, coarse punctures medially.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 437

rae 4
Rede Reo Ne a 3

Fig. 1 and 2, Aphodius spermophili: 1, head and pronotum, dorsal view; 2,
head and pronotum, lateral view. Fig. 3 and 4, A. perpolitus: 3, habitus view;
4, head and pronotum, lateral view.

Anterior tibia with outer teeth strong, posterior tooth basad of middle of tibia,
apical spur small, tapered from base to pointed apex; middle and hind tibiae
with apex fringed with unequal spines, outer spur 74 the length of inner, bluntly
pointed, inner spur longer than first tarsal segment, pointed. Anterior tarsus
with basal segment shorter than segment 2, segments 2—4 subequal, fifth seg-
ment as long as segments 3 and 4 combined; middle and hind tarsi with basal
segment nearly as long as 2 and 3 combined, segments 2—4 subequal, fifth seg-
ment 11% times as long as fourth. Abdominal sterna finely punctured, alutaceous,

punctures becoming coarser laterally. Genitalia as in figure 5.

Allotype: Female, length 5.80 mm, greatest width 2.80 mm. Not
separable from male on external characters.

438 PROG. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

Fig. 5, Aphodius spermophili, male genitalia.

Type material: Holotype, male, California, Modoc Co., Saddle
Blanket Flat, Citellus beldingi burrow, 5-10-71, Joe Schuh (USNM
72286). Allotype, female, same data as holotype (USNM). Para-
types, 49: 22 with same data as holotype; 27, California, Siskiyou
Co., Macdoel, burrow of Citellus beldingi, May 17, 1971, Joe Schuh.
(JS) (USNM) (HH).

Variation: Length ranges from 5.00 to 6.00 mm, width from 2.40 to
3.00 mm. The punctures in the posterolateral concavity of the pro-
notum are denser on some specimens than in figure 2, forming rows of
elongate, contiguous punctures.

Remarks: Aphodius spermophili is very similar to A. coquilletti
Linell at first glance and keys to that species in Brown (1928). Apho-
dius coquilletti has the head nearly smooth, tubercles (if present) only
on the clypeus, the pronotum narrowed posteriorly, broadly explanate
across the anterior angles and the posterolateral angle sinuately emar-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 439

ginate. Aphodius spermophili has the head entirely tuberculate ex-
cept the posterior 4, the pronotum not narrowed posteriorly, narrowly
explanate and not more so across the anterior angles and the postero-
lateral angle simply rounded, not emarginate.

Aphodius spermophili also resembles A. militaris LeConte super-
ficially but militaris does not have an explanate pronotum and belongs
in another group within the genus.

The type of A. coquilletti is USNM No. 560 bearing the following
labels: “Los Angeles Co., Cal./Jan./3284/collection Coquillette,
Aphodius coquilletti Linell Type/Type No. 560 U.S.N.M.”. Because
Linell (1896) specifically stated that he had a single example from
Los Angeles, California, this specimen must be considered the holo-
type of coquilletti.

Aphodius spermophili is a typical member of the subgenus Platy-
derides and, like all known members of this subgenus, is associated
with a rodent. In this particular instance the rodent is Spermophilus
beldingi, a common western ground squirrel.

Aphodius perpolitus Gordon, new species
fig, 3.4

Holotype: Female, length 4.00 mm, greatest width 2.00 mm. Form elongate,
oblong, sides of elytra parallel. Color black; legs and mouthparts reddish piceous;
dorsal surface with faint greenish bronze sheen. Dorsal surface smooth, strongly
shining except extreme apex of elytron roughly alutaceous. Head finely, evenly
punctured, punctures separated by 1-3 times their diameter; anterior clypeal
margin feebly, broadly emarginate medially, anterolateral angle broadly rounded
(fig. 3). Pronotum finely, densely punctured medially, punctures separated by
2-3 times their diameter, punctures becoming slightly coarser and separated by
their diameter or less toward lateral margin; anterolateral angle rounded, pro-
jecting forward, lateral margin nearly straight, indented slightly before posterior
angle, appearing “pinched” (fig. 3), posterolateral angle abrupt, basal margin
not beaded medially (fig. 4). Elytron with intervals flat, a row of very fine
punctures on each side of interval near striae; striae distinctly, not deeply im-
pressed. Ventral surface generally alutaceous; metasternum shining medially with
a few coarse punctures present. Anterior tibia with apical spur long, robust,
pointed, very slightly curved downward; middle and hind tibiae with short but
apparently unequal spines, outer spur short, pointed, slightly sinuate, 34 as long
as inner spur, inner spur longer than first tarsal segment. Anterior tarsus with
first 4 segments subequal in length, fifth segment as long as 3 and 4 combined;
middle and hind tarsi with first segment as long as 2 and 3 combined, segments
2-4 subequal in length, fifth segment nearly as long as 3 and 4 combined. Ab-
dominal sterna strongly alutaceous, feebly, indistinctly punctured. Pygidium
alutaceous, coarsely, densely punctured.

Type material: Holotype, male, Oregon, Klamath Co., Spring
Creek, May 8, 1967, Joe Schuh (USNM 72287). Paratypes, 2, same
data as holotype (JS).

440 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., vOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

Variation: Length ranges from 3.70 to 4.00 mm, width from 1.80
to 2.00 mm. One of the paratypes has a small, round, yellow spot on
the fourth interval at the apical declivity of each elytron. The other
paratype has a very obscure spot at the same location on one elytron,
no spot visible on the other elytron.

Remarks: All 3 specimens in the type series are females. Aphodius
perpolitus is difficult to place in Horn (1887) because the fringe of
spines on the hind tibia is not clearly of equal or unequal spines. If
it is assumed that they are unequal then it keys to terminalis Say,
which is an eastern species having distinctly alutaceous elytra with
a red elytral apex. If the choice of equal spines is taken, it keys to
alternatus Horn, which does not have the sides of the pronotum in-
dented and has the elytral intervals coarsely, densely, irregularly punc-
tures. Aphodius alternatus also has the elytra in large part brown or
yellow. In Hatch (1971), perpolitus keys to either the subgenus Vo-
linus Mulsant or Agrilinus Mulsant but does not fit either very well.
This is one of the species that points up the weakness of the subge-
neric system used by Schmidt (1922). The extremely shining dorsum
with greenish bronze sheen, indented lateral pronotal margin and
each elytral interval with 2 rows of fine punctures distinguish per-
politus from any previously described species of Aphodius.

It is possible that the yellow elytral spots mentioned under varia-
tion above will prove to be more obvious and distinctive when addi-
tional specimens are found.

Figure 3, the habitus view of perpolitus, is somewhat distorted by
the electron scanning microscope, something that not infrequently
happens at magnifications of 8X to 10X. The specimen is actually
shorter and more oblong than shown in the photograph but all charac-
ters other than shape are accurately represented.

REFERENCES

Brown, W. J. 1927. A revision of the species of Aphodius of Horn’s series I-b
(Coleoptera). Canadian Entomol. 59:162—167.
1928. The subgenus Platyderides in North America (Coleoptera).
Canadian Entomol. 60:10-21.
1929. Revision of the species of Aphodius of the subgenus Diap-
terna (Coleoptera). Canadian Entomol. 61:224—231.
Hatch, M. H. 1971. The beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Part V. Univ.
Washington Pub. Biol. 16:1-662.
Horn, G. H. 1887. A monograph of the Aphodiini inhabiting the United States.
Trans. American Entomol. Soc. 14:1-110.
Linell, M. L. 1896. New species of North American Coleoptera of the family
Scarabaeidae. Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 18:13-23.
Schmidt, A. 1922. Aphodiinae. Das Terreich, 45. Berlin and Leipzig. 614
pp.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 44]

THE BIOLOGY OF LEPTOGASTER FLAVIPES LOEW
IN MARYLAND (DIPTERA: ASILIDAE)

A. G. ScarBroucH and Gary SIPES
Department of Biology, Towson State College, Baltimore, Maryland 21204

ABSTRACT—The biology of Leptogaster flavipes Loew was studied in a wooded
area of Baltimore County, Maryland and in the laboratory during the summers
of 1971 and 1972. These predaceous flies are most abundant in the woods during
July, and are restricted to the more humid areas which have a dense, herbaceous
undergrowth. They begin foraging in mid-morning and continue until late after-
noon. A list of prey and a description of predation are given. Matings are more
common in early afternoon. The mean time in copula for 20 pairs of flies is 18.5
minutes. A description of mating and oviposition are given. Eggs are laid singly
and hatch within 10-14 days at 28 C.

There are at least 50 species of the subfamily Leptogasterinae in
the United States (Martin, 1957). Information on the biology of this
group is limited and scattered at best. The most thorough report on a
species of this group is that reported by Melin (1923) on Leptogaster
cylindrica DeGeer in Sweden. Of the nearctic species, Malloch (1917)
described an immature stage of Leptogaster flavipes Loew; Newkirk
(1963) reported the feeding and mating habits of Psilonyx annulatus
(Say) (as Leptogaster annulatus), and Lavigne (1963) described the
eggs of L. salvia Martin.

METHODS

This study was conducted in the field and laboratory during the
summers of 1971 and 1972. The field study was conducted in a
wooded area located between North Charles Street and Osler Drive
in northern Baltimore County, Maryland. The wooded area, hereafter
referred to as the Sheppard Pratt Woods (NE/4 Baltimore 15’
Quadrangle; Towson Quadrangle 70°37’20” W, 39°23’22” N), is
approximately 20 acres in size, and is the remains of a more extensive
forested area in the Towson quadrangle. The woods have undergone
frequent irregular clearing and burning of the brush and understory.
As a result the understory in some areas has not been re-established,
and the soil in these areas is noticably dry throughout the summer.
At the present time the upperstory consists primarily of Fraxinus
americana L.., Quercus borealis Micheaux, Q. alba L., Fagus grandifolia
Ehrhart, and Liriodendron tulipifera L. The understory and forest
floor is dominated by Prunus serotina Ehrh., Prunus spp., F. americana,
Viburnum acerifolium L., Lonicera sp., Rubus phoenicolasius Maxi-
mowicz, Podophyllum peltatum L., Circaea alpina L., and Arisaema

442 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

triphyllum (L.) Schott. We followed the classification of plants by
Radford (1968).

In order to determine the seasonal distribution of this species, collec-
tions were taken from the same sections of the woods during the 2
summers. Collections were made with portable malaise traps and
aerial insect nets. One trap was placed in an area of the woods
which had a rank undergrowth. A second trap was placed at a site
that was devoid of undergrowth. Routine collections were taken on
Wednesdays and Saturdays from May 1 through October 1. For
convenience, the data of the catches of the 2 days were combined and
plotted on a weekly basis. The “daily catch” is the total number of
specimens taken by both methods on a given date, although the data
actually include specimens taken during the 6-7 days preceding.

Specimens were collected with aspirators in the field and transported
to the laboratory for observations on reproduction and_ predation.
Observations were also made in the field whenever possible. Twenty
pairs of flies were used to study reproduction in the laboratory.
These specimens were captured in the field in early morning, usually
as soon as they became active. Observations were made in the after-
noon at 2 hour intervals, usually between 1 and 3 PM. During these
periods the flies were kept in collapsible insect cages, 12x12x12 in,
at room temperature and lighting. Five mated females were placed
in petri dishes lined with moist filter paper for oviposition. Ovipositing
females and eggs were kept in an incubator at 28 C. Each dish
was checked at 24-hour intervals, and the numbers of eggs recorded.
Predation was observed by placing fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster
Meigen, in the cages as prey for the robber flies. The prey of these
flies were determined by capturing feeding robber flies in the field
with small snap top vials (Newkirk, 1963). The predator was released,
and the prey taken to the laboratory for identification.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Foraging and predation. Leptogaster flavipes become active in
mid-morning and continue until late afternoon. They perch on the
terminals of dead stems, aerial shoots or on the under-surfaces of leaves
at night and during early morning. When foraging begins, they
usually fly at a height of 1 to 2 feet below and between branches of
low plants covering the forest floor. In flight the body is parallel to
the ground and the hind legs are more or less extended vertically.
The first and second pair of legs are drawn up below the body and
extended forward. They move slowly from plant to plant “inspecting”
the tips of aerial shoots, often hovering momentarily, then landing or
moving to another shoot. Adults seldom aggregate at 1 site to forage.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 443

However, on | occasion we observed 5 individuals foraging at a small
flowering plant, Circaea alpina L.

The flying asilid invariably captures resting prey. Under laboratory
conditions, fruit flies were captured when resting on the sides or tops
of the cages. In the field, prey were also taken when at rest on a stem,
leaf or flower. We observed only 3 flies attacking prey in flight.
However, none of the attacks was sucessful. Presumably this is typical
for Leptogaster spp. ( Melin, 1923; Newkirk, 1963).

The flies attack quickly after sighting prey. The attack may be
direct without hesitation or indirectly by hovering slightly above the
prey, moving backwards an inch or so, and then flying rapidly forward
and ‘leaping’ on the prey. Few prey escaped their attacks in cages.
The flies are less successful in the field. The predator firmly grasps
the prey with all legs, dislodging it from the perch. One leg, usually
a foreleg, is then used to grasp the substrate while the remaining legs
quickly manipulate the prey. The proboscis is inserted and feeding
begins within 3 to 4 seconds of capture. Examination of prey in the
laboratory reveals that the proboscis is usually inserted in the dorsal
or pleural areas of the thorax or abdomen. Feeding is usually com-
pleted at the capture site. If disturbed, L. flavipes flies into the low
vegetation with the prey stuck on its proboscis. When feeding is
completed, the prey is ordinarily pushed off the proboscis by the front
tarsi at the feeding site. Occasionally a predator discards the prey in
flight.

These flies also attack inanimate objects such as plant spikelets and
seeds in the field and small pieces of paper in cages. Leptogaster
annulatus (Newkirk, 1963) and L. cylindrica (Melin, 1923) exhibit
similar behavior.

Prey taken by L. flavipes: ORTHOPTERA. Gryllidae: Nemobius
sp. (nymph), VII-20-72. HOMOPTERA. Aphididae: Rhopalosiphum
maidis (Fitch), VII-15-71, VII-20-71, 3 specimens VII-10-72; Cica-
dellidae: Typhlocyba sp. 3 specimens VII-12-72, 2 specimens VII-20-72.
DIPTERA. Chironomidae: Chironomus plumosus (L.) VII-20-72.
Sciaridae: Sciara sp. VII-7-72: Culicidae: Aedes sp. VII-15-71, VII-16-
71, VI-19-72, 2 specimens VII-20-72; Culex sp. VII-20-72; Mycetophila
sp. VI-26-72. The prey were identified by the senior author.

Mating. Numerous matings were observed in the field from
10:05 A.M. to 5:15 P.M., although most occurred in the early afternoon.
Mating occurs among low-growing vegetation at heights from 1 to 3
feet. Males usually locate resting females although a few males were
observed following females to perch sites. Upon sighting a female on
a perch, the male attempts to land on her dorsum. An unreceptive
female prevents landing of a male by simultaneously elevating and
vibrating the wings above the body, slightly recurving the apex of

444 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

the abdomen, and kicking at the male with her hind tarsi. The
female often flies to another perch following unsuccessful mating
attempts by males.

A receptive female remains at the perch site and allows the male
to land. The male approaches from behind, hovers briefly, and lands
either on her dorsum, or laterally on her dorsopleural surface. The
male grasps the female’s thorax just anterior to her wing bases with
his fore tarsi. His middle tarsi grasp the proximal end of her thorax
and/or the base of her abdomen, and begin to stroke in this area.
The hind tarsi grasp the anterior or mid-section of the abdomen. The
male rotates the apical portion of his abdomen about 90° laterad to the
female’s genitalia. The apical portion of his abdomen is moved below
the genitalia of the female; and the rotation of the abdomen is corrected
with the dorsal surface below the female. The genitalia of the male
is quickly rotated forward, below that of the female. Coupling occurs
when the ventral surfaces of the genitalia come into contact. The pair
form a rough figure eight arrangement in repose. The male then
releases its grasp, falling laterally and below the female into a head-
down position with the dorsal surface turned forward or slightly
lateral (fig. 1). The wings of both flies are folded during copulation.
The length of time in copula of 20 pairs in the laboratory varied from
5 to 34 minutes. The mean time was 18.5 minutes.

The entire mating sequence usually occurs at the original perch site
of the female. If disturbed they move rapidly in copula to a nearby
perch with both members taking part in the flight. The male is
below the female in flight. The female ends copulation by simul-
taneously vibrating her wings above the body, arching her abdomen,
and pushing at the male with her hind tarsi. The males usually move
away following mating. The female may remain at the mating site or
fly to a nearby perch. In either case she grooms the tip of her abdomen
and genitalia with her hind tarsi.

Females may mate several times before ovipositing. In cages,
females mate readily with a second or third male, often capturing prey
and feeding between successive matings. Multiple matings were not
observed under field conditions.

Oviposition. We observed females depositing eggs while perched
on a leaf and at the base of a tree in the field, and on moistened filter
paper in petri dishes in the laboratory. Under field conditions, females
perch at heights of 1 to 2 feet with the abdomen slightly recurved
and the wings folded above the dorsum. The front and hind legs
support the body while the hind legs, singly or together, groom the
distal portion of the abdomen. The female quickly elevates the mid-
section of her abdomen, curving the distal portion down and forward.
The wings vibrate and the abdomen undergoes contortions, releasing

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

:
i)
,

Fig. 1. Female and male Leptogaster flavipes, in copula.

1 egg at a time. Grooming of the abdomen usually follows oviposition.
Females observed in the field flew away after depositing a single egg.
In petri dishes, females behave similarily by crawling across the paper,
pausing briefly to lay an egg and then crawling to a new location.

446 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

Fig. 2. Eggs of Leptogaster flavipes.

The wings are usually vibrating during the crawling phase, suggesting
a flight phase between successive ovipositions. Perhaps this behavior
aids in distributing the eggs over a wide area, increasing the chances
for survival.

Egg production by 5 females mated in the laboratory is presented
in Table 1. The eggs are smooth, amber colored, and slightly oval
(fig. 2). No sculpturing of the egg chorion is detectable at 150x
magnification. The sizes of the eggs are remarkably uniform, although
slight variations do occur. The mean size of the eggs laid by female
3 was 0.34 mm in length and 0.27 mm in width. The mean sizes of
the eggs laid by the remaining females are similar. The number of
eggs laid by each female varied considerably, ranging from 25 to 72

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 447

Table 1—Numbers and sizes of eggs laid by 5 females of Leptogaster flavipes.

Size (mm)

Female Number | es Ww G Naty W L; a
1 24 SOO x 204 336 * .294 344 x .279
2 56 30! X .282 315 x .249 334 X .272
3 76 348 X .282 324 X .266 335 X .273
4 54 ood X .282 .330 X .250 334 xX .270
5 B/ .304 X .290 334 X .260 335 X .274

in females 1 and 3, respectively. It seems doubtful, although not
impossible, that such a wide range of egg production per individual
fly would occur in nature. It seems more likely that female 1 may
have been injured or was much older than female 3, and subsequently

Number of Individuals

7
June July August
Collecting Dates

Fig. 3. Seasonal distribution and abundance of Leptogaster flavipes in the
Sheppard Pratt Woods during the summers of 1971 and 1972.

448 PROG. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

had laid some eggs in the field before being captured. The eggs
were deposited within 24 hours of mating and hatched in 10-14 days
after oviposition.

Seasonal distribution and abundance. Figure 3 shows the seasonal
distribution and abundance of L. flavipes in the Sheppard Pratt Woods
during the 2 summer seasons of 1971 and 1972. The species was most
abundant during July although it was present in small numbers during
June (1972) and early August (1971). We have taken a few specimens
in miscellaneous collections during late August of 1971 and 1972 in a
wooded area of the Loch Raven Reservoir in Baltimore County, Mary-
land. It is also reported “fairly common” at Plummers Island, Maryland,
from May 28 to September | (McAtee and Banks, 1920).

The distribution of this species during the summer is probably
related to humidity. It is restricted to the more humid areas of the
Sheppard Pratt Woods. These areas are covered by a thick under-
growth of small trees and herbaceous plant. The crests of the hills
are without undergrowth, and are comparatively dry throughout the
summer. Leptogaster flavipes is absent from these areas. In middle
and late summer, the entire woods become noticeably dry. This period
corresponds to the gradual decline in the fly population. In areas
such as the Loch Raven Reservoir and Plummers Island which are
moist for longer periods, the distribution of the fly made be lengthened.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to express our appreciation to: Dr. R. L. Hilton, Department of
Biology, Towson State College, for reading the manuscript and making sugges-
tions for its improvement, Dr. D. R. Windler, Department of Biology, Towson
State College, for assisting in the identification of plants, and Towson State
College for the use of Sheppard Pratt Woods and facilities.

REFERENCES

Lavigne, R. J. 1963. Description of the eggs of Leptogaster salvia (Diptera;
Asilidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 38:176.

McAtee, W. L. and N. Banks. 1920. District of Columbia Asilidae. Proc. Ento-
mol. Soc. Wash. 22:13-33.

Malloch, J. R. 1917. A preliminary classification of Diptera, exclusive of Pupi-
para, based upon larval and pupal characters, with keys to imagines in certain
families. Part I. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist. Bull. (1918). 12:161—409.

Martin, C. H. 1957. A revision of the Leptogastrinae in the United States
(Diptera, Asilidae). Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 111:345-385.

Melin, D. 1923. Contributions to the knowledge of the biology, metamor-
phosis and distribution of the Swedish asilids in relation to the whole family
of asilids. Uppsala Univ. Zool. Bidr. 8:1-317.

Newkirk, M. R. 1963. The feeding and mating of Leptogaster annulatus (Dip-
tera, Asilidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 56:234-236.

Radford, A. E. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. The Uni-
versity of North Carolina Press. 2nd Printing. Chapel Hill. 1183 pp.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 449

PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWN NYMPHS OF WESTERN ODONATA
(ZYGOPTERA: CALOPTERYGIDAE, COENAGRIONIDAE)*

A. V. PROVONSHA and W. P. McCAFFERTY

Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907

ABSTRACT—The previously unknown nymphal stages of the damselfly species
Hetaerina vulnerata Hagen and Argia nahauna Calvert are described from south-
western Utah. A comparison with closely related species, on the basis of nymphal
morphology, is given for each, and differentiating characterization is indicated.
Notes on observed biology and habitat data are also included.

The nymphal taxonomy of North America damselfly species is for
the most part well known today on the basis of stage correlations of
reared materials. There have remained, however, certain species,
particularly of the West, for which definitive descriptions and biological
data concerning the nymphal stage have been lacking. Hetaerina
vulnerata Hagen and Argia nahuana Calvert have been 2 such species.

During field investigations in the summer of 1971, as part of a
systematic study of the Zygoptera of western North America, the
authors were able to collect adults and associated nymphs of both
the above named species from extreme southwestern Utah. Nymphal
descriptions and illustrations of these 2 species are presented herewith
along with notes on the taxonomy and observed biology of each.

Hetaerina vulnerata Hagen
fig. 2 and 3

Although the adults of H. vulnerata have been known since their
original description by Hagen (in Selys-Longschamps, 1853) and from
the Southwest since early in this century, the following represents the
first description of the nymphal stage of this species. Distinct mor-
phological differences are present between these nymphs and those of
H. americana (Fabricius), the only other species of Hetaerina known
from this region. The description is based on 5 specimens, 3 of which
are last instar nymphs. The abundance of H. vulnerata adults and the
absence of H. americana at the collecting site, along with obvious
differences in these nymphs from known Hetaerina would assure
application of the name.

Nymph: Head pentagonal in dorsal view, approximately 7 as long as wide,
frons prominent and slightly rounded anteriorly; labrum projecting slightly anterior
of frons; antennae 7-segmented, first segment approximately 1.25 times length of

1 Published with the approval of the Director of the Purdue University Agricul-
tural Experiment Station as Journal Series No. 4945,

450 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

remainder combined, and subequal to midsagittal length of head, several long setae
medially near base; labium extending posteriorly to mesosternum, proximal half of
mentum (fig. 2) narrow with lateral margins subparallel, width approximately 4 of
length of mask, distal half of mentum with nearly straight lateral margins strongly
divergent, length of cleft median lobe from base of bifurcations equal to width of
proximal half of mentum, median cleft teardrop shaped, depth at level of articula-
tions of lateral lobes, bifurcations narrower than greatest width of cleft, each
bifurcation with single seta basally, lateral lobes terminating in 3 curved immovable
hooks and longer movable hook, mesal hook shortest, 1 short seta near base of
movable hook, and 5-7 short spines irregularly placed laterally.

Pronotum with anterior margin upturned and slightly concave, hind margin
slightly rounded, pronotal shelf with 2 pairs of lateral projections slightly dorsad
of each fore coxa, posterior projection most prominent; pterothorax stout, hind
wing cases extending slightly distad of posterior margin of fourth abdominal tergum;
legs long and thin, fore femora slightly shorter than width of head, fore tibiae
nearly 1.5 times length of fore femora, tarsi 3-segmented, proximal segment half
as long as distal segment, tarsal segments combined ¥% as long as tibiae.

Abdomen with lateral carina poorly developed on segment 1, becoming more
prominent posteriorly through segment 8, lateral carina of segments 9-10 smaller
than on segment 8, heavily sclerotized and terminating in short spines, postero-
ventral margin of segment 10 (fig. 3) with 2 submedian spines equal in size to
spines on lateral carina; middle caudal lamella slightly shorter than lateral lamellae,
thin, flat, and rounded apically; lateral lamellae slightly longer than hind wing
cases, dorsal margin curved, ventral margin straight almost to tip then curving
upward ending in blunt point, spines on dorsal margin less distinct than those on
ventral margin and lateral keel.

Color generally tan to reddish brown; cloudy brown markings on dorsum of head
and pronotal shelf; lateral part of head posterior to eyes, lateral part of prothorax
ventrad of shelf, and lateral pterothorax all marked with dark brown becoming
darker and more extensive with age; legs light tan, femora with 4 brown stripes,
tibiae with 3 brown stripes; abdominal terga with 4 dark spots on posterior margins
and with tan mid-dorsal stripe, sterna darkened variously along posterior margins,
sometimes appearing as lateral spots or transverse dashes and with fine dark
midventral stripe; caudal lamellae with margins pale, dark brown granular pigmen-
tation throughout median portion, with 2 or 3 dark bands extending to ventral
margin.

Total length: 25.5-27 mm; lateral caudal lamellae: 6.5—7 mm; antennal segment
1: 2.7—3 mm.

Specimens examined: 4 nymphs—Utah: Washington Co., Santa Clara River,
Veyo Warm Springs. June 14, 1971. A. V. Provonsha and W. P. McCafferty.
Deposited in the Laboratory of Insect Diversity, Purdue University, West Lafayette,
Indiana. 1 nymph—Utah: Washington Co., Weeping Rock, Zion Natl. Park.
June, 1961. G. Musser. Deposited in the University of Utah collections, Salt Lake
City, Utah.

Discussion: The nymphal stage of H. vulnerata resembles that of
H. americana in general body form, but can be distinguished by the
following diagnostic characteristics. The proximal half of the mentum
is narrower in H. vulnerata, with the width being approximately 14 of

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 451

A

Fig. 1. Hetaerina americana, mentum, inner face. Fig. 2-3. H. vulnerata: 2,
mentum, inner face; 3, abdominal sternites 9-10. Fig. 4-5. Argia nahauna: 4,
mentum, inner face; 5, caudal lamellae, lateral view.

the total length of the labial mask (fig. 2); whereas, in H. americana
the proximal half of the mentum is equal to % of the length of the
mask (fig. 1). The median cleft is more teardrop shaped in H.
vulnerata with the bifurcations narrower basally than the greatest
width of the cleft (fig. 2). In H. americana, however, the width of
the bifurcations is greater than that of the cleft (fig. 1). The lateral
lobes contain a cluster of 5-7 short spines irregularly placed basad of
the movable hook in H. vulnerata (fig. 2); 3-4 spines only are found in
H. americana (fig. 1). In addition to the above labial characters, the
tenth abdominal sternum of H. vulnerata nymphs possesses a pair of
submedian spines on the posterior margin (fig. 3) which are either
totally absent or represented only by short, stiff, inconspicuous setae
in H. americana.

452, PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

The Santa Clara River, where most of the nymphal material was
taken, drains part of the Pine Valley Mountains of southwestern Utah.
Both runoff and natural springs contribute to the water flow which
fluctuates somewhat throughout the year. The collecting site at Veyo
is at an altitude of approximately 4,400 ft. in a rather deep and narrow
canyon. The river substrate is composed mainly of red sand which
is typical of the area, along with some large lava rubble. The river
itself at this point ranges from 4-8 ft. in width and in most places is
less than a foot in depth. Emergent vegetation is conspicuous along
the shallower, slower moving sections. At the time the samples were
taken the water temperature was recorded at 67 F.

Adults of H. vulnerata were abundant in the area and the majority
sampled were teneral at the time. No oviposition or copulatory be-
havior was observed. Of the 4 nymphs taken, 3 were from root masses
close to the bank and 1 from a stone near the middle of the river bed.
Due to the large number of tenerals observed and the small number
of nymphs taken, it appeared that emergence had been fairly recent
and closely synchronized. Although H. vulnerata and H. americana are
sympatric in parts of their range, the authors have not collected the 2
species from the same exact locality, a situation which perhaps suggests
that the populations are isolated ecologically.

Argia nahauna Calvert
fig. 4 and 5

Seeman (1927) briefly described nymphs identified as Argia
agrioides Calvert. However, examination of the accompanying figures
of the mesostigmal laminae of an adult female reared from this popu-
lation indicates that the species at hand was most likely A. nahuana
rather than A. agrioides. It was pointed out by Gloyd (1958) that
A. nahauna adults were structurally distinct from A. agrioides and
warranted full specific recognition. Unfortunately, the description of
the nymphs by Seeman was very incomplete and did not express needed
differentiating characterization. This fact along with the high proba-
bility that Seeman’s description has been improperly applied, has
prompted the authors to present a detailed treatment of A. nahuana
nymphs based on a recent positive association of nymphs and adults.

Nymph: Head more or less quadrangular in dorsal view, mid-sagittal length
half of greatest width, anterior extension of frons from anterior margin of eyes
equal to width of antennal socket, eyes protruding laterad of head approximately
% of total length of eye, median third of posterior margin of head emarginate,
remainder of margin heavily spinose to eyes, posterolateral corners of head slightly
rounded; labrum rounded and protruding anteriorly slightly beyond frons; antennae
7-segmented, total length equal to midsagittal length of head, third segment %4 of
total antennal length; labium extending posteriorly to middle of mesosternum,
mentum (fig. 4) expanded distally, basal width slightly more than half of apical

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 453

width, midsagittal length of mentum equal to apical width, margin of median lobe
obtuse with very slight medial depression, ridged with numerous short apical spines,
marginal setae 16-19, basal protuberances of mentum each with small cluster of
spines, lateral lobes with 2 immovable apical hooks and longer movable hook,
lateral immovable hook longer than median immovable hook, several erratically
placed spines on dorsolateral surface of lobes, lateral setae 4.

Pronotum with anterior margin straight, lateral margins narrowly expanded
posterolaterally, posterior margin angularly produced, approaching truncate; hind
wing cases extending slightly distad of abdominal segment 3; fore femora 2 of
length of tibiae and approximately half of length of hind femora, hind femora and
hind tibiae approximately equal in length, tarsi 3-segmented, short basal segment
half of length of second tarsal segment.

Lateral carina distinct on abdominal segment 1, becoming less distinct on
posterior segments, becoming indistinct on segment 7, and absent on segments 8—10,
lateral carina gently rounding on posterior margins of segments, spines absent on
lateral carina of segments 1-2; middle caudal lamella (fig. 5) suboval, sometimes
with minute apical point, few spines on median keel near base; lateral lamellae
(fig. 5) narrowed at base, broadest slightly distad of midpoint, apices rounded,
sometimes with a minute apical point, lateral keel heavily spinose, lamellae edged
with spines mixed with long setae distally.

Color generally reddish brown, head with face tan, frons in dorsal view with pair
of short submedian pale markings medially arched and originating from anterior
margin of head, area surrounding ocelli dark reddish brown, area posterior to
frontal suture paler with mottled markings; antennae and mouth parts pale.
Pterothorax mostly dark reddish brown, legs pale, femora with 2 indistinct brown
stripes. Abdominal terga with pale middorsal stripe widening on segments 9-10,
stripe bordered by dark brown markings on all segments; lateral caudal lamellae
with cloudy dark band just beyond middle and numerous spots of pigment through-
out, apices pale.

Total length: 18—18.5 mm; lateral caudal lamellae: 4 mm; fore femora: 1.7 mm;
hind femora: 3.5 mm; width of head: 3.5 mm.

Specimens examined: 7 nymphs, and 2 males and 1 female (reared )—Utah:
Washington Co., Santa Clara River, Veyo Warm Springs. June 14, 1971. A. V.
Provonsha and W. P. McCafferty. 3 nymphs—Utah: Washington Co., small stream
2% mi. S. of Washington. June 12, 1971. A. V. Provonsha and W. P. McCafferty.
All specimens deposited in the Laboratory of Insect Diversity, Purdue University,
West Lafayette, Indiana.

Discussion: The nymphs of A. nahuana are similar to those of A.
sedula (Hagen) and A. fumipennis ( Burmeister) in general body form,
shape of the labium, and form of the caudal lamellae. The caudal
lamellae of all of the above species are broadened beyond the middle,
narrowed toward the base, and margined with short spines intermixed
with long setae near the tip. The caudal lamellae of A. nahuana most
closely resemble those of A. fumipennis but tend to be broader and
more oval in shape (fig. 5). Diagnostically the lateral lobes of the
labium of A. nahauna bear 4 long setae (fig. 4) while those of A.
sedula have 3 setae and those of A. fumipennis have only 2 setae.

454 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

The habitat description as discussed under H. vulnerata applies also
to those specimens of A. nahauna taken at Veyo, Utah. Adults of
A. nahauna were plentiful at this collecting sight and several were
observed ovipositing. The nymphs were found on roots and detritus
along the stream bank and on stones throughout the stream bed. Ten
nymphs were taken; several were ready to emerge, while others were
taken in pre-ultimate nymphal instars. Based on age distribution of
nymphs and the maturity of some adults, emergence probably began
around the last week in May and continued throughout the month of
June.

The nymphs were placed in baby-food jars capped with screen
cylinders similar to those rearing chambers described by Macklin
(1960). During the 2 days following sampling, 2 males and 1 female
emerged, providing a positive rearing correlation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank Mrs. Leonora K. Gloyd, Museum of Zoology, University
of Michigan, for verification of identifications and advice given during this study.

REFERENCES

Gloyd, L. K. 1958. The dragonfly fauna of the Big Bend Region of Trans-Pecos
Texas. Mich. Mus. Zool. Occ. Pap. No. 593:1—23 + pls. I-III.

Macklin, J. M. 1960. Techniques for rearing Odonata. Proc. N. Cent. Br.,
Entomol. Soc. Amer. 15:67—71.

Seeman, M. T. 1927. Dragonflies, mayflies and stoneflies of Southern California.
J. Entomol. Zool. 19:1-69.

Selys-Longschamps, E., de. 1853. Synopis des Calopterygines. Hayez, Brussels.
73 pp.

A EUROPEAN SPECIES OF MELANOTUS NOW ESTABLISHED AT
BALTIMORE, MARYLAND (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE)

Epwarp C. BECKER
Entomology Research Institute, Canada Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada K1A OC6

ABSTRACT—A European elaterid, Melanotus dichrous (Erichson), is reported
from Baltimore, Maryland. It was collected during 1969, 1970, and 1973, indicating
that it is established in the area. The species is redescribed and the male genitalia
are illustrated. Modified couplets are given for the key in a recent revision of the
nearctic species of Melanotus by Quate and Thompson ( 1967).

From mid June to mid August 1969, 1970, and 1973, Mr. E. J. Ford,
US.D.A., Baltimore, Maryland, collected a total of 28 specimens of a
species of Melanotus at Baltimore, Maryland. Mr. T. J. Spilman,

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 455

U.S.D.A., Washington, D.C., requested my opinion concerning the
identity of these specimens since he could not place them using Quate
and Thompson’s revision (1967). It was readily apparent after examin-
ing these specimens that they represented a species not included in
Quate and Thompson’s revision. Also the probability of a striking,
undescribed species of Melanotus occurring in the northeastern United
States was rather remote.

I tentatively identified the species as the European M. dichrous
(Erichson). Miss Christine von Hayek, British Museum (Natural
History), kindly confirmed my determination and remarked that the
species was rather rare in Europe. Binaghi (1938), in his revision of
the Italian species of Melanotus, illustrated the male genitalia and
the female bursa copulatrix of dichrous and noted that the species
occurred in southern Europe, particularly in Italy and Spain. Accord-
ing to Schenkling (1927), dichrous is known from southern Europe,
Algeria, Morocco, and questionably from Turkey.

The description follows the format used by Quate and Thompson
(1967). For a more complete bibliography and synonyms see
Schenkling (1927). A scanning electron microscope was used to take
the photographs.

Melanotus dichrous (Erichson)
fis. 1—3

Cratonychus dichrous Erichson, 1841, Zeitschr. Ent. 3: 93.
Melanotus dichrous: Candéze, 1860, Mon. Elat. III: 316.

Male.—Elytra dark brown to nearly black; head, pronotum, and undersides
medium to dark reddish brown; antennae and legs light to medium reddish brown
(specimens not obviously bicolored); covered with yellowish vestiture evenly
distributed over body.

Head: Front usually with pair of very shallow, anterolateral, transverse depres-
sions; margin extending slightly over clypeus, evenly rounded; parantennal fovea
very shallow, indistinct. Mandible without pit; palpus yellowish brown. Antenna
exceeds tip of hind angle of pronotum by 1 segment; average ratio of segments
2:3:4=4:5:12; fourth segment nearly twice as long as wide; erect male hairs
moderately dense.

Pronotum (fig. 3) slightly wider than long; punctures at center dense, slightly
umbilicate, separated by distance equal to about half own diameter; punctures
larger, definitely umbilicate, and closer on sides; hind angles slightly divergent, each
with only | carina.

Elytron with punctures of striae moderately deep, separated by distance equal
to or more than own diameter, interstrial area at center of elytron about 4 times as
wide as puncture diameter, interstrial punctures scattered. Punctures on venter
of metathorax round and evenly distributed on disc, larger and closer together
towards anterolateral areas. Punctures on venter of abdomen round and evenly
distributed on disc, larger, closer, and slightly elongate on sides. Genitalia as
figured (fig. 1, 2); paramere with apical blade almost as long as wide and with

456 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

Fig. 1-3, Melanotus dichrous. 1, 2, male genitalia, ventral view; 3, pronotum.
Fig. 4, M. leonardi, pronotum.

outer angle acute; aedeagus longer than usual compared with paramere, phallobase
long compared with overall length of genitalia.

Elytron: 9.1—10.0 mm.

Female.—Similar to male except for sexual differences. Bursa nearly completely
covered with numerous short spines except for area on each side near apex;
acessory gland and spermathecal duct each arising near apex of bursa [similar to

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 457

those Quate and Thompson (1967, fig. 12c) illustrated for longulus longulus
(LeConte ) ].
Elytron: 9.4-9.6 mm.

Types.—Not examined.

Discussion. Specimens of dichrous might be confused with those of
leonardi (LeConte), the only other nearctic species with a uniformly
reddish pronotum and brownish elytra. However, the color contrast
between the pronotum and elytra is much more distinct in specimens
of leonardi than in those of dichrous. Also, dichrous adults are
considerably larger with the elytron measuring 9.1-10.0 mm, whereas
that of leonardi measures only 5.9-7.8 mm. Finally, the pronotum
(fig. 3) of dichrous adults is more coarsely and closely punctured than
in leonardi (fig. 4).

Quate and Thompson’s key to the North American species of
Melanotus should be modified as follows:

la(1). Pronotal punctures (fig. 4) at center fine and sparse, separated by
a distance equal to more than own diameter; small species, elytron
length 5.9-7.8 mm; male genitalia slender, phallobase short compared
with overall length = ee. ee are ta a
Pronotal punctures (fig. 3) at center moderately coarse and close,
separated by a distance equal to less than half own diameter; larger
species, elytron length 9.1-10.0 mm; male genitalia (fig. 1, 2) more
robust, phallobase long compared with overall length; known only
from near Baltimore, Md. bar A DE a ON Lae _. dichrous

7a(7). Color uniformly reddish brown; pronotal punctures sparser and
obviously umbilicate at center; interstrial punctures on elytra concen-
trated near strial punctures; paramere of male genitalia without
apical blade, or if present, elongate and outer angle not acute a Sele 8)
Color of elytra dark brown to black with pronotum and undersides
medium to dark reddish brown; pronotal punctures closer and not
umbilicate at center; interstrial punctures on elytra not concentrated
near strial punctures; paramere of male genitalia with apical blade
almost as wide as long and outer angle acute; known only from
EP EERTCNEES ONE CIOG Mere a 5 gee ed he dichrous

to

Distribution.—At present dichrous is known in North America only
from Baltimore, Maryland. Mr. Ford collected most of the specimens
from a light trap at Canton (an area in the southeastern portion of
Baltimore). Two specimens were taken at a trap baited with a sugar,
yeast, and vinegar mixture. He reported (pers. corr.) that the light
trap was placed adjacent to a 15-acre open field with a variety of
herbaceous weeds, grasses, bushes, and some small trees. Two sides
of the area are adjacent to some old piers. Bulk ore of unknown
origin has been piled in the open for many years. The specimens
were taken on several occasions from mid June to mid August
in 1969, 1970, and 1973. During 1971 and 1972 the light trap was
operated on only a few nights and no additional specimens were found.

As Mr. Ford stated (pers. corr.), considering the location where

458 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., vOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

much foreign cargo is imported and the fact that specimens were
taken over a five-year period, there is strong evidence that dichrous is
established in this area.

The larvae of several species of Melanotus are known pests of
agricultural crops, but there seems to be no records of dichrous as a
pest. I do not know of any references to the larva of dichrous.

REFERENCES

Binaghi, G. 1938 (1939). I Melanotini della fauna Italiana Spheniscosomus
Schw. e Melanotus Eschs. (Col. Elateridae). Mem. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 17:
250-239.

Quate, L. W. and S. E. Thompson. 1967. Revision of click beetles of genus
Melanotus in America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Elateridae). Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. 121: 83 pp.

Schenkling, S. 1927. Coleopterorum Catalogus, pars 88, Elateridae II. Vol. 11.
W. Junk. Berlin, pp. 265-636.

THREE NEW EPICAUTA FROM MEXICO
(COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE)'

FLoyp G. WERNER
Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721

ABSTRACT—Three new species are described: Epicauta (Epicauta) laevi-
cornis from the State of Jalisco, hubbelli from the State of Chiapas, and Epicauta
(Macrobasis) prosopidis from the State of Durango. All have unusual modifica-
tions of the male antennae. The species groups of subgenus Macrobasis in which
antennal segment 1 is at least slightly excavated externally at apex are realigned
and keyed to include a Prosopidis-Group made up of distorta (Champ.), disparilis
(Champ.), torsa (LeC.), maculifera (Mayd.), purpurea (Hom), and prosopidis.
A key to males of this group is given.

>

The new species described here have such unusual modifications of
the male antennae that I am describing them to call them to the
attention of other workers. Two were taken in areas frequently sampled
for Meloidae. I am much indebted to the collectors, who not only
turned over the specimens for study but permitted me to deposit
the holotypes in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard
University.

Epicauta (Epicauta) laevicornis Werner, new species

Black except for a narrow rufescent spot on frons, subopaque, with short, fine
inconspicuous black pubescence; moderately slender, 14-16 mm; antennae moder-

‘Journal Paper No. 2018 of the Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 459

Fig. 1-3, Epicauta laevicornis: 1, head of holotype male; 2, right antenna
and maxillary palpus of same; 3, left antenna of female. Fig. 4-6, Epicauta pro-
sopidis, holotype male: 1, head; 2, details of antenna in front view; 3, same in
ventral view. Fig. 7-8, Epicauta hubbelli, holotype male: 7, left antenna; 8,
details of antenna in front view.

ately long, slender and tapering (fig. 2-3), with segments 3-5 slightly larger
and slightly flattened in male (fig. 2), which has segments 1-5 shiny.
Holotype male: head narrowly rounded behind eyes (fig. 1), 5.2 mm long
to clypeofrontal suture, 6.0 wide behind eyes; disc slightly flattened, median im-
pressed line fine but distinct; surface evenly covered with shallow, flat-bottomed
punctures, the narrow intervals microreticulate; punctures sparser on frons, ab-
sent on calluses next to antennae. Eyes 1.5 x 0.75 mm. Antennae ca. 9.5 mm;
segment 1 without sign of apical emargination, its pubescence and sculpture
nearly normal; 2 also nearly normal; 3-5 slightly flattened (3 about 0.04 mm wide,
0.28 thick), shiny and nearly glabrous, 5 with more normal punctures and pu-
bescence near apex. Maxillary palpi (fig. 1) slightly enlarged; flattened and
nearly glabrous below, their segments 0.90 x 0.32 mm, 0.70 x 0.35, and 0.95 x
0.40, base to apex. Pronotum 2.7 mm long, 2.4 wide, sides roughly parallel,

460 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

gradually convergent from apical third; surface similar to head, intervals more
deeply microreticulate. Elytra subopaque, densely punctured, 14 mm long, 4.6
wide, with distinct humeri and nearly parallel-sided, widest toward apex. Legs
almost unmodified. Posterior tibial spurs moderately slender, center just per-
ceptibly wider. Trochanters 2 and 3 somewhat flattened, with a feeble posterior
fringe of black setae, the corresponding femora nearly glabrous behind and with
a feeble dorsal black fringe. Metasternum with a well-defined broad, shallow ex-
cavation occupying most of space between middle and hind legs. Female with
simple antennae, palpi, legs and metasternum.

Holotype: male, Mts. and cns. [mountains and canyons] N. Ajijic,
Jalisco, Mexico, to 5400’; 11 Sept. 1964, W. L. Nutting and sons; scrub
forest. Paratypes: 2 females, same date; 1 male 17 Sept.; 1 male 3 Oct.
Holotype deposited in the M. C. Z.

The discovery of another black species of the genus in southwestern
Mexico further complicates the identification of specimens from that
region. Males of this species are unique in antennal characters. The
female is very similar to Epicauta (Macrobasis) melanochroa (Well-
man), which was collected in the same area. The antennae are slightly
more slender, the punctures of the head slightly larger and more
distinctly flat-bottomed, and the erect pubescence of the underside of
the head sparse rather than moderately dense.

Part of the specimens have some purple material on them that would
indicate that they had been feeding on blossoms of Ipomoea, one of
the most reliable sources of Meloidae in the region.

Epicauta ( Epicauta) hubbelli Werner, new species

18-19 mm, moderately slender, black except for a narrow rufescent frontal
mark; pubescence moderately dense, black, with luteocinereous markings as
follows: on head (small median mark at base, narrow in front); pronotum (0.5
mm wide midline, slightly wider at base; narrow fringe across base; lower portion
of sides); scutellum (0.5 mm wide down middle); elytra (0.2 mm wide at suture
of each, 0.3 mm at side margin, both narrowed and stopping before apex; mar-
gin of apex, to 0.5 mm; and a line 0.3 mm wide from very base to middle of apex);
prosternum (mixed setae); mesosternum (posterolateral zone, mixed setae);
mesopleura (solidly on sides, black ventrally); metasternum (sides except at
base); metepisterna (small oblique zone at basal 25, parallel to anterior edge);
coxae (on sides, conspicuous on hind coxae); and abdomen (apical % of sides of
visible sterna 1-4, gradually smaller; and narrowly across apex of terga of visible
sterna 4-5).

Holotype: male, 18 mm; head moderately narrow, 2.9 mm long to clypeo-
frontal suture, 3.2 wide just behind eyes, 3.3 wide across the not very prominent
eyes, which are 1.7 x 0.75 mm. Temporal angles feebly indicated, the base al-
most a semicircle; surface subopaque, microreticulate, punctures moderately
dense but shallow; frons slightly less densely punctured and shinier, with a nar-
row glabrous midline; calluses next to antennae with setae except on a small
zone anterior to eyes. Antennae (fig. 7-8) 11.5 mm, slender; segments 1-6 mod-
erately shiny, with pubescence about like body; 7-11 with dense, short pubes-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 461

cence and fine punctures. Segments 3-6 modified, 3-4 by flattening; 5 flat, ex-
panded, 1.65 x 0.7 * 0.32 mm, with a subapical anterior excavation that grades
onto the dorsal surface, largely glabrous but with a zone of short setae on edge at
excavation; 6 forming an opposing structure, 1.15 « 0.55 * 0.27 mm, with some
short setae on grasping edge and a zone of pubescence like segment 7 apically,
both above and below. Maxillary and labial palpi flattened below, somewhat
flattened. Measurements, base to apex: maxillary 1.2 x 0.4 (curved forward),
OS550i5. Jeb < 0i4= labial (0:5 >< 0:2, 0.65 + .0:4.

Pronotum nearly parallel-sided, 3.3 mm long, 2.9 wide, the anterior angles
abrupt. Pubescence, including contrastingly pale midline, with an orientation to
centers toward sides of dorsal portion and just behind middle, mostly directed
posteriorly in front, anteriorly in back, and laterally across middle. Surface simi-
lar to head but punctures and pubescence denser, especially along middle. Elytra
with finer and denser punctures. Metasternum with a shallow, broad concavity
behind middle, not sharply delimited and not glabrous. Inner spur of anterior
tibia slightly stouter than outer, strongly incurved. Hind trochanters, femora,
and tibiae flattened on opposing surfaces but not fringed; middle legs similarly
modified, but less strongly. Posterior tibial spurs moderately slender, the outer
slightly wider.

Of the male secondary sexual characters, the only indication in the female is
a slightly longer antennal segment 5 and shorter 6, with an indication of the off-
set of these segments; there is a gradual transition of pubescence, the dense
starting on 5. Measurements of female antenna, base to apex: 1.4/0.35 mm,
OF5/Oi3) NS /0is) WEN/O083;, 1225/0'45 0185/04. 10/0.85, 0:95/0:35; 0/95/03;
0.85/0.27, 0.95/0.25. The unmodified maxillary palpi measure 1.0 « 0.3, 0.55 x
0s, O9sc 0.37.

Holotype: male, Cumbre de Arriaga, Chiapas, Mexico, 18 June 1972,
Peter Hubbell, deposited in the M. C. Z. Paratypes: 5 females, same
data.

The only species with even similar antennal modification is Epicauta
curvicornis (Haag), which does not have the flattening of segments
and has segment 2 short. The color pattern is unique in the Mexican
fauna.

Epicauta ( Macrobasis) prosopidis Werner, new species

Black, tibiae, tarsi and a feeble spot on middle of frons rufescent; pubescence
cinereous, appressed, absent from small spots around short, erect tactile setae,
the resulting black spots especially noticeable on elytra. Male with antennal seg-
ment 1 long and excavated toward apex (fig. 4), 2 curved and flattened to op-
pose the excavation of 1, and 3 produced into an acute apical angle (fig. 5-6);
segment 1 of anterior tarsi short, glabrous, contorted. Female unknown.

Holotype male, 8 mm: head subquadrate, slightly flattened on front, 1.32 mm
long to clypeofrontal suture, 1.60 wide across eyes, slightly less behind. Surface
strongly microreticulate, with moderately sparse, small but well-defined punc-
tures; midline distinct, with a clear zone about 0.15 mm wide, Head and pro-
notum with a feeble indication of glabrous spots, but these small, and incon-
spicuous because the pubescence is moderately sparse. Calluses next to antennae
glabrous, microreticulate. Eyes 0.84 x 0.40 mm, Antennal segments 1 and 2

462 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

with some cinereous setae dorsally, moderately sparsely punctured and pubescent;
3-11 densely and finely punctured and short-pubescent. Excavation of 1 glabrous,
but angle before it with some longer setae; flattened surface of 2 with some short,
decumbent setae, shallowly impressed from just beyond base in front to just be-
fore apex behind; 3-11 slightly flattened, process of 3 flattened and glabrous on
surface next to 4. Maxillary palpi apparently unmodified.

Pronotum with surface similar to head, 1.3 mm long, 1.35 wide, nearly quad-
rate; midline impressed and narrowly glabrous, ending in a shallow excavation
near base. Elytra 6.5 mm long, 2.2 wide, subparallel, with distinct humeri; sur-
face more densely punctured and pubescent, with nearly uniform glabrous spots
about 0.15 mm in diameter. Pubescence black in distinct humeral lines and ad-
scutellar spots. Underside with pubescence similar to pronotum, slightly denser
on sides of abdomen, sparse ventrally, with many ill-defined glabrous spots. Tibia
1 darker than rest. Posterior tibial spurs slender, outer slightly wider. Apical
pecten of tibia 3 distinct, of 3 strong teeth. Tibia 1 apparently slightly thickened,
with a single, nearly straight apical spur. Anterior tarsal 1 distinctly shorter than
2, lacking pad, glabrous behind, almost glabrous basally in front but with a pu-
bescent knob toward apex. Trochanters 2 and 3 somewhat flattened and glabrous,
femora 2 and 3 glabrous behind; these areas fringed with long, sparse, pale setae.
Femur 1 glabrous on surface facing tibia except for normal sericeous patch, with
area basad of patch slightly flattened. Last abdominal sternum with surface like
rest, its apex not excavated.

Holotype: male, Mexico, Km. 739, Hwy. 45 [from Zacatecas] to
Durango, 15-VII-69; Coll. Ward, Tenorio, and Bennett; Texas Tech.
Mesquite Proj. Deposited in the M. C. Z., through the courtesy of
Dr. Charles R. Ward, who informs me that the locality given is near
Vicente Guerrero in the State of Durango, just inside the eastern border,
at about 6400’, and that all specimens bearing Mesquite Proj. labels
were taken on Prosopis.

Assignment of this species to group within the subgenus is difficult.
By its characters, it would go to the Disparilis-Group (Werner 1954),
but it seems more logically associated with purpurea and _ similar
species. A modification of the groupings seems in order. The second
half of the table of species-groups of Macrobasis (in the paper cited
but under the name, Gnathospasta) can be changed to the following,
on the basis of male character.

—

Antennal 1 at least slightly excavated externally at apex.

2. Tibia 1 with 2 spurs. Anterior tarsal 1 normal.

3. Large species; antennal 2 from longer than 3 to slightly shorter. (see Se-
landeriiéMathiew.. 1969), 2.2.5: aE i eee Albida-Group

3’ Small to medium species; antennal 2 distinctly shorter than 3.
Been Sh Jsintecteien 1 seeps Os ee Dee ey ee Uniforma-Group

2’ Tibia 1 with 1 spur.

4, Anterior tarsal 1 normal, not at all compressed or narrowed at base and with
normal pad. Excavation of antennal 1 feeble. Funesta-Group

4’ Anterior tarsal 1 modified in varying degree, but at least compressed and

narrowed at base.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 463

Antennal 2 shorter than 3. Anterior tarsal 1 lacking pad.

Antennal 3 as long as and similar to 4. Anterior tarsal 1 with a knoblike

protuberance on inside of apex. —_ oo SS Ochréea-Group

6’ Antennal 3 shorter than 4, and more like | 2 in form. Anterior tarsal 1 pro-
duced apically and overlapping 2 mesally, but not knobbed. ~~~

ty saonde hts (ope ee RO oe, aes Rs eg ET Virgulata-Group

5’ Antennal 2 longer than 3, at least slightly curved to form a clasping struc-

ture when opposed to excavation of 1... .-« Prosopidis-Group

S> NH

The Prosopidis-Group, as here defined, would include the nominate
species and all those formerly included in the Torsa-, Purpurea-, and
Disparilis-Groups. Since the species-group category is an informal one,
I prefer to abandon all of the previous names and substitute an entirely
new one.

Key to Males of Prosopidis-Group

1. Antennal 2 narrower in plane perpendicular to surface facing excavation
of I.

2. Anterior tarsal 1 with reduced pad but very litle modified otherwise, its
anterior face pubescent. Tan, elytra with a line of denser pale pubescence
Gowmemnggier 4 00> 8) SS : _____.._____ distorta (Champ. )

2’ ~— Anterior tarsal 1 ineigne aa she in n front. and with a pubescent knob
near apex. Black, pubescence of upperside black, elytra narrowly margined
PECTIN TE O US ta c0 phe ee a disparilis (Champ )

1’ Antennal 2 at least slightly wider in plane perpendicular to surface facing
excavation of 1.

3. Antennal 2 with surface facing excavation of 1 not flattened. Anterior tar-
sal 1 with reduced pad, but little modified. Black with sparse, inconspicuous
RAMAUISH ID ESCCN CC. oo ee LOTS IGEes)

3’ Antennal 2 with surface facing excavation of 1 ference

4. Anterior tarsal 1 with reduced pad. Tan, with moderately dense cinereous
pubescence, absent in small spots around short tactile setae. — ~~
meh ee ree ee maculifera (Maydell)

4’ Anterior tarsal 1 without pad.

5. Anterior tarsal 1 as long as 2, pubescent. Black, upperside with pubescence
black except cinereous in markings that include a narrow midline and mar-
gins on elytra. —._____. a e es 5 pUuMmuren: (Horn)

5’ Anterior tarsal 1 short, Perl abe. fine with a short-pubescent knob
near apex of front surface. Antennal 3 unique, acutely angled apically.
Black, with moderately dense cinereous pubescence, absent in small spots
around short tactile setae, _.............-...------.---- prosopidis Werner

REFERENCES

Selander, R. B. and J. M. Mathieu. 1969. Ecology, behavior, and adult anatomy
of the Albida Group of the genus Epicauta (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Illinois
Biol. Monogr. 41, 168 pp.

Werner, F. G. 1954. A review of the subgenus Gnathospasta of the genus
Epicauta (Meloidae). Coleop. Bull. 8:25-7.

464 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

SYSTEMATIC AND DISTRIBUTIONAL NOTES ON MELANESIAN
CERCERIS (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE)

Karu V. KROMBEIN,
Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 20560

ABSTRACT—Cerceris dogonensis, n. sp., and the hitherto unrecognized male
of C. vechti Krombein are described; distributional and descriptive notes are
given for several other taxa.

Some additional specimens of Melanesian Cerceris have come to
hand since publication of my revision (1969). The following notes are
published to describe C. dogonensis, n. sp., and the previously unrec-
ognized male of C. vechti Krombein, and to provide additional data
on color variation, phenology and distribution. I am indebted to the
following specialists for making the material available for study:
I. H. H. Yarrow and C. R. Vardy, British Museum (Natural History )
(BMNH); J. L. Gressitt, B. P. Bishop Museum (BPBM); and E. F.
Riek, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization,
Canberra (CSIRO).

Cerceris pictiventris immolator Smith
New Britain: 1¢, Mosa Palm Oil Plantation near Hoskins, January 1969, Mrs.
J. E. Benson (BMNH).
Solomon Islands: 14, Konga Village (Buin), Bougainville, 6 February—21 March
1961, W. W. Brandt (CSIRO).

Cerceris dogonensis Krombein, new species
hig. aL
This species runs to couplet 9 (Krombein, 1969, p. 7) and may be
separated from the other species keying there by having the clypeal
process more erect and located basally rather than near the apex.
Further, it is separated from millironi Krombein by having the front
subcontiguously punctate and in lacking the small depression at the
base of the second sternum. It is distinct from reicula Krombein,
minuscula Turner, vechti Krombein and venusta Smith in that the
inner eye margins converge slightly above.
Holotype: 2, Dogon, Amazon Bay area, 2300 ft, Papua, 13 Sep-
tember-11 December 1962, W. W. Brandt (CSIRO).

Length 11 mm, forewing 9 mm. Black, the pale markings light to medium
reddish yellow or red, appearing to be cyanided. The following light reddish
yellow: basal 3 of mandible, clypeus except small median, basal blotch, face to
top of interantennal lamella except for narrow stripes below and above antennal
insertion, antenna beneath, narrow stripe along eye posteriorly, elongate lateral
spot on pronotal dorsum, small lateral spot on scutellum, band on postscutellum,

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 465

Fig. 1. Female head, Cerceris dogonensis, holotype; frontal view at left, profile
at right.

small spot beneath tegula, rounded spot along juncture of lateral and posterior
surfaces of propodeum, band on apex of first tergum narrowed anteriorly in
middle, all of second tergum except rounded posterolateral spot, fore femur and
tibia beneath, mid femur beneath, mid tibia on anterior surface, apical half of
hind femur, and hind tibia beneath. The following medium red: tegula, fore
tibia posteriorly, fore tarsus, mid basitarsus, narrow apical bands on third and
fourth terga, apical half of fifth tergum, sixth tergum, lateral spot on second
sternum, and posterolateral spots on third to fifth sterna. Wings clear except
marginal cell and apex of forewing infumated, stigma and veins brown.

Head (fig. 1) transversely oval, the height (apex of clypeus to posterior
ocelli) 0.68 times the width; inner eye margins converging above, the inter-
ocular distance across posterior ocelli 0.87 times that at intersection of epistomal
suture and inner eye margin; inner margin of mandible with 2 blunt teeth at
middle; apical margin of clypeus broadly rounded, with 3 small median teeth;
clypeal process suberect, about twice as broad as high, apical margin rounded as
viewed from above; front subcontiguously punctate, not rugose; first flagellar
segment slightly longer than second.

Thorax coarsely and contiguously to subcontiguously punctate except
metapleuron, propodeal enclosure and side of propodeum; anterior carina on
lateral surface of pronotum not lamellate, extending a short distance onto dorsum;
tegula not inflated; mesopleuron not dentate or tuberculate; metapleuron with
close oblique rugulae; lateral surface of propodeum with more separated rugulae;
propodeal enclosure with median, shallow crenulate groove, the sides more deeply
crenulate, rest of surface densely micropunctate.

466 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

Fore basitarsal comb with 6 spines; keel of left hind tibia with 3 serrations, the
right with 4.

First tergum subquadrate, sides rounded; first through fifth terga with relatively
coarse, subcontiguous punctures; pygidium with sides rounded, length 1.63 times
the width, most of surface with contiguous punctures bearing short, suberect
setae, the sides narrowly and apical fourth with close wrinkles; first sternum with
low rounded keel on basal half; second sternum flat at base; hypopygium with
apical teeth separated by a narrow U-shaped emargination, lateral margin with a
small tooth adjacent to apical tooth.

Male: Unknown.

Cerceris reicula Krombein
Territory of New Guinea: 19, Ulap, Morobe District, 800-1100 m, September

1968, N. L. H. Krauss (BPBM). 16, Mt. Missim, 1600 m, 7°15’S, 146°48’E,

6 February 1970, J. H. Sedlacek (BPBM). 14, Jimmi River, Western High-

lands, 4700 ft, 21 September 1961, W. W. Brandt (CSIRO).

The female from Ulap is similar in color pattern to the holotype but
has a small yellow spot on the left side of the pronotum, small paired
spots anteriorly on the second tergum, and a small median spot poste-
riorly on the fifth tergum in addition to the posterolateral spots. The
two males have the same color pattern as the allotype except that the
specimen from Mt. Missim has only posterolateral spots on the fourth
tergum instead of a band.

Cerceris minuscula sculleniana Krombein

New Britain: 24, Mosa Palm Oil Planatation near Hoskins, 29 January and
25 January-1 February 1969, Mrs. J. E. Benson (BMNH).

Territory of New Guinea: 1 ¢, Goroka Highlands, 6,000 ft, February 1969,
Mrs. J. E. Benson (BMNH). 14, Kundiawa, Chimbu River, 26 March 1964,
D. H. Colless (CSIRO).

Cerceris vechti Krombein

Territory of New Guinea: 192, Mt. Hagen, 5670 ft, 2 March 1969, Mrs. J. E.
Benson (BMNH). 59, 18, Mt. Hagen, 19 April 1969, K. P. Dwyer (BMNH).

The females are more extensively maculated with yellow than the
type series of three females from Karimui and Kiunga, Fly River. In
addition to the yellow markings described for the holotype the Mt.
Hagen females have the following yellow maculations: 1 or 2 pairs of
spots on propodeum; first tergum with a broad apical band extending
forward on sides; and second tergum with a complete or very
narrowly interrupted band.

Male (hitherto unrecognized): Length 9 mm, forewing 7.5 mm. Black, the
following yellow: clypeus except apical margin of median lobe, sides of front to
a point opposite upper level of antennal insertions, interantennal keel, tiny spot
behind eye, scape beneath, small lateral spot on pronotum, outer half of tegula,
band on postscutellum, broad apical bands or smallish posterolateral spots on

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 467

first and second terga, narrow apical bands on fourth, fifth and occasionally
sixth terga, pair of small spots on first sternum, small spot beneath on fore femur,
fore and mid tibiae except narrow black streak on outer surface, hind tibia be-
neath, fore tarsus and mid basitarsus.

Characters peculiar to the male are: head height 0.8 times the greatest width;
eyes not convergent above or below, the interocular distance at posterior ocelli
and intersection of epistomal suture and inner eye margin subequal; clypeus
gently convex, the apical margin of median lobe feebly tridentate, the apical
margin with a fimbria of curled, waxy-appearing hairs on lateral third; keel on
lateral surface of pronotum produced into a lamella; sides of pygidium gently
curved, the greatest width %4 the length, the surface coarsely punctate, fifth and
sixth sterna without subbasal fimbriae; and hypopygium semicircularly emarginate
at apex, the lateral teeth acute and slender.

The male most closely resembles Cerceris venusta atrescens Krom-
bein and runs to that taxon in my key (1969, p. 11). It is distinguished
by the yellow bands or spots on the first 2 terga, the presence of a
yellow band on the sixth tergum, and the lamellate development of
the lower part of the pronotal keel. The allotype of v. atrescens from
Mt. Hagen and paratype from Wau are properly referable to vechti,
leaving the paratype from Kumur as the only known male of v.
atrescens.

REFERENCES

KromMBEIN, K. V. 1969. A revision of the Melanesian wasps of the genus Cerceris
Latreille. Smithson. Contrib. Zool., No. 22, 36 pp., 23 figs.

THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS TACPARIA WALKER
(LEPIDOPTERA, GEOMETRIDAE)

Douc.as C, FERGUSON
Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA!

ABSTRACT—The American genus Tacparia Walker, previously thought to
consist of 2 species, is shown to include 3; namely, zalissaria Walker, atropunctata
(Packard), and detersata (Guenée). The names zalissaria and atropunctata,
which had been considered synonymous, actually refer to structurally distinct but
superficially similar sibling species. Their distribution is limited mainly to the
Atlantic coastal region, atropunctata being northern and zalissaria southern, with
some overlap in the general vicinity of New York City.

Tacparia Walker
Tacparia Walker, 1860, p. 233. Type-species: Tacparia zalissaria Walker, 1860,
by monotypy.

2Mail address: c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560.

468 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

Apaecasia Hulst, 1896, p. 340. Type-species: Tephrina detersata Guenée, 1857 =
Apaecasia detersata (Guenée), designated by Hulst, 1896.

In his treatment of this genus, Rupert (1949) considered that
there were only 2 species, detersata and zalissaria. Recent study of
more material than was then available has revealed the existence of
a third species, in appearance barely distinguishable from zalissaria but
structurally well differentiated. The names atropunctata Packard and
fernaldi Grote, relegated to the synonymy by Rupert upon _ his
discovery of the older name, zalissaria, are available for this third
species. Tacparia zalissaria and atropunctata are rare in collections
and seem mainly restricted to the region of the Atlantic coastal plain
and upper St. Lawrence Valley. Their distributions are mostly allo-
patric, atropunctata having a northern distribution from Nova Scotia
and Ontario to New Jersey, and zalissaria occurring southward from
Connecticut to Florida. Both are present in a narrow zone of overlap
between southern Connecticut and southern New Jersey. Tacparia
detersata (fig. 11, 12) occurs across southern Canada from Nova Scotia
to Alberta and southward in the east to New Jersey and Pennsylvania,
and is relatively well known. Its usual host plant is Alnus rugosa
(DuRoi) Spreng. Rupert’s diagnosis of detersata remains unchanged,
the present discussion treating in detail only the two siblings that
have been confused.

Tacparia zalissaria Walker
fig. 1, 2, 5-7, 13-15, 19
Tacparia zalissaria Walker, 1860, p. 234. Rupert, 1949, p. 150, in part. Kimball,
1965, p. 168.
Apicia ? deductaria Walker, 1860, p. 237.
Apaecasia deductaria, Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 317, in part.
Apaecasia atropunctata form darlingtoni Lemmer, 1937, p. 23.
Apaecasia atropunctata, Barnes and McDunnough, 1917, p. 115, in part.
McDunnough, 1938, p. 168, in part.
Lithina atropunctata, Forbes, 1948, p. 88, in part.

Diagnosis: Similar in size and basic pattern to detersata but
differing slightly in wing shape, the apex of the forewing being more
produced and pointed; general coloring much darker brown. Ex-
tremely similar to atropunctata, with which it has been confused, but
slightly larger and dimorphic with light and dark forms. Female
heavily dusted with blackish scales, unlike that of atropunctata.
Genitalia distinctive in both sexes. Known mainly from the coastal
plain from Connecticut to Florida.

Types: Before the publication of Rupert’s paper (1949), the name
zalissaria was overlooked in North America because the only localities
mentioned by Walker were Australia and Sydney [Australia]. How-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 469

8

Fic. 1-12, Tacparia spp. 1, zalissaria, lectotype. 2, zalissaria, holotype of
Apicia ? deductaria. 3, atropunctata, lectotype of Drepanodes fernaldi. 4, atro-
punctata, lectotype. 5, zalissaria, ¢, Arcadia Plantation, Georgetown, South Caro-
lina, March 26, 1968, D. C. Ferguson. 6, zalissaria, 4, University Conservation
Reserve, Welaka, Putnam Co., Florida, March 11, 1962, D. C. Ferguson. 7, zalis-
saria, 2, same locality and collector as for fig. 6, March 21, 1962. 8, atropunctata,
6, Auburn, Kings Co., Nova Scotia, June 6, 1952, D. C. Ferguson. 9, atropunctata,
$, Wiiliams Lake, Purcell’s Cove Road, Halifax Co., Nova Scotia, May 30, 1957,
D. C. Ferguson. 10, atropunctata, 2, Lake Kejimkujik, Queens Co., Nova Scotia,
June 18, 1957, D. C. Ferguson. 11, detersata, 9, Centreville, Kings Co., Nova
Scotia, June 3, 1949, D. C. Ferguson. 12, detersata, holotype (in USNM).

ever, the type series of 4 specimens in the British Museum ( Natural
History) included 2 species, specimens a and b being said to equal
the Australian Idoides apicata Guenée, and c and d, locality unknown,
representing the American species now under discussion. One of the
latter, the male specimen illustrated (fig. 1), was designated by Rupert

470 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

as the lectotype of zalissaria on the basis of this same photograph,
which he had received from the British Museum (Natural History).
As he did not publish this figure or any other clear indication of
which specimen was intended, there could arise a question as to
whether his action constituted a valid lectotype designation. To
overcome this problem, I now redesignate as lectotype the specimen
herein represented by figure 1, and it is being so labeled. The type
locality of zalissaria remains unknown but is probably Georgia or
Florida, the sources of most material that Walker described from the
southeastern United States.

The type of deductaria is a male (monotype) in the British Museum
(Natural History) (fig. 2). The source of this specimen was unknown
to Walker, but again it probably came from Georgia or Florida.

The name darlingtoni was based on 2 specimens from New Lisbon,
Burlington Co., New Jersey, a holotype male taken June 1, 1935, and
an allotype female taken May 5, 1930. Both specimens were in the
collection of Dr. Emlen P. Darlington, and are now in the collection
of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

Synonymy: I am confident, on the bases of the photographs and
probable places of origin of the type material, that zalissaria and
deductaria represent the same species, the southern one. I have not
seen the types of darlingtoni, but the original description would seem
to leave little doubt as to their identity. Lemmer regarded this as a
melanic form of atropunctata, and although both species are present in
New Jersey, only zalissaria is known to occur in a dark form. Without
evidence of such variation in atropunctata, it seems safe to conclude
that darlingtoni is the dark form of zalissaria.

Further description: Male antennae subcylindrical basally, becoming slightly
compressed distally, finely and densely setose; female antennae about half as
thick as those of male, filiform, also finely setose, the setae similar to those of
the male. Male palpi moderate, exceeding front by ™%4 their length, coarsely
scaled, third segment small, rounded, usually somewhat decumbent and mostly
concealed by scales of second; female palpi similar, a little more slender. Front
of both sexes with scales in lower half elevated and protruding as a tuft almost
as far as palpi. Eyes of male very large, reducing the front to a width slightly less
than its height; eyes of female smaller, front at least as wide as high. Tongue of
both sexes well developed. Legs normal, but hind tibiae of both sexes stouter
than those of detersata, subclindrical, not prismatic, hind tibiae of male more
swollen than those of female. Wing shape as in detersata but with forewing more
produced, resulting in slight concavity on outer margin between the pointed
apex and vein Ms.

Scales of antennae, head and palpi light brown, with a variable mosaic mixture
of dark scales; thorax and abdomen similar but slightly paler, with paired, blackish,
dorsal spots on mesothorax and abdominal segments 1 to 3. Legs light brown,
variably dusted with dark brown scales, those on hind tibia tending to be concen-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 471

trated in a blackish lateral patch near basal end (a character not seen in
detersata or atropunctata).

With respect to wing coloring, the species occurs as 2 different forms: the
one light violaceous gray-brown, much like atropunctata; the other much
browner, often rather dark, unlike atropunctata. These are described separately as
follows:

Gray form (fig. 5). Both wings relatively uniform gray-brown with a violet
tint, sparsely dusted with blackish brown; antemedial of forewing indicated by 3
dark dots, of hindwing, wanting; postmedial indicated on both wings by regular
series of small, dark brown vein dots, some of these bearing miniature white rays
outwardly. Postmedial on both wings usually preceded by a diffuse, dusky brown
shade that disappears before reaching costa. Discal spots dark, minute. Costa
bright yellowish brown, thinly margined with this shade but contrasting, especially
toward base, followed by a subcostal shade somewhat paler than the rest of the
wing. Fringes concolorous with wing, whitish tipped, otherwise unmarked.
Underside grayish, more heavily dusted with dark scales, postmedial vein dots
stronger than above but antemedial wanting; no dark shade associated with post-
medial; several small, dark marginal dots, especially toward apex of forewing.

Brown form (fig. 6). Similar in pattern to the grayish form but with the ground
color tawny brown, variably suffused with dark brown. Dark shade preceding
postmedials more extensive and diffuse, sometimes continuing as dark shading
to the outer margin, leaving the median, basal and costal areas paler. Dark
specimens (“darlingtoni”) appear commonest, but light brown specimens also
occur. Underside as in gray form.

The only female of zalissaria available for examination, a specimen from
Welaka, Florida (fig. 7), resembles the gray form described above except that it is
uniformly and densely dusted with blackish scales, and the shade preceding the
postmedial is weak, not contrasting, and reddish or tawny, not dusky brown.

Length of forewing: male, 15 to 17 mm; average male (of 16), 15.7 mm;
female, 17 mm.

Male genitalia (fig. 13-15). Each valve with a long, slender, clavate, basal
costal process, tipped with stout bristles, and with a second long, slender, curved
process arising laterally near the sacculus and projecting through a median basal
opening in the valve. Gnathos angulate, recurved. Transtilla large, bilobate.
Juxta with 1 pair of stout processes, each terminating in a cluster of spines.
Aedoeagus containing a long series of large cormuti, some of which may be lost in
copulation as suggested by the specimens illustrated. Zalissaria differs greatly from
atropunctata in all of the above features.

Female genitalia (fig. 19). Very peculiar and so extremely different from those of
atropunctata that one would hardly suppose them to be closely related on this
basis alone. Slender portion of bursa copulatrix, supposedly the ductus bursae,
entirely sclerotized and rugose; corpus bursae similarly thickened and _ semi-
rigid, and with its interior surface densely covered with bristlelike spicules,
arranged in concentric circles about a large, heavily sclerotized, invaginated
signum. Atropunctata has a more slender and membranous bursa copulatrix,
with the spicules present as rudiments only on its finely scobinate interior surface.

472, PROC, ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

Fic. 13-18, Tacparia spp. 13, zalissaria, 6 genitalia, Welaka, Putnam Co.,
Florida. 14, aedoeagus of same specimen, ventral view. 15, aedoeagus of another
é of zalissaria, also from Welaka, Florida, lateral view. Many of the deciduous
cornuti have been lost in this example. 16, atropunctata, 6 genitalia. Auburn,
Kings Co., Nova Scotia. 17, aedoeagus of same specimen, ventral view. 18,
aedoeagus of another ¢ of atropunctata from Mount Uniacke, Hants Co., Nova
Scotia, lateral view.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 473

The form of the signum, ostium, and sterigma also differs conspicuously in the
2 species.

Material examined: 28 males, 1 female; 3 male, 1 female genitalia slides.

Distribution: FLORIDA: Vero Beach | Indian River Co.]; Oneco, Manatee
Co.; Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Highlands Co.; University of
Florida Conservation Reserve, Welaka, Putnam Co. Also reported by Kimball
(1965, p. 186) from Escambia Co., Myrtle Grove, Quincy, and Siesta Key (not
examined). SOUTH CAROLINA: Wedge Plantation, McClellanville, Charleston
Co.; Arcadia Plantation, Georgetown, Georgetown Co. NEW JERSEY: Lake-
hurst, Ocean Co.; Freehold [Monmouth Co.]; New Lisbon, Burlington Co.
(types of darlingtoni—not examined). NEW YORK: Yonkers, Westchester Co.;
Valley Cottage, Rockland Co. CONNECTICUT: Bethany, New Haven Co.

Geographical variation: None apparent.

Flight period: In Florida, March 9 to April 4; in South Carolina,
March 26 to May 8; New Jersey and New York, May 5 to June 3; the
single Connecticut record taken May 19, 1968. Apparently 1
generation.

Early stages: Unknown. On the basis of what is known of atropunc-
tata, bayberry and wax myrtle should be tried as host plants. Forbes
(1948, p. 89, under atropunctata) states “Larva on birch (Lemmer),”
but I have not found the source of this information.

Tacparia atropunctata (Packard)
fig. 3, 4, 8-10, 16-18, 20

Lozogramma atropunctata Packard, 1874, p. 50; 1876, p. 244, pl. 9, fig. 58.

Apaecasia deductaria, Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 317, in part.

Apaecasia atropunctata, Barnes & McDunnough, 1917, p. 115, in part. McDun-
nough, 1938, p. 168, in part.

Lithina atropunctata, Forbes, 1948, p. 88, in part.

Tacparia zalissaria, Rupert, 1949, p. 150, in part. Ferguson, 1954, p. 319.

Drepanodes fernaldi Grote, 1878, p. 17.

Diagnosis: Extremely similar to zalissaria in appearance but with
certain subtle differences in pattern and coloring pointed out in the
description, and with very different genitalia in both sexes. Also,
atropunctata has an exclusively northeastern distribution from Nova
Scotia, southern Quebec and southern Ontario to New Jersey and
Pennsylvania, only slightly overlapping that of zalissaria.

Types: Tacparia atropunctata was described from 1 male and 2 fe-
males from Boston, Beverly and Salem, Massachusetts. The only type
that can now be found is a male, without abdomen, in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (fig. 4), and I hereby des-
ignate this example as the lectotype. It is labeled as follows: “Mas-
sachusetts, Packard Coll.”, “A.S. Packard Type”, “Type 14620”, “Lozo-
gramma atropunctata Pack. Type.”, and “LECTOTYPE Lozogramma
atropunctata Pack., By D. Ferguson, 73.” The lectotype clearly rep-

474 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

Fic. 19, 20, female genitalia. 19, Tacparia zalissaria, Welaka, Putnam Co.,
Florida. 20, atropunctata, Bog E of Big Indian Lake, Halifax Watershed Area,
Halifax Co., Nova Scotia.

resents the northern species. Drepanodes fernaldi was described from
2 females collected at Newtonville, Massachusetts, on June 16, 1877
by Roland Thaxter. I hereby designate as the lectotype of fernaldi
the specimen figured (fig. 3), which is in the British Museum (Natural
History ).

Synonymy: Identification of fernaldi, the only synonym of atro-
punctata, is based on a photograph (fig. 3) of 1 of the 2 original types,

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 475

as well as knowledge of the type locality which I believe to be north
of the range of zalissaria. This photograph shows the smaller size and
relatively contrasting pattern characteristic of atropunctata, especially
the dark submarginal shade on both wings in addition to the contrast-
ing shade preceding the postmedial lines.

Further description: Antennae of both sexes as in zalissaria but slightly more
slender. Structural detail of palpi, front, eyes, tongue, legs, and wing shape ap-
parently the same as in zalissaria except that the female front looks narrower.

Coloring of front and palpi as in zalissaria but with few or no intermixed dark
scales; legs and underside of body less heavily dusted with dark brown scales and
lacking the concentrated blackish lateral patch near basal end of each hind tibia
that is characteristic of zalissaria. Coloring of legs and body otherwise alike in the
2 species.

Although somewhat variable in the extent and intensity of the dark antemedial
and postmedial bands, this species does not have the polymorphism of zalissaria.
It occurs rather uniformly in a coloring only slightly browner than what I de-
scribed as the gray form of zalissaria. Scales of body, wings and fringes, under
magnification, appear more lustrous than those of zalissaria.

Upperside of both wings light brown, varying from reddish to grayish, com-
monly with a distinct violaceous tint, less obviously dusted with dark scales than
zalissaria; costa not yellowish or but faintly so, never the contrasting yellow-brown
shade of zalissaria; antemedial and postmedial lines of forewing sometimes ap-
parent as blue-gray, weakly crenulate lines, incorporating the same though less
obvious series of venular dots found in zalissaria; antemedial of hindwing want-
ing; postmedial of both wings preceded by a reddish-brown shade, forming an
almost straight, oblique band from inner margin to costa on each wing; in most
males, but not females, forewing with a diffuse, dark gray-brown shade _ pre-
ceding or suffusing the antemedial, and a corresponding shade bordering the post-
medial outwardly, thus enclosing (and obscuring) the postmedial between inner
reddish-brown and outer grayish to blackish-brown shades. Outer third of fore-
wing often darker than median space, commonly pale inwardly, darkening toward
outer margin; hindwing also slightly darker toward outer margin. Discal spot
of forewing weak, blackish; of hindwing, usually wanting. Fringes concolorous
with wings, whitish tipped, otherwise unmarked. Underside of wings dusted
with reddish brown on a pale ground, often with a bluish tint, less coarsely
speckled with dark scales than zalissaria, and with series of vein dots represent-
ing postmedial lines much less distinct. Discal spots beneath also less distinct
than in zalissaria; marginal dots wanting.

Tacparia zalissaria differs in lacking the blackish scaling before the antemedial
and after the postmedial commonly present in atropunctata, but the shade pre-
ceding the postmedial may be much darker and more diffuse in zalissaria, pro-
ducing a somewhat similar effect with different components of the pattern.

Length of forewing: male, 13 to 14.5 mm; average male (of 24), 13.8 mm;
female, 14.5 to 15.5 mm; average female (of 7), 15 mm.

Male genitalia: (fig. 16-18). Differing from those of zalissaria in several con-
spicuous features. Basal costal process of valve much shorter and arising nearer
base of costa; valve differently shaped, with costa concave; long process arising
from outer face of sacculus in zalissaria not present in the same position, but

476 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., vOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

probably homologous to the larger of the 2 pairs of processes that appear to arise
from the juxta; inner pair of juxtal processes somewhat similar to those of zalis-
saria; outer pair more than twice length of inner pair, bearing 5 or 6 long spines;
transtilla smaller, differently shaped; gnathos a simple ring with a small tooth;
aedoeagus with 1 large tooth on the vesica, not a long cluster of deciduous cornuti
as in zalissaria.

Female genitalia: (fig. 20) Much less sclerotized than those of zalissaria. Bursa
copulatrix almost entirely membranous and of a more slender shape; sclerotized
structures of the integument associated with the ostium (the sterigma) very dif-
ferent in form, and surface of integument surrounding this area bearing scales
strongly resistant to removal; a portion of interior surface of corpus bursae mi-
nutely scobinate but not heavily spiculate as in zalissaria; signum a simple, trans-
verse, sclerotized, invaginated fold in wall of corpus bursae, on left side.

Material examined: 53 males, 18 females; 2 male, 2 female genitalia slides;
1 brood of larvae reared.

Distribution: NEW JERSEY: Lake Hopatcong; Lakehurst, Ocean Co. PENN-
SYLVANIA: Luzern Co. NEW YORK: Ithaca, Tompkins Co. MASSACHU-
SETTS: Boston, Beverly and Salem (types of atropunctata). CONNECTICUT:
Beckley Bog, near Norfolk, Litchfield Co. MAINE: Biddeford. NOVA SCOTIA:
Armdale, Halifax Co.; Williams Lake, Purcell’s Cove Road, Halifax Co.; Bog E
of Big Indian Lake, Halifax Watershed area, Halifax Co.; West Dover, Halifax
Co.; Port Wallis, Halifax Co.; MacNab’s Island, Halifax Co.; Mount Uniacke,
Hants Co.; Coldbrook, Kings Co.; Aldershot, Kings Co.; Auburn, Kings Co.; Lake
Kejimkujik, Queens Co.; Round Hill, Annapolis Co.; South Milford, Annapolis
Co.; Annapolis Royal, Annapolis Co.; Digby, Digby Co.; Argyle, Yarmouth Co.
NEW BRUNSWICK: Eel River. QUEBEC: Lac Mondor; Lac Connelly; Kazu-
bazua. ONTARIO: Biscotasing; Marmora.

Geographical variation: None.

Flight period: Flies in late spring to early summer with only 1 gen-
eration—May 25 to July 9. Peak flight period in first half of June in
most areas, showing little geographical variation in time of emergence;
earliest and latest dates given are for Nova Scotia, the source of most
material; June 11 and 15 in New Jersey; May 29 and 31 in New York;
June 21 in Connecticut; May 26 to June 28 in Quebec and Ontario.

Early stages: Larvae that I reared on Myrica Gale L. at Armdale,
Nova Scotia in 1948 were studied by Rupert (1949, p. 150, as zalis-
saria), who found them almost identical to those of detersata except
that they were green instead of light brown. The pattern consisted of
the same brown longitudinal lines. These larvae were offered alder
and birch, which they refused, but fed readily on Myrica Gale. No
other species of Myricaceae were tried, but the next year, on June 5,
1949, I flushed a number of fresh adults from a large patch of sweet
fern (Myrica asplenifolia L.) at Coldbrook, Nova Scotia, under cir-
cumstances that led me to conclude that this plant also served as a
host.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 A477

SUMMARY

Checklist arrangement of the species of Tacparia would be as
follows (synonyms in italics) ;

Tacparia Walker

1. zalissaria Walker
deductaria (Walker)
darlingtoni (Lemmer)

2. atropunctata (Packard)
fernaldi (Grote)

3. detersata (Guenée )

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The photographs of the types in the British Museum (Natural History), which
I reproduced, were kindly sent to me by Mr. Laurence R. Rupert of Sardinia, N.
Y., and this has made possible the correct association of the names zalissaria,
deductaria and fernaldi. I am also indebted to Dr. Frederick H. Rindge of the
American Museum of Natural History, Dr. John G. Franclemont of Cornell Uni-
versity, Dr. John Burns, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University
and Dr. W. C. McGuffin of the Entomology Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario,
for the privilege of examining specimens. Also studied was the material in the
U.S. National Museum, to which have now been added the specimens of Tacparia
from my own collection.

REFERENCES

Barnes, William, and James H. McDunnough. 1917. Check List of the Lepi-
doptera of Boreal America. Herald Press, Decatur, Illinois. 392 p.

Dyar, Harrison G. “1902” [1903]. A List of North American Lepidoptera and
Key to the Literature of this Order of Insects. Bull. U.S. National Museum 52.

Ferguson, Douglas C. 1954. The Lepidoptera of Nova Scotia, pt. 1, Macro-
lepidoptera. Proc. N.S. Inst. Sci. 23:161-375, illus.

Forbes, William T. M. 1948. Lepidoptera of New York and Neighboring States,
pt. 2. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Memoir 274:263 p., illus.

Grote, Augustus Radcliffe. 1878. Description of a New Drepanodes. Can.
Entomol. 10:17.

Guenée, M. Achille. 1857. Uranides et Phalénites, pt. 2, being vol. 10 of Bois-
duval and Guenée, Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, Species Général des Lépi-
doptéres. Collection des Suites 4 Buffon, Paris. pp. 1-584.

Hulst, George D. 1896. Classification of the Geometrina of North America with
descriptions of new genera and species. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 23:245-
386.

Kimball, Charles P. 1965. Lepidoptera of Florida. Arthropods of Florida and
Neighboring Land Areas, vol. 1, 363 p., illus. Div. of Plant Industry, Florida
Dept. Agric., Gainesville.

Lemmer, Frederick. 1937. New Lepidoptera from the New Jersey Pine Bar-
rens. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 32:22—25.

478 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

McDunnough, James H. 1938. Check List of the Lepidoptera of Canada and
the United States of America, pt. 1, Macrolepidoptera. So. Calif. Acad. Sci.
Memoir 1, 272 p.

Packard, Alpheus Spring. 1874. Descriptions of New North American Phalaen-
idae. Sixth Report Peabody Acad. Sci., pp. 39-53.

1876. A Monograph of the Geometrid Moths or Phalaenidae of
the United States. Vol. 10 in F. V. Hayden, Report U.S. Geol. Surv. Territories.
Govt. Printing Office, Washington. 607 p., illus.

Rupert, Laurence R. 1949. Notes on the Group of Genera including Lozo-
gramma Stephens and its Allies. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 51:137-151.

Walker, Francis. 1860. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the
Collection of the British Museum, pt. 20—Geometrites: p. 1-276.

OVARIOLE NUMBER IN PASSALIDAE (COLEOPTERA)*

P. REYES-CASTILLO
Departamento de Zoologia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas,
I.P.N., Mexico 17, D. F.

P. O. RircHER
Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331

ABSTRACT—Female Passalidae of 12 species, belonging to 8 genera, were
found to have 2 ovarioles on each side.

In 1961, Robertson published a survey of ovariole numbers in Cole-
optera. It included information on 329 species in 45 beetle families
but only 1 species of Passalidae was mentioned. This species, listed
as Popilius disjunctus (Ill.), was assigned to the genus Odontotaenius
by Reyes-Castillo in 1970.

The writers recently dissected adults of 10 other passalid species
from North America and 1 species from Australia, all of which were
preserved in 70% ethanol or other fluids. We found the same 2-2
ovarian tubule number in the females as reported previously for Odon-
totaenius disjunctus (Table 1).

The Passalidae belong to the Scarabaeoidea, a superfamily which
also includes the Lucanidae and Scarabaeidae. In contrast to the 2-2
ovariole condition in Passalidae, many Scarabaeidae have a 6-6 for-
mula. In the Scarabaeinae, however, there is a reduction to 0-1
(Robertson, 1961) which is thought to be associated with nidification

* This investigation was supported in part by grant GS-31129 from the Na-
tional Science Foundation. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical
Paper No. 3677.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 479

Table 1.—Ovariole number in Passalidae

Group and Species Ovarian Tubules

Subfamily Aulacocyclinae
Aulacocyclus edentulus (Macleay ) 2-2
Subfamily Passalinae
Tribe Proculini
Vindex agnoscendus (Percheron)
Heliscus tropicus (Percheron )
Heliscus descipiens Kuwert
Odontotaenius disjunctus _(Illiger)
Odontotaenius striatopunctatus (Percheron )
Verres hageni Kaup
Tribe Passalini
Paxillus leachi MacLeay
Passalus (Pertinax) punctatostriatus (Percheron )
Passalus (Pertinax) caelatus Erichson
Passalus (Passalus) punctiger St. Far. and Serv.
Ptichopus angulatus (Percheron)

ol Waal
to bw we to bw p

bo bw bw W& bw bv

bo bo i bo bo
wowwhpy wv

( Halffter and Matthews, 1966). Robertson lists 12-12 ovarian tubules
for the lucanid Dorcus (Lucanus) parallelipipedus L.

In many beetle families, the number of ovarioles varies greatly and
2-2 is an uncommon number. Besides the Passalidae, only the Curcu-
lionidae and Scolytidae are consistent in having 2-2 ovarioles ( Robert-
son, 1961).

REFERENCES
Halffter, G. and E. G. Matthews. 1966. The natural history of dung beetles
of the subfamily Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Folia Entomol.

Mexicana 12—14:312 pp.

Reyes-Castillo, P. 1970. Coleoptera, Passalidae; morfologia y division en
grandes grupos; generos americanos. Folia Entomol. Mexicana 20-22:240 pp.
Robertson, J. G. 1961. Ovariole numbers in Coleoptera. Can. J. Zool. 39:245-

263.

480 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

PLAGIOGNATHUS VITELLINUS (SCHOLTZ), A CONIFER-FEEDING
MIRID NEW TO NORTH AMERICA (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE)

THOMAS J. HENRY AND A. G. WHEELER, JR.

Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture,
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120

ABSTRACT—The Palearctic mirid Plagiognathus vitellinus (Scholtz) is re-
ported in North America from 17 counties in Pennsylvania during 1972-73.
A diagnosis and figures of the adult, last instar nymph, and male genitalia are
provided. Plagiognathus vitellinus was found to breed on Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga
menziesii (Mich.) Franco; European larch, Larix decidua Mill.; Norway spruce,
Picea abies (L.) Karst.; Colorado spruce, P. pungens Engelm.; and white spruce,
P. glauca (Moench) Voss. Characters are given for separating late instar nymphs
of P. vitellinus from those of other phyline mirids breeding on these hosts.
Plagiognathus vitellinus is an early season, univoltine species. Overwintered eggs
hatched in early May; adults first appeared in late May and were abundant only
for a few weeks in June. Plagiognathus vitellinus appears to be an introduced
species in North America. An introduction on nursery stock rather than on ship
ballast is considered probable.

Plagiognathus vitellinus (Scholtz) represents the second Palearctic
mirid discovered in North America during our survey of the Miridae
associated with conifers in Pennsylvania. Recently, we reported
Camptozygum aequale (Villers) from Pennsylvania and its association
with Scotch pine, Pinus sylvestris L. (Wheeler and Henry, 1973).
This paper summarizes our observations on P. vitellinus during 1972-73.

Plagiognathus vitellinus was described as Capsus vitellinus by
Scholtz in 1846 and placed in the genus Psallus by Fieber (1861).
Wagner (1952) described the subgenus Parapsallus in which he in-
cluded vitellinus and dilutus Fieber. This arrangement was followed
in Carvalho’s (1958) “Catalog of the Miridae of the World” which
covered all literature to the end of 1955. In that year, however, Wagner
(1955) removed vitellinus from Psallus to Plagiognathus based on the
type of pubescence, tarsi, vesica, and certain other characters. Later,
Wagner (1961) placed dilutus as a variety of vitellinus. Woodroffe
(1957) agreed that vitellinus did not belong in Psallus s. str.; Stichel
(1958) and Southwood and Leston (1959) also followed Wagner
(1955). Kerzhner (1964) elevated Parapsallus to generic rank with
vitellinus as the only included species. Since he gave no basis for this
decision, we are following Wagner (1955) by retaining vitellinus in
Plagiognathus.

Plagiognathus vitellinus occurs throughout Europe and in Siberia
and Algeria (Carvalho, 1958) and perhaps represents an introduced
species in England (Butler, 1923). It is restricted to conifers, including

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 481

Fig. 1-5. Plagiognathus vitellinus (Scholtz): 1, adult; 2, fifth instar nymph;
3-5, ¢ genitalia: 3, left clasper; 4, right clasper; 5, vesica.

species of Pinus, Picea, and Larix (Reuter, 1908), and in England
occurs mainly on spruces, less commonly on larch (Southwood and
Leston, 1959). Kaltenbach (1874) listed it as a “Pflanzenfeind” on
conifers, but gave no other information. Eggs are known to overwinter;
adults appear in late June and persist until early August (Southwood
and Leston, 1959).

In Pennsylvania 5 specimens were collected from spruces in 5
western counties during 7-14 July 1972. These specimens were keyed
to Plagiognathus in Knight's (1941) key but did not fit descriptions of
any of the phyline species included in his key. From a large series of
specimens collected in 1973 this species was tentatively identified as
the European Plagiognathus vitellinus (by TJH) using Southwood and
Leston’s (1959) key and by comparing our specimens with descriptions
of P. vitellinus in Butler (1923), Wagner (1952), and Stichel (1958).

\c TIOGA BRADFORD. SUSQUEHANNA
ELK

OHIO

W.VA.

ae SOMERSET

Fig. 6. Distribution of Plagiognathus vitellinus (Scholtz) in North America.

This identification was verified by comparison with specimens of P.
vitellinus borrowed from the British Museum (Natural History).

This species may be distinguished from other species of Plagiogna-
thus and phyline mirids in our area by the uniform flavotestaceous
color, small size, pale yellow pubescence, first antennal segment with
1 or 2 black rings and sometimes the second with black at base, tibiae
typically with black spots at base (“knees”) and with black spines
arising from large black spots, hind femora with black spots, last seg-
ment of hind tarsus almost as long as 1 and 2 together, and the struc-
ture of the male genitalia. Figures of the adult (fig. 1), last instar
nymph (fig. 2), and male genitalia (fig. 3-5) are provided to facilitate
identification.

Lengths of 10 ¢¢6 and 20 22 are as follows: ¢ 3.00-3.32 mm
(X=3.18 mm); ? 2.84-3.40 mm (X = 3.20 mm). We have collected
both the nominate form and variety annulata Stichel. The nominate
form is characterized by having the first antennal segment black
basally with a median black ring and the second segment black basally;
the variety annulata, by the first segment black basally with 2 median
brown spots and the second segment with a basal brown ring (Stichel,
1958). More detailed descriptions of the adult are given by Reuter
(1878) and Hieber (1911).

BIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS

During 1972-73, we collected P. vitellinus from 17 counties in
Pennsylvania (fig. 6). This species can be characterized as an early

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 483

season mirid that feeds at the base of needles on new growth of
spruces, larch, and Douglas fir. The seasonal history of populations
on Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mich.) Franco, and European
larch, Larix decidua Mill., was determined. We found no other phyline
mirid to breed on Douglas fir, while on European larch only Plagiogna-
thus laricicola Knight was collected with vitellinus. Fourth and fifth
instar nymphs of P. laricicola can be distinguished by the fuscous
head, pronotum, apical third of wing pads, and tarsi, by the 2 rows
of uniformly small brown spots on hind femora, and the generally
weaker spots at bases of tibial spines. Four species occur with
vitellinus on spruces: Atractotomus magnicornis Fallén, another Pale-
arctic species introduced into North America (Knight, 1923, 1924)
and one known to occur with vitellinus on conifers in Europe ( Hiieber,
1911); Microphylellus tumidifrons Knight; Plagiognathus suffuscipennis
Knight; and Psallus piceicola Knight. Populations of M. tumidifrons
and A. magnicornis develop at about the same time as those of
vitellinus. Late instar nymphs of M. tumidifrons can be distinguished
by the absence of dark spots at the bases of the tibial spines; those of
A. magnicornis, by the thickened second antennal segment. Eggs of
Psallus piceicola and Plagiognathus suffuscipennis hatch about a week
later than those of vitellinus. Nymphs of P. piceicola are easily distin-
guished by their reddish color; nymphs of P. suffuscipennis could not
be separated reliably from those of vitellinus.

Periodic collections were taken from populations of P. vitellinus on
Douglas fir and European larch in southwestern, central, and south-
eastern Pennsylvania. In the latter two areas eggs hatched in early
May; those in southwestern counties, about a week later. Populations
consisted mainly of second instar nymphs by 10 May; by late May
fourth and fifth instars predominated. The first adult was collected
on 30 May. Adults were abundant only for a few weeks from about
5 June to 20 June. In many of our sampling sites adults had disappeared
by the end of June. Our latest record was of a single female collected
from Douglas fir on 17 July in Blair County.

The seasonal history on spruces is assumed to be similar. Large
populations were found on Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst.;
Colorado spruce, P. pungens Engelm.; and white spruce, P. glauca
(Moench) Voss.

DiscussiION

Like Camptozygum aequale, P. vitellinus is known only from Penn-
sylvania (although it is probably more widely distributed) and may
have been introduced into North America. This idea is supported by
its collection from hosts that are not native to our area but have been
introduced from western North America or from Europe. We did
collect nymphs of what appeared to be P. vitellinus from American

484 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

larch or tamarack, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, growing in a bog
in Clinton County. These could not be reared to maturity but were
identical to late instar nymphs of P. vitellinus taken on European
larch, Douglas fir, and spruces. Recently, Kelton (1966) suggested
that from its collection from a wide area and from undisturbed habitats
in North America, Pithanus maerkeli (Herrich-Schaeffer), previously
thought to be a European introduction, might represent a true Holarctic
species. However, until additional collections of P. vitellinus are made,
the most reasonable assumption is that it represents an introduced
species.

The observation that eggs of C. aequale were inserted into stems of
seedling Scotch pine, Pinus sylvestris L., led us to speculate that this
species could have been accidentally introduced with pine nursery
stock (Wheeler and Henry, 1973). Even though P. vitellinus was not
found associated with conifer seedlings, an introduction via nursery
stock rather than on ship ballast seems more reasonable. Our area was
never a major dumping grounds for European ballast, and most of the
Heteroptera found associated with ballast sites have been species of
ground-dwelling habits (Lindroth, 1957). Seed feeders such as
rhyparochromine lygaeids or predators such as nabids may be able to
survive for extended periods in ballast. The possibility of the more
delicate Miridae surviving in ballast materials would seem to be less
likely. Additional collections of this species may provide clues to its
means and site of introduction into North America.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to W. R. Dolling, Department of Entomology, British Museum
(Natural History), for the loan of specimens. We thank Drs. C. O. Berg and
L. L. Pechuman, Cornell University, for their suggestions on improving the
manuscript, Dr. J. L. Herring, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA,
Washington, D.C., for his helpful advice, and Dr. J. A. Slater, University of
Connecticut, for sharing with us his views on the possibility of the ballast intro-
duction of mirids. Our regional Bureau of Plant Industry personnel made valuable
collections of P. vitellinus, as did Dr. D. G. Trelka, Washington and Jefferson
College, Washington, Pennsylvania, in Washington County.

REFERENCES

Butler, E. A. 1923. <A biology of the British Hemiptera
G. Witherby, London. 682 pp.

Carvalho, J. C. M. 1958. Catalogue of the Miridae of the World. Part II.
Subfamily Phylinae. Archos. Mus. Nac., Rio de J. 45:1-216.

Fieber, F. X. 1861. Die europiischen Hemiptera. Halbfliigler. (Rhynchota
Heteroptera). Druck and Verlag von Carl Gerold’s Sohn, Wien. 444 pp.

Hiieber, T. 1911. Synopsis der deutschen Blindwanzen (Hemiptera heteroptera,
Fam. Capsidae). Heft 14. pp. 350-437. Stuttgart, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk.

Heteroptera. H. F. &

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 485

Kaltenbach, J. H. 1874. Die Pflanzenfeinde aus der Klasse der Insekten.
Julius Hoffmann (K. Thienemann’s Verlag), Stuttgart. 848 pp.

Kelton, L. A. 1966. Pithanus maerkeli (Herrich-Schaffer) and Actitocoris
signatus Reuter in North America (Hemiptera: Miridae). Can. Entomol.
98:1305-1307.

Kerzhner, I. M. 1964. 21. Cem. Miridae (Capsidae). pp. 700-765. In Bei-
Bienko, G. Ya. Opredelitel nasekomykh Evropeiskoi chasti SSSR. 1:1-935.
Akad. nauk SSR. Zool. Inst., Moscow. (Kerzhner, I. M. 1967. Family Miridae
(Capsidae ). pp. 913-1003. In Bei-Bienko, G. Ya. Keys to the insects of the
European USSR. 1:1-1214. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem
(English translation by Jean Salkind) ).

Knight, H. H. 1923. Family Miridae (Capsidae). pp. 422-658. In Britton,
W. E. (ed.). The Hemiptera or sucking insects of Connecticut. Bull. Conn.
St. geol. nat. Hist. Surv., No. 34.

. 1924, Atractotomus mali (Meyer) found in Nova Scotia ( Heterop-
tera, Miridae). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 19:65.
1941. The plant bugs, or Miridae, of Illinois. Bull. Ill. St. Nat.
Hist. Surv., No. 22, 234 pp.

Lindroth, C. H. 1957. The faunal connections between Europe and North
America. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 344 pp.

Reuter, O. M. 1878. Hemiptera Gymnocerata Europae. Hémiptéres Gym-
nocérates d'Europe, du bassin de la Méditerranée et de l’Asie Russe. 1I:1-188.

1908. Charakteristik und Entwickelungsgechichte der Hemipteren
—Fauna (Heteroptera, Auchenorrhynchia und Psyllidae) der Palaearktischen
Coniferen. Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 36( 1) :1-129.

Scholtz, H. 1846 (1847). Prodromus zu einer Rhychoten
Arbeit. schles. Gesellsch. f. vaterl. Kultur. pp. 104-164.
Southwood, T. R. E. and D. Leston. 1959. Land and water bugs of the British

Isles. Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd., London & New York. 436 pp.

Stichel, W. 1958. Illustrierte Bestimmungstabellen der Wanzen. Vol. 2, Heft 25,
pp. 769-800. Martin-Luther, Berlin—Hermsdorf.

Wagner, E. 1952. 41. Teil. Blindwanzen oder Miriden. pp. 1-218. In Dahl,
F. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meeresteile nach ihren
Merkmalen und nach ihrer Lebensweise. Gustav Fischer, Jena.

1955. Die Plagiognathus-Gruppe (Hem. Heteropt. Miridae). Acta
ent. Mus. nat. Prague. 30:291—304.

1961. Was ist Psallus dilutus Fieber 1858? (Hem. Het. Miridae).
Mitt. dtsch. ent. Gesell. 20:74—-78.

Wheeler, A. G., Jr. and T. J. Henry. 1973. Camptozygum aequale (Villers),
a pine-feeding mirid new to North America. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.
75:240-246.

Woodroffe, G. E. 1957. A preliminary revision of the British Psallus Fieber
(Hem., Miridae), with a description of a new species. Entomol. Mon. Mag.
93:258-271.

Fauna von Schlesien.

486 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

NOTES ON THE GENUS OPUNTIASPIS, WITH A KEY
TO THE SPECIES (HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE)

In 1905, Green described Opuntiaspis javanensis (Entomol. Mon. Mag. 16:28)
from material collected on Agave mexicana in Java. Ferris (1937, Atlas of the
Scale Insects of North America, ser. 1:164) placed it as a junior synonym of
Opuntiaspis philococcus (Cockerell) (1893, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 18:252) on the
basis of Green’s description. Recently, I examined 7 specimens of O. javanensis
from the British Museum (Natural History) that were mounted from the type
material. The collection data for these specimens are as follows: Type material,
Java, Agave sp., Coll. A. Zimmerman. I also examined a specimen of O. philo-
coccus in the U.S. National Museum that was also mounted from the type mate-
rial. The slide is labeled co-type #5860, on Cactus, Guanajuato, Mexico (Duges),
T. D. A. Cockerell Coll. I found that O. javanensis and O. philococcus are dif-
ferent species. The U.S. National Museum has specimens of O. javanensis from
Java and Mexico on Agave decipiens, A. fourcroydes (= A. ixtli), A. sisalana,
A. xylonacantha (= A. amurensis), Agave sp., Beaucarnea sp., and Bromelia
species. Opuntiaspis javanensis can be separated from the other 2 congeners by
the following key.

die Perivullvars pores: presente = 25s = Oe ee ee
Pevtene _.... O. carinata (Cockerell) (new syn. Mytilaspis nigra Cockerell )
==>) Perivulvarsporestabsenti= 2 ee ee Se ee ee ee 2;
2 Dorsal macroducts distributed completely across the metathorax and ab-
dominal segments 1-4; usually found on Cactaceae __.__.-__-___-_____-
bs! 117 2 Se ee PRS Lc ae Ser Gar She APRS st ORO O. philococcus (Cockerell )
— Dorsal macroducts absent from the median areas of the metathorax and
abdominal segments 1-4; usually found on Agave spp. __ O. javanensis Green

I thank Dr. D. J. Williams, British Museum (Natural History), for the loan of
the type material of O. javanensis.

Suro Naxanara, Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs, Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
20705.

BOOK REVIEWS

Butterflies of the Australian Region. Bernard D’Abrera. 1971. Landsdowne
Press Pty. Ltd., Melbourne, Australia. [Distributed exclusively in North America
by Entomological Reprint Specialists, P. O. Box 77071, Dockweiler Station,
Los Angeles, California, 90007.] 415 pp. + loose errata page, 2 text figures,
3 maps, 2,362 color photographs. Size 10”x13%”. Price: $39.95.

Australian Butterflies. Charles McCubbin. 1971. Thomas Nelson Limited, Mel-
bourne and Sydney, Australia. [Distributor as given above.] xxx + 206 pages,
335 species illustrated in color. Size: 9°6”x131%4”". Price: $30.00.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 487

Butterflies of Australia. Ian F. B. Common and Douglas F. Waterhouse. 1972.
Angus and Robertson Pty. Ltd., Sydney, London, Melbourne, Brisbane and
Singapore. [Distributor as given above.] 498 pp., 41 plates (26 in color), 25
figures, 366 maps. Size: 914”x7”. Price: $39.95.

Three superb works on the butterflies of Australia and all almost at once!
On first appearances this is two books too many.

A closer look however shows that D’Abrera’s book is a treatment of the entire
Australian region, including New Zealand north through the Fiji and Solomon
Islands and west to Weber’s line. In this large area occur over 900 species and
numerous subspecies of the “true” butterflies (Papilionoidea). D’Abrera omits
the skippers (Hesperoidea), but apparently intends to treat them in a later com-
panion volume. His treatment, because of space limitations, is necessarily sketchy,
but he does give the latin and common names, original references, distribution,
brief description of imago and sometimes of early stages, as well as listing the
food plants when known. The more than 2300 color photographs are mostly
excellent. Certainly this is the book to buy if one is interested in the larger region
covered and can only afford one of these rather expensive books.

To choose between the two books by McCubbin and by Common and Waterhouse
is much more difficult. Both cover Australia (the continent) and Tasmania; both
are well illustrated in color; both are well written and include a great amount of
information.

The plates in McCubbin are based upon superb life-sized paintings done by the
author and often include the foodplants on these same plates. The plates in
Common and Waterhouse are often reduced in size but are quite good and many
are the same as those used in an earlier work (What Butterfly is That?, by G. A.
Waterhouse, 1932.) Two color plates, five black and white plates and 25 text
figures are added to the present work.

Common and Waterhouse include 366 maps (not included in the earlier work)
giving the distribution of all species and subspecies and this is a most excellent and
useful feature. The bibliography offered by McCubbin seems to be complete and
is much more extensive than the one offered by Common and Waterhouse. Both
works give distribution under each species and subspecies treatment in the text.
Both works offer a great amount of life-history information, the common names,
characters for identification when needed to supplement the plates and other
interesting facts.

I am sorry to report that neither of these two works nor the work by D’Abrera
offers a checklist, that most helpful tool for the collector and scientist.

I do not see how the serious student of butterflies could choose between the
two books covering the more restricted area of Australia. The one by Common
and Waterhouse is smaller and could be more easily carried into the field although
it is not intended to be, nor is it indeed a skimpy field guide. McCubbin’s book
one would want to leave at home so as not to soil or spoil the magnificent plates.

Jamaica and Its Butterflies. F. Martin Brown and Bernard Heineman. 1972.
478 pages, 11 color plates, 7 figures, 5 maps, end papers (=maps).
E. W. Classey Limited, London. [Distributed exclusively in North America by
Entomological Reprint Specialists, P.O. Box 77971, Dockweiler Station, Los
Angeles, California, 90007.] Size: 8°%4”x10%4”. Price: $44.00.

488 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

This book under preparation for a number of years was certainly worth waiting
for. I find the title somewhat pretentious. The publisher gives this title much
emphasis in his advertizing brochure because he believes this book contains much
more than one which might otherwise have been simply entitled “The Butterflies
of Jamaica.” The first chapter (six pages), “The Jamaican Scene” is apparently
the basis for the publishers claim. Here there is a brief description of the island,
a discussion of the climate, vegetation and animal life. As a matter of fact, today
and for many years past we have come to expect any good faunal treatment to
include general information of this sort.

There are interesting chapters upon early and present-day collecting, butterfly
anatomy, biology, Jamaican butterfly habitats and zoogeography. The main body
of this book (chapter 7) is an excellent treatment of the butterfly fauna. Here the
taxonomy, habits, habitats and distribution for each species and subspecies are
given in great detail. I believe the species headings would have benefited by the
use of a bold-faced type such as was used for the genera and higher taxa. As it is,
I find it a little difficult to separate and to locate individual treatments.

Jamaica, according to these authors, contains 133 known species and subspecies,
31 of which are endemic. One hundred and sixteen of these are very beautifully
illustrated in color by Majorie Statham Favreau.

Four maps show dry and wet season rainfall, altitude and the chief vegetation
of Jamaica. A fifth map shows prevailing wind direction and ocean currents of
the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. The end papers are maps showing the
counties, parishes and principal collecting localities of Jamaica. There is an
excellent bibliography and a glossary.

A checklist is included and this may reflect the fact that the publisher is more
knowledgeable than most publishers of the needs and wishes of both the amateur
and professional worker. Too many publishers have insisted upon deleting this
feature from similar works.

A few weaknesses and minor errors in this book have already been pointed out
by Dr. Eugene Monroe (Jr. Lepid. Soc., 26( 4) :264-267, 1972) and I see no need
to probe further.

The fact is that this work is probably the most complete treatment of butterflies
for any similar sized island anywhere and it is certainly the best treatment ever to
appear for any of the Antillean Islands.

WIiLuiAM D. Freip, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Wash-
ington, D.C., 20560.

Seabies. Kenneth Mellanby. Published by E. W. Classey, Ltd. England. Dis-
tributed in North America by Entomological Reprint Specialists, P.O. Box 77971,
Dockweiler Station, Los Angeles, California 90007. Paperback, 81 pp., illus.
Price: $3.50.

This small, excellent book was originally published in 1944 during World War II
when scabies was then a common complaint in the British Isles. I read it in 1944,
and I was lucky enough to hear Dr. Mellanby lecture on the mite while in
Washington. His film which accompanied the lecture was beautifully done. The
book is exciting to read now—simply written and adequately illustrated. It includes
all that is needed for the acarologist as well as the medical entomologist, and most

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973 489

of us will find it rewarding. Rather than discuss the book, I believe that a list of
the chapters will suffice:

I. The anatomy and life history of the itch mite.
II. The parasitology of human scabies.
III. The development of symptoms.
IV. Secondary pathological conditions induced by scabies infection.
V. The transmission of scabies.
VI. The incidence of scabies.
VII. The prevention of scabies.
VIII. The treatment of scabies
(A) The treatment of the parasitic infection.
(B) The treatment of secondary infection.
IX. Conditions which may be confused with scabies.
X. Other mites of medical and veterinary importance.
Appendix. On how to make the materials mentioned in the text.
This book should be in all libraries, especially the medical entomology ones.

Epwarp W. Baker, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research
Service, USDA, Agricultural Research Center (West), Beltsville, Maryland 20705.

BOOK NOTICES

The Net-winged Midges or Blephariceridae of California. Charles L. Hogue.
1973. Bulletin of the California Insect Survey, vol. 15. University of California
Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London. 83 pp., 172 illus. $3.00.

An Index to the Described Life Histories, Early Stages and Hosts of the
Macrolepidoptera of the Continental United States and Canada. Harrison
M. Tietz. 1973. Published by A. C. Allyn for the Allyn Museum of Entomology,
Sarasota, Florida. 2 vols., 1041 pp. $25.00 per set. Sold exclusively by Ento-
mological Reprint Specialists, P.O. Box 77224, Dockweiler Station, Los Angeles,
California 90007.

Developmental Systema: Insects (2 Volumes). Edited by S. J. Counce and
C. H. Waddington. 1972. (vol. 1), 1973 (vol. 2). Academic Press, London.
304 pp. (vol. 1), 615 pp. (vol. 2). 6.50 pounds sterling (vol. 1), 10.00 pounds

sterling (vol. 2).

The Horseflies of Europe. M. Chvala, L. Lyneborg, and J. Moucha. 1972.
Entomological Society of Copenhagen. 499 pp., 164 text figs., 8 plates (5
colored). $23.50. Sold exclusively by Entomological Reprint Specialists, P.O.
Box 77224, Dockweiler Station, Los Angeles, California 90007.

The Insects of Virginia: No. 6. Horse Flies and Deer Flies of Virginia. L. L.
Pechuman. 1973. Research Division Bulletin 81, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061. 92 pp., 50 illus.

Revision of the Genus Pseudopanurgus of North America (Hymenoptera,
Apoidea). P. H. Timberlake. 1973. University of California Publications in
Entomology Volume 72. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles,
London. 58 pp., 56 illus. $2.50.

490 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

OBITUARY

PHILIP LUGINBILL, JR.
1917-1973

The hearts of many entomologists and numerous friends were saddened by
the sudden, tragic death of Philip Luginbill, Jr. in Tucson, Arizona on August
23rd. He was killed when a tire broke loose from a passing van and struck him
as he was riding his bicycle home from work. Although he suffered severe head
injuries he lived for nearly six hours after the accident.

Dr. Luginbill was born in Columbia, South Carolina on August 17, 1917. He
was the son of Dr. Philip Luginbill, Sr., a well known entomologist and specialist
on May beetles, and Alma Dean Luginbill. His early years were spent in Colum-
bia, South Carolina and Monroe, Michigan. Phil received his B.S. in Agriculture
from Purdue University in 1939, his M.S. in 1941 and his Ph.D. in entomology
in 1949. During the summers of 1940, 1941 and 1949 he worked as a supervisor
on grasshopper control in Montana and Wisconsin. In 1949 he was appointed
as an entomologist with the Cereal and Forage Insects Section of the Bureau of
Entomology and Plant Quarantine at Bozeman, Montana. He conducted research
on wheat varieties resistant to the wheat stem sawfly that resulted in several
wheats that are resistant to sawfly attack. In 1959 he was transferred to Beltsville,
Maryland as Assistant Chief of the Field Crop Insects and Bee Culture Research
Branch. When this Branch was reorganized in 1960 he became Assistant Chief
of the Grain and Forage Insects Research Branch and served in this position
until July of 1972 when he was transferred to Tucson, Arizona as Assistant
Area Director of the Southern Arizona-New Mexico office of the Agricultural
Research Service.

Dr. Luginbill worked in a defense plant before entering the Navy in World
War II. He was discharged as Lieutenant Senior Grade in 1946. In addition to
the Entomological Society of Washington, Phil was a member of the Entomologi-
cal Society of America, The American Association for the Advancement of Science,
and Sigma Xi. He was also active in church and civic affairs.

Phil was much in demand as a square-dance caller and devoted many hours to
this, largely for charitable organizations. He was an excellent master of cere-
monies at various meetings. His poems, programs and tape recordings were the
highlights at many retirement parties. His other hobbies included bicycling, fish-
ing and camping.

Dr. Luginbill was a very outgoing person and had a very wide circle of friends
throughout the country. He was an optimist and often brightened the outlook
of his friends and associates. It was a pleasure to work with him. We will all miss
him but we are all better for having known him.

Phil is survived by his wife, Betty Noble Luginbill, 6756 Harran Drive, Tuc-
son, Arizona, 85704; three sons, Michael D. and Stephen P. of Beltsville, Md.
and James C. of Tucson; a daughter Pamela of Tucson; his mother Mrs. Elma
Luginbill of Lafayette, Indiana; three brothers: Charles residing in Ohio, Dean in
Illinois and Webster in Michigan; and a sister, Mrs. Phillip Holden in Michigan.

Bernarp A. App, 3815 58th Ave., Hyattsville, Maryland 20784.

PROC, ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

491

Index to New Taxa in Volume 75

acadicus Emerson (Strigiphilus), 45

acaenae Smith (Ucona), 405

Alphelixia Roth, 2

angusticolle Blake (Metachroma), 410

Apsaphis Franclemont, 172

arizonica Robinson (Enlinia), 419

arkansasensis Duckworth and Eichlin
(Synanthedon), 154

asorusa Smith (Notofenusa), 342

aurea Hill ( Evanirvana), 78

bakeri Timberlake (Synhalonia), 317

blanchardorum Neunzig (Acrobasis ),
165
brasiliensis Evans (Nothepyris), 203

cacaoi Blake (Colaspis), 87

calabaza Duckworth and Eichlin ( Melit-
tia), 151

caldwelli Kramer (Stobaera), 383

canadensis Duckworth and Eichlin (Syn-
anthedon), 157

capeki Loan (Cosmophorus), 205

cartwrighti Howden (Onthopagus ), 329

ceramensis Sirivanakarn and Kurihara
(Culex), 220

chacoense Evans (Pseudisobrachium),
195

cisipa Smith and Lavigne (Paratrech-
ina), 184

cuevensis Howden (Onthopagus), 331

curiosa Gagné (Karschomyia), 348

cyanosoma Evans (Rhabdepyris), 198

delfinadoae Sirivanakarn (Culex), 118

dogonensis Krombein (Cerceris), 464

dominicki Duckworth and Eichlin (Syn-
anthedon), 158

ectopia Gagné (Karschomyia), 348

eldridgei Fairchild (Tabanus), 327

engelhardti Duckworth and_ Eichlin
(Carmenta), 158

eremna Franclemont (Apsaphida), 173

erythrocephalum Evans _ (Pseudiso-
brachium), 197

Evanirvana Hill, 78

flinti Smith (Notofenusa), 343
floridanus Hambleton (Rhizoecus), 67

grandis White ( Byrrhodes), 51

hubbelli Werner (Epicauta), 460

insolita Gagné (Karschomyia), 351
inusitata Gagné (Karschomyia),
Iphthiminus Spilman, 42

351

laevicornis Werner (Epicauta), 458
lampangensis Sirivanakarn (Culex), 113
lampyridiformis Roth (Schultesia), 9
leiosomata Blake (Colaspis), 85
lineata White (Striatheca), 49

macculurei Wirth (Pseudostilobezzia),
178

malikuli Huang (Aedes), 225

mira Gagné (Karschomyia), 351

muiri Kramer (Stobaera), 386

nema Smith ( Notofenusa), 344

neomirablis Howden (Onthophagus),
334

nidicteridicola Roth (Amazonina), 14

nigrivirens Evans (Epyris), 199

nondescriptus Fairchild (Tabanus ), 323

Nothepyris Evans, 203

ostmarki Blake (Colaspis), 86

perpolitus Gordon (Aphodius), 439
perissa Gagné (Karschomyia), 351
pertenuis Evans (Thlastepyris), 202

492

petiolata Townes (Tanychora), 217
platensis Steyskal (Dictyodes), 429
praecipua Gagné (Karschomyia), 351
prosopidis Werner (Epicauta), 461

PROG. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 75, NO. 4, DECEMBER, 1973

spermophili Gordon (Aphodius), 436
Striatheca White, 48

subcancer Howden (Onthophagus ), 335
sulcigaster Bell (Clinidium), 279

Pseudostilobezzia Wirth, 177

ramalingami Sirivanakarn (Culex), 119

reidi Harrison ( Anopheles ), 365

resenum Smith and Lavigne (Tapi-
noma), 182

rhizophorae Blake (Metachroma), 408

Tanychora Townes, 216

texana Robinson (Enlinia), 420

Thlastepyris Evans, 201

thelionus Woolley and Higgins (Gym-
nodamaeus ), 412

Schultesia Roth, 8

sessilis Townes (Tanychora), 218 Ucona Smith, 403

PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE BY THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS

Cynipid Galls of the Eastern United States, by Lewis H. Weld
Cynipid Galls of the Southwest, by Lewis H. Weld —_..___-________________
Identification of Alaskan Black Fly Larvae, by Kathryn M. Sommerman —_— 25
Unusual Scalp Dermatitis in Humans Caused by the Mite Dermato-

phagoides: by ‘jay RR. Traver 28a ee eee 25
MEMOIRS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

No. 1. The North American Bees of the Genus Osmia, by Grace
Sandhouseé:. (1939.2. ee Ss ee ee $ 6.00

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by: Adam G:\Boving: 1949))2< <5. nee eee ee 6.00

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ILase, lov? Lell Wivsilkyorn, (Oxaoeiay, GI) 10.00

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P32 Miusdoch,and Hirosi Lakahasi. 1969 223 eee 12.00

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Information for Contributors

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Acceptance of papers is based only on their scientific merit without regard to
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CONTENTS

(Continued from front cover)

NAKAHARA, S.—Notes on the genus Opuntiaspis, with a key to the spe-
cies (Homoptera: Diaspididae )

PROVONSHA, A. V. and W. P. McCAFFERTY—Previously unknown
nymphs of western Odonata (Zygoptera: Calopterygidae, Coenagrioni-

REYES-CASTILLO, P. and P. O. RITCHER—Ovariole number in Passali-
dae (Coleoptera)

ROBINSON, H.—Two new species of Enlinia from the southwestern
United States (Diptera: Dolichopodidae )

SCARBROUGH, A. G. and G. SIPES.—The biology of Leptogaster flavipes
Loew in Maryland (Diptera: Asilidae)

SMITH, D. R.—Sawflies of Chile: A new genus and species and key to
genera of Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta)

STEYSKAL, G. C.—The genus Dictyodes Malloch (Diptera: Sciomyzi-

THOMPSON, P. H.—Tabanidae (Diptera) of Texas. II. Pine belt species,
Huntsville State Park; Incidence, frequency, abundance and_ seasonal
distribution

WERNER, F. G.—Three new Epicauta from Mexico (Coleoptera: Meloi-

WOOLLEY, T. A. and H. G. HIGGINS.—A new Gymnodamaeus from
western Colorado (Acarina: Cryptostigmata, Gymnodamaeidae)

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OBITUARY —Philipbuginbill,: Jr: 32 oe ee eee
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