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J : he day a 7 nan —— fu , é ; f' Vy serene Came aaa ia | Pf rn ‘ 7 anti Aa vic pa ait rm : iy eee - cate eae yr vale: a0 penn ere) wn oer Paya nl “ PROCEEDINGS of the ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY of WASHINGTON Volume 86 OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1984 President Neal O. Morgan President-elect Donald M. Anderson Recording Secretary Thomas E. Wallenmaier Corresponding Secretary Richard G. Robbins Treasurer Thomas J. Henry Editor Raymond J. Gagné Custodian Victor L. Blackburn Program Chairman Jeffrey R. Aldrich Membership Chairman Geoffrey B. White Delegate to the Washington Academy of Sciences Manya B. Stoetzel Published by the Society WASHINGTON, D.C. 1984 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME 86 IN CELEBRATION OF THE CENTENNIAL SABROSKAYC'C]W.-—IndayssOf vores. scvetc.s os crsians ao eer ate TS eet aera ae SPILMAN, T. J.— Vignettes of 100 years of the Entomological Society of Washington ...... STOETZEL, M. B.—ESW Past-Presidents for the years 1884 through 1983, Photographs and SUPPONt @MICENS es cece we cen yee rec as Sane rode SRE PAUSE ies NEE EES OIE ARTCC EERIE eens I ee eee STOETZEL, M. B.—The Centennial of the Entomological Society of Washington, March 12, NGS Awe se ele dete Pecans on te Reire sas hae: She fluer ETT TL Fans CMC EE MOT TE AO ee ARTICLES ALM, S. R. and F. E. KURCZEWSKI—Ethology of Anoplius tenebrosus (Cresson) (Hymenop- tera Rom piidaey! re Ser ee ae Len Een eee eae eas Oren. Seer ee ee APPEL, A. G.—See SILVERMAN, J. BARNES, J. K.—Biology and immature stages of Dryomyza anilis Fallén (Diptera: Dryomyzi- (OYE) a ace a i il Ro ae a eed er Ga So ea de aii a RU a Milita gs i a Rael a Rete BARROWS, E. M.—Perch sites and food of adult Chinese mantids (Dictyoptera: Mantidae) . . 110 43 898 980 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON BAUMANN, R. W. and G. Z. JACOBI—Two new species of stoneflies (Plecoptera) from New 1, (o>. 0161s eee a IE REA on ne ee MN IRE CIGIE oie erin otio'h-o.o0 50 Rao.e eee BEAL, R. S., JR.—A new sand-dune-inhabiting Novelsis (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) from Cal- TfOTMMIALATIG NOV AGA: « ssn crceethicieis Codseces s5s005 5 ee Oe cs ones cscs as ae SR ee eet rete BLANCHARD, A. and E. C. KNUDSON-—A new species of Hypomecis Hiibner (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from Texasjand Blorida 2: °5 {7 pees ek fee 2 heh oe eee tens BLANCHARD, A. and E. C. KNUDSON-—A new Stibadium from Texas and a Redescription of Striodes edentatus (Grote) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) .................-.0---0e eee eeee BLANCHARD, A. and E. C. KNUDSON—Three new tortricids (Lepidoptera) from Texas ... BLANCHARD, A. and E. C. KNUDSON—A new species of Tripudia Grote (Lepidoptera: Woctuidac) from western Texas: <2... 2. oS cna Meee ee eons os Glow «lone BLANCHARD, A.—See FERGUSON, D.C. BLANCHARD, A.—See TODD, E. L. BOHLS, R. A.—See MCDANIEL, B. BRENNER, R. J.—An in vivo fluorescent marker for spermatozoa of the screwworm (Diptera: Galliphoridae):‘A: first TepOrt. ohaiesc2. ses wane wae eee ie teri oe aie ee BROWN, R. L.—Review of Corticivora (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with analysis of its tribal relationships and descriptions of new species =. ma. eer hee ae cee BULLINGTON, S. W.—See LAVIGNE, R. J. BURGER, J. F.—Notes on Tabanidae (Diptera) of the Oriental region II. Distribution records of some Tabanidae from southeastern Pakistan and a list of species from Pakistan and adjacent Ee: ee en ee a nS EI a eR reid OIRO O'S He Od valeie O 0c CALABRESE, D. M. and P. TALLERICO—Cytogenetic study in males of Nearctic genera of Gernidae\(Hemiptera: Heteroptera): 2. 32. creccc esa neiseities env wale thes a oka eee oie CLARK, W. E.—Species of Sibinia Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) associated with Mimosa JORGE CRRA: oe eC STONEY ea rerio MMC yo GMI Cie OTM TI OOO NIo bdo. O00 0K os COWAN, D. P. and G. P. WALDBAUER -— Seasonal occurrence and mating at flowers by Ancistrocerusiantilopel (Hymenoptera; Eumenidac) eens ae eile eee CWIKLA, P. S.—See DELONG, D. M. DARLING, D. C. and N. F. JOHNSON—Synopsis of Nearctic Azotinae (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae ea renter ok esis OSs ot Gv rans erate at caaue hassles Seni e Je Oates DAVIDSON, J. A.—SEE MILLER, D. R. DELONG, D. M. and P. S. CWIKLA—A new genus and species of deltocephaline leafhopper frompebanama(domopteras Cicadellidac) ses eee eee ee eee eer DOYEN, J. T.—Reconstitution of the Diaperini of North America, with new species of Adelina andusiopnacus (Coleopteray Renebrionidac) eee eee eee eae en EMERSON, K. C.—See SCHARF, W. C. FARMER, B. R. and W. H. ROBINSON — Harborage limitation as a component of a German cockroach pest management program (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) ........................ FENNAH, R. G.—A new Paruzelia from Sri Lanka (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea: Tropiduchidae) FERGUSON, D. C.—Two new generic names for groups of Holarctic and Palearctic Arctiini (LepidopteravArcttiGae) iy. 6 asec, s.acers oustanens veusasiouess sotto oy eosev seen eee oS Seeeeey 3! ee he ee FERGUSON, D. C., A. BLANCHARD, and E. C. KNUDSON—A new species of Neodavisia Barnes and McDunnough (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from southern Texas ................ FOOTE, B. A.—Biology of Trimerina madizans, a predator of spider eggs (Diptera: Ephyd- TUGAS) Fe! feF 15) osc Sed ecithetenc esc ete be hin es iccecoanenccec sR Ia nT SNA occ gt a FORSTER, L.—See WIRTH, W. W. FROESCHNER, R. C.—See ROLSTON, L. H. FROMMER, S. I.—See PINTO, J. D. GAD, A. M.—See HARBACH, R. E. GAGNE, R. J. and K. VALLEY—Two new species of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) from honey- locust, Gleditsia triacanthos L. (Fabaceae), in eastern United States ...................-. 714 278 643 354 358 930 555 432 VY 269 144 452 769 486 VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 GERDES, C. F.—Eurythrips and Terthrothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) from southern Brazil, with one new species, new collection sites, and key .......................---++- GILES, F. E. and W. W. WIRTH—Two new species of Oriental biting midges (Diptera: Cerato- FOP TOTIES FV) ed eld e aat er eR tcc Sar PO AP EORTC Ca eS Ce ee e GILL, R. J.—See MILLER, D. R. GRIMES, L. R. and H. H. NEUNZIG—The larvae and pupae of three phycitine species (Eepidoptera> Pyralidac) that occurim Florida: 2s. Sea eee. oe Rha Rak GROGAN, W. L., JR.—See SPINELLI, G. R. HANSENS, E. J.—See SOFIELD, R. K. HARBACH, R. E.—A new species of Toxomerus (Diptera, Syrphidae) from Brazil, with notes Onkthree related-speCleS 2) Henne nicks << Geiss 8.) Sasaremrevaed Gesce rn Metemc ey Ma tend obey eee ecard ogalts HARBACH, R. E., B. A. HARRISON, and A. M. GAD—Culex (Culex) molestus Forskal (Diptera: Culicidae): Neotype designation, description, variation, and taxonomic status ... HARMAN, A. L.—See HARMAN, D. M. HARMAN, D. M. and A. L. HARMAN—Comparison of stridulatory structures in North Amenicanerissodes spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) mee areeeae hone eee ee eee HARRIS, S. C.—Redescription of Agapetus avitus Edwards (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) with notes on morphological variation and distribution .......................-00--4-- HARRIS, S. C. and R. W. KELLEY—New species of Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) from Mlabariage rt see tree etary, ROT ReTALD CW BOP DIETS CAPES TY Teh Lil Be ARI 5 oe eS septs ee HARRISON, B. A.—See HARBACH, R. E. HAWKINS, B. A.—See SPENCER, K. A. HENRY, T. J.—Revision of the spider-commensal plant bug genus Ranzovius Distant (Het- ELOPLSTas MaIriGae)) Lew Sse Ses eae ele ace RS Ses Ge RI aycirw ls seco nee Re cee HENRY, T. J.—New species of Isometopinae (Hemiptera: Miridae) from Mexico, with new records for previously described North American species ...................02-eeeeeee HENRY, T. J.—New United States records for two Heteroptera: Pellaea stictica (Pentatomidae) andenpinacioapallidipest(Minidae) aad oe oe eee ene eee eee erree tee HENRY, T. J.—See SNODGRASS, G. L. HOBERLANDT, L.—See ROLSTON, L. H. HOEBEKE, E. R. and A. G. WHEELER, JR.—Aethus nigritus (F.), a Palearctic burrower bug established in eastern North America (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Cydnidae) ............... HOEBEKE, E. R.—See WHEELER, Q. D. HURYN, A. D.—New Notiphila (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia IVIE, M. A. and J. B. STRIBLING— Taxonomic and nomenclatorial notes on Caribbean Tro- pleusseacheco (Coleoptera beteroceridae)) eee sean he ie ee ee eee JACOBI, G. Z.—See BAUMANN, R. W. JOHNSON, N. F.—See DARLING, D. C. JOHNSON, N. T.—Revision of the Nearctic species of the Trissolcus flavipes group (Hyme- NOPtera?.SCellONiGAe)) abet eyes he. ee a tre eee eee ee eee KELLEY, R. W.—See HARRIS, S. C. KIM, K. C.—See NORRBOM, A. L. KINGSOLVER, J. M.—The Noona Dan Expedition: Descriptions of two new species of Bru- chidae;(Coleoptera)fromrthe Philippines) eee ore aoe ee ene KIRCHNER, R. F. and B. C. KONDRATIEFF—A new Diploperia from West Virginia (Ple- coptera=Rerlodidae) ieee. ee SRT, SS ah 2 SRR ORCL Perera R ste KIRCHNER, R. F.—See KONDRATIEFF, B. C. KNUDSON, E. C.—See BLANCHARD, A. (four articles) KNUDSON, E. C.—See FERGUSON, D. C. KONDRATIEFF, B. C. and R. F. KIRCHNER—A new species of Nemouridae (Plecoptera) fromthe’ Great-DismaleSwanips Virginia aU SAer bas ee ieee ne ieee rains eae eae ee KONDRATIEFF, B. C.—See KIRCHNER, R. F. 210 411 840 521 228 745 572 53 337 a9 738 942 946 797 369 648 $82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON KURCZEWSKI, E. J.—See KURCZEWSKI, F. E. KURCZEWSKI, F. E. and E. J. KURCZEWSKI—Mating and nesting behavior of Tachytes intermedius (Vviereck)) (Htymenopteras Sphecidac) ean. ae ae ee eee ore KURCZEWSKI, F. E.—See ALM, S. R. LAMBDIN, P. L. and G. Q. LU—External morphology of eggs of the spined soldier bug, Podisus Maculiventris\(Say))(Hemipteras bentatomidac) yan oer See eee LAVIGNE, R. J.—Ethology of Neocerdistus acutangulatus (Diptera: Asilidae) in South Aus- tralia: c6 ee Mee Da Dh SE ee cE I ee ee On nr eee eee LAVIGNE, R. J. and S. W. BULLINGTON—Ethology of Laphria fernaldi (Back) (Diptera: Asilidae)iin southeast: Wyomiine® 2. 7.5 ..nks Sees ste evil sel olan LAVIGNE, R. J.—See LAWSON, F. A. LAVIGNE, R. J.—See POGUE, M. G. LAWSON, F. A. and R. J. LAVIGNE—Oviposition and eggs of an Australian robber fly, iINeoaratusiabludosDanielsi (Diptera. ASilidae)i= aan on arene een rrneciaearere LOAN, C. C.—See WHEELER, A. G., JR. LOUTON, J. A.—See TENNESSEN, K. J. LU, G. Q.—See LAMBDIN, P. L. McCABE, T. L.—A new Cautethia from the Bahamas (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) .......... McCAFFREY, J. P.—See WHEELER, A. G., JR. McDANIEL, B. and R. A. BOHLS—The distribution and host range of Entomophaga grylli (Fresenius), a fungal parasite of grasshoppers in South Dakota ......................... MAIER, C. T.—Habitats, distributional records, seasonal activity, abundance, and sex ratios of Boreidae and Meropeidae (Mecoptera) collected in New England .................... MALAN, S. C.—See STAINES, C. L., JR. MARI MUTT, J. A.—Five new species of Orchesellini from central Mexico (Collembola: Entomobryidae: Orchesellinae)) sacne naan ee a ae Con aie eee MARSH, P. M.—A new species of Braconidae (Hymenoptera) from Mexico introduced into Texas to control a sugar cane borer, Eoreuma loftini (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) ............ MARSHALL, S. A.—Leptocera (Pteremis) Rondani in North America (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae) MARTINEZ, A. and R. B. SELANDER—A new species of Pyrota from Argentina (Coleop- terastMeloidae) ate ey carte ee OS Sid crete ote os Se a ee eee MATHIS, W. N.—Notes on the shore fly genus Diedrops (Diptera: Ephydridae) ........... MILLER, D.R., J. A. DAVIDSON, and M. B. STOETZEL—A taxonomic study of the armored scale Pseudischnaspis Hempel (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) .................... MILLER, D. R., R. J. GILL, and D. J. WILLIAMS—Taxonomic analysis of Pseudococcus affinis (Maskell), a senior synonym of Pseudococcus obscurus Essig, and a comparison with Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) ............ MORON, M. A. and B. C. RATCLIFFE—Description of the larva and pupa of Argyripa lansbergei (Sallé) with new distributional records for the genus and a key to New World Gymnetini larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) ................. 00 eee ee eee eee NAKAHARA, S.—A new genus and two new species of armored scales from Mexico (Ho- moptera? Diaspididae x oc coste ke woe he ws aus. dhs, shod ool ven eena sia ne velar ae AIO ener Oe ae NEUNZIG, H. H.—See GRIMES, L. R. NORRBOM, A. L. and K. C. KIM—The taxonomic status of Lotophila Lioy, with a review of E- atra\(Meigen)) (Diptera? Sphaerocenidae)) 455554255500. oe on ae eee eee ORTH, R. E.—A new species of Pherbellia from Montana (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) ......... ORTH, R. E.—A new species of Dictya from Mexico (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) .............. PAKALUK, J.—Natural history and evolution of Lycoperdina ferruginea (Coleoptera: Endo- miychidae) withidescniptionsiof inmatunerstagesiris ss ese iene r nacre tani ns nena PALCHICK, S. M.—See WIRTH, W. W. PINTO, J. D.—A taxonomic review of Cysteodemus LeConte, Phodaga LeConte and Pleuro- pasta Wellman (Coleoptera: Meloidae: Eupomphina) with a new generic synonymy ...... 176 374 422 326 VE 614 864 608 808 861 396 653 349 94 703 760 VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 PINTO, J. D.—New generic synonymies in the Epicautina (Coleoptera: Meloidae: Meloinae) PINTO, J. D. and S. 1. FROMMER -—Laboratory and field observations on the life history of Epinotia kasloana McDunnough (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae), a moth feeding on jojoba (Simmondsia:chinens?s (lank) Schneider), (5.45.1: gg6 ene eee ota ws POGUE, M. G. and R. J. LAVIGNE— The distribution of the western budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Wyoming .......................... POLHEMUS, D. A. and J.T. POLHEMUS— Ephedrodoma, a new genus of orthotyline Miridae (Eemiptera) mrombwestennu WO miteGeS tates tery eee ere POLHEMUS, J. T.—See POLHEMUS, D. A. POOLE, R. W.—See TODD, E. L. PRATT, G. K.—See PRATT, H. D. PRATT, H. D. and G. K. PRATT—The winter crane flies of the eastern United States (Diptera: Mini CHOCERI GAC) pepe ee. ty a tt eee EP eran ece a Wels trainaerie aka ele a eter aah RATCLIFFE, B. C.—See MORON, M. A. ROBINSON, W. H.—See FARMER, B. R. ROLSTON, L. H.—A review of the genus Thoreyella spinola (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) ... ROLSTON, L. H., L. HOBERLANDT, and R. C. FROESCHNER—Scotinophara sicula A. Costa, a Mediterranean species in the Virgin Islands (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Podopinae) ROSS, E. S.—A synopsis of the Embiidina of the United States .......................... SCARBROUGH, A. G.—Four species of Ommatius Wiedemann (Diptera: Asilidae) from Puer- topRico andthe: Virginylslands) os scwenn a useetn eet eh Rae cl ee nar eave an a SCHARF, W. C. and K. C. EMERSON-—A revision of Amyrsidea, subgenus Cracimenopon (MallophagasMenoponidae)) 4 = 30.5. ct- < coeios ors heron eek sone ae eo ee SCHAUFF, M. E.—Taxonomic notes on Anaphes diana (Girault), an imported mymarid (Hy- menoptera: Mymaridae) egg parasite of Sitona weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) ....... SCOTT, W. P.—See SNODGRASS, G. L. SELANDER, R. B.—On the bionomics, anatomy, and systematics of Wagneronota (Coleoptera: IMGLO1U AS) Pee, Mere ee feet oe Mince RN SS th Oe TRS CRE OOM Fae et 0 ee ap ci eee eRe ape ep SELANDER, R. B. and A. MARTINEZ—A synopsis of the genus Tetraonyx in Argentina (ColeopterasMeloidae)) yee creeks eI ad MLE oh eere te inieb em ek oer mae SELANDER, R. B.—See MARTINEZ, A. SHAFFER, J. C.—Neotropical pyralid moths transferred from Anerastiinae (Auctorum) to 1 PD OG R WAVE Sali te eee re ERE, 673 435 821 287 749 582 602 223 658 95il 443 635 217 563 295 902 790 835 668 68 VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 WILLIAMS, D. J.—See MILLER, D. R. WILLIAMS, G. L.—See STAINES, C. L., JR. WIRTH, W. W., S. M. PALCHICK, and L. FORSTER—The North American predaceous midges of the Bezzia annulipes Group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) ...................... WIRTH, W. W.—See GILES, F. E. WIRTH, W. W.—See SPINELLI, G. R. YOUNG, A. M.—Ecological notes on cacao-associated midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in thes Gatoneou cacao plantationiat Durmalbas Costa Rica ...--4e4.950 4.5 ee YOUNG, A. M.—Mechanism of pollination by Phoridae (Diptera) in some Herrania species (Sterculiaceae)nmiGostayRicay. % ccs errors aici Creiets coc ea eeeas Vey re ek toc p eA S Ss the oes lcW er ant ouie-otterags ADIS, J.—See SMITH, D. R. BURGER, J. F.—Lectotype designation for Tabanus vicarius Walker and comments on Tabanus sumulans. Walker(Diptera> Mabanidae)it..isu.ac. sae selcainee sie Seems be sien eee Seas sqm aoe DEITZ, L. L. and D. L. STEPHAN—Records of Diradius vandykei (Ross) in North Carolina angavirginialEmbidinasheratembildace) sa ser ener etree earner eerie HENDRICKS, P.—Notes on a hilltop aggregation of Lytta magister Horn (Coleoptera: Mel- LCC) BMPs a ap eT ee cae rey Rica eo Sao a TL ge er ete Seep HOPPER, H. P.—On the question of the selector of the lectotypes of the species of Ichneu- monidae described by, Ezra) Rownsend!@ressont 5-4-2 oe ae eee ae orien KURCZEWSKI, F. E.—See SPOFFORD, M. G. McCAFFERTY, W. P.—A new synonym in Hexagenia (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae) .... McCLURE, M. S.—Pineus boerneri Annand (Homoptera: Adelgidae): A new or another record frombuthesPeople:s Republicioh China?) passe see ke eea cr ee ae nee MENKE, A. S.—Editha magnifica (Perty) in Venezuela (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Nysson- EDEN) oy-ci Seo ssteho creche Hoek Cer ER ERR RTE ROE mt te sok Seen emer crater Nia bin iG Bain cha atate ax Bac NICKLE, D. A.—Metrioptera roeseli (Hagenbach), a European katydid found for the first time in Pennsylvania (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Decticinae) ....................0.-00-00 00s SABROSKY, C. W.—An overlooked generic name in Chloropidae (Diptera) .............. SMITH, D. R. and J. ADIS— Notes on the systematics and natural history of Dielocerus fasciatus (Enderlein) and key to species of the genus (Hymenoptera: Argidae) .................... SPOFFORD, M. G. and F. E.. KURCZEWSKI—A new host for Perilampus hyalinus Say (Hymenoptera bemlampidae) is .ciaoce nas Gc thoes eG oe Sivan ee toe Sua ion taser STAINES, C. L., JR.— Distribution of Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) (Coleoptera: Scolyti- LAS) Rime Via tay Lamy Ge res 8 Ses once. ce vy ar ieds PLES eT oro e eset cane ERA a ne STEPHAN, D. L.—See DEITZ, L. L. STEYSKAL, G. C.—Lectotype designation for Rhamphomyia abdita Coquillett (Diptera: STRTPLT GAC) ee ae se ere MERE rer see a ana SU Een nt WALDBAUER, G. P.—A warningly colored fly, Stratiomys badius (Walker) (Diptera: Stratio- miyidae)susesMtsiscutelarnspinesimidefensel.4-a. cece ie ie seis eee WENZEL, R. L.—Two name changes for Neotropical Streblidae (Diptera) ................ BOOK REVIEWS BARROWS, E. M.—A Guide to Observing Insect Lives (D. L. Stokes) ..................... KNUTSON, L.—The Marsh Flies of California (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) (T. W. Fisher and R. | 2 CO} Ut) ed make eran Apne Allo Gatch Aged aed at NER eae gh ie OS erie Ie RY ER TE ers 6 CC NICKLE, D. A.—The Australian Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) (D. Otte and R. D. Alex- ENOYG LSI rh YB tos ches cnt cen CRA Pe ne seom ates REN PR: Ea nai SPE cen ne an, ne Na a ak a eA Rt RC Seo PETERSON, B. V.— Notes on Neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera) XIX. The Tabanus lineola Com- Dlera( GARB Bain chil dye srs cree ee Oe ae Pees ne Bp TEE Me Sede le Reh ved IN ROBBINS, R. K.—New Zealand Butterflies, Identification and Natural History (G. W. Gis) eT ease par eter oot ibn eeet nce | ag. Li aT Meare atin Snobs Gahan eon 155 185 503 241 239 461 000 000 460 000 000 713 720 663 702 668 98S. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON SCHAEFER, C. W.—The Ultrastructure and Functioning of Insect Cells (H. Akai et al.) and Insect Ultrastructure, Vol 1 (Ra.@. King and HeA\|kat) ie 3.) oe ee P25) STEYSKAL, G. C.—Check List of the Lepidoptera of America, North of Mexico (R. W. Hodges | ae: Rn Sore rere Ln Ao Ooo dodo ua MOOK. o.0% Sco doo doe 50 oD Soe 628 MISCELLANEOUS ANNOUINGEMEN Tie ors aucts elaine arden ousieouh Boca OREO PCH IS ea 868 INFORMATION FOR PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPTS ......................-05- 730 MEETING -ANNOUNGEMEN ITD © osecci cs osc os Sie aay oe eid oor ae ecarne e 629 NOTICE.OF‘ACNEW- PUBLICATION. 5.6.56. casischeaetere ean. le AG as Ok Oncaea: ee 247 SOCIETY MEETINGS & cob. os Fk 8 5 SR eee 465 SUMMARY REPORTS: OF SOCIETY OFFICERS)FOR(I983 220. --a3..5 eee eee 464 wy VOL. 86 aye JANUARY 1984 NO. 1 545, WLOX 73 (ISSN 0013-8797) ent. PROCEEDINGS of the ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY of WASHINGTON CENTENNIAL VOLUME PUBLISHED QUARTERLY CONTENTS IN CELEBRATION OF THE CENTENNIAL SPILMAN, T. J.— Vignettes of 100 years of the Entomological Society of Washington ....... 1 STOETZEL, M. B.—ESW Past-Presidents for the years 1884 through 1983, Photographs and MCMC N NGS Fasc YD AV cake bie Pate mis ARPS AUN Seep ete. Gta Ge Pk cbse ach hbase Bob 11 DURE SOME SEI TOURER TLRS Nid fo 9st ae hu cione ibis Seeing SRR SMU MSU CER celgh Wh L ME Este wip sup adda epee 36 ARTICLES ALM, S. R. and F. E. KURCZEWSKI—Ethology of Anoplius tenebrosus (Cresson) (Hymenop- Te EAT ROMIPINICAe) EL) tr Remy WCRI A eC Ay BSR tus Oy OM BS Baa BU) RNG Rae DS Sok Bl oie 110 BARNES, J. K.—Biology and immature stages of Dryomyza anilis Fallén (Diptera: Dryomy- ALSEVE YT LT SI CE eT NS ET AEA I AR EMTS EM he a a 43 BAUMANN, R. W. and G. Z. JACOBI—Two new species of stoneflies (Plecoptera) from New INGERICOW ENE ah Wau Estee ea) at EOCENE EU Deeps CMe ee Ei we Be Ga AE Perea ie ib eM Soe ae 147 FENNAH, R. G.—A new Paruzelia from Sri Lanka (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea: Tropiduchi- GILES, F. E. and W. W. WIRTH—Two new species of Oriental biting midges (Diptera: Cera- WODOSUNIGASD foie seas teas Teepe ee Be SLPS DT ars Bae Te ee Be 210 HARMAN, D. M. and A. L. HARMAN —Comparison of stridulatory structures in North Amer- ica \Pissodes spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) ) 2. BAR Ue aoc ll Weta ae F/R fie 228 HENRY, T. J.—Revision of the spider-commensal plant bug genus Ranzovius Distant (Heter- Optoran VEO AS) Cas ee ie UE eet Pein oes RGM GAN BS aue One S a G Bu Nb Fe BEPC. th RN ee 53 KURCZEWSKIL, F. E. and E. J. KURCZEWSKI—Mating and nesting behavior of Tachytes intermedius (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) ........... 0.0.00 - eee eee ees 176 MILLER, D. R., J. A. DAVIDSON, and M. B. STOETZEL—A taxonomic study of the armored scale Pseudischnaspis Hempel (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) ........-....-....- (Continued on back cover) THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON ORGANIZED MARCH 12, 1884 OFFICERS FOR 1984 NEAL O. MorGAn, President JEFFREY R. ALDRICH, Program Chairman DONALD M. ANDERSON, President-Elect GEOFFREY B. WuitE, Membership Chairman Tuomas E. WALLENMAIER, Recording Secretary VicToR L. BLACKBURN, Custodian — RICHARD G. RossINs, Corresponding Secretary MANYA B. STOETZEL, Delegate, Wash. Acad. Sci. THOMAS J. HENRY, Treasurer HELEN SOLLERS-RIEDEL, Hospitality Chairman — RAYMOND J. GAGNE, Editor Publications Committee DAVID R. SMITH THEODORE J. SPILMAN GEORGE C. STEYSKAL Honorary President C. F. W. MUESEBECK Honorary Members FREDERICK W. Poos ASHLEY B. GURNEY THEODORE L. BISSELL ~ : } All correspondence concerning Society business should be mailed to the appropriate officer at the following | address: Entomological Society of Washington, c/o Department of Entomology, NHB 168, Smithsonian Insti- — tution, Washington, D.C. 20560. MEETINGS. — Regular meetings of the Society are held in the Natural History Building, Smithsonian Institution, on the first Thursday of each month from October to June, inclusive, at 8 P.M. Minutes of meetings are published © regularly in the Proceedings. MEMBERSHIP.— Members shall be persons who have demonstrated interest in the science of entomology. Annual dues for members are $15.00 (U.S. currency) of which $13.00 is for a subscription to the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington for one year. PROCEEDINGS. -— Published quarterly beginning with January by the Society at Washington, D.C. Members in good standing receive the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Nonmember subscriptions are $25.00 per year, domestic, and $27.00 per year, foreign (U.S. currency), payable in advance. All remittances should be made payable to The Entomological Society of Washington. The Society does not exchange its publications for those of other societies. Please see p. 183 of the January 1983 issue for information regarding preparation of manuscripts. STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP Title of Publication: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October). Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher and Owner: The iatciole meal Society of Wash- © ington, c/o Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution NW, Wash- ington, D.C. 20560. Editor; Raymond J. Gagné, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, c/o U.S. National Museum NHB 168, Wash- ington, D.C. 20560. Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: none. This issue was mailed 3 February 1984 Second Class Postage Paid at Washington, D.C. and additional mailing office. PRINTED BY ALLEN PRESS, INC., LAWRENCE, KANSAS 66044, USA ei THoUN) aay PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(1), 1984, pp. 1-10 a Sen, VIGNETTES OF 100 YEARS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON T. J. SPILMAN Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Natural History Building—NHB 168, Washington, D.C. 20560. On March 12, 1984, we celebrate our centennial! The Entomological Society of Washington was conceived on February 29, 1884, at a small informal gathering and was born on March 12th at the first formal meeting at 1700 13th Street, N.W., in Washington. The Society was founded to foster the study of insects and to bring together those interested in the subject. In both of these objectives the Society has been eminently successful. The history of our Society and its members is in many ways fascinating. I recommend the excellent histories written by the master story-teller, L. O. How- ard, who was present at the creation, and by Ashley B. Gurney who brought the history up to date in our Proceedings of 1976 (78: 225-239) and gave references to all past histories. A society is made up of individuals and each in his or her own way is unique. Some become stars and light up the sky; some plod along and hardly cause a dent in the sand; some are interesting, some dull; some good, some bad. Of some we hardly know a thing, only their names; but of others we know much, even some- thing of their personality, manners, and dealings with others. For our 100th birthday I choose to tell not the larger stories of the Society but the stories of a few individuals. So much has been written of the three principal founders of our Society that I'll not dwell on them: Charles Valentine Riley (1843-1895), Leland Ossian Howard (1857-1950), and Eugene Amandus Schwarz (1844-1928). Never- theless, I can’t resist letting a few words about each of these three important men creep into these stories. Our Society, from the very beginning, has not been an impersonal organization. On the contrary, it has been very personal, excelling in a mix of amateurism, professionalism, exchange of ideas, and conviviality. The minutes record how important the meetings were and various writers on the history of the Society have described the brotherhood that prevailed. Because some stories concern early meetings of the Society, and because today’s meetings are conducted dif- ferently, a short explanation is in order. Very early meetings were held in the homes of members, but as meetings became larger, they were switched to various halls, such as the Sdangerbund Hall. Members stayed after meetings, for what were called annex meetings, to talk informally about insects and very nearly everything else. It was a time for social intercourse and friendship, with lots of good refresh- ments. (Today we have a somewhat analogous practice; a few attendees gather before the meeting for dinner at a restaurant on 10th Street near the Natural History Building of the Smithsonian and all attendees take part in a short social period, with refreshments, after the meeting.) to PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Stories of members are part of the cherished history of our Society. They put living flesh and blood on the names in our Society. We hear and tell these stories over and over, and some stories get better or even worse in the retelling. I have scanned the publications of our Society, especially the minutes, read parts of biographies and autobiographies of a few members, and talked to anyone inter- ested in the subject. Much has been borrowed (a little stolen?) and I thank all, dead or alive, for telling these stories. A few vignettes of perhaps a hundred stories that I have read or heard will serve as examples of how interesting entomologists of the past hundred years were, how they were motivated in their work, and how they were viewed by others. These stories concern members but not necessarily their activities in the Society. You might have other favorite stories. These are mine. COCKROACH STORIES ° At one of the early ‘“‘annex”’ meetings a member spied a cockroach, and this began a round-robin of stories, with several members contributing their favorite roach stories. John B. Smith (1858-1912) relates the following sequence of what was said. Riley said that in his office there was a roach that had become quite tame and familiar. It manifested no fear of him, would watch him at his work and would, when a finger was presented, climb on it, run around on his hand, and make itself very much at home. Howard stated that he also had a tame roach, and this specimen had a fondness for tobacco. He would, when smoking, occa- sionally lay his cigar on the edge of one of the drawers of his desk and the roach would come to the moist end and feast on nicotine. When taking up the cigar again, he would shake off the roach who would wait until it was again replaced, and then the roach would again resume his feast. Another member, who modestly desired to have his name withheld, thought that insect intelligence had been much underrated. A young lady friend of his had a pet roach that used to frequent her dresser drawers and used to expect and appreciate the little tendernesses and endearments its mistress accorded it. For three years or thereabouts it lived happily, but then, for a short time, its mistress refused to notice 1it—other matters on her mind probably—and the little pet took it so to heart that it deliberately feasted on ‘Pearl Powder,’ knowing of its poisonous qualities, and died. Delib- erately committing suicide! A marvelous instance of insect intelligence. That ends Smith’s account of the meeting. Several of my colleagues thought Pearl Powder might have been an insecticide, but I couldn’t find it mentioned in old books on insect control. At last I found it in a book on the history of cosmetics. It was a pomade and it contained several pernicious ingredients that could kill or, at least, disfigure. The entomologist’s lady-friend would have used Pearl Pow- der on the face, neck, and bosom to produce an enamelled look, “‘the lily whiteness which so dazzles our eyes.”’ O tempora! O mores! THEODORE PERGANDE An early member, Theodore Pergande (1840-1916), was an amateur ento- mologist in Germany. He came to the United States because the girls in Germany bothered him so much and because he disliked prayer meetings. In the United States he eventually enlisted in the Army and served through the four years of the Civil War, making entomological collections over various battlefields. In St. Louis he met Riley and came to Washington with him. When Howard, just out of college, noted Pergande’s difficulties with the English language, he recom- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 3 Fig. 1. Theodore Pergande. mended that he study the masterpieces of English literature to cultivate a style of writing. Very soon thereafter Pergande, who made practically all the notes for the Bureau of Entomology for many years, began writing those notes in the style of Edmund Spenser’s Faerie Queene and similar masterpieces in English literature. It was entomology presented in a classical style. Pergande was the subject of three items that have become special treasures to a few of us Washington entomologists. Two lovely genre photographs show Per- gande as an old man, seated at a desk complete with neighboring spittoon, peering through a fine old compound microscope (at one of his aphids?) and then looking up at the camera. One wonders why he wears a heavy overcoat indoors—did he just come in from the cold and immediately sit down to look at a new specimen, or had he put on the coat to leave and then took one last look at an enigmatic aphid? More likely, his cold old bones needed the warmth of that coat in a drafty museum. Quaint as are the pictures, they are not so strange as a treasure now in my possession. I have a lock of Pergande’s hair! It is in an envelope so labeled and dated Apr. 28, °95. How it came to me I cannot recall, but someday I'll pass on that bit of incunabulum to another. Systematists are intrinsically collectors, no matter what the subject. THE SEAL OF THE SOCIETY The origin of our seal has for a long time been a mystery. Jon L. Herring in the Proceedings of 1964 (66: 1) discussed the story of the seal of the Society and 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 2. Theodore Pergande. its use on the cover of the Proceedings. A 1916 obituary of Otto Heidemann, the engraver of the seal, said that the seal used on the cover of the Proceedings had been adopted as the official seal of the Society. However, Herring could not verify the adoption in a search of pre-1916 minutes of the Society. Perhaps we will never know the origin of that early action, but I have uncovered a later adoption. At a meeting on 6 October 1932, L. O. Howard reported to our Society on his visit to the Entomological Society of France and told of his dis- appointment in not having a seal of our Society to put on a portfolio of greetings. In a discussion, after Howard’s report, it was stated that the question of a seal had been discussed on a number of previous occasions and that many of the older members had looked upon the cover illustration of the male of Rheumatobates rileyi as the seal, “although it had never been officially designated as such.” A motion was then duly made and seconded that the Society adopt as its official seal the emblem we now have (redrawn by Herring) on the cover of our Pro- ceedings. HENRY ULKE Well before our Society was formed, entomologists in the Washington area met to discuss insects. One of the regulars of those early days was Henry Ulke (1821- 1910). He had come to the United States in 1849 after spending time in a prison VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 5 Fig. 3. Henry Ulke. in Germany for political reasons. Eventually he settled in Washington as a pho- tographer and portrait painter. He had previously developed an interest in natural history, especially entomology. Well known for his work as a portraitist of famous people, Ulke became known as “‘Painter of Presidents.’’ He was a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, and his most famous portrait was of President Grant. It is ironic that Ulke lived in the Peterson House on 10th Street in 1865. Lincoln died in that house after being carried across the street from Ford’s Theatre. What could have been going through Ulke’s mind on that terrible night? We might know if the autobiography of Ulke could be found. A few lines of it were quoted in an obituary written by his friends, but the complete work cannot be found today. Just a few weeks ago I had a call from a writer who is doing a study of Ulke, asking about that autobiography. No amount of searching has been suc- cessful. If anyone knows of it, please bring it forward so we can learn more about this interesting person who once graced our Society. Because of his knowledge of beetles and his wonderful collection—he published an annotated list of the beetles of the District of Columbia area—he was sought after by famous entomologists. His stature can perhaps be summed up by the kind and touching words of William H. Dall, the natural history explorer and invertebrate zoologist, in a letter to Ulke, “*. . . be sure I shall always think of you when I see a beetle.” At the conclusion of meetings held in the local Sangerbund Hall Ulke would 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON often entertain with a masterful rendition on the piano of the Pilgrim’s Chorus from Wagner’s Tannhduser. It was fitting that he was carried to his final resting place as the subdued strains of that fine Chorus was played. HARRISON G. DYAR Every discipline has its rivalries, and entomology is no exception. Most are friendly, but sometimes the rivalry gets out of hand and develops into envy or jealousy. There has not been a duel with pistols or sabers, but systematists don’t need pistols or sabers for dueling—words or names, if used dramatically, can bloody a man’s reputation or wound very seriously his pride. The story of such a duel has been told many times by word of mouth and in print, even in the secular press. It is said that early in this century two of our members, both former presidents, developed a mutual dislike that developed into a nomenclatural battle. John B. Smith, the lepidopterist, was a huge man. When his rival Harrison G. Dyar (1866-1929) wanted to antagonize Smith he named an especially fat and ugly moth smithiformis. Another version says that he used the specific name of corpulentis. It didn’t take Smith long to retaliate: he named a genus of moth Dyaria. That doesn’t seem untoward until one reflects on the double entendre. The pronunciation of that generic name reminds one of a disagreeable and some- times unmentionable malady. This is indeed a wonderful story, but unfortunately it is pure fiction. No such names were ever proposed by these entomological enemies! Dyar was one of the most interesting members of our Society. His activities in noctuid and mosquito systematics are well known, but his exploits in his non- professional life are almost unbelievable. Dyar was a great digger of tunnels. In 1906-1916, from his first home near Dupont Circle in Washington he dug complex tunnels on various levels that extended approximately 200 or 500 feet and were large enough for a man to stand in. The tunnels were discovered in 1924 when a delivery truck fell through the pavement into one of them. The discoverers, not knowing the origin, thought the tunnels were used by German spies in World War I or by bootleggers during prohibition. Why did Dyar dig? He said he started digging a deep trench for his wife’s hollyhocks, became interested in digging, and simply continued. He dug very wide and deep trenches, proceeded to wall and arch them with enameled brick, and finally covered and hid them with earth. In one version of the story he said they were for playrooms for his son but in another said simply that he liked the smell of fresh earth and dug for exercise. The outcome of his other exploits is almost as strange. Dyar, a wealthy man, maintained two homes; in one he had a wife, in the other a mistress. His amorous duplicity was discovered when two children named Dyar met in school and began talking of their fathers. They were surprised when they discovered that their fathers worked at the Smithsonian, then more surprised that they worked in Entomology, and finally astounded that their fathers worked on mosquitoes. The secret was out— their fathers were the same man! The stories are often combined, saying that the tunnels were dug between the two homes, but there is nothing to substantiate that embellishment. When Dyar died W. T. M. Forbes said in an obituary that “there is no one to take his place.”’ In more ways than he could have imagined, Forbes was right. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 7 HUBBARD’S SCOLYTID BEETLE Henry G. Hubbard (1850-1899), the coleopterist, was a first-class collector. The cabinets of the National Museum of Natural History are amply blessed with his specimens, many from places that are today ecologically nonexistent. He spent much time in Arizona to help heal his respiratory difficulties, and there he ex- tensively investigated the fauna of the giant Cereus cactus. It was an unexplored area and the fauna of the cactus had not been studied. Anything could turn up— and did. Eugene A. Schwarz, his very close friend and scientific colleague, wrote to Hubbard from Washington on January 10, 1897, about the reaction of John B. Smith and A. D. Hopkins to a specimen sent from the cactus. “‘I must confess that your account of the ‘most marvelous Cioid’ did not strike me particularly and made up my mind that it was a species of Ozognathus (Ptinidae), the males of which have peculiarly-formed horns on the head. On Saturday upon returning from office after 4 o’cl P.M. I found your package and in order to see whether everything was all right I opened the pill boxes. When I came to the box containing the ‘Cioid’ and looked at the latter I came near being paralyzed and it required a superhuman effort and a swallow of whiskey to recover. Your Cioid turns out to be a most remarkable and entirely new genus of Scolytids!! In fact it is a long time since I put my eyes upon a more odd-looking creature than this species. After recovery I mounted at once a couple of specimens, for it happened that at 5:35 P.M. I had invited Smith, Hopkins and Alwood to dinner at Gerstenberg’s with the understanding that they should spend the evening hours in my room, all three of them to leave between 9 and 10 o’cl with the B & O R.R. During dinner (everything as usual fried in cockroach grease) I narrated about that Scolytid and Hopkins could hardly wait for the time to look at it. Upon returning home the specimens were at once exhibited and Hopkins became perfectly wild with ex- citement and cursed his miserable West Virginia Scolytids because they did not show any distinguishing characters except after most painful scrutiny. One of your Scolytid males happened to be alive and we had an opportunity to watch the movements of this wonderful species. Smith got also excited and in order to prevent further mischief I had Ida at once fetch a pitcher of lager beer. This smoothened the excitement and two subsequent pitchers were drunk to your health, and it was unanimously voted that no one but yourself would have been able to unravel the secrets of the Cereus fauna.” Hubbard was to die two years later with his faithful friend at his side. ALEXANDRE ARSENE GIRAULT If, in the history of our Society, there was no member more important than Howard, no member more strange than Dyar, no member more kindly than Schwarz (though John M. Aldrich might compete, for he often gathered under- privileged children at Christmas time, gave them money, and took them on a shopping spree in his automobile), then there cannot have been a member more paranoid and vitriolic than Alexandre Arséne Girault (1884-1941). No ento- mologist ever used scientific writing in a more personal way than did he. He worked for the U.S. Department of Agriculture 1904-1909. He became disillusioned and went to Australia where he worked for the Department of Agriculture and Stock. Then 1914-1917 he was again in the USA working for 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Agriculture. Finally he returned to Australia to work again for Agriculture and Stock, never to return to the USA, though he never gave up his American citizenship. His ideas of how he should do scientific work were definite, no matter that he might have been hired and instructed to do certain tasks not to his liking. Usually he was hired as an economic entomologist, but he felt that the use of entomology for economic purposes was a prostitution of science and learning. The word commerce, used often in his publications, was usually substituted for economic entomology and was meant to be as derogatory as possible. Hating the economic entomology he had agreed to do, even hating his beloved taxonomic work if it had to be done on species of economic importance, he worked long and hard at home on the kind of taxonomy he loved. Diatribes against economic entomology, his superiors who assigned it, his colleagues who practiced it, and philosophical opinions began to enter his scientific writings. For those reasons and for several other scientific reasons, his superiors and various editors would not accept his manscripts, so he began publishing privately. He was hardly ever devious or cryptic in his statements; he didn’t use the rapier—his weapon was the broad-sword and headsman’s axe. He could be and often was vicious. He was, if anyone ever was, an embittered man. He had many prejudices. One of them involved women. He detested what today is called women’s liberation, calling it ““womanitis ... a serious disease which doth pock and burn, nay congeal, our very hearts.’’ He even gave a scientific description of such ‘‘abnormal females” and proposed the new scientific name Homo perniciosus for them. This is not to say that he hated all women—far from it—he evidentally cared very much for his wife and respected other women. It was the new women emerging in the 1920’s that vexed him. After taxonomy, surely his first love was poetry. (He named many species for it.) He composed poems and used them for delivering his opinions of colleagues, both favorable and unfavorable. Perhaps his most famous poem was the one about his earlier USDA superior, another member of our Society: the poem entitled “‘“A Song after the manner of ‘Auld Lang Syne,’ on some prominent ‘Economic Entomologists’ (who forsook insects for trade), begins Should A. L. Quaintance be forgot And other childish men? Who their first love let go to pot that they might fatten. He seemed to hate almost everything and everyone in Washington. In an article of 1918 he said ‘“‘This work was done in Bedlam, that is, the Insect Section, U.S. National Museum at Washington, a place unfit for scholarship.”” Girault’s most vituperative attack, perhaps, was directed at William H. Ashmead, a colleague on the Chalcidae, a president of our Society. He minced no words, saying Ashmead **. threw half the chalcid world into convulsions.”’ In poetry he all but drew and quartered Ashmead. False Captain! Ah! dark Error’s pioneer, Enthusiastic dunce and shamming sneer, VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 9 Aching for a day’s applause; Low scholar, ever wishing us laud Ambition’s wind-blown froth and sandy fraud, Thus defying Heaven’s laws. Arise! Come, get thee from thy shelt’ring grave Where, strong walled, e’en thou coulds’t dare be brave With impunity’s gaunt grace; Ah, come, past coward, lily-livered lar, Fair-tongued sweet-mouthing unctious friar Let’s see what’s writ across thy face! Girault, like so many taxonomists, used scientific names to single out special people. Many of his new generic and specific names are obviously dedicated to the writers, musicians, philosophers, and historians. He touched many social causes with his names: pattersoni (1936), “‘to Haywood Patterson, a persecuted Negro of Alabama;” the timely judaei (1937), “‘to the still persecuted jews;” and his soaring championing of a former boxing champion, johnsoni (1922), “to Jack Johnson, American world hero, gentleman and high symbol... . delighting Man’s world in all perfections. Great in appetite, no man has ever equalled his bicipial girth. A man allied with heaven, pugilistic, fashionable, dissipated, improvident and non-poetical. A true Heaven-born O homo, already acclaimed by thee.” Girault’s words could soar—no doubt about that. In Australia Girault evidentally found his superior J. F. Illingworth as guilty of prostituting entomology as his American superiors. His twist of Illingworth’s name in a scientific name and his scientific description are insulting, and his dedicatory paragraph is cleverly composed false praise. The genus and species are, of course, fictitious. Shillingsworthia Like Polynema but petiole, head, abdomen, mandibles absent. S. shillings- worthi, blank, vacant, inaneness perfect. Nulliebiety remarkable, visible only from certain points of view. Shadowless. An airy species whose flight cannot be followed except by the winged mind. From a naked chasm on Jupiter, August 5th, 1919. This so thin genus is consecrated to Doctor Johann Francis Illingworth, in these days remarkable for his selfless devotion to Entomology, not only sacri- ficing all of the comforts of life, but as well his health and reputation to the uncompromising search for truth and for love of “those filmy people of the air.’ Honour him! At times his life was quite harsh, he being once reduced to rock-breaker in a stone quarry. On the 2nd of May of 1941, after fleeing thither and yon, after the death of his wife, after great worry over the support of young children, after being broken in body, after several stretches in asylums, his tortured soul left his body on an island near Brisbane. Dahms recently summed up Girault’s life so succinctly, so perfectly—he was a tragic figure whose tragedy came from setting the world against himself. 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON PLAGIARISM OR COINCIDENCE? In 1915 all nomenclatural hell broke loose in the Society. It involved two members, taxonomists, who argued over whose presentation of a new genus was first. The Society and its officers were involved because the supposed theft of a new generic concept occurred at a meeting. W. R. Walton read a scientific article at a meeting on February 4th in which he proposed a new genus for a previously described species. Then C. H. Tyler Townsend published a new but different generic name for this same species on February 12th in the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. It was charged that Townsend, who was present at the February 4th meeting, had heard Walton discuss the new genus and had rushed into print with his, Townsend’s, new and different generic name for the genus. Townsend claimed that he had submitted his manuscript to the Biological Society at 7:00 PM on February 4th, and he presented his typewritten manuscript and the galley proofs to investigators. Charges, countercharges, investigations, resignations, and withdrawal of resignations flew fast and furiously. Walton finally published his article in our Proceedings of June 8th but merely said in a footnote on page 96 that he had presented his new genus in a paper that was “read February 4th, but was anticipated”’ by Townsend in a publication of February 12th. How all this was resolved I do not know. All that I have here related is in the files of our Society, but I could not determine the guilt of either member, not even if there was guilt. HOWARD AND HIS WIFE During the first fifty years of our Society L. O. Howard was a great leader of entomology in Washington. His autobiographical Fighting the Insects is a delight- ful and informal account of that period. He was an important man, knowing and associating with many distinguished people, presidents included. He tells the story of when his wife was invited to give a concert of songs in the White House before President Theodore Roosevelt. (She was an accomplished soprano and met How- ard at a choral society in Washington; he could sing well in any voice.) Howard, though invited, could not attend because of a trip. He did have a few minutes before leaving, however, and went to the outside of the White House and tried to talk his way past guards to stand under the window to hear his dear wife sing. He tells that story in such a delightful way. (Of all the Society members who went before me, I would like to have known Howard most of all.) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My colleagues helped very much: William H. Anderson, J. F. Gates Clarke, Oliver S. Flint Jr., Raymond J. Gagné, Ashley B. Gurney, John M. Kingsolver, Arnold Mallis, Wayne N. Mathis, Arnold S. Menke, Robert W. Poole, Louise M. Russell, Curtis W. Sabrosky, Rose Ella Warner Spilman, Manya B. Stoetzel, Alan Stone, and F. Christian Thompson. Shelly J. Foote of the Department of Cultural History of the Smithsonian, Rosemary Kelly Panzenbeck of the Library of Con- gress, and Nancy Pierce of the Columbia Historical Society searched for material, Pamela M. Henson of Smithsonian Archives was invaluable in making our Society archives available and in searching beyond her own domain; she is an excellent historian of science. To all these people I give special thanks. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(1), 1984, pp. 11-35 ESW PAST-PRESIDENTS FOR THE YEARS 1884 THROUGH 1983, PHOTOGRAPHS AND SUPPORT OFFICERS MANYA B. STOETZEL Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705. As the Entomological Society of Washington approaches its 100th birthday, March 12, 1984, it seems appropriate to honor those individuals who have served the Society as officers and committee chairmen. Towards that end, photographs of all Past-Presidents and a list of their support officers for the years 1884 through 1983 are presented. The slate of officers is preceded by the names of Past Honorary Presidents and Past Honorary Members and is followed by a list of our current members. Charles Valentine Riley was the Society’s first President; he was elected unan- imously for a second term in 1885; but when he was drafted for a third term in 1886, he declined because he felt others should have the opportunity to lead the Society. Later he apparently abandoned this position for he served again in 1892 and 1893. With few exceptions, two-term presidencies were the pattern from 1884 through 1910, from 1916 through 1921, and in 1929-1930. Leland O. Howard, the Society’s second President, served in 1886 and 1887 and again in 1923. From 1884 through 1983, a total of 82 different individuals served as President of the Entomological Society of Washington. Space does not allow for a full discussion of circumstances affecting the terms of some officers. However, special mention is made of two vacancies of the presidency. The death of President H. C. Hubbard in January of 1899 left the Society without a president. At that time Ist Vice-President T. N. Gill chaired the meetings until the May 1899 meeting when the membership finally made Gill President. The Society also had two Presidents in 1973. The details are chronicled in the minutes for the 801st Regular Meeting—December 7, 1972 (1973, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 75(2): 255-256). Suffice it to say that President A. K. Burditt, Jr. served for **.. . about 5 minutes...’ (personal communication A. K. Burditt, Jr.) for it took him that long to announce that, with the 1972 ARS reorganization, he had been transferred away from the Washington area and thus would not be able to serve as ESW President during 1973. President Burditt appointed a com- mittee to nominate a new President-Elect and passed the gavel and presidency to the then President-Elect V. E. Adler. President Adler served during all of 1973 with B. D. Burks as the President-Elect. The photographs of the Past-Presidents were obtained from a variety of sources; the individuals themselves or their families, the SEL/SI collection of photographs now under the care of John M. Kingsolver, and the staff of the Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland. The copy negatives for all photo- graphs not used “‘as is” have been turned over to John M. Kingsolver for deposition 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON in the SEL/SI collection of photographs and are thus made available for future projects. Past Honorary Presidents Past Honorary Members E. A. Schwarz 1917-1928 H. G. Barber 1957-1959 L. O. Howard 1929-1950 A. C. Béving Ose C. L. Marlatt 1952-1954 E. N. Cory 1966-1974 R. E. Snodgrass 1955-1962 A. B. Gahan 1958-1959 i. Ey Snyder 1965-1970 A. S. Hoyt 1971-1974 M. D. Leonard 1975 R. A. St. George 1976-1982 T. E. Snyder 1961-1964 ee Weld 1961-1964 VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 1884-1885 V. Riley G. Morris Marx President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary . A. Schwarz Corr. Secretary - Howard Treasurer - P. Mann J. Schafhirt S. Barnard Uhler Executive Comm. WwEePrPanrmAaaa o v=) 1886-1887 President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Executive Comm. 1888 President E. A. Schwarz lst Vice-Pres. Co VewRa lex. 2nd Vice-Pres. G. Marx Rec. Secretary J. B. Smith Corr. Secretary O. Lugger Treasurer B. P. Mann Executive Comm. L. O. Howard T. Pergande W. H. Fox 1889 President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Executive Comm. Boa daha ca fF oro 6 (ey) tes) Ise! les) tee) E>) (py (eel ca) O. Howard G. Morris Marx A. Schwarz B. Smith P. Mann V. Riley Lugger Pergande A. Schwarz V. Riley Marx Hoprox H. LT. Townsend P. Mann O. Howard Pergande L. Marlatt 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 1892 President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Executive Comm. President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Executive Comm. 1890-1891 G. Marx Gy VeqRiley: L. O. Howard Cc. L. Marlatt . H. T. Townsend C B. P. Mann E. A. Schwarz O. Heidemann Wise Hem Hox: V. Riley L. Marlatt H. Ashmead Banks O. Howard A. Schwarz H. Fox Marx E. Fernow (ec) py EY el led ef =) (@) (ee) President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Executive Comm. 1893 . Riley . Ashmead Stiles . Marlatt . Howard . Schwarz H. Fox Marx E. Fernow ror = rm < VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Executive Comm. 1894-1895 QwQnmwmwsaraAHSs A. Ashmead Gill Marlatt Howard Chittenden Schwarz Marx E. V. Fernow Riley President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Executive Comn. 1898 G. N. G. O. Hubbard Gill Dyar Howard Benton A. L. H. H. Schwarz Marlatt Ashmead Chittenden President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Executive Comm. 1896-1897 QVfrwewrmHOAa 15 Marlatt Gill Hubbard Howard Benton Schwarz Ashmead Coquillett Stiles President lst Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Executive Comm. 1899-1900 T H. L F. E C W F . N. G. O. Gill Dyar Howard Benton A. L. H. H. Schwarz Marlatt Ashmead Chittenden 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Executive Comm. President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Executive Comm. 1901-1902 1905 QH8 OUR A was QrmawnAopza . G. Dyar G. Johnson A. Schwarz P. Currie L. Marlatt President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Executive Comm. Banks D. Hopkins Heidemann P. Currie Benton D. Patten G. Dyar O. Howard L. Marlatt President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Executive Comm. QrmonmnArPazs W. Coquillett Banks D. Hopkins P. Currie Benton D. Patten G. Dyar QO. Howard L. Marlatt Banks D. Hopkins Heidemann P. Currie S. G. Titus D. Patten G. Dyar O. Howard L. Marlatt VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 Wi 1907 1908 President A. D. Hopkins President A. D. Hopkins lst Vice-Pres. O. Heidemann lst Vice-Pres. O. Heidemann 2nd Vice-Pres. E. A. Schwarz 2nd Vice-Pres. E. A. Schwarz Rec. Secretary W. F. Fiske Rec. Secretary H. E. Burke Corr. Secretary J. G. Sanders Corr. Secretary J. G. Sanders Treasurer J. De Patten Treasurer J. D. Patten Executive Comm. H. G. Dyar Executive Comm. H. G. Dyar L. O. Howard L. O. Howard C. L. Marlatt C. L. Marlatt 1909-1910 eye President O. Heidemann President F. M. Webster lst Vice-Pres. F. M. Webster lst Vice-Pres. A. L. Quaintance 2nd Vice-Pres. A. L. Quaintance 2nd Vice-Pres. E. F. Phillips Rec. Secretary J. C. Crawford Rec. Secretary Ho) Si.) Barber Corr. Sec.-Treas. Eek. Phillips Corr. Sec.—Treas. S. A. Rohwer Executive Comm. L. O. Howard Executive Comm. L. O. Howard Coat Marlatt E. A. Schwarz H. G. Dyar H. G. Dyar 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 1912 1913 President A. L. Quaintance President A. Busck lst Vice-Pres. A. Busck lst Vice-Pres. W. D. Hunter 2nd Vice-Pres. A. N. Caudell 2nd Vice-Pres. A. N. Caudell Rec. Secretary E. R. Sasscer Rec. Secretary E. R. Sasscer Corr. Sec.-Treas. S. A. Rohwer Corr. Sec.—Treas. S. A. Rohwer Editor J. C. Crawford Editor W. D. Hunter Executive Comm. N. Banks Executive Comm. N. Banks E. A. Schwarz E. A. Schwarz H. G. Dyar L. O. Howard 1914 1915 President W. D. Hunter President A. N. Caudell lst Vice-Pres. A. N. Caudell lst Vice-Pres. Cc. R. Ely 2nd Vice-Pres. E. R. Sasscer 2nd Vice-Pres. E. R. Sasscer Rec. Secretary W. B. Wood Rec. Secretary A. B. Gahan Corr. Sec.-Treas. S. A. Rohwer Corr. Sec.-Treas. S. A. Rohwer Editor W. D. Hunter Editor J. C. Crawford Executive Comm. A. Busck Executive Comm. E. A. Schwarz E. A. Schwarz A. L. Quaintance L. O. Howard C. L. Marlatt VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 19 1916-1917 President Go Io Lally lst Vice-Pres. E. R. Sasscer 2nd Vice-Pres. F. Knab Rec. Secretary A. B. Gahan Corr. Sec.-Treas. S. A. Rohwer Editor J. C. Crawtord Executive Comm. A. N. Caudell A. L. Quaintance W. D. Hunter 1918 1919 President E. R. Sasscer President E. R. Sasscer ; lst Vice-Pres. W. R. Walton lst Vice-Pres. F. Knab . 2nd Vice-Pres. A. B. Gahan 2nd Vice-Pres. W. R. Walton Rec. Secretary R. A. Cushman Rec. Secretary A. B. Gahan Corr. Sec.-Treas. S. A. Rohwer Corr. Sec.-Treas. S. A. Rohwer Editor AL GC. Baker Editor A. C. Baker ete E. ti Cc Keone JCandeld Executive Comn. A. N. Caudell xecutive Comm. q We ude A, L. Quatutance A. L. Quaintance C. R. Ely (Go Ia loulyy PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Editor Executive Comm. 1920-1921 Sec.-Treas. eo ee @ APPrrnanrnrPrprza ArAnaPePPrABA Walton Gahan Boving Cushman Rohwer Baker Caudell Quaintance Sasscer President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Sec.-Treas. Editor Executive Comm. ugZz2 Gahan Boving Cushman Greene Rohwer Baker CaudelLl Quaintance Aldrich Srz~arHraw President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. 11928 Rec. Secretary Corr. Sec.-Treas. Editor Executive Comm. Howard Boving Cushman Greene Rohwer Baker Caudell Quaintance Aldrich President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Sec.-Treas. Editor Executive Comm. 1924 G. Boving A. Cushman M. Aldrich T. Greene A. Rohwer Heinrich N. Caudell R. Walton A. Hyslop VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 1925 1926 President R. A. Cushman President J. M. Aldrich lst Vice-Pres. J. M. Aldrich lst Vice-Pres. J. A. Hyslop 2nd Vice—-Pres. J. A. Hyslop 2nd Vice-Pres. J. Bi iGrak Rec. Secretary C. T. Greene Rec. Secretary C. T. Greene Corr. Sec.-Treas. S. A. Rohwer Corr. Sec.-Treas. S. A. Rowher Editor C. Heinrich Editor C. Heinrich Executive Comn. A. N. Caudell Executive Comm. W. R. Walton W. R. Walton A. N. Caudell Je. Grak T. E. Snyder 1927 1928 President J. A. Hyslop President S. A. Rohwer lst Vice-Pres. Joe. (Grakt lst Vice-Pres. J. Ee Grat 2nd Vice-Pres. A. C. Baker 2nd Vice-Pres. A. C. Baker Rec. Secretary J. S. Wade Rec. Secretary J. S. Wade Corr. Sec.-Treas. S. A. Rohwer Corr. Sec.-Treas. S. A. Rohwer Editor W. R. Walton Editor W. R. Walton Executive Comm. C. T. Greene Executive Comm. C. T. Greene A. N. Caudell A. N. Caudell T. E. Snyder T. E. Snyder PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 1929-1930 1931 President J. E. Graf President A. C. Baker lst Vice-Pres. A. C. Baker lst Vice-Pres. F. C. Bishopp 2nd Vice-Pres. F. C. Bishopp 2nd Vice-Pres. C. T. Greene Rec. Secretary J. S. Wade Rec. Secretary J. S. Wade Corr. Sec.-Treas. S. A. Rohwer Corr. Sec.-Treas. S. A. Rohwer Editor W. R. Walton Editor W. R. Walton Executive Comm. Coe teaGreene Executive Comm. A. N. Caudell A. N. Caudell T. E. Snyder T. E. Snyder W. H. Larrimer 1932 1933 President F. C. Bishopp President Cc. T. Greene lst Vice-Pres. C. T. Greene lst Vice-Pres. J. S. Wade 2nd Vice-Pres. J. S. Wade 2nd Vice-Pres. B. A. Porter Rec. Secretary F. M. Wadley Rec. Secretary F. M. Wadley Corr. Sec.-Treas. S. A. Rohwer Corr. Sec.-Treas. S. A. Rohwer Editor W. R. Walton Editor W. R. Walton Executive Comm. A. N. Caudell Executive Comm. W. H. Larrimer L. EB. Snyder S. B. Fracker W. H. Larrimer H. E. Ewing VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 23 1934 1935 President J. S. Wade President BiesvAn eLOEEeTs lst Vice-Pres. B. A. Porter lst Vice-Pres. S. B. Fracker 2nd Vice-Pres. S. B. Fracker 2nd Vice-Pres. N. E. McIndoo Rec. Secretary F. M. Wadley Rec. Secretary P. W. Oman Corr. Sec.-Treas. S. A. Rohwer Corr. Sec.-Treas. Ji) Be Gratk Editor W. R. Walton Editor W. R. Walton Executive Comm. W. H. Larrimer Executive Comm. S. A. Rohwer H. E. Ewing H. E. Ewing F. L. Campbell J. S. Wade 1936 1937 President S. B. Fracker President N. E. McIndoo lst Vice-Pres. N. E. McIndoo lst Vice-Pres. E. A. Back 2nd Vice-Pres. H. Morrison 2nd Vice-Pres. R. E. Snodgrass Rec. Secretary H. H. Richardson Rec. Secretary C. Ford Corr. Sec.-Treas. Jie ie (Graft Corr. Secretary D. J. Caffrey Editor W. R. Walton Treasurer H. E. Ewing Executive Comm. H. E. Ewing Editor W. R. Walton J. S. Wade Executive Comm. J. S. Wade B. A. Porter B. A. Porter S. B. Fracker PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Editor Executive Comm. 1938 ZMNwEemorrazArnt Back Snodgrass Strong Gurney Caffrey Ewing Walton Porter Fracker Mc Indoo President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Editor Executive Comm. 1939 E. Snodgrass A. Strong F. W. Muesebeck B. Gurney J. Caffrey E. Ewing R. Walton B. Fracker E. McIndoo A. Back President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Editor Executive Comm. 1940 W. Muesebeck Strong Ewing Gurney Caffrey Wood Walton Fracker Back Snodgrass President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Editor Executive Comm. 1941 E. Ewing N. Cory W. Harned B. Gurney W. Poos B. Wood R. Walton A. Back E. Snodgrass F. W. Muesebeck i) wn VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 1942 1943 President E. N. Cony. President R. W. Harned lst Vice-Pres. R. W. Harned lst Vice-Pres. P. N. Annand 2nd Vice-Pres. P. N. Annand 2nd Vice-Pres. F. W. Poos Rec. Secretary A. B. Gurney Rec. Secretary W. H. Anderson Corr. Secretary F. M. Wadley Corr. Secretary F. W. Wadley Treasurer L. G. Baumhofer Treasurer G. I. Haeussler Editor W. R. Walton Editor A. Stone Executive Comm. R. E. Snodgrass Executive Comm. C. F. W. Muesebeck C. F. W. Muesebeck H. E. Ewing H. E. Ewing E. N. Cory 1944 1945 President P. N. Annand President F. W. Poos lst Vice-Pres. F. W. Poos lst Vice-Pres. C. A. Weigel 2nd Vice-Pres. C. A. Weigel 2nd Vice-Pres. A. H. Clark Rec. Secretary I. L. Hawes Rec. Secretary I. L. Hawes Corr. Secretary F. M. Wadley Corr. Secretary F. M. Wadley Treasurer G. J. Haeussler Treasurer L. B. Reed Editor A. Stone Editor A. Stone Executive Comn. H. E. Ewing Executive Comn. E. N. Cory E. N. Cory R. W. Harned R. W. Harned P. N. Annand PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Editor Executive Comm. 1946 ° . MUA PrAH mPa . Hawes - Sailer A H H. Siegler L I B. Reed President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Editor Executive Comm. 1947 H. Clark H. Siegler E. Snyder L. Hawes I. Sailer B. Reed Stone N. Annand W. Poos A. Weigel President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Editor Executive Comn. 1948 POMADMA HAH YS H. Siegler E. Snyder B. Wood L. Hawes I. Sailer Baker V. Krombein W. Poos A. Weigel He, Clark President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Editor Executive Comm. 1949 E. Snyder B. Wood Stone L. Trembley B. Gurney Baker V. Krombein A. Weigel H. Clark H. Siegler VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 27 1950 MS) Eye President W. B. Wood President A. Stone lst Vice-Pres. A. Stone sit Viee—Pres: P. W. Oman 2nd Vice-Pres. P. W. Oman 2nd Vice-Pres. W. D. Reed Rec. Secretary H. L. Trembley Rec. Secretary G. B. Vogt Corr. Secretary R. W. Sherman Corr. Secretary R. W. Sherman Treasurer R. H. Nelson Treasurer R. H. Nelson Editor K. V. Krombein Editor K. V. Krombein Custodian H. Sollers Custodian H. Sollers Executive Comm. A. H. Clark Executive Comm. E. H. Siegler E. H. Siegler T. E. Snyder T. E. Snyder W. B. Wood 1952 1953 President W. D. Reed President W. H. Anderson lst Vice-Pres. D. J. Caffrey lst Vice-Pres. A. B. Gurney 2nd Vice-Pres. W. H. Anderson 2nd Vice-Pres. T. L. Bissell Rec. Secretary K. O'Neill Rec. Secretary K. O'Neill Corr. Secretary A. M. Vance Corr. Secretary A. M. Vance Treasurer R. H. Nelson Treasurer E. P. Reagan Editor B. D. Burks Editor B. D. Burks Custodian H. Sollers Custodian H. J. Conkle Executive Comm. T. E. Snyder Executive Comm. W. B. Wood W. B. Wood A. Stone A. Stone W. D. Reed PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Editor Custodian Program Chmn. Executive Comm. 1954 SSTPADewrAA ye B. Gurney L. Bissell A. St. George O'Neill M. Russell X. D. Je A. Peltier Burks Conkle Haines Stone D. Reed H. Anderson President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Editor Custodian Program Chun. Executive Comm. A. L. Ike X. H. Site Campbell Sailer O'Neill Dorward George Peltier Foote Conkle G. Clarke Anderson Gurney Bissell President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Editor Custodian Program Chmn. Executive Comm. 1955 PHEBumtrA wsrAwAAy Bissell St. George Campbell Neill Russell Peltier Foote Conkle G. Clarke Reed Anderson Gurney President lst Vice-Pres. 2nd Vice-Pres. Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Editor Custodian Program Chmn. Executive Comm. 1957 L. Ie H. o' Campbell Sailer Nelson Neill Dorward P. V. J. F. B. L. A. Harrison Renk Conkle G. Clarke Gurney Bissell St. George VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 1958 1959 President ING le Saplilare President R. H. Nelson lst Vice-Pres. R. H. Nelson President-Elect P. W. Oman 2nd Vice-Pres. P. W. Oman Rec. Secretary H. Sollers Rec. Secretary H. Sollers Corr. Secretary P. A. Woke Corr. Secretary P. A. Woke Treasurer P. Piquette Treasurer F. P. Harrison Editor R. H. Foote Editor R. H. Foote Custodian H. J. Conkle Custodian H. J. Conkle Program Chmn. Jin) Hoaebalkes Program Chmn. J. G. Rozen Membership Chmn. A. B. Gurney Executive Comm. Ty Le Bissell R. A. St. George F. L. Campbell 1960 1961 President P. W. Oman President Je Hee Go Glarke President-Elect J. F. G. Clarke President-Elect H. H. Shepard Rec. Secretary E. B. Thurman Rec. Secretary E. B. Thurman Corr. Secretary P. A. Woke Corr. Secretary P. A. Woke Treasurer P. Piquette Treasurer P. Piquette Editor R. H. Foote Editor R. H. Foote Custodian H. J. Conkle Custodian H. J. Conkle Program Chmn. C. W. McComb Program Chmn. T. McIntyre Membership Chmn. W. S. Murray Membership Chmn. W. S. Murray 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 1962 1963 President H. H. Shepard President W. E. Bickley President-Elect W. E. Bickley President-Elect R. H, Arnett, Jr. Rec. Secretary Os. Ss dallatnes whe, Rec. Secretary On Sen Manes Corr. Secretary P. A. Woke Corr. Secretary P. J. Spangler Treasurer C. Blickenstaff Treasurer C. Blickenstaff Editor R. H. Foote Editor J. L. Herring Custodian H. J. Conkle Custodian H. J. Conkle Program Chmn. ReHeArne tates. Membership Chun. G. E. Cantwell Membership Chmn. W. S. Murray 1964 1965 President Re He Arnett, Jr. President P. A. Woke President-Elect P. A. Woke President-Elect L. M. Russell Rec. Secretary W. D. Duckworth Rec. Secretary W. D. Duckworth Corr. Secretary P. J. Spangler Corr. Secretary D. M. Anderson Treasurer C. Blickenstaff Treasurer C. Blickenstaff Editor J. L. Herring Editor J. L. Herring Custodian H. J. Conkle Custodian R. L. Smiley Program Chmn. R. J. Barker Program Chon. V. E. Adler Membership Chmn. G. E. Cantwell Membership Chmn. G. E. Cantwell VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 31 1966 1967 President L. M. Russell President L. G. Davis President-Elect i GaaDawals President-Elect R. H. Foote Rec. Secretary W. D. Duckworth Rec. Secretary R. A. Bram Corr. Secretary D. M. Anderson Corr. Secretary D. R. Smith Treasurer Ave Burdiitte (Jis. Treasurer A. K. Burditt, Jr. Editor J. L. Herring Editor J. L. Herring Custodian R. L. Smiley Custodian R. L. Smiley Program Chmn. V. E. Adler Program Chmn. V. E. Adler Membership Chmn. W. B. Hull Membership Chmn. W. B. Hull ih 1968 1969 President R. H. Foote President H. Sollers—-Riedel President-Elect H. Sollers-Riedel President-Elect K. V. Krombein Rec. Secretary R. A. Bram Rec. Secretary J. A. Davidson Corr. Secretary D. R. Smith Corr. Secretary D. R. Smith Treasurer Xo Ihe Uksieahilicie. Apen Treasurer [Nee Imes. Wkvegslaheen Wher Editor P. M. Marsh Editor P. M. Marsh Custodian R. L. Smiley Custodian R. D. Gordon Program Chon. R. G. Oakley Program Chmn. D. H. Messersmith Membership Chmn. W. B. Hull Membership Chon. H I. Rainwater 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON President President-Elect Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Editor Custodian Program Chmn. Membership Chmn. 1970 V. Krombein E. J. Hambleton J. A. Davidson D. R. Smith A. K. Burditt, P. M. Marsh R. D. Gordon A. B. Gurney H I. Rainwater des President President-Elect Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Editor Custodian Program Chmn. Membership Chmn. President President-Elect Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Editor Custodian Program Chmn. Membership Chmn. 1972 C. W. Sabrosky A. K. Burditt, D. M. Caron D. R. Smith T. J. Spilman P. M. Marsh R. D. Gordon F. E. Wood H I. Rainwater 1971 dies E. J. Hambleton C. W. Sabrosky D. M. Caron D. R. Smith T. J. Spilman P. M. Marsh R. D. Gordon F. E. Wood H I. Rainwater VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 1973 President President-Elect Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Editor Custodian Program Chmn. Membership Chmn. Hospitality Chmn. wa BurGLEE. | iG. Adler J. Gagné Erwin Spilman Knutson R. Miller E. Wood I. Rainwater - Sollers-Riedel ica} ca DMomornyn AD qq 1974 President President-Elect Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Editor Custodian Program Chmn. Membership Chmn. Hospitality Chmn. B. D. Burks H I. Rainwater R. J. Gagné T. L. Erwin . J. Spilman - Knutson R. Miller R. Davis . M. Kingsolver Sollers-—Riedel pg) Cog) Et ey 1973 President President-Elect Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Editor Custodian Program Chmn. Membership Chmn. Hospitality Chmn. 33 E. Adler D. Burks J. Gagné L. Erwin J. Spilman Knutson R. Miller E. Wood I. Rainwater Sollers-Riedel 1975 President President-Elect Rec. Secretary Corr. Secretary Treasurer Editor Custodian Program Chmn. Membership Chmn. Hospitality Chmn. HE. G. F. Rainwater C. Steyskal C. Thompson J. Gagné J. Spilman Knutson R. Miller R. Davis M. Kingsolver Sollers-Reidel 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON a(/ 1976 1977 President G. C. Steyskal President M. J. Ramsay President-Elect M. J. Ramsay President-Elect D. W..S. Sutherland Rec. Secretary G. F. Hevel Rec. Secretary W. N. Mathis Corr. Secretary D. R. Whitehead Corr. Secretary D. R. Whitehead Treasurer F. C. Thompson Treasurer F. C. Thompson Editor L. V. Knutson Editor M. B. Stoetzel Custodian D. R. Miller Custodian D. R. Miller Program Chmn. J. L. Hellman Program Chmn. J. L. Hellman Membership Chmn. J. M. Kingsolver Membership Chon. J. A. Utmar Hospitality Chmn. H. Sollers-Reidel Hospitality Chmn. H. Sollers—Reidel 1978 1979 President D. W. S. Sutherland President D. R. Davis President-Elect D. R. Davis President-Elect T. J. Spilman Rec. Secretary W. N. Mathis Rec. Secretary Ww. N. Mathis Corr. Secretary D. R. Whitehead Corr. Secretary M. B. Davis Treasurer F. C. Thompson Treasurer F. C. Thompson Editor M. B. Stoetzel Editor M. B. Stoetzel Custodian S. Nakahara Custodian S. Nakahara Program Chmn. V. E. Adler Program Chmn. M. Faran Membership Chmn. J. A. Utmar Membership Chmn. J. A. Utmar Hospitality Chmn. H. Sollers-Riedel Hospitality Chmn. H. Sollers—Riedel VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 35 1980 1981 President T. J. Spilman President J. E. Lipes President-Elect J. E. Lipes President-Elect M. S. Collins Rec. Secretary D. A. Nickle Rec. Secretary D. A. Nickle Corr. Secretary M. B. Davis Corr. Secretary M. B. Davis Treasurer F. C. Thompson Treasurer F. C. Thompson Editor D. R. Smith Editor D. R. Smith Custodian S. Nakahara Custodian S. Nakahara Program Chmn. M. Faran Program Chmn. J. C. Shaffer Membership Chmn. J. A. Utmar Membership Chmn. J. A. Utmar Hospitality Chmn. H. Sollers-Riedel Hospitality Chmn. H. Sollers-Riedel 1982 1983 President M. S. Collins President M. B. Stoetzel President-Elect M. B. Stoetzel President-Elect N. O. Morgan Rec. Secretary T. E. Wallenmaier Rec. Secretary T. E. Wallenmaier Corr. Secretary R. E. Harbach Corr. Secretary R. G. Robbins Treasurer F. C. Thompson Treasurer Te Je) Hemiy, Editor D. R. Smith Editor D. R. Smith Custodian J. F. Carroll Custodian Jie Eepcarro LE Program Chun. J. C. Shaffer Program Chun. J. R. Aldrich Membership Chmn. J. A. Utmar Membership Chmn. G. B. White Hospitality Chmn. H. Sollers-Riedel Hospitality Chmn. H. Sollers-Reidel ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Muesebeck, C. F. W., 1920 (1955) PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(1), 1984, pp. 36-42 Membership List of the December 8, 1983 Honorary Members Honorary President 1970 (President 1940) Poos, F. W., 1923 (1966) (President 1945) Gurney, A. B., 1936* (1979) (President 1954) Bissell, T. L., 1941 (1982) (President 1955) Abercrombie, J., 1975 Adams, J. R., 1963 Adams, M. S., 1983 Adamski, D., 1983 Addington, R. J., 1964 Adler, V. E., 1961 (President 1973) Agafitei, N. J., 1981 Aitken, T. H. G., 1957 Aldrich, J. R., 1983 Altman, R. M., 1964 Anderson, D. M., 1954 Anderson, L. D., 1944 Anderson, W. H., 1937 (President 1953) App, B. A., 1952 Appel, A. G., 1983 Armitage, B. J., 1983 Arnaud, P. H., 1955 Arnett, Rove. Jie, 1980 (President 1964) Ashlock, P. D., 1958 Austin, D. F., 1977 Bacon, N., 1982 Baker, E. W., 1944 Ball, G. E., 1948 Barber, K. N., 1981 Barker, Z. A., 1964 Barnes, J. K., 1979 Barnett, D. E., 1976 Barnum, A., 1956 Bebag, AN, I, SSI Regular and (*) Life Members Maryland Maryland New York Mississippi Dist. Columbia Maryland Illinois Connecticut Maryland Maryland Dist. Columbia California Maryland Florida California Alabama California Florida Kansas Florida Pennsylvania Maryland Canada Canada California New York Maryland Utah California New York Virginia Virginia Maryland Barr, W. F., 1958 Idaho Barrows, E. M., 1976 Dist. Columbia Barry, C., 1963 Maryland Baumann, R. W., 1973 Utah Beal, R. S., Jr., 1958 Arizona Beaver, O., 1974 Thailand Bechtel, R. C., 1960 Nevada BeckeuIpehemmioiS Maryland Beckers Es Gal 9on Canada Beckham, C., 1983 Maryland Bell, R. T., 1955 Vermont Bellinger, R. G., 1972 Virginia Berg, C. O., 1975 New York Bergman, P. W., 1966 Virginia Berner, L., 1949 Florida Berry, R. L., 1972 Ohio Beyer, W. N., 1977 Maryland Bezark, L., 1974 California Bicha, W., 1981 Illinois Bickel, D. J., 1981 Massachusetts Bickley, W. E., 1949* Maryland (President 1963) Billings, S. C., 1952 Maryland Blackburn, V. L., 1983 Maryland Blanchard, A., 1968 Texas Bodri, M. S., 1979 Pennsylvania Boese, J. L., 1977 Dist. Columbia Boesel, M. W., 1973 Ohio Boettcher, R. A., 1955 Dist. Columbia Bohart, R. M., 1944 California Bohnsack, K. K., 1958 California Borchelt, R., 1979 Maryland Bouseman, J. K., 1975 Illinois VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 Bowen, T. W., 1980 Brajkovic, M., 1983 Brassard, D. W., 1978 Brigham, W. U., 1975 Brown, B. V., 1982 Brown, F. M., 1975 Brown, H. P., 1977 Brown, R. L., 1979 Bryce, G. K., 1977 Bueno-Soria, J., 1977 Burditt, A. K., Jr., 1965 (President 1973) Burger, J. F., 1973 Burke, H. R., 1981 Burks, B. D., 1938 (President 1974) Burks, K. O., 1950 Burnett, J. A., 1975 Burns, J. M., 1975 Bushman, D. W., 1983 Butler, L., 1966 Calabrese, D. M., 1980 Campbell, J. M., 1966 Carestia, R. C., 1981 Carlson, R. W., 1970* Caron, D. M., 1971. Carrington, J. H., 1943 Carroll We Re l977 Casdorph, D. G., 1977 Cave, R., 1977 Chapine B19 73 Charpentier, P. O., 1962 Chilson, L. M., 1977 Chittick, H. A., 1946 Clark, W. E., 1975 Clarkes Sede 19811 Clark, T. B., 1983 Clarke; J FPaGs, 1936 (President 1961) Cochran, D. G., 1981 Coffman, C. C., 1980 Cohen, N. Y., 1983 Cole, A. E., 1977 Cole, F. R., 1963 Collins, M. S., 1977 (President 1982) Connell, J. G., 1974 Cooks DF Rew952 Cooper, C. M., 1976 Cooper, K. W., 1955 Copeland, T. P., 1977 Corkum, L. D., 1979 Coulson, J. R., 1961 Covell, C. V., 1971 Craig, G. B., 1954 North Carolina Yugoslavia Virginia Illinois Canada Colorado Oklahoma Mississippi California Mexico Washington New Hampshire Texas Arizona Arizona California Dist. Columbia Maryland West Virginia Pennsylvania Canada Maryland Korea Delaware Florida Maryland California Alabama Louisiana Connecticut Maryland New York Alabama Texas Maryland Dist. Columbia Virginia West Virginia Maryland West Virginia California Dist. Columbia Indiana Michigan Mississippi California Tennessee Canada Maryland Kentucky Indiana Crooks, E. E., 1964 Cross, H. F., 1954 Curci¢é, B., 1982 Currado, I., 1978 Curtin, T. J., 1956 Darling, D. C., 1981 Darsie, R. F., 1949 Daum, R. J., 1969 Davidson, J. A., 1957 Davidson, R. L., 1975 Davis, D. R., 1961 (President 1979) Davis; Boys 1982 DENA, IL, Ga, Is) (President 1967) Davis, M. M., 1979 DeBold, K. J., 1981 Deeming, J. C., 1974 Deitz eae 98s Delgado, H., 1979 DeLong, D. M., 1936 Denning, D. G., 1966 Dennis, S., 1976 Deyrup, M. A., 1979 Dicke) Fak) 1933 Donley FDeEaoS»5 Donnelly, T. W., 1962 Doria ey... 1977, Dos Passos, C. F., 1947 Downs, W. G., 1981 Doyen, J. T., 1983 Dozier ere bl 9527 Drummond, R. O., 1954 Duckworth, W. D., 1961 Duffield, R., 1978 Duret, J. P., 1969 Edmunds, G. F., Jr., 1951 Eikenbary, R. D., 1979 Elias, B. T., 1983 Elias, M. K., 1972 Emerson, K. C., 1952 Emsley, M. G., 1970 Enns, W. R., 1960 Erwin, T. L., 1972 Evans, H. E., 1948 Evans, W. G., 1957 Evenhuis, N. L., 1980 Fairchild, G. B., 1939 Fales, J. H., 1944 Faran, M: E., 1977 Fedde, G., 1962 Fedde, V. H., 1977 Fee, F. D:, 1983 Fennah, R. G., 1941 Ferguson, D. C., 1969 Field, W. D., 1965 Bi Maryland Georgia Yugoslavia Italy Texas Oregon Colorado Maryland Maryland Pennsylvania Dist. Columbia Maryland California Maryland Maryland Wales North Carolina Colombia Ohio California Colorado Florida Iowa Ohio New York Virginia New Jersey Connecticut California South Carolina Texas Dist. Columbia Dist. Columbia Argentina Utah Oklahoma Maryland Maryland Florida Virginia Missour1 Dist. Columbia Colorado Canada Hawaii Florida Maryland Maryland Georgia Georgia Pennsylvania England Dist. Columbia Virginia 38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fisher, E. M., 1977 Fisk, F. W., 1968 Flechtmann, C., 1968 Flint OF S=.In- 1961 Floore, T. G., 1967 Fluno, J. A., 1957 Foote, B. A., 1958 Foote, R. H., 1950 (President 1968) Forattini, O. P., 1956 Foster, J. R., 1953 BOxe ealOSG Franclemont, J. G., 1947 Freeman, J. V., 1981 Freytag, P. H., 1979 Friedburg, A., 1979 Froeschner, R. C., 1961 Fukuda, A., 1983 Gagné, R. J., 1966* Garcia, C. M., 1981 Gentry, J. W., 1958 Gerberg, E. J., 1953 Gerberich, A. G., 1981 Gerdes, C. F., 1976 Ghorpade, K. D., 1983 Gibson, L. P., 1982 Giles, F. E., 119811 Gill, G. D., 1958 Gimpel, W. F., Jr., 1970 Gingras, S. S., 1980 Glick ele on9 Godfrey, G. L., 1971 Goeden, R. D., 1982 Gonzalez, R. H., 1974 Gordh, G., 1975 Gordon, R. D., 1968 Gorham, J. R., 1974 Gotwald, W. H., Jr., 1977 Grabowski, W. B., 1970 Grant, C. D., 1948 Gregg, R. E., 1945 Grissell, E. E., 1979 Grogan, W. L., Jr., 1974 Grothaus, R. H., 1981 Gunther, R. G., 1981 Habeck, D. H., 1957 Hacker We De 1971 Hagen, K. S., 1949 Haines, K. A., 1952 Halstead, J. A., 1983 Hamid, A., 1976 Hamilton, S. W., 1982 Hamman, R. E., 1968 California Ohio Brazil Dist. Columbia Florida Florida Ohio Dist. Columbia Brazil Maryland Puerto Rico New York Vermont Kentucky Israel Dist. Columbia Japan Dist. Columbia Maryland Florida Maryland Virginia Missouri Dist. Columbia Ohio Maryland Michigan Maryland Maryland Maryland Illinois California Chile California Dist. Columbia Dist. Columbia New York New Mexico California Colorado Dist. Columbia Maryland Wisconsin Illinois Florida West Virginia California Virginia California Nigeria South Carolina Dist. Columbia Hannemann, H. J., 1979 Harbach, R. E., 1972 Harding, W. C., Jr., 1955 Hardy, A. R., 1974 Harman, D. M., 1966 Harmston, F. C., 1940 Harper, P. P., 1977 Harris, S. C., 1979 Harrison, B. A., 1976 Harrison, F. P., 1954 Haskins, C. P., 1945 Hawkins, B. A., 1983 Hawkins, L. S., Jr., 1970 Hayes, D. K., 1970 Heitzman, R. L., 1980 Hendrickson, R. M.., Jr., 1978 HenryeCaS=el975 Inleoray, We Yo, WIS Heppner, J. B., 1974 Herman, L. H., Jr., 1965 Hespenheide, H. A., Ill, 1981 Hevel, G. F., 1970 Higgins, H. G., 1948 Hodges, R. W., 1960 Hoebeke, E. R., 1980 Hoelscher, S. M., 1980 Hoffmann, C. H., 1945 Hoffmann, W. E., 1944 Holzbach, J. E., 1983 Hoogstraal, H., 1946 Hopla, C. E., 1961 Hopper, H. P., 1978 Horne, J. E., 1971 Howden, H. F., 1948 Huang, Y.-M., 1968 Hubbard, M. D., 1976 Hudson, B. N. A., 1980 Hull, W. B., 1949 Hung, A. C. F., 1981 Hunter, P. E., 1961 Husband, R. W., 1973 Imai, E. M., 1980 Ingles, R., 1975 Irwin, M. E., 1976 Ivie, M. A., 1981 Jackson, D. L., 1966 Jacobs, T. J., 1981 Jakob, W. L., 1977 Johnson, M. D., 1973 Johnson, N. F., 1980 Johnson, P. E., 1983 Johnson, P. T., 1951 Jones, R. H., 1955 East Germany Dist. Columbia Virginia California Maryland Utah Canada Alabama Dist. Columbia Maryland Dist. Columbia California California Maryland Maryland Delaware Connecticut Dist. Columbia Florida New York California Dist. Columbia Utah Dist. Columbia New York Arkansas Maryland Kansas Ohio New York Oklahoma Dist. Columbia Maryland Canada Dist. Columbia Florida Canada Maryland Maryland Georgia Michigan Maryland Puerto Rico Illinois Ohio Ohio North Dakota Colorado Indiana Ohio Illinois Maryland Colorado VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 Joseph, S. R., 1957 Kaster, ©. He, 1979 Kaufmann, T. Y., 1982 Kelly, R. W., 1982 Kennedy, J. H., 1977 Kethley, J. B., 1974 Kim, K. C., 1983 King, C. S., 1983 Kingsolver, J. M., 1963 Kirchner, R. F., 1981 Kissinger, D. G., 1955 Kitayama, C., 1974 Reateleve ae O7 Kittle, P., 1975 Kliewer, J. W., 1983 Knight, K. L., 1944 Knipling, E. F., 1946 Kniser, S. G., 1981 Knisley, C. B., 1981 Knudson, E. C., 1982 Knutson, L. V., 1963* Kormilev, N. A., 1941 Korytkowski, C. A., 1982 Kosztarab, M., 1978 Krafsur, E. S., 1968 Kramer, J. P., 1957 Krause, C. R., 1983 Krombein, K. V., 1941* (President 1970) Kurczewski, F. E., 1970 Lager, T. M., 1976 LaGoy, P. K., 1983 Lamb, N. J., 1978 Lambdin, P. L., 1974 amipenrt les Jr. 1976 Langford, G. S., 1924 Larew, H. G., 1982 LaSalle, J., 1982 Lassmann, G. W., 1946 Lavigne, R., 1973 Lewis, P. A., 1974 Lewis, R. E., 1958 Lewis, S. E., 1974 Eien Ca nl9 67 Linam, J., 1982 Linkfield, R. L., 1959 Lipes, J. E., 1974 (President 1981) Louton, C. E., 1982 Louton, J. A., 1982 Lowry, J. E., 1983 Ludvik, G. F., 1978 Bund) HE Os, 1952 Lyon, R. J., 1961 Maryland Michigan Oklahoma South Carolina Pennsylvania Illinois Pennsylvania New York Dist. Columbia West Virginia California California Canada Missouri Virginia North Carolina Maryland Virginia Virginia Texas Dist. Columbia New York Panama Virginia Iowa Dist. Columbia Ohio Dist. Columbia New York Wisconsin Virginia APO New York Tennessee North Carolina Maryland Maryland California Mexico Wyoming Ohio Iowa Minnesota Taiwan Colorado New Jersey Maryland Dist. Columbia Dist. Columbia Maryland Virginia Georgia California Mabry, J. E., 1954 Mackay, W. P., 1982 MacLachlan, W. B., 1980 Magner, J. M., 1953 Maier, C. T., 1976 Main, A. J., Jr., 1965 Maldonado-Capriles, J., 1947 Mallack, J., 1957 Mallis, A., 1977 Mangan, R. L., 1974 Manglitz, G. R., 1956 Manuel, K. L., 1983 Mari Mutt, J. A., 1976 Marsh, P. M., 1960 Marshall, S., 1982 Masner, L., 1969 Masons Ie. Jr, 1977 Mason, W. R. M., 1970 Mathien-Veillard, Wo Un UR Mathis, W. N., 1976 Matile, L., 1983 Matta, J., 1978 Mayor, A. J., 1981 McCabe, Tey 1977 McCafferty, W. P., 1968 McComb, C. W., 1976 McDaniel, B., 1964 McDonald, F. J. D., 1983 McFadden, M. W., 1956 McGann, D. R., 1979 McMurty, J. A., 1981 Mead, F. W., 1976 Mendez, E., 1976 Menke, A. S., 1969 Messersmith, D. H., 1965 Miller, C. E., 1981 Miller, D. R., 1969 Miller, G. L., 1981 Miller, R. M., 1974 Miller, R. S., 1981 Miller, S. E., 1980 Miller, W. E., 1983 Mockford, E. L., 1955 Moore, T. E., 1950 Moraes, A. P. A. de, 1978 Moran, N., 1982 Morgan, N. O., 1969 Morse, J. C., 1976 Moser, J. C., 1973 Mullens, B. A., 1979 39 Florida New Mexico Arizona Missouri Connecticut Connecticut Puerto Rico Maryland Maryland Texas Nebraska North Carolina Puerto Rico Dist. Columbia Canada Canada West Virginia Canada Mexico Dist. Columbia France Virginia California New York Indiana Maryland South Dakota Australia Virginia Maryland California Florida APO Florida Dist. Columbia Maryland Maryland Maryland Alabama South Africa Ohio Massachusetts Minnesota Illinois Michigan California Michigan Maryland South Carolina Louisiana California 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Munte, S. T., 1983 Muraleedharan, D.., 1981 Murdoch, W. P., 1966 Murphy, W. L., 1983 Nakahara, S., 1968 Neal, J. W., Jr., 1982 Neff, S. E., 1969 Nelson, C. H., 1969 Nelson, G. H., 1949 Nelson, R. H., 1933 (President 1959) Neunzig, H. H., 1956 Newkirk, R. A., 1968 Nickle, D. A., 1980 Nielsen, G. R., 1983 Nielson, L. T., 1951 Norrbom, A. L., 1983 Norton, R. A., 1978 Nuhn, T. P., 1981 Nutting, W. H., 1973 Oatman, E. R., 1980 O’Brien, M. F., 1979 Oman, P. W., 1930 (President 1960) Orth, R. E., 1981 Osgood, E. A., 1977 Padiou, M., 1982 Pakaluk, J., 1981 Palacios-Vargas, J. G., 1980 Palmer, M. K., 1976 Ranker Gukeesl ori] Parrish, D. W., 1963 Parsons, M., 1963 Pena-Guzzman, L. E., 1980 Perkins, E. M.; Jr:, 1977 Perkins, P. D., 1973 Peters, T. M., 1979 Peters, W. L., 1971 Peterson, R. V., 1952 Peterson, J. L., 1981 Peyton, E. L., 1968 Phillips, W. G., 1955 Pinto, J. D., 1982 Pitkin, B. R., 1977 Pogue, M. G., 1980 Polhemus, J. T., 1964 Poyner, M. M., 1969 Pratt, G. K., 1974 Pratt, H. D., 1943 Preval, S., 1978 Enices ne D963 Pulawski, W. J., 1975 Rack, G., 1975 Dist. Columbia India Pennsylvania Maryland Maryland Maryland Kentucky Tennessee California Pennsylvania North Carolina Maryland Dist. Columbia Vermont Utah Pennsylvania New York Virginia California California Michigan Oregon California Maine France Kansas Mexico New York Canada Maryland Ohio Chile California Massachusetts Massachusetts Florida Dist. Columbia APO Florida Dist. Columbia Maryland California England Minnesota Colorado Maryland Florida Georgia New York Minnesota California West Germany Radovic, I., 1981 Ramalingam, S., 1970 Ramos, J. A., 1947 Ramsay, M. G., 1968 (President 1977) Raupp, M. J., 1982 Rawlins, J. E., 1974 Reed, W. D., 1931 (President 1952) Reichart, C. V., 1946 Ribble, D. W., 1981 Riegela Gs i 1952 Robbins, R. G., 1979 Roberts, D. R., 1968 Robinson, H., 1963 Robinson, W. H., 1975 Rochette, R. A., 1982 Rohwer, G. G., 1964 Rolston, L. H., 1973 Rose, S., 1981 Ross, E. S., 1983 Ross, M. H., 1981 Roth, L. M., 1944 Roth, M., 1968 IRovaeIM, Uo, Gres Utes 1956 Ruiter, D., 1976 Russell, L., 1979 Russell, L. M., 1930 (President 1966) Sabrosky, C. W., 1946 (President 1972) Sailer, R. I., 1943 (President 1958) Sakimura, K., 1982 Sands, D. P. A., 1983 Santana, F. J., 1966 Saugstad, E. S., 1979 Scanlon, J. E., 1952 Scarbrough, A. G., 1971 Schaber, B. D., 1980 Scharf, W. C., 1981 Schauff, M. E., 1980 Schmidt, C. H., 1969 Schroder, R. F. W.., 1976 Schwan, T. G., 1980 Sedman, Y., 1951 Shaffer, J. C., 1974 Shands, W. A., 1940 Shannon, M. H., 1980 Shaw, S. R., 1979 Shelly, T. E., 1982 Shenefelt, R. D., 1946 Shepard, H. H., 1927 (President 1962) Yugoslavia Malaysia Puerto Rico Maryland Maryland Texas Dist. Columbia Rhode Island California Illinois Dist. Columbia Dist. Columbia Dist. Columbia Virginia New Mexico Dist. Columbia Louisiana Montana California Virginia Massachusetts Dist. Columbia New York Colorado Oregon Maryland Dist. Columbia Florida Hawaii Australia Dist. Columbia Maryland Texas Maryland Canada Michigan Dist. Columbia North Dakota Maryland California Illinois Virginia South Carolina Maryland Maryland California Wisconsin Virginia VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 Sherman, R. W., 1947 Shewell, G. E., 1949 Shinohara, A., 1981 Shockley, C. W., 1955 Sholes, O. D. V., 1979 Shubeck, P. P., 1982 Simpson, K. W., 1976 Singletary, H. M., 1983 Sirivanakarn, S., 1969 Skaptason, J. L., 1979 Skiles, D. D., 1978 Slater, J. A., 1949 Sleepermsbe onl 976 Sloan, M. J., 1983 Sluss, T. P., 1970 Smiley, R. L., 1964 Smith Ger 1967 Smiths @ ae 977 Smith, D. R., 1965* Smith, F. F., 1921 Snelling, R. R., 1968 Sofield, R. K., 1983 Sollers-Riedel, H., 1938* (President 1969) Sommerman, K. M., 1947 Southems PAS! 1197/7 Spaeth, V. A., 1976 Spangler, P. J., 1958* Spencers @s Beir 1955 Spicer, G., 1978 Spilman, T. J., 1950 (President 1980) Spinelli, G. R., 1983 Stames, Cen 95 Stannard, L. J., 1948 Steffan, W. A., 1970 Stesmaren) Essie 1965 Steiner, W. E., Jr, 1979 Steinhauer, A. L., 1958 Steinly, B. A., 1983 Stephens, G., 1982 Stewart, K. W., 1981 Steyskal, G. C., 1947 (President 1976) Stibick, J. N. L., 1966 Stimmel, J. F., 1979 Stoetzel, M. B., 1971 (President 1983) Stoltzfuss, W. B., 1967 Maryland Canada Japan California Massachusetts New Jersey New York North Carolina Dist. Columbia Virginia California Connecticut California Dist. Columbia Colorado Maryland North Carolina Georgia Dist. Columbia Maryland California New Jersey Dist. Columbia Maine North Carolina Wisconsin Dist. Columbia Virginia Texas Dist. Columbia Argentina Maryland Illinois Hawaii Florida Maryland Maryland Illinois Wyoming Texas Dist. Columbia Maryland Pennsylvania Maryland Iowa Stone, A., 1931* (President 1951) Stonedahl, G. M., 1982 Stribling, J. B., 1983 Surdick, R. F., 1979 Sutherland, C. M., 1974 Sutherland, D. W. S., 1973 (President 1978) Matty San Lo79 Taylor, N. J., 1983 Teale, S. A., 1983 henna eA 983 Tennessen, K. J., 1982 Thomas, D. B., 1983 Thomas, E. A., 1982 Thompson, F. C., 1968 Thompson, J. V., 1953 Thornburg, M. C., 1961 Thorpe, K. W., 1980 Threlfall, W., 1977 Tibbetts, T., 1955 Tidwell, M. A., 1981 ModdvEsles953 Togashi, I., 1983 Townes, G. F., 1956 Townes, H. K., 1941 Townsend, L. H., Jr., 1977 Trapido, H., 1948 Traub, R., 1947 Triplehorn, C. A., 1972 rumble; J; he 1979 Turner, W. J., 1982 Tyson, W. H., 1970 Ulrich, H., 1978* Unzicker, J. D., 1980 Utmar, J. A., 1974* Valentine, J. F., 1983 Valley, K., 1976 Vasquez, A., 1957 Venables, B. A., 1983 Venables, L., 1983 Villegas, B., 1977 Vincent, D. L., 1980 Viraktamath, C. A., 1981 Voegtlin, D., 1981 Vogt, G. B., 1947 Weosorelll, Un Ies Wie. 1977 Waldbauer, G. P., 1983 Walker, H. G., 1941 Wallenmaier, T. E., 1979 aN Maryland Oregon Ohio Virginia New Mexico Maryland Wisconsin APO New York Kansas Mexico Alabama Nebraska Maryland Virginia New Jersey Maryland Maryland Canada Utah South Carolina Dist. Columbia Japan South Carolina Michigan Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Ohio California Washington California West Germany Illinois Maryland Alabama Pennsylvania Virginia Maryland Maryland California Maryland India Illinois Mississippi Virginia Illinois California Maryland 42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Waller, D., 1983 Wallis, R. C., 1948 Walton, M., 1937 Ward, R. A., 1975 Weaver, J. S., III, 1980 Webb, D. W., 1982 Webb, R. E., 1967 Weems, H. V.., Jr., 1953 Weisman, D. M., 1956 Wendleton, D. S., 1965 Werner, F., 1948 Wharton, R., 1981 Wheeler, A. G., Jr., 1974 Wheeler, G. C., 1949 Whitcomb, R. F., 1966 White, G. B., 1977 White, R. E., 1966 White, T. R., 1979 Whitehead, D. R., 1974 Whitsel, R. H., 1967 Whittemore, F. W., 1974 Virginia Connecticut Maryland Dist. Columbia South Carolina Illinois Maryland Florida Dist. Columbia Pennsylvania Arizona Texas Pennsylvania Texas Maryland Maryland Dist. Columbia Georgia Dist. Columbia California Virginia Emeritus Members Crabill, R. E., Jr. (1968; 1983) Hatch, M. H. (1921; 1975) Knowlton, G. F. (1935; 1973) Mason, H. C. (1949; 1973) McGovran, E. R. (1937; 1973) McGuire, J. U., Jr. (1954; 1980) Mitchell, R. T. (1949; 1978) Munson, S. C. (1938; 1976) Rainwater, C. F. (1954; 1975) Rainwater, H. I. (1964; 1983) (President 1975) Richardson, H. H. (1939; 1976) Spilman, R. E. W. (1950; 1977) Swartzwelder, E. B. (1948; 1974) Weber, N. A. (1941; 1981) Woke, P. A. (1936; 1976) (President 1965) Young, D. A., Jr. (1950; 1983) Wieber, A. M., 1983 Maryland Wiegmann, B. M., 1983 Maryland Wilder, D. D., 1974 Oregon Wilkerson, R. C., 1980 Florida Williams, H. B., 1977 Dist. Columbia Williams, M. L., 1971 Alabama Williams, R. W., 1946 New York Wills, W., 1977 Saudi Arabia Wilson, G. B., 1982 Tennessee Wilson, N., 1957 Iowa Wirth, W. W., 1945 Dist. Columbia Wojtowicz, J. A., 1981 Tennessee Wood, F. E., 1968 Maryland Wood, T. K., 1974 Delaware Woodley, N. E., 1983 Dist. Columbia Yonke, T. R., 1971 Missouri Young, A. M., 1983 Wisconsin Young, D. K., 1981 Wisconsin Zack, R., 1982 Washington Zenner-Polania, I., Colombia 1977 Zimmerman, E. C., 1965 Australia Zungoli, P. A., 1978 South Carolina Zuska, J., 1974 Czechoslovakia Maryland Washington Utah Maryland North Carolina Nigeria Maryland Maryland Florida Maryland New Jersey Maryland Louisiana Florida Maryland North Carolina PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(1), 1984, pp. 43-52 BIOLOGY AND IMMATURE STAGES OF DRYOMYZA ANILIS FALLEN (DIPTERA: DRYOMYZIDAE)! JEFFREY K. BARNES Biological Survey, New York State Museum, State Education Department, Albany, New York 12230. Abstract.— Information is presented on the life cycle of Dryvomyza anilis Fallén, the saprophagous larvae of which feed on decaying animal matter and decaying fungi. Data on the habitat, behavior, feeding habits, and phenology of adults and immature stages are presented. The egg, three larval instars, and puparium are described in detail. The taxonomy of the species, and the systematics of the Dryomyzidae, are discussed briefly. Information on the biology and immature stages of the Dryomyzidae is frag- mentary and scattered in the literature. Burger et al. (1980) described the second- and third-instar larva and the life history of Oedoparena glauca (Coquillett), a predator of barnacles on the west coast of North America. Steyskal (1957) illus- trated an egg of Dryomyza flaveola (Fabricius) that was dissected from an adult, and Hinton (1960, 1981) described and illustrated eggs of the same species, stating that they were usually laid on the vertical sides of cow pats in shaded areas of fields or woods. Burger et al. (1980) presented previously unpublished rearing records for D. simplex Loew, prepared by B. A. Foote, which indicate that this species, as well as D. anilis Fallén, can develop from egg to pupa on dead animal matter, but not on decaying plant matter. The literature dealing with the biology of D. anilis was reviewed by Smith (1980). This species has been found in association with rotting fungi, carrion, and excrement. Portschinsky (1910) illustrated the egg and the terminal segment of the larva, and Smith (1980) illustrated and briefly described the mature larva. Foote (in Burger et al., 1980) found that larvae of D. anilis fed and pupated on hamburger, dead earthworms, dead crane flies, dead polygyrid snails, a dead milkweed caterpillar, a dead slug, and rotting agaric mushrooms. Larvae did not attain maturity when given rotting grass, decaying pumpkin flesh, decaying lettuce, or cow manure. The Dryomyzidae were usually considered a part of the Sciomyzidae by earlier authors, but they are now considered a separate family with two subfamilies, the Dryomyzinae and Helcomyzinae (Griffiths, 1972; Mathis and Steyskal, 1980), or, as in this paper, they are considered two separate families, the Dryomyzidae and Helcomyzidae (Barnes, 1981). The Dryomyzidae can be separated from the Hel- comyzidae by the closely spaced first antennal segments, protruding oral margin, ' Published as New York State Museum Journal Series No. 401. 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 1. Dryomyza anilis, adult female. strap-shaped or oval prosternum that is not joined to the propleura, and lack of costal spines. Two genera, Dryomyza, with ten species, and Oedoparena, with two species, are presently recognized in the Dryomyzidae (Steyskal, 1957, 1958, 1962; Mathis and Steyskal, 1980). Dryomyza anilis is widely distributed in the Palaearctic and Nearctic Regions. Adults (Fig. 1) are light brown and medium sized, ranging in overall length from about 7 to about 14 mm. It can be separated from other species of Dryomyzidae by the nearly bare arista, covered lunule, and well developed prostigmatic and prescutellar bristles. REARING METHODS Laboratory rearings were kept in an incubator at 20°C under a LD 16:8 lighting schedule, unless otherwise indicated. Adults were held in clear plastic vials (5.0 x 8.5 cm) fitted with screen caps. A layer of cotton on the bottom of each vial VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 45 moistened with a 0.1% aqueous solution of the mold inhibitor Lexgard M®? helped to maintain high humidity. A wooden applicator stick provided a resting site for the flies. Adults fed readily on an artificial diet consisting of honey, brewer’s yeast, and dehydrated milk. Eggs were allowed to hatch in the vials in which they were laid, and potential food items were placed on the cotton substrate. Larvae were transferred to fresh rearing vials when the old ones became overgrown with mold. Several larvae were reared together in each vial, so it was not possible to determine the duration of each stadium for individual larvae, but it was possible to determine the number of days after eclosion that molts and pupariation occurred for each group of larvae by observing when cast exuviae and puparia appeared in the vials. Puparia were placed in individual glass vials containing a layer of moist cotton. The vials were plugged with dry cotton and placed in incubators to await emergence of adults. BIOLOGY Dryomyza anilis is a common species in Europe and northern North America. The specimens used in this study were collected at Black Creek Swamp, on Koontz Rd., Voorheesville, New York (42°39'57’N, 73°58'05”W). They were collected by sweeping Aster simplex Willdenow and Onoclea sensibilis Linnaeus, the dom- inant low vegetation under the thin canopy of U/mus rubra Muhlenberg and Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall. The locality was frequently flooded after a heavy rain, and it is surrounded by a 7ypha and Sparganium marsh. Laboratory-reared males lived 28-178 days (mean + SD, 83.0 + 50.4; n= 13), and females lived 26-167 days (79.2 + 38.9: n= 20). Field-collected and laboratory-reared adults mated frequently in the laboratory. No courtship behav- ior was observed. A male mounts a female and, facing in the same direction, persuades her to spread her wings with the assistance of the tip of his abdomen and his hind tarsi. The male’s fore tarsi are placed either on the substrate or the female’s head, his mid tarsi are placed either on the substrate or the bases of the female’s wings, and his hind tarsi usually grasp the female’s abdomen near the midlateral line of segment 3 or 4. The male’s wings remain in the rest position over the abdomen during mating. During this investigation eggs were not found in the field, but Portschinsky (1910) found them on the surface of human excrement, and the excrement was often entirely covered by eggs. The eggs were laid singly, and they acquired the coloration of the substrate. In the laboratory, eggs were laid on a variety of materials that were introduced into the breeding vials, including dead insects, chicken liver, hamburger, and the moist cotton substrate. Eggs are rarely deposited on a dry surface. If the surface on which they are laid is liquid, the eggs sink into the material part way, but the upper surface of the eggs and the lateral flanges (Fig. 2) remain exposed to the air. If an egg is forced below the surface of the liquid the lateral flanges fold upward, and a bubble of air is held in contact with the upper surface of the flanges and the dorsal surface of the egg. The lower surface of the egg, including the underside of the flanges, is shiny and sticky. Eggs are ? Inolex Corporation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON usually scattered over a surface one by one, but sometimes they are deposited side by side in rows of 2-5. Eggs were laid by field-collected females within a few days after they were taken into the laboratory, regardless of when they were collected. Females were collected between May 26 and September 25, 1981, and all of them produced fertile eggs. They usually oviposited every 2—10 days, depositing as many as 48 eggs in a single day, and as many as 208 eggs altogether. Laboratory-reared females began to lay eggs 30-81 days (49.5 + 19.8; n = 11) after they emerged from puparia. The egg incubation period is short; 29 eggs that were laid between 1:00 and 4:00 PM one day hatched between 3:47 and 4:14 PM the next day, so the minimum incubation period was 23 h 47 m, and the maximum was 27 h 14 m. At eclosion, the chorion at the anterior end of the egg splits, and the larva escapes. The young larvae search for a soft spot or crevice into which they burrow, leaving only the posterior spiracles exposed. In laboratory rearings the larvae frequently congregated in the moist cotton beneath their food source, and cast exuviae were often found in this area following molting. Larvae fed readily on a variety of dead, and often putrid, animal matter. Suc- cessful laboratory rearings were accomplished using dead, crushed insects, such as June beetles (PhAyllophaga sp.), carrion beetles (Nicrophorus sp.), dytiscid bee- tles, dobsonflies (Corydalus cornutus (Linnaeus)), and calliphorid flies, and rotting chicken liver and hamburger as food sources. In one rearing, 41 newly hatched first-instar larvae were given both chicken liver and June beetles. Some of the larvae fed and molted to the second instar on the chicken liver, but within two days after starting the rearing all larvae were found to be feeding on the June beetles in preference to the liver. Larvae did not feed on dead, crushed gypsy moth larvae or pupae (Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus)), nor on a rotting polypore fungus (Polyporus squamosus Micheli: Fries). Six larvae that were given only decaying lettuce died within two days, but not before one of them molted to the second instar. One of 33 larvae that were given only decaying spinach formed a puparium seven days after hatching, but the puparium was small (only 4 mm long), and it did not yield an adult fly. The first molt of the fly larvae occurred within one day after eclosion, the second molt occurred within two days after eclosion, and the larvae formed puparia 6—- 8 days (7.1 + 0.7; n = 39) after eclosion. Larvae usually burrowed deep into the moist cotton in the rearing vials before forming puparia, but they also frequently pupariated on the surface of the cotton under the food source. Adults emerged 18-27 days (20.4 + 1.6; n = 46) after pupariation. Reared females produced fertile eggs and apparently healthy larvae. Evidence concerning overwintering stages and diapause in Dryomyza anilis 1s inconclusive. Adults were not found in the field until May 26, but a gravid female was collected as late as September 25. She produced 152 fertile eggs by October 13, then stopped ovipositing, but lived until January 29. Puparia were reared from her eggs at 20°C and LD 16:8, and within 1-7 days after preparation, in early to mid October, they were placed in an incubator that simulated mild winter conditions. The daily temperature range of 10—21°C and the lighting schedule of LD 12.5:11.5 in October were gradually changed to 3-10°C and LD 9:15 in January, where they remained until March, when the trends were reversed. On two occasions, once in late February and once in early April, the incubator mal- functioned, and the temperature dropped to —1.5°C for a short period. From a VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 47 -\ 5 } gp “Ae Rael WN agi pay WAL ip CAA a, y oN vw? (at I 1 Figs. 2-5. Dryomyza anilis. 2, Egg, lateral (a) and dorsal (b) views. 3, Segment 1, Ist-instar larva, ventral view. 4, Anterior spiracles of 2nd- (a) and 3rd- (b) instar larvae. 5, Cephalopharyngeal skeletons of Ist- (a), 2nd- (b), and 3rd- (c) instar larvae (shown separately: ess and dbr in dorsal view, mds and hss in ventral view). Indentation index = ab/cd x 100. Abbreviations: dbr, dorsal bridge: ess, epistomal sclerite; hss, hypostomal sclerite; mds, mandibular sclerite; mhk, mouth-hook; phr, pharyngeal ridges; phs, pharyngeal sclerite; psb, parastomal bar. total of 70 puparia, 31 adults emerged in the incubator from November 5 to January 25. The remaining puparia were warmed to 20°C, and the lighting schedule was adjusted to LD 16:8, on May 5. Adults emerged from seven more puparia between May 20 and June 11. No adults emerged from the remaining 32 puparia, all of which eventually turned moldy. DESCRIPTIONS OF IMMATURE STAGES Egg (Fig. 2).—Length 1.22-1.37 mm, greatest width 0.41-0.48 mm. Creamy white, elongate, somewhat tapered anteriorly. Paired, elongate, ribbon-like flanges present dorsolaterally; each flange with anterior end rounded, posterior end more 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON acute; dorsal surface covered with fine, radiating ridges. Small curved flanges present anteriorly and posteriorly. Surface of egg, excluding lateral flanges, wholly covered with fine, honeycomb-like reticulation. Larva (Figs. 3—7).— First instar: Length 1.67-—2.96 mm, greatest width 0.41- 0.59 mm. Anterior spiracles absent. Posterior spiracular plates (Fig. 6a) pale yellow, each with a B-shaped spiracular opening and 4 sets of peripheral, pal- mately-branched hair-like processes about 2 as long as diameter of plate. Cephalopharyngeal skeleton (Fig. 5a) brown to black, 0.28—0.33 mm long; in- dentation index 67-77. Segment | with rows of 3-4 darkly pigmented and 13- 14 smaller, colorless spinules extending laterally from each side of midline ven- trally (Fig. 3). Paired, lightly pigmented, irregular sclerites, apparently associated with oral grooves, present below rows of spinules. Lateral bars fused anteriorly, forming a small, mouth-hook-like structure; each bar fused posteriorly to antero- ventral edge of respective pharyngeal sclerite. Paired, narrow, elongate, weakly fused sclerites present below anterior ends of lateral bars. Pharyngeal sclerites without windows; lightly pigmented bridge present anterodorsally, pharyngeal ridges present between ventral cornua. Second instar: Similar to 3rd-instar larva. Length 2.74—4.71 mm, greatest width 0.61-0.91 mm. Anterior spiracles (Fig. 4a) pale yellow; reniform apical part bear- ing 19-20 rudimentary papillae. Posterior spiracular plates (Fig. 6b) pale yellowish brown, each with 2 elongate spiracular slits, a white spiracular scar, and 4 sets of peripheral, palmately branched, hair-like processes about 3 as long as diameter of plate; ventral spiracular slit upcurved at both ends. Cephalopharyngeal skeleton (Fig. 5b) brown to black, 0.57-0.61 mm long; indentation index 60-67. Mandibular sclerites long, narrow; mouth-hooks tri- angular in lateral view, bearing 3—4 ventral teeth in anteroventral view, connected to mandibular sclerites by long, narrow, curved bars. Dentary sclerites long, nar- row, irregularly shaped, pointed ventrally, lightly pigmented posterodorsally. Small, paired, quadrate sclerites present between mandibular sclerites in area of dentary sclerites. Hypostomal sclerite with posterior end free from pharyngeal sclerites. Pharyngeal sclerites with long, narrow windows posteroventrally on dorsal cornua and posterodorsally on ventral cornua; bridge present anterodorsally. Pharyngeal ridges present between ventral cornua. Third instar (Fig. 7): Length 4.10-9.42 mm; greatest width 0.76-2.13 mm. White; integument translucent. Body elongate, conicocylindrical; anterior end strongly tapered; posterior 7 relatively uniform in width; posterior end truncate, strongly sloping. Primary and secondary integumentary folds weak. Tubercles absent from segments 1-11. Segment | strongly bilobed apically, each lobe with a short, pale yellowish brown, 2-segmented sensory papilla dorso-apically and a pair of circular sensory plates ventro-apically; oral grooves present. Posterior portion covered with fine, unicuspid, posteriorly-directed spinules. Segment 2 bearing paired, yellowish to yellowish brown, reniform, transverse anterior spi- racles posterolaterally (Fig. 4b); spiracles projecting nearly perpendicular to body, each bearing 19-24 papillae. Segments 2—3 with fine, unicuspid, colorless spinules, particularly dense dorsally and anteriorly. Segments 4-11 covered with larger, unicuspid, yellowish brown spinules dorsally and laterally; with spinules denser and stouter at anterior end of each segment ventrally. Segments 5—11 with poorly developed fusiform welts posterolaterally. Segment 12 covered with spinules dor- sally, laterally, and ventrally; bearing anal plate, paired anal lobes, minute ven- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 49 f+ SSC 0.05 mm 0.05 mm 1.0 mm 0.5 mm 1.0 mm Figs. 6-8. Dryomyza anilis. 6, Posterior spiracular plates of Ist- (a), 2nd- (b), and 3rd- (c) instar larvae. 7, 3rd-instar larva, lateral (a) and posterodorsal (b) views. 8, Puparium, lateral view. Abbre- viations: alb, anal lobe; apl, anal plate; asp, anterior spiracle; hip, hair-like interspiracular process; psp, posterior spiracle; ssc, spiracular scar; ssl, spiracular slit. tromedial lobe, and spiracular disc posteriorly. Anal plate white to yellowish brown, strongly wrinkled, transverse, ovoid, lacking spinules; anus invaginated. Anal lobes posterior to anal plate short, stout, covered with spinules. Posterior spiracular disc (Fig. 7b) with spinules peripherally and ventromedially, with 5 pairs of spinule-covered, conical, peripheral lobes and 2 dorsocentral spiracular plates. Dorsal, dorsolateral, lateral, ventrolateral, and ventral lobes about 1.2, 0.6, 1.5, 0.8, and 1.0 times as long as diameter of spiracular plates, respectively. Spiracular plates (Fig. 6c) subcircular, yellowish brown to brown, each with 3 elongate-oval, diverging spiracular slits at 40—45° angle to each other, | circular, brown spiracular scar, and 4 colorless, palmately branched, hair-like interspirac- ular processes about '3 as long as diameter of spiracular plates; middle spiracular slit curved upwards at both ends. Cephalopharyngeal skeleton (Fig. 5c) dark brown to black, 0.93—1.05 mm long: indentation index 50-56. Mandibular sclerites well developed, paired, separate, 50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON without accessory teeth below curved mouth-hooks, with 1 small window cen- trally. Dentary sclerites paired, separate, near posteroventral margin of mandib- ular sclerites. Epistomal sclerite small, lightly pigmented not fused with parastomal bars, located between anterior rami of hypostomal sclerite, loosely articulated with paired, narrow, strap-like sclerites that nearly reach posterior end of hypo- stomal sclerite. Parastomal bars narrow, darkly pigmented; posterior ends fused to pharyngeal sclerites. Hypostomal sclerite H-shaped, not fused posteriorly to pharyngeal sclerites; anterior rami about '2 length of posterior rami and wider than posterior rami; hypostomal bridge notched posteriorly. Small, paired sclerites present between anterior rami of hypostomal sclerite and between dentary scler- ites. Pharyngeal sclerites with anterodorsal bridge joining anterior ends of dorsal cornua, and with anteroventral projections lying below posterior rami of hypo- stomal sclerite; anterodorsal bridge lightly pigmented anteriorly, emarginate pos- teriorly, with several small windows on each side of midline; dorsal cornua nar- rower than ventral cornua, with elongate window posteroventrally; ventral cornua lightly pigmented posteroventrally and on mid-dorsal lobe, with large window on mid-dorsal lobe. Pharyngeal ridges between ventral cornua well developed. Puparium (Fig. 8).— Length 4.41-6.23 mm, greatest width 1.75-—2.51 mm. Light yellowish brown to reddish brown; segments 2—4 and 12 often darker than re- mainder. Primary and secondary integumentary folds indistinct. Integument densely wrinkled on segments 2—4 and 12. Puparium elongate, subcylindrical; dorsal surface more convex than ventral surface. Segment | invaginated. Segments 2-4 strongly tapered, somewhat flattened dorsoventrally. Anterior spiracles dark reddish brown, sessile, transverse, on anterolateral angles of dorsal cephalic cap, projecting anterolaterally. Spinules arranged as in 3rd-instar larva. Punctiform papilla vestiges distinct, darkly pigmented, arranged in a consistent pattern on segments 5—11—a transverse row posterodorsally, in rows on dorsal and ventral margins of posterolateral fusiform welts, in 2 short, paired rows dorsolaterally and | short row mid-dorsally, and in 3 irregular, transverse rows ventrally. Seg- ment 12 truncate, indented mid-dorsally; lobes as in 3rd-instar larva, but usually somewhat reduced. Posterior spiracular plates dark yellowish brown to reddish brown; spiracular slits yellowish brown; spiracular scar dark brown to black. Anal plate dark reddish brown, somewhat invaginated. Cephalopharyngeal skeleton as in 3rd-instar larva, appressed to ventral cephalic cap. DISCUSSION Adults of Dryomyza anilis have been found in association with human excre- ment (Portschinsky, 1910; Skidmore, 1978), fox and pheasant carrion (Smith, 1975, 1980), and malodorous stinkhorn fungi (Parmenter, 1951; Smith, 1956). Eggs have been found on human excrement (Portschinsky, 1910), and larvae have been found in pheasant carrion (Smith, 1980). The laboratory rearings described in this paper and in Burger et al. (1980) show that D. anilis can be successfully reared on a variety of dead annelids, molluscs, insects, vertebrates, and rotting fungi. The presence of well developed pharyngeal ridges in all three larval stages indicates that the larvae are probably deriving most of their nutrition from par- ticulate material, including micro-organisms that colonize rotting organic mate- rial. Pharyngeal ridges are commonly found in saprophagous cyclorrhaphous lar- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 51 vae, and they have been found to effectively separate bacteria and other micro- organisms from liquid entering the pharynx, thus preventing the uptake of excess, non-nutritious liquid. Larvae that feed on living tissue lack such ridges (Dowding, 1967, 1968). The cephalopharyngeal skeleton of the mature larva fits the characterization of the generalized type found in saprophagous cyclorrhaphous Diptera, as given by Miller and Foote (1976). The mandibular sclerites, hypostomal sclerite, and pha- ryngeal sclerites are not fused to each other. Paired dentary sclerites are present. The narrow parastomal bars are fused to the pharyngeal sclerites, but not to the epistomal sclerite. An anterodorsal bridge joins the pharyngeal sclerites. The hypostomal sclerite is H-shaped. Among the Sciomyzoidea this type of cepha- lopharyngeal skeleton is also characteristic of the Helosciomyzidae (Steyskal and Knutson, 1978; Barnes, 1980a, b). D. anilis lacks the apomorphic ventral arch characteristic of the Sclomyzidae (Knutson et al., 1970; Griffiths, 1972). Com- parisons cannot be made with other families of Scliomyzoidea because there are too few thorough descriptions of larvae. The egg of D. anilis seems particularly well adapted to survival on the type of substrate upon which it is laid. Like the eggs of some Anthomyiidae and Muscidae, it bears two dorsolateral flanges. These flanges appear to aid the egg in floating on the surface of a liquid or semiliquid substrate. The chorion quickly takes on the coloration of the substrate, thus affording the egg some camouflage. The short incubation period (about 24 h) reported here and by Portschinsky (1910) might give the species a competitive advantage in exploiting a limited resource, and it might also help prevent parasitism or predation of this vulnerable stage. In this study, no predators or parasites of D. anilis were found, but Portschinsky (1910) reported that several larvae of Mydaea urbana (Meigen) (Diptera: Mus- cidae) destroyed a large population of D. anilis larvae on human excrement. Diagnostic descriptions of larvae exist for less than five percent of the Nearctic species of cyclorrhaphous Diptera (Tesky, 1981). Good descriptions of the mature larvae of Helcomyzidae and Dryomyzidae now exist for only three species world- wide. Comparison of these descriptions reveals that mature larvae of the three species differ significantly in many respects. Larvae of Helcomyza ustulata Curtis (Helcomyzidae) have short posterior spiracular tubes and a strong, upwardly directed hook on each posterior spiracular plate, and lack well developed tubercles (Egglishaw, 1960). Those of Oedoparena glauca (Dryomyzidae) have elongate posterior spiracular tubes, lack hooks on the posterior spiracular plates, and have well developed tubercles on segments 5—12 (Burger et al., 1980). Those of D. anilis have short posterior spiracular tubes, lack hooks on the posterior spiracular plates, and have well developed tubercles on segment 12 only. As larvae of more species of Dryomyzidae, Helcomyzidae, and other species of Cyclorrhapha are described these characters may not prove to be diagnostic, especially at the species level. Based on adult morphology, the Dryomyzidae, Helcomyzidae, and Heloscio- myzidae appear to be more closely related to each other than they are to other Sciomyzoidea (Barnes, 1981). At this time little can be said about these relation- ships, based on larval morphology. Too few species have been reared, and in- sufficient information is available on the immature stages. 52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LITERATURE CITED Barnes, J. K. 1980a. Biology and immature stages of Helosciomyza subalpina (Diptera: Heloscio- myzidae), an ant-killing fly from New Zealand. N.Z. J. Zool. 7: 221-229. —. 1980b. Immature stages of Polytocus costatus (Diptera: Helosciomyzidae) from the Snares islands, New Zealand. N.Z. J. Zool. 7: 231-233. 1981. Revision of the Helosciomyzidae (Diptera). J. R. Soc. N.Z. 11: 45-72. Burger, J. F., J. R. Anderson, and M. F. Knudsen. 1980. The habits and life history of Oedoparena glauca (Diptera: Dryomyzidae), a predator of barnacles. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 82: 360- BYMr Dowding, V. M. 1967. The function and ecological significance of the pharyngeal ridges occurring in the larvae of some cyclorrhaphous Diptera. Parasitology 57: 371-388. —. 1968. The feeding mechanism and its ecological importance in larvae of cyclorrhaphous Diptera. Proc. 13th Int. Congr. Entomol. (Moscow) 1: 372. Egglishaw, H. J. 1960. The life-history of Helcomyza ustulata Curt. (Dipt., Dryomyzidae). Entomol. Mon. Mag. 96: 39-42. Griffiths, G. C. D. 1972. The phylogenetic classification of Diptera Cyclorrhapha, with special reference to the structure of the male postabdomen. Ser. Entomol. (The Hague) 8: 1-340. Hinton, H. E. 1960. The structure and function of the respiratory horns of the eggs of some flies. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Ser. B 243: 45-73. 1981. Biology of insect eggs. Pergamon Press, Oxford, England. 1125 pp. Knutson, L. V., J. W. Stephenson, and C. O. Berg. 1970. Biosystematic studies of Salticella fasciata (Meigen), a snail-killing fly (Diptera: Sclomyzidae). Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 122: 81- 100. Mathis, W. N. and G. C. Steyskal. 1980. A revision of the genus Oedoparena Curran (Diptera: Dryomyzidae: Dryomyzinae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 82: 349-359. Miller, R. M. and B. A. Foote. 1976. Biology and immature stages of eight species of Lauxaniidae (Diptera). II. Descriptions of immature stages and discussion of larval feeding habits and morphology. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 78: 16-37. Parmenter, L. 1951. Flies on the stinkhorn fungus, Phallus impudicus Pers. Entomol. Rec. 63: 59- 60. Portschinsky, I. A. 1910. Recherches biologiques sur le Stomoxys calcitrans L. et biologie comparée des mouches coprophagues. Tr. Byuro Entomol. 8(8): 1-63. Skidmore, P. 1978. Dung., pp. 73-79. In Stubbs, A. and P. Chandler (eds.), A Dipterist’s Handbook, Amateur Entomol. 15: 1-255. Smith, K. G. V. 1956. On the Diptera associated with the Stinkhorn (Phallus impudicus Pers.) with notes on other insects and invertebrates found on this fungus. J. Entomol. Ser. A 31: 49-55. —. 1975. The faunal succession of insects and other invertebrates on a dead fox. Entomol. Gazette 26: 277-287. —. 1980. The larva of Dryomyza anilis Fall. (Dipt., Dryomyzidae) with a tentative key for the separation of the larvae of some superficially allied families. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 116: 167- 170. Steyskal, G. C. 1957. A revision of the family Dryomyzidae (Diptera, Acalyptratae). Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. 42: 55-68. —. 1958. Notes on nearctic Helcomyzidae and Dryomyzidae (Diptera Acalyptratae). Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. 43: 133-143. —. 1962. Notes on palaearctic Dryomyzidae, Helecomyzidae and Sciomyzidae (Diptera). Not. Entomol. 42: 71-72. Steyskal, G. C. and L. Knutson. Helosciomyzinae in Australia (Diptera: Sclomyzidae). Aust. J. Zool. 26: 727-43. Teskey, H. J. 1981. Key to families—larvae, pp. 125-147. In McAlpine, J. F. et al. (eds.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Volume 1, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada Monograph 27: 1-674. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(1), 1984, pp. 53-67 REVISION OF THE SPIDER-COMMENSAL PLANT BUG GENUS RANZOVIUS DISTANT (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE) THOMAS J. HENRY Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, % National Museum of Natural History, NHB 168, Washington, D.C. 20560. Abstract.— The spider-commensal plant bug genus Ranzovius Reuter (Hemip- tera: Miridae) is revised. The species californicus Van Duzee and mexicanus Van Duzee are resurrected from synonymy, and the new species agelenopsis and con- tubernalis are described from the eastern United States. New distributions are given and records in the literature are clarified. Illustrations of antennal segments and male genitalia and a key are provided to help separate the 7 known species. Possible morphological modifications in the claws of Ranzovius and several other heteropteran taxa associated with spider webs are discussed. The habits of species in the phyline genus Ranzovius Distant are among the most interesting in the plant bug family Miridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Car- valho (1954) first reported on the relationship between R. fennahi Carvalho and the semi-social spider Theridion eximius Keyserling [Anelosimus eximius (Key- serling)]. Adults and nymphs of fennahi were observed to live in the webs and feed on A. eximius eggs. Davis and Russell (1969) recorded similar observations of commensalism between a species identified as R. moerens (Reuter) and the funnel-web spider Hololena curta (McCook). They noted two differences from Carvalho’s report: H. curta is a solitary spider, not semi-social; and R. moerens iS a scavenger in the spider webs, not an egg predator. My interest in this genus developed because material in the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) from California differed from specimens recently collected in the eastern United States. Because of this discrepancy and because a name is needed for a paper on the biology and habits of a new eastern species (Wheeler and McCaffrey, 1984—this issue), I attempt to clarify the names and recognize the species now included in the genus Ranzovius. I review the species of Ranzovius, describe 2 new species from the eastern United States, clarify previous synonymies, figure antennal segments and male genitalia, and provide a key to help distinguish species. I thank the following curators for lending specimens: M. Boulard and J. Carayon, Natural History Museum, Paris (NHMP): W. R. Dolling, British Museum (Natural History), London (BM); P. H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (CAS); J. C. Schaffner, Texas A&M University, College Station (TAM); R. T. Schuh, American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH); J. A. Slater, University of Connecticut, Storrs (UCN); and A. G. Wheeler, Jr., Penn- sylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg (PDA). 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON TAXONOMIC HISTORY Distant (1893) erected the genus Ranzovius to accommodate his new species crinitus described from Guerrero and Veracruz, Mexico; Carvalho and Dolling (1976) selected a female from Omiulteme, Guerrero as the lectotype. Reuter (1905) described Nyctella moerens from Venezuela and (1908) Nyctella lunifera from Puebla, Mexico. Carvalho (1954) synonymized Nyctel/a Reuter, transferred both of Reuter’s species to Ranzovius and placed /unifera in synonymy under crinitus. Van Duzee (1917) described Excentricus californicus from Placer Co., California and (1923) Excentricus mexicanus from Francisquita Bay, Lower California. Blatchley (1926) reported mexicanus (in Excentricus) from Florida, providing the only eastern U. S. record for the genus. Carvalho (1954) described Ranzovius fennahi from Trinidad, and later (1955a) transferred both of Van Duzee’s species to Ranzovius, synonymizing them under moerens. Knight (1968) reported mo- erens from Arizona and Texas. Ranzovius Distant Ranzovius Distant, 1893: 422. Type-species: Ranzovius crinitus Distant, 1893: 422 (Monobasic). Nyctella Reuter, 1905: 35. Type-species: Nyctella moerens Reuter, 1905: 35 (Monobasic) (Synonymized by Carvalho, 1954: 95). Diagnosis. —Small, length 1.8—2.7 mm, dark colored, clothed with simple setae, intermixed on dorsum and pleural areas of thorax with recumbent, silvery, silky setae; head broader than long, produced in front of eyes; eyes finely pubescent, touching anterior margin of pronotum; rostrum reaching metacoxae or beyond; antennae stout, segment I shortest and thickened, II longest and swollen in both sexes, subequal to or greater than thickness of segment I, slightly greater than, to shorter than, width of head; pronotum trapeziform, scutellum equilateral; hem- elytra entire, membrane with 2 closed cells; claws phyline, without fleshy par- empodia. Remarks.—The genus Ranzovius can be keyed in Blatchley (1926) [as Excen- tricus Van Duzee not Reuter] or Slater and Baranowski (1978) based on the claws, the silky pubescence, the length of thickened 2nd antennal segments, and by the head that is produced in front of the eyes. Because the silky pubescence was not a known character for the genus, Carvalho’s (1955b) key will not work in the final couplet containing Ranzovius. It has been suggested that the claws of certain spider web-inhabiting insects, including members of the genus Ranzovius, are specialized for walking on spider webs. Davis and Russell (1969) described that the claws of R. californicus [as R. moerens—see discussion of R. californicus] can be held down, parallel to the tarsus, for walking on top of spider webs or almost perpendicular for hanging under the webs. They also noted a ridge [unguitractor plate] at the base of the claws, sug- gesting a further adaptation for movement in webs. Contrary to Davis and Russell’s (1969) suggestion that the claws of R. califor- nicus are modified for walking in webs, I find that there is little observable mor- phological difference in Ranzovius contubernalis claws (Fig. 16) compared to the claws of other genera or even subfamilies of the Miridae. Scanning electron mi- croscopy shows that while the claws of Ranzovius (Fig. 16) are much less curved than in some taxa, they are quite similar to the claw micrographs provided by VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 55 Figs. 1-4. 1, Ranzovius agelenopsis (paratype 2). 2, R. californicus (holotype 2). 3, R. contubernalis (holotype 3). 4, R. crinitus (paralectotype 3). 56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Schuh (1976) of certain plant-inhabiting phylines like Campylomma sp. (Fig. 23), Austropsallus drakensbergensis Schuh (Fig. 24), and 7ytthus alboornatus (Knight) (Fig. 25), or even the orthotyline Ellenia obscuricornis (Poppius) (Fig. 31). Like- wise, the unguitractor plate is not unlike the plates shown by Schuh in these same figures. In contrast, an examination of two nabid genera shows that the claws of some heteroptera are morphologically adapted for a spider web existence. Myers (1925) observed that the claws of nabid species in the genus Arachnocoris can be appressed to form efficient hooks that enable them to walk suspended upside down in theridiid spider webs. An SEM comparison of the plant-inhabiting Lasiomerus annulatus (Reuter) to the spider web-inhabiting Arachnocoris alboannulatus Lima illustrates some differences. The claws of L. annulatus are long and curved and have three rows of ridges on the unguitractor plate (Fig. 19), whereas in A. al- boannulatus the claws are straight and very short (Fig. 17) and the middle row on the unguitractor plate is without definite ridges (Fig. 18). The form of the latter claws would imply that Myers’ (1925) observation 1s correct. The smooth middle ridge (Fig. 18) of the unguitractor plate might be a further modification used by this bug when walking on top of webs, assuming that it straddles each strand of the web with the inner and outer part of the claw (as Ranzovius contubernalis frequently does (personal observation)). It would seem that this “‘unquitractor chute”’ could serve as a slide for the web strand as it is channeled between the claw. Further observations have been noted in the Reduviidae. Wygodzinsky (1966) described the claws of certain spider web-inhabiting emesines as similar to those of many spiders having ridges or serrate bases on their claws. He notes that the resemblence of certain emesine claws (e.g., Fig. 4E) to many spiders “*. . . suggests the hypothesis that the structure of the claws is functionally related to the conquest by the bugs of a unique niche, the spider web.”” My examination of Anelosimus studiosus, which has comblike claws, confirms the strong similarity of the claws of at least one theridiid spider to some emesine claws as described and figured by Wygodzinsky. From this brief study, it becomes obvious that there is a great deal to be learned about arachnophilous insects. A detailed survey of the diversity of insects that inhabit spider webs is needed to understand the functional morphology of the claws and behavioral adaptions of these interesting arthropods. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF RANZOVIUS 1. Length of antennal segment II equal to or greater than width of head .. 2 — Length of antennal segment II shorter than width of head, not greater than WiGthwvoh vertexwanG a sinsle eye combined. 7)... 7 5...0. 5. ae 3 2. Antennal segment II strongly swollen (Fig. 5), greatest diameter 2 or more the width of the vertex; aedeagus (Fig. 11) with 2 sclerotized spiculi ... 5 REO AN US a hc eee RR ak hat eer ee a californicus (Van Duzee) — Antennal segment II more slender (Fig. 8), greatest diameter about 3 the width of the vertex; aedeagus (Fig. 14) without any apparent spiculi ... PRR Pe EER EF BPR Lets at 15 ty once a ene Ai agelenopsis Henry, new species 3. Apex of embolium and base of cuneus with a wide, white, lunate mark, Often reaching from outer mareim tOumembranc 9.074. es eee 4 VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 57 Figs. 5-10. a, Male antenna; b, female antenna. 5, Ranzovius californicus. 6, R. mexicanus. 7, R. contubernalis. 8, R. agelenopsis. 9, R. fennahi. 10, B. crinitus. — Apex of embolium black or, at most, narrowly whitish, base of cuneus LOCC HAVES SEAS ADL Ds ae oe Phe, SENSO gE a gt) mutt a at tp eee Batt Tuctict aon) ieee: Mer 5 4. Larger species, length 2.28-2.32 mm in males, length 2.60—2.68 mm in females; length of antennal segment III greater than width of vertex; spiculi of aedeagus (Fig. 13) relatively thickened, secondary spiculum blunt api- Call aPa APL Tite Bayh eee ats ye Oe CG le SL crinitus Distant — Smaller species, length 1.86—2.10 mm in males, length 2.08-2.28 mm in females; length of antennal segment III equal to or less than width of 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 11-15. Male genitalia: a, phallotheca; b, aedeagus; c, left paramere; d, right paramere. 11, Ranzovius californicus. 12, R. contubernalis. 13, R. crinitus. 14, R. agelenopsis. 15, R. fennahi. vertex; spiculi of aedeagus (Fig. 12) relatively slender, secondary spiculum aGUte apIGAIly: Ao). Seen. ays eet Pe oo eae: contubernalis Henry, new species 5. Antennal segment II swollen (Fig. 6), length less than length of head; length of antennal segment III less than width of vertex ............. ti. cong age LOR saat edit le ween ys. ATE eal ON SO mexicanus (Van Duzee) — Antennal segment II relatively slender (Fig. 9), length distinctly longer than length of head; length of antennal segment III greater than width of VERICKE 5 fire Cth aie eee £5 fennahi Carvalho and moerens (Reuter) Ranzovius agelenopsis Henry, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1, 8, 14 Description. — Holotype 6: Length 2.40 mm (paratype ¢ 2.32 mm), width 1.00 mm (0.88 mm). Head: Length 0.40 mm (0.44 mm), width 0.54 mm (0.52 mm), VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1! 59 vertex 0.24 mm (0.22 mm). Rostrum: Length 1.10 mm (1.10 mm), reaching apices of metacoxae. Antenna: Segment I, length 0.22 mm (0.24 mm), apical diameter 0.08 mm (0.08 mm); II, length 0.56 mm (0.56 mm), greatest diameter 0.08 mm (0.08 mm); III, length 0.42 mm (0.42 mm); IV, length 0.26 mm (0.28 mm). Pronotum: Length 0.40 mm (0.42 mm), basal width 0.76 mm (0.76 mm). Gen- italia: Aedeagus (Fig. 14b), left paramere (Fig. 14c), right paramere (Fig. 14d). Shiny black, apex of corium or embolium and base and apex of cuneus whitish, membrane fumate with a small clear area at middle, veins pale or whitish; antenna black, segments III and IV brownish, base of III whitish; venter shiny black, ventral margin of propleura and ostiolar evaporatum slightly paler; femora black with apices whitish, sometimes tinged with red; tibiae yellowish brown, bases brown or reddish, tibial spines black, metatibial spines with indistinct dark spots at bases. Females.— Length 2.40-2.56 mm (¥ = 2.46 mm, n = 3), width 1.04—1.12 mm. Head: Length 0.40-0.42 mm, width 0.50-0.52 mm, vertex 0.28-0.30 mm. Ros- trum: Length 1.10-—1.12 mm. Antenna: Segment I, length 0.22 mm, apical width 0.08 mm; II, length 0.52—0.54 mm, greatest diameter 0.10 mm, III, length 0.40- 0.44 mm; IV, length 0.24-0.26 mm. Pronotum: Length 0.42-0.44 mm, basal width 0.78—0.80 mm. Similar to male in color and pubescence. Type specimens. — Holotype 6: Knox Co., Tennessee, Knoxville, University of Tenn. Campus, 10 Aug. 1981, L. N. Sorkin and D. Faber, taken in web of Age- lenopsis pennsylvanica (C. L. Koch), on tree trunk covered with two species of ivy (AMNH). Paratypes: 2 4, 6 2 (2 Sth-instar nymphs), same data as for holotype (AMNH; | 4 and | ? in USNM); 8 4, 1 2, Tennessee, Knox Co., Univ. Tenn. Agric. Campus, 15-17 Jul. 1982, A. G. Wheeler, Jr., taken in webs of Agelenopsis pennsylvanicus on tree trunk covered with ivy and on boxwood (PDA, USNM). Remarks. — Ranzovius agelenopsis is most similar to californicus in having the 2nd antennal segment thickened, especially in the female, and the relatively long 2nd antennal segments that are equal to or greater than the width of the head, but can be separated as given in the key by the lack of apparent spiculi on the aedeagus and by the more slender 2nd antennal segment that has a diameter about ’; the width of the vertex. The type specimens of age/enopsis were taken in the webs of the agelenid Agelenopsis pennsylvanicus (C. L. Koch). According to Kaston (1981), this is one of our most common spiders that ranges from New England to Tennessee, and west to Oregon and Washington. It is interesting that contubernalis n. sp. was taken on the same boxwood bush in Tennessee as was age/enopsis n. sp., only apparently in the web of Ane/osimus studiosus (A. G. Wheeler, Jr., personal communication). In one case, the webs of the two spiders actually were touching and it was assumed that contubernalis was specific to Anelosimus studiosus webs and agelenopsis was specific to Agelenopsis pennsylvanicus webs. Since this collection, however, Dr. Wheeler has found con- tubernalis in the webs of Agelenopsis pennsylvanicus in North Carolina and Vir- ginia (see discussion under contubernalis). The specific name agelenopsis is taken from the generic name of its spider associate, A. pennsylvanicus. 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Ranzovius californicus (Van Duzee), REVISED STATUS Figs 2a Excentricus californicus Van Duzee, 1917: 284. Ranzovius californicus: Carvalho, 1955a: 224 (as synonym of moerens); Carvalho, 1958: 136 (as synonym of moerens). Ranzovius moerens: Knight, 1968: 35 (in part); Davis and Russell, 1969: 262. Description. — Holotype °: Length 2.52 mm (range, including holotype 2.44— 2.52 mm, n = 4), width 1.16 mm (1.04-1.20 mm). Head: Length 0.46 mm (0.46- 0.52 mm), width 0.50 mm (0.50—0.52 mm), vertex 0.30 mm (0.30 mm). Rostrum: Length ca. 0.98 mm (partially bent and imbedded in glue) (ca. 0.98-1.12 mm). Antenna: Segment I, length 0.28 mm (0.28 mm), apical width 0.12 mm (0.12 mm); II, length 0.50 mm (0.50-0.54 mm), greatest diameter 0.16 mm (0.16-0.18 mm); III, length ca. 0.34 mm (curled) (ca. 0.34-0.40 mm); IV, length 0.20 mm (0.20-0.30 mm). Pronotum: Length 0.44 mm (0.44-0.46 mm), basal width 0.84 mm (0.84—0.88 mm). General coloration dark brown or fuscous (almost black); head strongly pro- duced with anterior '2 in front of eyes; rostrum reaching just beyond metacoxae; antennal segments I-II black and strongly thickened, III-IV whitish to yellowish brown, slender; hemelytra blackish except for narrow pale or whitish areas at apex of cuneus and along cuneal fracture; membrane smoky black, middle and area near apex of cuneus clear; femora fuscous, apices white; tibiae pallid or yellowish white, bases and occasional large spots at bases of tibial spines dark brown or black. Male (n = 4).—Length 2.32-2.60 mm, width 1.00-1.04 mm. Head: Length 0.42-0.48 mm, width 0.46-0.50 mm, vertex 0.24-0.30 mm. Rostrum: Length 1.04-1.12 mm, reaching 3rd or 4th abdominal segment. Antenna: Segment I, length 0.24-0.26 mm, apical width 0.12 mm: II, length 0.52-0.54 mm, greatest diameter 0.12-0.14 mm; III, length 0.40-0.42 mm; IV, length 0.30-0.32 mm. Genitalia: Aedeagus (Fig. 1 1b), left paramere (Fig. 1 1c), right paramere (Fig. 11d). Male very similar to female in color and pubescence. Specimens examined.— Holotype ?: Placer Co., California, 20 August 1916, 4500 ft., W. M. Giffard (CAS): 1 9, Lake Co., Cal., Lucerne; 10: Aug: 19575 EigB: Leech (CAS); 3 2, Los Angeles Co., San Marino, C. Goodpasture (USNM); 1 6 and 1 2°, San Marino, 3-5 Aug. 1982, M. P. Russell (USNM); 1 ¢, Marin Co., Cal., Mill Valley, 3 Aug. 1957, H. B. Leech (CAS); 1 6, Sonoma Co., Santa Rosa, Cal., 1 July 1968, ex. corn, D. A. Moore (USNM); | 4, Sisson, Cal., 24 July 1918, E. P. Van Duzee. (CAS), Remarks. —Carvalho (1955a) synonymized this species and Excentricus mex- icanus under moerens, stating that californicus and mexicanus were only the male and female of moerens, respectively. This statement, however, is in error because both of Van Duzee’s species descriptions are based on unique female types. I have examined the holotype of ca/ifornicus and find it distinct from other known species of the genus. Judging from the distribution, I suspected that Davis and Russell’s (1969) study was based on californicus, not moerens. Although the original material from their study has been lost, Dr. Russell kindly returned to and collected 2 specimens from the same locality. These specimens are californicus. Hololena curta, the spider VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 61 \ } \ | Figs. 16-19. Pretarsi of Heteroptera. 16, Ranzovius contubernalis (1720). 17, Arachnocoris al- boannulatus (740 x). 18, Arachnocoris alboannulatus (1650 x). 19, Lasiomerus annulatus (414 x). associate for this species, also is known only from California (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1942). Ranzovius californicus can be recognized by the proportionately long 2nd an- tennal segment that is subequal to the width of the head, and by the strongly thickened 2nd antennal segment (Fig. 5) that is at least '2 as wide as the width of the vertex. Ranzoyvius contubernalis Henry, NEW SPECIES Figs;.3347), 27 Excentricus mexicanus: Blatchley, 1926: 962 (in part). Ranzovius moerens: Knight, 1968: 35 (in part); Carvalho, 1958: 136 (in part). Description. — Holotype 6: Length 2.04 mm (range of 10 paratypes 1.86—2.10 mm, <= 1.98 mm), width 0.90 mm (0.82-0.90 mm). Head: Length 0.36 mm (0.34-0.40 mm), width 0.50 mm (0.48-0.50 mm), vertex 0.28 mm (0.26-0.28 mm). Rostrum: Length 1.00 mm (0.92—1.00 mm), reaching 7th or 8th abdominal segment. Antenna: Segment I, length 0.18 mm (0.18—0.20 mm), apical width 0.06 mm (0.06 mm, or less); II, length 0.40 mm (0.38—0.40 mm): greatest diameter 0.06 mm (0.06 mm, or less); III, length 0.26 mm (0.26 mm); IV, length 0.18 mm 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON (0.18-0.20 mm). Pronotum: Length 0.38 mm (0.34-0.38 mm); basal width 0.76 mm (0.68-0.76 mm). Genitalia: Aedeagus (Fig. 12b); left paramere (Fig. 12c); right paramere (Fig. 12d). Generally brownish black to black, clothed with semierect, brown, simple setae, intermixed with patches of silvery scalelike setae on dorsum and thoracic pleura; head, pronotum, and venter shiny black; hemelytra dark, shiny, brownish black, apex of embolium and apex of cuneus whitish, base of cuneus from outer margin to membrane clear to translucent; membrane smoky black with a clear spot at center; veins reddish; antennal segments I and II black, segment III pale tinged with brown, segment IV brownish; femora black with apices yellow; tibiae brown- ish yellow with bases somewhat darker, basal 2 of metatibia with large black spots at bases of spines. Females.— Length 2.08-—2.28 mm (X = 2.19 mm), width 0.96-1.00 mm. Head: Length 0.38-0.40 mm, width 0.50-0.52 mm, vertex 0.28-0.30 mm. Rostrum: Length 0.98-1.04 mm. Antenna: Segment I, length 0.20 mm, apical width 0.06 mm, or less: II, length 0.30-0.40 mm, greatest diameter 0.60 mm, or less; III, length 0.28 mm; IV, length 0.20 mm. Pronotum: Length 0.36-0.40 mm, basal width 0.78-0.80 mm. Very similar to males in color and pubescence, differing only in their slightly greater length and broader form. Type specimens.— Holotype 6: Washington, D.C., National Arboretum, 14-15 June 1981, T. J. Henry and A. G. Wheeler, Jr., taken in web of Anelosimus studiosus (Hentz) on azalea bushes (USNM type no. 73730). Paratypes: 20 6, 12 ?, same data as for holotype (AMNH, BM, TAM, PDA, USNM); 3 4, 2 9, same locality as for holotype, 1 Aug. 1981, T. J. Henry (USNM); 28 6, 33 92, same locality as for holotype, 17 Aug. 1982, R: C. Froeschner, 71. J. Henry eiat Polhemus, in webs of 4. studiosus on ornamental azalea, Hedera helix L. ‘arbo- rescens, and Quercus prinus L. (AMNH, NHMP, TAM, USNM; J. T. Polhemus colln., Englewood, CO); 1 2, Westport, Connecticut, 15 July 1976, M. McClure, taken on hemlock (UCN); 1 9, Dade Co., Florida, Rt. 41, “Shark Valley,” 10 April 1981. T. J. Henry and A. G. Wheeler, Jr. (USNM); | 2, Patuxent R[iver], Maryland, 27 June 1926, H. H. Knight (USNM); 3 4, 2 2°, Mecklenburg Co., North Carolina, nr. Matthews, 4-5 Nov. 1979, A. G. Wheeler, Jr., taken on Juniperus virginiana L. (PDA); 2 6, 1 °, Steeles Tavern, Virginia, 15 Sept. 1979, J. P. McCaffrey, associated with Anelosimus studiosus (Hentz) (PDA, USNM); 3 4, 5 9, Virginia, Fairfax Co., Alexandria, 22 Aug. 1982, T. J. Henry and K. Weisberg, in webs of A. studiosus on Hedera helix L., Berberis sp., Rosa sp., and ornamental azalea (USNM). I also have examined material of this species from the following localities: 1 specimen, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, 26 June 1920, A. A. Nichol (USNM); 10, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 20 June and 10 Aug. 1935, T. McGregor (PDA, TAM); 1, Starkville, Mississippi, 13 June 1929, H. G. Johnston (TAM); 3, Brazos Co.., Texas, 8 Oct. 1965, (AMNH, PDA, TAM); 10, Montgomery Co., Texas, Monroe, 16 July 1964, on Pinus sp. (AMNH, PDA, TAM); 1, Nacogdoches Co., Texas, 5 mi. s. of Martinsville, Oct. 1970, H. Burke and J. C. Schaffner (TAM). Remarks.— Ranzovius contubernalis is closely related to crinitus but can be separated by the smaller size and the proportionately shorter 3rd antennal segment. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 63 Also the spiculi of the aedeagus (Fig. 12b) are more slender than in crinitus (Fig. 13b). I have examined male genitalia of specimens from Arizona, North Carolina, Texas, and Washington, D.C. and find that the form of the aedeagus is consistent throughout the entire range. The spider most often associated with contubernalis, A. studiosus (Hentz), ranges from New England south into Argentina (Levi, 1963). Since the discovery of this mirid it has been taken (Wheeler, PDA) in the webs of Age/enopsis pennsylvanicus in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. These finds disturb my original con- clusion that species of Ranzovius are specific to the webs of certain species of spiders. Further research is needed on the biology of these bugs to study their degree in spider specificity. The Latin name contubernalis, meaning tent companion, is provided for J. McCaffrey and A. G. Wheeler, Jr., who are publishing on the life history and habits of this species (this issue). Ranzovius crinitus Distant Figs. 4:10.93 Ranzovius crinitus Distant, 1893: 423; Carvalho 1954: 96. Nyctella lunifera Reuter, 1908: 175 (Synonymized by Carvalho, 1954: 96). Description. — Lectotype 2: Length ca. 2.60 mm, apex of membrane folded (for paralectotype 2.68 mm), width 1.04 mm (1.08 mm). Head: Length 0.40 mm (0.38), width 0.54 mm (0.54 mm), vertex 0.32 mm, distorted (0.36 mm). Rostrum: Length 1.10 mm (venter obscured in glue). Antenna: Segment I, length 0.22 mm (0.22 mm), apical width 0.06 mm (0.06 mm); II, length 0.46 mm (0.46 mm), greatest diameter 0.06 mm (0.06 mm); III, length 0.36 mm (0.40 mm); IV, length 0.26 mm (0.26 mm). Pronotum: Length 0.42 mm (0.44 mm), basal width 0.90 mm. General coloration dark brown to fuscous, except for pale or whitish apex of cuneus, and a distinct band encircling base of cuneus from embolium to mem- brane; membrane smoky black or fumate with an apparent pale area near apex of cuneus (membrane curled and distorted); antennal segments I and II dark, III pale or whitish; IV, brown with base and apex pallid; venter dark brown or black; femora dark brown or black with apices whitish; tibiae whitish or yellowish brown with fuscous spots at bases of tibial spines. Males (2 paralectotypes).— Length 2.32 mm (2nd specimen with wing mem- brane distorted, length ca. 2.28 mm), width 1.04—1.08 mm. Head: Length 0.38 mm, width 0.46-0.50 mm, vertex 0.30-0.32 mm. Rostrum: Embedded in glue. Antenna: Segment I, length 0.22 mm, apical width 0.06 mm; III, length 0.42- 0.44 mm, greatest diameter 0.06 mm; III, length 0.36 mm; IV, length 0.26 mm. Pronotum: Length 0.40-0.44 mm, basal width 0.76-0.80 mm. Genitalia: Aedea- gus (Fig. 13b). Specimens examined.— Mexico: Lectotype 2, 1 paralectotype 6, Omilteme, Guerrero, 8000 ft., H. H. Smith (BM); | paralectotype ¢ and 2, Orizaba, Veracruz, H. H. Smith (BM). Remarks. — Ranzovius crinitus is most similar to contubernalis in the pale mark- ings at the apex of the corium and base of the cuneus, but crinitus is consistently 64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON larger in Overall body length and has the 3rd antennal segment (Fig. 10) longer in proportion to segment II (0.08 or more the length of II) than does contubernalis (0.71 or less the length of II). As discussed under contubernalis and in the key, the male genitalia also differ. Ranzovius crinitus has not been associated with any spiders. Ranzovius fennahi Carvalho Figs. 9.15 Ranzovius fennahi Carvalho, 1954: 93; Carvalho, 1958: 136. Description. —é (n = 4): Length 2.32-—2.64 mm, width 1.00-1.12 mm. Head: Length 0.40-0.44 mm, width 0.54 mm, vertex 0.32-0.34 mm. Rostrum: Length 1.18-—1.20 mm, reaching near base of genital segment. Antenna: Segment I, length 0.24-0.26 mm, apical width 0.06-0.08 mm; II, length 0.44-0.48 mm, greatest diameter 0.06-0.08 mm; III, length 0.38-0.40 mm; IV, length 0.28-0.30 mm. Pronotum: Length 0.44-0.46 mm, basal width 0.76-0.80 mm. Genitalia: Aedea- gus (Fig. 15b), left paramere (Fig. 15c), right paramere (Fig. 15d). General coloration dark brown or black; antenna black, segment III and IV brown with bases and apices whitish; hemelytra uniformly blackish, except for an occasional indistinct, very narrow, pale line at apex of embolium along cuneal francture; venter dark, ventral margin of propleura and anterior lobe of ostiolar evaporatum pale or whitish; femora black with apices pale; tibiae pale or whitish with indistinct dark spots at bases of metatibial spines. Female (n = 2).—Length 2.64-2.68 mm, width 1.12-1.32 mm. Head: Length 0.44-0.48 mm, width 0.52-0.54 mm, vertex 0.32-0.40 mm. Rostrum: Length 1.32-1.38 mm, reaching 6th abdominal segment. Antenna: Segment I, 0.26—0.30 mm, apical width 0.10 mm; II, length 0.46-0.48 mm, greatest diameter 0.06— 0.08 mm; III, length 0.40-0.44 mm; IV, length 0.28-0.30 mm. Pronotum: Length 0.50-0.52 mm, basal width 0.92-0.98 mm. Female very similar to male in color and pubescence. Specimens examined.—1 paratype 2, Santa Cruz, Trinidad, 19 Mar. 1949, R. G. Fennah coll. (USNM); 1 6, Panama, Cerro Jefe, 11 Oct. 1974, D. Quintero, ex.: spider web of Anelosimus eximius (USNM); 10 4, 5 2, and nymphs, Touenke Island, French Guiana, 20 Nov. 1975, M. Boulard, taken in webs of Anelosimus eximius (MNHP; 3 in USNM); 4 6 and nymphs, Suriname, Saramacca Prov., along Coppename River, Voltzberg-Raleighvallin Reserve, Feb. 1982, Deborah R. Smith (USNM). Remarks.—Boulard (1979) observed a phyline mirid from South America in webs of social spiders **.. . in the manner of the African Plokiophilidae.”’ I have examined his specimens and find them to be the species fennahi. Razovius fennahi, described from Trinidad and Brazil, and now known from French Guiana and Panama, probably will be found wherever its spider-associate A. eximius occurs. According to Levi (1963), this theridiid ranges from Panama into southern Brazil. Ranzovius fennahi can be recognized by the totally dark dorsum without white markings at the apex of the corium and cuneus, and by the long 2nd antennal segment that is subequal to or longer than the width of the head. A few of the Boulard specimens (in alcohol) have narrow, indistinct, white markings at the apex of the cuneus and embolium. This is the only species having a hooked spiculum on the aedeagus. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 65 I have not been able to separate fennahi from moerens. Reuter’s (1905) de- scription closely fits that of fennahi. Judging from the description and distribution, I am reasonably certain that these two species will prove to be the same. Because I have not been able to locate Reuter’s holotype and the original description lacks specific measurements and other details, I feel that it is best at this time to maintain the name until the type of moerens or additional specimens from the region are examined. Ranzovius mexicanus (Van Duzee), REVISED STATUS Fig. 4, 6 Excentricus mexicanus Van Duzee, 1923: 163; Blatchley, 1926: 962 (in part). Ranzovius moerens Carvalho, 1954: 95 (in part); Knight, 1968: 35 (in part). Ranzovius mexicanus: Carvalho, 1955a: 224 (as synonym of moerens). Description. — Holotype 2: Length 2.28 mm, width ca. 1.04 mm (1 hemelytron missing). Head: Length 0.42 mm, width 0.54 mm, vertex 0.32 mm. Rostrum: Missing. Antenna: Segment I, length 0.22 mm, apical width 0.08 mm; II, length 0.38 mm, greatest diameter 0.08 mm; III and IV missing. Pronotum: Length 0.38 mm, basal width ca. 0.80 mm, posterior angles broken and missing. General coloration dark brown to almost black; hemelytra dark, except for apex of cuneus, arrow pale area at apex of embolium along cuneal fracture, and a small area at inner angle of corium near apex of clavus; venter fuscous or black; mem- brane smoky black, paler around middle, veins pale becoming reddish posteriorly; femora fuscous with apices pale or whitish; tibiae pale yellowish brown or whitish with base and 4 or 5 fuscous spots at bases of tibial spines. Specimens examined.— Holotype 2: San Francisquito Bay, Gulf of California, Mexico, 10 May 1921, E. P. Van Duzee (CAS); 2 2, intercepted at Brownsville, Texas, from Mexico, 23 Mar. 1937, on gardenias (USNM). Remarks.—Carvalho (1955a) synonymized mexicanus and californicus under moerens Reuter. Now that more specimens of the genus have become available for study, I can place more weight on the antennal characters. Comparison of both sexes of several species shows that the thickness of the 2nd antennal segment is consistent within the genus. For this reason, I recognize mexicanus because of the short and rather stout 2nd antennal segment. The thickened 2nd segment (Fig. 6) and the narrow white mark at the apex of the embolium (Fig. 4) will separate mexicanus from other species of Ranzovius. Carvalho (1954) based his concept of moerens, at least in part, on 2 females from Mexico [intercepted at Brownsville, Tx.] in the USNM collection. These specimens, although in poor condition, have been restudied and are considered to represent the species mexicanus. As Carvalho noted, the 2nd antennal segment is stouter than in crinitus and fennahi and there are only narrow pale markings at the apex of the corium and cuneus. Blatchley’s (1926) record of mexicanus from Florida should be referred to the species contubernalis. Ranzovius mexicanus has not been associated with any spider. Ranzovius moerens (Reuter) Nyctella moerens Reuter, 1905: 36. Ranzovius moerens: Carvalho, 1954: 95 (in part); Carvalho, 1958: 136 (in part); Knight, 1968: 35 (in part). 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON I have been unable to locate Reuter’s holotype of moerens, collected at Caracas, Venezuela. The following is a translation from Latin of Reuter’s description. Dull black, smooth dorsally; antennae black, segments III and IV missing; 2nd segment 2x the length of I and subequal to the width of an eye and vertex combined, subcylindrical, slightly thinner than segment I, constricted at the base; apical margin of corium and narrow apical margin [outer apex] of cuneus pale golden yellow; tibiae golden yellow, spines on metatibiae with black spots at bases, bases of metatibiae somewhat fuscous at bases; tarsi fuscous, paler at. bases; rostrum darkly testaceous, Ist segement black at apex, apex reaching posterior coxae; length of pronotum about ”/,; the basal width, anterior margin '2 as wide as base; membrane black with a glass-green spot at apex of cuneus. Length 213 mm. Remarks.—As indicated in the discussion under fennahi, I cannot separate moerens from fennahi. These species may prove to be synonymous. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to all of the curators who lent specimens of Ranzovius; to M. P. Russell (California State University, Los Angeles) for collecting specimens of californicus specifically for this study; to A. G. Wheeler, Jr. (PDA) for sharing his notes on agelenopsis and contubernalis; to L. H. Kassianoff (USNM) for translating Reuter’s description of moerens; N. T. Platnick (AMNH) for identifying the spider from French Guiana; and to R. C. Froeschner (USNM) for commenting on the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Blatchley, W. S. 1926. Heteroptera or true bugs of eastern North America. Nature Publ. Co., In- dianapolis. 1116 pp. Boulard, M. 1979. Missions entomologiques en Guyane et au Brésil. Introduction, notes de chasses et principaux résultats. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 84: 101-117. Carvalho, J.C. M. 1954. Neotropical Miridae, LX VII: Genus Ranzovius Distant, predaceous on eggs of Theridion (Araneidae) in Trinidad (Hemiptera). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12)7: 92-96. —. 1955a. Analecta miridologica: Miscellaneous observations in some American museums and bibliography (Hemiptera). Rev. Chil. Entomol. 4:221-227. —. 1955b. Keys to the genera of Miridae of the World (Hemiptera). Bol. Mus. Goeldi. 11: 1- Sit. —. 1958. Catalogue of the Miridae of the world. Part II. Subfamily Phylinae. Arq. Mus. Nac. 45: 1-216. Carvalho, J. C. M. and W. R. Dolling. 1976. Neotropical Miridae, CCV: Type designations of the species described in the “Biologia Centrali Americana” (Hemiptera). Rev. Bras. Biol. 36: 789- 810. Chamberlin, R. V. and W. Ivie. 1942. Agelenidae of the genera Hololena, Novalena, Rualena, and Melpomene. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 35: 203-241. Davis, R. M. and M. P. Russell. 1969. Commensalism between Ranzovius moerens (Reuter) (He- miptera: Miridae) and Hololena curta (McCook) (Araneida: Agelenidae). Psyche. 76: 262-269. Distant, W. L. 1880-1893. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heter- optera. I. 462 pp. Kaston, B. J. 1981. Spiders of Connecticut. Conn. St. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 70. Rev. Ed., 1020 pp. Knight, H. H. 1968. Taxonomic Review: Miridae of the Nevada Test Site and the western United States. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. 9(3): 1-282. Levi, H. W. 1963. The American spiders of the genus Anelosimus (Araneae, Theridiidae). Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 82: 30-48. VOLUME 86, NUMBER | 67 Myers, J. G. 1925. Biological notes on Arachnocoris albomaculatus Scott (Hemiptera: Nabidae). J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 33: 136-145. Reuter, O. M. 1905. Capsidae in Venezuela a D:o D:re Fr. Meinert collectae enumeratae novaeque species descriptae. Ofv. F. Vet. Soc. Férh. 47(19): 1-39. —. 1908. Capsidae mexicanae a Do. Bilimek collectae in museo i. r. Vindolbonensi asservatae en enumeratae. Ann. Nat. Hofmus. Wien. 22: 150-179. Schuh, R. T. 1976. Pretarsal structure in the Miridae (Hemiptera) with a cladistic analysis of rela- tionships within the family. Am. Mus. Novit., No. 2601, 39 pp. Slater, J. A. and R. M. Baranowski. 1978. How to know the True Bugs (Hemiptera— Heteroptera). Wm. C. Brown Co. Publ., Dubuque, Iowa. 256 pp. Van Duzee, E. P. 1917. Report upon a collection of Hemiptera made by Walter M. Giffard in 1916 and 1917, chiefly in California. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4)7: 249-318. —. 1923. Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf of California in 1921. The Hemiptera (true bugs, etc.). Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4)12: 123-200. Wheeler, A. G., Jr. and J. P. McCaffrey. 1984. Ranzovius contubernalis: Seasonal history, habits, and description of fifth instar, with speculation on the origin of spider commensalism in the genus Renzovius. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 86: 68-81. Wygodzinsky, P. W. 1966. A monograph of the Emesinae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 133: 1-614. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(1), 1984, pp. 68-81 RANZOVIUS CONTUBERNALIS: SEASONAL HISTORY, HABITS, AND DESCRIPTION OF FIFTH INSTAR, WITH SPECULATION ON THE ORIGIN OF SPIDER COMMENSALISM IN THE GENUS RANZOVIUS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE)! A. G. WHEELER, JR. AND JOSEPH P. MCCAFFREY (AGW) Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17110; (JPM) Department of Plant, Soil, and Ento- mological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843. Abstract. — Plant bugs of the genus Ranzovius are unique among Miridae in their obligate association with web-building spiders. Ranzovius spp. may be commen- sals, kleptoparasites, or predators of spider egg sacs. Two species of Ranzovius are known to occur in the eastern United States. R. contubernalis Henry lives mainly as acommensal in the webs of the subsocial theridiid Ane/osimus studiosus (Hentz) and also, probably secondarily, in webs of the agelenid Agelenopsis penn- sylvanica (C. L. Koch). Seasonal history, behavior, and feeding habits are sum- marized for populations of R. contubernalis studied in North Carolina, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. during 1979-83. The fifth-instar nymph is described and illustrated. In addition, notes on R. age/enopsis Henry, which inhabits the webs of A. pennsylvanica, are given for a population that co-occurs with R. contubernalis at Knoxville, Tennessee. The evolutionary steps that may have led to spider commensalism in Ranzovius are discussed. Plant bugs or mirids, members of the largest family of Hemiptera-Heteroptera, are well known as pests of field and fruit crops and as predators of various soft- bodied arthropods and their eggs (Kullenberg, 1944; Wheeler, 1976). Most mirids live on the foliage, stems, or inflorescences of living herbs, shrubs, and trees but a few, mainly predaceous, species occur in other habitats. For example, isome- topines (Wheeler and Henry, 1978) and Phytocoris spp. (Knight, 1923a) live on tree trunks; Cylapus tenuicornis Say (Heidemann, 1891; Banks, 1893) and Fulvius and Peritropis spp. (Knight, 1923b; Knight and McAtee, 1929) live among fallen logs or on tree stumps; 7rynocoris lawrencei Herring has been taken in shelf fungi (Herring, 1976); and Schaffneria spp. inhabit the ground layer (Knight, 1966). The genus Ranzovius Distant exhibits one of the most remarkable habits recorded for the Miridae—an obligate relationship with web-building spiders. The first species of the genus reported in association with spiders was R. fennahi Carvalho. Based on R. G. Fennah’s observation in the West Indies, Carvalho (1954) recorded it as predaceous on egg sacs of the theridiid Anelosimus eximius ' Contribution no. 83730 from the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 69 (Keyserling). In southern California, Davis and Russell (1969) reported com- mensalism between R. californicus (Van Duzee) [cited as R. moerens (Reuter)— see Henry, 1984] and a solitary funnel-web or agelenid spider, Hololena curta (McCook). The bugs were observed feeding on entrapped insects or on plant material in the webs. Until Henry’s (1984) revision of Ranzovius, all North Amer- ican records of this presumed Neotropical group (Slater, 1974) were referred to moerens, and in the U.S. the genus was thought to occur only in Arizona, Cali- fornia, Florida, and Texas (e.g., Knight, 1968; Slater and Baranowski, 1978). In 1979 the collection of Ranzovius from webs of Anelosimus studiosus (Hentz) in central Virginia (by JPM) prompted additional collecting in the eastern U.S. and observations on life history. In 1981, L. N. Sorkin (American Museum of Natural History, New York) and D. Faber (University of Wisconsin, Madison) collected what proved to be a different species from webs of an agelenid spider at Knoxville, Tennessee. Specimens from theridiid and agelenid webs were sent to T. J. Henry, mirid specialist with the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washington, D.C. His discovery that material from the eastern U.S. was not conspecific with that from California led to a revision of the genus (Henry, 1984). Described as new were R. contubernalis Henry, a species recorded from Connecticut south to Florida and west to Arizona, and R. agel/enopsis Henry from Tennessee. We summarize here our observations on seasonal history and habits of R. contubernalis in the eastern U.S. and describe the fifth-instar nymph. The habits of R. agelenopsis are briefly noted. We also speculate on the ecological and be- havioral conditions that may have led to the evolution of spider commensalism in Ranzovius. METHODS Biological information was obtained from populations of Ranzovius contuber- nalis studied in ornamental plantings during 1979-80 at Steeles Tavern, Virginia (by JPM): 1981-83 at the U.S. National Arboretum, Washington, D.C. (by AGW and T. J. Henry); and 1982-83 at Staunton, Virginia and Charlotte, North Carolina (by AGW). The seasonal history reported for R. contubernalis thus is a composite based on the periodic sampling of populations at Washington from late May through October, Steeles Tavern from early June to mid-September, Staunton from late May to early September, and Charlotte from early April to early No- vember. On each sample date, either the relative proportion of nymphs to adults was estimated in the field and the nymphal populations “‘rough-sorted” into early and late instars, or a sample (usually at least 5 individuals) was collected and the stages recorded after examination under a binocular microscope. Feeding habits and behavior were observed at all study sites and, to a limited extent, in the laboratory (mainly by JPM). The field notes on R. agelenopsis are based on collections at Knoxville, Tennessee, in early August 1981 (by D. Faber and L. N. Sorkin), mid-July 1982 (by AGW), and late July 1983 (by R. E. Kelly and G. L. Miller). HABITAT PREFERENCES Plant associations. — With the exception of a collection from native red-cedar, Juniperus virginiana L., we found Ranzovius contubernalis only in ornamental plantings: shrubs and hedges in the home landscape, in landscaped plantings of 70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 1-2. Webs of the subsocial theridiid Anelosimus studiosus. 1, New web on Chinese holly, Ilex cornuta. 2, Old web on stems of glossy abelia, Abelia x grandiflora, filled with arthropod exo- skeletons, plant material, and other debris. commercial establishments, on college campuses, and in an arboretum. Small, compact shrubs like boxwood (Buxus), certain hollies (J/ex) (Fig. 1), and yews (Taxus) seemed to be favored sites for web construction by Anelosimus studiosus, the most common host spider of R. contubernalis in the eastern United States. The mirid also was abundant in hedges of glossy abelia (Abelia x grandiflora (André) Rehd.) and azalea (Rhododendron spp.) and developed in webs on tree trunks covered by English ivy (Hedera helix L.). In areas where the spider was abundant, webs could be found on nearly all available shrubs and occasionally at heights of 2 m on the lowest branches of trees. The apparent scarcity of R. contubernalis outside landscape plantings may be an artifact of our collecting efforts. In Florida, the theridiid is known to construct its webs in a variety of habitats (Brach, 1977), and the mirid may well occur more frequently in natural areas than is indicated by our sampling. Host spiders.— The theridiid Anelosimus studiosus ranges from Connecticut to Florida, west to eastern Texas, through Mexico and Central America, and south to Argentina (Levi, 1956, 1963). The webs of A. studiosus have been described as “unsightly masses of dead leaves tied together with silk,” having a sheetlike extension somewhat like the silken sheets of agelenid spiders (Comstock, 1913) or superficially resembling the silken nests of webworms (Brach, 1977). In Florida, Brach described web formation by a founding female. Criss-crossed support strands are attached to branch terminals of a shrub, reinforced and branched to form a dense maze or mesh, and then a sheet is constructed on this scaffolding. The resulting web, about 60 x 60 mm, consists of a sheetlike platform having above a “space-filling meshwork of silk” that serves as a “labyrinthine snare”; at the edges of the platform are retreats constructed around dead leaves to which the VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 fal spiders usually retire by day (Brach, 1977). According to Brach, the spiders tend to be more active at night, patrolling the webs and feeding on small Diptera and other entrapped insects. Theridiid webs are “‘selectively sticky,” that is, they contain trapping threads studded with glue droplets (see Foelix, 1982). Plant material, excreta, and other debris often accumulate in the webs (Fig. 2) and, in Florida, Brach (1977) recorded other spiders, ants, cockroaches, and pyralid larvae as web inhabitants. Anelosimus studiosus displays several elements of subsocial behavior: the per- sistence of colonies of up to 50 young in the web, regurgitation feeding of spi- derlings by the mother, and cooperative prey capture, feeding, and web mainte- nance. However, tolerance among colony members is not permanent; when the founding female dies, the first-maturing sibling female becomes aggressive toward other adult females. In contrast, indiscriminant brood care is found in the Neo- tropical A. eximius, allowing the formation of large, placid colonies of as many as 1000 individuals (Brach, 1975, 1977; Foelix, 1982). Brach (1977) suggests that the development of tactile or specific-surface recognition of web mates and tol- erance between females was important in the evolution of large, perennial colonies and quasisociality in 4. eximius and a few other spiders. After the first two seasons of observations, we thought that Ranzovius contu- bernalis might be restricted to webs of Anelosimus studiosus. But the mirid also occurs in webs of Agelenopsis pennsylvanica (C. L. Koch), a common North American agelenid known from Maine south to Mississippi and west to Oregon and Washington (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1941). Mirids also were collected in webs of agelenids too immature to identify with certainty, and it is possible that R. contubernalis 1s associated with other Age/enopsis spp. or other agelenid genera. Webs of Agelenopsis spp. are horizontal, slightly concave, flat sheets having an open tube or funnel extending from one side, in which the spider waits for prey to strike the web. The nonviscid sheet simply impairs the movement of prey on its surface. Agelenids detect vibrations of insects that strike the web, whereupon the spider rushes from its retreat to seize the prey and carry it back to the tube (Turnbull, 1965; Kaston, 1981). In North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia we have encountered webs of both spider species in the same shrub or hedge, often directly above one another, or side by side with the periphery of the webs in contact or nearly so. On Chinese holly (lex cornuta Lindl. & Paxt.) in Charlotte, N.C., agelenid and theridiid webs formed a nearly continuous “superstructure” extending for several meters along the lower half of the hedge, allowing mirids to move from web to web. In its association with agelenids, which we consider secondary, R. contubernalis was most common in late summer and early fall in expanded sheet webs of mature A. pennsylvanica. It appears that first generation Ranzovius develop mainly in webs of Anelosimus rather than in the inconspicuous webs constructed by young Agelenopsis. Even though webs of certain other spiders, e.g., the linyphiid Frontinella pyr- amitela (Walckenaer) and various araneids, were constructed near those of Age- lenopsis and Anelosimus, their webs did not support populations of Ranzovius contubernalis. We cannot agree with Knight’s (1968) comment that “‘spider webs everywhere are much the same ....”’ Not only are there differences in the webs of various spiders, but the species also display behavioral differences. 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 3. Egg of Ranzovius contubernalis inserted in stem of yew, Taxus sp. SEASONAL HISTORY Eggs of Ranzovius contubernalis are deposited in stems of plants harboring host spiders (Fig. 3) and are inserted in branches that support (or are near) the webs. The hatching of overwintering eggs seems to occur soon after Anelosimus studiosus becomes active in spring and begins to expand its webs. At Charlotte the over- wintered eggs had hatched by early April (first and second instars were present VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 73 on 10 April), and by late May populations in webs of Agelenopsis pennsylvanica and Anelosimus studiosus on Chinese holly consisted mainly of fourth and fifth with a few third instars present. Webs often contained 5-10 nymphs and occa- sionally as many as 20. Adults were observed during the first week of June. This duration between the appearance of nymphs in early spring and the first appear- ance of adults agrees with that observed for R. californicus in webs of Hololena curta in southern California: 70 days in the first year of study, 46 days in the second year (Davis and Russell, 1969). By early July nearly all first generation adults had died, and first and second instars of a second generation were present. Late instars and adults of this gen- eration were collected in early August. A third generation was produced during mid-August-September; third to fifth instars and teneral adults were found from early to mid-September. Adults and a fifth instar were taken as late as 5 November. In central Virginia and in the Washington area the overwintering eggs hatched approximately 4—S weeks later than in southern North Carolina, based on the collection of third instars in late May. The adults began to appear in mid- to late June. Second generation adults were present by late July to mid-August. A third generation developed during late August and September. In contrast, Davis and Russell (1969) reported that the population of R. cali- fornicus studied in southern California was univoltine. Nymphs appeared in mid- March, with egg hatch believed to continue until June. Adults, however, were present until late August or mid-September, a period longer than what might be expected for most adult mirids. With a recorded average nymphal period of 26.3 days, based on laboratory rearing at 30°C, multiple generations would seem pos- sible for R. californicus. BEHAVIOR AND FEEDING HABITS By day, nymphs and adults of Ranzovius contubernalis are found in the webs of host spiders or on the underside of leaves at the periphery of the webs. Brief observations suggested that the bugs were less active on webs at night, perhaps because the host spiders were more active then. Davis and Russell (1969) suggested that the observed inactivity of R. californicus at night might be due to the host agelenid’s presence on the web platform. The mirids walk upside down along the bottom of webs (Fig. 4) or upright on the top. Although Davis and Russell (1969) commented that the claws of R. californicus “can be either held straight down, parallel to the tarsus, for walking on the web or turned in, almost perpendicular to the tarsus, for hanging under the web,” the claws of Ranzovius actually are similar to those of other phyline Miridae and may not be highly modified (see Henry, 1984). In contrast, spider commensals of the nabid genus Arachnocoris (Myers, 1925) and certain higher emesine Reduviidae that inhabit spider webs (Wygodzinsky, 1966) do have spe- cialized claws. Ranzovius contubernalis often rest in webs, their motionlessness and posture (antennae outstretched) rendering them easily mistaken for dead adults. When walking in webs, nymphs and adults move slowly with their antennae in constant motion, moving alternately up and down or weaving a rapid figure-eight. The bugs stop frequently to clean their antennae with the tarsi. When disturbed, the bugs run quickly across webs and usually hide among foliage at the webs’ periphery. 74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON "2 sf Fig. 4. Adult Ranzovius contubernalis hanging from bottom of web of Anelosimus studiosus. Even though Ranzovius is fully capable of flight, the bugs do not fly when disturbed. In fact, a web and its supporting stems can be cut from a plant and transported to the laboratory without the adults escaping. The movements of R. contubernalis in webs did not appear to elicit responses from host spiders, possibly because their small size and manner of walking do not produce vibrations similar to those of potential prey that strike the webs. Intruders in the webs of Anelosimus studiosus usually induce convergence by VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 iS colony members, although the presence of another spider (Mimetidae) was not detected under experimental conditions (Brach, 1977). On one occasion we ob- served a nymph of R. contubernalis walking on a web directly beneath a subadult or mature Agelenopsis pennsylvanica without eliciting a response from the spider. Davis and Russell (1969) reported that R. californicus also “did not try to avoid the spiders,” and they observed a nymph walking within a centimeter of a mature spider; however, when caged with immature Hololena curta, first- and second- instar mirids were killed after an average of 4.4 days (11 trials). The food sources most readily available to Ranzovius contubernalis tend to fluctuate throughout the season and may depend on the plant species supporting webs of host spiders. The mirid appears to scavenge mainly on insects ignored by host spiders or that are too small to have triggered a feeding response. For example, in the agelenid Age/enopsis potteri (Blackwall) prey capture does not exceed a certain level, with no individual catching all available prey (Turnbull, 1965), and in Anelosimus eximius the efficiency of prey capture decreases with prey size so that mosquito-sized or small insects often are ignored (Brach, 1975). In North Carolina large numbers of black citrus aphid, 7oxoptera aurantii (Fon- scolombe), which infested new growth of Chinese holly, became entrapped in webs of Anelosimus studiosus and at times furnished an abundant food source for the bugs. On boxwood, the large numbers of boxwood psyllid, Psyl/a buxi (L.), trapped in webs during peak adult activity provided the mirids a ready supply of food. In webs of 4. studiosus and A. pennsylvanica, Ranzovius contubernalis also fed on small Diptera, a winged ant, a moth, the flatid Anormenis septentrionalis (Spinola), the cicadellid Orientus ishidae (Matsumura), the cercopid Prosapia bicincta (Say), and an adult psocid. Several large insects fed on by Ranzovius contubernalis obviously were not fresh. However, even nutrients in these rather dry cadavers may be accessible to the bugs. The saliva of mirids appears to allow nutrients to be extracted from fungus-killed anthomyiid flies, with the bugs often concentrating on the eyes (Wheeler, 1971). The haustellate mouthparts and saliva of plant-feeding Heter- optera facilitate opportunistic feeding on dried bird droppings, dung, and carrion (Adler and Wheeler, 1984). The relationship of Ranzovius contubernalis to its spider hosts appears to rep- resent primarily a benign commensalism, 1.e., the fitness of its hosts is not lowered (see Wise, 1982). Although Davis and Russell (1969) referred to R. californicus as a commensal in webs of Hololena curta (which of course applies in the broad sense), some of its behavior might be termed kleptoparasitic, i.e., involving a stealing of prey items. This species sometimes fed on insects that the host agelenid had tied to its web. When small Diptera were thrown on a web, a nymph attacked one of the struggling flies, but the spider soon emerged from its retreat to claim the fly. In one web we also observed Ranzovius contubernalis on a staminate oak catkin, the nymph apparently feeding on pollen. Davis and Russell (1969) noted that R. californicus fed on honeysuckle stamens that had dropped onto webs of Hololena curta. On one occasion we observed predation on molting spiderlings of Anelo- simus studiosus, but R. contubernalis was not seen to feed on eggs of its host spiders. In the field when JPM disturbed an egg sac of 4. studiosus, the female spider quickly grasped it in her chelicerae. In the laboratory adult Ranzovius fed on eggs of cabbage looper, 7richoplusia 76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON ni (Hiibner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and on a dead adult of their species. When confined in rearing containers, the mirids showed some cannibalism. DESCRIPTION OF FIFTH INSTAR Fige5 Length 1.60 mm. Elongate oval, general coloration red, pronotum darker red, wing pads fusco-reddish, legs and antennal segment IV paler, segment III white; rostral segments III-IV, tarsi, and apex of hind tibia tinged with fuscous. Dorsum sparsely clothed with pale, recumbent setae, lateral margin of pronotum and abdomen fringed with darker setae, antennal segment I incrassate, with dark, bristlelike setae, 2 longer erect setae at apical “3 of dorsal surface; II incrassate, with rows of dark bristlelike setae, length less than width of head across eyes; HI- IV slender, with finer setae. Antenna: I, length, 0.22 mm; II, 0.40 mm; III, 0.30 mm: IV, 0.26 mm. Rostrum: length 1.06 mm, reaching just beyond bases of metacoxae. Wing pads reaching base of 5th abdominal segment; dorsal abdominal scent gland opening distinct (but secondary doubling barely visible), a sclerotized bar above. Hind tibia with row of 4—5 faint, dark spots or bands, 2 stout spines at base on outer face. Description based on nymph (in alcohol), taken in theridiid spider web with adults of Ranzovius contubernalis, near Matthews, N.C., 5 Nov. 1979. NOTES ON RANZOVIUS AGELENOPSIS Collected only on the University of Tennessee campus at Knoxville, this mirid undoubtedly has a much wider distribution. In 1981 and 1982 it was common in webs of Agelenopsis pennsylvanica among English ivy on tree trunks and, although webs were abundant in ivy growing on the ground, the mirid was not found in such situations (1982 observations). We note that Anelosimus studiosus was common among ivy trees at the National Arboretum in Washington, but this spider was not observed on ivy-covered trunks at Knoxville. The theridiid, how- ever, was present on the University of Tennessee campus. In 1982, collections from webs of Age/enopsis and Anelosimus on two boxwood plants yielded both R. agelenopsis and R. contubernalis but, because only the former mirid was pre- sumed present, bugs from the various webs were not kept separate. In 1983 when a web of each spider species was examined, the webs yielded only R. contubernalis. Thus, we know that at the type-locality of R. agelenopsis this species lives in agelenid webs occurring among ivy on tree trunks and that on boxwood at Knox- ville, R. contubernalis develops in agelenid and theridiid webs, as is typical in other areas of the eastern U.S. On boxwood where the two mirids co-occurred, R. agelenopsis may be confined to agelenid webs, but detailed experimental work is needed to clarify the ecological relationships of these bugs in the only known area of sympatry. Whether agelenids are the sole host spiders for R. agelenopsis or not, it does appear that these spiders are at least the primary hosts for this mirid, whereas they seem to be secondary hosts for R. contubernalis. We observed Ranzovius agelenopsis feeding on dead invertebrates, including ants and a sowbug (Isopoda), in webs of Agelenopsis pennsylvanica on tree trunks. In the laboratory L. N. Sorkin (pers. comm.) observed feeding on dead Drosophila, the bugs often penetrating the flies’ eyes. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 eres \ AA Fig. 5. Ranzovius contubernalis, fifth-instar nymph. Wi 78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON PROBABLE ORIGIN OF FEEDING HABITS IN RANZOVIUS Ranzovius species share an apparent obligate association with spiders that also has evolved in several predatory heteropterans: species of the nabid genus Arachnocoris (Myers, 1925), certain emesine reduviids (Wygodzinsky, 1966), and the plokiophilid subfamily Plokiophilinae (Carayon, 1974). In addition, a pre- daceous bug of the family Anthocoridae inhabits the webs of a colonial spider in South Australia (China and Myers, 1929). The mirid genus Ranzovius probably originated in the Neotropics, with the ancestral bug inhabiting shrubs and trees. Like many phyline mirids, it most likely was a “mixed feeder,” that is, both phytophagous and zoophagous (Kullenberg, 1944). Phylines, as well as certain other groups of Miridae, feed opportunistically on readily available nitrogen-rich food sources. They will attack small-bodied arthropods (aphids, mites, etc.) and will exploit stationary food sources like ar- thropod eggs (e.g., Kullenberg, 1944; Butler, 1965; Wheeler, 1976), mummified aphids (Wheeler et al., 1968), and cadavers of flies killed by phycomycosis (Whee- ler, 1971). We speculate that Ranzovius began to feed fortuitously as a timid carnivore or scavenger at the periphery of spider webs built on the bugs’ host plants. The large, communal, perennial webs of the Neotropical Anelosimus ex- imius (Brach, 1975) would have offered an abundance of food in the form of entrapped arthropods and plant debris. Because the ready food supply would have made a more intimate association with spiders a profitable way of life, the bugs eventually may have ventured onto webs for feeding. Their small size—adults range from slightly less than 2.00 mm long to slightly more than 2.50 mm and are among the smallest Miridae— might have preadapted them for walking on nonadhesive strands of silk and made them less likely to trigger vibrations eliciting response from colony members. Fennah, quoted in Carvalho (1954), suggests that in spider webs Ranzovius may “not give the nec- essary stimulus for attack by pulling on the threads.’ Although A. eximius 1s ‘quite aggressive” (Brach, 1975), this subsocial spider, whose webs probably were inhabited by a variety of commensals and kleptoparasites, may be somewhat more tolerant of Ranzovius than solitary spiders. Also, these spiders presumably had developed a “‘sensory screen” or adaptation for filtering vibrations so that conspecifics would not elicit predatory responses. A predictable food source in communal webs would have made commensalism (in the broad sense) an inexpensive strategy in terms of time and energy expended and brought about a specialization of the web-living habit. Selection would have favored behavioral modifications (or perhaps slight modifications in tarsal struc- ture) allowing webs to be traversed more easily or setting up vibrations more similar to those of its subsocial host than to those of potential prey organisms striking the web. We hypothesize that the ancestral Ranzovius and its presumed spider host possessed certain attributes that facilitated the evolution of commensalism: shar- ing of the same habitat, the bugs’ opportunistic feeding habits, and a concentration of communal hosts in perennial webs harboring a predictable food supply. Brock- man and Barnard (1979) identified these and other ecological conditions and behavioral patterns that have led to kleptoparasitism in birds. In Ranzovius, the various feeding strategies possible—carnivory on spider egg sacs or molting spi- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 79 derlings, kleptoparasitism, or scavenging—apparently all occur, just as they do in commensal spiders of the theridiid genus Argyrodes (see Wise, 1982). For an apparent opportunist like Ranzovius the habits of egg predation and scavenging would be behaviorally and physiologically similar. A species, depending on the particular set of ecological conditions, could function as a predator, kleptoparasite, or scavenger. DISCUSSION All Ranzovius species whose habits are known live in spider webs. R. contu- bernalis is found mainly in webs of the subsocial Anelosimus studiosus (Theri- diidae) and, to a lesser extent, in webs of the solitary Age/enopsis pennsylvanica (Agelenidae) and perhaps other agelenids. The relationship to host spiders appears mainly commensal rather than kleptoparasitic or predatory. More common in the southern United States, Ranzovius contubernalis has been recorded as far north as Connecticut (Henry, 1984) (which also is the northernmost record for A. studiosus), although this is the only record north of the Washington, D.C. area. The mirid is known to occur as far west as the Santa Rita Mountains in southeastern Arizona (Henry, 1984), but Anelosimus studiosus is known only as far west as eastern Texas (Levi, 1956). The spider associations of R. contu- bernalis in the westernmost area of its range need to be established. Additional field and laboratory research is needed to clarify basic life history phenomena of Ranzovius species in temperate and tropical regions. Experimental work would reveal interesting facts about the nature of the relationship between Ranzovius spp. and their spider hosts, including possible impact on mirid and host fitness. The sympatry of R. agelenopsis and R. contubernalis in Tennessee raises several questions. Do the mirid-spider relationships indicate ecological partitioning by the two Ranzovius species, and is the apparent rareness of R. agelenopsis a result of competition with R. contubernalis? Is their sympatry at Knoxville the result of secondary overlap in the range of age/enopsis? Crucial to a better understanding of the relationship between these species is a critical study of their Tennessee populations and particularly extensive collecting to determine the range of R. agelenopsis. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Louis N. Sorkin (American Museum of Natural History, New York, N.Y.) for allowing us to refer to his observations on Ranzovius agelenopsis in Tennessee, Deborah R. Smith (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.) for furnishing a computer print-out of references to spider commensalism, David H. Wise (Uni- versity of Maryland Baltimore County, Catonsville) and Donald R. Whitehead (Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washington, D.C.) for useful advice in telephone conversations, Brent Opell (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg) and Alan B. Cady (University of Tennessee, Knoxville) for identifications of agelenid, linyphiid, and theridiid spiders, Thomas J. Henry (Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washington, D.C.) for collecting and observing Ranzovius at the National Arboretum, Gary L. Miller (Auburn University, Auburn, Ala.) for collecting Ranzovius at Knoxville, Tennessee, and 80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON for illustrating the fifth instar of R. contubernalis, and James F. Stimmel (Penn- sylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg) for taking the photographs used in Figs. 1-2, 4. For helpful comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript we acknowledge Peter H. Adler (Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.), A. B. Cady, T. J. Henry, E. Richard Hoebeke (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.), James B. Johnson (University of Idaho, Moscow), D. R. Smith, and D. R. Whitehead. LITERATURE CITED Adler, P. H. and A. G. Wheeler, Jr. 1984. Extra-phytophagous food sources of plant-feeding He- miptera-Heteroptera: bird droppings, dung, and carrion. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. (in press). Banks, N. 1893. Two uncommon insects. Entomol. News 4: 268. Brach, V. 1975. The biology of the social spider Anelosimus eximius (Araneae: Theridiidae). Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 74: 37-41. —. 1977. Anelosimus studiosus (Araneae: Theridiidae) and the evolution of quasisociality in theridiid spiders. Evolution 31: 154-161. Brockman, H. J. and C. J. Barnard. 1979. Kleptoparasitism in birds. Anim. Behav. 27: 487-514. Butler, G. D., Jr. 1965. Spanogonicus albofasciatus as an insect and mite predator (Hemiptera: Miridae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 38: 70-75. Carayon, J. 1974. Etude sur les Hémiptéres Plokiophilidae. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 10: 499-526. Carvalho, J.C. M. 1954. XIV. Neotropical Miridae, LX VII: Genus Ranzovius Distant, predacious on eggs of Theridion (Araneida) in Trinidad (Hemiptera). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12)7: 92-96. Chamberlin, R. V. and W. Ivie. 1941. North American Agelenidae of the genera Agelenopsis, Calilena, Ritalena and Tortolena. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 34: 585-628. China, W. E. and J. G. Myers. 1929. A reconsideration of the classification of the cimicoid families (Heteroptera), with the description of two new spider-web bugs. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10)3: 97-125. Comstock, J. H. 1913. The spider book. Doubleday, Page & Co., Garden City, N.Y. 721 pp. Davis, R. M. and M. P. Russell. 1969. Commensalism between Ranzovius moerens (Reuter) (He- miptera: Miridae) and Hololena curta (McCook) (Araneida: Agelenidae). Psyche 76: 262-269. Foelix, R. F. 1982. Biology of spiders. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. 306 pp. Heidemann, O. 1891. Note on the occurrence ofa rare capsid, near Washington, D.C. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 2: 68-69. Henry, T. J. 1984. Revision of the spider-commensal plant bug genus Ranzovius Distant (Hemiptera: Miridae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 86: 53-67. Herring, J. L. 1976. A new genus and species of Cylapinae from Panama (Hemiptera: Miridae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 78: 91-94. Kaston, B. J. 1981. Spiders of Connecticut. Conn. State Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 70 Rev. ed. 1020 pp. Knight, H. H. 1923a. Family Miridae (Capsidae), pp. 422-658. Jn Britton, W. E., ed., Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part IV. The Hemiptera or sucking insects of Connecticut. Conn. State Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 34. —. 1923b. A new Peritropis from the eastern United States (Heteroptera— Miridae). Entomol. News 34: 50-52. —. 1966. Schaffneria, a new genus of ground dwelling plant bugs (Hemiptera, Miridae). Iowa State J. Sci. 41: 1-6. —. 1968. Taxonomic review: Miridae of the Nevada Test Site and the western United States. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. Biol. Ser. 9(3): 1-282. Knight, H. H. and W. L. McAtee. 1929. Bugs of the family Miridae of the District of Columbia and vicinity. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 75(13): 1-27. Kullenberg, B. 1944 (preprint). Studien iiber die Biologie der Capsiden. Zool. Bidr. Uppsala 23: 1- 522. Levi, H. W. 1956. The spider genera Neottiura and Anelosimus in America (Araneae: Theridiidae). Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 75: 407-422. —. 1963. The American spiders of the genus Anelosimus (Araneae, Theridiidae). Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 82: 30-48. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 81 Myers, J. G. 1925. Biological notes on Arachnocoris Scott (Hemiptera; Nabidae). J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 33: 136-145. Slater, J. A. 1974. A preliminary analysis of the derivation of the Heteroptera fauna of the north- eastern United States with special reference to the fauna of Connecticut. Mem. Conn. Entomol. Soc., 1974, pp. 145-213. Slater, J. A. and R. M. Baranowski. 1978. How to know the true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Wm. C. Brown Co. Publ., Dubuque, Iowa. 256 pp. Turnbull, A. L. 1965. Effects of prey abundance on the development of the spider Agelenopsis potteri (Blackwall) (Araneae: Agelenidae). Can. Entomol. 97: 141-147. Wheeler, A. G., Jr. 1971. Studies on the arthropod fauna of alfalfa. Insect feeding on Hylemya flies (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) killed by a phycomycosis. J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 79: 225-227. —. 1976. Lygus bugs as facultative predators, pp. 28-35. Jn Scott, D. R. and L. E. O’Keeffe, ed., Lygus bug: Host plant interactions. Univ. Idaho Press, Moscow. Wheeler, A. G., Jr., J. T. Hayes, and J. L. Stephens. 1968. Insect predators of mummified pea aphids. Can. Entomol. 100: 221-222. Wheeler, A. G., Jr. and T. J. Henry. 1978. Isometopinae (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Pennsylvania: Biology and descriptions of fifth instars, with observations of predation on obscure scale. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 71: 607-614. Wise, D. H. 1982. Predation by a commensal spider, Argyrodes trigonum, upon its host: an exper- imental study. J. Arachnol. 10: 111-116. Wygodzinsky, P. W. 1966. A monograph of the Emesinae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 133: 1-614. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(1), 1984, pp. 82-93 A SYNOPSIS OF THE EMBIIDINA OF THE UNITED STATES EDWARD S. Ross California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118. Abstract.— The ordinal name Embiidina Hagen, 1862, is used in preference to the more recent, less appropriate name, Embioptera, Shipley, 1904. All embiids occurring in the continental United States and Hawaii are briefly treated and assigned to proper taxa. The fossil, Embia florissantensis Cockerell, is assigned to Lithembia new genus. The subgenus Dactylocerca Ross, 1940, of Chelicerca Ross, 1940, is elevated to generic status and a new species D. ashworthi from Arizona is described. The subgenus Dilobocerca Ross, 1944, of Oligembia Davis, 1939, is treated as a synonym of Diradius Friederichs, 1934, and one of its species, caribbeanus Ross, 1944, described from Cuba, is newly recorded from the Florida Keys. The bisexual form of Haploembia solieri (Rambur) is reported as a new introduction to the New World. Although suprafamilial names of animals are not regulated by international rules, I have at last decided to follow priority and use Embiidina (Embidina sic) Hagen, 1862 and 1885, as the ordinal name for embiids instead of Embioptera Shipley, 1904. It should be noted that Embiidina was also used by Krauss, 1911, and Enderlein, 1912, in their world monographs. Embiidina, although not referred to as an ordinal name by Hagen, was the first suprafamilial name applied exclu- sively to embiids. The inappropriate name Embioptera was perhaps proposed to foster uniform ptera endings on insect ordinal names but this objective is needless and impossible to attain. In German-speaking cultures the name Embiodea Kus- nezow, 1903, is in current use and thus there is no consensus on the use of the name Embioptera. The embiids (web-spinners, or better, foot-spinners) are poorly represented in the United States and constitute only a feeble northern extension of the Order’s rich Neotropical fauna. A few weed species of the Mediterranean and Asian family Oligotomidae have been introduced in human commerce. KEY TO FAMILIES AND GENERA OF U.S. EMBIIDINA 1. Tertiary fossil from Florissant shales (Embiidae) ......... Genus Lithembia =, IRECGEMTESDBECIES >... fag fet < Genel = ice eae ce 2 2. All instars with two papillae (““bladders’’) on ventral surface of hind basi- tarsi(Ohieotomudade: part) ik eas. 2. ee eee ee ae Genus Haploembia All instars with only one hind basitarsal papilla ..................... 3 3. Adult males without apical mandibular dentation; segments of left cercus fused, bearing a few peg-setae (echinulations) on inner apex (Anisembi- TAA): «dhe Qe he Be: Sete a ee A tee Pe eect 4 VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 83 — Adult males with mandibles apically dentate; left cercus two segmented, IMmmermsuniace Ol bDaSsaliseement, lackimpe pep=setae | ..s5 sys) eee. 5 4. Allinstars with intersegmental membranes of thorax pale, body otherwise tan or golden-brown. Mid and hind coxae of nymphs and females pale. Adult males apterous or alate, head golden; left cercus straight, with an acute, inner-apical lobe. South-central states and NE Mexico ......... ee) Te ot SEE ME hak ae RE ELS OOF STURT EE Genus Anisembia — Nymphs and females uniformly reddish-brown to brick-red, mid and hind coxae as dark as other leg segments. Adult males always alate, head jet- black, body extensively reddish; left cercus C-shaped, without a distinct inner lobe. Southwestern States and Mexico ........... Genus Dactylocerca 5. MA vein of wings (R4+5 of Comstock-Needham) forked (Teratembiidae) Vi iniorked(Olicotomidad: part)>, aye Ree ae ae Soi tee rk: i 6. Adult males with left cercus-base (left cercus-basipodite) bearing two, prominent, inner lobes; the ventral one either finger-shaped or conate Cd). MIC ARES oer Mets ieL, EO Rnome eee Bs eae ees ei PU twee Lot en ta yn aes Genus Diradius — Cercus-base with only the dorsal lobe; as in Diradius, this terminates in a inimucerbituncationet +91) Tale seals meee el eee ee. Genus Oligembia 7. Adult males with cercus-base a complete ring bearing a prominent inner lobe. Widespread; including mainland U.S.A. and Hawaii ............ ETE Rese Pt ASIN aie oe ce he Soi ieth a.als watt ena” eee Genus Oligotoma — Cercus-base obsolete except for an outer basal flange; inner lobe thus absent awa and other Pacific islands; 2...) .....0).2 Genus Aposthonia FAMILY EMBIIDAE Lithembia Ross, NEw GENUS Type-species.— Embia florissantensis Cockerell, by present designation. Distribution. — Tertiary (Miocene?) fossil in volcanic ash shale, Florissant, Col- orado. Diagnosis.— The type is a large adult male with well preserved wings displaying typical embiid venation (MA forked). Abdominal terminalia represented by only a dark blotch. Discussion.—This species is certainly not an Embia—a genus restricted to Africa and adjacent regions and belonging to a subfamily not represented in the New World. Its large size rules out an assignment to Teratembiidae and the wing venation is not of the anisembiid type (MA simple). Its northerly occurrence and slender body suggest that it is not a clothodid, a family confined to South America and the eastern Isthmus of Panama. It therefore seems advisable to assign it to the Embiidae which today has representation as far north as Nayarit in NW Mexico. Lithembia florissantensis (Cockerell) NEW COMBINATION Embia florissantensis Cockerell, 1908: 230, fig. 4. Handlirsch, 1906-08: 1357.— Enderlem 1912293. Oligotoma florissantensis (Cockerell), Krauss, 1911: 48. Clothoda florissantensis (Cockerell), Davis, 1939d: 379.—Ross, 1944: 406. 84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Holotype.—Alate male on rock slab in Riker Mount, Univ. of Colorado Mu- seum, Denver. 7 ype data.— Florissant Colorado Station 14, 1907 (W. P. Cock- erell). Miocene. Discussion. — All above references are based on Cockerell’s original publication. To date no additional specimens have been found. The writer has studied the type and cannot add new details to the description or improve on the original published photograph. Even if additional specimens are collected, it is doubtful if they would reveal terminalia details sufficient to add significant information concerning the system- atic placement of the species. FAMILY ANISEMBIIDAE Distribution. — Neotropical with limited extension into south-central and south- western U.S.A. In spite of the great evolutionary diversity within the family, males of all anisembiids have in common non-dentate mandibles, an unforked MA wing vein and a lack of a second basitarsal papilla. Species of the two subfamily groups represented in the United States are able to withstand extremely cold climatic conditions—perhaps by wintering deep in soil crevices. Genus Anisembia Krauss Anisembia Krauss, 1911: 74.—Enderlein, 1912: 109 (in error as a syn. of Oli- gotoma Westwood and Haploembia Verhoeff).— Chamberlin, 1923: 346.— Davis, 1940: 531.—Ross, 1940: 649; 1944: 445. Type-species.— Embia texana Melander, 1902, by original designation. Distribution. — Lower Mississippi Valley, western Oklahoma, southward through eastern Texas to Victoria, Mexico. This genus is here restricted to its type-species and one or more closely related species or subspecies occurring in NE Mexico at least as far south as Victoria. Anisembia texana (Melander) Embia texana Melander, 1902: 99, figs. 1, 2.—Friederichs, 1906: 238. Anisembia texana (Melander) Krauss, 1911: 74, fig. F.—Chamberlin, 1923: 345.— Davis, 1940: 532.—Sanderson, 1941: 60 (record).—Shetlar, 1973: 205 (para- sitoid). Oligotoma texana (Melander) Enderlein, 1912: 92, 109, fig. 62.—Mills, 1932: 648, figs. 1-4. Anisembia (Anisembia) texana (Melander) Ross, 1940: 650, figs. 20-22, 28; 1944: 445. Diagnosis. — All nymphal stages and adults can be distinguished from other U.S. embiids by the pale intersegmental thoracic membranes. These are more evident as Other body surfaces darken with maturity. Nymphs and adult females have pale coxae. Males have many distinctive features and in some regions may be invariably winged, in others winged or apterous, and in still others always apterous. Apterism appears to be more frequent, even universal, in more arid regions. Anisembia texana was described from specimens collected under stones at EEE VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 85 Austin, Texas in 1902. Since that time additional collecting indicates extensive habitat and geographic ranges. The species has been recorded from as far south as the Rio Grande River whence it extends south into Mexico, and as far north as southwestern Oklahoma and southern Arkansas and east to Vicksburg, Mis- sissippi. In the more arid, hot, southwestern extremes of range, the species evades heat and dryness under stones and in soil cracks or under loose bark in shaded areas. Progressing northeast with the increasing rains of shaded hardwood forests, it adopts the less protected surface of the bark of trees and uses only superficial bark cracks as retreats. It was thus collected at Texarkana, Texas, and at Monroe, Louisiana. In the latter locality, it was found to be very common on the shaded side of the larger shade trees (mostly oaks) bordering the city streets. As many as 50 separate colonies were observed on a single tree extending from the base to a considerable height. During mid-August each colony contained a single female and her brood of first and second instar young. No males were observed. Usually the only retreat was a slightly deeper bark crack from which radiated outward a system of galleries among the moss and lichens which comprise the food supply. Only alate males developed from these broods. In the Wichita Mountains of SW Oklahoma, texana is very abundant on arid, south-facing slopes. Extensive galleries extend up the sides of stones from sub- terranean retreats. Only apterous males occur at this locality. Genus Dactylocerca Ross, NEw STATUS Anisembia (Dactylocerca) Ross, 1940b: 659. Chelicerca (Dactylocerca) Ross, 1944: 454; 1957: 52. Type-species.—Anisembia (Dactylocerca) rubra Ross, 1940, by original des- ignation. Distribution. — Mexican highlands northward into southwestern United States. Diagnosis.— Males small, alate: jet-black to brown, but with prothorax and subterminal abdominal segments reddish. Head and mandibles small. Wings al- ways present; small, slender. Terminalia exceptionally large—much larger than head; right hemitergite (1OR) broadly-rounded caudally, bearing only an indefinite process represented only as a small, acute point (IORP) on right caudal arc; epiproct (EP) complex, heavily sclerotized, usually armed with basad-recurved spicules; hypandrium process (HP) expanded and arcuated caudally, its dorsal surface specially sclerotized, its membranous areas coarsely spiculate: left cercus without trace of a terminal segment, greatly elongated, tubular in shape, strongly arcuated or almost straight, inner apex bearing a few peg-setae. Females small, slender; uniformly reddish in color. Remarks. — Dactylocerca represents the greatest degree of anatomical complex- ity on the Chelicerca line. Dactylocerca rubra (Ross) is one of the most north- ranging, cold-enduring species of the order. It ranges over a wide area from central Utah and New Mexico to northwestern Baja California without apparent sub- speciation. Its preferred habitat is juniper pinon pine zones. I have recently decided that populations occurring in southwestern Arizona and adjacent regions of north- ern Mexico represent a new species. Several undescribed additional species occur on the Mexican Plateau, at least as far south as the Lago Chapala region. 86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Dactylocerca rubra (Ross) NEW COMBINATION (Figs. 1-2 Anisembia (Dactylocerca) rubra Ross, 1940: 659, figs. 35-37. Chelicerca (Dactylocerca) rubra (Ross), 1944: 454; 1957: 52, fig. 3. Distribution.— Mexico: NW Baja California, from coast to foothills of Sierra San Pedro Martir. California: from SW coast throughout S California mountains up to approximately 5000 ft level as far north as Tehachapi Mountains. Nevada: Yucca Flats, Nye Co. Utah: Dugway, Filmore and La Verkin. Arizona: Oracle (N side Santa Catalina Mts.); White Mts., 50 mi. S of Alpine in juniper zone. New Mexico: Winter Park, just W of Cloudcroft, Sacramento Mts., juniper-pinon zone. This distinctive species may be recognized by reference to the accompanying figures. Its colonies occur under stones but these may actually be more generally distributed in the sod of grassy habitats. Rubra’s rich pigmentation, and that of the following new species, suggest that males disperse diurnally. Dactylocerca ashworthi Ross, NEW SPECIES Figs. 3-4 Holotype.— Male, on slide, deposited in the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 7ype data: Arizona: Ridge S of Parker Cyn., W side of Huachuca Mts., Santa Cruz Co., 5600 ft, matured in culture May 3, 1977 (E. S. Ross). Description.— Appearance: Similar to rubra but slightly darker overall; small, alate, black to dark brown except in the membranous and weakly sclerotized areas which are salmon-red. Color details (in alcohol): Cranium uniformly black, shining in spite of alutaceous surface. Eyes pink, lacking dark facet-interstices. Antennae blackish basally, brown distad, all membranes pink; 17-segmented, complete. Mouthparts dark brown. Thorax largely salmon-red except for dark brown scuta, pleurites and sternites of pterothorax; prothoracic and cervical sclerites dark brown; pronotum dark brown medially, blending to salmon-red laterally and in caudal angles. Legs uniformly dark brown except for pink membranes of basitarsus of forelegs. Wing bands medium brown; hyaline stripes narrow, sharply defined; costa and radius borders pink, the latter merging with costa well before wing apex. Abdomen salmon-red except for black terminalia sclerites. Dimensions (on slide): body length 6.5 mm; forewing length 3.5 mm, breadth 0.7 mm. Important anatomical features: very similar to rubra except for terminalia, as follows: caudal arc of right hemitergite only half as long as in rubra; right process (1ORP) larger than in rubra—a definite arcuated hook. Hypandrium process (HP) much narrower than in rubra. Left cercus (LC1+2) abruptly curved inward, 1n- stead of being evenly arcuated as in rubra; its apex bulbous. > Figs. 1-4. Figs. 1-2. Abdominal terminalia of Dactylocerca rubra holotype. Figs. 3-4. Same for Dactylocerca ashworthi holotype. Not to scale, stippling represents membranous areas; setae omitted, except for peg-setae (echinulations) of left cercus. Explanation of symbols: 9 = ninth abdominal tergite, 10L and 10R = hemitergites of tenth segment, 10LP and 10RP = processes of these hemitergites; MS = medial sclerite of 10; EP = epiproct (segment 11); H = hypandrium (sternite 9), HP = process of H; LPPT = left paraproct; LC1+2 = composite left cercus. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 87 Ic. 1 2 TERMINALIA TERMINALIA DORSAL VENTRAL TERMINALIA TERMINALIA DORSAL VENTRAL 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Allotype.— Female with type data and disposition. Uniformly reddish in color. Without apparent specific characters. Paratypes.— Numerous topotypic adults to be deposited in major entomological museums. Other specimens studied (except as indicated, all are in writer’s collection, C.A.S.).—Arizona: Patagonia, Santa Cruz Co., matured in cultures during I, I, V, VIII, and IX, 1976 (E. S. Ross); Nogales, Santa Cruz Co., VIII-30-27 (J. C. Bradley); 6 mi NW of Nogales, VIII-16-50 (R. S. Beal); Pena Blanca, Atacosa Mts., Santa Cruz Co., 4000 ft, matured in cultures IX and X, 1976 (E. S. Ross); Santa Rita Mts., VI-21-36 (R. A. Flock). Mexico: 17 mi E Imuris, Sonora, 3800 ft, matured in culture XII-28-76, I-26-77 and VI-77 (E. S. Ross). In addition to the above samples which are very similar to those of the type series, I have specimens from the southeastern portion of Cochise County, Arizona which are somewhat distinct, as follows: the caudal arc of 10R is longer; the hypandrium process (HP) 1s broader and has a small, fleshy, microspiculate lobe on the dorso-caudal angle and the left process (LC1 +2) is less bulbous yet more abruptly curved inward than in rubra. Records of this variant are: Chiricahua R.R. Station (now abandoned), Cochise Co., open, grassy hillside, under stones after rains, males matured in culture III-65 (E. S. Ross, also P. H. Arnaud); 5 mi SW of Apache, Cochise Co., 4400 ft, males matured XII-15-60 (E. S. Ross); Cave Creek, Chiricahua Mts. (W of Portal), VII-4-40 (R. H. Beamer) (U. of Kansas): SW Research Station (W of Portal), IX-29-58 (H. V. Weems) (State Plant Board of Florida). Discussion.—Dactylocerca ashworthi apparently is confined to mountainous habitats just north of the Mexican boundary in SE Arizona and thence occurs southward into Sonora. Strangely, rubra occurs in the nearby Santa Catalina and White Mountains, as well as far to the east in the Sacramento Mts. of New Mexico, in addition to its widespread occurrence in other regions of southwestern U.S.A. Its habits are similar to those of rubra, colonies being most readily encountered beneath the edges of stones. Each colony consists of a single female and her brood with reproductive activity stimulated by the first rains of the summer season. Males, which mature mostly during September and October, disperse diurnally and thus may be collected by sweeping. They never fly to light. Very often colonies are found under stones resting on litter beneath trees but at the type locality, and in the Apache region, the species occurs in treeless habitats—open grasslands with an abundance of stones. This species named after Clifford Ashworth in recognition of his important support of scientific research. FAMILY TERATEMBIIDAE This large family of delicate, small species is primarily Neotropical and Afro- tropical, with a small representation in tropical Asia. The name is based on Teratembia geniculata Krauss, 1911, which was long known only from its unique, poorly-described type collected in Tucuman, Argentina. The writer has collected additional specimens and determined (1952) that the family name Oligembiidae, Davis 1940, is synonymous. Five species of the widespread genera Oligembia Davis, and Diradius Fried- erichs occur within the United States and are keyed as follows: VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 89 Key TO U.S. GENERA AND SPECIES OF TERATEMBIIDAE (MALES) 1. Left cercus-basipodite (LCB) with two, prominent inner lobes, or pro- cesses; the upper minutely furcated, the lower acutely pointed, or finely tapered. Right hemitergite (LOR) with outer margin long, as long as tergal length; without furrow representing line of fusion with composite left Hemutersite and medial-sclente (lO —-"Ms)> Piradius 2 Ae ee 3 — Left cercus-basipodite with only the upper, furcated lobe. Right hemiter- gite very small, short-sided; weakly defined by a shallow, diagonal furrow. ON CTD Org Ve rem ps hd faye eG Sig EO Te ee SD TU BM 2 2 Color pale, head golden, Florida, Biminiand Bahamas. ...-...4.. hubbardi — Uniformly blackish. S Louisiana, SE Texas, NE Mexico ......... melanura 3. Submentum with a lobe at each anterior angle; incisor arc of right mandible Wwathearsmnall\butedistincet acute toothy SEMUEStAs en. 2 yon s ak th vandykei — Anterior angles of submentum unlobed; incisor arc without atooth.... 4 4. Lower lobe of left cercus-basipodite short, blunt. SE Texas, NE Mexico sof bx g: ce 21a Vo baa Re A a ge Rig > Bir es hl eta lobatus — Lower lobe of left cercus-basipodite long, narrowly tapered to a fine point. Sr TAG Ae Ce denne! 5s ered) oa dae ises coe ieeee wa ke AEE es ise caribbeanus Genus Oligembia Davis Oligembia Davis, 1939: 217.—Ross, 1940: 636; 1944: 459: 1952: 226. Type-species. — Oligotoma hubbardi Hagen, by original designation. Distribution. —SE United States, southward throughout the Neotropical region. Absent in Old World. Oligembia hubbardi (Hagen) Oligotoma hubbardi Hagen, 1885: 152.—Schwarz, 1888: 94 (biol.).— Krauss, 1911: 44.—Enderlein, 1912: 91. Embia (Oligotoma) hubbardi (Hagen) Melander, 1902: 21. Oligembia hubbardi (Hagen) Davis, 1939: 218.—Ross, 1940: 637, figs. 5-7; 1944: 462, figs. 98-100. Holotype.— Male, on slide, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. Type data: Enterprise, Fla., May 24 (H. G. Hubbard). Distribution. — Florida, including the Keys, S Bimini, and Bahamas. This species occurs in bark flakes and crevices in many Florida localities and the pale males frequently fly to lights. Males of similar-appearing Diradius van- dykei may easily be distinguished by the anterior lobes of the submentum, the attenuated second (lower) inner lobe of the left cercus-basipodite. Diradius ca- ribbeanus also has the latter distinction. Oligembia melanura Ross Oligembia melanura Ross, 1944: 470, figs. 118-120: 499. Holotype.— Male, on slide, deposited in the National Museum of Natural His- tory, Washington, D.C. Type data: New Braunfels, Texas, Aug. 20, 1942 (E. S. Ross). 90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Distribution. — Probably throughout the Gulf Coast lowlands from New Orleans through post oak zone of Texas and southward into Mexico. Adults of me/anura are readily recognized by their blackish appearance. Col- onies are found beneath bark flakes of many types of trees in very distinct habitats. Just north of New Orleans the writer frequently found colonies in bald cypress bark in swamps and that of oaks bordering streets within the city of New Orleans. It is doubtful if the species occurs in mesquite-cactus habitats of Texas. It, and close relatives, are found in many Mexican localities. In the central highlands, colonies are encountered beneath stones. Genus Diradius Friederichs Diradius Friederichs, 1934: 419.— Davis, 1940: 528.—Ross, 1944: 493. Oligembia (Dilobocerca) Ross, 1944: 476 (type species: Oligembia (Dilobocerca) lobata Ross, by orig. designation). NEw SYNONYM. Type-species. — Diradius pusillus Friederichs. Distribution. — Neotropical and West African. During 1964 the writer collected and studied topotypic specimens of the type species in SE Brazil and determined that the holotype of pusi//us has anomalous wing venation and that the subgenus Di/lobocerca Ross, of Oligembia, is synon- ymous: Based on knowledge of many new species, it is now concluded that Di- radius deserves full generic status. Diradius lobatus (Ross), NEW COMBINATION Oligembia (Dilobocerca) lobata Ross, 1944: 477, figs. 127-129. Holotype.— Male, on slide, deposited in the National Museum of Natural His- tory, Washington, D.C. Type data: Texas: Palm Grove, Brownsville, Sept. 29, 1942 (E. S. Ross). Males of this species are readily distinguished from the two other U.S. Diradius by the shorter and blunter lower lobe of the left cercus-basipodite, as well as numerous other characters. It is the most northerly of a large, difficult complex of species and/or races which occur throughout lowland Mexico, Central America, and N South America. Its colonies were found in bark crevices of trees and dead stumps. Perhaps its U.S. occurrence is limited to the “tropical’’ habitats near the mouth of the Rio Grande. Diradius caribbeanus (Ross) NEW COMBINATION Oligembia (Dilobocerca) caribbeana Ross, 1944: 492, figs. 154-156. Holotype.— Male, on slide, deposited in the National Museum of Natural His- tory, Washington, D.C. Type data: Cuba: Cayamas, Santa Clara, on dead vines, March 11, 1911 (E. A. Schwarz). This species has recently been collected on the Florida Keys (Crane Keys, Johnston Key, Galdin Key, Mud Keys, Squirrel Key, Whiting Key, Rattlesnake Lumps and Inner Narrows) during June-August, 1969-70 by Drs. E. O. Wilson, D. Simberloff and S. Peck. Mixed in the various lots were specimens of Oligembia hubbardi and Diradius vandykei. It is likely that these species are blown about in hurricanes in silk-secured colonies in crevices of small dead branches and other debris. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 91 From vandykei, which also has an attenuated lower left cercus-basipodite lobe, caribbeanus is easily distinguished by an absence of lobes on the anterior angles of the submentum of adult males. Diradius vandykei (Ross), NEW COMBINATION Oligembia (Dilobocerca) vandykei Ross, 1944, p. 488, figs. 151-153. Holotype.— Male, on slide, deposited in the National Museum of Natural His- tory, Washington, D.C. Type data.— Florida: 5 mi. NE Pensacola, shores of Es- cambia Bay, matured in culture III-10-43 (E. S. Ross). Distribution. — Gulf Coast Plain (prob. from S Mississippi to Florida); Florida, incl. Keys; coastal plains and lower Piedmont of Georgia, S. Carolina, N. Carolina and SE Virginia. Males of this very distinct species are readily distinguished by the presence of a medial tooth in the incisor arc of the right mandible, and the broad submentum with a lobe at each anterior angle. There are other distinctions in the mandibles and terminalia. Colonies are obscure, but common, in bark flakes of trees— most noticeably on the trunks of shade trees in small towns. Specimens from the Florida Keys are smaller and paler than those from northern localities which tend to have a two- tone cranium—the caudal half brown, the anterior golden-brown. It is possible that future studies will reveal the existence of races. FAMILY OLIGOTOMIDAE Except for the genus Hap/oembia of the Mediterranean region, oligotomids are endemic to Asia and Australia. Several species, however, even within the family’s region of endemicity, are ““weeds” distributed in human commerce. Four species of the family are now established within the United States. Oligotoma saundersii (Westwood) This is the most widespread species of the order and is likely to be found in any warm region of the world, especially in and around human settlements. Males frequently are attracted to light. It is very common in Florida and Texas and may occur, particularly near port cities, along the entire Gulf coast. It should eventually establish itself in other warm habitats, such as California. It is the most common species in Hawaii. Males are readily recognized by their oligotomid wing venation (MA unforked), dentate mandibles, sclerotic submentum: the broad spatulate left tergal process (10LP), and the sickle-shaped horizontal hook beneath the apex of the hypandrium lobe (HP). Oligotoma nigra (Hagen) Oligotoma nigra is very common in the Middle East, Pakistan and northern India (the endemic center of Oligotoma). Perhaps during the 1880's it was acci- dentally introduced into the USA in date palm cuttings and has since become very common in southern California, southern Utah (Zion Natl. Pk.), Arizona, perhaps New Mexico, and it has recently appeared in the San Antonio region of Texas. Like saundersii, nigra should steadily increase its range, especially in sem1- arid regions. Males commonly fly to lights. 92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Males are very similar to those of saundersii but distinguished by the slender left tergal process and talon-like ventrally directed hook on the left side of the apex of the hypandrium process. Aposthonia oceania (Ross) Oligotoma (Aposthonia) oceania Ross, 1951, p. 307, fig. 1. (Holotype, Bishop Mus., Fatu Hiva, Marquesas Islands). This species, which is related to SE Asian species, apparently was brought to many islands of the Pacific, including Easter Island and New Caledonia during the ancient movements of Polynesians. It perhaps occurs on all of the Hawaiian islands, including the small, remnant islands of the northwest. The writer found the species exceptionally common in rather dry trail bank crevices in Oahu’s Aeia Heights (State Park) above Pearl Harbor. D. E. Hardy collected the species at Kainalu, Molokai, 1500-2000 ft, under lichens and moss on scrubby ohia lehua (Metrosideros collina) 1V-9-63. It should be noted, however, that embiids never have specific associations with host plants. From the only other Hawaiian embiid, O. saundersii, males of oceania can be distinguished by the lack of a complete, ring-like, left cercus-basipodite and ab- sence of large, horizontal, sickle-shaped process beneath the apex of the hypan- drium lobe. Haploembia solieri (Rambur) This Mediterranean species, more fully treated in Ross (1957, 1966), was long ago introduced into California where it is now exceedingly common under stones, particularly in oak-grass habitats. It has spread into southern Oregon (Grants Pass), southern Utah (St. George), Arizona, and Texas (Kimble Co. and Alpine). All such populations are parthenogenetic, as are those of North Africa and many adjacent European regions. Recently, however, a bisexual population (typical solier7) was discovered in Redwood City, California and its spread has not yet been determined. I believe that this is a new introduction from the Mediterranean region. It is possible that the parthenogenetic form is a distinct species for it is more lightly pigmented, has egg-form distinctions, and no sexual relationships with males of typical solieri. All instars of Haploembia can be distinguished from all other U.S. embiids by the presence of a second (medial) ventral papilla on the hind basitarsus. LITERATURE CITED Chamberlin, J. C. 1923. A revision of the genus Anisembia with description of a new species from the Gulf of California. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4) 12: 341-351. Cockerell, T. D. A. 1908. Descriptions of Tertiary Insects II. Am. J. Sci. (4) 25: 227-232. Davis, C. 1939a. Taxonomic notes on the order Embioptera, II: A new Neotropical genus of Em- bioptera. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 64: 217-222. —. 1939b. Taxonomic notes on the order Embioptera, IV: The genus C/othoda Enderlein. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 64: 373-380. ———. 1940. Taxonomic notes on the order Embioptera, XIX: Genera not previously discussed. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 65: 525-532. Enderlein, G. 1912. Embiidinen. Coll. Zool. Selys-Longchamps. 3: 1-121. Friederichs, K. 1934. Das Gemeinschaftsleben der Embiiden und Niaheres zur kenntnis der Arten. Arch. Naturg. (n. ser.) 3: 405-444. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 95 Hagen, H. A. 1862. Synopsis of the described Neuroptera of North America, with a list of South American species. Smithson. Misc. Coll. 4: x—xx, 5-7, 301. —. 1885. Monograph of the Embidina. Can. Entomol. 17: 141-155, 171-178, 190-199, 206- 229. Krauss, H. A. 1911. Monographie der Embien. Zoologica (Stuttgart) 23: 1-78. Melander, A. L. 1902. Two new Embiidae. Biol. Bull. 3: 16-26. Ross, E. S. 1940. A revision of the Embioptera of North America. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 33: 629-676. —. 1944. A revision of the Embioptera of the New World. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 94: 401-504. ——. 1952. The identity of Teratembia geniculata Krauss and a new status for the family Tera- tembiidae (Embioptera). Wasmann J. Biol. 10; 225-234. ——. 1957. The Embioptera of California. Bull. Calif. Insect Surv. 6: 51-57. ——. 1966. The Embioptera of Europe and the Mediterranean Region. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 17: 275-326. Sanderson, M. W. 1941. The order Embioptera new to Arkansas. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 14: 60. Schwarz, E. A. 1888. [Note on biology of Oligotoma hubbardi.| Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 1: 94. Shetlar, D. J. 1973. A redescription and biology of Probethylus schwarzi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Sclerogibbidae) with notes on related species. Entomol. News 84: 205-210. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(1), 1984, pp. 94-109 A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF THE ARMORED SCALE PSEUDISCHNASPIS HEMPEL (HOMOPTERA: COCCOIDEA: DIASPIDIDAE)! DOUGLASS R. MILLER, JOHN A. DAVIDSON, AND MANYA B. STOETZEL (DRM,MBS) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705; (JAD) Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742. Abstract.—The genus Pseudischnaspis includes two species, P. acephala Ferris and P. bowreyi (Cockerell). Pseudischnaspis longissima (Cockerell) is treated as a junior, subjective synonym of P. bowreyi for the first time. Lectotypes are des- ignated where necessary. Descriptions and illustrations are given of the adult females of each species and of the first instar and adult male of P. bowreyi. While preparing a description of Pseudischnaspis bowreyi (Cockerell) as part of a study on the economic scale insects of the United States, we discovered some conflicts between the current concepts of species in Pseudischnaspis and the actual identity of type specimens. The purpose of this paper is to redescribe each of the two known species (P. acephala Ferris and P. bowreyi), to place P. longissima (Cockerell) as a junior, subjective synonym of P. bowreyi, and to provide a key for the identification of the two species in the genus. METHODS Terminology used in the description of the first instar is that of Stoetzel and Davidson (1974b) and Howell and Tippins (1977). We have adhered to the usage of Ghauri (1962) in the male description. In the adult female we have used the terms “first space,” “second space,”’ and “‘third space” to refer to the interlobular area between the median lobe and lobe 2, lobe 2 and lobe 3, and lobe 3 and projections representing lobe 4, respectively. Descriptions are based on 10 specimens from as many localities and hosts as possible. If fewer specimens were studied, we have so stated at the end of the description. We arrived at conclusions on the morphology of adult males of Melanaspis aliena (Newstead) based on two poor specimens, and of M. obscura (Comstock), M. smilacis (Comstock), and M. tenebricosa (Comstock), each based on 10 excellent specimens. Descriptions of first instars of Pseudischnaspis bowreyi and Melanaspis aliena are based on embryos; comparisons with the crawlers of M. obscura, M. smilacis, and M. tenebricosa are based on at least 10 excellent ' Scientific Article No. A 3303, Contribution No. 6375 of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Entomology. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 95 specimens collected outside of the body of the female. Numerical values are given as a range followed by an average in parentheses (rounded off to the nearest whole number). Statistical significance was determined by use of the student’s t-test. Descriptions and illustrations were made using a Zeiss, Phase-Contrast Micro- scope with 10x eyepieces and 16x, 40x, and 100 objectives. The adult male was drawn using a zoom camera lucida attachment on a Wild, Phase-Contrast Microscope with 15x eyepieces and 10 and 20 objectives. RESULTS Pseudischnaspis Hempel Pseudischnaspis Hempel, 1900: 506. Type species. — Pseudischnaspis linearis Hempel, 1900 (= P. bowreyi (Cockerell 1893)) by original designation and monotypy. Slide mounted characters.—The following characters occur in each species of Pseudischnaspis and are unique or unusual to Pseudischnaspis or to Pseudisch- naspis and closely related genera. Adult female with 3 pairs of definite lobes, area anterior of lobe 3 with series of lobelike projections; paraphysis formula usually 2-2-1, some specimens with small paraphysis attached to medial margin of lobe 3 making formula 2-3-1. Median lobe without basal sclerosis or yoke, medial margin axes parallel, lateral margins rounded, with distinct paraphysis attached to medial margin; second and third lobe simple; second lobe wider than median lobe, third lobe slightly wider than second lobe. Plates often difficult to see, with orifice of microduct at apex, posterior plate in third space represented by single narrow tine, with simple plates interspersed among projections on lateral margin of segment 5, with 2 simple plates between median lobes 2 to equal to length of lobe. Macroducts of 2 distinct sizes, larger size located posterior of anal opening, becoming slightly smaller anteriorly, smaller size located near to or attached to narrow sclerotized area laterad of anal opening and on lateral margin of segment 4. Microducts on venter elongate, in marginal or submarginal areas of head and in submedial areas near mouthparts; microducts on dorsum shorter than those on venter. Perivulvar pores in 4 or 5 loose clusters. Perispiracular pores absent. Dorsal seta laterad of median lobes '2—%4 length of lobe. Eyes absent. Head usually with | or 2 tubercles in form of low dome or with apical point. Body oval in newly matured adult females, elongate in older adult females. Antenna with | long seta and | sensillum. We have not discussed generic characters of adult males and first instars because sufficient data and specimens were unavailable. Discussion.—Species of Pseudischnaspis are very similar to some species of Melanaspis Cockerell and very probably these species should be considered as congeneric. The only consistent difference in the adult female is the shape of the body; old adult females of species of Pseudischnaspis are noticeably elongate with the lateral body margins nearly parallel; old adult females of species of Melanaspis are round or oval with the body margins convex. Specimens of Melanaspis aliena and Pseudischnaspis bowreyi are indistinguishable except for the body shape in old adult females. These species seem to differ also in the distribution and abun- dance of the ventral microducts, but these differences are overlapping and have a large variance. 96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 1. Comparison of 5 characters between Pseudischnaspis acephala Ferris and P. bowreyi (Cockerell). For each character, differences between species were detected with a student’s f-test. For each species significant differences were found for number of perivulvar pores, number of macrotubular ducts, number of macrotubular ducts in subunits of the second space, and the distance between the anal opening and the median lobes. +Stan- Spe- dard t-test Level of Character cies Mean error n value significance No. perivulvar pores acep. 10.55 0.48 AQ,” 22.25, ) vP—=00n bow. 23.14 0.73 50 No. macroducts on pygidium acep. LEAT O23 40) 12562" P=. 00n bow. 29.26 0.44 50 No. macroducts between lobe 3 acep. 4.32 0.06 80 16.92 P< .001 and interlobular paraphysis bow. 6.31 0.09 100 No. macroducts as above and acep. 2.25 0.06 80 14.48 P<.001 anterior of paraphysis apices bow. 4.04 0.10 100 Distance between anal opening and acep. 90.03 1.04 40) 12°99 Ee —-00N median lobes bow. NANA Me 50 We could find no morphological differences in the first instar of Me/anaspis aliena and Pseudischnaspis bowreyi. We note an unusual amount of similarity among the crawlers of the above mentioned species and Melanaspis smilacis. These similarities are not shared by M. obscura and M. tenebricosa (for details see the discussion section of the first instar of Pseudischnaspis bowreyi). In the adult male there is one noticeable difference between M. aliena and Pseudischnaspis bowreyi. It is interesting that like the first instars, the adult males of Melanaspis smilacis share several apparently apomorphic features with M. aliena and Pseudischnaspis bowreyi (for details see the discussion section of the adult male of P. bowreyi). KEY TO SPECIES OF PSEUDISCHNASPIS (ADULT FEMALES) 1. With 8—13(11) perivulvar pores; usually with 4 or 5(4), rarely 6, macroduct orifices in row beginning between medial margin of third lobe and inter- lobular paraphysis in second space (Fig. 1B); distance between posterior apex of anal opening and base of median lobes 59—123(90) u, rarely over DOM parse a oo sgstes oe4 a ck o9 Saex ora seen Seas aR ee acephala Ferris — With 13-31(23) perivulvar pores; usually with 5—7(6), rarely 4, 8, or 9, macroducts orifices in row beginning between medial margin of third lobe and interlobular paraphysis in second space (Fig. 2B); distance between posterior apex of anal opening and base of median lobes 91-—143(122) yu, ATS LY MUNG MOS is yen wey fc ate A cetermanes ena ee ee er bowreyi (Cockerell) Pseudischnaspis acephala Ferris Pseudischnaspis acephala Ferris 1941: 382. Suggested common name.—Flatheaded scale. Type material.— Through the courtesy of Raymond J. Gill, Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, California, and Robert O. Schuster, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, (UCD), we have examined the syn- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 97 type series of this species. We have selected an adult female mounted on a slide with another adult female labeled as follows: Right label “‘Pseudischnaspis/ace- phala Ferris/On Cavendishia/Type/Boquete/Chiriqui Province,/Panama/Ferris 1938 no. 62”; left label ““LECTOT Y PE/Pseudischnaspis/acephala Ferris/PARA- LECTOTYPE/desig. Miller, Davidson, & Stoetzel, 1984.’ The specimen on the right is the lectotype and a map 1s given on the slide showing the position of the primary type; it is deposited at UCD. In addition to the 2 specimens mentioned above there are 3 additional slides containing the following paralectotypes: 6 adult females, 4 second instar exuviae, 4 first instar exuviae, and | first instar; all are deposited at UCD. A single slide containing 2 adult female paralectotypes is deposited in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History Collection, Beltsville, Maryland (USNM). Field characters.—Adult female cover black, elongate, and narrow; exuviae terminal, black. Ventral cover thick, well developed. Male cover similar in texture and color to female cover but shorter. Occurring on underside of leaves and on fruit (Ferris 1941). ADULT FEMALE Fig | Description. — Lectotype with area anterior of lobe 3 with 5 lobelike projections (other specimens with 4—6(5) projections). Median lobes separated by space 0.5 x width of median lobe (other specimens 0.4—0.7(0.5) x), with 1 or 2 lateral notches, without medial notch (other specimens with or without | medial notch); second lobe with 2 and 3 lateral notches (other specimens 2—3(2) notches), without medial notch; third lobe with 4 and 5 lateral notches (other specimens 2—5(4) notches), without medial notch. Plate formula 2-3-4 (other specimens usually 2-3-3, some- times 2-2-3 or 2-2-2). Macroduct between median lobes 1.0 x as long as distance between base of median lobe and posterior apex of anal opening (other specimens 0.9-1.4(1.1) x); macroduct in first space 105 u long (other specimens 85—132(109) u), with 22 large macroduct orifices on pygidium (other specimens 19—26(23) orifices), with 4 macroduct orifices in row beginning between median margin of lobe 3 and interlobular paraphysis in 2nd space (other specimens with 4—6(4) orifices) (Fig. 1B), with 2 macroduct orifices in same row of macroducts anterior of imaginary line drawn between anterior apex of paraphysis attached to lateral margin of lobe 3 and anterior apex of interlobular paraphysis in 2nd space (Fig. 1C) (other specimens with 1—3(2) orifices). Pygidial microducts in clusters on venter of segment 5 with 7 ducts in each cluster posterior of seta marking segment 4 (other specimens with 5—9(7) ducts); prepygidial microducts on venter in mar- ginal or submarginal areas of head (other specimens on head or head and pro- thorax) and on segments 3 and 4 (rarely with | or 2 on segment 2), in submedial areas around mouthparts, anterior of anterior spiracle, and on metathorax (other specimens with microducts also anterior of anterior spiracle and in submedial areas of metathorax, segments 1-2); prepygidial microducts on dorsum in sub- marginal areas of prothorax to segment 2 (other specimens with dorsal microducts on prothorax or mesothorax to segment 1, 2, or 3). Perivulvar pores total 13 (other specimens 8—13(11) pores). Anal opening located 97 u from posterior apex of anal opening to base of median lobes (other specimens 59-1 23(90), anal opening located 9 x length of anal opening from posterior apex of anal opening to base of 98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 1. A to E, Pseudischnaspis acephala adult female, 1938, Panama, Chiriqui Prov., ex. Cay- endishia (Lectotype). median lobes (other specimens 6—1 5(8) x ), anal opening | 1 uw long (other specimens 7-17(13) uw). Marginal area of each side of segment 5 with 2 clusters of ventral microducts on sclerotized areas (other specimens with or without these areas). Pygidium usually relatively broad, ratio of distance of imaginary line drawn be- tween bases of dorsal setae on lateral margin of segment 4 (Fig. 1A) divided by line drawn from midpoint of same imaginary line to posterior apex of median lobes (Fig. 1D) 2.4 units (other specimens 1|.8—2.6(2.4) units). Apex of head rect- angular with rounded lateral angles (some other specimens with nearly 90° angles). Dorsal sclerotized area adjacent to lobelike projections on segment 5 relatively small. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 99 FIRST INSTAR Description.— We have examined 4 embryos of this species and could find no differences compared with the crawler of P. bowreyi (see “First Instar” in the treatment of P. bowreyi). Discussion. — Pseudischnaspis acephala is separated from P. bowreyi by having: 8—13(11) perivulvar pores; 4—6(4), macroduct orifices in row beginning between medial margin of 3rd lobe and interlobular paraphysis in 2nd space (Fig. 1B); 1-3(2) macroduct orifices in same row located anterior of imaginary line drawn between anterior apex of paraphysis attached to lateral margin of 3rd lobe and anterior apex of interlobular paraphysis in 2nd space (Fig. 1C); 19-26(23) large macroducts on pygidium; elongate, ventral microducts usually on submarginal areas of segments 3 and 4 only, rarely with | or 2 ducts on segment 2; distance from posterior apex of anal opening to base of median lobes 59-—123(90) wu; rel- atively small sclerotized area adjacent of lobelike projections on segment 5 (Fig. 1E); 5—9(7) microducts in each cluster on sublateral area of segment 5 posterior of ventral seta marking segment 4; P. bowreyi has 13-31(23) perivulvar pores; 4—9(6), usually 5—7, macroducts in row mentioned above (Fig. 2B); 2—7(4) macro- ducts anterior of imaginary line described above (Fig. 2C); 25-36(29) large mac- roducts on pygidium; elongate, ventral microducts in band on submarginal areas of mesothorax, metathorax, segment |, or segment 2 to segment 4; distance from posterior apex of anal opening to base of median lobes 91—143(122) u: relatively large sclerotized area adjacent of lobelike projections on segment 5 (Fig. 2E); 6-—14(9) microducts in each cluster on sublateral area of segment 5 posterior of ventral seta marking segment 4. See Table | for a statistical analysis of the above numerical data. Specimens examined.—In addition to the 19 type specimens mentioned earlier, we examined 48 specimens on 22 slides as follows— MEXICO: On Chamaedorea sp., VII-19-1976, R. Park; on Citrus aurantifolia, X1-2-1956, Gondeck, CEN- TRAL AMERICA: Canal Zone-Frijoles, on Persea sp. (avocado); V-23-1919, H. F. Dietz, J. Zetek, I. Molino. El Salvador—on Mangifera indica, VI1-20-1946, Cranford. Nicaragua-Managua, on Anacardium sp. (cashew) and Citrus sp., IV- 28-1959, T. Sequeira; Managua, on palm and Narcissus sp., V-5-1959, F. Perez: La Calera, on Coffea sp. (coffee), VI-1-1959, R. Bodan. Panama-Anton, on Cocos sp. (coconut), IV-1924, J. Zetek. SOUTH AMERICA: Columbia-Espinal, on Mangifera indica, 1-8-1972, H. E. Martin and F. Mosquera; Fusagasuga, on ornamental palm and ornamental plant, VIII-17-1971, F. Mosquera. Peru-Uchu- mayo, on Citrus medica, VI-18-1919, Bwes. Pseudischnaspis bowreyi (Cockerell) Aspidiotus bowreyi Cockerell 1893: 383. Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) bowreyi Cockerell 1897: 23. Chrysomphalus bowreyi (Cockerell): Leonardi 1899: 220. Pseudischnaspis bowreyi (Cockerell): Cockerell 1901: 64. Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) longissima Cockerell 1898: 439. NEw SYNONYMY. Chrysomphalus longissimus (Cockerell): Leonardi 1900: 342. Pseudischnaspis longissima (Cockerell): Cockerell 1901: 64. Aspidiotus longissima Cockerell: Cockerell 1905: 45. 100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Pseudischnaspis linearis Hempel 1900: 506. Aspidiotus linearis (Hempel): Ferris 1941: 45. Suggested common name.—Bowrey scale. Type material.—We have examined the syntype series of Aspidiotus bowreyi and here designate as lectotype an adult female mounted alone on a slide labeled as follows: Left label ““Aspidiotus bowreyi/Ckll./ON Agave rigida/Hope, Jamaica/ Bowrey, Coll. Ckll. Coll./#7831/from Type Material.”’; right label ““LECTOT Y PE/ Aspidiotus/bowreyi (CkIl.)/desig. by/Miller/Davidson & Stoetzel 1984.” The paralectotypes include | adult male on | slide, 3 second instars and 2 adult females on | slide, 2 second instars and 2 adult females on | slide, | adult female on 1 slide, and 3 adult females on | slide. There is a single slide from the type series that contains a scale cover. We also have examined the syntype series of Pseudischnaspis longissima and here designate as lectotype an adult female mounted singly on a slide labeled as follows: Left label “*7973./A. longissimus Ckll/(7ype)/Mango./Frontera, Tab. Mex./ June 28 ‘97.”’; right label ““LECTOT Y PE/Aspidiotus/longissima/Cockerell/desig. by/Miller/Davidson & Stoetzel 1984.” The paralectotypes include | first instar on | slide, | second instar on | slide, 1 adult female and | second instar female on | slide, and 3 adult females on 3 slides. In addition 3 slides contain 12 scale covers that were collected at the same time as the type series. We also have examined specimens labeled as “‘cotype material’ of Pseudischnaspis linearis Hempel and here designate as lectotype an adult female mounted singly on a slide labeled as follows: ‘‘Pseudischnaspis/linearis Hempel/Cotype/Y piranga, Brazil/A. Hempel,/let. Apr. 28, 1900/Hempel # 79”; right label ““LECTOTYPE/Pseudis- chnaspis/linearis/Hempel/desig. by/Miller/Davidson &/Stoetzel 1984.” The orig- inal description gives the host as Myrcia. The paralectotypes include | 2nd instar on | slide. All material in this section is in the USNM. Field characters. — Adult female cover black with blue or purple tinge; cover of newly molted adult female nearly circular; cover of more mature adult female elongate oval with approximately parallel sides. Ventral cover well developed. Male cover similar in texture to female cover except smaller and narrower. In- festations occur on bark and leaves (Ferris 1941). ADULT FEMALE Figs. 2-3 Description.— Lectotype adult female of Pseudischnaspis bowreyi with area an- terior of lobe 3 with 5 lobelike projections (other specimens with 4 or 5 projec- tions). Median lobes separated by space 0.6 x width of median lobes (other spec- imens 0.3-0.7(0.5) x), with 1 lateral notch on specimens without worn lobes, without medial notch; second lobe with 2 lateral notches (other specimens 2—3(2) notches), without medial notch; third lobe with 4 lateral notches on | side, 5 on other (other specimens 3—5(4) notches), without medial notch (other specimens rarely with | medial notch). Plate formula not clear on lectotype (other specimens usually 2-3-3, sometimes 2-2-3 or 2-2-2). Macroduct between median lobes un- clear on lectotype (other specimens with macroduct between median lobes unclear on lectotype (other specimens with macroduct between median lobes 1.0—1.2(1.0) times as long as distance between base of median lobe and posterior apex of anal opening); macroduct in first space unclear on lectotype (other specimens with this VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 101 a) Fig. 2. Ato E, Pseudischnaspis bowreyi adult female, VIII-19-1976, Guatemala, ex. bromeliad. macroduct 107-170(149) uw long), with 31 large macroduct orifices on pygidium (other specimens 25—36(29) orifices), with 7 macroduct orifices in row beginning between medial margin of lobe 3 and interlobular paraphysis in second space (other specimens with 4—9(6) orifices) (Fig. 2B), with 5 macroduct orifices in same row of macroducts anterior of imaginary line drawn between anterior apex of paraphysis attached to lateral margin of lobe 3 and anterior apex of interlobular paraphysis in second space (Fig. 2C) (other specimens 2-—7(4) orifices). Pygidial microducts in cluster on venter of segment 5, with 7 and 9 ducts in each cluster posterior of seta marking segment 4 (other specimens with 6-14(9) ducts); pre- 102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 3. A and E, Pseudischnaspis bowreyi adult female, VI-28-1897, Mexico, Frontera, Tab., ex. Mangifera. B, Adult female, I-24-1945, Peru, Lima, ex. “long green plum.” C, Adult female, IV-20- 79, Mexico, ex. Orchidaceae. D, Adult female, V-15-1973, Colombia, Cachipay Cund., ex. Pyrus. pygidial microducts on venter in marginal or submarginal areas of head (some other specimens with microducts on head and prothorax) and on submarginal areas of metathorax to segment 4 (other specimens with microducts on meso- thorax, metathorax, segment 1, or segment 2 to segment 4), in submedial areas around mouthparts, anterior of anterior spiracle, anterior of posterior spiracle and on metathorax (other specimens with submedial ducts on metathorax, seg- ment | and sometimes on segments 2 and 3); prepygidial microducts on dorsum in submarginal areas of prothorax to segment 2 (other specimens with dorsal VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 103 microducts on prothorax or mesothorax to segment 1, 2, or 3). Perivulvar pores total 26 (other specimens 13-31(23) pores). Anal opening located 110 u from posterior apex of anal opening to base of median lobes (other specimens 91- 143(122) uw), anal opening located 6 x length of anal opening from posterior apex of anal opening to base of median lobes (other specimens 6-1 1(9) x ), anal opening 18 uw long (other specimens 1 1—20(15) uw). Marginal area of each side of segment 5 usually with only single cluster of ventral microducts, ducts on sclerotized area (other specimens with or without sclerotized area). Pygidium usually relatively narrow, ratio of distance of imaginary line drawn between bases of dorsal setae on lateral margin of segment 4 (Fig. 2A) divided by line drawn from midpoint of same imaginary line to posterior apex of median lobes (Fig. 2D) 2.2 units (other specimens 1|.4—2.4(1.9) units). Apex of head usually broadly rounded. Dorsal sclerotized area adjacent to lobelike projections on segment 5 relatively large (Fig. DE). Discussion. — Pseudischnaspis bowreyi is morphologically diverse, particularly in body and pygidial shape (Fig. 3, A-D), but seems to be a single variable species. We were somewhat dismayed when we examined the type series of P. Jongissima, because specimens in the series have a very broad pygidium (Fig. 3, A and E) and 2 distinct clusters of ventral microducts on the submarginal areas of segment 5. These states are quite different from their homologues in the type series of P. bowreyi. However, after studying more than 250 specimens of P. bowreyi and ‘‘P. longissima”’ we could find no consistent difference. Further, we were unable to find any combination of characters that might be used to distinguish these 2 hypothesized taxa. For a comparison of P. bowreyi with P. acephala see the discussion section of P. acephala. The specimen illustrated is not part of the type series of P. bowreyi but has been compared with the type and is conspecific with P. bowreyi. First INSTAR Fig. 4 Description. — Mounted, 0.2—0.3(0.2) mm long, 0.1—0.3(0.2) mm wide. Dorsum with setae and ducts as illustrated. Pygidium with 2 large lobes and 2—3(3) ad- ditional fringed, lobelike structures associated with marginal ducts; 2nd lobe with 2-3(3) notches; 3rd lobe with 2—5(3) notches. Plates between median lobes rela- tively conspicuous, with 5—6(5) tines; 2 plates between lobes 2 and 3 each with 2—4(3) tines. Posterior marginal ducts conspicuously larger than others, duct be- tween 2nd lobes 25-30(28) uw long, duct anterior of 3rd lobe 11—15(12) uw long. Anal opening 5—7(6) u long, distance from posterior apex of anal opening to base of 2nd lobes 20-—30(25) u, distance from anal opening to base of 2nd lobes/length of anal opening 3.3—5.0(4.2). Venter with long apical seta 35—70(48) uw long. Area between antennae with O- 2(1) sclerotized tubercles. Legs with hind trochanter + femur 25—43(33) u long, tibia + tarsus (excluding claw) 18—28(22) u long; trochanter + femur/tibia + tar- sus 1.4—1.9(1.5): tarsi of male with sensillum; each tarsus and claw with 2 capitate setae extending to or beyond claw apex. Antenna 5-segmented, 70—90(78) uw long, apical segment 45-58(53) « long; antennal length/apical segment 1.3—1.6(1.5): distance from apex of antenna to distal sensory seta 15—30(24) uw; apical antennal segment with 2 sensilla, | usually located near base of distal sensory seta occa- 104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON { >. > z Midschee daar WCC Ct LUIS gS MOT Youd | H LUUUD' lala reanerangagm MAQUI BUY 2 SUS ) ‘Sevatoret ) As) Fig. 4. Pseudischnaspis bowreyi female crawler, VII-17-25, Brazil, ex. bromeliad. A, Composite third lobe of Melanaspis obscura and M. tenebricosa. sionally more proximal (Fig. 4), other near base of next proximal seta on same side of antenna. Description based on 8 embryos from 8 localities. Discussion.—We have been unable to distinguish between the first instars of P. bowreyi and Melanaspis aliena. Comparisons with 3 other species of Melan- aspis have provided some interesting results. The first instars of Pseudischnaspis bowreyi, Melanaspis aliena, and M. smilacis share several unusual characters. All have large, fringed plates between the second lobes; 2 fringed plates in the space between lobes 2 and 3; trapezoidal-shaped 3rd lobes; fringed, lobelike processes anterior of lobe 3; usually have mediolateral setae absent from abdominal seg- ments | and 2 on the female; usually have mediolateral setae absent from ab- dominal segment | and present on abdominal segment 2 on the male. The first VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 105 instars of M. obscura and M. tenebricosa have small plates that are simple or consist of only 2 or 3 tines between the 2nd lobes; 1 simple plate or no plate in the space between lobes 2 and 3; triangular-shaped 3rd lobes (Fig. 4A); simple, lobelike processes anterior of lobe 3; usually have mediolateral setae absent from abdominal segment | and present on segment 2 on the female; usually have medio- lateral setae present on segments | and 2 on the male. Males ofall species examined have a tarsal sensillum, while females lack this structure. Chaetotactic sexual dimorphism was first demonstrated by Stoetzel and Davidson (1974a); sensilla sexual dimorphism was first suggested by Howell and Tippins (1977). The first instar of P. bowreyi and Melanaspis aliena differs from that of M. smilacis by having notches on the 2nd lobes restricted to the lateral margin, the sensilla on the apical antennal segment in the central and proximal portion of the segment, length of trochanter + femur/tibia + tarsus (excluding claw) 1.1—1.9(1.5), usually having | or 2 tubercles between the antennae; M. smilacis usually has notches on the medial and lateral margins, has the sensilla on the apical antennal segment in the central and distal portion of the segment, length of trochanter + femur/tibia + tarsus (excluding claw) |.2—1.4(1.3), without tubercles between an- tennae. ADULT MALE igs 5 Description. — Mounted, 0.8—0.9(0.9) mm long, 0.2—0.3(0.3) mm wide. Dorsum with setae as illustrated except on abdomen where variable; marginal, and submarginal setae as follows: Segment | with 0-1(1) on each side of body, segment 2 with 0-1(1), segment 3 with O-1(1), segment 4 with 0-2(1), segment 5 with 2, segment 6 with 2, segment 7 with 2—3(3), segment 8 with 2—4(4); medi- olateral setae usually restricted to segment 2 (on | side of 1 specimen | seta also on segments | and 4, other side of same specimen normal). Abdominal sclero- tization weakly indicated. Metathorax with postnotum not sclerotized. Meso- thorax with postnotal membranous area with longitudinal striation, scutellum 143-150(147) uw wide, foramen 7-10(8) uw wide, scutellum/foramen 15-20(18). Prothorax with posttergite inconspicuous, pronotal sclerite absent. Head occa- sionally with weak extension of midcranial ridge, posterior angle of postoccipital ridge 105—126(114) degrees, transverse median body of ridge 35—37(37) u wide, anterior arms weakly developed forming triangular angle. Dorsal eye 25-37(32) mw in diameter. Penial sheath apically acute, 237—270(259) u long; greatest width/length 0.21- 0.22(0.21); aedeagus from distal end of basal rod to apex 227—253(239) u long; anal opening inconspicuous. Venter with setae as illustrated except mediolateral setae variable as follows: Segment 3 with 0-1(0) on each side of body, segment 4 with O0-1(0), segment 5 with 1—2(1), segment 6 with 1—2(2), segment 7 with 2. Abdominal sclerotization weakly indicated. Metathorax with conspicuous precoxal ridge, metasternum weakly developed. Mesothorax with basisternum partially divided medially. Pro- thorax with prosternum well developed medially, transverse ridges slightly pro- duced, posterior sclerotic area represented by dermal reticulation only. Head with narrow midcranial ridge terminating posteriorly in weakly sclerotized plate, post- ocular ridge separate from preoral ridge, without noticeable ventral plates, cranial 106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Y \ i Fig. 5. Pseudischnaspis bowreyi adult male, HI-1970, Puerto Rico, San Juan, ex. Agave. apophysis not divided apically, 43-60(51) uw long. Ventral eye 25-35(30) mw in diameter. Ocelli conspicuous. Front legs 310-—355(337) uw long, middle legs 313—353(338) uw long, hind legs 340-373(354) uw long; length of hind tibia/tarsus 1.4—1.5(1.4); setae hairlike, bi- furcate on inner margin of tarsus, spurs absent; trochanter with 4 sensilla, tarsus with 1; tarsus 2-segmented; digitules similar on each pair of legs, tarsal pair capitate, not reaching tip of claw, claw digitules capitate, extending beyond tip of claw. Antennae 434—460(446) u long, body 1.9—2.0(2.0) times length of antennae, 10-segmented, 3rd segment | .3—1.5(1.4) x longer than apical segment; setae absent from segment |; proximal seta on 3rd segment 40—53(45) uw long, sensillum not seen on segment 2; with 15—16(15) setae on segment 10 counting capitate seta, excluding sensillum; segment 10 with apical capitate seta and at least 1 more capitate seta. Wing 564—682(612) u long, 279-3 16(296) uw wide, wing length/width 2.0—2.2(2.1). Description based on 5 specimens from 2 localities including a paralectotype. Discussion.—Of the adult males described by Ghauri (1962), Aspidiotus de- structor (Signoret) seems to be most similar to the male of Pseudischnaspis bowreyi. The former can be separated by having: The anterior arms of the postoccipital ridge nearly parallel forming a rectangle; the legs each with the tarsal and claw digitules represented by a short setiform digitule and a long capitate digitule; 1 mediolateral seta on each side of the dorsum of segments | and 2; the prosternum VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 107 narrow, with no lateral development of the transverse processes; the mesosternum with a complete median ridge; and by usually having no mediolateral, ventral setae on segment 5, 1 on segment 6, and 2 on segment 7. Pseudischnaspis bowreyi has: The anterior arms of the postoccipital ridge diverging anteriorly forming a triangle; the legs each with 2 elongate, capitate tarsal digitules and 2 elongate, capitate claw digitules; | mediolateral seta on each side of the dorsum on segment 2 only; the prosternum relatively broad, with a slight lateral development of the transverse processes; the mesosternum with an incomplete median ridge; and by usually having | mediolateral, ventral seta on segment 5, 2 on segment 6, and 2 on segment 7. Males of Melanaspis are similar to males of Pseudischnaspis. Differences are found in overall size and in setal patterns, but obvious differences have not been observed in reticulate patterns, sizes and shapes of sclerites, or presence or absence of ridges. The male of Melanaspis obscura differs by having relatively short an- tennal setae (proximal seta on third segment 20—33(25) uw long), 3—5(4) clubbed setae on tenth segment of antenna excluding apical seta, 1—3(2) setae in the mem- branous area near the tegula, penial sheath 415-—487(452) uw long, 2—3(3) marginal or submarginal setae on each side of segments 5 and 6, | mediolateral seta on the dorsum of segment |, hind legs over 480 uw long, antennal segments broad (3rd segment 2.5—3.7(3.3) x as long as wide). In comparison Pseudischnaspis bow- reyi has long antennal setae (proximal seta on 3rd segment 40—53(45) wu long), O- 1(1) clubbed setae on tenth segment of antennae excluding apical seta, | seta in the membranous area near the tegula, penial sheath 237—270(259) uw long, 2 mar- ginal or submarginal setae on each side of segment 5 and 6, usually without a mediolateral seta on the dorsum of.segment |, hind legs less than 400 wu long, antennal segments narrow (third segment 4.0—4.8(4.3) x as long as wide). The male of Me/anaspis tenebricosa has the apex of the penial sheath bluntly rounded, 2—3(2) clubbed setae on the tenth segment of the antenna excluding the apical seta, penial sheath 275—307(293) uw long, 1—2(2) genal setae, 1—2(2) sub- medial setae on each side of venter of segment 5, and 2 marginal or submarginal setae on each side of segment 4. Pseudischnaspis bowreyi has the apex of the penial sheath apically acute, O-1(1) clubbed seta on the tenth segment of the antenna excluding the apical seta, penial sheath 237—270(259) uw long, 1 genal seta, 1—2(1) submedial setae on each side of venter of segment 5, and O—2(1) marginal or submarginal setae on each side of segment 4. The male of Melanaspis smilacis is remarkably similar to the male of Pseudisch- naspis bowreyi. Both usually lack the mediolateral setae on segment 2; both have the tenth antennal segment without capitate setae (excluding apical seta) or with 1 such seta with the club so small that it is nearly impossible to see; and both have the same setal patterns. Me/anaspis smilacis usually has a definite dorsal extension of the midcranial ridge, the length of the body/length of the antenna 1.4-1.8(1.6), and the length of the antenna 47 1-639(573) uw. Pseudischnaspis bow- reyl has the dorsal extension of the midcranial ridge absent or weakly indicated, the length of the body/length of the antenna 1.9—2.0(2.0), and the length of the antenna 434—460(446) wu. Comparison of adult males of Me/anaspis aliena with those of Pseudischnaspis bowreyi supports the conclusion of a close relationship demonstrated by other instars. The male of the former differs by having much longer setae on the antennae 108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON (proximal seta on 3rd segment about 70 uw long), body about 1.1 mm long, and penial sheath about 325 uw long. The latter has shorter setae on the antennae (proximal seta on 3rd segment 40—53(45) uw long, body 0.8—0.9(0.9) mm long, and penial sheath 237—270(259) wu long. Specimens examined.— We have examined about 250 specimens on 170 slides. A synopsis of pertinent collection data is as follows: UNITED STATES: Florida— Homestead (on Lagerstroemia lanceolata, 1977); Key West (on Rosa sp. and Vitis sp., 1890 to 1921); Miami (on Coccoloba uvifera, Persea sp., and Psidium guajava, 1909-1980). Missouri— Shaw Botanic Garden, St. Louis (on Agave spp. and Yucca aloifolia, 1921). New York—New York Botanic Garden, New York (on Agave decipients and Yucca aloifolia, 1921 to 1934). MEXICO:—(on Beaucarnea, cactus, Citrus, Dracaena Ficus, Hylocerus, Orchidaceae, Mangifera, Persea, Yucca, 1897 to 1977). CENTRAL AMERICA: Belize—(on Tillandsia, 1976). Costa Rica— (on Carya, Persea, Prunus, Rosa, 1932 to 1951). Guatemala—(on “‘bromeliad,” Tillandsia, 1976 to 1979). Honduras—(‘‘bromeliad,”’ 7i//andsia, 1976). Nicara- gua—(on Citrus, Pyrus, Theobroma, 1959). Panama—(on Tillandsia, 1951). SOUTH AMERICA: Brazil—(on Bromelia, ““bromeliads,” “‘Holocalyx,” 1946 to 1978). Colombia—(on Eucalyptus, Pyrus, 1973 to 1977). Ecuador—(on Persea, 1925). Peru—(on ‘“‘bromeliad,” Hibiscus, “long green plum,” Musa, Nerium, “‘or- chid,”’ Passiflora, Rosa, 1910 to 1979). Venezuela—(on Cattleya, 1943). WEST INDIES: Barbados—(on Rosa, 1935). Bermuda—(on Agave, 1921 to 1936). Cuba— (on Agave, Aloe, Annona, Ciba, Hibiscus, Hylocereus, Jasminum, Mangifera, Phoenix, Psidium, Rosa, 1917 to 1955). Jamaica—(Agave, 1893-1974). Puerto Rico—(on Agave, Annona, Coccoloba, Rosa, Spondias). St. Croix —(‘“bromeliad,”’ 1976. St. Thomas—(on Agave, Poinciana, Psidium, 1924-1975). Trinidad —(Eu- phorbia, 1975). SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION Several conclusions merit special attention. (1). Pseudischnaspis now includes two species. Pseudischnaspis longissima is believed to be a broad-pygidium extreme of P. bowreyi and is synonymized for the first time. Melanaspis aliena virtually is inseparable from Pseudischnaspis bowreyi in the first instar, is difficult to separate in the adult female except with old mature specimens, and apparently is easily distinguished in the adult male by the length of the antennal setae. (2). An unusual amount of intraspecific variation was detected in both Pseu- dischnaspis acephala and P. bowreyi. In the former the median lobes either have a medial notch or lack it. In several paralectotypes a single specimen has one median lobe with the medial notch, whereas the other lobe completely lacks this notch. In P. bowreyi the shape of the pygidium varies from the broad form described as P. /ongissima, to the narrow form typical of the traditional concept of P. bowreyi. In several long series of specimens we found both pygidial forms with numerous intergrades. No correlation was found between the degree of body elongation and pygidial shape. (3). Chaetotactic sexual dimorphism in Pseudischnaspis bowreyi is different from what has been reported in other aspidiotine armored scales. The usual aspidiotine setal arrangement is for the female to be without dorsal setae medi- olaterally on the dorsum of segments | and 2 and for the male to have these setae. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 109 In P. bowreyi the female lacks mediolateral setae, typical of other aspidiotines, but the male has mediolateral setae on segment 2 and lacks them on segment 1. The same setal patterns were found in Me/anaspis aliena and M. smilacis. Chaetotactic sexual dimorphism in M. obscura and M. tenebricosa was quite different. The female usually has mediolateral setae absent from segment | and present on segment 2. The male usually has mediolateral setae present on segments Mand.2. (4). Based on our examination of just a few species of Melanaspis, it is evident that generic concepts of Pseudischnaspis and Melanaspis need to be reexamined. Our hypothesis, based on characteristics of first instars and adult males, is that M. aliena, M. smilacis, and Pseudischnaspis bowreyi form a group of species and that Melanaspis obscura and M. tenebricosa form another group. It is evident that further study is needed. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to Helen Proctor, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, for typing the various forms of the manuscript. We also acknowledge Pamela Hollyoak for drawing the pencil illustrations of the adult females which ultimately were inked by Davidson. We are indebted to James O. Howell, Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, and to F. Christian Thompson, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washington, D.C. for their comments and criticisms of the manuscript. We are especially grateful to Michael J. Raupp and Galen Dively, Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park and Patricia Espenshade, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute, Beltsville, Maryland for giving of their expertise with computers and/or statistics. LITERATURE CITED Cockerell, T. D. A. 1893. Aspidiotus bowreyi, n. sp. J. Inst. Jam. 1(8): 383. 1897. The San Jose scale and its nearest allies. U.S. Dep. Agric. Div. Entomol. Tech. Ser. no. 6, 31 pp. ——. 1898. New Coccidae from Mexico. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1(7): 426-440. ———. 1901. The Coccidae of Brazil. Am. Nat. 35: 63-64. ——. 1905. A table to facilitate the determination of the Mexican scale-insects of the genus Aspidiotus. Am. Nat. 39: 45-46. Ferris, G. F. 1941. Atlas of the scale insects of North America. Series III. Stanf. Univ. Press, Palo Alto, Calif., 269-384. Ghauri, M. S. K. 1962. The morphology and taxonomy of male scale insects. British Museum (Natural History), London, 221 pp. Hempel, A. 1900. As coccidas Brazileiras. Rev. Mus. Paulista 4: 365-537. Howell, J. O. and H. H. Tippins. 1977. Description of first instars of nominal type-species of eight diaspidid tribes. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 70: 119-135. Leonardi, G. 1899. Saggio di sistematica degli Aspidiotus. Rev. Patol. Veget. 7: 173-225. 1900. Saggio di sistematica degli Aspidiotus. Rev. Patol. Veget. 8:298-363. Stoetzel, M. B. and J. A. Davidson. 1974a. Sexual dimorphism in all stages of the Aspidiotini. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 67: 138-140. ——. 1974b. Biology, morphology and taxonomy of immature stages of 9 species in the Aspidiotini. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 67: 475-509. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(1), 1984, pp. 110-119 ETHOLOGY OF ANOPLIUS TENEBROSUS (CRESSON) (HYMENOPTERA: POMPILIDAE) STEVEN R. ALM AND FRANK E. KURCZEWSKI (SRA) Department of Entomology, OARDC, Wooster, Ohio 44691; (FEK) Dept. of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210. Abstract.—Anoplius tenebrosus (Cresson) has one generation per year. Females and males emerge in mid-summer in upstate NY. The males die within a few weeks of mating. The females, after mating, feed on flowers, especially goldenrod, and dig overwintering burrows in the ground in late summer and fall. They reappear during the first warm days of spring, and nest in sandy areas bordered by woodlands. Females of 4. tenebrosus hunt and capture a variety of errant spiders, especially Lycosidae, and store one spider in a shallow, single-celled nest. The prey is cached either on a low plant or on the ground during burrow con- struction. Transport of the spider to the nest is always backwards on the ground, the wasp usually holding the base of the prey’s hind leg with the mandibles. The spider is pulled into the nest by its spinnerets. The wasp’s egg is placed obliquely on the venter of the spider’s abdomen. 4. viaticus (L.), a related Palearctic species, has almost identical nesting behavior as A. tenebrosus. Knowledge of the nesting behavior of pompilids is limited, especially in the subgenus Pompilinus. There are few particulars for the 17 Nearctic species in this group. Prey preferences of some of the species are narrow, whereas those of others are broad (Evans, 1951). Anoplius tenebrosus (Cresson) is one of the commonest pompilids in this subgenus in the Canadian and Transition Zones. The species “occurs in sandy places, particularly in the vicinity of woods; the nest 1s a short tunnel in the earth with an enlarged terminal cell’? (Evans, 1951). Prey spiders comprise Thomisidae and Lycosidae (Evans, 1951; Evans and Yoshimoto, 1962; Wasbauer and Powell, 1962). Evans (1970) observed Anoplius tenebrosus at Jackson Hole, Wyoming from July 4 to August 26. He indicated that females may overwinter because they appear early in the season and that males and fresh females emerged about July 20 after which mating took place. Records of A. tenebrosus occurring in the Northwest Territories and the Yukon, Canada were published by Steiner (1970). Kurczewski and Kurczewski (1973) reported Gnaphosidae as a new prey family, described burrow construction, prey transport, nest structure and dimensions, and indicated that females may overwinter. Our paper describes the ethology of 4. tenebrosus. The behavior of this species is compared with that of the related Palearctic Anoplius viaticus (L.). Location of nests.— Natural nesting sites comprised sand bordered by wood- lands. Data were collected at three sand pits near Mallory, one near Fulton, and VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 111 Fig. 1. Sandy road, Boonville, N.Y., in which Anoplius tenebrosus nested. (Photograph by R. A. Norton). one in Selkirk Shores State Park, all in Oswego Co., NY. Other wasps were observed on Camp Road, Boonville. Oneida Co. (Fig. 1), and along a truck trail on the State Campus at Wanakena, St. Lawrence Co., NY. Females nested in open sand, never under tree canopy. The Mallory, Fulton and Selkirk Shores areas contained sparse mosses, grasses and the remains of the previous years’ growth. Deciduous trees and scattered white pine (Pinus strobus L.) surrounded these sites; the Wanakena site was bordered by conifers. The soil was moist and firm in the spring when nesting was at its peak (late April or May). Nests were always dug from nearly level ground, even where banks comprised a major component of the sand pit. In 1977 females nested in the central area of a sand pit near Mallory, whereas in 1978 almost all nests occupied a 3 x 8 m area on the northern periphery of the pit. Associated species.—Early in the spring the bees Sphecodes persimilis Lovell and Cockerell, S. confertus Say (Halictidae), Andrena milwaukeensis Viereck (An- drenidae) and Colletes inaequalis Say (Colletidae) occurred in the same soils as A. tenebrosus. The only sphecids found nesting early in the spring were the cricket- hunting Liris argentata (P-B) (O’Brien and Kurczewski, 1982a) and a caterpillar 112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 1. Prey records for Anoplius tenebrosus. No. of Species of spider records Locality Reference Lycosidae Trochosa terricola Thorell 21 Mallory, Boonville, imm., NY Trochosa avara Keys. 16 Mallory, Boonville, Evans & Yoshimoto, imm., 2 NY; Mich 1962 Tarentula kochi Keys. & 1 Calif. Wasbauer & Powell, 1962 Lycosa frondicola Em. 6 4 Mallory, Boonville, Evans & Yoshimoto, NY; Mich 1962 Lycosa gulosa Walck. ? 1 Boonville, NY Lycosa baltimoriana l Mich. Evans, 1970 (Keys.) imm. Pardosa moesta Banks @ 1 Mallory, NY Schizocosa crassipalpata 1 Mallory, NY Roewer 4 Schizocosa saltatrix 1 NJ Evans, 1951 Hentz NY Kurezewski & Schizocosa avida (Walck.) l Kurczewski, 1973 Schizocosa sp. (probably 1 Boonville, NY avida) Thomisidae Xysticus gulosus Keys. 1 Wash. Evans, 1951 Xysticus ferox 5 Mallory, Fulton, Evans & Yoshimoto, (Hentz) imm., 2 & 4 NY; Mich. 1962 Xysticus ampullatus l Selkirk Shores St. Turnbull et al. 2 Park, NY Xysticus elegans Keys. 2 3 Mallory, Boonville, NY Xysticus sp. imm. Boonville, NY Thanatus formicinus 2 MA; NY Evans, 1970; (Oliv.) 2 Kurczewski & Kurezewski, 1973 Misumena vatia (Clerck) 2 1 Wanakena, NY Ozyptila distans Dondale 1 Wanakena, NY & Redner 2 Agelenidae Wadotes hybridus Em. 2 2 Boonville, NY Wadotes sp. imm. 1 Boonville, NY Tegenaria domestica 1 Boonville, NY (Clerck) imm. 6 Gnaphosidae Haplodrassus signifer 1 NY Kurezewski & (Koch) 2 Kurczewski, 1973 Zelotes subterraneous 1 Wanakena, NY (Koch) 2 Drassulus sp. 8 l Wanakena, NY Salticidae Pellenes sp. imm. Boonville, NY VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 Hits} Table 1. Continued No. of Species of spider records Locality Reference Amaurobiidae Callobius bennetti (Black- Wanakena, NY wall) 2 Clubionidae Agroeca ornata Banks & l Boonville, NY hunter, Podalonia luctuosa (Smith) (O’Brien and Kurczewski, 1982b). Another pompilid that nested at this time was Priocnemis (Priocnemissus) minorata Banks. P. minorata nested in the wooded edges of the sandy roads near Boonville, NY. Parasites.—At Boonville, a female of Metopia argyrocephala (Mg.) (Sarco- phagidae: Miltogramminae) entered a nest of Anoplius tenebrosus when the wasp was out retrieving her prey. Upon excavation of the nest, the wasp’s egg was found to be destroyed and a small maggot was located on the spider. The maggot, which was reared to an adult M. argyrocephala, had been deposited before the prey or egg of A. tenebrosus had been placed in the nest. Another nest contained three unidentified maggots on a spider, and the egg of A. tenebrosus had been destroyed. Predators.— Anoplius tenebrosus females were attacked unsuccessfully by the cicindelids Cicindela scutellaris lecontei Haldeman, C. repanda Dejean, and C. formosa generosa Dejean. However, the beetles fed upon the spiders captured by A. tenebrosus. One cicindelid punctured the spider’s abdomen which caused the wasp to release the prey and attack the beetle. The wasp was successful in driving off the beetle but the damaged prey was unsuitable for provisioning and was abandoned after the female fed on its body fluids. This wasp was then ‘‘offered”’ another, paralyzed spider which had been abandoned by a female. It was readily accepted and used for provisioning. Prey.—A. tenebrosus preys on at least 25 species of spiders belonging to seven families. The majority are errant spiders, but some are funnel-web spinners (Age- lenidae) or those which spin loose, irregular webs (Amaurobiidae). The prey consist primarily of Lycosidae of which Trochosa terricola Thorell is the predom- inant species (Table 1). The average weight of a paralyzed prey was 92.39 mg (16.1-210.2, n = 91), while that ofa recently killed wasp was 40.16 mg (11.0—72.0, n = 48). An average prey to wasp ratio in this species approximated 2.3 to 1 which coincides with other pompilid prey to wasp ratios (Iwata 1942). Since only one prey was stored for the larva, it must be of sufficient size to permit larval development. One larva did not complete development on a small spider (16.1 mg). Activity conditions. — Nesting began the last week of April and ended during the second week of June in upstate New York. Little or no activity was observed on cold, cloudy days, during periods of drought or high temperatures. One female was observed digging as it began to rain. The temperature had dropped to 17°C, she was moving slowly and managed to bring her prey into the nest, but never 114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON No-to-slight wing fay =! Moderate-to-heavy wing fray WW 26 NUMBER OF SPECIMENS APRIL MAY JUNE JULY MONTH COLLECTED Fig. 2. Number of 2 Anoplius tenebrosus with no-to-slight and moderate-to-heavy wing fray in relation to the month of collection. came out. The nest was still open the next day and, upon excavating it, we found the female in a small cell off the main tunnel above the provisioning cell. Females nested continuously throughout the day from when the ambient tem- perature exceeded 15°C up to 32°C or until the temperature dropped below 16°C late in the afternoon or at twilight. Females then either dug shallow overnight burrows in the sand or burrowed into moss and spent the night. Some wasps used what appeared to be abandoned tiger beetle or bee tunnels, but usually examined several holes before settling on a site. No hunting or nesting occurred in the fall; rather, females spent much time feeding on goldenrod, Solidago spp. They walked to the blossoms if the temper- ature was low (ca. 17°C) or flew if the temperature was higher. This activity continued until the goldenrod had finished blooming in October. Overwintering. —In the fall of 1977 seven females were marked with vital paint at Mallory, NY. One female was recaptured in the spring, proving that some wasps overwinter. On October 5, 1978 one female was dug out of a burrow, 21 cm deep. She had entered the burrow on October 3rd and may have overwintered there. Circumstantial evidence supports a univoltine existence and overwintering of females. Based upon wing condition, there were two appearances of the females (Fig. 2). Field studies demonstrated that wasps found during late summer and early fall were mating, feeding on nectar, and building overwintering burrows, whereas those observed during spring were nesting. Males were present only in summer (July-September). VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 tS Activity of males. — Males of Anoplius tenebrosus flew erratically above the sand, searching for females. They were collected on the flowers of Daucus carota L. Prey capture.— Hunting took place in the spring in the fields or woodlots sur- rounding the nesting area. Females ran on and through vegetation and periodically made short flights. They flicked their wings continuously and tapped their anten- nae constantly on the substrate. Two females were observed fighting over a small gnaphosid, lapping up body fluids from a hole in its abdomen. This spider, not used for nesting, was abandoned by both wasps. Another female was seen sucking body fluids from a spider’s cephalothorax, after stinging it. Females were observed moving excitedly through clumps of grass which har- bored spiders. Wasps captured errant spiders by pouncing on their dorsum and curving the abdomen underneath in order to insert the sting in the cephalothorax. At Mallory A. tenebrosus almost invariably placed the spider in a clump of grass, moss or dried fern before digging the nest. At Boonville approximately half of the females left their prey on the sand. Some wasps moved their prey closer to the nest after burrow construction had begun and they examined it several times during the construction. If the prey had fallen from its cachement the wasp repositioned it before returning to her nest. Nesting behavior.— Females dug burrows at angles of approximately 70—90° to the sand surface (Fig. 3). Each burrow ended in an enlarged, terminal cell. The average entrance diameter was 5.6 mm (5-7, m = 15). The mean distance from the soil surface to the bottom of the cell was 3.8 cm (1.8-6.8, m = 45). The cell averaged 9.1 (6-13, nm = 47) X 7.5 mm (5.5-10, n = 35). Digging was initiated in depressions in the sand, frequently hoof- or footprints. Some females dug down a few millimeters but abandoned these excavations and dug elsewhere. Females began digging by spreading the legs and biting the sand with the mandibles. The mandibles loosened the sand while the forelegs alternately swept it back under the abdomen. The mesothoracic legs were used to pass loads of sand from the forelegs to the hindlegs which would then push the sand up the burrow. When several loads had been deposited behind the wasp, she would back up the burrow while pushing the sand into the entrance with the hindlegs. At the entrance the female would back out, using the meso- and metathoracic legs, while the forelegs swept the sand back under the abdomen. After several such backings, a low, fan-shaped tumulus extended approximately 6 cm from the entrance. One female started to dig, abandoned the burrow and started another within a few centimeters of the first. She continually confused the two locations and, after checking on her prey, returned to one nest one time and the other the next. This continued until both nests were nearly completed and culminated with the com- pletion and provisioning of one nest. The female coming out of the nest head first signified the completion of the burrow and cell. The entrance was left open as the wasp retrieved her spider. Females averaged 36 (16-70, n = 14) minutes to dig a nest, the time varying with soil texture, moisture content, wasp’s age, ambient temperature, and size of prey. The maximum duration was for a female digging in dry, hard-packed sand. Prey transport and provisioning.—Prey transport involved pulling the spider backwards, usually by the base of a hind or other leg, with the mandibles. A few wasps grasped prey by a foreleg and held the spider upside down while walking 116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Sen Fig. 3. Side views of nests of Anoplius tenebrosus, showing burrows, terminal cells and tumuli. backwards. During transport, a female usually dropped her spider before reaching the entrance. If the spider had been cached some distance from the nest, females released their prey several times and reoriented. After a wasp had dropped her prey near the entrance, she grasped it by the base of a hind coxa, a pedipalp, or the distal part of a leg and positioned it, dorsum up, spinnerets toward the entrance. Females then entered head first, turned around inside and came out head first. They grasped the spider by the spinnerets with the mandibles and pulled it into the nest, except in one case when a large thomisid was pulled in by the base of a hind leg. The spider was often positioned in the cell dorsum upward and head outward. The legs formed a plug at the proximal end of the cell for the sand closure. Closure.—Closure of the nest began after the egg had been laid, based upon wasps Observed between glass partitions. The female broke in the sides of the burrow with the mandibles and tamped the sand with the tip of the abdomen as VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 117 Fig. 4. Trochosa terricola with egg of Anoplius tenebrosus on venter of abdomen. (Photograph by R. A. Norton). she moved up the burrow. When she neared the entrance she used the forelegs alternately to scrape in the loose sand on the surface that had been removed during digging. The tip of the abdomen packed the sand in the burrow and smoothed it flush with the surrounding sand. The female then alternately swept sand under her body with the forelegs in the direction of the filled entrance. Some females placed small pebbles, grass, or twigs on the filled entrance. The wasp then usually cleaned herself and flew off. Eclosion, larval and pupal development.—Seven eggs averaged 2.4 x 1.0 mm in size and were placed rather obliquely on the venter of the spider’s abdomen (Fig. 4). Variability in egg placement was due to variation in the size and species of prey. In the laboratory, 23 eggs from Mallory and Boonville eclosed in 2-3 days at ambient temperatures of 21°-26°C. Larval and pupal development lasted 31 days for one male: 35, 46 and 64 days for three females. DISCUSSION Anoplius tenebrosus is nearly identical to the Palearctic A. viaticus in its nesting behavior (Table 2). Both species mate during the summer after which the males die. The females of both 4. tenebrosus and A. viaticus do not hunt during the late summer or fall but feed on nectar, overwinter in relatively deep burrows, reemerge in the spring and provision short, shallow nests with paralyzed wandering spiders. Females of A. viaticus dig overwintering burrows, 15-30 cm deep (Adlerz, 1903: Schiitze, 1921-24; Nielsen, 1932; Grandi, 1961; Wolf, 1971). But Soyer (1963), working in France, found overwintering burrows of this species to be only 5-6 cm deep—perhaps a reflection of a shallower substrate freeze line at this latitude. We found one female of 4. tenebrosus overwintering in a burrow, 21 cm deep. Schiitze (1921-1924) found as many as 50 overwintering burrows of 4. viaticus 118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 2. Ethological comparison of Anoplius tenebrosus and A. viaticus. {noplius (Pompilinus) tenebrosus (Cresson) Anoplius (Pompilinus) viaticus (Linnaeus) Overwintering stage: adult Generations per year: one Depth of overwintering burrow: 21 cm Cell depth (surface to bottom): * = 3.8 cm (range 1.8-6.8) Cell length: x= 9.1 mm (range 6-13) Prey cache: 1n plant or on ground Prey transportation: backwards by the base of a hind leg; pulled into nest by spinnerets Egg placement: obliquely on the abdomen Nest closure: first by breaking in the sides of the burrow, then sweeping in sand with the forelegs, which is pressed down with the tip of the abdomen Prey: primarily Lycosidae Ethological type: VPTIOC Overwintering stage: adult Generations per year: one Depth of overwintering burrow: 15 cm (Schiitze, 1921-24): 15-20 cm (Nielsen, 1932); 30 cm (Adlerz, 1903); 5-6 cm (Soyer, 1963) Cell depth (surface to bottom): (2-6 cm) Cell length: 12 mm Prey cache: in plant or on ground Prey transportation: backwards by the base of a hind leg; pulled into nest by spinnerets Egg placement: obliquely on the abdomen Nest closure: first by breaking in the sides of the burrow, then sweeping in sand with the forelegs, which is pressed down with the tip of the abdomen Prey: primarily Lycosidae Ethological type: VPTIOC in a single area. Wolf (1971) noted that overwintering burrows of this species always faced southward as did those of 4. tenebrosus. Four other European pompilids, Priocnemis perturbator (Harris), P. coriacea (Dahlbom), P. propinqua (Lepeletier) and Dipogon intermedius (Dahlbom) over- winter as adult females, according to Richards and Hamm (1939). Additional Nearctic species of Pompilidae with northern ranges of distribution may also overwinter as adults but it remains to mark and recapture the females in order to ascertain this. One explanation of female overwintering and spring provisioning in A. tenebrosus may involve lessening egg and larval predation by miltogrammine flies (Sarcophagidae) and other summer cleptoparasites. Burrow construction and final closing behavior are similar in 4. tenebrosus and A. viaticus. Soyer (1963) found females of the latter taking 15-65 (xX, 28) min. to construct a burrow, and we recorded females of A. tenebrosus taking 16-70 (x, 36) min. for this behavior. The nests of the two species are equivalent in form and dimensions (see Soyer, 1963; Bonelli, 1966; Wolf, 1971; for A. viaticus). Ferton (1897) noted a female of A. viaticus that constructed more than one cell from a single burrow. Bonelli (1966) reported that several burrows of A. viaticus were built and visited before each was stored with a spider. Both of these obser- vations need confirmation. The prey species found in the nests of the two species of Anoplius are similar, with a preponderance of one lycosid, 7rochosa terricola. Five families of prey are identical, emphasizing the selection of wandering spiders of similar ecological VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 119 requirements and suggesting similar hunting behaviors for the two species of wasps (see Picard, 1903; Adlerz, 1903; Bristowe, 1928; for A. viaticus). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank G. N. Lanier and R. A. Norton, both of CESF, for reviewing the manuscript. Dr. Norton took some of the photographs and identified most of the prey spiders. We are indebted to J. B. Simeone, CESF and H. Schmalz and L. Weith, both of New Paltz, NY, for translating several papers. M. F. O’Brien, University of Michigan, aided us with some of the field studies. The following specialists kindly provided identifications of wasps, insect associates, spider prey or parasites: H. E. Evans, Colorado State University; G. C. Eickwort, Cornell University; J. H. Redner, Biosystematics Res. Inst., Agriculture Canada; and, R. J. Gagné, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIIJ, USDA, Washington, D.C. LITERATURE CITED Adlerz, G. 1903. Lefnadsforhallenden och instinkter inom familjerna Pompilidae och Sphegidae. K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 37: 1-181. Bonelli, B. 1966. Osservazioni biologiche sugli Immenoteri Melliferi e Predatori della Val di Fiemme, X. Studi Trentini Sci. Nat., B. 43: 3-7. Bristowe, W. S. 1928. Some notes on the biology of hunting wasps. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 64: 7-11. Evans, H.E. 1951. A taxonomic study of the Nearctic spider wasps belonging to the tribe Pompilini. Part II: Genus Anoplius Dufour. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 76: 207-361. ——. 1970. Ecological-behavioral studies of the wasps of Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 140: 451-511. and C. M. Yoshimoto. 1962. The ecology and nesting behavior of the Pompilidae (Hyme- noptera) of the northeastern United States. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Am. 3: 65-119. Ferton, C. 1897. Nouvelles observations sur l’instinct des Pompilides (Hyménoptéres). Acta Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 52: 101-132. Grandi, G. 1961. Studi di un entomologo sugli Immenoteri superiori. Boll. Ist. Entomol. Univ. Bologna 25: 1-659. Iwata, K. 1942. Comparative studies on the habits of solitary wasps. Tenthredo 4: 1-146. Kurczewski, F. E. and E. J. Kurczewski. 1973. Host records for some North American Pompilidae, third supplement, tribe Pompilini. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 46: 65-81. Nielsen, E. T. 1932. Sur les habitudes des Hyménoptéres aculéates solitaires. I. (Bethylidae, Scoliidae, Cleptidae, Psammocharidae). Entomol. Medd. 18: 1-57. O’Brien, M. F. and F. E. Kurczewski. 1982a. Nesting and overwintering behavior of Liris argentata (Hymenoptera: Larridae). J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 17: 60-68. . 1982b. Ethology and overwintering of Podalonia luctuosa (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Great Lakes Entomol. 15: 261-275. Picard, F. 1903. Note sur l’instinct du Pompilus viaticus. Feuill. Jeun. Natur. 34: 142-145. Richards, O. W. and A. H. Hamm. 1939. The biology of the British Pompilidae. Trans. Soc. Brit. Entomol. 6: 51-114. Schiitze, K. T. 1921-24. Aus dem Leben einer Wegwespe (Pompilus viaticus L.). Berlin Naturw. Ges. Isis Bautz., pp. 104-108. Soyer, B. 1963. Notes sur les Sphégiens et les Pompiles, XI. Le terrier des Pompilides terrassiers épigés de France. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Marseille 23: 97-126. Steiner, A. L. 1970. Solitary wasps from subarctic North America. 1. Pompilidae from the Northwest Territories and Yukon, Canada. Quaest. Entomol. 6: 223-244. Wasbauer, M. S. and J. A. Powell. 1962. Host records for some North American spider wasps, with notes on prey selection (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 35: 393-401. Wolf, H. 1971. Prodromus der Hymenopteren der Tschechoslowakei, Pars 10: Pompiloidea. Acta Faun. Entomol. Mus. Natl. Pragae 14:3-76. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(1), 1984, pp. 120-126 PREY SELECTION BY THE NEOTROPICAL ROBBER FLY, ATRACTIA MARGINATA (DIPTERA: ASILIDAE) TobDD E. SHELLY Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024. Abstract.— Actual prey of Atractia marginata Osten Sacken were compared to sticky trap samples of available prey. Individuals did not feed randomly on avail- able prey. Coleoptera were overrepresented in the diet in comparison to their contribution to the sticky trap sample, while the opposite was true for Isoptera and non-nematocerous Diptera. In addition, foraging rate was found to vary directly with prey abundance. In a comparison of two adjacent microhabitats, both total prey abundance and foraging rate of 4. marginata were approximately three times greater in one area than in the other. Many researchers have recorded prey of adult robber flies. These reports range from anecdotal accounts in which only one or several prey are recorded (Wallis, 1913; Balduf, 1943; Hardy, 1953; Bouseman and Maier, 1977) to intensive studies in which hundreds or even thousands of prey are listed for individual asilid species (Adamovic, 1963, 1968; Dennis and Lavigne, 1975; Scarbrough, 1979; Scar- brough and Sraver, 1979). Despite this variation, these studies all share a common feature, i.e., actual prey were collected without regard to the availability of prey in the habitat. Thus, while investigators have made inferences concerning apparent preferences for particular prey types and sizes, the actual extent to which any asilid species selectively feeds upon particular prey remains unknown. The use of lures of varying dimensions and colors may help identify those prey charac- teristics most likely to elicit an asilid attack response (Lavigne and Holland, 1969; Dennis et al., 1975; Shelly and Pearson. 1978, 1980), but clearly a comparison of actual prey vs. available prey constitutes the most direct analysis of prey selection. In this paper I compare the actual prey of a Neotropical robber fly species with samples of available prey obtained using sticky traps. Atractia marginata Osten Sacken is a small (8 mm-10 mm) robber fly recorded from forests in Panama, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua (E. Fisher, personal communication). Like most robber flies, A. marginata is a sit-and-wait predator. Individuals usually perch on the sides of fallen trees and attempt aerial capture of flying insects. Upon successful capture, the asilid returns to its perch and sucks the contents of its prey. Collection of prey from feeding individuals thus permits direct assessment of the dietary composition. Preliminary observations also suggested that 4. marginata individuals within meters of one another foraged at greatly different rates. By identifying sites of “high” and “low” foraging activity and measuring prey abundance within each, VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 121 it was possible to test the hypothesis that foraging rate is directly proportional to the encounter rate with available prey. This relationship has been observed for other predaceous insects (Hassell et al., 1976) but has never been documented for robber flies. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted between February 26 and March 11, 1979, on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. This time interval coincided approximately with the mid-point of the dry season, which annually extends from late December to early May (Croat, 1978). No rain fell during the course of the study, and days were generally sunny. BCI is covered by a lowland tropical moist forest (Holdridge et al., 1971) portions of which range in age from approximately 60-130 years (Croat, 1978; Knight, 1975). All observations and collections were made at one fallen tree within the forest. The tree was approximately 20 m long and 1.5 m in circumference. A bend in the trunk resulted in the fallen tree having the shape of an inverted V with its apex off the ground and its arms sloping downward until they were lying on the ground. Preliminary observations indicated that A. marginata perched near the apex were foraging less frequently than were individuals perched along the arms and hence closer to the ground. To investigate this difference, I first established a high and a low trunk section and then (1) measured foraging rates of A. marginata and (2) sampled actual and available prey in each section. The trunk sections were established as follows. The “high” section included the apex of the fall (tree underside 91 cm above ground) and a 1.75 m length immediately to the left of the apex (tree underside 71 cm above ground at the lowest point) and a 1.0 m length immediately to the right of the apex (tree underside 84 cm above ground at the lowest point). The low section was a 3.0 m portion of the right arm of the fall that rested directly on the ground. Only 5.1 m separated the high and low sections. No low section was established on the left arm Owing to the presence there of an active nest of Trigona sp. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Although no capture attempts were observed, individuals of A. margin- ata in the nest’s vicinity were observed chasing bees. The 7rigona-induced flights thus precluded valid comparisons with A. marginata individuals in nest free portions of the trunk. All foraging observations were made between | 200-1600 hrs between February 26—March 2 and March 8—March 11. In general, 3—5 females were observed each day in both sections. During the entire study, 30 females were observed in each section. These observations consisted of watching a female for 5 minutes and recording the number of foraging flights. Only females were observed since (1) females were much more abundant than males and (2) I wished to avoid potential complications arising from sexual differences in behavior. Foraging flights were easily distinguished from other flights (e.g. relocation flights), since (1) the prey eliciting the attack could often be seen and (2) they were characteristically rapid, straight flights to points 15 cm—45 cm from the log surface. In addition, after a foraging flight, the individual generally returned to a site very close to its original position. If, however, an individual moved out of the study section (through either a foraging or relocation flight), observation ceased. In addition to flight activity, 122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON foraging efficiency (no. successful captures/no. foraging flights) was noted. Ob- servation did not stop following a successful capture, since feeding individuals usually continued to search for prey. Actual prey were collected during the same time intervals in which foraging observations were made. Afractia marginata females with prey were captured by a quick “‘cupping”’ action of a wide-mouthed jar over the asilid. After the asilid dropped its prey, the prey was collected, and the asilid was released. Prey were identified to order except for Diptera which were further categorized as nema- tocerans or non-nematocerans. Body lengths were measured to the nearest 0.1 mm using a dissecting microscope equipped with a disc micrometer. Available prey were sampled at both trunk sections from March 3—March 7. Ideally, samples of available and actual prey would be taken simultaneously. Over several hours, however, my movements would possibly affect insect distribution near the fallen tree. Consequently, after setting the traps, I avoided the area. I must assume, then, that these samples of available prey were typical of the entire study period. Two tangle-foot coated, white paper discs (diameter 11.5 cm) were placed at each section at 1200 hrs and removed at 1600 hrs. Each disc was fastened to the top of a wooden rod which in turn was driven into the ground immediately adjacent to the log with its plane perpendicular to the log’s long axis. The discs in the high and low sections were positioned with their centers 115 cm and 95 cm above ground and 20 cm and 25 cm above ground, respectively. As with actual prey, sampled insects were identified to order except for Diptera which were further categorized as nematocerans or non-nematocerans. Body lengths were measured to the nearest | mm witharuler. Entrapment in the tanglefoot precluded more accurate measurement of the sampled items. Actual prey of A. marginata females were compared with the sticky trap sample in two ways. Differences in the taxonomic and size compositions of the actual and available prey were first tested using a G-statistic (Sokal and Rohlf, 1969: 575). Ivlev’s (1961) index of electivity (E) was also used as a measure of prey selectivity: E = (r; — p;)/(t; + p;) where r, is the proportion of the predator’s diet composed of prey type (or size) category i, and p; is the proportion of the available prey composed of prey type (or size) category i. Values of E range from +1.0 (complete preference) to —1.0 (complete avoidance). RESULTS Atractia marginata females within the high trunk section foraged less frequently than did females in the low section. For the 30 females observed within each section, the mean foraging rates were 0.42 (SD = 0.28) and 1.29 (SD = 0.55) flights/minute for the high and low sections, respectively (t = 7.64, P < .001). Although flight activity varied, foraging efficiencies did not differ significantly between females in the two sections (¢ = 0.12, P < .9; are sine transformation, Sokal and Rohlf, 1969: 608). The foraging efficiencies for the high and low sections were 6.0% (4/67) and 6.6% (13/196), respectively. Prey abundance also differed greatly between the high and low trunk sections (Table 1). Nearly 3 times as many insects were collected at the low section (mean number/disc = 31.2, SD = 6.5) than at the high section (mean number/disc = 12.4, SD = 2.5). These means were significantly different (¢ = 8.6, P < .001). De- spite this numerical difference, taxonomic composition of the samples did not No ios) VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 1 Table 1. Taxonomic composition of available and actual prey of Atractia marginata females. Available prey values for each section represent total number of individuals of each category collected on 10 sampling discs over a 5 day period. Available prey Low trunk High trunk section section Total Actual prey Prey taxa Theol) ak NoPanmComns CINco IME) 9° “Noa. Gs), Elecuvnm Coleoptera 148 (47.4) 64 (51.6) PND (4826) ise (6954) eet Osis Diptera Nematocera 439) 5 (338) Gr C229) 38) ~~ (QI355)) 1S (1220) ee OL06 Non-Nematocera Gili OES) DA (OWT) 83. =(19.0) 8 (7.4) —0.44 Isoptera 26 (8.3) Le Glisen)) 43 (9.9) 6 (25) =O28 Other 34' (10.9) 5? (4.0) 39 (8.9) 63 (Ss5))) _ Total 37 124 436 108 ' Other includes: 20 Hymenoptera, 7 Thysanoptera, 5 Homoptera, 1 Hemiptera, 1 Lepidoptera. ? Other includes: 3 Hymenoptera, | Homoptera, | Strepsiptera. 3 Other includes: 3 Hymenoptera, | Homoptera, 2 Psocoptera. differ significantly between the 2 sections (G = 8.2, P < .1, df = 4). In both sec- tions, Coleoptera (primarily Platypodidae and Scolytidae) and Diptera represented approximately 50% and 30% of the sampled prey, respectively. Among the Dip- tera, approximately 40% were nematocerans (primarily Sciaridae and Cecido- myiidae) and 60% were non-nematocerans (primarily Phoridae and Stratiomyi- dae) in both sections. Similarly, Isoptera comprised approximately 10% of the trapped insects in both sections. In addition to this taxonomic similarity, size frequency distributions of Coleoptera (G = 3.2, P < .5, df=5) and Diptera (G = 2.4, P < .1, df = 3 for nematocerans and non-nematocerans combined) did not differ significantly between the high and low sections. Given these similarities in available prey in the 2 sections, the following comparisons between actual and available prey were made using combined data from both sections. The recorded prey of A. marginata females did not represent a random sample of the available prey (G = 18.0, P < .001, df = 4, Table 1). Coleoptera comprised a much greater proportion of the diet (69.4%) than of the sampled prey (48.6%). Consequently, the electivity value for Coleoptera was positive. As in the sticky trap sample, the majority (approximately 75%) of beetle prey were scolytids and platypodids. In contrast, both non-nematocerous Diptera and Isoptera were underrepresented in the diet relative to their contributions to the sample of avail- able prey. Asa result, electivity values for these prey were negative. Nematocerous Diptera, on the other hand, were consumed in approximately the same proportion as their relative abundance in the environment, and the corresponding electivity value was near zero. Only Diptera and Coleoptera were preyed upon in sufficient numbers to permit a valid comparison between actual and available prey size distributions (Table 2). These distributions differed significantly for both dipteran prey (G = 16.4, P < .001, df = 3 for nematocerans and non-nematocerans combined) and beetles (G = 17.6, P < .005, df = 5). For both taxa, the smaller size classes were over- represented in the diet relative to their contributions to the sticky trap sample. Electivity values were positive for flies less than 2 mm but negative for larger 124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 2. Size distributions of available and actual prey. Numbers of available prey represent total numbers of each size class collected on 20 sampling discs over a 5 day period. Nematocera and non- Nematocera are combined in Diptera figures. Available Actual Prey Size (mm) No. (%) Duos Ee OO) ens Electivity Diptera 0-1 18 (12.7) 4 (19.0) +0.20 1-2 55 (38.7) 12 (@75))) +0.19 2-3 46 (32.4) 5 (23.8) =(0LNS) >3 23 (16.3) 0) (0.0) — {0 Coleoptera 0-1 15 (7.1) 6 (8.0) +0.06 1-2 50 (23.6) 18 (24.0) +0.01 2-3 92 (43.3) 40 (53.3) +0.10 3-4 20 (9.4) 10 (13.3) sO); 1 7/ 4-5 21 (9.9) l (1.3) (07/7 =5) 14 (6.6) 0) (0.0) — 1.00 flies. Similarly, electivity values were positive for beetles less than 4 mm but negative for the larger size classes. Among beetle prey, a sharp decrease in electivity was noted between the 3 mm—4 mm and 4 mm-—5 mm size classes. Both classes comprised approximately 9% of the available beetle prey, but 3 mm—4 mm and 4 mm-5 mm individuals comprised 13.3% and 1.3% of the actual beetle prey, respectively. DISCUSSION Field studies of prey selection invariably rely upon sampling methods which yield biased estimates of both actual and available prey. Sticky traps, for example, have an inherent bias resulting from the fact that different insects have different abilities to detect and avoid a trap (examples in Robinson and Robinson, 1973). In addition, Olive (1980) suggested that very small insects may be passively carried around traps by air currents and hence be underrepresented in the sample. The sampling of actual prey is subject to a “handling time” bias. That is, small prey that are rapidly consumed are less likely to be sampled than are larger items that require longer processing times. Since the effect of any of these biases is unknown in the present study, the following interpretations must be considered preliminary. More definitive statements may require correction for these biases through si- multaneous use of several sampling methods (e.g. Taylor, 1962). The present results suggest that A. marginata females did not feed randomly upon available prey. Two explanations may account for this finding. First, A. marginata females may have restricted attacks to those prey offering a “‘reason- able”? chance of capture, but, within this subset, attempted capture of every prey encountered. Dietary composition may thus have reflected only differential cap- ture probabilities for different types and sizes of ‘“‘catchable” prey. Second, within the “‘catchable” subset of available prey, 4. marginata females may have further restricted attacks to those prey yielding maximum rates of net energy intake. The foraging behavior of several insect predators (Charnov, 1976; Townsend and Hildrew, 1980) appears consistent with the predictions of optimal diet theory (review in Pyke et al., 1977). Consequently, dietary composition may have re- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 125 flected not only differential capture probabilities, but also active discrimination within the subset of “‘catchable”’ prey. While a rigorous assessment of these explanations is not possible, several ob- servations suggest that differential prey vulnerability is a primary determinant of dietary composition. Atractia marginata females did not attempt capture of all sighted prey, e.g. large, fast flying prey such as euglossine bees and butterflies occasionally flew near an asilid but usually failed to elicit an attack response. Such prey were presumably ignored, since they offered only minimal chance of suc- cessful capture. The positive electivity found for Coleoptera and the difference in the electivity values noted between nematocerous and non-nematocerous Diptera are consistent with my subjective assessment of the relative vulnerability of these groups. A combination of slow and relatively straight flight may have rendered beetles more susceptible to predation. Most Diptera, if not faster fliers, appeared to have erratic flight paths and consequently may have been more difficult to capture. However, the slow flying nematocerans may have been more easily cap- tured than the non-nematocerans (e.g. phorids and stratiomyids), which are prob- ably more rapid fliers. Finally, the negative electivity values found for the larger beetles and flies are consistent with the assumption (Hocking, 1953) that, within a prey taxon, larger individuals are more rapid fliers and hence more difficult to capture and subdue than smaller individuals. Prey density has often been considered an important determinant of robber fly foraging activity (Lavigne and Holland, 1969; Dennis and Lavigne, 1975; Scar- brough and Norden, 1977). However, quantitative evidence has been lacking. The present results indicate that the foraging rate of A. marginata females varied directly with prey abundance. Total prey abundance and foraging rate were ap- proximately 3 times greater in the low section than in the high section. Interest- ingly, despite higher prey abundance in the low section, females did not exhibit an “aggregative response” (Hassell et al., 1976). That is, females did not appear to concentrate their foraging efforts in the area with greater prey density. Females could always be found in both sections, and no clustering of individuals in the low section was ever apparent. While air temperature and light levels appeared identical in both sections, it is possible that factors unrelated to prey density (e.g. aggressive encounters among females) affected the distribution of females along the log. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank D. S. Dennis, E. Fisher, and A. Scarbrough for helpful comments on an earlier draft. E. Fisher identified the species. D. Weinberger kindly assisted with the fieldwork. The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute provided logistic support. LITERATURE CITED Adamovic, Z. R. 1963. The feeding habits of some asilid species (Asilidae, Diptera) in Yugoslavia. Arh. Biol. Nauka 15: 41-74. 1968. Feeding-habits of some robber flies preying upon Orthoptera. Ekologiya 3: 119-132. Balduf, W. V. 1943. New food records of entomophagous insects. Entomol. News 54: 12-15. Bouseman, J. K. and C. T. Maier. 1977. The robber fly Proctacanthus hinei Bromley (Diptera, Asilidae) in Illinois, with records of bumblebees as prey (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 50: 357-358. 126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Charnov, E. R. 1976. Optimal foraging: attack strategy of a mantid. Am. Nat. 110: 141-151. Croat, T. B. 1978. Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford. 943 pp. Dennis, D. S. and R. J. Lavigne. 1975. Comparative behavior of Wyoming robber flies. II. (Diptera: Asilidae). Univ. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Sta. Sci. Monogr. 30: 1-68. Dennis, D. S., G. P. Roehrkasse, and R. J. Lavigne. 1975. Prey recognition by Efferia frewingi (Diptera: Asilidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 68: 404-408. Hardy, G. H. H. 1953. The prey of Stenopogon (Diptera, Asilidae) in New South Wales. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 89: 106. Hassell, M. P., J. H. Lawton, and J. R. Beddington. 1976. The components of arthropod predation. I. The prey death-rate. J. Anim. Ecol. 45: 135-164. Hocking, B. 1953. The intrinsic range and speed of flight of insects. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 104: 223-345. Holdridge, L. R., W. C. Grenke, W. H. Hatheway, T. Liang, and J. A. Tosi, Jr. 1971. Forest environments in tropical life zones: a pilot study. Pergamon Press, San Francisco. 747 pp. Ivlev, V.S. 1961. Experimental ecology of the feeding of fishes. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven. 302 pp. Knight, D. H. 1975. A phytosociological analysis of species rich tropical forest on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Ecol. Monogr. 45: 259-284. Lavigne, R. J. and F. R. Holland. 1969. Comparative behavior of eleven species of Wyoming robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). Univ. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Sci. Monogr. 18: 1-61. Olive, C. W. 1980. Foraging specializations in orb-weaving spiders. Ecology 61: 1133-1144. Pyke, G. H., R. H. Pulliam, and E. L. Charnov. 1977. Optimal foraging: a selective review of theory and tests. Quart. Rev. Biol. 52: 137-154. Robinson, M. H. and B. Robinson. 1973. Ecology and behavior of the giant wood spider Nephila maculata (Fabricius) in New Guinea. Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. No. 149, 76 pp. Scarbrough, A. G. 1979. Predatory behavior and prey of Diogmites missouriensis Bromley in Ar- kansas (Diptera: Asilidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 81: 391-400. Scarbrough, A. G. and A. Norden. 1977. Ethology of Cerotainia albipilosa Curran (Diptera: Asilidae) in Maryland: Diurnal activity rhythm and seasonal distribution. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 79: 538-554. Scarbrough, A. G. and B. E. Sraver. 1979. Predatory behavior and prey of Atomsia puella (Diptera: Asilidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 81: 630-639. Shelly, T. E. and D. L. Pearson. 1978. Size and color discrimination of the robber fly Efferia tricella (Diptera: Asilidae) as a predator on tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Environ. Entomol. 7: 790-793. —. 1980. Predatory behavior of Proctacanthella leucopogon (Diptera: Asilidae): Prey recognition and prey records. Environ. Entomol. 9: 7-9. Sokal, R. R. and F. J. Rohlf. 1969. Biometry. W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco. 859 pp. Taylor, L. R. 1962. The efficiency of cylindrical sticky traps and suspended nets. Ann. Appl. Biol. 50: 681-685. Townsend, C. R. and A. G. Hildrew. 1980. Foraging in a patchy environment by a predatory net- spinning caddis larvae: A test of optimal foraging theory. Oecologia 47: 219-221. Wallis, J. B. 1913. Robber fly and tiger beetle. Can. Entomol. 45: 135. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(1), 1984, pp. 127-143 A TAXONOMIC REVIEW OF CYSTEODEMUS LeCONTE, PHODAGA LeCONTE AND PLEUROPASTA WELLMAN (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE: EUPOMPHINA) WITH A NEW GENERIC SYNONYMY JOHN D. PINTO Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521. Abstract.— Three small genera of southwestern North American Meloidae, Cys- teodemus, Phodaga and Pleuropasta, are reviewed. Negalius Casey is treated as a synonym of Phodaga (New Synonymy). Included are generic and species syn- onymies, species diagnoses, and a summary of the seasonal and geographic dis- tribution of all species. The subtribe Eupomphina includes seven small but highly distinctive genera of meloid beetles from the arid regions of southwestern North America. Four of these, Megetra LeC., Cordylospasta Horn, Tegrodera LeC. and Eupompha LeC. have recently been revised (Selander, 1965; Pinto, 1972a, 1975, 1979). In prep- aration for a generic classification of the subtribe, a review of the remaining genera, Cysteodemus, Phodaga and Pleuropasta, is presented here. There are no particular difficulties with these genera and the only taxonomic modification proposed is the synonymy of Phodaga and Negalius. However, this paper does provide the first opportunity to summarize the geographic and seasonal distribution of all species, and to present generic and species synonymies as well as pertinent di- agnoses. Comments on intergeneric relationships will be deferred. The genera treated here each contain two species. All are confined to desert areas. Cysteodemus and Pleuropasta both have an eastern (Chihuahuan) and a western (Mojave and Sonoran) representative. Congeners are dichopatric (see Figs. 13, 15). In Pleuropasta and Cysteodemus, adult activity is correlated with the period of maximum precipitation. Thus, western desert species (Cysteodemus armatus and Pleuropasta mirabilis) occur primarily in spring or early summer; eastern representatives (C. wislizeni and P. reticulata) are most common from mid-summer to early autumn (see Tables 1—4). Phodaga differs in that its species overlap geographically (Fig. 14). The geographic and seasonal distribution of Phodaga alticeps is similar to that of Pleuropasta mirabilis, and the two are frequently collected together feeding on species of Coldenia (Boraginaceae). Phod- aga marmorata, however, 1s unique within the Eupomphina in that it ranges continuously from the Chihuahuan to the Sonoran and Mojave deserts. Although wide ranging, its seasonal distribution throughout is typical of Chihuahuan Desert eupomphines (i.e. primarily summer and autumn). Phodaga alticeps, Pleuropasta mirabilis and Cysteodemus armatus do not occur throughout the Sonoran Desert. They are primarily localized in the lower and 128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON drier western section, referred to as the Colorado Desert or Lower Colorado Valley. P. mirabilis and C. armatus are thus separated from their Chihuahuan Desert congener by ca. 400 km. Collection data reported below are based on literature records and material examined in numerous museums and private collections. The collections of the California Academy of Sciences, California Department of Food and Agriculture, University of Arizona, and University of California (Berkeley, Davis and Riv- erside) provided the majority of records. Cysteodemus LeConte Cysteodemus LeConte, 1851: 158 (type-species Cysteodemus armatus LeConte, herein designated; Wellman (1910b) erroneously listed C. armatus as the type- species of Cysteodemus by original designation); 1853: 329; 1858: 11; 1859: 126; 1862: 269. LeConte and Horn, 1883: 416. Champion, 1892: 369. Beaure- gard, 1890: 409, 411. Wellman, 1910a: 215-221, passim; 1910b: 391. Van Dyke, 1928: 458. Bradley, 1930: 114. Denier, 1935: 146, 176. Vaurie, 1950: 6, 60. MacSwain, 1956: 21, 24, 35. Kaszab, 1959: 80, 99; 1969: 243. Arnett, 1963: 623-624. Gupta, 1965: 468; 1971: 27. Erickson, 1973: 785. Pinto, 1977a: 389; 1977b: 947-950, passim. Robust, wingless, subglabrous, elytra inflated and connate along suture. Body length varying from 7-18 mm, breadth across elytra *;—% body length. Head with antennal sockets directly above base of lateral margin of clypeus. Eyes broadly emarginate anteriorly, with longitudinal axis directed toward front of head (Fig. 3). Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae 1|1-segmented, subfi- liform, uniformly setate, relatively short, only slightly longer than protibiae. Pronotum transverse, much broader than long, angulate or spinose laterally (Figs. 10-12). Elytra strongly reticulate. Legs slender; two subequal spiniform spurs at apex of all tibiae, spurs brown except those of middle and hind legs usually yellowish at apex; tarsal claws with relatively small ventral tooth at base. Abdomen with anterior four terga distinctly less sclerotized than others. Aedeagus with | or 2 ventral spines and | dorsal spine; posterior ventral spine near apex (Fig. 8). Remarks. — The inflated and connate elytra separate Cysteodemus from all other North American meloids. Cysteodemus was described by LeConte (1851) for the two species currently included. In 1853 LeConte treated another wingless species, Me/oe cancellatus Brandt and Erichson, as a Cysteodemus, but eventually removed it, placing it in its own genus, Megetra (LeConte, 1859). Adults of Cysteodemus were redescribed by Van Dyke (1928). The first instar larvae of both species were described by MacSwain (1956). Figs. 1-9. Figs. 1-3. Head (lateral view) of eupomphine genera showing position of eye relative to front. 1, Phodaga marmorata. 2, Pleuropasta mirabilis. 3, Cysteodemus armatus. Figs. 4-5. Head (anterior view) of eupomphine genera showing structure of clypeus and position of antennal sockets relative to lateral clypeal margins. 4, Phodaga marmorata. 5, Cysteodemus armatus. Figs. 6-9. Ae- deagus (lateral view) of eupomphine species. 6, Pleuropasta reticulata. 7, Pleuropasta mirabilis. 8, Cysteodemus armatus. 9, Phodaga alticeps. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 129 130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON |O |. Figs. 10-12. Pronotum of Cysteodemus illustrating inter- and intraspecific variation. 10, C. wis- lizeni. 11, C. armatus (from Wilsona, Los Angeles Co., CA), an example of poorest development of lateral spines in species. 12, C. armatus (from 3.5 mi. NW Glamis, Imperial Co., CA) an example of highest development of lateral spines in species. : SPECIES DIAGNOSES Cysteodemus armatus LeConte: Pronotum distinctly spinose laterally (Figs. 11, 12), disc abruptly declivous posteriorly; elytra with relatively large reticula (a line drawn over longest aspect of elytra traverses ca. 20 reticula); legs of both sexes lacking tarsal pads; head moderately coarsely punctate, punctures moder- ately dense and ill-defined; dorsal coloration black, often with a slight metallic blue, green or violet tint; commonly with white, yellow or yellow-brown incrus- tation on head, pronotum and elytra. Inhabiting the Colorado and Mojave deserts. Cysteodemus wislizeni LeConte: Pronotum angulate or, at most, tuberculate laterally, never spinose (Fig. 10), disc only slightly declivous posteriorly; elytra with smaller, more numerous reticula (a line drawn over longest aspect of elytra traverses ca. 30 reticula); legs of male with heavy tarsal pads on segments I and II of pro- and mesotarsi; head with coarse, distinct and dense punctures; dorsal coloration deep metallic blue, green or violet; cuticle shining, lacking an incrus- tation. Inhabiting the Chihuahuan Desert. Cysteodemus armatus LeConte Cysteodemus armatus LeConte, 1851: 158; 1853: 330; 1859: 126. Wellman, 1910b: 391. Van Dyke, 1928: 459. La Rivers, 1938: 124. Gupta, 1965: 451; 1971: 11. Werner et al., 1966: 8, 29. Leppla, 1976: 49. Pinto, 1977a: 389. Cohen and Pinte, 1977: 74.1. Cohen et.al, 19812 179) Types.— From California, desert near the Colorado River, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Geographic distribution.— Figure 13. Confined to the Colorado and Mojave deserts. Typically associated with creosote scrub vegetation. C. armatus is not known further north than the Panamint and Death valleys in California. Saline and Eureka valleys to the immediate north present a similar habitat, but the species has never been taken there in spite of heavy collecting in both areas in recent years. Seasonal distribution.— Table 1. 1 February (Seeley, Imperial Co., CA)—29 June (Victorville, San Bernardino Co., CA). Although overlap is considerable, popu- lations in the Colorado Desert (S of 34°N) are significantly earlier than those to the north in the Mojave Desert (N of 34°N) (see Table 1). Unlike Phodaga alticeps VOLUME 86, NUMBER I 131 Table 1. Seasonal distribution and its geographic variation in Cysteodemus armatus with fre- quencies expressed as semi-monthly percentages of total records. Semi-monthly intervals! Total Area Feb-A Feb-B Mar-A Mar-B- Apr-A- Apr-B- May-A May-B- Jun-A_— Jun-B records? I. S of 34°N l 1 6.1 S026 eset ealiGes 48 0 2.0 | 147 II. N of 34°N 0) 0 0) G3 WAS BY AS) “Tell 12 2, 84 ! (A) following the month refers to records from the Ist to the 15th—(B) to records after the 15th. 2 A record consists of one or more specimens collected at a locale on a particular date. 3JIn Area I (Colorado Desert) the majority of the records are prior to 15 April; in Area II (Mojave Desert) most are after this date (x* = 56.86; P < .001). and Pleuropasta mirabilis (see below), C. armatus has never been taken in late summer or in autumn. Adult hosts. —Adults of C. armatus are most commonly found feeding on flowers of creosote (Larrea tridentata Cov.; Zygophyllaceae), but frequently eat blooms of other desert plants as well. Other food plants recorded are: Acampto- pappus sphaerocephalum Gray, Chaenactis spp., Geraea canescens T. & G., Pa- lafoxia linearis (Cav.) (Asteraceae); Gilia spp., Langloisia matthewsii (Gray) (Pol- emoniaceae); and Co/denia spp. (Boraginaceae). Creosote bush is a predictable food source for C. armatus even in the driest of years. Quantitative data are lacking, but it is my impression that, when available, plants other than creosote are preferred. Remarks.—The structure of the pronotum 1s variable in C. armatus. Although typically abruptly declivous posteriorly, it is barely so in some. The expression of the pronotal spines also varies (Figs. 11, 12). At an extreme, most common in the southern portion of the range, each spine is elongate, strongly curved apically and accompanied by a smaller spine at its base. The color of the incrustation covering the dorsal surface of most C. armatus varies continuously from white to yellow-brown. All forms are known from all geographic regions. However, the frequency of the color classes may vary geo- graphically. In the Colorado Desert (S of 34°N), 42.6% of the series examined with an incrustation were white to very light yellow (n = 68). Mojave Desert populations (N of 34°N) are more commonly yellow or yellow-brown; only 24.2% of the series examined were white or light yellow (n = 33). A chi-square test on these limited data was not significant at the 5% level. Although this incrustation has not been completely analyzed, preliminary study indicates that it is a nitro- genous secretion (Cohen and Pinto, unpubl.). Gupta (1971) erroneously characterized this species as having 2 dorsal and 2 ventral spines on the aedeagus. All specimens that I have examined possess but iNot-each. Records. —MEXICO. BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: Cocopah Mts.; Laguna Salada, N end; Los Medanos, 10.3 mi. SW; Palacio, 15 & 20 mi. S; Rio del Mayor, Seite S:.9an i elipe, & 35:25; 35, 50: mi. N,and.14,, 18 mi. S: SONORA; El Golfo, 6 mi. N & 36 mi. NE. UNITED STATES. ARIZONA: Pinal Co. Sacaton. Maricopa Co. Gila Bend, 18 mi. S. Mojave Co. Alamo Crossing; Bullhead City; Oatman; Topock. Yuma Co. Aztec, 2 mi. E; Dateland, 6 mi. N & 20 mi. E; Ehrenberg, & 5 mi. N; Ligurta; Martinez Lake, 1 mi. SE; Mohawk; Parker, & 8 mi. SE; Quartzsite; San Luis; Tinaja Atlas Mts.; Wellton, & 4 mi. E, 15 mi. S; 132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Yuma, 21 mi. N. CALIFORNIA: /mperial Co. Brawley, 15 mi. W; Chocolate Mts.; Fig Tree John’s; Glamis, & 7 mi. W, 2 mi. N, 3.5 mi. NW (Algodones Dunes), 10 mi. N; Grays Well; Harpers Well; Holtville, & 5 mi. W; Kane Springs; Niland; Ocotillo, 5 mi. N; Ogilby Rd., 3 mi. S Jct. Hwy. 78; Palo Verde; Plaster City, 15 mi. N; Pinto Wash; Potholes; Seeley, S of; Signal Mtn., at base of; Superstition Mtn.; Winterhaven, 12 & 31 mi. W; Westermoreland, 15 mi. NW. Inyo Co. Argus Mts.; Death Valley Jct., 10 mi. S; Death Valley National Mon- ument (Ashford Mill, Furnace Ck., Confidence Mill, Jct. Hwy. 178 & Saratoga Spgs. Rd.); Darwin; Darwin Falls; Little Lake, & 10 mi. S; Panamint Springs, 2 mi. E; Panamint Valley, Jct. Trona & Ballarat Rds.; Shoshone, 15 mi. S; Trona, 14 mi. N, 17 mi. NE; Valley Wells. Kern Co. Brown, 5 mi. E; China Lake; El Paso Mts. (Iron Cyn.); Inyokern, & 7 mi. NE; Mojave; Searles Station; Short Cyn.; Ridgecrest; Rosamond. Los Angeles Co. Acton; Lancaster; Llano, & 7 mi. S; Lovejoy Buttes; Valyermo, 2 mi. NW; Wilsona. Riverside Co. Blythe, & 18 mi. W, 22 mi. W, 8 mi. N; Box Cyn.; Coachella; Cottonwood Spgs.; Desert Center, 5 mi. N, 18 mi. E; Desert Hot Springs; Dos Palmas; Edom, 4 mi. E; Hopkins Well; Indio, & 3 mi. E, 20 mi. E, 22 mi. S; Joshua Tree National Monument (Cholla Gardens, Hidden Valley, SE entrance); Mecca, & 7 mi. E, 10 mi. E, 10 mi. S; McCoy Spgs.; Oasis, 2 mi. S; Painted Cyn.; Palm Cyn.; Palm Desert, 3.5 mi. S (Boyd Desert Reserve); Palm Springs; Rancho Mirage; Shavers Well; Taquitz Cyn.; Thermal; Thousand Palms, & 6 mi. NE; Whitewater. San Bernardino Co. Afton; Amboy, 3 mi. E; Amboy Crater; Amboy Lava Flow; Baker; Barstow, & 3 mi. W; Cronise Valley; Daggett; Essex, 18 mi. E; Goffs; Joshua Tree; Jolly’s Corner, 4 mi. E (nr. Hesperia); Kelso, 2.5 mi. S; Kramer Hills; Kramer Jct.,.2 mins: Lobecks Pass; Lucerne Valley; Ludlow; Manix; Morongo Valley, 1 mi. N; Needles; Old Dale, 5.4 mi. NW; Old Woman Springs; Parker Dam; Phelan, 10 mi. E; Providence Mts. (Bonanza Mine); Rice, 3 mi. N; Salt Wells, 7 mi. W; Saratoga Springs; Tecopa, 12 mi. ESE; Twentynine Palms, & 3 mi. N; Victorville; Vidal Junction, 7 mi. N; Westend; Yermo; Yucca Valley, 10 mi. N; Zzyzx Springs, dunes S of. San Diego Co. Agua Caliente (Springs); Borrego Valley; Borrego Springs, & 3 mi. E; Coyote Ck., Anza Borrego State Park; Jacumba, 5 mi. E; Ocotillo Wells; Split Mtn. Rd. (nr. Ocotillo Wells); Sweeney Pass; NEVADA: Clark Co. Dead Mts.; Glendale, 1.6 mi. E; Logandale; Stump Spring. Cysteodemus wislizeni LeConte Cysteodemus wislizeni LeConte, 1851: 158; 1853: 330; 1859: 126; Dugés, 1889: 40. Champion, 1892: 369 (as wiz/izeni, in error). Van Dyke, 1928: 460. Vaurie, 1950: 60. Selander, 1954: 85. Dillon, 1952: 368. MacSwain, 1956: 36. Pinto, 1977a: 389. Types.— From New Mexico, in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Geographic distribution. — Figure 13. Within and peripheral to the Chihuahuan Desert, from northern Durango and southern Coahuila, north to northern New Mexico. A single Arizona record from Pima Co., AZ (Oct. 1928), cited by Werner et al. (1966) is the only report of this species west of the Continental Divide. The locale is ca. 200 km from the continuous range of C. wis/izeni. The record is not mapped in Fig. 13; it should be confirmed by additional collections. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 133 Fig. 13. Geographic distribution of Cysteodemus armatus (dots), and C. wislizeni (triangles). Seasonal distribution. — Table 2. 10 March (Presidio, TX)—8 November (70 km. N Saltillo, Coahuila). The records available do not suggest geographic variation in season of adult activity. Adults have been most commonly taken in August in all areas. Collection dates approaching the two extremes of the seasonal range are known from the same locale in different years (e.g. 16 June & 11 September at Fort Hancock, TX; 25 May & 16 August at Loving, NM). Adult hosts.—Selander (1954) records adults of C. wislizeni feeding on Aster sp. (Asteraceae), Tidestromia lanuginosa (Nutt.) (Amaranthaceae) and Kallstroe- mia parviflora Norton (Zygophyllaceae). Werner et al. record Solanum eleagni- folium Cav. (Solanaceae) as a common host, and Pinto (1977a) recorded numerous specimens feeding on flowers of Gilia longiflora (Polemoniaceae) and foliage of Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae). 134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 2. Seasonal distribution of Cysteodemus wislizeni with frequencies expressed as monthly percentages of total records. Month Total records Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 65 les 4.6 6.2 10.8 13.8 36.9 16.9 WI 5 Records.— MEXICO. CHIHUAHUA: Chihuahua, 30 & 25 mi. S; Ciudad Ca- margo, 10 mi. N, 42 mi. SW; Delicias; Hidalgo del Parral, 27 mi. E; Samalayuca, 29 km. N; Sueco. COAHUILA: Guadelupe; Saltillo, 70 km. N; San Pedro de las Colonias. DURANGO: Bermejillo, 16 mi. N; Ceballos; La Zarca, 2 mi. SE; Villa Lerdo; Yermo. UNITED STATES. NEW MEXICO: Bernalillo Co. Rio Puerco; Albuquerque, 7 mi. NE. Chaves Co. Bottomless Lake State Park; Pecos River (near Roswell). Colfax Co. Koehler. Dona Ana Co. Las Cruces, & 4 mi. E; Mesilla Dam; Mesilla Park, 3 mi. E, 3 mi. S; Jornada Range Reserve (S entrance); Rincon, 6 mi. N. Eddy Co. Artesia, S of; Loving. Grant Co. County record only. Luna Co. Columbus, | mi. W. McKinley Co. Coolidge. Otero Co. Alamogordo, 36 mi. SE. Roosevelt Co. Portales. Sandoval Co. Bernalillo, 4 mi. N; Coronado; Domingo. Sierra Co. Truth or Consequences, 17 km. S. Socorro Co. San Antonio, 2 mi. E. Valencia Co. Los Lunas. TEXAS: Brewster Co. Big Bend National Park (Santa Elena); Castolon; Chisos Mts.; Marathon. Culberson Co. Van Horn, & 6 mi. N. El Paso Co. El\ Paso. Jeff Davis Co. Davis Mts. Hudspeth Co. Finley; Fort Han- cock; McNary, 3 mi. SE; Sierra Blanca. Presidio Co. Presidio; San Estaban. Reeves Co. Balmorhea; Pecos; Toyahvale, 3 mi. S. Ward Co. Peyote, 6 mi. N. Phodaga LeConte Phodaga LeConte, 1858: 76 (type species, Phodaga alticeps LeConte, by mono- typy). LeConte and Horn, 1883: 420, 422. Beauregard, 1890: 433. Wellman, 1910a: 215, 221; 1910b: 394. Van Dyke, 1928: 405. Bradley, 1930: 113. Dillon, 1952: 374. MacSwain, 1956: 21, 28. Kaszab, 1959: 80, 99; 1969: 243. Arnett, 1963: 623;.624.,Gupta,1965: 468; 1971: 27. Pinto, 1972b: 459; 1972¢csa7 1977b: 949. Negalius Casey, 1891: 175 (type species, Negalius marmoratus Casey, by mono- typy). Wellman, 1910a: 221; 1910b: 394. Van Dyke, 1928: 405. Bradley, 1930: 113. Dillon, 1952: 374, 376. MacSwain, 1956: 21, 29. Kaszab, 1959: 80, 99; 1969: 243. Arnett, 1963: 623, 624. Gupta, 1965: 468; 1971: 27. Pinto, 1972b: 459; 1977b: 949. NEw SYNONYMY. Elongate to moderately robust, holelytrous, fully winged, cuticle entirely black. Body length varying from 6-25 mm. Head with antennal sockets dorsomedial to lateral margin of clypeus (Fig. 4). Eyes not noticeably emarginate anteriorly, with long axis subparallel to front of head (Fig. 1). Clypeus with basal suture arcuate or angulate (Fig. 4). Labrum slightly but distinctly concave, emarginate or not. Mandibles usually tridentate at apex. Antennae short, subequal in length to protibia, 1 1-segmented, segments subquadrate, laterally compressed. Pronotum subquadrate, slightly wider than long, sides subparallel, disc more distinctly convex at basal 2, abruptly declivous to basal margin, bilobed basally. Elytra not strongly reticulate. Legs slender, elon- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 135 gate, each with 2 spurs at apex of tibia, anterior (outer) spur typically shorter, metatibial spurs yellowish in color. Fore and middle legs sexually dimorphic. Protarsi with segment I flanged in male. Aedeagus with 2 small ventral spines, and | dorsal spine; posterior ventral spine distinctly subapical (Fig. 9). Remarks. —Synonymizing Negalius with Phodagais clearly justified on phenetic and cladistic grounds (Pinto, MS). As indicated in an earlier paper (Pinto, 1977b), it is primarily the anatomical correlates of courtship behavior that separate the two. Differences in elytral sculpturing, setal coloration and distribution, head shape, and claw structure, also used for separation, are superficial. Considering the apparent recent origin of distinctive courtship displays in the Eupomphina (Pinto, 1977b), the numerous similarities between the two argue convincingly for synonymy at the generic level. The first instar larvae of both are almost identical (MacSwain, 1956), and adults share several derived traits unique within the sub- tribe. These include the flanged first protarsal segment in males, the more medial position of the antennal sockets (cf. Figs. 4, 5), the typically tridentate mandibles, eye structure (cf. Figs. 1-3), the concave labrum, and the shortened, laterally compressed antennae. Although courtship behavior is different, the use of the middle legs in male display is an additional shared derived trait unique within the Eupomphina (Pinto, 1972, 1977b). According to Gupta (1965) the two species are also distinguishable from other eupomphine genera on the basis of stomodeal anatomy. SPECIES DIAGNOSES Phodaga marmorata (Casey): Elytra obsolescently reticulate with a variegated pattern of cinereous pubescence at floor of reticula; occiput evenly convex; pro- tarsal segment I of male with a ventral flange, lacking a basal fovea; pro- and mesotibia of male normal, not enlarged; mesotarsi of male slightly inflated, subgla- brous; mesotibial spurs strongly unequal, length of posterior spur ca. '2 that of anterior spur; antennae not sexually dimorphic; body broadly tumid posteriorly, elytra only moderately declivent laterally, width across elytra increasing poste- riorly. Phodaga alticeps LeConte: Elytra relatively smooth, subglabrous; occiput dis- tinctly acuminate; protarsal segment I of male with both a ventral flange and a deep basal fovea; mesotibia of male inflated, with a deep ventral furrow; mesotarsi of male not inflated; length of posterior mesotibial spur greater than '2 length of anterior spur; antennae sexually dimorphic, segments III-V of male wider and subglabrous anteriorly; body linear, elytra distinctly declivent laterally, width across elytra not increasing posteriorly. Phodaga marmorata (Casey), NEW COMBINATION Negalius marmoratus Casey, 1891: 175. Dillon, 1952: 377. MacSwain, 1956: 29. Guptay 1965: 453: 197 12:-Wermner ef als 196627, 26. Pinto, “19726: 459; 1977b: 949. Cohen and Pinto, 1977: 742. Type information. —2 males, from western Texas, in the collection of the United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. Geographic distribution. — Fig. 14. Occurs in the Rio Grande Valley from near Albuquerque, NM, south to the Big Bend region of Texas and then west through 136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 14. Geographic distribution of Phodaga marmorata (dots), and P. alticeps (solid, irregular outline). See Pinto, 1972c for detailed distribution map. southern Arizona and Sonora to the Colorado and Mojave deserts of California. Also occurring in Baja California Sur; currently unknown from Baja California Norte. P. marmorata is not as commonly taken in the western portion of its range. This is probably attributable to the less frequent summer rainfall in these regions. Seasonal distribution.— Table 3. 28 June (El Paso, TX)—17 October (Blythe, CA). Occurs most commonly prior to September in Chihuahuan Desert locales, and in September or later in the Sonoran and Mojave deserts (see Table 3). The seasonal distribution in Baja California Sur is similar to that of populations to the northwest (primarily September). Adult hosts.— Recorded feeding on flowers and foliage of Pectis papposa Harv. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 137 Table 3. Seasonal distribution and its geographic variation in Phodaga marmorata with frequencies expressed as monthly percentages of total records. Month? ee Total Area June Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. records Chihuahuan Desert! 2.4 9.5 73.8 14.3 0) 42 Mojave & Sonoran deserts? 0 2.0 28.0 58.0 12.0 50 ! Locales in New Mexico, Texas, Cochise Co., Arizona, and Chihuahua. 2 Locales in California, Arizona (except Cochise Co.), Sonora, and Baja California Sur. 3 More commonly taken before 1 September in the eastern portion of the range; more common after 1 September in the west (x? = 28.68; P < .001). & Gray (Asteraceae), Kallstroemia grandiflora Torr. and Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae). I have observed large populations of P. marmorata feeding on all three species. Records.— MEXICO: BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR. Guerrero Negro, 57 km SE; La Paz, & 51 km W; Loreto, ca. 35 mi. N, 48 km S; Mulege, 26 km SSE (El Coyote); Pescadero; San Antonio, 7 mi. S; Santa Rita, 9 km SE. CHIHUAHUA. Ojo del Lucero, 5 mi. N; Samalayuca, 29 km N. SONORA. Empalme; Guaymas, 51 km N; Santa Ana, 3 mi. N. UNITED STATES: ARIZONA. Cochise Co. Apache, 3.3 mi. S, 5 mi. SE; Douglas, & 10 mi. NW, 17 mi. E; Dos Cabezas; Elfrida; Kansas Settlement; McNeal; Pinery Cyn.; Pearce; Portal, & 2 mi. SE, 4 mi. E; Tex Cyn.; Willcox, & 3 mi. S. Gila Co. Globe. Graham Co. Bonita; Safford. Maricopa Co. Aguila, 12.7 mi. W; Gila Bend, & 1 mi. W, 11 & 20 mi. E; Litchfield Park; Mesa, near; Phoenix; Salt River Indian Reservation; Sentinel, & 5 mi. E. Mojave Co. Kingman, 10 mi. E. Pima Co. Baboquivari Mts.; Continental, 5 mi. E; Madera Cyn.; Robles Jct., 6 mi. S; Sabino Cyn.; Sells, 5 mi. NW; Tucson, & 2m EB, 7 mi. N; 10 mi. S: Pinal Co. Florence, & 20 mi. S: Higley; Picacho Pass: Redrock. Santa Cruz Co. Atascosa Mts.; Nogales, 12 mi. N. Yavapai Co. Ashfork; Santa Maria River, 4 mi. N on Hwy. 93. Yuma Co. Quartzsite, 10 mi. E; Salome; Wenden, 2 mi. E; Yuma, 3 mi. N. CALIFORNIA. /mperial Co. Indian Wash (on Ogilby Rd.); Glamis, & 3 mi. NW; Palo Verde, & 2 mi. S. Riverside Co. Blythe, 20 mi. W; Chiriaco Summit, 5 mi. E; Desert Center. San Bernardino Co. Kelso, 20 mi. S (Granite Mts.); Twentynine Palms; Vidal Jct. San Diego Co. Anza Borrego State Park, Box Cyn. (ambiguous); San Felipe, W of; Scissors Crossing, & 3 mi. W. NEW MEXICO. Bernalillo Co. Albuquerque, 7 mi. NE. Dona Ana Co. La Mesa; Las Cruces, 4 & 5 mi. E; Mesilla Park, 3 mi. N; Mesquite. Grant Co. Hachita, 17 mi. N. Luna Co. Columbus, | mi. W; Deming, 20 mi. E, 8 & 14 mi. S. Hidalgo Co. Lordsburg; Peloncillo Mts. (Granite Pass); Rodeo, 1, 15, & 18 mi. N. Socorro Co. Bernardo, near (as 31 mi. W Mountainair, Torrence Co.). TEXAS. E/ Paso Co. El Paso. Brewster Co. Big Bend National Park (Santa Elena Cyn.). Hudspeth Co. Finlay. Presidio Co. Presidio. Phodaga alticeps LeConte Phodaga alticeps LeConte, 1858: 76. Hubbard, 1901: 186. Varley, 1939: 101. Werner et al., 1966: 7, 28. Pinto, 1972b: 459; 1972c: 577; 1977c: 204. Cohen and Pinto, 1977: 741. 138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON The bionomics of P. alticeps was covered in earlier papers (Pinto, 1972b, c, 1977c). The species is primarily vernal and occurs in the Colorado Desert, and north through the Mojave Desert to the periphery of the Great Basin. Species of Coldenia serve as primary host plants. On one occasion I also found a few in- dividuals feeding on flowers of another Boraginaceae, Cryptantha micrantha (Torr.). P. alticeps is sympatric with P. marmorata in the Mojave and Colorado deserts. Since P. marmorata occurs in late summer or early autumn in these areas, it 1s primarily asynchronous to its vernal congener. However, adults of P. alticeps do occasionally occur in autumn (Pinto, 1977c), and I am currently aware of one record of both species being collected together at the same locale (20 mi. S Kelso, Granite Mts., San Bernardino, CA; 10 Oct. 1977). Pleuropasta Wellman Pleuropasta Wellman, 1909: 20 (type species, Calospasta mirabilis Horn, original designation); 1910a: 221; 1910b: 392. Dillon, 1952: 374, 376. Pinto, 1977b: 949. Pleurospasta: Van Dyke, 1928: 401, 405. Bradley, 1930: 114. Vaurie, 1950: 6, 56. MacSwain, 1956: 21, 25, 30. Kaszab, 1959: 80, 99; 1969: 244. Arnett, 1963: 623, 625. Gupta, 1965: 468; 1971: 27. Incorrect Subsequent Spelling. Small to moderate size, elongate, holelytrous, fully winged, cuticle yellow and brown with black coloration confined to small portions of elytra at most. Body length 6-13 mm. Head with antennal sockets directly above base of lateral margin of clypeus. Eyes very slightly emarginate anteriorly, with longitudinal axis not quite subpar- allel to front of head (Fig. 2). Clypeus with basal margin slightly to distinctly arcuate. Labrum shallowly emarginate or not. Antennae 1 1-segmented, subfili- form, moderately long (ca. 50% longer than the protibiae). Pronotum distinctly constricted at apical '4, bilobed basally. Elytra with 4 distinct longitudinal costae on disc, yellow with brown to black apical and postmedian bands, each elytron with | or more basal spots. Legs elongate, slender, not sexually dimorphic except for degree of tarsal pad development, each with 2 spurs at apex of tibia, anterior (outer) spur slightly but distinctly shorter, metatibial spurs yellowish in color. Aedeagus with 2 small ventral spines, and 1 dorsal spine; posterior ventral spine distinctly subapical (Figs. 6, 7). SPECIES DIAGNOSES Differences between P. mirabilis and P. reticulata were detailed by Vaurie (1950). Pleuropasta mirabilis (Horn): Elytral costae distinct to apex, connected by rel- atively few transverse ribs which are weaker than the longitudinal costae them- selves; frons and base of clypeus distinctly convex; basal margin of clypeus arched; male with antennal segment III slightly excavated basally; gonoforceps with lateral lobes straight, subparallel, lobes not noticeably setate apically; aedeagus with dorsal spine slender, elongate (Fig. 7). Pleuropasta reticulata Van Dyke: Elytral costae anastomosing at postmedial fascia, transverse ribs in area of fascia as strongly developed as longitudinal costae; frons and base of clypeus not distinctly convex; basal margin of clypeus feebly arcuate; male with antennal segment III normal, without basal excavation; gono- VOLUME 86, NUMBER | 139 forceps with lateral lobes bowed outward at apex, distinctly setate apically; ae- deagus, with dorsal spine short, robust (Fig. 6). Pleuropasta mirabilis (Horn) Calospasta mirabilis Horn, 1870: 93; 1891: 100. Champion, 1892: 393 (in part, not incl. Coahuila rec. & Fig.). Pleuropasta mirabilis: Wellman, 1909: 21; 1910b: 392. Dillon, 1952: 376 (in part, not incl. TX & Mex. recs.). Pinto, 1977b: 939, 949; 1977c: 204. Pleurospasta mirabilis mirabilis: Van Dyke, 1947: 157. Pleurospasta mirabilis: Vaurie, 1950: 57. MacSwain, 1956: 31. Kaszab, 1959: 81. Gupta, 1965: 451; 19717 12. Werner et al., 1966: 27. Type information.— Holotype from southern Arizona, in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Geographic distribution. — Figure 15. From NW Nevada, south along the west- ern edge of the Great Basin through the Mojave and Colorado deserts to near Mulege in Baja California Sur. The distribution of P. mirabilis is similar to that of Phodaga alticeps, but the former is more common in the northern portion of the range and extends more than 500 km further south in Baja California. Seasonal distribution. — Table 4. 13 March (10 mi. W Glamis, CA)-18 Novem- ber (12 mi. W Glamis, CA). The range of P. mirabilis is divided into northern, central and southern portions. Although overlap is substantial, adult activity is generally delayed from south to north. Adults are active more commonly prior to May in the Sonoran Desert (S of 34°N). North of 34°N activity is most common in May or later. It is latest north of the Mojave Desert (N of 30°N) where most of the records are from June and July. Although primarily a vernal species in the Mojave and Colorado deserts, adults of P. mirabilis are infrequently found here during early autumn apparently when summer rains are sufficiently heavy. This asynchrony is also characteristic of Phodaga alticeps (Pinto, 1977c). Adult hosts.—Species of Boraginaceae. Most commonly collected feeding on flowers of Coldenia palmeri Gray and C. plicata (Torr.). Also taken by P. H. Timberlake on three occasions on species of Cryptantha [C. angustifolia (Torr.) and C. barbigera (Gray)]. Remarks.—Two of the characters listed by Vaurie (1950) as distinguishing Pleuropasta species are inadequate. P. mirabilis is characterized by lacking all black coloration, and having a pad on foretarsal segment I of males restricted to the apex only. Specimens examined from Baja California Sur are exceptions for both traits. In material from near Mulege and near San Ignacio, the elytra is black rather than brown at the postmedian and apical fascia. The only male from these locales (nr. Mulege) has a wide, complete pad on protarsal segment I. Since the species has not been collected commonly in Baja California, the form of this variation 1s unknown. Records.—MEXICO: BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE. Meling Ranch, | mi. E; Rancho Ines, 9 km NW (29°, 46’N, 114°, 46’'W); San Felipe, & 14 mi. S. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR. Mulege, 19 km. NW; San Ignacio, 39 km W. SONORA. EI Golfo, 36 mi. SE. UNITED STATES: ARIZONA. Maricopa Co. Gila Bend, & 17 mi. S; Paradise Valley; Phoenix. Mojave Co. Oatman. Pima. Ajo; Tucson (Pantano Wash); Tucson, 8-12 mi. N. Pinal Co. Florence Jct.; Picacho. Yuma 140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 15. Geographic distribution of Pleuropasta mirabilis (dots) and P. reticulata (triangles). Co. Alamo Lake State Park; Ligurta; Martinez Lake, 1 mi. SE; Parker, 8 mi. SE; Quartzsite, & 9 mi. S; Wellton; Yuma. CALIFORNIA. /mperial Co. Bard; Bonds Corner, 4.7 mi. E; Calexico, 14 mi. E; Glamis, 3.5, 17 mi..NW, 10, 12:2anawe Gordons Well; Harpers Well; Holtville; Holtville Airstrip; Kane Springs, & 2 mi. N; Palo Verde, & 3 mi. N; Plaster City, 2.5 mi. N; Seeley; Signal Mtn., at base of; Superstition Mtn.; Truckhaven. Jnyo Co. Big Pine, & 4, 12 mi. S, 2 mi. E; Bishop; Death Valley National Monument (Jct. Hwy. 178 & Saratoga Springs Rd.); Deep Springs; Deep Springs College, 5 mi. S; Eureka Valley; Eureka Valley Dunes; Little Lake; Lone Pine, & 11 mi. W; Olancha; Solsberry Pass. Kern Co. China Lake; Indian Wells; Mojave. Los Angeles Co. Alpine Buttes; Black Butte; Lovejoy Buttes; Palmdale; Pearblossom, 5 mi. NNE. Mono Co. Benton Hot Springs; Paradise Camp; Toms Place. Riverside Co. Blythe, 15, 19, 40 mi. W; Cathedral City; Desert Center, 3 mi. NE, 33 mi. E; Desert Hot Springs; Hopkins VOLUME 86, NUMBER I 141 Table 4. Seasonal distribution and its geographic variation in Pleuropasta mirabilis with frequen- cies expressed as monthly percentages of total records. Month! aes ote Area Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. cecal I. S of 34°N 13.4 62.2 18.3 il 0) 0) 0) 307/ 12 82 II. 34°N-36°N 33) 36:8) 34724 5y,3) 0) 0) 5,3) 0) 0) 38 III. N of 36°N 0) 0) 19.6 45.1 29.4 3.9 2.0 0) 0) 51 ' Populations in Area I more common prior to | May; those in Area II more common after this date (x? = 12.81; P < .005). Populations in Area III more common after 1 June; those in Area II more common before this date (x? = 42.52; P < .001). Well; Indian Wells; Indio, & 6 mi. W; Mecca, 6 mi. W; Morongo Wash; Mule Mts. (Hodgkins Mine); Oasis; Painted Cyn.; Palm Springs, & 2 mi. N, 2 mi. W; Palm Springs Station; Pushwalla Palms; Ripley, 7 mi.; San Andreas Cyn.; Thou- sand Palms Oasis; Whitewater. San Bernardino Co. Amboy Lava Flow; Apple Valley; Baker, 5 mi. N, 23 mi. SW; Cronise Lake, & 2 mi. S; Essex: Goffs, 2.3 mi. N; Kelso, & 2.5 mi. S; Kramer Hills; Ludlow; Manix, 22 mi. N: Morongo Valley; Sheep Creek; Silverlake; Twentynine Palms; Victorville; Vidal Jct., & 5 mi. N; Yermo; Zzyzx Springs, dunes S of. San Diego Co. Blair Valley; Borrego Springs, 3 mi. E; Borrego Valley; Ocotillo. NEVADA. Churchill Co. Fallon, 23 mi. E; Frenchman, 9 mi. W (Sand Mtn.); Stillwater, 12 mi. NE. Humboldt Co. Golconda, 3 mi. N; Soldier Meadows (not located). Lander Co. Austin. Lyon Co. Dayton, 16 mi. NE; Fernley, & 5 mi. E; Fort Churchill; Yerington. Mineral Co. Basalt. Nye Co. Lathrop Wells, 9.4 mi. NW. Ormsby Co. Carson City. Pershing Co. Lovelock; Woolsey. Storey Co. Reno. Washoe Co. Mustang; Nixon; Patrick; Pyramid Lake; Wadsworth, & 2.8 mi. W:; Washoe Lake, | mi. E. Pleuropasta reticulata Van Dyke Calospasta mirabilis: Champion, 1892: 393 (in part, incl. Coahuila rec. & Fig.). Pleurospasta mirabilis reticulata Van Dyke, 1947: 158. Pleurospasta reticulata: Vaurie, 1950: 56. Werner et al., 1966: 27. Pleuropasta mirabilis: Dillon, 1952: 376 (in part, incl. TX rec.). Pleuropasta reticulata: Cohen and Pinto, 1977: 742. Type information.— Holotype, from Loving, New Mexico, in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Geographic distribution.— Figure 15. Occurs in the Chihuahuan Desert from southern New Mexico to southern Chihuahua, Coahuila and Nuevo Leon. Seasonal distribution. — 15 April (Pecos, TX)—21 September (5 mi. N Carlsbad, NM). Frequency by month for 20 records as follows: April—1, May—3, June— 4, July—2, August—8, September—2. Seasonal extremes are known from the same general area; no geographic variation in season of adult activity is yet ap- parent. Adult host.—Collected on Coldenia canescens DC. and Coldenia sp. at several sites. I observed a large population feeding on flowers of C. canescens in Hidalgo Co., NM. Records.— MEXICO: CHIHUAHUA: Hidalgo de Parral, 33 mi. N. Coahuila. Cuesta La Muralla (on Hwy. 57). NUEVO LEON. Villa de Garcia, 8 km. SE. 142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON TAMAULIPAS. Nuevo Laredo. UNITED STATES: NEW MEXICO. Eddy Co. Carlsbad, 1, 5 mi. N; Loving; Whites City. Hidalgo Co. Granite Gap, 1 mi. N; Rodeo, 18 mi. N. Otero Co. Valmont, 9 mi. S. TEXAS. Howard Co. Big Spring. Hudspeth Co. Salt Flat, 5 mi. N. Maverick Co. Eagle Pass. Reeves Co. Pecos, & (Pe rial SeINT: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was supported by grants DEB-7517779 and DEB-7915307 from the National Science Foundation. All Figures were prepared by Ms. Patricia Mote. I thank Mr. Eric M. Fisher and Dr. Juan Mathieu for providing several important collections from Mexico. LITERATURE CITED Arnett, R. H. 1963. The beetles of the United States (A manual for identification). Washington, DiGi app: Bradley, J.C. 1930. A manual of the genera of beetles of America north of Mexico. Ithaca, N.Y. 360 pp. Beauregard, H. 1890. Les insectes vesicants. Paris. 544 pp. Casey, T. L. 1891. Coleopterological notices III]. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 6: 9-214. Champion, G. C. 1891-1893. Family Meloidae. 7m F. D. Godman and O. Salvin, Biologia Centrali- Americana, Coleoptera, 4(2): 364-450, 462-464. London. Cohen, A. C. and J. D. Pinto. 1977. An evaluation of xeric adaptiveness of several species of blister beetles (Meloidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 70: 741-749. Cohen, A. C., R. B. March, and J. D. Pinto. 1981. Water relations of the desert blister beetle Cysteodemus armatus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Physiol. Zool. 54: 179-187. Denier, P. C. L. 1935. Coleopterorum Americanorum Familiae Meloidarum. Enumeratio Synony- mica. Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 7: 139-176. Dillon, L. S. 1952. The Meloidae (Coleoptera) of Texas. Am. Midl. Nat. 48: 330-420. Dugés, E. 1889. Sinopsis de los Meloideos de la Reptblica Mexicana. An. Mus. Michoacano. 2: 34— 40, 49-114. Erickson, E. H. 1973. First-stage larvae of Tegrodera erosa aloga and Gnathium obscurum (Co- leoptera: Meloidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 66: 785-787. Gupta, A. P. 1965. The digestive and reproductive systems of the Meloidae (Coleoptera) and their significance in the classification of the family. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 58: 442-474. —. 1971. External genitalia of Meloidae (Coleoptera). II. The genitalia and their taxonomic significance. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Am. 8: 1-29. Hubbard, H. G. 1901. Habits of Phodaga alticeps LeC. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 4: 186-187. Horn, G. H. 1870. Contributions to the coleopterology of the United States. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3: 69-97. Kaszab, Z. 1959. Phylogenetische Beziehungen des Fliigelgeaders der Meloiden (Coleoptera), nebst, Beschreibung neuer Gottungen und Arten. Acta. Zool. Acad. Sci. Hung., 5: 67-114. 1969. The system of the Meloidae (Coleoptera). Mem. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 48: 241-248. La Rivers, I. 1938. Notes on Cysteodemus in southern Nevada. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 14: 124-128. LeConte, J. L. 1851. Descriptions of new species of Coleoptera, from California. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 5: 125-184. —. 1853. Synopsis of the Meloides of the United States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 6: 328- B50} 1858. Catalogue of Coleoptera of the regions adjacent to the boundary line between the U.S. and Mexico. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 4: 9-42. . 1859. Descriptions of some genera and species of Coleoptera from the vicinity of the southern boundary of the United States of America. In J. Thompson, Arc. Nat. 3: 121-128. —. 1862. Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Smithson. Misc. Coll. No. 136: 209-286. LeConte, J. L. and G. H. Horn. 1883. Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Smithson. Misc. Coll. 26 (No. 507): 1-567. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 143 Leppla, N. C. 1976. Habits of the hypertrophic blister beetle, Cysteodemus armatus. Southwest. Nat. 21: 49-54. MacSwain, J. W. 1956. A classification of the first instar larvae of the Meloidae (Coleoptera). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 12: 1-182. Pinto, J. D. 1972a. A taxonomic revision of the genus Cordylospasta (Coleoptera: Meloidae) with an analysis of geographic variation in C. opaca. Can. Entomol. 104: 1161-1180. 1972b. Comparative courtship behavior of Negalius, Phodaga and Cordylospasta, three closely related genera of blister beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 45: 459- 476. —. 1972c. A synopsis of the bionomics of Phodaga alticeps (Coleoptera) with special reference to sexual behavior. Can. Entomol. 104: 577-595. 1975. A taxonomic study of the genus Tegrodera (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Can. Ent. 107: 45-66. —. 1977a. Sexual behavior in the blister beetle genus Cysteodemus (Meloidae). Can. Entomol. 109: 389-396. —. 1977b. Comparative sexual behavior in blister beetles of the subtribe Eupomphina (Co- leoptera: Meloidae), and an evaluation of its taxonomic significance. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 70: 937-951. . 1977c. The unusual seasonal occurrence of blister beetles in the Colorado Desert (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 53: 204. 1979. Aclassification of the genus Eupompha (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 105: 391-459. Selander, R. B. 1954. Notes on Mexican Meloidae. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 27: 84-97. 1965. A taxonomic revision of the genus Megetra (Coleoptera: Meloidae) with ecological and behavioral notes. Can. Entomol., 97: 561-580. Van Dyke, E. C. 1928. A reclassification of the genera of North American Meloidae (Coleoptera) and a revision of the genera and species formerly placed in the tribe Meloini, found in America north of Mexico, together with descriptions of new species. Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent. 4: 395-474. 1947. New species of Coleoptera from western North America. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 23: 155- 161. Varley, G.C. 1939. The frightening attitude of two California meloid beetles Phodaga alticeps LeC. and Tegrodera erosa LeC. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (A). 14: 101-102. Vaurie, P. 1950. The blister beetles of north central Mexico (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Am. Mus. Novit. No. 1477. Wellman, F.C. 1909. A revision of the genus Ca/ospasta LeConte. Entomol. News. 20: 19-25. . 1910a. On the classification of the Lyttidae (Meloidae S. Cantharidae auctt.). Entomol. News. 22 22* 1910b. The generic and subgeneric types of the Lyttidae (Meloidae S. Cantharidae auctt.) (Col.). Can. Entomol. 42: 389-396. Werner, F. G., W. R. Enns, and F. H. Parker. 1966. The Meloidae of Arizona. Tech. Bull. Agric. Exp. Stn. Univ. Ariz. 175. 96 pp. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(1), 1984, pp. 144-146 A NEW PARUZELIA FROM SRI LANKA (HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA: TROPIDUCHIDAE) R. G. FENNAH % Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, % British Museum (Natural His- tory), London SW7 SBD, United Kingdom. Abstract.— A new species of Tropiduchidae, Paruzelia salome, is described from a male taken in Sri Lanka and compared with P. psyllomorpha Melichar, its only other known congener. The genus Paruzelia has hitherto been known only from the material examined by Melichar when erecting the species psy/lomorpha (Melichar 1903: 223). A specimen of a tropiduchid fulgoroid sent to the writer by Dr. K. V. Krombein that had been taken by him in Sri Lanka proved to represent a second and very distinct species of this genus, and this is described below. Paruzelia salome Fennah, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1-9 Holotype male. — Head with eyes narrower than pronotum (1:1.9). Vertex about as long in middle line as broad at base, in profile slightly ascending distad of eye, anterior margin deeply convex, not callussed; posterior margin obtusely angulately excavate; median carina narrow, absent near apex of vertex. Frons longer than broad (about 1.5:1), wider at widest part than at base (about 1.2:1) and at apex (about 1.9:1); lateral margins diverging to below level of antennae, callussed; median carina present at least in basal half, moderately callussed basally and narrowing distad. Rostrum not attaining mesotrochanters; basal segment as long as apical segment and about as long as broad anteriorly. Pronotum broader than long in middle (12:1), posterior margin subrectangulately excavate; median carina shorter than lateral discal carinae (1:4.8); a single carina between eye and tegula. Mesonotum slightly broader than long to basal transverse line (about 1.3:1), lateral carinae curving mesad throughout and almost meeting median carina apically. Post-tibia longer than broad at middle (14:1), with 2 spines laterally, 5 apically. Basal metatarsal segment dorsally longer than wide between outer apical teeth (1.7:1), and than second segment dorsally (2:1), and with 5 apical teeth. Post- coxal process papery. Tegmen longer than broad (about 2.0:1); costal and com- missural margins diverging to level of apex of Cu,; corium smooth between veins; Sc+R forking at level of node, nodal line oblique stepwise, 8 apical cells between node and apex of clavus; no subapical cells present; clavus short, cell PCu sub- ovate, claval veins uniting close to basal margin of clavus; wing-tucking lobe stout, triangular. Wing as figured. Body fuscous; frons in distal third, clypeus, rostrum and legs except post-femora basally, pygofer posterolaterally and genital styles, pale brownish yellow; frons VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 145 Figs. 1-9. Paruzelia salome. 1, Head and thorax, dorsal view. 2, Head, pronotum and mesonotum, lateral view. 3, Head and lateral lobes of pronotum, anterior view. 4, Tegmen. 5, Wing. 6, Male genitalia, posterior view. 7, Male genitalia, right side. 8, Aedeagus, left side. 9, Genital style, mght side. pale green across middle and dull red in basal third; genae dull red. Pronotum (except lateral lobes) and mesonotum orange; carinae, margins and mesoscutel- lum, abdomen dorsally in middle line and anal style, green. Genital styles at apex and anal segment on distal margins, red. Tegmen hyaline; a band parallel to costa from base to nodal line, and clavus basally, dull greenish yellow; margin of tegmen and veins and a broad oblique band overlying distal third of clavus and extending to anterior margin near apical angle, fuscous; vein Sc, and a broadly scalloped callus along distal border of fuscous band, looping in posterior apical cell to form a complete circle, pink or cerise. Wing hyaline, a suffusion at base and a broad suffusion covering most of wing basad of transverse line, and across anal area, fuscous. Anal segment short, with ventral margin about twice as long as dorsal margin; anal foramen at middle; anal style scarcely reaching apical margin. Pygofer mod- erately short, with lateral margins shallowly convex and ventral margin transverse. Aedeagus unarmed, moderately long and deep, strongly laterally compressed and shghtly narrowing to bluntly pointed apex. Genital styles in posterior view ar- cuately convex from base and with a process, twice as long as broad, arising mesally at base and lying in middle line; each style moderately narrow in lateral view and slightly expanded apically into a circular lobe; an elongate narrow pro- cess, abruptly curving laterad at its apex, arising on dorsal margin near base of style and extending dorsocephalad. Length, 3.5 mm; tegmen, 4.3 mm. Holotype 6.—SRI LANKA: Mon. District, Angunakolapelessa, 100 m. 22.1.1979 (K. V. Krombein), USNM Type No. 100384, in National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. This species differs strongly from Paruzelia psyllomorpha Melichar, the only other member of the genus, in the shape and venation of the tegmen and from 146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON all known Tropiduchidae in the coloration of the tegmen. The specimen was collected while being carried as prey by the wasp Bembecinus proximus (Hand- lirsch). The name sa/ome is a noun in apposition. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I am greatly indebted to Dr. K. V. Krombein for sending this rare and infor- mative material for study. LITERATURE CITED Melichar, L. 1903. Homopteren Fauna von Ceylon. Verlag von Felix L. Dames. Berlin. iv & 248 pp. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(1), 1984, pp. 147-154 TWO NEW SPECIES OF STONEFLIES (PLECOPTERA) FROM NEW MEXICO RICHARD W. BAUMANN AND GERALD Z. JACOBI (RWB) Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Department of Zoology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602; (GZJ) Environmental Improvement D1- vision, Water Pollution Control Bureau, P.O. Box 968, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87503. Abstract.— Two new species of Plecoptera, 7aeniopteryx pecos male, female and nymph and Sweltsa hondo male and female, are described from New Mexico. Descriptions are enhanced by original drawings. Ecological notes are included for both species. While conducting water quality studies for the state of New Mexico, the junior author collected two undescribed stonefly species. Since both represented inter- esting morphological and distributional conditions, it was decided to make this information available to aquatic biologists. The 1968 revision by Ricker and Ross of the North American species of 7ae- niopteryx listed eight valid species. Stewart and Szczytko (1974) added another species from Texas. In 1980, Fullington and Stewart described the nymphs of all nine species. Then a tenth species was described from Virginia, including both the nymphal and adult stages (Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1982). However, the single 7aeniopteryx nymph collected from the Pecos River at Santa Rosa in 1971 by Stewart, Baumann and Stark (Stewart et al., 1974) still remained an enigma. Although 7. nivalis was listed as the only species confirmed from the Rocky Mountains (Baumann et al., 1977), it was noted that this New Mexico specimen could represent another species. Taentopteryx pecos Baumann and Jacobi, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1-6 Male.— Macropterous. Length of forewings 5-6 mm; length of body 4-6 mm. General body color dark brown; legs light brown; antennae brown. Head wide as prothorax, ocellar triangle equilateral, posterior ocelli closer to eyes than to each other. Pronotum slightly wider than long. Wings fumose, veins light brown, ve- nation typical for genus. Abdominal segments uniformly dark brown; ninth ster- num enlarged, extending posteriorly to cover base of paraprocts, tip covered with posteriorly directed medium length hairs, vesicle absent; tenth tergum with large basal shield, truncate apically, extending to epiproctal base. Epiproct large; lateral aspect curved upward perpendicular to long axis, base broad, constricted below apex, tip broadly rounded posteriorly (Fig. 4); dorsal aspect well rounded, base broad, becoming narrowed below apex, tip abruptly rounded into expanded bean- PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON i t] 5 f i Lf y| ty ty c) Ey Y a, ¢, G b 148 Taeniopteryx pecos, mature nymphal habitus. Fig. fe VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 149 Figs. 2-6. Taeniopteryx pecos. 2, Male terminalia, dorsal. 3, Male terminalia, ventral. 4, Male terminalia, lateral. 5, Male paraproct, right. 6, Female terminalia, ventral. 150 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON shaped structure apically, paired filaments visable at indented margin (Fig. 2). Paraprocts broad at base and very narrow at apex, tips acute, hooked and bent outward (Figs. 3, 5). Cerci large and globular, not longer than broad, membranous, bearing straight medium length hairs (Figs. 2-4). Female.— Macropterous. Length of forewings 9-10 mm; length of body 7-9 mm. Color and general morphology similar to male. Eight sternum sclerotized at posterior median notch, sclerotized portion somewhat ““w”’ shaped, outer prongs bent slightly downward, median prong broad and truncate at tip, base single and forming triangular point (Fig. 6). Nymph.—Length 7-10 mm. Color light brown; narrow light median dorsal stripe extending from tip of abdomen to anterior margin of prothorax, but not to head. Occipital portion of head divided from anterior portion by ecdysal line running posterior to ocelli, occipital area covered with small dark rugose markings, anterior portion evenly darkly pigmented. Pronotum nearly as long as wide, mostly light brown, with few scattered dark rugosities. Paired teloscopic coxal gills present on thoracic sterna. Abdominal segments mostly light brown, with 8—10 dark spots forming bead-like ring at middle of each tergum, abdominal terga covered with scattered short spines, posterior margin with fringe of small spines, median and lateral fringes of long hairs running length of abdomen. Cerci with whorl of short spines at posterior margin, with double fringe of long swimming hairs throughout most of length (Fig. 1). Diagnosis. — Taeniopteryx pecos is very close to 7. parvula Banks, a common species of large eastern rivers. It keys out to 7. parvula in Ricker and Ross (1968) because both species lack a vesicle on the ninth sternum and have pointed hooked paraprocts. However, the hook on the paraprocts of 7. pecos is small and diverges only slightly from the plane of the point while in 7. parvula the hook is large and broadly curved. Taeniopteryx ugola Ricker and Ross also has hooked paraprocts but bears a vesicle on sternum nine. The epiproct is larger proportionally to the size of the insect in 7. pecos, where the width of the apex is '4 the width of the base, while in 7. parvula the width of the apex is only 4 the width of the base. Taeniopteryx pecos nymphs exhibit a definite median dorsal stripe which runs from the base of the head to the tip of the abdomen, while those of 7. parvula lack a distinct median dorsal stripe. The nymph of 7. pecos is smaller and less robust when compared to the other species which possess a dorsal stripe. Types. — Holotype 46 (100861), allotype and 8 46 and 6 2 paratypes, Pecos River, Hwy. 119, Tecolotito, 1615 m, San Miguel Co., New Mexico, 27-II-1979, G. Z. Jacobi. Additional specimens: Guadalupe Co.: Pecos River, Santa Rosa, 27-XI- 1971, R. W. Baumann, B. P. Stark and K. W. Stewart, 1 nymph (NTSU); Pecos River, Hwy. 119, Anton Chico, 1585 m, 5-I-1980, G. Z. Jacobi, 10 nymphs (BY U) (GZJ). San Miguel Co.: same data as holotype except 5-I-1980, 10 nymphs (BYU) (GZJ). Types deposited in National Museum of Natural History, Wash- ington, D.C. Etymology.—The specific name is a noun in apposition based on the Pecos River where all specimens of this species have been collected. Ecological notes.—The Pecos River at Tecolotito (1615 m) runs through the eastern edge of the Glorieta Mesa. Upstream the 1% gradient has carved a 60 m deep gorge through a quartzite cap. Below Tecolotito, towards Anton Chico (1585 m), the valley widens considerably and the gradient drops to less than 0.5%. At VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 151 Tecolotito the habitat consists of a riffle area with a substrate of pea-sized gravel and scattered smooth stones 7-20 cm diameter. The substrate at Anton Chico contains pea-sized gravel, silt and leaf litter. However, irrigation diversions near Anton Chico reduce stream flow during the summer. The Tecolotito site corresponds roughly to the physiographic boundary between the northern mountains and southeastern plains in New Mexico. It is perhaps more indicative of the preferred habitat of 7. pecos than the downstream sites at Anton Chico and Santa Rosa. Additional stoneflies collected along with 7. pecos include members of the families Capniidae, Nemouridae, Perlodidae and Perlidae. In fact, the collection of Acroneuria abnormis (Newman) represents a new state record for New Mexico. Sweltsa hondo Baumann and Jacobi, NEW SPECIES Figs. 7-11 Male.— Macropterous. Length of forewings 7-8 mm; length of body 6-8 mm. General color yellow with brown markings, abdomen more brown in mature specimens; legs yellow, with brown stripes along margins of femur; antennae yellow at base, brown near apex; cerci yellow. Head slightly narrower than pro- thorax, ocellar triangle equilateral, posterior ocelli the same distance from each other as from eyes, dark reticulate markings around ocelli and on anterior ru- gosites. Pronotum wider than long, completely enclosed by brown border, which is incomplete both anterior and posterior near midline, median stripe faint, lateral rugosites distinctively marked with brown coloration, anterior and posterior bor- ders broad. Wings hyaline, veins brown, venation typical for genus. Abdominal segments yellow, terga bearing brown triangular patches, larger near thorax, be- coming progressively smaller toward apex: ninth tergum with sclerotized, U- shaped process at anterior margin, deeply excavated at posterior margin to ac- commodate epiproct; tenth tergum completely bisected, with sclerotized ventral plate and lateral sclerotized bars (Fig. 7). Epiproct sclerotized; dorsal aspect broad and angular, base narrow, expanding laterally to anterior third, then becoming abruptly narrow toward apex, median carina extending to base of apex, base wide and nearly square behind narrow pointed tip; lateral aspect shaped like head of a duck, with narrow area near base, dorsolateral ridges running from base to apical third, broadest portion near narrow apex, with small ventral apical tip (Figs. 9, 10). Aedeagus with sclerotized leaf-like appendage, D-shaped, with deep median incision, dorsolateral margins with rounded edges, entire structure with longitu- dinal grooves (Fig. 11). Female.— Macropterous. Length of forewings 9-10 mm: length of body 8-10 mm. Color and general morphology similar to male. Subgenital plate formed by seventh sternum; base located near anterior margin, width at base one-third as wide as segment, plate becoming gradually wider to posterior margin of seventh sternum, then reversing and becoming narrow again in apical half, apex broadly triangular, often slightly pointed at tip, entire plate becoming darkly sclerotized in mature specimens (Fig. 8). Nymph.— Unknown. Diagnosis.—Sweltsa hondo is most similar to S. lamba (Needham and Claas- sen), S. albertensis (Needham and Claassen) and S. gaufini Baumann. All four species possess a leaf-like appendage on the aedeagus. This process is much longer 152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 7-11. Sweltsa hondo. 7, Male terminalia, dorsal. 8, Female terminalia, ventral. 9, Epiproct, dorsal. 10, Epiproct, lateral. 11, Leaf-like appendage on aedeagus. than broad in S. albertensis and S. gaufini. It is short and broad in S. /amba and S. hondo. However, in S. hondo the apex is broadly rounded, while in S. Jamba, the apex is almost square with only slightly rounded corners. Figures of the leaf- like appendages on the other three Swe/tsa species are found in Baumann (1973). The dorsal aspect of the male epiproct of S. hondo is very broad and angular much like S. coloradensis (Banks), which lacks the leaf-like appendage of the aedeagus. The dorsal aspect of the epiproct in the three related species noted above is quite narrow, especially near the apex. The epiproct of S. hondo is, however, very broad adjacent to the apex before it becomes abruptly narrow. The females of all four Swe/ltsa species, which possess a leaf-like appendage, VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 153 are very similar, making them difficult to separate consistently without associated males. This means the S. /amba records listed in Baumann et al. (1977) are questionable until the specimens can be examined. However, the female subgenital plate in S. hondo is rather distinctively pointed apically, where it extends over sternum eight. Types.— Holotype ¢ (100862), allotype and 4 6 and 7 2 paratypes, Lake Fork, Rio Hondo, at the beaver pond above Taos Ski Valley, 3000 m, Taos Co., New Mexico, 31-VII-1980, G. Z. Jacobi. Additional paratypes: Sandoval Co.: Las Huer- tas Creek, Las Huertas Campground, 2315 m, 7-VIII-1980, G. Z. Jacobi and L. R. Smolka, 7 2 (BYU) (GZJ). Santa Fe Co.: Rio En Medio, Aspen Ranch, 2805 m, 3-VIII-1980, G. Z. and M. D. Jacobi, | 2 (GZJ). San Miguel Co.: 3 miles NNW Terrero, 20-VI-1978, J. D. Hansen, 1 6 (NMSU). Taos Co.: Rio Hondo, above Taos Ski Valley, 22-VII-1980, G. Z. Jacobi and A. M. Young, 1 2 (GZJ); same data as holotype except 22-VII-1980, 1 6 (BYU). Types deposited at the Smith- sonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Etymology.—The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the Rio Hondo where the specimens were collected that led to the recognition that this was a previously undescribed species. Ecology. — Sweltsa hondo is known only from streams characterized by relatively pristine conditions. Water quality data from December 1974 through July 1975, at the Lake Fork beaver pond are indicative of an unperturbed, cold water habitat (NMEID, 1975). A related species, Swe/tsa borealis (Banks) was found emerging at the same time as S. hondo in the headwater area (3000 m) of the Rio Hondo drainage. Sweltsa coloradensis occurs at lower elevations (below 1900 m) in the Rio Hondo proper. Unlike Taeniopteryx pecos, which has been found only in one isolated river reach, this previously undescribed Swel/tsa species, has been collected at elevations ranging from 3000 m to 1900 m at four separate locations. The three northern sites lie within 100 km of each other in the Sangre de Christo Mountains, while the fourth site is in the isolated Sandia Mountains 150 km south. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Weare grateful to James R. Zimmerman, New Mexico State University (NMSU), Kenneth W. Stewart, North Texas State University (NTSU) and John F. Flan- nagan, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba for making specimens available for study and comparison. Special thanks are given to the personnel of the Water Pollution Control Bureau of the New Mexico Environmental Improvement Di- vision in Santa Fe for their support with this research project and for the aid of the staff at the Department of Zoology, Brigham Young University (BYU). The drawings were made by Connie A. Bevan, Diane E. Mellor and Jean A. Stanger. LITERATURE CITED Baumann, R. W. 1973. Studies on Utah stoneflies (Plecoptera). Great Basin Nat. 33: 91-108. Baumann, R. W., A. R. Gaufin, and R. F. Surdick. 1977. The stoneflies (Plecoptera) of the Rocky Mountains. Mem. Am. Entomol. Soc. 31: 1-208. Fullington, K. E. and K. W. Stewart. 1980. Nymphs of the stonefly genus 7aeniopteryx (Plecoptera: Taeniopterygidae) of North America. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 53: 237-259. 154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Kondratieff, B. C. and R. F. Kirchner. 1982. Taeniopteryx nelsoni, a new species of winter stonefly from Virginia (Plecoptera: Taeniopterygidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 55: 1-7. New Mexico Environmental Improvement Division. 1975. Water Quality of the Rio Hondo, New Mexico. New Mexico Department of Health and Environment, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 37 pp. Ricker, W. E. and H. H. Ross. 1968. North American species of Taeniopteryx (Plecoptera, Insecta). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 25: 1423-1439. Stewart, K. W. and S. W. Szcezytko. 1974. A new species of Taeniopteryx from Texas (Plecoptera: Taeniopterygidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 47: 451-458. Stewart, K. W., R. W. Baumann, and B. P. Stark. 1974. The distribution and past dispersal of southwestern United States Plecoptera. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99: 507-546. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(1), 1984, pp. 155-175 THE NORTH AMERICAN PREDACEOUS MIDGES OF THE BEZZIA ANNULIPES GROUP (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) WILLIS W. WIRTH, SUSAN M. PALCHICK, AND LEO FORSTER (WWW) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. Res. Serv., USDA, % U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560; (SMP) Department of Ento- mology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (Present address: Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 95616); (LF) Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OC6, Canada. Abstract.—The annulipes Group of the subgenus Homobezzia Macfie, genus Bezzia Kieffer, is comprised in North America of six species: three known pre- viously only from Eurasia, Bezzia annulipes (Meigen), B. japonica Tokunaga, and B. solstitialis (Winnertz); B. varicolor (Coquillett), under which name the three previously listed species were confused in North America; B. fascispinosa Clastrier known previously only from Europe; and B. pseudobscura Wirth, a rare species known only from Virginia and Florida. Two recently described North American species are junior synonyms: B. /ongiradia Dow and Turner, a NEW SYNONYM of B. fascispinosa, and B. suffusa Dow and Turner, a NEW SYNONYM of B. japonica. Diagnoses are given of all taxa, a key is presented, and illustrations are given, especially of the pupal characters. The predaceous midge Bezzia varicolor (Coquillett) was thought to be one of the commonest and most widespread species of this genus in North America. Wirth (1965) gave the distribution of the species as ““Alaska to Mass., s. to Calif. and Md.”’ Dow and Turner (1976), in their revision of the North American Bezzia, listed 15 states and provinces under the distribution of B. varicolor, from Alaska to California and Ontario to Florida. Material keying to B. varicolor, reared by Palchick in Wisconsin, was found to have two distinct kinds of pupae in addition to variation in color markings. A review was therefore made of the material identified as B. varicolor in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History and Canadian National Collection, and four distinct species were found: B. varicolor and three species known initially only from Eurasia, B. annulipes (Meigen), B. Japonica Tokunaga (syn. B. suffusa Dow and Turner), and B. solstitialis (Win- nertz). Moreover, the closely related species B. /Jongiradia Dow and Turner from Ontario was found to be more widely distributed and was determined to be a junior synonym of B. fascispinosa Clastrier, formerly known only from the north- ern Palaearctic. A sixth species, B. pseudobscura Wirth, is rare and known only from Virginia and Florida. The group of species discussed in this paper may be designated as the Bezzia annulipes Group of the subgenus Homobezzia Macfie, taking its name from the 156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON earliest described species, Bezzia annulipes (Meigen 1830). Diagnoses are given of all taxa, a key is presented for the North American species, and illustrations are given, especially of the pupal characters. To help resolve the taxonomic difficulties, special effort was made to collect and rear pupae. The immature stages of species of this group are often numerous at the margins of shallow lakes, ponds, or streams, or in mats of algae or sphagnum in these locations. Pupae were collected by sampling debris floating at the margins of these habitats or by shaking the mats of vegetation in pans of water. The pupae were pipetted into '4-dram vials partially filled with distilled water or with water from the habitat, onto a layer of cotton tightly packed into the bottom 0.8 cm of the vials; the vials were plugged with cotton. After emergence, the adult flies were given time to sclerotize and then pupal exuviae and associated adults were stored in 70% alcohol. Slide-mounted specimens were cleared in 10% KOH, dehydrated, and mounted in diaphane (Euparal), Canada balsam, or phenol-balsam. Taxonomic characters employed for identification of the adults were described by Wirth (1952), Dow and Turner (1976), and Wirth et al. (1977). Wing length is measured from the basal arculus to the wing tip and costal length from the basal arculus to the costal apex. Costal ratio is the costal length divided by the wing length. Antennal ratio of the female is the sum of the lengths of the elongated distal five flagellar segments divided by the sum of the lengths of the preceding eight; male antennal ratio is obtained similarly as the sum of the lengths of the distal four elongated segments divided by the sum of the lengths of the preceding nine. Palpal ratio is the length of the third palpal segment divided by its greatest breadth. Tarsal ratio is the length of the basitarsus divided by the length of the second tarsomere. Femoral ratio is the femoral length divided by its greatest breadth. SYNOPTIC KEY TO SUBGENERA AND GROUPS OF NEARCTIC BEZZIA 1. Male antennal segment 12 no longer than 13, antennal plume weakly developed (mesonotum dull, occasionally weakly shiny, brownish or gray- ish with or without vittae; tibiae pale or with a dark medial or basal ring; spines of fore femur stout when present; female with 0-5 pairs of gland rods; males considerably smaller than females; male aedeagus triangular with minute spinules or hairs) (Subgenus Homobezzia Macfie) ........ 2 — Male antennal segment 12 longest; antennal plume well developed, ex- tending at least to apex of 13th segment (mesonotum black, shiny or dull or with silvery hairs, if grayish brown with dark vittae, the hind tibia is yellow in midportion, apex broadly black, and all femora bear spines; tibiae often black; fore femur with spines slender when present; female abdomen with 1-2 pairs of gland rods; males about same size as female; male aedeagus variable but not as above) (Subgenus Bezzia Meigen, s. SUT Se aase aS ao Set yw aA cg tat ig oe 5g te Mk AT ee ga 5 2. Larger species, female wing 1.3—3.4 mm long; mesonotum without bristly setae on disc (fore femur without spines or with 1-4 stout to slender spines of similar lengths, with or without strong basal tubercles; pupal respiratory horn with numerous (25-60) spiracular openings, apex more or less flared, abdominal:tubercles-well developed), 3.9). 4-4-2 ae oe eee 3 — Small species, female wing 1.2—1.3 mm long; mesonotum with 2 rows of strong bristly setae on disc (fore femur with 5—7 stout ventral spines of VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 SY alternating uneven lengths arising from distinct elevations; pupal respi- ratory horn with only 7-12 spiracular openings, abdominal tubercles small) Se EY. OO FUtae su N IER, Et ede tre eon dorsasetula Group Se kore femure unarmed? ventrallysi. ys. ema, eee Oe B: bicolor Group — Fore femur armed ventrally with one or more short black spines ...... 4 4. Fore and mid femora entirely dark brown or with dark bands apical .. . Renee eee dY, SY J) SR ee AE we nets cil RAUCH Bde: cockerelli Group Fore and mid femora with subapical dark bands ......... annulipes Group 5. Fore femur usually unarmed ventrally; legs brown to black; femora and tibiae usually with narrow pale rings, rarely femora pale at base or tibiae OPES aR diate WS ERS ME Bete REI: 2g ek 0G: A) 3. ea a a bivittata Group — Fore femur armed ventrally with one or more slender black spines; legs brown to black, or if, banded! the pales bands broad ..2..: 1.5. .44::- 5. 6 6. Legs broadly yellow or with broad yellow median bands on fore femora SIT YG! TRC TI 1S ae been ces ee hy ae a Ses bee Ae ee an eee nobilis Group — Legs primarily dark brown to black, at most one pair of legs with broad Nie LOMMIS MMO AING Sata We tre ers ices cue thoes! is ghonl kori LOR ee an expolita Group Bezzia Kieffer, subgenus Homobezzia Macfie Homobezzia Macfie, 1932: 496. Type-species, Homobezzia nyasae Macfie (mono- typic). Bezzia, subgenus Homobezzia Macfie; Remm, 1974: 137 (status; diag- nosis). Diagnosis (from Remm, 1974).—‘‘Scutum dull, occasionally weakly shiny, brownish or grayish, with or without vittae. Tibiae light or with a dark ring in the middle or basally; spines of fore femur stout. Anteromarginal spine of scutum present or absent. Twelfth segment of male antenna no longer than 1 3th; antennal plume weakly developed, extending to base of the 13th segment. Aedeagus of male triangular, with spinules or hairs. Tergites of female with 0-5 pairs of gland rods; claws frequently with a denticle on inner face. Males considerably smaller than females. Gonostyli of male well developed, of practically the same length as the gonocoxites, pilose. Mandibles of female with 8-15 teeth, basal teeth smaller than distal ones. Legs frequently with dark rings or entirely yellow.” Bezzia annulipes Group The species of the annulipes Group may be distinguished from those of other North American groups of the subgenus Homobezzia by the characters given in the key. Within the annulipes Group there also appears to be a good separation between two groups of species. Bezzia annulipes and japonica have the fore femoral spines short and subconical, borne on prominent elevations, the distal antennal segments are shorter, and the ducts of the spermathecae are longer than in B. solstitialis and the remaining species of the group. The male genitalia of species of this group (Fig. 1f) are remarkably uniform in structure and do not offer good characters for species determination. The ninth tergum is elongate, the ninth sternum a narrow band with shallow caudomedian excavation; the basistyles and dististyles are moderately long and tapering; the aedeagus is a nearly equilateral, triangular sclerite with low basal arch and slender, slightly spiculose tip; the parameres are fused distally in a long spatulate process. Males of B. japonica and varicolor usually have a rather well developed basal 158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON swelling on the mesal side of the basistyle bearing several larger setae arising from distinct tubercles, but on some preparations this swelling is difficult to see. Oc- casionally B. solstitialis males with a fairly definite apical band on the hind femur appear to have a well developed basal swelling on the basistyle. As a rule, male specimens may be keyed out fairly accurately by means of the shapes of the distal antennal segments and the shapes of the fore femoral spines, since these are quite similar to those of the females of the species. The legs of the males usually have more extensive but less distinct dark markings than do those of the females. KEY TO THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE BEZZIA ANNULIPES GROUP 1. Female wing (Fig. 2c) with costa extending nearly to wing tip (costal ratio 0.90-0.98); fore femur (Fig. 2f) with 8—12 spines in a group on distal half, not in one row; female abdomen (Fig. 2d) with prominent pair of round smooth areas on eighth sternum; pupal respiratory horn (Fig. 2g) with 50-60 Spiraculaim Openings, .+,. > 4.mekie eter mea ok ae fascispinosa Clastrier — Female wing with costa not extending nearly to wing tip (costal ratio about 0.80); fore femur with 2—5 spines in one row; female abdomen without prominent smooth areas on eighth sternum; pupal respiratory horn with L8—SOispiracular OPENINGS 24,13... 7s oteoreee ye VA ace oe ee ee eee 2 2. Fore femur with spines stout and subconical, each borne on a prominent elevation (Fig. lg); antenna (Fig. la) with five distal segments shorter, ratio of 11/10 is 2.0—2.6; ducts of spermathecae (Fig. 1d) long (0.020- 0:040; mim), abouts long.as. diameter of spenmatheca ..... (2. nee 3 — Fore femur with spines longer and more slender, not borne on promi- nences (Fig. 5d); antenna (Fig. 5a) with five distal segments longer, ratio of 11/10 about 3.0; ducts of spermathecae (Fig. 5e) shorter (0.010—0.012 TRV kA cade pol Rae eet OE Seca > Foncyica cack 0 deman irs heer vt ca a ae ack 4 3. Hind femur pale with subapical dark ring (Fig. lh); dark rings on legs indistinct, especially on fore legs, often absent in male; mesonotum brown- ish with indistinct dark vittae; pupal respiratory horn with about 40 spi- FACUIATNOPEMINE Si pete he ahtat wk ie Ry wea te ee ey ae ee annulipes (Meigen) — Hind femur almost entirely dark, fore and middle femora each with a dark subapical ring (Fig. 3g); mesonotum ashen gray with four dark vittae; pupal respiratory horn with 18—23 spiracular openings . japonica Tokunaga 4. Hind tibia pale except extreme apex dark (Fig. 4g) ..... pseudobscura Wirth Hind tibia with subbasal dark band and narrow apex dark (Fig. 5g) .... 5 5. Mid tibia pale except extreme apex dark (Fig. 61); pupal respiratory horn with 40-50 spiracular openings (Fig. 6h) ............. varicolor (Coquillett) — Mid tibia with broad median dark band and narrow apex dark (Fig. 5g); pupal respiratory horn with 18-36 spiracular openings (Fig. 5h) ....... scenes Melle gras teenies ates tar ic, eR a ran PM ee eR re solstitialis (Winnertz) Bezzia annulipes (Meigen) Fig. 1 Ceratopogon annulipes Meigen, 1830: 264 (female: Europe). Palpomyia annulipes (Meigen); Kieffer, 1906: 62 (combination). VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 159 Oe oe ae Ore oe a ———= ~ faci : ae) ( vs Livi set a AN) | i a2: A \ Oc a |} SN A\\\ y J —. fy Ho Dek. oO} H NY Se AS == a SS So as a ‘ / Pe ZN Fig. 1. Bezzia annulipes from Luss, Scotland; a—d, g—h, female; e-f, male: a, antenna; b, palpus; c, genital sclerotization; d, spermathecae; e, parameres; f, genitalia, parameres omitted; g, fore femoral spines; h, fore, mid, and hind legs (top to bottom). Bezzia annulipes (Meigen); Kieffer, 1925: 130 (combination); Edwards, 1926: 130 (Britain; diagnosis); Remm, 1974: 440 (in key; descriptive notes; USSR records; syns.: bidentata Kieffer, fossicola Kieffer, kyotoensis Tokunaga, media Kieffer, phragmites Kieffer, ploenensis Kieffer, sicarti Clastrier); Glukhova, 1979: 133 (larva; USSR). Bezzia solstitialis (Winnertz); Downes, 1978: 4 (misdet.; Scottish prey records). Diagnosis. — Wing length 2.4—2.8 in female, 1.7—2.0 in male. General color dull dark brown; scutum with indistinct dark vittae; antenna (Fig. la) with bases of flagellar segments indistinctly pale; legs (Fig. 1h) relatively stout, mainly yellow; coxae, trochanters, and two distal tarsomeres brown, femora of all legs with dark preapical ring, tibiae with both ends dark and a broad dark sub-basal to median band; leg bands indistinct, especially on fore leg, often absent in male; wing faintly brown, anterior veins pale brown; halter dark brown; abdomen dark brown above, pale below. Female antennal ratio 1.10—1.14; lengths of flagellar segments in proportion of 22-17-17-17-17-17-18-18-36-38-37-37-45; palpus as in Fig. 1b: fore femur (Fig. 1g) with 2-3 short, very stout, well separated black spines arising from distinct prominences; spermathecae (Fig. 1d) with genital sclerotization as in Fig. 1c; spermathecae (Fig. 1d) with long necks (0.020—0.040 mm), as long as diameter of spermatheca. Male genitalia (Fig. 1f) short and stout, structure typical of the group; basistyle without prominent basal hump; parameres as in Fig. le. Distribution.—A Boreal species; northern Eurasia, Japan, Alaska, Manitoba, Idaho. 160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Specimens examined.— ALASKA: Fairbanks, College, 14.20.vi.1948, Lienk and Esselbaugh, emergence trap, | 4, 3 9; Fairbanks, vi—vii.1967, K. M. Sommerman, jeep trap, 6 2. ALBERTA: Brooks, 30.v—9.v1.1955, J. A. Downes, 1 3, 3 9. BELGIUM: Dostelbergen, 13.v.1936, M. Goetghebuer, 3 4, 3 9. FRANCE: Haute-Garonne, Tournefeuille, 2.iv.1959, M. Sicart, 1 2 (paratype of sicarti Clastrier). GERMANY: Tiibingen, 13.vi1i.1960, J. A. Downes, 5 2. Kiihkopf, 25.vii.1977, leg. Fritz, 2 6, 1 2 (det. Havelka). GREAT BRITAIN: Bucks., Black Park, 21.v—7.v1.1934, reared from nest of coot, 2 6, 2 2. Glamorgan, Porthcawl, 10.vi.1906, A. H. Verrall, 3 6. Herts., Knebworth, vi.1922, F. W. Edwards, 1 ?; Letchworth, iv—vi.1918, Edwards, 4 4, 1 2, pupal exuviae; Radwell, vi.1918, Edwards, 2 6, 42 (1 2 with 7anytarsus prey); 12.1x.1920, 1 2 with 6 Cricotopus prey; v.1924, 1 6, 1 2 Gn copula). Huddersfield, v.1904, C. Waterhouse, | 2°, pupal exuviae. Inverness, Aviemore, vi.1931, Ed- wards, 4 2; Loch Garten, 21.vi.1933, R. L. Coe, 1 ¢. Lake District, Hawkshead, Calife Heights, Three Dubs Tarn, 5.vi.1947, T. T. Macan, 3 2. Luss, 21.vi- 3.vii.1960, J. A. Downes, 7 4, 19 2. Middlesex, Ruislip, 7.1x.1914, Edwards, 1 2. Notts., Strelley, 21.1x.1922, Edwards, 1 9. Perthshire, Glen Lyon, Cashlie, 15.vi.1932, Edwards, 1 2. S. Devon, Slapton, 9.1x.1889, A. H. Verrall, 1 2. Surrey, Wimbledon, 3.ix.1920, Edwards, 2 2°, pupal exuviae. Westmorland, Staveley, vi. 1929, Edwards, | °; Witherslack, vi.1929, Edwards, 1 2. IDAHO: Latah Co., Trails End, 22.vii.1969. J. Gillespie, reared from algal mat, [or MANITOBA: Churchill, 9.viii.1953, J. A. Downes, 1 °. USSR: Estonia, Kingissepp, 3.vi.1967, H. Remm, | 4; Misso, 25.vi.1964, Remm, 2 2; Picasilla, 28.vii.1969, Remm, 3 °. Moscow, 27.v.1967, 2 6, 1 @ (all det. as annulipes by Remm). Remarks. — This species is recognizable by its relatively stout legs, the fore femur with short, stout, well separated spines on distinct prominences; its short antenna, with segment eleven 2.0 x as long as ten; its pale legs with indistinct dark bands, the hind femur with only a narrow subapical dark band; and its spermathecae with exceptionally long necks, about as long as the main body of the spermatheca. According to Mayer (1934), the pupal respiratory horn (of the synonym plo- enensis) is similar to that of varicolor (Coquillett), with about 40 spiracular open- ings in a convoluted row. Our identification of this species is based on the excellent diagnosis and figures by Remm (1974), on the examination of 65 specimens from Britain determined by Edwards, six from Belgium determined by Goetghebuer, and a paratype of sicarti Clastrier from France (all USNM collection), and on the series from the USSR determined by Remm. In our Alaskan material we found females with the hind femur more broadly infuscated than in European specimens, approaching that of B. japonica, but with the apex pale; the long spermathecal necks confirmed the identification. The specimens from Luss, Loch Lomand, Scotland (recorded in error by Downes, 1978, as B. solstitialis) were feeding on Chironomus sp. and Tanytarsus spp. which they captured by flying into the male swarms of the prey species. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 161 Bezzia fascispinosa Clastrier Bigs 2 Bezzia sp. indet.; Edwards, 1926: 424 (male; England; notes). Bezzia fascispinosa Clastrier, 1962; 91 (male, female; France; figs.); Remm, 1974: 440 (in key; figs.; Lithuania, Maritime Terr., USSR; syn. sexstrigata Remm). Bezzia sexstrigata Remm, 1971: 213 (female; Maritime Terr., USSR; figs.; com- pared solstitialis). Bezzia longiradia Dow and Turner, 1976: 97 (female; Ontario; figs.); Palchick, 1981: 9 (Wisconsin; pupa described; figs.). NEW SYNONYMY. Diagnosis. — Wing length 2.3—3.4 mm in female; |.6—2.0 in male. General color dull dark brown, mesonotum with reddish tinge and with dark brown vittae; legs (Fig. 2f) yellowish with distinct subapical brown bands on all femora and median brown bands on all tibiae, a dark knee spot on fore leg, apices of mid and hind tibiae narrowly brown; tarsi yellowish, fifth tarsomere brown; wing grayish, veins brownish; halter brown; abdomen brownish, often yellowish brown. Female an- tenna (Fig. 2a) with lengths of flagellar segments in proportion of 18-13-13-13- 14-15-15-14-53-57-53-54-55, antennal ratio 1.9-2.4; palpal segments (Fig. 2b) with lengths in proportion of 9-15-31-20-21, third segment short; wing (Fig. 2c) with costa long, costal ratio 0.90-0.98; fore femur with 9-11 stout ventral spines in a group (not in one row) on distal half in female, 2-8 ventral spines in male; female eighth sternum (Fig. 2d) with two smooth depressions bordered by setae; spermathecae (Fig. 2d) with long necks nearly as long as main body of spermatheca; one pair of long gland rods arising from seventh tergum and extending to base of third segment. Male genitalia (Fig. 2e) of the usual structure for the group, longer and more slender than usual, basistyle relatively slender at base without basal hump. Pupa: Length 6.0 mm; general color pale yellow. Respiratory horn (Fig. 2g) moderately long (0.450 mm), slightly curved and expanded distally, bearing 55- 60 spiracular openings in an undulating line around apex and down '3 way on each side. Operculum (Fig. 2h) with longitudinal striations on posterior margin, face bare; wider (0.378 mm) than long (0.276 mm), with three poorly developed am tubercles, anteromost with moderately long seta. Cephalothoracic chaetotaxy: Two d/ tubercles (Fig. 2k), each with a moderately long fine seta; two vm tubercles (Fig. 21), each with a strong spine, one short and the other moderately long; v/ tubercle (Fig. 21) with one short stout spine; dorsal tubercles d4 and d5 without spines, other dorsal spines (Fig. 2j) as follows: dl and d2 close together with d2 longer than d1, d3 long and thin, d5 tubercle posterior to d3 and d4. Abdomen with caudal segment (Fig. 2p) denticulate, longer (0.247 mm) than wide (0.200 mm); posterolateral processes denticulate and almost twice as long as segment (0.408 mm); abdominal spines long, dasm tubercles (Fig. 2m) truncate and bearing a long thick seta, dasm1 seta longer than dasm2 seta; dpm|1 tubercle (Fig. 2h) cuspidate, bearing a long thin seta, dpm2 tubercle rounded and bearing a medium- length strong seta, dpm4 tubercle not well developed, bearing a short stout spinule, dpm2 tubercle not apparent; vpm3 tubercle (Fig. 20) well developed with long strong seta, vpm2 tubercle close to vpm3, poorly developed, but with medium length strong seta: vpml1 tubercle not apparent. 162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON aioli AROEEE OOTP TOORAY hk tttlasilitOTT conte LWW Gis] OND Ip ie oS any ge eee PUPAE LL O ADULTS WJ Oo = — (ep) UA ee OM AS MY. Noe JY AU. Se SsOe NO MONTHS Fig. 1. Phenology of Epinotia kasloana primarily as determined from a population associated with jojoba near Radec, CA. Period of adult activity also based on records of adults from other areas in southern California. Dotted line for pupae refers to apparently infrequent early pupation (see text). the pronotum (Fig. 5). Mature larvae attain a length of ca. 12 mm and often have light red coloration dorsally. The larva of E. kas/oana is undescribed. However, larvae of other members of the genus are treated by Mackay (1959). Fifth instar larvae drop to the ground after feeding to repletion, dig several cm. into the soil and construct a hibernaculum. Larvae remain in these hibernacula throughout the summer. Pupation, also within the hibernaculum, normally occurs in mid- to late fall, and adults emerge shortly thereafter. Just before adult emer- gence, the pupa (Figs. 6, 7) breaks through the hibernacula and becomes partially exerted from it. Life histories with components similar to that of E. kasloana have also been reported for other species of Epinotia (e.g. Bradley, et al., 1979). Egg.—The singly laid eggs of E. kasloana are squamous and subelliptical in shape, and have a rugulose surface (Fig. 2). They measure 0.60 + 0.04 mm in length, 0.46 + 0.04 mm in width (” = 10) and are ca. 0.3 mm in height. Eggs are essentially colorless at first, turning a light orange as maturation proceeds. Rarely was more than a single egg found per leaf. Larvae exit at the interface of the chorion and the attachment substrate, leaving the chorion more or less intact. There is no evidence that larvae consume the chorion upon emergence. Egg surveys on both male and female plants of jojoba are summarized in Table 1. They show that eggs are most abundant on leaves, and are rarely laid on stems or male flowers. They were never found on female flowers. Although oviposition occurs on both male and female plants, males are preferred. Larvae also are more 202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 2-3. Egg of Epinotia kasloana on leaf of jojoba. 2, Normal egg viewed from above, 100x. 3, Egg parasitized by Trichogramma sp., characterized by abnormal swelling, 160. common on male plants (Pinto and Frommer, 1980). Egg frequency on leaves of male jojoba in 1980 and 1981 was 5.0% and 3.3%, respectively. The lower fre- quency during 1981 may simply have been due to the earlier sampling date. The occurrence of eggs on stems and male flowers was insignificant both years. Larvae—adult.—We are unable to give precise limits to the period of larval activity at the Radec site. However, observations of eclosed eggs during the census of 19 January 1981 (Table 1) indicates activity had begun by that date. Larvae are commonly collected on jojoba from February—April, and disappear by the middle of May. Upon completion of feeding, mature larvae drop to the ground, dig several cm. into the soil beneath their host plant, and spin a silk hibernaculum which incorporates soil particles and a variety of debris (Fig. 8). The soil beneath numerous jojoba at Radec was sifted on 16 occasions from 22 June-13 December 1978 to determine the approximate time of pupation. Hibernacula were inhabited almost exclusively by mature larvae until mid-Oc- tober (9 sampling dates, ca. 100 hibernacula examined). This prolonged period of inactivity of the 5th instar larva was paralleled in our laboratory studies of adult emergence (Table 2). The only exceptions were 3 pupae encountered during July. On the third week of October, hibernacula with pupae became common. Of the 42 hibernacula sampled on 4 dates between 22 October—10 November, 32 (76%) contained pupae. The pupal instar apparently lasts no more than 2-3 weeks, as almost all of the hibernacula found after 15 November were empty. This date coincides closely with the beginning date of adult activity of E. kasloana in southern California reported by Brown (1980), and time of adult emergence in the laboratory. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 203 Table 1. Frequency of eggs of E. kas/loana on jojoba vegetation.' Leaves Stems Flowers ¥ (+ SD) no. Eggs Sex of Plant & No. Plants 100 Leaf Sample Sq. m Total No. No. Sampling Date Sampled Plant; (Range) Stem Sampled* no. Eggs Sampled Eggs Male 11 March 1980 5) 4:96) += 325? 0.095 3 ca. 1000° l (1-16) Female 11 March 1980 25 IFA O=EmIeS? OI 0) > 100 0) (0-5) Male 19 January 1981 25 374s) ae 2) 0.062 4 ca. 1000° 2 (1-10) ' See Materials and Methods for sampling method. ? Based on counts of hatched and unhatched eggs. 3 Eggs significantly more abundant on leaves of male plants (P < .001; t= 4.672). 4+ Sq. m. of stem surface was approximated by: II-(estimated diameter of stem)-(length of stem). > Refers to clusters of flowers. Adult emergence data are summarized in Table 2. The vast majority of indi- viduals from Radec emerged from the last half of November to the middle of December (range, 31 October—10 January). The range of emergence for the few individuals from Superior was similar (20 October—17 January), although the majority emerged somewhat earlier than did the Radec material. We never collected adults of E. kasloana on the wing at Radec. However, 2 live adults were sifted from soil beneath a jojoba on 13 December 1978. We assume these individuals were working their way to the surface from their pupation site. The end of adult activity in southern California appears to be late January Table 2. Time of adult emergence of E. kasloana in the laboratory. Time (in 2-wk. Intervals) of Adult Emergence as % of n! Mo(s). & Yr(s). Source Stage Collected of Collection Jn O-II N-I N-II D-I D-II Ja-I n CA, Radec_ Instars 4 & 5 Mar.—May Or 0 Se SOS AS SS) 6403 aes O on jojoba 1976-80 CA, Radec_ Instar 5 &/or May & Sept.— _ leo GUleay as og a) (0) 61 6 (pupae) in Nov. 1978 hibernacula CA, Radec Eggs on jojoba Jan. 1981 HOO! ete eee eet tema eehls 2 AZ, Sup- Instars 4 & 5 on Mar.—May 1981 —,, (25105 53373\9935' 4-0 0) 83412 erior jojoba ' Jn, O, N, D, and Ja = June, October, November, December and January, respectively. I = from first to 15th of month; II = from 16th to end of month. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 4-7. Immature stages of Epinotia kasloana. 4, Larva feeding between leaves tied together with silk (leaves separated to expose larva; arrow pointing to silk strands). 5, Late instar larva. 6, Pupa (lateral view of anterior section showing cephalic horns), 40x. 7, Pupa (lateral view of cremaster), 130x. to (=) nN VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 Fig. 8. Hibernacula of Epinotia kasloana sifted from soil beneath jojoba plants near Radec, CA, illustrating variety of materials often used in their construction including soil particles, pebbles, twigs, and leaves. Fig. 9. Total destruction of developing fruit of jojoba as produced by feeding larvae of Epinotia kasloana and Xylomyges curialis. Fig. 10. Adult of Epinotia kasloana (5.6 mi S Sage, Riverside Co., CA). Length of photographed specimen = 9.4 mm. 206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 3. Duration (in days) of instars in a laboratory rearing of E. kasloana. Instar(s) Mean SD Range n 1 5.2 1.6 3-10 28 2 4.0 ie 3-7 16 3 3).5) I s3} 1-5 10 4 3)5) Dr 3-7 3 5 & 6! 98.0 5.8 93-103 2 ' Instar 5 and 6 (pupa) combined due to inability to determine time of molt (see text for approximate duration of each instar). (Brown, 1980). As noted, oviposition at Radec was well along if not complete by mid-January 1981. The discovery of 3 pupae at Radec in July 1978 occurred about 4 months before pupae were commonly collected. It is unknown whether these represent individ- uals that failed to pupate the previous fall, or 1978 individuals that pupated early. The latter is more likely in light of the early pupation of reared individuals (see below). LABORATORY REARINGS Rearings of individual larvae indicate that development normally consists of 5 larval instars. The duration of each of the first 4 larval instars 1s given in Table 3. We were unable to determine the duration of the 5th since its molt to the pupa occurs within the hibernaculum. Thus, only the combined duration of the 5th and pupal instars is reported. It is clear from field studies that the 5th instar is the longest phase of development (see above), normally lasting ca. 5-6 months. The pupa lasts only a few weeks. Although we normally encountered 5 larval skins in rearings, occasionally a 6th skin was found. This may represent a supernumerary instar or merely con- tamination. Although the male flowers provided as larval food were carefully examined before placing them in the rearing chamber, the possibility of intro- ducing a foreign exuviae or larva remains. These questionable records were not included in the summarization of rearing data. The two individuals reared from egg to adult spent a mean of only 98 days (range, 93-103) as Sth instar larvae and pupae. Both emerged as adults in June, or 4-5 months earlier than normal. Although numbers are few, this suggests that the laboratory conditions experienced by the first 3 larval instars was responsible for early pupation, because the numerous field collected 4th and Sth instars brought into the laboratory all became adult at the normal time (Table 2). Yet the fact that 3 pupae were sifted from soil at Radec in July 1978 indicates that early adult emergence occasionally occurs in the field. Mortality during rearings was high for all periods of development (Table 4). From a starting group of 70 Ist instars, only two continued to adult. The causes of death to larvae were not determined. The size of instars 1—5 as indicated by head capsule width is reported in Table 5. These data are based totally on reared material where instar identification was unequivocal. Data on two groups of reared Sth instar larvae are given in Table 5. One consisted of individuals dying in the 5th instar. Head capsule width was VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 207 Table 4. Mortality among larvae in a laboratory rearing of E. kasloana. Instar(s) n Larvae Entering Instar(s) Mortality (%) ] 70 45.7 2-4 38 34.2 5 D5 76.0 6 (Pupa) 6 67.0 significantly smaller for these (¥ = 0.86 mm, n = 10) than those successfully com- pleting this instar (¥ = 1.10 mm, n = 4) (see Table 5). The latter group was not significantly different from the size of putative S5ths collected in the field (x = 1.05 + 0.12) (range, 0.8-—1.4 mm) (7 = 233). Ceanothus spp. are the only hosts other than jojoba recorded for EF. kasloana. The species has been reared from C. thyrsiflorus Eschsch. in Marin Co., CA, by J. A. Powell (University of Calif., Berkeley; pers. comm.). Also, we have collected a few larvae of E. kasloana on C. crassifolius Torr. at two locales in Riverside Co., CA, which lack jojoba (Menifee Valley, and 11 mi. E Temecula). Early instar larvae from C. crassifolius fed readily on male flowers of jojoba and attained the Sth instar before dying. Eleven early instars originating on jojoba at Radec also fed on flowers of C. crassifolius, and 2 individuals were reared to adult on this alternate host. PARASITES The parasite associates of E. kas/oana are listed in Table 6. Twelve species of parasites (8 Hymenoptera, 4 Diptera) have been retrieved from eggs (Fig. 3), feeding larvae, and inactive Sth instar larvae within hibernacula. OTHER LEPIDOPTERA Our initial survey of jojoba arthropods (Pinto and Frommer, 1980) implicated only E. kasloana as a potential pest of developing fruit. However, this moth is only one of three Lepidoptera now believed to cause similar damage. The citrus cutworm, Xy/omyges curialis Grote (Noctuidae), originally cited in our survey as feeding on leaves and male flowers was found in large numbers on 30 March 1981 at Superior. Although larvae were not observed feeding, they readily devoured Table 5. Maximum head capsule width (mm) of laboratory reared larvae of E. kasloana. Instar(s) Mean Range SD n l 3l7/ 15-19 01 WV) 2 .28 .25-.35 .03 30 3 43 .32-.52 .O5 20 4 .63 .40-.75 08 16 2); .86 .80-.94 .06 10 52 1.10 1.05-1.15 .09 4 ' Larvae dying in the Sth instar. > Larvae successfully completing the 5th instar. Two of these died as pupae, two became adult; these individuals were significantly larger than individuals dying in fifth instar (P < .01; ¢ = 4.909). 208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 6. Parasitic associates of Epinotia kasloana. Taxon of Parasite Association Diptera Bombyliidae Phthiria similis Coquillett larva in hibernaculum Phthiria sp.! larva in hibernaculum Tachinidae Genus, sp. unknown larva in hibernaculum Nemorilla pyste Walker larva in hibernaculum Hymenoptera Braconidae Agathis sp. larva feeding on plant Apanteles aristoteliae Viereck larva feeding on plant Apanteles sp. C larva feeding on plant Ascogaster sp. larva in hibernaculum Ichneumonidae Glypta rufiscutellaris Cresson larva feeding on plant Mastrus sp. larva in hibernaculum Trichogrammatidae Trichogramma sp. near pretiosum Riley egg Trichogramma sp. egg ' Based on pupa collected from a hibernaculum on 7 September 1978. This is later than the period of adult activity for P. similis, and may represent a different species of PhAthiria. jojoba fruit in the laboratory and were the only Lepidoptera collected on that date. A survey of damage to fruit at a locale 14 km W Superior on 30 March indicated ca. 30% fruit destruction. Feeding damage is similar to that described for E. kasloana (as in Fig. 9). Also in spring of 1981, Dr. H. Flint (USDA, Phoenix, AZ) informed us of the almost total destruction of jojoba fruit at Usery Pass, Maricopa Co., AZ (pers. comm.). The described damage was similar to that caused by Xy/omyges and Epinotia; however, the discovery was too late to determine the primary pest. The single larva and adult sent for identification represented the omnivorous leaf roller, Platynota stultana Walsingham (Tortricidae). It is questionable whether P. stul- tana was the sole or even the primary cause of fruit damage at Usery Pass in light of the abundance of citrus cutworm at Superior. P. stu/tana was not collected in our 1980 survey, but it was implicated as a pest of young cultivated jojoba by Johnson (1978).2 One or more of the 3 species of Lepidoptera discussed here probably were responsible for the 75-80% destruction of jojoba fruit in the Pinal Mts., AZ, during 1957-58 cited by Gentry (1958). With the exception of Johnson’s (1978) record, we are unaware of lepidopterous damage to cultivated jojoba. 2 Johnson’s record of Platynota stultana is based on a tentative identification (T. Eichlin, Calif. Dept. Agric., pers. comm.). VOLUME 86, NUMBER | 209 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to many individuals for their generous assistance in this study. T. Egan, E. Fisher, J. Huber, C. Lazzaro, J. Luhman, S. Manweiler, R. Velten, and J. Woolley assisted in the field and/or laboratory. M. Badgley produced the photographs in Figs. 4, 5, 8, 9, and 10; A. Bell assisted with the SEM work; and P. Mote prepared Fig. |. For identifications we are indebted to R. Brown, Mis- sissippi State University (Epinotia); N. Evenhuis, B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu (Bombyliidae); J. Luhman, U. C. Riverside (Ichneumonidae); and P. Marsh (Bra- conidae) and D. Wilder (Tachinidae), Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washington, D.C. Special thanks is tendered to T. D. Eichlin, California De- partment of Agriculture, for numerous favors including the identification of Lep- idoptera and the donation of comparative material. The study was supported, in part, by the University of California Appropriate Technology Program. LITERATURE CITED Baker, W. L. 1972. Eastern forest insects. USDA Forest Service, Misc. Publ. No. 1175, 642 p. Bradley, J. D., W. G. Tremewan, and A. Smith. 1979. British tortricoid moths. Tortricidae: Oleth- reutinae. The Ray Society, London. 336 p. Brown, R. L. 1980. A revision of the genus Epinotia (Hubner) (Tortricidae: Eucosmin1), Part I. The North American species of the Stroemiana Lineage (Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, Cornell Univ.). Felt, E. P. 1906. Insects affecting park and woodland trees. N.Y. St. Mus. Mem. 8, pp. 333-877. Furniss, R. L. and V. M. Carolin. 1977. Western forest insects. USDA Misc. Publ. No. 1339, 654 p. Gentry, H. S. 1958. The natural history of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) and its cultural aspects. Econ. Bot. 12: 261-295. Johnson, J. D. 1978. Cultivated jojoba in the United States. Proc. 3rd Intl. Congr. on Jojoba, D. M. Yermanos (ed.), pp. 121-128. Mackay, M. R. 1959. Larvae of the North American Olethreutidae (Lepidoptera). Canad. Entomol. (Suppl. 28), 182 p. McDunnough, J. 1925. New Canadian Lepidoptera with notes. Can. Entomol. 57: 11-23. Pinto, J.D. and S.I. Frommer. 1980. A survey of the arthropods on jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis). Env. Entomol. 9: 137-143. Yarger, L. C. and J. W. Brewer. 1977. Biology and habits of the white fir needle miner, Epinotia meritana (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae), in Colorado USA. Can. Entomol. 109: 849-854. Yermanos, D. M. 1979. Jojoba—a crop whose time has come. Calif. Agric. 33 (7 & 8): 4-7, 10-11. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(1), 1984, pp. 210-213 TWO NEW SPECIES OF ORIENTAL BITING MIDGES (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) FRANCIS E. GILES AND WILLIS W. WIRTH (FEG) Professor of Biology, Loyola College in Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21210; (WWW) Systematic Entomology Laboratory IIBIII, Agric. Res. Serv.., USDA, % U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560. Abstract.—Two new species of oriental biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogoni- dae) are described and illustrated: Atrichopogon daleyae from Malaysia, Philip- pines, and Vietnam, and 4//uaudomyia delfinadoae from Malaysia. Recently we published a description of an unusual species of Atrichopogon from Sri Lanka (Giles and Wirth, 1982). Further study of material from the Oriental Region has brought to light a similar species which we describe here. In addition we address ourselves to the problem of a Malaysian species, 4//uaudomyia in- fuscata, described by Wirth and Delfinado (1964). The holotype male (Type no. 67241), allotype female, paratype female, and 2 paratype males were deposited in the NMNH. While studying this type series we found that the two paratype males were not A. infuscata but a different species that we describe as new in this paper. The senior author thanks Wayne N. Mathis, Chairman of the Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution for use of the Museum’s facilities, and both authors acknowledge Ms. Molly Ryan for her illustrations used in this paper. For explanation of measurements and ratios see Giles et al. (1981), Wirth (1980), and Wirth and Delfinado (1964). NMNH indicates the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Atrichopogon daleyae Giles and Wirth, NEw SPECIES Fig, | Female.— Wing length 0.84 (0.79-0.89, n = 5) mm; breadth 0.36 (0.34-0.38, n= 5) mm. Head: Brown. Eyes finely pubescent above, bare below; narrowly separated by a distance equal to | ommatidial facet. Antenna (Fig. la) light brown with well- developed verticils on all segments; flagellar segments in proportion of 24-14-16- 19-20-20-20-22-54-54-58-60-86; antennal ratio 2.01 (1.81-—2.01, n = 6); segment 15 with terminal papilla; segments 3—10 ovoid and not appressed. Palpus (Fig. 1b) light brown; segments in proportion of 15-29-38-22-22; 3rd segment mod- erately swollen from base with sensory pit both moderately large and deep; palpal ratio 2.71 (2.13-—2.71, n = 6). Proboscis brown, long, sections A-B-C (see Wirth, 1980) in proportion of 46-32-30; mandible (Fig. 1d) with 16 (15-18, = 6) large teeth becoming smaller proximad. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 Dalal — ae = SSS se a eee \ ——e ie aaa et emia ee ES (i Are al ee eae Nts hl eg Atif STD if \ | } | \ | NN ~~ SO a a | \ / | inlet ean yal denaiaae MN Mee: a wn \ 3 < A 2! MQ my Wa) (c \g d o tf \\¥ f Fig. 1. as long as F3. In conferta the funicle segments are all quadrate or slightly wider than long (diana has F3-6 each at least 2 x as long as wide). Unfortunately, a thorough revision will be necessary before we will be able to distinguish males of most species of Anaphes. As a result, the above diagnosis only refers to females. Specimens examined.—Lectotype (by present designation) and paralectotype of A. diana (Girault) (USNM); holotype and paratypes of A. /ameerei Debauche (Brussels); holotypes or syntypes of all other North American species. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank P. Dessart (Institute Royal des Sciences Naturelle de Belgique, Brussels, Belgium) for allowing me to examine the Debauche types and L. E. Caltagirone (University of California, College of Natural Resources, Division of Biological Control, 1050 San Pablo Ave., Albany, CA) for the loan of several Anaphes types. LITERATURE CITED Annecke, D. P. and R. L. Doutt. 1961. The genera of the Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). South Afr. Dep. Agric., Tech. Ser., Entomol. Mem. 5: 1-71. Burks, B. D. 1979. Mymaridae, pp. 1022-1033. In K. V. Krombein et al., Eds., Catalog of Hy- menoptera in America North of Mexico. Vol. 1. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, IDC. Debauche, H.R. 1948. Etude sur les Mymarommidae et les Mymaridae de la Belgique (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Mem. Mus. Nat. Belg. 108: 1-248. Girault, A. A. 1911. The occurrence of the mymarid genus 4 naphoidea Girault in England (Hymen.). Entomol. News 22: 215-216. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(1), 1984, pp. 217-222 DESCRIPTION OF FOUR NEW WEST AFRICAN CIXITDAE (HOMOPTERA, FULGOROIDEA) J. VAN STALLE AND H. SYNAVE (JVS) Schoolmuseum M. Thiery, Sint-Pietersplein 14, 9000 Gent, Belgium; (HS, deceased) Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Vau- tierstraat 29, 1040 Brussels, Belgium. Abstract.—Four Cixiidae species from West Africa are described as new to science: Andes africanus, Brixidia variabilis, Oliarus wazae, and Oliarus flavi- nervis. This paper describes four new Cixidae captured in Liberia, Ivory Coast, Nigeria and Cameroon, and submitted to the late Dr. Synave for identification. The major part of the figures were already drawn by him, but were left unfinished after his sudden death in September 1980. The first author thanks J. P. Kramer (Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA) and Dr. P. Dessart (Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen) for the privilege of describing this material. The types are in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., unless otherwise stated. Andes africanus Van Stalle and Synave, NEw SPECIES Figs. 1-6 Description. —Color variable; specimens from Liberia yellowish brown, prono- tum and legs somewhat paler: specimens from Nigeria darker, vertex and dorsal part of pronotum dark brown. Tegmina fumated with brown, as in Fig. 1, with a dark transverse band in the proximal half. Total length: 6 mm. Male genitalia: anal segment (Fig. 3) moderately long. Posterior lateral margins of pygofer (Fig. 6) slightly convex, with two unequal spinose processes (Fig. 5) dorsally. Genital styles short (Fig. 4). Aedeagus (Fig. 2) with two short spines apically, one directed ventrally, the other running caudally. Diagnosis. — Andes africanus n. sp. is closely related to Andes schoutedeni Syn- ave, 1959 and A. bilineatus Synave, 1960 in the color pattern of the tegmina and in the general structure of the aedeagus. However, it is well defined from these two species by the presence of two spines on the pygofer, the different shape of the genital styles, and the orientation and implantation of the aedeagal spines. Material examined.— Holotype 6: Liberia, Grand Gedeh. Co. 25 km N. Zwedru, 11-VII-1971, J. A. Gruwell. Paratypes: 1 6, 4 2, same locality; 1 ¢, Nigeria, W. State, Ikoga, I-1975 (Coll. KBIN). NUL ESO aN Se > NS eee re Ne VANS : Fs ap emeeetea (SSE, ‘ F path eo Eee a 3) Figs. 1-6. Andes africanus. 1, Left tegmen. 2, Aedeagus. 3, Anal segment. 4, Genital style. 5, Processes of pygofer, dorsal view. 6, Pygofer. Brixidia variabilis Van Stalle and Synave, NEW SPECIES Figs. 7-13 Description.—Color pale yellowish throughout. Tegmina milky hyaline, veins pale yellowish, slightly fumated with brown in distal part. Total length: 9-10 mm. Male genitalia: anal segment (Fig. 10) and genital styles (Fig. 13) as illustrated. Lateral margins of pygofer (Fig. 12) only slightly produced distally. Aedeagus VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 219 Figs. 7-13. Brixidia variabilis. 7, Aedeagus, ventral view, holotype. 8, Aedeagus, dorsal view, holotype. 9, Aedeagus, dorsal view, paratype Mt. Tonkoui. 10; Anal segment. 11, Left tegmen. 12, Pygofer. 13, Genital style. (Figs. 7, 8) with six spinose processes divided as follows: two short spines apically, a spine ventrally near base directed inwards and a small tooth-like spine just above it. Finally, two dorsal spines, one inserted along left side on one third of apex and directed cephalically, and another arising from flagellum and directed to right side. The latter is blunt in the holotype (or possibly broken off), and tapering in the paratypes from Mt. Tonkoui (Fig. 9). Variability: while the specimens of Liberia are pale yellowish, the paratypes of Mt. Tonkoui are brown: the tegmina (Fig. 11) are fumated with brown and are dark brown in the apical area, with three paler spots along the apical and inner margin, as illustrated in Fig. 11. The aedeagus is basically the same in all males, but the aedeagus of the paratype is longer, and the two dorsal spines are otherwise shaped: in one male, the right one is shorter, and the transverse spine is tapering 220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON (Fig. 9). In another male, the right spine is still shorter, and the transverse spine is blunt like that of the holotype. Diagnosis.— The genus Brixidia Haglund was recently revised by Synave 1980. Till now, eight species are referred to this genus, all recorded on the African continent, and mainly distinguished by the shape of the male genitalia, which were illustrated by the author. Brixidia variabilis n. sp. differs from these species by the different shape of the pygofer, and the different form and implantation of the aedeagal spines. As already mentioned above, the color pattern of the tegmina is not a useful character to identify this species. Material examined. — Holotype 6: Liberia, Grand Gehed. Co., 25 km N. Zwedru, 11-VII-1971, J. A. Gruwell. Paratypes: 3 2, same locality; 2 3, 3 2, Ivory Coast, Mt. Tonkoui, 15/22-X-1973 (Coll. Linnavuori, 1 ¢ in Coll. KBIN). Oliarus wazae Van Stalle and Synave, NEw SPECIES Figs. 14-20 Description.—Frons, clypeus, pronotum and legs yellowish. Vertex (Fig. 19) ochreous, posterior part and carinae paler, longer than broad (27:20), narrower than an eye (20:27). Mesonotum and abdomen ochreous. Tegmina hyaline (Fig. 16), veins and stigma yellow. Total length: 7 mm. Male genitalia: anal segment (Fig. 18) asymmetrical, dorsal margin straight, ventral margin convex, left lateroapical angle broader than right one. Pygofer (Fig. 20) subsymmetrical, with two caudal finger-like appendages, left one broader than right one. Genital styles (Fig. 17) as illustrated. Aedeagus (Fig. 14 & 15) with two spinose processes, one directed caudally and curved apically to right side, the other subcircular, recurved inwards along left side. Diagnosis.—The species is characterized by its yellow color, the two-colored vertex, the shape of the pygofer and the form of the aedeagus, which separate it from all other Oliarus species. Material examined. — Holotype 6: Cameroon, Waza, 19-III-1972, filtered black light, J. A. Gruwell. Paratypes: 1 4, 1 2, same locality (4 in Coll. KBIN). Oliarus flavinervis Van Stalle and Synave, NEW SPECIES Figs. 21-27 Description.—Color yellowish throughout, vertex (Fig. 22) and mesonotum yellowish brown, carinae paler. Tegmina hyaline (Fig. 23), veins yellow. Vertex as long as broad, as wide as an eye. Total length: 5 mm. Male genitalia: anal segment (Fig. 24) asymmetrical, left ventral margin deflexed into a large triangular lateroapical angle, right ventral margin strongly sinuated proximally, lateroapical angle almost non-existent. Pygofer (Fig. 25) asymmetrical, left lateral margin produced into a large lobe, right lateral margin caudally pro- duced into a narrower process. Genital styles as illustrated (Fig. 27). Aedeagus (Figs. 21, 22) with six spines: a long one and two short subequal ones visible in dorsal view; a short curved process visible from both sides and two others visible in ventral view. Diagnosis. — Structurally, Oliarus flavinervis n. sp. belongs to the group of O. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 20 Figs. 14-20. Oliarus wazae. 14, Aedeagus, dorsal view. 15, Aedeagus, ventral view. 16, Left tegmen. 17, Genital style. 18, Anal segment. 19, Head. 20, Pygofer. frontalis Melichar. It is easily characterized by the asymmetrical shape of the pygofer, and anal segment, and the particular shape of the aedeagus, namely the number, implantation and shape of the aedeagal spines, which easily separate this species from all known Oliarus species. Material examined. — Holotype 6, Cameroon, Waza, 19-III-1972, filtered black light, J. A. Gruwell. Paratypes: 2 6, same locality (1 6 in Coll. KBIN). 222 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 21-27. Oliarus flavinervis. 21, Aedeagus, dorsal view. 22, Aedeagus, ventral view. 23, Left tegmen. 24, Anal segment. 25, Pygofer. 26, Head. 27, Genital style. LITERATURE CITED Synave, H. 1959. Cixiidae nouveaux du Congo Belge. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 59:1-18. 1960. Cixiidae (Homoptera-Fulgoroidea). Parc Nat. Garamba 18:7-44. 1980. Le genre Brixidia Haglund. Bull. Inst. R. Sci. Nat. Belg. §2:1-15. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(1), 1984, pp. 223-227 THE TRUE NYMPH OF GOMPHUS (GOMPHURUS) CRASSUS HAGEN (ODONATA: GOMPHIDAE), WITH NOTES ON ADULTS K. J. Tennessen and J. A. Louton (KJT) 1949 Hickory Ave., Florence, Alabama 35630; (JAL) Department of Zoology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916. Abstract.—Reared nymphs of Gomphus (Gomphurus) crassus Hagen from Ten- nessee are described and diagnostic characters are illustrated. A previous descrip- tion, based on supposition, was in error, leading to incorrect identifications. The nymphs of G. crassus, unique in the subgenus as far as is known, possesses strongly hooked palpal lobes and lateral spines of abdominal segment 9 that are subequal to the middorsal length of segment 10. Broughton (1928) briefly described unassociated Gomphus nymphs from Ti- monton Lake, Indiana, as Gomphus crassus Hagen based on supposition by J. G. Needham. The characters given were subsequently used by Needham and Hey- wood (1929) and Needham and Westfall (1955) to separate G. crassus from the other species of the subgenus Gomphurus. Specimens of G. crassus that we reared from three localities on the Duck River in Tennessee differ markedly in the form of the labium and the lateral abdominal spines from Broughton’s description. We believe the earlier association was in error and that the nymph of G. crassus has remained unknown until the present. The nymphs described by Broughton (1928) as G. crassus were probably G. externus Hagen, judging from the straight line of eight to nine teeth on the palpal lobes, the convex anterior margin of the pre- mentum, and the long lateral spines on abdominal segment nine (‘almost twice as long as segment ten”’). Also, G. externus has been recorded from lakes (Needham and Hart, 1901; Walker, 1958), whereas G. crassus has not. METHODS Exuviae of reared adults and syntopically collected nymphs were used for de- scriptive purposes. The lengths of the lateral spines on abdominal segments six to nine were measured dorsally from the posterior margin of the segment to the tip of the spine. The length and width of abdominal segment nine are maximum values, measured ventrally. Because exuviae tend to be laterally compressed to varying degrees, measurements of width may be slightly different than in nymphs. Abdominal segment ten was measured middorsally. Caution must be taken in determining how far the lateral spines on segment nine extend posteriorly com- pared to segment ten, especially in exuviae, because of the extent of telescoping of segment ten within segment nine. In life, the tip of the blunt dorsal hook on segment nine overhangs the basal one-fourth of segment ten. 224 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON DESCRIPTION OF GOMPHUS CRASSUS NYMPH Total length 29-33 mm; length abdomen 17.8-—21.8 mm; length hind femur 4.5-5.7 mm; width head 5.4—6.0 mm; width abdomen 7.6—8.6 mm. Exuviae and nymphs unpatterned and with a coarse, granular surface. Third antennal segment 2x length of proximal 2 segments together. Prementum constricted proximally, widest just distal to constriction; |.17—1.23x longer than wide; ligula straight, without median tooth. Palpal lobes with 4 or 5 (rarely 3) teeth arranged in a line curving sharply toward large apical tooth (end hook) (Fig. 1). Legs short compared to other species of subgenus, body 5.6-6.5 x as long as hind femur. Lateral spines on abdominal segments 6 to 9; small, sharp dorsal hook on segment 8, a rounded hook segment 9. Lateral margins of segments 8 and 9 serrated, segment 8 with 10-16 denticles, segment 9 with 19-25. Segment 9 1.92- 2.22 x wider than long; lateral spines 1.00—1.35 (typically 1.20) x the middorsal length of segment 10; tips of spines do not extend to posterior margin of segment 10 (Fig. 2). Epiproct (superior anal appendage) 1.5—1.8 x miuddorsal length of segment 10, 1.13—1.27 x the length of cerci (lateral appendages). Paraprocts extend slightly beyond tip of epiproct. Material examined.— TENNESSEE: Bedford Co., Duck River, Anchor Mill, V- 20-1978, JAL, 2 reared males, 1 reared 2 (emerged V-24), 8 nymphs, 5 exuviae; Coffee Co., Duck River, confluence Bashaw Creek, III-23-1978, JAL, 2 nymphs; Marshall Co., Duck River, 2.5 mi SE Chapel Hill, HI-24-1978, JAL, 2 nymphs; same location, IV-1-1978, JAL, 1 reared 2 (emerged V-17), 1 nymph; Maury Co.., Duck River at Sowell Ford, V-21-1979, KJT, 6 exuviae; Duck River below Har- dison Mill, Hwy. 431, V-14-1980, KJT, 1 reared 6, 1 reared 9; same location, V-5-1981, KJT, 5 reared 6, 3 reared ?, 3 nymphs, 3 exuviae; Rutherford Co., Stones River, US Hwy. 231, IV-1-1978, JAL, 1 nymph. DISCUSSION The nymph of G. crassus belongs to the group of Gomphurus species with strongly hooked palpal lobes (Fig. 1), which includes five others known in the nymphal stage: G. modestus Needham, G. dilatatus Rambur, G. lineatifrons Cal- vert, G. vastus Walsh, and G. ozarkensis Westfall (Louton, 1982). The nymph of G. ozarkensis has been reared but is undescribed; it is most similar to G. crassus. In the nymphs of the other 4 species, the lateral spines of segment nine are 1.3 to 2.0 times as long as the middorsal length of segment ten, whereas in G. crassus the spines are approximately equal in length to segment ten. A key for separating nymphs of Gomphurus appeared in Louton (1982). Nymphs of G. crassus were collected from sand-silt deposits near the river bank where flow was relatively swift. Although sympatric over much of its range with G. vastus, nymphs of the two species were not usually collected syntopically, except for one collection at Hardison Mill where both were taken in the same microhabitat. Other species of Gomphidae collected at the same localities with G. crassus were: Dromogomphus spinosus Selys, D. spoliatus (Hagen), Erpeto- gomphus designatus Hagen, Gomphus (Gomphus) quadricolor Walsh, Gom- phus(Gomphurus) fraternus (Say), Gomphus (Gomphurus) hybridus Williamson, Gomphus (Gomphurus) vastus, Gomphus (Stylurus) plagiatus (Selys), Gomphus (Stylurus) spiniceps (Walsh), Hagenius brevistylus Selys, Ophiogomphus rupin- sulensis (Walsh), Progomphus obscurus (Rambur), and Stylogomphus albistylus (Hagen). VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 225 mm Figs. 1-3. Gomphus crassus. 1, Ventral view of labium of nymph. 2, Right half of abdominal segments six to ten of nymph. 3, Penis. The emergence period of G. crassus appears to begin in mid-May in Tennessee. Our latest collection of adults on the Duck River was July 9; none was seen on trips made in middle and late July. Needham and Westfall (1955) gave the flight dates as May 11 to July 31 (based on Williamson, 1917). The presently known distribution of this species is along the margin of the Wisconsin glacial maximum, southward into the Interior Low Plateaus (Louton, 1982), and a population near the southern end of the Cumberland Plateau in northeastern Alabama (several 226 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON specimens have been taken also in northwestern Alabama). Several possibilities are indicated by this distribution: 1) the unglaciated portion of the Interior Low Plateaus served as a glacial refuge; 2) if G. crassus was displaced southward during the Pleistocene, it was unable to subsequently recolonize the glaciated part of its range; 3) the population in northeastern Alabama may be relict. Williamson (1919) examined a series of adult G. crassus from Indiana for variation in color pattern of abdominal segments eight to ten. He established nine color groups for males and three groups for females, ranging from a minimum to a maximum amount of yellow. Examination of 139 males and 38 females we collected in Tennessee and Alabama from 1979 to 1981 also showed a high degree of variability. Placing our specimens in Williamson’s groups showed that the specimens from Tennessee and Alabama have more yellow on the terminal seg- ments than those from Indiana. The extent of variation in color patterns such as these may render them useless as diagnostic characters. However, within the subgenus Gomphurus, the penis has been shown to be a useful character for distinguishing the species (Westfall, 1956, 1974, 1975). As the penis of G. crassus has not been previously figured, we present a drawing made from a male collected at Halls Mill on the Duck River, Bedford Co., TN, 3 June 1980, KJT (Fig. 3). It is very similar to the penis of G. ozarkensis, the major difference being the longer flagella. Adult records. —ALABAMA: Jackson Co., Estill Fork, Co. Hwy. 9, VI-5-1980, KJT, 11 4; Paint Rock River, Hwy. 65, 1 mi ENE of Princeton, VI-5-1980, KJT, 1 2. Lauderdale Co., Shoal Creek, Co. Hwy. 8, VI-2-1981, T. Goldsby & T. Sessler, 1 6; VI-5-1982, KJT, 1 6; Butler Creek, Co. Hwy. 11, VI-12-1982, J. J. Daigle, 1 6. TENNESSEE: Bedford Co., Duck River, Halls Mill, VI-3-1980, KJT, 5 4, 1 2; VII-9-1981, A. H. Price, HI, 1 6; Fall Creek, Ben Williams Rd., VI-3-1980, KJT, 1 2; VI-11-1980, KJT 1 6. Giles Co., Richland Creek, Co. Rd. 4209, VI-7-1982, JAL 2 6. Lewis Co., Buffalo River, 6 mi S. of Hohenwald, VI-7-1982, KJT, 5 2. Marshall Co., Duck River, Lillard Mill, VI-12-1979, KJT, 14 3, 12 2, 1 pr.; VI- 11-1980, KJT, 4 6, 4 9, 1 pr.; VI-3-1981, 10 4, 3 9, 2 pr.; VI-18-1981, KJT, 20 6, 4 9. Maury Co., Duck River at Sowell Ford, V-18-1979, C. H. Gooch, 4 6; V- 21-1979, KJT, 16 6; VI-18-1979, C. H. Gooch, 4 6; VI-25-1979, KJT 12 6; Duck River below Hardison Mill, Hwy. 431, V-27-1980, KJT 4 4, 1 9, 1 pr.; VI-16- 1980, KJT, 6 4, 5 2; VI-3-1981, KJT, 2 4, 1 2; Duck River, Brench Island, VI-7- 1982, JAL, 2 6; Fountain Creek, Hwy. 50, VI-6-1982, JAL, 8 ¢. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Dr. Paul Harp for the loan of reared specimens of Gomphus ozark- ensis, and Christine Eason Louton for critically reviewing the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Broughton, E. 1928. Some new Odonata nymphs. Can. Entomol. 60: 32-34. Louton, J. A. 1982. Lotic dragonfly (Anisoptera: Odonata) nymphs of the southeastern United States: Identification, distribution and historical biogeography. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville. 357 pp. Needham, J. G. and C. A. Hart. 1901. The dragonflies (Odonata) of Illinois. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist. 6: 1-94. Needham, J. G. and H. B. Heywood. 1929. A handbook of the dragonflies of North America. C. C Thomas, Springfield, Ill. 378 pp. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 227 Needham, J. G. and M. J. Westfall, Jr. 1955. A manual of the dragonflies of North America. University of California Press, Berkeley. 615 pp. Walker, E. M. 1958. The Odonata of Canada and Alaska. Vol. 2. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 318 pp. Westfall, M. J., Jr. 1956. A new species of Gomphus from Alabama (Odonata). Quart. J. Fla. Acad. Sei. 19: 251-258. ——. 1974. A critical study of Gomphus modestus Needham, 1942, with notes on related species (Anisoptera: Gomphidae). Odonatologica 3: 63-73. 1975. A new species of Gomphus from Arkansas (Odonata: Gomphidae). Fla. Entomol. 58: 91-95. Williamson, E. B. 1917. An annotated list of the Odonata of Indiana. Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool. Misc. Publ. No. 2: 1-13. —. 1919. Variation in color pattern of the dragonfly Gomphus crassus (Odonata). Entomol. News 30: 294-296. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(1), 1984, pp. 228-238 COMPARISON OF STRIDULATORY STRUCTURES IN NORTH AMERICAN PISSODES SPP. (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) DAN M. HARMAN AND Amy L. HARMAN (DMH) University of Maryland, Center for Environmental and Estuarine Stud- ies, Appalachian Environmental Laboratory, Frostburg State College Campus, Frostburg, Maryland 21532; (ALH) Department of Biology, Frostburg State Col- lege, Frostburg, Maryland 21532. Abstract.— The stridulatory apparatus was studied in 26 species of North Amer- ican Pissodes. Gross dimensions of the pars stridens, or file, and numbers and spacing of striae were compared. Average width of the pars stridens was greater in males than females, although striae were more numerous and concentrated in females. Proportions of length in relation to width (L/W) of the pars stridens appeared to be a potentially useful means for taxonomic comparisons in Pissodes spp. The L/W ratio indicated similarities in some synonym associations, including P. approximatus + canadensis, P. rotundatus + nigrae, P. schwarzi + yosemite; and P. strobi + sitchensis + englemanni. Dissimilarities were exhibited in some other associations. A supplemental examination of 100 P. strobi showed a positive correlation between pars stridens dimension and total body length. The genus Pissodes in North America has presented challenging taxonomic problems. Whereas Hopkins (1911) recognized 30 species of Pissodes, recent research based on cytology (Manna and Smith, 1959; Smith, 1970) and cytoge- netics (Smith and Takenouchi, 1962; Drouin et al., 1963) have greatly reduced the number of Pissodes taxa recognized as valid species. Smith and Sugden (1969) listed 11 species, with their synonymy among the formerly recognized species. However, O’Brien and Wibmer (1982) listed 22 Pissodes species, accepting most of the synonymy proposed by Smith and Sugden. Among the problems encountered with Pissodes are morphological uniformity within taxa exhibiting marked behavioral differences in some sub-groups. An example is seen in Pissodes strobi (Peck), which now includes the former Pissodes sitchensis Hopkins and Pissodes englemanni Hopkins. Various workers in the past found it difficult to distinguish P. strobi from Pissodes approximatus Hopkins (Plummer and Pillsbury, 1929), and the 2 groups have been successfully interbred in the laboratory (Godwin and Odell, 1967). Using serological comparisons, Peck- ham (1969) did not find sufficient evidence to support separation of P. approxi- matus and P. strobi. In contrast to this are the ““marked behavioral differences” described by Hopkins (1911), and the cytological and cytogenetic differences (Manna and Smith, 1959; Smith, 1970; Smith and Takenouchi, 1969). The like- lihood of similar problems exist for other Pissodes spp. that have received little study. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 229 Sound production and related morphological structures represent an additional set of criteria useful in determining taxonomic and behavioral status. According to Frings and Frings (1958) differences in acoustical behavior between different species of insects are as specific as the more usual morphological features that distinguish species. Since acoustical behavior in insects is known to be species specific, the sound-making instrument should also have specific features. Differ- ences in dimensions and striation patterns likely relate to the specific acoustical signature. Ideally, numerous living representatives of each taxon should be avail- able for comparison on a population basis. Within Pissodes, an analysis of sound produced by two species, P. strobi and P. approximatus, was conducted by Harman and Kranzler (1969). They used a cathode ray oscilloscope to determine wave form, duration, and interval of the sounds produced. Significant differences in chirp repetition rates were observed between sexes in both species but not between the species. Stridulation appeared to be composed of two-part diplosyllabic chirps, apparently utilizing both the forward and backward movements of the stridulation mechanism. An initial reference to the stridulatory apparatus in P. strobi was made by Hopkins (1911), who briefly described the position of the stridulatory rasp, the overall ventral elytral surface, and the position of the scraper (plectrum or stridula- tor) on the dorsal surface of the abdominal tergite. Dumortier (1963) discussed sound- making structures in various insect groups, including the elytro-abdominal method found in Pissodes. Further study of the stridulatory apparatus in P. strobi was conducted by Harman and Harman (1972). The ventral surface of the elytra, in the vicinity of the stridulatory rasp, was found to consist of at least 4 distinct zones, one of which was considered to be the pars stridens. Spacing and total numbers of ridges on the pars stridens were compared for a few male and female P. strobi. Distinct differences in spacing and total numbers of ridges on the pars stridens were observed between the sexes. An undetermined degree of variability in the plectral teeth probably occurs among the Pissodes. Hopkins (1911) described and illustrated the pygal tergites, showing the arrangement of plectral teeth, for P. englemanni, P. strobi, P. ap- proximatus, Pissodes fraseri, Pissodes affinis, and Pissodes curriei. Differences occurring among the above 6 taxa were substantial. Although the elytral under- surface containing the pars stridens was well preserved, the posterior abdominal segments carrying the plectral teeth were shriveled and partially disintegrated in most of the specimens, eliminating any opportunity for accurate study of these structures in the present study. Since the significant difference in chirp rate between the sexes in P. strobi and P. approximatus could easily be verified through visual measurement with mag- nification, it appeared that similar measurements on other Pissodes could be of value, both for sexual and systematic differentiation. In the present study, com- parisons were made of the stridulatory apparatus of most species of North Amer- ican Pissodes. METHODS AND MATERIALS This study included examination of 26 taxa of Pissodes contained in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, principally from original Hopkins material. Many are now considered to be ecotypes or geographic races because of the work 230 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON of Smith and Sugden (1969). The taxonomic designations of the present study follow those of Smith and Sugden, except that taxa not treated by Smith and Sugden are listed as found in the collection. The taxa contained in the Smithsonian Institution collection included the following: Pissodes affinis Randall (= curriei of Hopkins), P. approximatus Hopkins (= canadensis of Hopkins), P. burkei Hopkins, P. coloradensis Hopkins, P. costatus Mannerheim, P. dubius Randall (= piperi and fraseri of Hopkins), P. deodarae Hopkins, P. fasciatus LeConte, P. nemorensis Germar, P. puncticollis Hopkins, P. radiatae Hopkins, P. rotundatus LeConte (= nigrae of Hopkins), P. schwarzi Hopkins (= yosemite of Hopkins), P. similis Hopkins (= utahensis of Hopkins), P. strobi (Peck) (= sitchensis and englemanni of Hopkins), P. terminalis Hopkins, and P. webbi Hopkins. The above list follows that of O’Brien and Wibmer (1982), except that the latter authors listed P. costatus as a synonym of P. schwarzi. Comparisons of the pars stridens and the surrounding portions of the under- surface were made by means of general descriptions and diagrammatic drawings, and by microscope measurement to determine spacing of ridges across the pars stridens. Measurements were made using 0.024 mm subdivisions diagonally across the pars stridens, and ridges were counted 1n each 0.024 mm subdivision. Mea- surements were taken at 43x with a compound microscope equipped with a micrometer disc. Striation counts were taken proceeding from the distal to the proximal edge across the pars stridens. At this magnification, each 10 spaces on the microscope grid covered 0.024 mm. The method of Van Tassel (1965) was used to obtain a transparent and accurate view of the zone and ridge patterns of the elytral undersurface including the pars stridens. This method consisted of spreading a thin coat of Elmer’s Glu-All across the undersurface of the elytra, allowing it to dry, and then lifting it off. Observations and measurements were made on one specimen each of both sexes of each taxon if available specimens existed in the collection. Additional measurements of 100 specimens of P. strobi, which were easily obtainable, were taken to provide insight into individual variation within one representative species of Pissodes. The 100 P. strobi specimens used for the study were selected from among several thousand which were reared from over 200 trees, at several disjunct locations in Allegany County, Maryland. In selecting the 100 insects, 4 were taken which appeared “‘small,” 3 ““medium,”’ and 1 “large.” They were then measured and segregated into three size categories which roughly corresponded to the above: <5 mm, 5-6 mm, and >6 mm. Sex was then deter- mined for each insect. Measurements were taken of total body length and width, length and width of the pars stridens, and spacing and numbers of ridges on the pars stridens. The objective of this was to determine whether the width of the pars stridens in representative species of Pissodes varied with overall body length. RESULTS Examination of the pars stridens and the ventral elytral surface around it af- firmed the presence of four distinct zones in Pissodes spp. in an arrangement similar to that previously reported for strobi (Harman and Harman, 1972). The relative position of the zones is shown in Fig. 1, and the typical sculpturing for strobi is shown in Figs. 2 and 3. Variation in sculpturing was pronounced for some taxa, one of which is shown in Fig. 3. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 231 Table |. Dimensions of the pars stridens elytral zone A and the adjacent striated zone B in North America Pissodes (left elytron).! Pars stridens Elytral zone A Elytral zone B Female Male Female Male "Width ~~ Length = Width ~~——siLength»=—- Width ~—s Length = Width»~—srLength ~~~ Pissodes spp. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) affinis 301 .540 .284 44] .499 .768 .432 816 (= currier!) .240 .480 .384+ 816 .480 .960 .480 1.008 approximatus .284 451 307+ .499 505 .676 .220 .407 = canadensis) 298 .451 .366+ .432 .470 816 .480 ./68 burkei Piss .299 294+ .495 563 .862 495 505 coloradensis .147 333 _ — .436 .853 - — costatus 22,0 348 SD Oat .416 .495 563 .465 A357) dubius .192 .480 336+ 547 .336 .960 .413 1.150 (= piperi) .103 338 382+ .612 588 .603 — (= fraseri) 235 .480 .103 lial .451 .882 514 .808 deodarae .250 .480 .250 .384 480 eh) .380 480 fasciatus 245 309 225 SID 392 AHP .490 451 nemorensis 5) 318 sr 588 451 691 .299 843 puncticollis .083 .206 _ .167 593 — _ radiatae .384 .403 .461+ .614 .576 .835 .672 .768 rotundatus .240 .576 = _ E28 .768 — ~ (= nigrae) 182 451 no striae oncasts .403 .168 402 .612 schwarz 259 .432 .249 .413 .480 .768 .499 .672 (= yosemite) .259 480 384+ .643 .672 .835 576 .768 similis 5337 .294 la 2 .201 318 451 318 343 (= utahensis) .134 .192 = —_ .240 480 —_ — strobrr? .240 .370 .230 380 380 .660 .340 .620 (= sitchensis) .196 .304 .240+ .397 397 .499 416 514 (= englemanni) .206 .299 245+ .402 0S 4: .402 "62 terminalis 288 .480 Pili sl .432 .672 384 .605 webbi 314 99 318+ pll4 .465 poo 3i -465 ve ODL Average wD 39 29 45 45 mal 43 .67 ' Blank spaces indicate specimens unavailable. * Data from 5 P. strobi males and 5 females, randomly selected. Widths of the pars stridens for the 26 taxa are shown in Table 1. Except for strobi, the data presented in Table | are not averages, but are measurements from a single specimen of each sex from each taxon. Numbers of specimens per taxon in the national collection were not plentiful, often being limited to only one of each sex. Therefore there was no opportunity to obtain multiple measurements and averages for the taxa. Data for elytral zone B are included because they contain organized striations, similar to those of zone A, and could actually be a portion of the sound-making apparatus. However, zone B has boundaries distinct from zone A, and has not been considered part of the pars stridens. For females, the width of the pars stridens (zone A) ranged from 0.083 mm in puncticollis to 0.384 in radiatae. Average width of the pars stridens was greater in males than in females (0.29 mm versus 0.22 mm, respectively). It was wider 232 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 2. Length/width ratios of the pars stridens (zone A) and adjacent zone B in North American Pissodes spp. Ratio of length/width Zone A—pars stridens Zone B Pissodes spp. Wp mibemalelen ine ANG lc ne Female Male affinis 1.8 1.6 NS 1.9 = curriei 2.0 De 2.0 Dal approximatus 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.8 = canadensis l.5) 1.3 ley 1.6 burkei Mal 1.7 eS 1.0 coloradensis DEB — 1.9 —_ costatus 1.6 1, Il, i 1.4 dubius DS) 1.6 2.8 2.8 = piperi 3)53} 1.6 1.0 — = fraseri 20) 1.7 1.9 1.6 deodarae 1.9 1S 1.6 1.3 fasciatus 1.3 1.6 1.6 0.9 nemorensis 1.4 135) eS 2.8 puncticollis DES — 335) — radiatae 1.0 1.3 1.4 il. rotundatus 2.4 = 1.4 = = nigrae DES — l@) ES) schwarzi lef 1.6 1.6 1.3 = yosemite 1.8 LF 2 1.3 similis 2.1 1.4 1.4 a = utahensis 1.4 = 2.0 — strobi 15 1.6 7 1.8 = sitchensis 5) 1.6 Il |? = englemanni 1.5 1.6 lei IES terminalis 7 5 5 1.6 webbi 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.5 for males in 14 of the 20 taxa for which comparisons were possible. Among the remaining seven taxa, widths were equal in deodarae and smaller in males of affinis, fraseri, fasciatus, schwarzi, strobi, and terminalis. The rough dimensions of the pars stridens, as presented in Table 1, gave little insight into associations between the taxa, and probably vary with body size of the specimen. However, proportions of length in relation to width (L/W) of the pars stridens appeared to be less influenced by body size, and possibly more useful taxonomically (Table 2). The range in L/W ratio was noticeably less for males (1.2—2.1 mm) than for females (1.0-3.3 mm). The high and low extremes in L/W ratio for females occurred in piperi and radiatae, respectively, and for males, in P. currieri and P. costatus, respectively. Among the four above extremes, the first three appeared to be exaggerated in comparison with data for all taxa as a whole. The low extreme for males, costatus, (1.2 mm), appeared to be more in line with the data. The pars stridens L/W ratios indicated similarities among some of the Pissodes synonyms, such as approximatus + canadensis, rotundatus + nigrae, schwarzi + yosemite, and strobi + sitchensis + englemanni. Dissimilarities were exhibited in dubius + piperi + fraseri, in similis + utahensis, and in affinis + curriei. The data suggest the need for additional work on some of the synonym associations. Ratios of L/W for zone B were more erratic than for zone A, and appeared to have less VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 233 indicative value for taxonomic purposes. In females, zone B L/W ratios ranged from 1.0 mm in dubius = piperi to 3.5 in puncticollis, whereas in males zone B ratios ranged from 0.9 mm (fasciatus) to 2.8 mm dubius and nemorensis). Striations per 0.024 mm interval are shown 1n Tables 3 and 4, for females and males respectively, of all Pissodes taxa examined in the study. Striations were more numerous and more concentrated per interval in females than in males of all taxa examined. Total numbers of striations on the pars stridens ranged from 36 to 106 in females, and from 17 to 55 in males. Notably high total striation counts in females were recorded for radiatae and costatus. In males, curriei had an unusually large number of striations compared to other taxa. A comparison of total striations for the sexes (male/female ratio) is shown in Table 4. Females generally had twice as many striations as males, except for the male of curriei (1.3) and the female of piperi (1.5). The possibility exists that the specimens in these 2 taxa are unusual representatives of their groups. Discernment of patterns of striation concentrations across the pars stridens should be based upon examination of multiple specimens in each taxon, a feature not possible in this study. Therefore, the data herein are intended to provide only a precursory indication. Averaging striations per interval across the entire pars stridens as a unit, we found that means in females were particularly high for puncticollis (13.2), followed by similis, coloradensis, dubius, and utahensis in descending order. The above taxa exceeded 10 striations per interval. Of the remaining taxa, only one, schwarzi, averaged fewer than 6 striations per interval on the total pars stridens. Striation concentrations on distal, medial, and proximal portions of the pars stridens were compared by segregating striation counts for these regions as shown in Table 5. For the purpose of this comparison, the first and last 3 intervals (0.024 mm each; 0.072 total span) of the pars stridens (proceeding from distal to prox- imal) for each taxon were considered the distal and proximal edges, respectively. The medial portion for each taxon was defined as the second 3 intervals (intervals 4-6) of the pars stridens, for each taxon. Among females, 6 taxa, co/oradensis, costatus, dubius, puncticollis, similis, and utahensis contained more than 30 stria- tions on the distal portion. These are designated “‘high” in Table 5, indicating a relatively high concentration of striations. Females in the remaining taxa had between 20 and 30 striations (med), except for canadensis and schwarzi, each of which had 18 striations (low). In the 4—6 interval span (medial portion) an increase over the distal span was observed in affinis, fraseri, radiatae, yosemite, and similis. Equal numbers were observed in approximatus, canadensis, costatus, fasciatus, rotundatus, strobi, and webbi. A decrease in numbers was observed in the re- maining taxa. Between the medial and proximal portions in females, decreases in the numbers of striations occurred in each taxon except approximatus = can- adensis. In some of the taxa, intervals 4-6 constituted the medial extent of the pars stridens. On the distal portion of the pars stridens, males of curriei, fasciatus, similis, and terminalis had high relative numbers of striations (10 or more). Accordingly, affinis, fraseri, nemorensis, radiatae, and englemanni had intermediate numbers (8-9 striations). The remaining taxa were considered low. In all males compared, striations per portion of pars stridens decreased from distal to medial. However, PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 234 06 78 aa 9 8 6 L 8 6 8 6 8 6 6 1qqam 9 69 = € 9 8 il 8 [i iL 8 8 SIDUIMLAD] L9 L9 = € 9 9 9 9 L g 6 6 jl (MUDUa]sua =) 99 te /E = € 9 L L 8 8 Ol 6 8 (sisudyo]Is =) PL L9 = CC av, p9 liv OL CL 6L SL 08 CL CL GOAs 19 VO! = € I] I] a €l I] (Sisuaypjn =) 9L 8 Ol =s ¢ IT el Gil el TI Ol SI]TULIS bl L9 = v ¢ L L 8 L 8 iL L : 9 (aj1uasod =) €¢ es = € t ¢ L ¢ 9 9 9 9 9 IZADMYIS ¢¢ 76 = 9 6 II II Ol 8 (9D151U=) L9 p'8 = iS 9 6 Ol 6 6 Ol 6 snyppunjod 901 OL = € v 9 it 8 6 OI IE Ol Ol 8 8 9 9 ODIDIPDA 99 (Cell = It Ell Cl 91 Cl s1joojound cL SPL — 9 L L L L 8 8 8 8 6 SISUAAOULIU 69 69 — 17 ¢ 9 9 9 6 6 8 8 8 snIpIosof OL 69 =z ¢ L 9 il fl iL il 9 il iL Ol avApoap 69 €9 = € Ss S 9 L 6 L I L 9 ft (14asD4f =) 9¢ 09 = v v 9 ik 8 L (4adid =) Is ra) = L I] I] 11 I] sniqnp 66 C6 a C 8 8 IT IT IT IT II IT II SNIDISOI c9 £ Ol = 9 iL €l €l ZI II SISUIPDAO]OI bs L9 a I v 9 fl 8 6 6 Ol 1O4ANG £9 £9 = 9 iL 8 9 9 9 9 L 9 ¢ (SISUaPDUDI =) 78 £9 os ¢ ¢ 9 iL 9 9 IL 9 8 9 8 9 9 snJpuiixodddp EL €L = S L ll 9 L ft 8 8 8 Ol (JalMANd =) bg OL = = = 9 ¢ ik ¢ 9 L 6 8 8 L 8 8 STUD [e101 [eA SI rl €1 ZI II Ol 6 8 L 9 S p € G I "dds sapossig Bas, SUOTIELIIS JO IAQUINN] -13AVW “SUDLUIDOdS poJda[as A[WIOPURI C] WO] SaBRIDAY , UIZIEUW [PIPIUI O} [eISIP WO (WW pZ(') SUSPLIs Jed ssoi9e [BAIT “UONATI Yo] ‘Sapossig a[ewiaj ul sudpLNs sired oy) ssosoe suloeds uONeINS ‘€ 91921 yD ON VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 cv OC 81 = I € C Cc © I I G I iG ic fqgam IinG Of CC = ¢ G C C Cc I Cc C iG t C ¢ SIJDUIULAO] One CC iG oa v C ( I C G I C C 4 (1UUDULI]SUd =) ae OC GC = C Cc C Cc I G Cc G G t (SISUIYIIS =) las VC GE Ot 8c IG 61 yy II al al 61 5G ae € GOs -- _ _ ugutoads ayew Ou SISUIYDIN =) 6C Ne Lae 5 v C c v e v 9) SU}IUAIS 6T SC oy v t I C I I I I I I I I I G C C (A]NUasOd =) NE OC OTC Fs t Cc I C I Cc C C G € IZADMYIS — — — uduIoads oyeW OU (QDA81U =) - _ — wouutoads afew Ou Sn]Dpunjod I uC cl = I C I I I I I I I I I G t t o IDIDIPDA — — — ugutoads ayew OU syjoojound vv LI iL, \| = I I I G I I Cc c C ie SISUDAOULOU CE Ge Ge = t t t ie ie ie © © v v SNIDIISDY GV, 81 OT ae C Cc I Cc Cc C € Cc iS IDADPOIp te, te he Ie a I Cc G © Cc © Cc t G € (I4aSD4f =) Sl VC cl G G C I C I I I I I I I I GC é t (14adid =) Ie vC 81 = Cc C C C I Cc I C Cc I Cc G t sniqnp tv GG cil = C I C I I I I I I I C C C Cc Cc SNIDISOD = = = uouutoads afew Ou SISUIPDAO]OI VC CC 81 C © Cc I C I G I G I C P JayANG LNG €C 81 = C Cc C C I Cc I I G I G C € (SisuapDud) =) 6€ IZ ey _ € I Z I I Z I I Z iG G € snjouiixosiddp cal c¢ ae C C I C I C I I Cc C v ¢ 9 [b 8 6 (19144ND =) cP 0¢ 07 = Z I Z @ I C (é (é G p s1Uyfd 2/8 [210.1 [eA 91 Si idl €l ZI Ul Ol 6 8 L 9 S b € ( I ‘dds sapossiq [e101 -19) UI jo ose UIZIELU [PIPIU O} [ISIP Woy ‘(yYdes WW pZ(") SUPLIIS sued ssoJOR [BAIDU] oney -1DAY suONeLs JO 1OqUuIN\Y “sugUTOOdS Ppoalda]os A]JWIOPURI ¢] WO SOdeIOAY | ‘(QBLS) SUONRINS JO S19QUINU [eNIOR UI Passaidxod ‘sapossig I[BW UI SUIPLIIS Sed ssO19e (LULU PZ’) BOB WUN/SUONRINS “p 9[GeL 236 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 5. Comparison of striation concentrations on approximate distal, medial, and proximal portions of the pars stridens in North American Pissodes. Striations! Females Males Portion of pars stridens Portion of pars stridens Distal Medial Proximal Distal ~Medial ~=~—~—S~Proximal ~~ Ave) ti(‘(“‘i‘é‘iA =O CO ANE = )|)~6CANe — Se Agean anne Pissodes spp. No. interval No. interval No. interval No. interval No. interval No. interval affinis 23-M Vio = BS 8.3 18 6.0 8-M 2.7 5 No 5 od CUFFIEL 26-M nl 22 1-33 19 6.3 24-H 8.0 15 5.0 5 Sd approximatus 20-M 6. 20 O77 ie 523 7-L 23) 4 eS 6 2.0 =canadensis 18-L 6.0 18 CL02) 7.0 7-L D8) 4 N83 6 2.0 burkei 28-M 3 A 0) z DS) 7-L D8} 5 7 6 2.0 coloradensis 56-E 1220026 8.7 — — — — — — _ — costatus 336 NIG 333 11.0 18 6.0 6-L 2.0 5 tH 5 7 dubius 3Selab NO) 90 — — 7-L D8} 5 lew 6 2.0 =piperl 22-M 13 14 4.7 — — 7-L 233) 3 1.0 6 2.0 =fraser! 20-M Of 23) Holl 13 4.3 8-M_ 2.7 6 2.0 5 Ils 7/ deodarae 24-M 8.0 20 6.7 18 6.0 7-L 23 6 DAD 5 ley fasciatus 24-M 8.0 24 8.0 15 5.0 11-H 357) 9 3.0 9 3.0 HCIMOFENSIS 25-M 3.3) 223} V4 XO) (i, 7/ 8-M 2.7 4 3) 3 1.0 puncticollis 43-H 14.3 + eS — _ _ — — — — _ radiatae 20-M GO. 2 9.3 13 4.3 9-M 3.0 4 3} 4 53} rotundatus 28-M 3) Ys) 9.3 as 5:5 — — — — — = =nigrae 29-M VT 2X6 8.7 — — — — — — — schwarz 18-L 6.0 V7 Dai 1] 3.7 7-L eos 5 ea 6 2.0 =vosemite 21-M POR 22 HRS) 16 5:3 6-L PAD) 3 1.0 8 Del) stmulis Soest ile 36 12.0 _ a0) 13-H 4.3 9 3.0 4.0 utahensis 30181 AQ) 2S 8.30 = -- _ = _ — _— _— strobi 23-M Vet 223 VT 14 4.7 7-L 8} 5) Na 8 D3) =sitchensis 27-M OQ 23} Hail 16 SES 7-L DB) 5 Nod 6 2.0 =englemanni 25-M 3) 2B 710) 1S 50) 8-M 2.7 5 17 8 Dey) terminalis 23-M Ue 22 7-3 WW S7/ N@siat 33.3} 6 2.0 9 3.0 webbi 26-M oi XO of = AS ed 6-L 2.0 4 1.3 6 2.0 'H, M, L = relatively high, moderate, and low numbers of striations, respectively. * Pars stridens present through less than 3 intervals (.024 mm) only 4 taxa, curriei, fraseri, deodarae, and nemorensis, incurred a decrease between medial and proximal portions. Four taxa, affinis, costatus, fasciatus, and radiatae, retained equal numbers between medial and proximal portions. Analysis of measurements on 100 P. strobi indicated that a number of body dimensions, including the length and width of the pars stridens, were positively correlated with body length. A comparison of pars stridens dimension in relation to body length in P. strobi is provided in Table 6. Increased width and length of the pars stridens accompanied increased total body length of the insects. A Pearson correlation test verified that the trends were significant (P < .05). Body length was also significantly correlated with sex in P. strobi (P < .05) with greater per- centages of females than males being more than 6 mm long. Scarcity of specimens prevented any assessment of size ranges in most of the taxa in this study. However, the data from multiple specimens of P. strobi indi- cated that differences in body size occur, that they relate to sex of adult insects, and that they bear relationship to gross dimensions of the pars stridens. It was VOLUME 86, NUMBER | 235], Table 6. Comparison of pars stridens width by overall body length in Pissodes strobi. Pars stridens (Zone A) Left elytron Right elytron Mean body Mean Mean Mean Mean Body length length Sc width St. length St. width St. length St. Sex No. category (mm) dev. (mm) dev. (mm) dev. (mm) dev. (mm) dev. Male 12 small (S mm) 4.49 139 I .04 3313) .O7 PP) 03 32 05 Ys inechivien (So tation) S28) A). WE) OS) 37 Oy EP) Os (OG) 7 large (6 mm) Os silts 27), .04 .46 .O7 .30 .04 .42 .08 Female 9 small (S mm) AV Tey alld) 19 03 34 .O7 238 .06 32 .O5 13) medium (5-6 mm) 5.45.35 ay 02 3 LOS 25 003 237 =06 33 large (6 mm) O35 253) .24 {0 38 .O5 .26 03 07) .06 deemed unlikely that within-species variation based on body size affects the accoustical signature of the taxon. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to the personnel of the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, and the facilities and collection of the U.S. National Museum of Natural History. Special thanks are extended to Rose Ella Warner for her cooperation and for many helpful comments. LITERATURE CITED Drouin, J. A., C. R. Sullivan, and S. G. Smith. 1963. Occurrence of Pissodes terminalis Hopk. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Canada: Life history, behavior, and cytogenetic identification. Can. Entomol. 95: 70-76. Dumortier, B. 1963. Morphology of sound emission apparatus in Arthropoda. /n Busnel, R. G., ed., Acoustic behavior of animals. Elsevier Publ. Co., New York. 933 pp. Frings, H. and M. Frings. 1958. Uses of sounds by insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 3: 87-106. Godwin, P. A. and T. M. Odell. 1967. Experimental hybridization of Pissodes strobi and P. ap- proximatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 60: 55-58. Harman, D. M. and G. A. Kranzler. 1969. Sound production in the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi and the northern pine weevil, P. approximatus. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 62: 134-136. Harman, D. M.and A. L. Harman. 1972. Stridulatory mechanisms in the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 65: 1076-1079. Hopkins, A. D. 1911. Technical papers on miscellaneous forest insects. I. A contribution toward a monograph of the genus Pissodes. USDA Bur. Entomol., Tech. Ser. No. 20, Part 1: 1-66. Manna, G. K. and S. G. Smith. 1959. Chromosomal polymorphism and interrelationships among bark weevils of the genus Pissodes Germar. Nucleus. II: 179-208. O’Brien, C. W. and G. W. Wibmer. 1982. Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Mem. Entomol. Inst. No. 34, ix + 382 pp. Peckham, D.G. 1969. A serological comparison of Pissodes strobi and P. approximatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Can. Entomol. 101: 78-90. Plummer, C. C. and A. E. Pillsbury. 1929. The white pine weevil in New Hampshire. N. H. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 247, 32 pp. Smith, S. G. and Y. Takenouchi. 1962. Unique incompatibility system in a hybrid species. Science 138: 36-37. Smith, S. G. and B. Sugden. 1969. Host trees and breeding sites of North American Pissodes bark weevils, with a note on synonymy. Ann. Entomol. Soc, Am. 62: 146-148. Smith, S. G. 1970. Chromosomal polymorphism in North American Pissodes weevils: structural isomerism. Can. J. Cytol. 12: 506-540. Van Tassell, E.R. 1965. An audiospectrographic study of stridulation as an isolating mechanism in the genus Berosus (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 58: 407-413. 238 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 1-4. 1, Diagrammatic view of general elytral zones, showing regions of ridges on left elytron and of sculpturing on right elytron (Zone A is the pars stridens; zone C is region of overlap); 2, Electron micrograph of a portion of the pars stridens and adjacent zone E of a female P. strobi showing ridge structure, 2000 x; 3, Electron micrograph of pars stridens and adjacent zones of a female P. curreyi, 100 x; 4, Electron micrograph of pars stridens and adjacent zone on a female P. burkeyi, 200. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(1), 1984, pp. 239-241 NOTE Records of Diradius vandykei (Ross) in North Carolina and Virginia (Embiidina: Teratembiidae)! E. S. Ross (1944. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 94: 401-504) described Diradius van- dykei (Ross) from Florida material, and listed additional records from Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina. Later, Kethley, Sherberger, and Sikora (1971. J. Ga. Entomol. Soc. 6: 190-192), recorded the species from Georgia. The records below confirm Ross’ (1944) prediction that this arboreal webspinner may occur “up the Atlantic Coastal Plain probably as far as southeastern Virginia.” In North Carolina D. vandykei was found throughout the Coastal Plain where sought (Fig. 1). Many records are from the trunks of isolated, lichen-encrusted hardwoods, especially oaks, and from pines. Depending on the light, the insects’ telltale webs may resemble the trail of a slug or may be smoke-like in appearance. A fine artist’s brush and AGA killing solution are useful for collecting. D. L. Stephan identified the recent material consisting of three winged males (see below) and many females and immatures. The specimens are deposited (as noted in parentheses) in the North Carolina Department of Agriculture (NCDA), Raleigh: the North Carolina State University Insect Collection (NCSU), Raleigh; and the United States National Museum of Natural History (USNM), Washington, D.C. We are grateful to K. R. Ahlstrom, J. F. Cornell, and J. E. Hunter, III, who furnished records, and to the many graduate students who donated specimens to NCSU. We also thank E. S. Ross for helpful suggestions. NORTH CAROLINA: BLADEN CO., 5.5 km SW of Ammon, Co. Road 1325, on Quercus laevis Walter, 19-IX-1981, A. B. Bass, R. W. Etzel, M. K. Hennessey, D. H. Landis, D. M. McCorkle, M. L. Rogerson, C. E. Sorenson— 18-IX-1982, L. L. Deitz— Bladen Lakes State Forest, on bark, 19-IX-1981, A. Ben Alya—10 air miles ESE of White Lake, on Pinus palustris Miller, 29-V-1982, D. L. Stephan (1 male)—on oak, 15-V-1983, D. L. Stephan (1 male) (all NCSU); BRUNSWICK CO., Smith Island, on oak and pine bark, 23-IX-1981, K. R. Ahlstrom and J. E. Hunter— Southport, Howe Street, Carla’s Cafe, on pine, 23-IX-1981, K. R. Ahl- strom, J. E. Hunter (all NCDA); CARTERET CO., Beaufort, on oak, 13-III-1982, M. K. Hennessey—8.1 air mi. E of Cape Carteret, Emerald Isle, on Q. virginiana Miller, 13-XI-1982, D. L. Stephan (all NCSU); CRAVEN CO., 7.7 air miles NW or Havelock, off US 70 at jct. Co. Road 1103; on O: phellos L., 17-X=1982, H-. H. Neunzig, D. L. Stephan (NCSU); DARE CO., Cape Hatteras, 0.5 air mile ESE of Buxton, on pine, 29-X-1981, 5-V-1982, D. L. Stephan— Roanoke Island, 2.5 air miles NW of Manteo, on pine, 30-X-1981, A. L. Braswell, D. L. Stephan (all NCSU); DUPLIN CO., near Calypso, Virginia-Johnson Farm, ex oak and pine litter, 2-I-1965, J. F. Cornell (det. E. S. Ross; specimens which should be at NCSU cannot be located); EDGECOMBE CoO., 0.6 air miles SE of Conetoe, off US 64, on Liquidambar styraciflua L., 12-[X-1982, D. L. Stephan—3.3 air miles W of ' Paper No. 8603 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC 27650. 240 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 1. Known distribution of Diradius vandykei in Virginia and North Carolina. Pinetops, off NC 42 at jct. Co. Road 1109, on Q. falcata Michaux and @Q. stellata Wang., 12-IX-1982, D. L. Stephen (all NCSU); HALIFAX CO., Scotland Neck, on Acer rubrum L., 8-V-1983, M. K. Hennessey, P. T. Hertl, D. L. Stephan (NCSU); HARNETT CO., Coats, jct. Co. Roads 1705 & 1558, on oak, 19-XI- 1981, J. E. Hunter (NCDA); HERTFORD CO., Murfreesboro, on Melia aze- darach L., 8-V-1983, M. K. Hennessey, D. L. Stephan (NCSU); HOKE CO., 6 miles SW of Raeford, jet. US 401 & Co. Road 1201, on tree trunk, 29-VIII-1981, R. W. Etzel (NCSU); JOHNSTON CO., Smithfield, Holts Lake, US 301, on oak, 24-IX-1981, K. R. Ahlstrom, J. E. Hunter (NCDA); JONES CO., 12.9 air miles NW of Trenton, off US 70, on Q. phellos L., 17-X-1982, H. H. Neunzig, D. L. Stephan (NCSU); LENOIR CO., 3.5 air miles SE of Kinston, off US 70 at South- west Creek, on Q. nigra L., 17-X-1982, H. H. Neunzig, D. L. Stephan (NCSU); NASH CoO., 1.5 air miles WNW of Bailey, off US 264, on Juglans nigra L. and Q. stellata Wang., 10-IX-1982, D. L. Stephan (NCSU); NEW HANOVER CO., Wilmington, Greenfield Park, west parking area, on oak, 24-IX-1981, K. R. Ahl- strom, J. E. Hunter (NCDA)— Wilmington, on Taxodium distichum (L.), 4-[X- 1982, M. K. Hennessey (NCSU); NORTHAMPTON CO., Rich Square, on U/mus sp., 8-V-1983, M. K. Hennessey, D. L. Stephan (NCSU); PENDER CO., Ward’s Corner, US 421, 0.8 miles N of NC 53, on oak, 24-IX-1981, K. R. Ahlstrom, J. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 241 E. Hunter (NCDA); SAMPSON CO., 11 air miles SSE of Clinton, US 421, rest area, on oak, 24-IX-1981, K. R. Ahlstrom, J. E. Hunter—Newton’s Crossroads, US 421, 0.3 miles S of Co. Road 1114, Roseville Baptist Church, on oak, 24-IX- 1981, K. R. Ahlstrom, J. E. Hunter—Newton Grove, Clinton, & Sunset Streets, on oak, 24-IX-1981, K. R. Ahlstrom, J. E. Hunter (all NCDA); SCOTLAND CO., East Laurinburg, McKay & Eighth Streets, on Q. nigra L., 23-VII-1981, J. Mintz, C. J. Cameron—26-VII-1981, L. L. Deitz, M. K. Hennessey— 15-VIII- 1981, N. A. Leidy, S. P. Whitney—29-VIII-1981, R. W. Etzel—7-IX-1981, K. H. Kendall, M. E. McGiffen, O. C. Umeozor— 26-IX-1981, J. C. Killian (1 male) (all NCSU); WAKE CO., 2.5 air miles NW of Wendell, off US 64 at Buffalo Creek, on Liriodendron tulipifera L., QO. alba L., Q. falcata Michaux, and Q. stellata Wang., 10-IX-1982, D. L. Stephan—4.6 air miles NNW of Zebulon, off Co. Road 2308, Hopkins community, on Q. stellata Wang., 25-XI-1982, D. L. Stephan (all NCSU); WAYNE CO., 2.3 air miles NW of Goldsboro, off US 70, on Q. alba L. and Q. sp. prob. velutina Lam., 19-IX-1982, H. H. Neunzig, D. L. Stephan (NCSU); WILSON CO., 1.7 air miles NE of Wilson, off NC 42 at jct. Co. Road 1327, on Q. alba L., QO. phellos L., and Ulmus sp., 12-I[X-1982, D. L. Stephan (NCSU). VIRGINIA: NORFOLK CO., Northwest, Ballahack Road, | mile W of US 168, Northwest Baptist Church, on oak, 7-VIII-1982, L. L. Deitz, M. K. Hennessey (NCSU, USNM). Lewis L. Deitz and David L. Stephan, Department of Entomology, North Car- olina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27650. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(1), 1984, pp. 241-243 NOTE Lectotype designation for Tabanus vicarius Walker and comments on Tabanus simulans Walker (Diptera: Tabanidae)! In 1981, I had the opportunity to examine the types of species in the British Museum (Natural History) related to 7abanus nigrovittatus Macquart and 7a- banus quinquevittatus Wiedemann. Walker (1848. List of specimens of Dipterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, Part I, p. 187) described 7abanus vicarius Walker from 3 syntype females from Honduras (a), Massachusetts (b) and North America (c). Only 2 specimens labelled as types were found (b and c). Of these, the specimen labelled “N. America ex coll. Children 40.4.3.924” agrees best with Walker’s original description, particularly in the details of vestiture of the head and thorax, and ' Scientific Contribution No. 1256 from the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station. 242 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON wing coloration. I am hereby designating this female specimen as the lectotype of Tabanus vicarius Walker. This specimen is synonymous with 7abanus quin- quevittatus Wiedemann. Osten Sacken (1876. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. II, Part IV, No. IV, p. 450) listed 7. vicarius as a synonym of Tabanus costalis Wiedemann (= T. quin- quevittatus) and it was so listed by Hine (1903. Ohio State Acad. Sci. Special Papers No. 5:25) and Kertesz (1908. Catalogus Dipterorum. Vol. III, Mus. Nat. Hung., p. 292) in subsequent catalogs. Philip (1947. Amer. Midl. Nat. 37:313; 1965. U.S. Dept. Agric. Handbook No. 276:335), however, incorrectly listed vicarius as a synonym of Tabanus nigrovittatus Macquart. The other syntype 2 labelled “U.S.A. Massachusetts, ex coll. Prof. Sheppard 39.10.12.354”" does not agree well with Walker’s description of vicarius and is conspecific with Tabanus similis Macquart. Tabanus simulans Walker was described from a single female from Nova Scotia. Osten Sacken (1876. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. Il, Part IV, No. IV, p. 448) synonymized it with Tabanus lineola Fabricius. This synonymy was followed by Hine (1903. Ohio State Acad. Sci. Special Papers No. 5:26) and Kertesz (1908. Catalogus Dipterorum, Vol. III, Mus. Nat. Hung., p. 279). Philip (1947. Amer. Midl. Nat. 37:311; 1965. U.S. Dept. Agric. Handbook No. 276:335) synonymized it with 7. nigrovittatus where it has since remained. Stone (1938. U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Pub. No. 305:121), in his discussion of T. nigrovittatus, stated that Hine recognized Tabanus conterminus Walker as a valid species distinct from nigrovittatus by its greater length, grayer mesonotum not tinged by yellow and a greater extension of the large eye facets of the male. Stone, however, believed conterminus and simulans to be conspecific. Stone did not see the types of simulans or conterminus but examined specimens compared with the types by Hine. He concluded there was too much variation within ni- grovittatus to separate either conterminus or simulans from it. Pechuman (1981. Search:Agriculture No. 18:31) stated that ‘‘a larger form of nigrovittatus, with a grayer mesonotum” was 7. simulans (conterminus) but be- cause of intergrades with nigrovittatus, 1t was not usually considered distinct. Since Pechuman did not examine the types of either s7mulans or conterminus, his statement probably is based on Stone’s interpretation of Hine’s notes. Recently, several authors have accumulated electrophoretic (Jacobson et al., 1981. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 74: 602-605) and behavioral (Graham and Stoffolano, 1983. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 76: 699-702; 703-706) data strongly suggesting that there are 2 distinct species presently called 7. nigrovittatus. One of these species (Group II of Jacobson et al.) is somewhat larger than the other but there is some overlap in size. Otherwise, these entities are considered to be morphologically indistinguishable. Graham and Stoffolano have used the name simu/ans for larger flies depositing tan/shingled egg masses and nigrovittatus for smaller flies depositing gray/tiered egg masses. Use of the name simulans for the larger flies is apparently based on statements by Stone and Pechuman mentioned above, but since flies considered to be simulans have not been compared with the types of either simulans or conterminus, and because size data alone are not sufficient to separate the entities in question, use of the name simulans at this time is inadvisable. In 1981, I examined the holotype of 7. simulans and the syntypes of 7. con- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 243 terminus in the BM (NH). Although they are superficially similar, it is by no means clear that they are conspecific, as stated by Stone. I also examined large females (> 14 mm) of 7. nigrovittatus from Wellfleet, Massachusetts, all of which should be what Graham and Stoffolano call simu/ans. Although they agreed in some respects with the simulans holotype, there were differences in the wing coloration, vestiture of the head and thorax, shape of the third antennal segment and palpi, and in the vestiture of the abdomen. Because specimens in the 7. nigrovittatus group exhibit considerable variation in color, size and other characteristics, I believe it is premature to conclude that simulans and nigrovittatus are morphologically indistinguishable or to use the name simulans for an entity presumably distinct from nigrovittatus, based on behavioral and physiological studies, until purported s7mu/ans from these studies can be critically compared with the types of conterminus and simulans. I suggest that if the name simulans is to be used in biological studies, it be qualified until further work on the type material is completed. I also attempted to compare the type specimen of 7. nigrovittatus in the BM (NH) with conterminus and simulans, however the specimen labelled as the type is not conspecific with what is called nigrovittatus in North America. It appears to be a Neotropical species possibly related to Tabanus trivittatus Fabricius, and bears a Panama label. Philip (1947. Amer. Midl. Nat. 37:311) refers to this specimen as a cotype, but all other authors who have discussed it, including Macquart in his original description, refer only to one female. If only a single type specimen for nigrovittatus exists and if it is correctly labelled, then nigro- vittatus 1s not the correct name for the common saltmarsh ‘“‘greenhead”’ horse fly. This will be investigated further when type material is re-examined, and in con- sultation with interested specialists. John F. Burger, Department of Entomology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(1), 1984, p. 244 BooK REVIEW New Zealand Butterflies, Identification and Natural History. By G. W. Gibbs. Collins, Auckland. 207 pp., 197 color plates, 16 SEMs, 51 figures, 1980. Cost: $45.00. The butterfly fauna of New Zealand is relatively depauperate (23 species in- cluding introductions and casual migrants), so G. W. Gibbs has stressed the biology and biogeographical affinities of New Zealand’s species. The result 1s excellent. For resident species, Gibbs illustrates their life stages, habitats, and parasitoids with superb color photographs, most from nature. The book is liberally sprinkled with SEMs (photographs taken with a scanning electron microscope) of immature and adult structures, the first time I have seen SEMs in a popular book on but- terflies. Gibbs knows the butterfly biology literature worldwide, and uses it mas- terfully to discuss his handful of species. In an attempt to ‘“‘explain” its depau- paerate fauna, the first two chapters deal with the geological and climatological history of New Zealand, the potential origin of its species by dipsersal, and the extinction of species over evolutionary time. There are a few errors in the book, most involving the structures which define butterfly families. Gibbs writes that the double tarsal claws of Pieridae distinguish them from Lycaenidae, but many lycaenids, particularly aphnaeines, have “double tarsal claws.”’ The Pieridae are said to be most closely related to the Papilionidae, but many lepidopterists (e.g., Kristensen) would dispute it. Gibbs’ concept of Nymphalidae includes all butterflies with non-functional forelegs, but male Rio- dinidae share this character. Gibbs attributes a single claw to the unsegmented male forestarsus of lycaenids, but such a claw (as defined in books on insect morphology) does not exist. A specialist on butterflies would not find these mis- takes surprising. Virtually every recent popular book on butterflies shares some of them. One need not live or collect in New Zealand to be interested in buying this book. The excellent color photographs of immature stages and parasitoids are alone sufficient for me to recommend it for the bookshelves of lepidopterists everywhere. Robert K. Robbins, Entomology, NHB 127, Smithsonian Institution, Wash- ington, D.C. 20560. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(1), 1984, pp. 245-247 Book REVIEW The Australian Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). By Otte, Daniel and Richard D. Alexander. Monograph 22. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 19th & the Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103. 477 pp., 357 figures, 1983. Cost: $45.00. The Orthoptera of Australia have interested specialists of that group for several generations. Y. Sjostedt’s revision of the Australian grasshoppers (K. Sven. Ve- tenskaps Akad. Handl. 15: 1-191. 1935) followed by J. A. G. Rehn’s 3-volume revision of the grasshoppers of Australia (CSIRO, 1952, 1953, 1957) attest to the richness and diversity of the Australasian fauna. With N. B. Tindale’s *“‘Austral- asian mole-crickets of the family Gryllotalpidae’’ (Rec. S. Aust. Mus. 4: 1-42. 1928) and L. Chopard’s “‘Revision of the Australian Grylloidea” (Rec. S. Aust. Mus. 9: 397-564. 1951), in which about 150 species were listed, we did not expect many additions to the cricket fauna for that region. How wrong we were! By their own admission, Otte and Alexander also had not expected to find more than 50 new species in their field research, which was to have been primarily a study of the singing behavior of Australian crickets. But their research developed into a taxonomic revision of the Grylloidea of Australia, resulting in the addition of 376 new species to the list, including 41 new genera, more than 3 times the number of species previously known from Australia. Daniel Otte and Richard D. Alexander are well equipped to handle such a monumental task as a faunistic-systematic revision of the crickets of Australia. Alexander is a pioneer in modern cricket taxonomy and one of the first to use pair-formation behavior and calling songs to correctly identify complexes of sib- ling species. This approach has resulted 1n a proliferation of identifications of new species in the United States that were previously unrecognized on the basis of morphological differences alone. Otte is one of the world’s leading systematists of Orthoptera and has recently published 7he Grasshoppers of North America, vol. 1 (1981). Between June 1968 and June 1969, Otte and Alexander travelled extensively throughout Australia, covering 46,000 miles and collecting at more than 900 localities. Their collecting methods included visually searching for specimens by raking leaf litter, sweeping vegetation with nets, bending tree limbs and visually examining the branches, laying oatmeal bait trails and checking them repeatedly, and employing light traps. But their greatest contribution to the knowledge of the fauna of the region rests with their primary method of collecting crickets. This method involved listening for the species-specific calling songs of male crickets. Most species of singing crickets have only one kind of calling song, which differs from the calling songs of all other sympatric, synchronic species and thereby uniquely characterizes that species. The method of collecting singing crickets after tape recording their songs facilitates rapid evaluation of the number of species present (or at least sexually active) at any particular site. The association of song with the singer also becomes a valuable tool for the taxonomist. In cases in which one is uncertain of the taxonomic status of two populations which differ in only minor aspects of their morphology, the problem is often resolved quickly when the calling songs are compared. 246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Most of the monograph deals with the systematics of all Australian species of crickets and includes descriptions of 41 new genera and 376 new species. For each genus either morphological keys or tables are presented to identify species. Wherever possible, the songs are also described. Variation in both morphology and song is chronicled, and habitat or other behavioral data is presented. Distri- bution maps are available for each species. Very helpful are the 357 figures expertly rendered by Otte, many of which are the first figures to be presented for some previously described species. There are 118 habitus figures of representative species depicting nearly one-fourth of the known species. Considering the wealth of information available regarding all the species of crickets of Australia, there are few problems involved in this text. The authors could have elaborated more regarding some of the systematic decisions of their classification. For example, in the subfamily Gryllinae, they divide Australian members into 6 tribes and refer the reader to Table | for the definition of these tribes. Six characters are used. But except for the number of harp veins (which seems to define the Modicogryllini) and the presence of spines above the spurs on femur III (which separate the Landrevini and Gryllomorphini from the other tribes), the characters in the Table do not adequately define the tribes. Based on the Table alone, Gymnogryllus could just as easily be placed in the Gryllini. Another problem is the uneven handling of information. Some of the above tribes, for example, are discussed in detail; others are not even mentioned. The authors do not discuss characteristics of the 2 tribes of Trigonidiinae at all, possibly because all Australian species belong to the Trigonidiini, but this was not made clear in the text. I had misgivings about the occurrence of several song patterns of some species and hoped to find more explanation or discussion about such intraspecific vari- ation. One example involves Stenocephalus australicus, in which differences in song across its range are striking. The lack of morphological differences among cryptic species 1s not uncommon; in fact, it is the norm. So I would presume several species may be involved. On the other hand, the authors have identified several species with more than one calling song (see Comidogryllus adina), a phenomenon unknown until now for crickets (although it occurs frequently among phaneropterine katydids). Identifying several calling songs may have paved the way for research on more elaborate behavioral studies of cricket pair formation. Another criticism is in the authors’ treatment of 2 species of crickets inhabiting ant nests, Myrmecophilus mjobergi and M. longitarsus. The authors say on pg. 463 that “‘mjobergi seems best considered a synonym of /ongitarsus,” but they fail to follow their conclusion on pp. 30 and 464-5, treating them as separate species. Strangely, both the strongest and weakest aspects of this otherwise excellent revision are the figures. In reviewing the figures, I counted no less than 75 errors. There are at least 58 omissions, in which figures are not listed in the text. In addition, I counted at least 12 cases in which the text makes an incorrect reference to a figure. Finally, there are several regretable cases in which figures are neither listed in the text nor otherwise identifiable to species (see Figs. 137G, 259Q, 317W, 340N, O, P, Q, R). It is not clear why the male genitalia of Buangina bogabilla should be figured with those of Birubia species (Fig. 71) rather than with Buangina species (Fig. 75). It appears as Fig. 71E (which incidentally is not listed in the text). VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 247 On pg. 175 under Pteronemobius garrotis, Fig. 131F is erroneously referred to as Fig. 132F, while 132F refers instead to P. ornaticeps. Figures 198K and 199M depict features of Endacusta angulifrons. These figures are placed among figures of species of 7Zathra. Presumably the authors believe this species to belong to Tathra, but, apparently because it is not an Australian species, they chose not to elaborate on the new combination. No mention of its appears in their table of changes in nomenclature on pg. 30. Finally, I was hoping for an explanation regarding the unusual labial palps of Apterogryllus pedestris, but alas there was none. Notwithstanding these problems, 7he Australian Crickets is a model for the kind of systematic research needed for the sound-producing Orthoptera. The incorporation of biological information with morphological features that can be used to identify species is valuable to anyone who needs to know the exact nature of cricket species. Otte and Alexander have paved the way for workers who wish now to study behavior, ecology, cytogenetics, population dynamics, and other biological phenomena of Australian crickets. David A. Nickle, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, % National Mu- seum of Natural History, NHB 168, Washington, D.C. 20560. NOTICE OF A NEW PUBLICATION The Holarctic Genera of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). By Michael E. Schauff, Maryland Center for Systematic Entomology, Department of Ento- mology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (present address: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, % National Museum of Natural History, NHB 168, Washington, D.C. 20560). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington, Number 12, 67 pp. Cost, $5.00. Twenty-two valid genera of Mymaridae, all egg parasites, are recognized from the Holarctic Region. Each genus is discussed and generic synonymy, differential diagnosis, summary of phylogeny, distribution, hésts, and other notes are given for each genus. A key to genera and illustrations provide a means for recognition of these genera. An overview of the external morphology of the family is presented. Wagner analysis was conducted using 67 morphological characters in order to determine the phylogenetic relationships of the genera and arrive at a generic classification. This publication may be ordered from the Custodian, Entomological Society of Washington, % Department of Entomology NHB 168, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. U.S. Postal Service STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION Required by 39 U.S.C. 3685) 1B. PUBLICATION NO. 2. DATE OF FILING 2D [e[? [sr] 2 sae. vo 3A. NO. OF ISSUES PUBLISHED] 3B. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION ANNUALLY 7 $93!G0-member $25.00-non-member — 4. COMPLETE MAILING ADDRESS OF KNOWN OFFICE OF PUBLICATION (Street, City, County, State and ZIP Code) (Not printers) domestic 1A. TITLE OF PUBLICATION Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 3. FREQUENCY OF ISSUE Quarterly (January, April, July, October) c/o Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution NHB 168, $27.00-non-member Washington, D.C. 20560 foreign 5. 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All orders should be placed with todian, Entomological Society of Washington, c/o Department of Fuomvey, NHB 168, Smithsonian on, » Washington, TRG! 20560. Ly § } ' CONTENTS _ (Continued agin front cover) PINTO, J. D. and S. 1. FROMMER~—Laboratory and field observations on tHe life history of Epinotia kasloana McDunnough (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: IBV f Attics a moth feeding — } on jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider) ..........-,..60.0600 00005. Hee Be tA ROSS, E. S.—A synopsis of the Embiidina of the United States ............ WUD, up se 4 vay SCHAUFF, M. E.—Taxonomic notes on Anaphes diana (Girault), an imported viddtdd Cy | menoptera: Mymaridae) egg parasite of Sitona weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) . ha SHELLY T. E.—Prey selection by the Neotropical robber fly, Atractia marginata iai¥ish Asilidae) nt SOFIELD, R. K. and E. J. HANSENS— Rearing Ki Tabanus nigrovittatus Orne Tata Gee) ys ds OA AS A NT eR ee ee ee Wi} TENNESSEN, K. J. and J. A. LOUTON— The true nymph of Gomphus (Gomphurus) crassus Hagen (Odonata: Gomphidae), with notes on adults i Nie VAN STALLE, J. and H. SYNAVE— Description of four new west eka, Ciniidae (Homoptera, fi Fulgoroidea) ..... PAT ee UTS BONE RG eR A MR oe a Ut Ani LM J Vj WHEELER, A. G. JR. and J. P. McCAFFREY — Ranzovius cannbeonais Regan history, habits, and description of fifth instar, with speculation on the origin of spider commensalism in the genus Ranzovius (Hemiptera: Miridae) — WIRTH, W. W.,S. M. PALCHICK, and L. FORSTER— The North Kicvetibad predaceous ides ig iM of the Beybid annulipes Group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) YOUNG, A. M. — Ecological notes on cacao-associated midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) i the ““Catongo” cacao TALUS at Turrialba, G@asta Rical hi 5 2) Wiad ook ate yA gel Os NOTES BURGER, J. F.— Lectotype euahAddn for Tabanus vicarius Walker vet comments on Tabanus simulans Walker (Diptera: Tabanidae) ............. BAA AL PTD PANES: GLUE Paw 0 A DEITZ, L. L. and D. L. STEPHAN — Records of Diradius Wilf (Ross) i in RNs Carolina and Virginia (Embiidina: Teratembiidae) ................ be vals seis @.4's Hordes r9 4 peeled athe BOOK REVIEWS ROBBINS, R. K.— New Zealand ‘diach abe Identification Mit Natural Misery G. w. NOTICE OF A NEW PUBLICATION: L. 86 } APRIL 1984 | NO. 2 ih (ISSN 0013-8797) PROCEEDINGS. he of the. varied Pilcate i tt vi ae CENTENNIAL VOLUME PUBLISHED QUARTERLY CONTENTS BLANCHARD, A. pe, E. C. KNUDSON—A new species of H. anid Habner (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from Texas ane inridand) (WA MUNA ee ERA aR aE ASH thoes 291 E Ls Mi CHARD, A. and E.C. KNUDSON—A new Stibadium from Texas and a Redescription of S Stiriodes edentatus (Grote) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) ............0 00.00.20 cece eee 346 BL. ANCHARD, A. and E. C. KNUDSON— Three new tortricids (Lepidoptera) from Texas .. 446 BR ies R. L!--Review of Corticivora (Lepidoptera: ‘Lortrididae) with analysis of its tribal aes and descriptions of new species ............ PURE CR RTE Pea pL us Ol te 278 u BRESE, D. M. and P. TALLERICO— Cytogenetic study in males of Nearctic genera of eid (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) ........ AG ARs a AAT COL, OPAL aE 354 Ww. E.—Species of Sibinia Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) ATA with Mimosa fit tht p Avex ie PUR LNe EL Epa Er ei btotd la shale ie bbske Bide Cee PU wR RP Coens yas BLES BW b hs Meee be bb Be ee ee Ped 358 hes AN (vane Ni \D: M. and P. 'S. CWIKLA-A new genus and species OF deltocephaline leafhopper HN iM from Panama (Homiopicra: Cicddellidae)} |i) LoL Ea ceedbniles debley Yeskie eohylahls a a4 2 | 432 Ve : ER, B. R. and W. #H. ROBINSON — Harborage limitation as a component of a German cock pest Aan valle program itt eqtiiny ta On Bane Muon RRode Rt Re Ei 269 ue, F. —Eurythrips and Terthrothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) fron southern il, with one new species, new collection Wik and key Mandy hit dt ACN AS Aaa 400 : y ES, L. R. and H. H. NEUNZIG— —The terior! and Bue of three phycitine species (Lep- - idoptera: Pyralidae) that occur in Florida F RU VIL PB ROUPE RUNG RUG R MEREPRZY UCL Se gn Ber Oat ay fet 411 v7. j- New s species of Isometopinae (Hemiptera: Miridae) Hee) Mehith: With new "Fecords for previously described North American species ... PAPER ERY ANH Basiat 337 Js GSOLVER, 7 ‘M.—The Noona Dan Expedition: Dec npapus of two new species of Bru- chi Gee ae AAA from fhe Philippines haa at vette Heb Pe ael RULE 4 eV yat 369 Mii ay _ (Continued on bueh| cove r), ) Mi ae : ( THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY | OF WASHINGTON ORGANIZED MARCH 12, 1884 _ OFFICERS FOR 1984 NEAL O. MorGan, President JEFFREY R. ALDRICH, Program Ci DONALD M. ANDERSON, President-Elect GEOFFREY B. WuiTE, Membership Cha THOMAS E. WALLENMAIER, Recording Secretary ~ Victor L. BLACKBURN, Cus. RICHARD G. Rossins, Corresponding Secretary MANYA B. STOETZEL, Delegate, Wash. Ac THOMAS J. HENRY, 7Yreasurer HELEN SOLLERS-RIEDEL, Hospitality Chai RAYMOND J. GAGNE, Editor ii} Alber i { Publications Committee iA Vat WT DAVID R. SMITH THEODORE J. SPILMAN _ GEORGE C. STEYSKA ) Honorary President C. F. W. MUESEBECK Honorary Members FREDERICK W. Poos ASHLEY B. GURNEY THEODORE L. Bi All correspondence concerning Society business should be mailed to the AMEE officer at the fol! v address: Entomological Society of Washington, c/o Department of Entomology, NHB 168, aI tution, Washington, D.C. 20560. i ff MEETINGS. — Regular meetings of the Society are held in the Natural History Building, Smithsonian] In on the first Thursday of each month from October to June, inclusive, at 8 P.M. Dane of meetings are regularly in the Proceedings. Pia, MEMBERSHIP.— Members shall be persons who have demonstrated interest fi the science oO Annual dues for members are $15.00 (U.S. currency) of which $13.00 is for a subscription vit the Pr of the Entomological Rete, of File nain for one year. al Scr are $25.00 per year, domestic, and $27. 00 per year, foreign (U.S. currency), payable i in ad Vanes All re should be made payable to The Entomological Society of Washington. TW The Society does not exchange its Sta for those of other societies. STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP Title of Publication: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October). Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher and Owner: The Entomologia! Sx ington, DIG: 20560. Editor: Raymond J. Gagné, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, c/o U.S. National Museum . HB 68, W ington, D.C. 20560. At} iH Hie Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or \ other Security ni none. teh Tay This issue was mailed 25 April 1984 _ Second Class Postage Paid at Washington, D.C. and additional mailing office. PRINTED BY ALLEN PRESS, INC., LAWRENCE, KANSAS 66044, USA ! PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 249-265 THE WINTER CRANE FLIES OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES (DIPTERA: TRICHOCERIDAE) HARRY D. PRATT AND GEORGE K. PRATT! (HDP) 879 Glen Arden Way NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30306; (GKP) Major, USAF, BSC, Headquarters Air Force Engineering and Services Center, Tyndall AFB, Florida 32403. Abstract.—Ten species of winter crane flies in the family Trichoceridae are found in the eastern United States: Diazosma hirtipennis (Siebke), Trichocera annulata Meigen, 7. bimacula Walker, T. bituberculata Alexander, T. brevicornis Alexander, T. fattigiana Alexander, 7. garretti Alexander, T. hiemalis (De Geer), T. regelationis (L.), and 7. salmani Alexander. Keys to species, diagnoses, notes on biology, distribution, and capture in light, molasses, and Malaise traps, and figures of wings and male and female terminalia are provided. Winter crane flies of the genus Trichocera are often found on warm, sunny afternoons during fall, winter and spring from New England to Florida. Swarms of males are seen dancing in the late afternoon sunlight, sometimes thousands of individuals in hundreds of swarms over many acres of lawns and open woodlands. Biologists have also noticed these coldhardy insects swarming above the snow, or individuals crawling on the snow, when temperatures are between O°C and MOEC. In Atlanta, Georgia 7richocera were collected most easily about an hour before sundown on warm sunny afternoons with clear skies and little or no wind when temperatures ranged from 7° to 20°C. Little or no activity was observed when temperatures were below 7°C. However, Byers and May (1978) reported collecting T. bimacula, garretti, and salmani in Kansas when the temperature was about 0°C. Swarms of males were seen in the slanting, late-afternoon sunshine, or in- dividuals were observed in their characteristic “bouncing” flight. In Atlanta, Georgia this time was from 3:30 to 5 PM in November and December and from 5 to 6 PM in March. When temperatures were favorable, males and females were collected by sweeping low vegetation with insect nets at any hour of the daytime and throughout the night in light traps. On cold damp afternoons, with the sun completely hidden by clouds, small swarms of two or three to a dozen or more were sometimes seen late in the afternoon, even in a slight drizzly rain. In the area from Maryland to Georgia, several species of Trichocera were col- lected in weedy, overgrown areas with a ground cover of Japanese honeysuckle ' The contents of this paper reflect the personal view of the authors and are not to be construed as a statement of official Air Force policy. 250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON (Lonicera japonicum Thunberg), ivy (Hedera helix L.) and low shrubs such as privet (Ligustrum japonicum Thunberg). We found no larvae or pupae, but adults were usually collected near low shrubs which offered shelter from the wind, and near a stream or swampy place, where the larvae might occur on damp, rotting leaves similar to the habitats of European species studied by Dahl (1966, 1969). No substantive contributions have been made on the larval habits of Nearctic trichocerids since that by Alexander (1920). In eastern United States collecting records indicate that adult emergence in the fall begins as early as September in Vermont, October in the area from Massa- chusetts to the Carolinas, and November in Georgia. We collected five species of Trichocera in Georgia from 1971 to 1983. The first adults are usually on the wing during the first half of November and continue active in December and January. Adults of 7. garretti were collected in February and March, and a few as late as April 5, 1973. Collecting records suggest that five species have only a single generation each 12-month period in Atlanta, Georgia, since adults were found as noted below: T. bimacula—November 4 to February 4, with population peaks of 115 on December 15, 1976 and 128 on December 21, 1976. T. brevicornis—November 7 to February 10, with population peaks of 100 or more on November 22, 1974 and December 23, 1972. T. fattigiana—November 4 to January 23, with peak populations of 100 or more in November and December. T. garretti— November 4 to April 5, with peak populations of about 100 males swarming on February 10, 1974. T. hiemalis—November 8 to January 17, never abundant, with only one or two males a day occasionally from early November to mid-January. In northern United States and Canada collecting records indicate activity in the fall and spring, which may mean two generations a year, or emergence in the fall and hibernation in the winter with swarming when temperatures are favorable in late afternoon. Three types of male swarms were observed: (1) widespread random flights of thousands of individuals, over acres of residential property, with individual swarms of several dozen males in dancing columns 1 to 5 m high over open lawns or gardens with no obvious swarm marker in the form of a bush or post, as with 7. brevicornis; (2) swarming Over a swarm marker, as a privet bush or post, with T. brevicornis, T. bimacula, and T. garrettion November 25, 1971; and (3) swarming under the branches of a hemlock tree (Tsuga canadensis Carr.) or a Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) with branches one to two meters from the ground. We have collected males from hundreds of swarms over a 12-year period and collected females in such swarms only occasionally. One pair was collected in copula from a swarm of T. brevicornis two to three meters high, over an open lawn, on a clear, sunny afternoon at 3:45 PM on December 15, 1974. All ten species of Trichoceridae included in this paper were collected with insect nets. In addition five species, 7. bimacula, T. brevicornis, T. fattigiana, T. garretti, and T. hiemalis, were collected with New Jersey light traps and molasses baited traps. Both types of collections contained males and females of the first four species and males of T. hiemalis. The molasses traps (Pratt and Pratt, 1980) consisted ofa 4-liter plastic container VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 251 with two sides partially cut away containing bait consisting of one part of molasses and four parts of water. Large collections of 7. bimacula were made with molasses traps, as 20 females and 95 males on December 15, 1976, and 15 females and 113 males on December 21, 1976. The large number of males in molasses traps suggests that they were seeking sugar somewhat as male mosquitoes seek nectar from flowers (Grimstad and DeFoliart, 1974; Haeger, 1955). In Atlanta in De- cember, frosts had killed the flowers, so the molasses traps were the most readily available source of sugar. These observations are of some interest to students of evolution of the order Diptera as indicating that the primitive adults were sugar feeders. Morphologically, 7richocera is close to the base of the evolutionary tree of the order Diptera (Steyskal, 1974) since the adults have ocelli and the wings have 4 branches of radius and 3 branches of media reaching the wing margin, and two anal veins. The male terminalia of many species are very simple, close to those of primitive Mecoptera from which the order Diptera may have evolved (Crampton, 1942). We have not collected Trichocera in Malaise traps, but Henry Knizeski of Mercy College, New York has shown us specimens of several eastern species of Trichocera which he collected in New York and Connecticut. W. J. Hanson and co-workers at Utah State University have collected many Diazosma hirtipennis in Malaise traps in the summer. This is the only species of winter crane fly active in the summer. TAXONOMY Alexander (1919, 1942) published two keys to the Trichoceridae of eastern United States. Since then he described two new species, 7. brevicornis and T. fattigiana, from Georgia (Alexander, 1952) and reported 7. bituberculata Alex- ander from Massachusetts and 7. annulata Meigen from New Jersey (Alexander, 1965, 1967). In addition he noted that 7. sa/tator Harris is a European species (Alexander, 1965). Since 1957 Dahl has published many papers on the Tricho- ceridae. Her publication on the Trichoceridae of Sweden (1966) included good figures and data on Diazosma hirtipennis, T. annulata, T. hiemalis, and T. rege- lationis. Her paper on Arctic and Subarctic Trichoceridae (1967) contained the description of 7. alexanderi, here considered a synonym of T. garretti. ‘‘Trichocera saltator’ of Alexander (1942) is reported here as 7. hiemalis based on identifi- cations made by Dahl. Byers (1976) studied and redescribed the types of T. bimacula Walker and T. gracilis Walker. In ““World Catalogue of the Trichocer- idae’”’ Dahl and Alexander (1976) showed that 7. bimacula Walker (1948) has priority over 7. venosa Dietz (1921) and 7. fernaldi Alexander (1927). Byers and May (1978) added to the description of 7. sa/mani and figured the male and female based on specimens collected in Kansas. In ““The Crane Flies of California”? Alexander (1967) included keys, figures, and data on several species of Trichoceridae that occur in eastern United States. Alexander (1981) wrote a fine summary of the family Trichoceridae in the “‘Man- ual of Nearctic Diptera.” Trichocera scutellata Say (1824) from Minnesota and Trichocera brumalis Fitch (1847) from New York are unrecognized because their types are lost. They are not treated further here. D2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON KEY TO SPECIES OF TRICHOCERIDAE OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES Note: In this key and the following text we follow the terminology of the Manual of Nearctic Diptera (McAlpine et al., 1981). This differs from that used by Alex- ander in his many papers, summarized in his 1967 publication, particularly with regard to details of wing venation and male terminalia. We follow McAlpine in labeling certain structures of the female terminalia as tenth sternite and tergite, although Dahl (1980) published research indicating only nine segments in the abdomen of Trichocera larvae, pupae, and adults. I Wing vein A, long, subsinuous, not curved evenly into wing margin (Fig. 1); wing veins with long, conspicuous dark setae; tibial spurs absent or poorly developed; ovipositor with cerci short-oval and fleshy (Fig. 26) TPE CEST LED OUI | PTE JG ECE Sn Be ar Diazosma hirtipennis (Siebke) Wing vein A, short, evenly curved into wing margin (Figs. 2 and 3); wing veins with short, less conspicuous setae; tibial spurs well developed; Ovipositor with downward curved, elongate, sclerotized cerci (Fig. 18) Ve AWE RSTRNT fry Ea co SS es ree gees eae Genus Trichocera... 2 Wing with distinct dark spot in cell R behind origin of Rs and a dark cloud"over Tm crossvein (Fic.2) 9s een ee - Trichocera bimacula Walker Wing without dark spot in cell R, entirely clear or with a cloud over r-m crossvein (Fig? 3) Maes . 0.22. Se BO, es 3 Abdomen distinctly annulate, tergites obscurely yellowish, their posterior borders brownishts*, 62 <2 Ui 2. Wes eee eee Trichocera annulata Meigen Abdomen entirely brownish, rarely with posterior margins of tergites Dale. tu SA YISRE, SA GCSE, OSA Oe Pe ee ee 4 Wing with cloud over rm crossvem (Fig 3)) 6 on. 2 ee. eee 5 Wing clear, sometimes with slight cloud in stigmal area, i.e. cell R,; .. 6 Wing membrane slightly dusky; male terminalia with bridge complete, gonostylus bearing a conspicuous earlike lobe at basal 4 (Fig. 16) .... TV habe tee ot ee eer: Lea eee Beet Fey. Trichocera garretti Alexander Wing membrane clear hyaline; male terminalia with bridge incomplete; gonostylus simple or with slight basal swelling mesally (Fig. 12) ...... RN RE AO EPs a) by oa a Fe a et a Trichocera regelationis (Linnaeus) Gonostylus simple, without basal tubercle or lobe (Figs. 9, 11) ....... 7 Gonostylus with | or 2 short tubercles, a lobe, or elongate rod (Figs. 13- D7 es) A Rs RR? a Dis 2 ee 8 Sternite 9 without setae in middle (Fig. 9); praescutum grayish, usually with 4 longitudinal dark stripes ............. Trichocera bimacula Walker Sternite 9 with setae all along posterior margin (Fig. 11); praescutum darker gray with 2 to 4 ill-defined dark longitudinal stripes .......... REED LE M8 2 A ae es ea Trichocera brevicornis Alexander . Gonostylus with an elongate rod, about 3 as long as gonostylus; corners of tergite 9 with 2 tufts of long, reddish hairs (Fig.17), =...) 23. fi, MOR) SEA iss | 20) eres a ere ee Trichocera salmani Alexander Gonostylus with an earlike lobe, or 1 or 2 short tubercles; (Figs. 13-16); tergite 9 without 2 conspicuous tufts of long reddish hairs ........... 9 . Gonostylus with distinct earlike lobe at basal 3 (Fig. 16) ............ ESAS, WOME Ue AE Re Rees Cee Trichocera garretti Alexander Gonostylus with | or 2 short tubercles on basal 3 (Figs. 13-15) ...... 10 VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 DSS 10. Gonostylus with a basal tubercle and another at basal '4 (Fig. 15) .... on A) SS a ee eee eed ae Trichocera bituberculata Alexander — Gonostylus with only | basal tubercle (Figs. 13-14) ................. Lut 11. Gonocoxites joined by a complete bridge; parameres slender, scimitar- shaped; praescutum dark (Fig. 14) ......... Trichocera hiemalis (DeGeer) — Gonocoxites with incomplete bridge; parameres markedly angled with slender mesal projections to aedeagus (Fig. 13); praescutum usually with 4 well-defined dark longitudinal stripes ... Trichocera fattigiana Alexander Diazosma hirtipennis (Siebke) Figs. 1, 4, 8, 25;-26, 27. Trichocera hirtipennis Siebke, 1863: 184. Type from Dovre, Norway, nonexistent in Oslo Zoologisk Museum (teste Dahl and Alexander, 1976). Trichocera (Diazosma) subsinuata Alexander, 1916: 124. Holotype male from Hall Valley, Platte Canon, Colo., in NMNH. Diazosma hirtipennis (Siebke) Edwards, 1928: 35. Dahl and Alexander, 1976: 12, list above synonymy. Diagnosis. — The largest trichocerid in eastern United States, female 8-9 mm. long, wing 9-11 mm., general coloration brownish; praescutum without stripes. Wing infuscated, all veins with long setae, A, long, subsinuous, not curved into wing margin. Palpus with second segment shorter than third and fourth, fourth segment filiform, not constricted in middle as in most species of Trichocera (Fig. 4). Male terminalia (Fig. 8).—Gonostylus simple, gonocoxite with incomplete bridge. Easily distinguished from species of Trichocera by sternite 9 which has no setae, and has posterolateral corners rounded, not pointed as in Trichocera. Female terminalia (Figs. 25, 26, 27).—Sternite 8 divided into two triangular plates, very different from apically notched sternite 8 of Trichocera. Sternite 9 broadly V- or Y-shaped, with very large foramen. Sternite 10 with 5 or 6 setae. Spermathecae with pigmented, sclerotized part of ducts shorter than diameter of a spermatheca, as in 7. fattigiana (Fig. 18), but not in other species of Trichocera of eastern United States. Distribution.—1 9, 1 6, Vermont, Windham Co., Halifax Gorge, June 7 and 8, 1973, G. K. Pratt, sweeping along hillside brook bordered by yew (Taxus cana- densis Marsh), collected in mid-afternoon. | 2, Vermont, Windham Co., Jack- sonville, Laurel Lake, June 19, 1973, H. D. Pratt (PC), resting on side of white- painted house about 7 PM, approximately 15 m from swamps along a lake. Natural history.—Both Vermont areas have hemlock and spruce trees imme- diately over the collection sites and have affinities with the Transition-Lower Canadian life zone. Alexander (1976: 13) reported D. hirtipennis from California, northern United States, and Canada from June to September. It is the only tri- chocerid on wing during the summer, all others are collected during the fall, winter, and spring. W. J. Hanson and co-workers at Utah State University collected many Diazosma in Utah in Malaise traps during the summer. Trichocera annulata Meigen Fig. 10 Trichocera annulata Meigen, 1818: 215. Type male from Austria in Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (Dahl and Alexander, 1976: 15). 254 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Caan ah ad 4. D. HIRTIPENNIS (Gap aaa SS = 5: T. HIEMALIS oS ee as no 6. T. FATTIGIANA ¢ ane a v7. T. FATTIGIANA % 3: T- GARRETTI GONOSTYLUS PARAMERE AEDEAGUS we STERNITE 9 8.D. HIRTIPENNIS GONOCOXITE Figs. 1-7. 1-3, Wings. 1, Diazosma hirtipennis. 2, Trichocera bimacula. 3, Trichocera garretti. 4- 7, Palpi. 4, Diazosma hirtipennis. 5, Trichocera hiemalis. 6, Trichocera fattigiana, male. 7, Trichocera fattigiana, female. 8, Diazosma hirtipennis, male terminalia. Diagnosis. —Easily recognized by the annulate abdomen, tergites obscurely yel- lowish with brownish posterior borders; praescutum brownish with obscure darker central stripes. Male terminalia (Fig. 10).—Gonostylus simple; gonocoxite with incomplete bridge; sternite 9 with middle portion usually with 4 setae on posterior margin. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 255 GONOSTYLUS PARAMERE [severe LATERAL DORSAL INCOMPLETE BRIDGE STERNITE 9 9. T. BIMACULA GONOCOXITE GONOSTYLUS PARAMERE rca “[ealbee ie AEDEAGUS STERNITE 9 GONOCOXITE 10- T- ANNULATA LATERAL DORSAL PARAMERE GONOSTYLUS 7 INCOMPLETE a AEDEAGUS \ BRIDGE Seat: [ : SF STERNITE 9 LATERAL GONOCOXITE DORSAL Il. T BREVICORNIS BASAL APODEME STERNITE 9 INCOMPLETE \ AEDE AGUS BRIDGE 12.T REGELATIONIS LATERAL DORSAL GONOCOXITE Figs. 9-12. Male terminalia, Trichocera spp. 9, T. bimacula. 10, T. annulata. 11, T. brevicornis. 12, T. regelationis. 256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Female terminalia.—Similar to 7. brevicornis, Fig. 21. Distribution.—A widely distributed European species reported by Dahl and Alexander (1976) from ““Western Canada; USA; Europe; western USSR; Asia Minor; Ethiopia; Algeria; south Australia; New Zealand.” In North America reported by Alexander (1967) from “Alaska, B.C., Cal., Nfld., N.J. and Oreg.” We have seen the following specimens: NEW YORK: | 2, Armonk, 13-24, 1975, H. Knizeski, from Malaise trap (PC). NEW JERSEY: 1 6, Hadden Field, Nov. 13, 1963, M. D. Leonard (USNM). VIRGINIA: 30 6, 3 2, Arlington, Nov. 23- 24, 1973, A. B. Gurney, swarming in backyard (PC, USNM); 8 4, Arlington, March 18, 1974, A. B. Gurney, swarming in backyard (PC). Trichocera bimacula Walker Figs! 920 Trichocera bimacula Walker, 1848: 48. Lectotype male from Nova Scotia, Can- ada, in British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Examined by Byers (1976) and Dahl and Alexander (1976) who published synonymy below. Trichocera venosa Dietz, 1921: 236. Holotype female from Hazelton, Pa., No. 6412, in ANSP, examined by HDP in 1975. Trichocera fernaldi Alexander, 1927: 70. Holotype male from Amherst, Mass., in NMNH. Diagnosis.—The only eastern species of Trichocera with 2 or more spots on wing: a dark spot in cell R behind origin of Rs, varying from a minute dot to a large elongate dark spot, and another cloud over r-m crossvein and_sometimes over m-cu crossvein (Fig. 2). A few specimens from swarms of males with spotted wings have no spots on wings, but praescutum and male terminalia of bimacula type. Praescutum usually with 4 longitudinal dark stripes, inner pair most distinct, lateral pair often subosolete. Abdomen usually entirely dark in females, sometimes faintly annulate in males (as in type of bimacula). In 1975 Dr. Christine Dahl compared the lectotype of bimacula, including male terminalia, with males from Georgia and believed they are identical. H. D. Pratt examined the holotype of T. venosa in 1975 and believes it is only a well-marked melanistic female of bimacula. Male terminalia (Fig. 9).—Gonostylus simple; gonocoxite with incomplete bridge; sternite 9 with middle of posterior margin deeply and broadly excavated, without setae in middle. Female terminalia (Fig. 20).—Sternite 9 apodeme with strongly sclerotized bowl- like tip; sternite 9 bilobed at tip; 3 spermathecae with long pigmented part of ducts each longer than diameter of spermatheca. Distribution. —CANADA, NOVA SCOTIA: 1 4, lectotype of bimacula, Lt. Redman’s Coll., in British Museum (Nat. Hist.) (Byers, 1976); MASSACHU- SETTS: Amherst, holotype and 5 paratopotypes, Oct. 22, 1926, C. P. Alexander (USNM); 1 2, South Hadley, Nov. 2, 1935, M. Chapman (TC); CONNECTICUT: 1 4, Sleeping Giant St. Park, New Haven, Oct. 25, 1975, H. Knizeski (PC): NEW YORK: 5 46, Yonkers, Oct. 19, 1975, H. Knizeski (PC); 7 ¢, Ludlowville, Oct. 19, 1973, L. L. Pechuman (PC); NEW JERSEY: 2 2, Gloucester Co., Woodbury, Oct. 15, 1976, GKP (PC); PENNSYLVANIA: holotype 2 of 7. venosa, Hazelton, Oct. 4, 1920, W. G. Dietz (ANSP); MARYLAND: 1 2, Frederick Co., Cunningham Falls, Oct. 13, 1973, GKP (PC); 3 2, 7 6, Montgomery Co., Tacoma Park, Nov. 24, 1974, GKP (PC); VIRGINIA: 4 4, Falls Church, Nov. 2, R. W. Doane (CAS); VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 257. NORTH CAROLINA: 3 4, 2 2, Elkin, Nov. 16, 1975, HDP (PC); 1 2, Harmony, Iredell Co., Dec. 22, 1972, GKP & HDP (PC); 7 6, Wake Co., Nov. 24, 1951, H & M Townes (PC); SOUTH CAROLINA: 1 6, Greenville, Oct. 30, 1932, H. K. Townes (TC); 2 2, Greenville, Jan. 17, 1932, H. K. Townes (TC); SOUTH CAR- OLINA: 1 6, Oconee Co., I-85 at Hartwell Reservoir, Dec. 22, 1976, GKP & HDP (PC); GEORGIA: hundreds of 6 and 2 collected with net, in light trap or in molasses trap, Atlanta, Nov. 4 to Feb. 4, HDP (CAS, CU, DMNH, KU, PC, TC, NMNH, WSU); many 4 and 2, Oconee Co., Nov. 20 to Dec. 7, 1972, GKP (PC); MICHIGAN (Alexander, 1965); OHIO: 2 6, 5 2, Dayton, Montgomery Co., Nov. 7, 1974, G. Dahlem (DMNH); 2 2, Randolph, Montgomery Co., Nov. 8, 1974, G. A. Coovert (DMNH); KANSAS: Lawrence, Douglas Co., Dec. 27, 1976, G. W. Byers & E. M. May (KU, recorded by Byers and May, 1978). Trichocera bituberculata Alexander Fig. 15 Trichocera bituberculata Alexander, 1924: 81. Holotype male from Bethel, Alaska, in NMNH. Alexander, 1965: 15. Reported from Alas., aid Massachusetts. Diagnosis.— Wings with pale brownish tinge. Praescutum black, slightly prui- nose. Male terminalia (Fig. 15.)—Gonostylus with basal tubercle about twice as large as second tubercle at about one-fourth length of gonostylus; gonocoxite apparently with incomplete bridge; aedeagus covered hood-like by fused basal portion of parameres; parameres long, slender, pointed; 9th sternite with many setae in two irregular rows. Distribution.—Known from two é: holotype, Bethel, Alaska, September 15, 1917, A. H. Twitchell; metatype 6, Amherst, Massachusetts 11/12/47, E. Coher, both specimens in Alexander Collection, now in NMNH. Figure 15 made from Massachusetts specimen. Trichocera brevicornis Alexander Figs, Mie 21 Trichocera brevicornis Alexander, 1952: 89. Holotype male from Atlanta, Ga. in NMNH. Diagnosis.—Type slide in the Alexander Collection, now in the U.S. National Museum, with the antennae shorter than the fore femur (hence the name brevi- cornis) is different from hundreds of males from Atlanta, the type locality, with the antennae longer than the fore femur. The males listed below in the distribution section have the antennae longer than the fore femur but otherwise resemble the type of brevicornis in having clear wings, simple gonostylus, incomplete bridge between the gonocoxites, and straplike sternite 9 with a few setae along posterior border. There is considerable variation in the proportion of the basal flagellar segments. Further study may determine that more than one species is involved. The female terminalia illustrated in Fig. 21 is based on specimens from Atlanta, Georgia. Distribution. — VERMONT: 6 4, Laurel Lake, Jacksonville, Oct. 1, 1976, HDP (PC); MARYLAND: 6 4, Garrett Co., Swallow Falls, Oct. 6, 1973, GKP (PC); NORTH CAROLINA: 1 6, Elkin, Nov. 16, 1975, HDP (PC); 1 6, Blue Ridge Parkway, Dec. 23, 1972, GKP & HDP (PC); SOUTH CAROLINA: Oconee Co., 258 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON I-85 at Hartwell Dam, Dec. 22, 1972, GKP & HDP (PC); GEORGIA: holotype 3, Atlanta, Nov. 25, 1945, P. W. Fattig (USNM); paratopotypes, 5 6 and 9, Atlanta, Nov. 17, 1945-Jan. 7, 1946 (USNM); allotype 2°, Dallas, Dec. 9, 1945, P. W. Fattig (USNM); hundreds of 4 collected by net, light trap, and molasses trap, Nov. 7-Feb. 10, Atlanta, HDP (PC); 1 46, Oconee Co., Ga. 207-US441, Dec. 2, 1972, GKP (PC); 1 6, Savannah, Dec. 18, 1981, GKP (PC); FLORIDA: 6 2, Gainesville, Nov. 12, 1979-Feb. 19, 1980, R. T. Sullivan (PC); these represent the most southeastern locality for the genus 7richocera known to the writers and may be brevicornis. KANSAS: 3 6, Douglas Co., Lawrence, Oct. 31, 1976, G. W. Byers (PC). Trichocera fattigiana Alexander Figs,.6, 7; 13,708 Trichocera fattigiana Alexander, 1952: 88. Holotype male from Atlanta, Ga., in NMNH. Diagnosis. — Last segment of palpus (Figs. 6, 7) ovoid, not constricted in middle as in other eastern species of Trichocera; praescutum light grayish-brown with 4 well-defined dark longitudinal stripes; wings with faint yellowish tinge. Male terminalia (Fig. 13).—Undissected males do not show the long, scimitar- shaped parameres arching forward toward base of abdomen as in males of other eastern species of 7richocera; gonostylus with distinct basal tubercle; gonocoxites with incomplete bridge; aedeagus with blunt tip. Very distinct from all other Trichocera in eastern United States in having sharply angled parameres which have a medial extension to aedeagus about one-third from tip; sternite 9 with a group of 6 or more setae in middle of posterior margin. Female terminalia (Fig. 18).—The only species with sternite 9 rounded poste- riorly. It is notched on posterior margin in other species. Sclerotized, pigmented ducts of spermathecae shorter than diameter of a spermatheca, as in D. hirtipennis (Fig. 25), whereas the sclerotized, pigmented ducts of spermathecae are longer than diameter of a spermatheca in other eastern species of Trichocera. Distribution. —MARYLAND: | 4, Frederick Co., Cunningham Falls, Oct. 13, 1973, GKP (PC); VIRGINIA: 1 4, Falls Church, 2 Nov., R. W. Doane (CAS); NORTH CAROLINA: 8 8, Elkin, Nov. 16, 1973, HDP (PC); 1 2, Harmony, Dec. 22, 1972, GKP & HDP (PC); GEORGIA; holotype 6, Dec. 9, 1945, P. W. Fattig (USNM); hundreds of ¢ and 2, Atlanta, Nov. 4 to Jan 23, most abundant in November and December, collected by net, and at light traps and molasses traps: males swarm in open woods rather than over lawns, HDP (PC); | 6, Clarke Co., Nov. 15, 1972, GKP (PC); 3 6, Oconee Co., Athens, Nov. 12 to Dec. 2, 1972, GKP (PC); MISSISSIPPI: several 6 and 2, Claiborne Co., Rocky Springs, Nov. 26, 1977, G. W. Byers (PC); ILLINOIS: 1 6, University Woods, Urbana, V. E. Shelford (paratype in NMNH); KENTUCKY: 1 8, 4 6, Louisville, Oct. 30 to Dec. 2, HDP (PC); TENNESSEE: | 6, Knoxville, Dec. 4, 1938, A. C. Cole (paratype in NMNBH). Trichocera garretti Alexander Figs: 3, !6; 22 Trichocera garretti Alexander, 1927: 71. Holotype male from Marysville, B.C., Canada, in NMNH. Dahl and Alexander, 1976: 14 (Synonymy of garretti and alexanderi). VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 GONOSTYLUS AEDEAGUS - TUBERCLE [! \ INCOMPLETE E : BRIDGE STERNITE 9 AEDEAGUS GONOSTYLUS / TUBERCLE /2 COMPLETE BRIDGE STERNITE 9 GONOCOXITE LATERAL DORSAL 14: T- HIEMALIS PARAMERE GONOSTYLUS > TUBERCLES AEDEAGUS STERNITE 9 INCOMPLETE BRIDGE 5: T. BITUBERCULATA GONOCOXITE Ly GONOCOXITE DORSAL 16- T- GARRETTI GONOSTYLUS Fig. 2. Plastosciara arenicola. a, Wing. b, Coxa, femur and tibia of foreleg. c, Tarsomeres of foreleg. d, Apex of foretibia. e, Flagellomere 4. f, Maxillary palpus. g, Tergite 9. h, Male terminalia, ventral view; right gonostylus rotated to show mesal surface. 290 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Sect of 27 T17N R23E, N. of State Highway 26, 2 mi SE of Vantagel). Paratypes, 3 slide mounted males, 4 males in alcohol, same data as holotype; males in alcohol, same data as holotype except 4 April 1980. The holotype and most of the paratypes are deposited in the James Entomological Collection at Washington State Uni- versity, Pullman. Systematics.— This species keys out to Plastociara in Steffan (1981), but this generic placement is questionable. It is placed in Plastociara pending a revision of the Nearctic Sciaridae. The male terminalia are similar in structure to those in some species of Phytosciara (Prosciara). P. arenicola can be distinguished from the one other Nearctic Plastosciara, P. johnstoni (Shaw), by the modified foretibia and the complex gonostylus. Discussion. — Most Sciaridae are found in humid environments, so this species’ presence in such a xeric habitat is unusual. The modification of the foretibia in P. arenicola and in Parapnyxia armata, the other known species inhabiting a xeric environment, suggests digging ability. Since females of both P. arenicola and Parapnyxia armata have not been found, they may be wingless. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to Mark Thomas for preparing the illustrations and Chery] Chris- tensen for typing the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED McAlpine, J. F. 1981. Morphology and terminology—adults. Chapt. 2, pp. 9-63. In McAlpine, J. F. et al., Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume |. Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Monogr. No. 27. Mohrig, W. and B. M. Mamaev. 1970. Neue fliigelreduzierte Diptera der Familien Sciaridae und Cecidomyiidae. Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 17: 315-336. Steffan, W. A. 1966. A generic revision of the family Sciaridae (Diptera) of America north of Mexico. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 44: 1-77. Steffan, W. A. 1981. Sciaridae. Chapt. 15, pp. 247-255. In McAlpine, J. F. et al., Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 1. Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Monogr. No. 27. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 291-294 A NEW SPECIES OF HYPOMECIS HUBNER (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) FROM TEXAS AND FLORIDA ANDRE BLANCHARD AND EDWARD C. KNUDSON (AB) 3023 Underwood, Houston, Texas 77025; (ECK) 808 Woodstock, Bellaire, Texas 77401. Abstract.—A new North American geometrid moth, Hypomecis longipectinaria, is described and figured. In the authors’ series of Hypomecis Hiibner (formerly Pseudoboarmia Mc- Dunnough) a group of specimens was found, which differ from all of the described species in several respects. At this writing, no female examples of the new species have been collected, but the superficial characters are adequately distinctive that the female should be easily recognized. Hypomecis longipectinaria Blanchard & Knudson, NEw SPECIES Figs. 1-8 Head: Front dark brown with whitish scaling at base just above tongue and a narrow band of whitish scaling at apex, anterior to antennae. Vertex brown; occiput whitish; collar dark brown. Labial palpi dark brown, barely exceeding front. An- tennae with scape and dorsal surface of flagellum whitish; 40-46 segments (average number 43 segments (N = 8); bipectinate, except for terminal 7 or 8 segments, which are simple. Longest pectinations from 9.0 to 11.6 as long as their basal segments (average 10.4, N = 8 specimens, N = 5 pectinations measured per spec- imen). Thorax: Brownish white (cream color) to pale ochreous gray with scattering of fuscous scales, forming an indistinct dark band across tegulae. Legs concolorous, with darker scaling on anterior surface of forelegs. Hindtibia without hair pencil. Abdomen: Concolorous, generally somewhat darker dorsally. Forewings: Ground color brownish white to pale ochreous gray, suffused with fuscous. Maculation well represented and contrasted against pale ground. Ante- median line blackish brown; from costa at 4 distance from base; broadly angled outwardly over cell; angled inwardly to dorsum near base. Discal dot blackish brown, elliptical, with pale center. Median line blackish brown; from mid costa to mid dorsum, outwardly curved around discal dot, outwardly dentate on veins. Postmedian line blackish brown, from outer 3 of costa to outer '3 of dorsum, curving outwardly over cell, inwardly beyond mid disc to dorsum, sharply out- wardly dentate on veins. Subterminal line blackish brown, margined outwardly with white, nearly vertical, outwardly dentate on veins. Terminal line consists of blackish brown dots on veins. Fringes pale ochreous gray. N \O No PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 1-8. Hypomecis longipectinaria Blanchard & Knudson. 1, Holotype 6, Texas, Montgomery Co., Conroe, 30-IV-70, A. & M. E. Blanchard coll., dorsal. 2, Same, ventral. 3, Lateral pectinations of left antenna of paratype, Texas, Montgomery Co., Conroe, 14-IX-77, E. Knudson coll. 4, Enlarge- ment of basal 3 of antenna in Fig. 3. 5, Lateral pectinations of right antenna of holotype. 6, Medial pectinations of left antenna from specimen in Figs. 3, 4. 7, Genitalia of holotype 4, aedeagus to the right, on slide AB 3215. 8, Dorsal view of genitalia of Fig. 7, enlarged to show processes of tegumen and terminal setae. Line segments in Figs. 7 and 8 represent 0.5 mm. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 293 GaN OMP aH sAG haelarn FE BJ MAR. AUPE MAY JEUNE Sie Uigky Wea UGS ES eheP 0) (G Ate Fig. 9. Temporal distribution of Hypomecis gnopharia, umbrosaria, and longipectinaria in Texas (from the authors’ series). The symbols O, +, and * each represent one specimen. Hindwings: Ground color and maculation similar to forewing, except for absence of median line and presence of prominent blackish brown extradiscal line. Ventral surface of wings: Whitish brown to pale ochreous gray, discal dots strongly represented, postmedian lines well represented in half of the specimens examined, weakly represented or obsolete in remaining specimens. Length of forewing: 15.0-19.5 mm (average 18.0 mm, N = 19). Male genitalia (Figs. 7, 8): Uncus slightly longer than wide; valve with raised medial patch bearing 15 to 26 spines; saccular ridge bearing from 0 to 15 spines. Process of tegumen from 0.13 to 0.23 mm (average length 0.20 mm), terminal setae from 0.44 to 0.63 mm (average length .55 mm), average ratio of setae to process 2.40-3.70, average 2.75. Aedeagus slightly shorter than combined lengths of tegumen and uncus, vesica membranous. Holotype (Figs. 1, 2).—é, Texas, Montgomery Co., Conroe, 30-IV-70, genitalia slide AB 3215, collected by A. & M. E. Blanchard and deposited in the National Museum of Natural History. Paratypes.—Same locality as holotype; 12-III-67, 1 4, genitalia slide AB 3213; 22-IV-69, 1 4, genitalia slide AB 3208; 22-III-72, 1 3, genitalia slide AB 3216; 9-IX-75, 1 3; 4-IV-76, 4 4, genitalia slide AB 5203; 14-IX-77, 1 6, genitalia slide AB 5304, all collected by A. & M. E. Blanchard. Same locality; 14-IX-77, 1 4; 9-III-82, 2 4, genitalia slides ECK 403, ECK 411; 10-IV-83, 2 6, all collected by E. Knudson. Texas, Tyler Co., Town Biuff, 15-IX-75, 1 4, collected by A. & M. E. Blanchard. Texas, Harris Co., Lake Houston, 22-VII-82, 1 4, genitalia slide ECK 475; Florida, Alachua Co., Gainesville, April 1972, 1 4, genitalia slide ECK 690; 21-VI-80, 1 4, all collected by E. Knudson. Remarks.—This new species is very similar to both Hypomecis umbrosaria (Hiibner) and H. gnopharia (Guenée), but can usually be differentiated by the much paler ground color of the wings and the noticeably longer pectinations of the male antennae. The male genitalia differs from all other North American 294 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON species of Hypomecis in the length of the tegumen processes, their terminal setae, and their length ratio. According to Rindge (1973), the relative lengths of these processes and setae in the other four species are as follows: /uridula (Hulst) setae from 6 to 15 times the length of the process; buchholzaria (Lemmer) setae 112 times the length of the process; wmbrosaria (Hiibner) setae and process approx- imately equal in length; gnopharia (Guenée) process 4 longer, on average, than setae. In /ongipectinaria, the setae range from 2.40 to 3.70 times the length of the processes, averaging 2.75. Dr. Rindge, who reviewed the preliminary manuscript, made the suggestion that any information regarding the possible sympatry and synchronicity of /on- gipectinaria and the two closely related species, gnopharia and umbrosaria, would prove to be of great interest. Accordingly, comparisons were made between /on- gipectinaria and the authors’ series of gnopharia and umbrosaria. All three species are sympatric in southeastern Texas (Harris and Montgomery counties); however, gnopharia and umbrosaria both have a much wider distribution in Texas, oc- curring in northeastern and central Texas as well. The habitat of /ongipectinaria appears to be confined to mixed evergreen and deciduous forest, whereas gno- pharia and umbrosaria also occur in purely deciduous forest. The question of synchronicity is addressed in Fig. 9, which shows the dates of capture of each species in the authors’ series. From this, it appears that in Texas /ongipectinaria and umbrosaria are synchronic, with a spring brood peaking in late March and early April and a smaller fall brood in August and September. Hypomecis gno- pharia appears to have a very different temporal distribution, with a summer brood in June and possibly a fall brood similar to the other two species. As the above comparisons are made with a relatively small number of specimens, ad- ditional collecting may reveal a somewhat different pattern of distribution, both spatial and temporal. As /ongipectinaria is also known from Florida, it should occur in the intervening gulf coast states as well. Ten genitalia preparations were made and measurements were made by ocular micrometer. Measurements of antennal pectinations (in situ) were made by ocular micrometer in six specimens and by photographic enlargement in two specimens. Figures 3, 4, and 6 represent the shortest pectinations measured; Fig. 5 represents the longest pectinations measured. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are extremely grateful to D. C. Ferguson and F. H. Rindge, who both reviewed the MS and provided very helpful suggestions. We are also grateful to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department for their continued cooperation and assistance. LITERATURE CITED Rindge, F. H. 1973. A Revision of the North American Species of the Genus Pseudoboarmia (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Am. Mus. Novit. 2514: 1-27. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 295-304 MATING BEHAVIOR AT BLOSSOMS AND THE FLOWER ASSOCIATIONS OF MIMETIC TEMNOSTOMA SPP. (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE) IN NORTHERN MICHIGAN G. P. WALDBAUER Department of Entomology, 320 Morrill Hall, University of Illinois, 505 S. Goodwin, Urbana, Illinois 61801. Abstract.— Adults of six species of vespoid-mimicking 7emnostoma were taken from 11 species of blossoming plants. Over 96% of them were taken from Anemone canadensis, Cornus stolonifera, Physocarpus opulifolius, Viburnum cassinoides or V. trilobum, plants with large, white, conspicuous blossoms or compound inflo- rescences. Mating pairs of Temnostoma alternans, T. balyras, T. barberi, T. ve- nustum and T. vespiforme were taken at these host plants, indicating that these species seek mates there. There is a pronounced sexual difference in behavior at the plants; most females were taken while feeding from blossoms while most males were taken while sitting on foliage or making patrolling flights about the plants. This is interpreted to mean that the males remain near the plants after feeding to intercept and mate with females, and that the females leave the host plants as soon as possible in search of oviposition sites. This interpretation is supported by direct observations of the mating behavior of 7. a/ternans, and by the male-skewed sex ratios of the 7. alternans and T. vespiforme samples taken from host plants. Many species of Syrphidae visit blossoms to obtain nectar and pollen (Rob- ertson, 1928a; Weems, 1953; Pollard, 1971; Gilbert, 1981; Owen, 1981). Nectar is presumably required for energy, and pollen is necessary to at least some species for normal ovarian development (Schneider, 1948; Frazer, 1972; Maier, 1978). Many Syrphidae, in common with many other insects (Parker, 1978), also seek mates at blossoms and other resources. Many males of both of the major syrphid subfamilies, the Eristalinae (= Milesiinae) and Syrphinae, make aerial patrols of blossoms frequented by females, often alternating the patrols with sitting on foliage. The males may pursue both conspecific and heterospecific flies in flight and often pounce on and swiftly initiate copulation with females feeding on blossoms (Gruhl, 1924; Collet and Land, 1975; Maier, 1978; Maier and Wald- bauer, 1979a). The mimetic eristaline Syrphidae, Mallota bautias (Walker), M. posticata (F.), Somula decora Macquart, and Spilomyia hamifera Loew, occur as adults in central Illinois from May to early July (Waldbauer and Sheldon, 1971; Waldbauer et al., 1977). In the mornings these species visit blossoms at the edge of the forest (Maier and Waldbauer, 1979a, 1979b). Both sexes feed from the blossoms, but females leave soon after feeding while males apparently remain much longer to sit on 296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON foliage and to make patrolling flights in search of females. This is indicated by the fact that in all four species about 90% of the females had been sitting on blossoms when they were captured, while from 75% to 94% of the males had been sitting on foliage or were flying when they were captured. These syrphids were mostly absent from the flowers in the afternoon. At that time, the males of M. posticata and S. decora were in the forest interior where they established territories at the larval habitats, wet, detritus-filled rot pockets at the bases of trees. They defended these territories against conspecific males and attempted to mate with females that came to the rot pockets to oviposit (Maier and Waldbauer, 1979a). This study concerns the flower associations and the mate-seeking behavior at flowers of several species of the holarctic eristaline genus 7emnostoma. All species of Temnostomaare specialized (high fidelity) mimics of vespoid wasps. Waldbauer and Sheldon (1971) and Waldbauer et al. (1977) defined specialized wasp mimics as having a wasp-like color pattern and one or both of the following characteristics: 1) a band of brown pigment along the costal margin of the wing simulating the furled vespoid wing, 2) some provision for imitating the long, dark antennae of the wasps. All North American Temnostoma have brown costal bands, and most, if not all of them, use their distally black forelegs to imitate long antennae. Knowledge of the mate-seeking behavior of Temnostoma spp. is fragmentary. Maier and Waldbauer (1979a) reported that mating pairs of T. trifasciatum Rob- ertson were found at flowers. Maier (1982) observed that 7. alternans Loew and T. balyras (Walker) mated both at flowers and near the moist, decaying bole of a fallen tree, the habitat of the wood-boring larvae. SAMPLING SITES AND METHODS Collections of adult Temnostoma were made at three sites near the Straits of Mackinac (45°50'N, 84°50’W) in northern Michigan. The Reed Road site is inland, a transect in Emmet County that runs 10.5 km due south from a point 6.5 km south of Lake Michigan. The Wilderness site runs for 2.5 km along the shore of Lake Michigan in Emmet County. The Round Lake Road site (1 km long) is about 2.4 km north of Lake Michigan in Mackinac County on the opposite (north) side of the Straits. The locations of these sites are given in detail by Waldbauer (1983). The area was cut over early in this century and is now characterized by mixed stands of second growth coniferous and non-coniferous trees on the uplands and by spruce-tamarack bogs on the lowlands. The inland Reed Road site is significantly different phenologically from the two sites on or near Lake Michigan. The cooling effect of the lake delays the development of vegetation and the ap- pearance of Syrphidae by more than two weeks at the latter two sites (Waldbauer, 1983). Samples were taken with a hand net at forest edges on 15, 16 and 22 May, on every clear or partly clear day from 2 June to 18 August, and on 25 August and 4 September in 1982. Sampling usually began in the morning before syrphids appeared at flowers and continued until their numbers diminished from early to mid-afternoon. Each plant species in blossom was checked several times to de- termine if it attracted mimetic Syrphidae; plants that attracted them were sampled regularly as long as they were in blossom. Every specimen of Temnostoma seen was pursued; about 75% were caught. The specimens were segregated according to whether they were taken from a blossom, from the foliage of the host plant, VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 297 7. obscurum 60", 19 T. balyras 230¢, 19 2° 7. vespiforme |3 0°, |7 99 Number of Flies \7 2l June July Fig. 1. The seasonal distribution of 5 species of Temnostoma taken from blossoming plants at the Reed Road site during the summer of 1982. or in flight about the host plant. Mating pairs were kept together and mounted on the same pin. Syrphidae were identified by the author; voucher specimens are retained in his collection. Voucher specimens of the plants were deposited in the herbarium, Department of Botany, University of Illinois. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Flower Associations Six species of Temnostoma were taken at blossoming plants: 7. a/ternans Loew, T. balyras (Walker), T. barberi Curran, T. obscurum Loew, T. venustum Williston, and T. vespiforme (L.). Temnostoma venustum was taken only once, at the Round Lake Road site on 4 July. The other species did not differ greatly from each other in seasonal occurrence. At the Reed Road site they were abundant in June and, except for 7. obscurum and T. balyras, were present in declining numbers in July (Fig. 1). JT. balyras and T. obscurum appear to have had a shorter flight season than the others, but late-flying individuals may have been missed because these two species were far less abundant than the others. There was no clear tendency for one sex to appear before the other (Fig. 1). While Temnostoma were taken from 11 plant species (Table 1), 96.2% of them came from only five species: Anemone canadensis, Cornus stolonifera, Physocar- pus opulifolius, Viburnum cassinoides, and V. trilobum. All of these plants have white, open and highly visible blossoms with nectar and/or pollen readily acces- 298 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 1. Blossoming plants on or near which 6 species of Temnostoma were captured during the summer of 1982. The total number of flies is given. A superscript indicates the number of mating pairs included in the total. Data in part from Waldbauer (1983). if, if Te if: Te alternans balyras barberi obscurum venustum vespiforme Total Anemone canadensis L. 58’ 7 48} 3 0 10 126 Cornus alternifolia L.f. 0 0 4} 0 0 0 4 C. rugosa Lam.* D 0 1 0 0 1 4 C. stolonifera Michx. 44) 18? Mp) 3 0 13 100 Nasturtium officinale R. Br. 0 0 1 0) 0 0 1 Pastinaca sativa L. 10 0) 2 O. 0 3 15 Physocarpus opulifolius (L.)* 144° 2) 44 5 0 29 224 Rhus glabra L. 0) 0) 1 0 0 0 1 Viburnum cassinoides L.** 633 D, 31! 1 2! 33? 130 V. lentago L. 0 Dy: 0 0 0 0 2 V. trilobum Marsh. _64° 14 =312 alt aW = pWg) Totals 383 45 185 iS 2 92 720 * Collections from Wilderness site only. ** Collections from Round Lake Road and Reed Road sites. All other collections from Reed Road only. sible; all but A. canadensis have large, actinomorphic, aggregate inflorescences and all but the herbaceous A. canadensis are woody shrubs. A. canadensis plants bear single blossoms with large and conspicuous petal-like sepals. Robertson (1928b) and Weems (1953) observed that the great majority of flowers visited by North American Syrphidae have white, yellow or green blossoms. Many of the syrphid flowers listed by Robertson (1928a) and Weems (1953) also have aggregate inflorescences. It appears from Table 1 that 7. alternans and T. vespiforme may have a preference for P. opulifolius and V. cassinoides. However, this is not a fair conclusion because the various plants listed blossomed at different times and places. The different species of blossoms exploited by the Temnostoma spp. more or less succeeded each other as the season progressed, the population of flies shifting from one plant species to another as each passed its blossoming peak. This is well illustrated by the data for 7. alternans from the Reed Road site (Fig. 2). The collections from A. canadensis, which has an exceptionally long blossoming pe- riod, show the decline of the 7. alternans population in July. The last few indi- viduals appeared on Pastinaca sativa, an introduction from Europe, in late July (Fig. 2). It is improbable that they represent a partial second generation because the development of the wood-boring larva is probably too slow to permit two generations per season. Maier (1978) found that the larvae of Mallota posticata, which live in rot cavities in trees, require 2.5 to 3.5 months to complete larval development. P. sativa continues to blossom at a time when native syrphid flowers have become scarce or absent; its introduction may well have fostered the survival of late-emerging 7emnostoma. Mate Seeking at Blossoming Plants The samples taken at blossoming plants include mating pairs of five of the six species of Temnostoma that are known to occur in northern Michigan, proving VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 299 Pastinaca sativa 400, 729 | last blossoms on ca. 18 August ! Viburnum trilobum 300°C, 34 29° Number of Flies began to blossom between 24 May and | June | Cornus stolonifera 2200, 2029 occasional scattered blossoms for rest of summer 1] 15 19 23 27 June July Fig. 2. Seasonal distribution of Temnostoma alternans on its major host plants at the Reed Road site during the summer of 1982. Arrows indicate the approximate first and last dates of the blossoming period of the plants from which the flies were collected. that these species mate at or near the flowering plants that they visit to obtain pollen and nectar. Some, if not all, of these species also mate at the oviposition sites (Maier, 1982). The number of mating pairs taken at each plant species is indicated by a superscript in Table 1. When caught, almost 64% were on blossoms, 33% were sitting on foliage, and only one pair was taken in flight (Table 2). There is a preponderance of pairs from blossoms because copulation is frequently ini- tiated there, and because the females usually continue to feed while mating. The only specimens of the rare 7. venustum taken during the study were a mating pair sitting in the end-to-end position on V. cassinoides foliage a few centimeters from an inflorescence. No mating pairs of the scarce 7. obscurum were taken, but the sampling data (see below) suggest that they also seek mates at blossoms. The samples of 7. alternans, T. balyras, T. barberi and T. vespiforme are large enough to justify more detailed conclusions about the mating behavior of these species at their host plants. The individuals in these samples were categorized according to whether they were taken in flight, from blossoms or from the foliage of the plant. All four samples show a pronounced difference between the sexes in their behavior at the host plant (Fig. 3). The majority of the females, from 57% in 7. balyras to 86% in T. vespiforme, were taken while they were feeding from blossoms. Almost all of the remaining females were taken from foliage. Males, conversely, were taken from blossoms only from 12% to 20% of the time. The distribution between the “‘foliage’’ and “‘flight” categories of males taken while they were not feeding varied with the species (Fig. 3). There is little doubt that 300 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 2. Numbers of mating pairs of 5 species of Temnostoma that were caught while flying near or sitting on the blossoms or foliage of their host plants during the summer of 1982. The plants are those in Table 1. Specimens taken at the Reed Road, Wilderness and Round Lake Road sites are included. Position when caught: ~Onblossom —On foliage =——S‘ In flight. =~ Unknown Total T. alternans 16 8 1 0 25 T. balyras 2 1 0 l 4 T. barberi 3 2 0) 1 6 T. venustum 0 l 0 0 1 T. vespiforme #2 m0) a0) nO ee Totals 23 IW 1 2 38 the great majority of both sexes taken from blossoms were actually feeding. Pe- riodic observations showed that few individuals simply sat still on an inflores- cence. They usually moved from blossom to blossom, and many of them were observed probing blossoms with their mouthparts. Chi square tests of independence show that the behavior of all of these species except J. balyras differed significantly by sex. The T. alternans and T. vespiforme data were tested using 3 x 2 contingency tables with the “blossom,” “‘foliage”’ and “‘flight’? categories entered separately. Three < 2 contingency tables for T. balyras and T. barberi included an unacceptable number of cells with expected values below 5; therefore, the data for these species were tested using 2 x 2 tables (1 df continuity corrected (Sokal and Rohlf, 1969, p. 566)) with the “‘foliage’’ and “flight”? categories lumped as a “‘non-feeding” category. (7. alternans: x? = 156, P’= 0.005; T. vespiforme: x? = 33, P < 0.005; 7. balyras: x7 = 3:5, P > 0.037 barberi: x* = 38, P < 0.005.) Two factors, both of which relate to the sexual difference in parental investment (Blum and Blum, 1979), probably contribute to the difference in the proportions of males and females captured at blossoms. First, females presumably spend more time feeding than do males. They probably require a greater food intake than males because the females are larger and because they produce a much greater biomass of gametes. It seems, however, that a second factor, a sexual difference in mating behavior, probably accounts for most of the difference. The males, which can greatly increase their fitness by mating repeatedly and thus fathering more progeny, remain at the host plant after they finish feeding, taking waiting stations on foliage or making patrolling flights to intercept females. The females, however, apparently leave the host plant as soon as possible in search of ovipo- sition sites. Sexual differences in mating behavior at the host plants are also indicated by the male-skewed sex ratios in the 7. al/ternans and T. vespiforme samples and by direct observations of the behavior of 7. alternans. Males greatly outnumbered females in the 7. alternans and T. vespiforme samples (Fig. 3), the sex ratios departing significantly from 1.0 (x? = 57 and 9, respectively, P < 0.005). The true sex ratios of the populations are not known, but the assumption of a 1.0 ratio is supported by Maier and Waldbauer’s (1979a) finding that the sex ratios of four VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 301 NN = on blossom 3 = on foliage = flying 100 100 T.a/ternans Ti) ihc at 7. barber’ 40.5% oo 52 TS 9S 50 5O 25 25 100 100 14 ifs) 18) SO 50 % of Total in/ndicated Position when Caught 25 29 MALES FEMALES MALES FEMALES Fig. 3. Percent of each sex of 4 species of Temnostoma that were caught while flying near or sitting on the blossoms or the foliage of the plants in Table 1. Sample size is given above each bar. The percent of males in each sample is indicated. Specimens taken at the Reed Road, Wilderness and Round Lake Road sites during the summer of 1982 are included. other eristaline Syrphidae reared in the laboratory did not depart significantly from 1.0. The skewed sex ratios might be taken to indicate that males were more easily seen than females because of their greater mobility. However, females were actually more conspicuous than males because they are larger and because they were more frequently on the white inflorescences where contrast rendered both sexes more visible than on foliage or in flight. It is much more likely that males outnumber females in the samples simply because the males spend more time at the host plants. The sex ratios of the 7. balyras and T. barberi samples were not significantly skewed in favor of males (Fig. 3). 7. balyras males outnumbered females, but the difference is not significant (x? = 0.5, P > 0.5). T. barberi females significantly outnumbered the males (x* = 6, P < 0.025). The difference in sex ratios between the samples of these two species and 7. a/ternans and T. vespiforme may well be 302 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON June 28, 1982 S 25 on blossom LS 4 = on foliage 20 — = flying Number of Flies 239° 23.4° \95° ox 0900 1000 I100 1200 1300 1400 1!500 !I600 1700 1800 Hour of Day (EDT) Fig. 4. Number of each sex of Temnostoma alternans that were caught hourly while flying near or sitting on the blossoms or the foliage of Physocarpus opulifolius at the Wilderness site. The tem- perature at breast height in the shade is indicated over all hours in which samples were taken. On 1 July samples were taken during the second half of each hour. On 28 June they were taken during the entire hour. M.P. indicates that a mating pair was taken. real, but it could be at least partly the result of sampling bias. 7. balyras, T. barberi and T. obscurum are all similar in size and appearance. They are darker than either 7. alternans or T. vespiforme and are also much smaller, especially the males. Thus, while individuals on blossoms (mainly females) are almost as conspicuous as the larger species, individuals in flight or on foliage (mainly males) are relatively difficult to see. The question of sampling bias will be resolved only by direct observations of the behavior of these small species. Direct observations of the behavior of 7. alternans, which was abundant, large, and distinctive enough to be identified in the field, corroborate the results of the sampling procedure. In the samples (Fig. 3) about 43% of the 7. alternans males were taken in flight and about 44% were taken from foliage. Observation also showed that males divide their non-feeding activity between sitting on foliage and making patrolling flights in search of females. It was not possible to observe the males’ entire flight paths around large clumps of tall shrubs, but on many VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 303 occasions males were seen to fly circuits about patches of Anemone canadensis, an herb that is only about 45 cm tall. On another occasion 12 males were observed in early afternoon on a clump of short V. cassinoides shrubs about 3 m in diameter. They generally alternated 10-25 second bouts of sitting on foliage with patrolling flights of about the same duration around the shrubs. Patrolling males seemed to pay particular attention to blossoms. On several occasions males patrolling various host plants pounced on females feeding on blossoms. The pairs coupled almost immediately, with the male on top of the female and both facing in the same direction. Shortly thereafter they switched to the end-to-end position. The females then usually continued to feed as they pulled the males over the blossoms. Some of these females flew to other inflorescences, dragging the males behind them. In a few instances a second male landed on a pair on an inflorescence and attempted to copulate with the female. Patrolling males also made brief attempts to copulate with other males and more persistent attempts to copulate with recently killed females that the author placed on inflorescences. The activities of 7. alternans at the host plant varied with the time of day. During the cool of very early morning a few individuals were seen basking in the sun on leaves. Females were numerous only in early morning, but occasional mating pairs and lone females were seen later in the day. Both sexes were most likely to be feeding in the morning. Males devoted the largest portion of their time to patrolling flights in late morning and early afternoon. On clear warm days the number of 7. a/ternans present declined quite noticeably after noon, although a few individuals were present until late afternoon. It is likely that most males retreated to the forest to seek females at oviposition sites as reported by Maier (1982). The activity patterns at host plants are illustrated by Fig. 4. July | was clear and sunny throughout and shows the activity pattern typical of such days. On July 28 flies were absent during the foggy early morning and the hazy afternoon. Temnostoma vespiforme was much less abundant than T. alternans and, al- though this species can be distinguished in the field, there were relatively few opportunities to observe its behavior. Males rest on foliage and make patrolling flights of the host plants, and females continue feeding as they mate. Few obser- vations were made of the behavior of 7. balyras and T. barberi because it was not possible to distinguish these species in the field. However, the samples of these species (Fig. 3) indicate that the males make far fewer patrolling flights than do males of 7. alternans and T. vespiforme. It is probable that 7. balyras and T. barberi normally intercept females from waiting stations on foliage. However, it is possible that the number of these males in flight was underestimated because their dark color and small size make them difficult to see in flight. Only 12 males and one female of 7. obscurum were taken in the samples, but even this small sample suggests that, like 7. balyras and T. barberi, the males engage in mate- seeking behavior at the host plants. All of the 7. obscurum males were taken from foliage and the one female was taken from an inflorescence. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank the staff of the University of Michigan Biological Station at Pellston for the use of their facilities during the summer of 1982. Edward G. Voss and Almut G. Jones identified the plants. May R. Berenbaum criticized the manuscript and Arthur W. Ghent gave advice on statistical analysis. This material is based 304 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. BSR8202772. LITERATURE CITED Blum, M.S. and N. A. Blum (eds.). 1979. Sexual Selection and Reproductive Competition in Insects. Academic Press, New York. 463 pp. Collet, T. S. and M. F. Land. 1975. Visual control of flight behaviour in the hoverfly, Syritta pipiens (L.). J. Comp. Physiol. 99(A): 1-66. Frazer, B. D. 1972. A simple and efficient method of rearing aphidophagous hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae). J. Entomol. Soc. B. C. 69: 23-24. Gilbert, F. S. 1981. Foraging ecology of hoverflies: morphology of the mouthparts in relation to feeding on nectar and pollen in some common urban species. Ecol. Entomol. 6: 245-262. Gruhl, K. 1924. Paarungsgewohnheiten der Dipteren. Z. Wiss. Zool. 122: 205-280. Maier, C. T. 1978. The immature stages and biology of Mallota posticata (Fabricius) (Diptera: Syrphidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 80: 424-440. . 1982. Larval habitats and mate-seeking sites of flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae, Eristalinae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84: 603-609. Maier, C. T. and G. P. Waldbauer. 1979a. Dual mate-seeking strategies in male syrphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 72: 54-61. 1979b. Diurnal activity patterns of flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in an Illinois sand area. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 72: 237-245. Owen, J. 1981. Trophic variety and abundance of hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae) in an English suburban garden. Holarctic Ecol. 4: 221-228. Parker, G. A. 1978. Evolution of competitive mate searching. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 23: 173-196. Pollard, E. 1971. Hedges VI. Habitat diversity and crop pests: a study of Brevicoryne brassicae and its syrphid predators. J. Appl. Ecol. 8: 751-780. Robertson, C. 1928a. Flowers and Insects. Charles Robertson, Carlinville, Illinois, 221 pp. 1928b. Flowers and insects XXV. Ecology 9: 505-526. Schneider, R. 1948. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Generatsionsverhaltnisse und Diapause rauberischer Schwebfliegen (Syrphidae, Dipt.) Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 21: 249-285. Sokal, R. R. and F. J. Rohlf. 1969. Biometry. W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, 776 pp. Waldbauer, G. P. 1983. Flower associations of mimetic Syrphidae (Diptera) in northern Michigan. Great Lakes Entomol. 16: 79-85. Waldbauer, G. P.andJ.K.Sheldon. 1971. Phenological relationships of some aculeate Hymenoptera, their dipteran mimics, and insectivorous birds. Evolution 25: 371-382. Waldbauer, G. P., J. G. Sternburg, and C. T. Maier. 1977. Phenological relationships of wasps, bumblebees, their mimics, and insectivorous birds in an Illinois sand area. Ecology 58: 583- 591. Weems, H. V., Jr. 1953. Notes on collecting syrphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae). Fl. Entomol. 36: 91-98. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 305-311 THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF LOTOPHILA LIOY, WITH A REVIEW OF L. ATRA (MEIGEN) (DIPTERA: SPHAEROCERIDAE)! ALLEN L. NORRBOM AND KE CHUNG KIM The Frost Entomological Museum, Department of Entomology, The Pennsyl- vania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802. Abstract.—Lotophila Lioy, the senior objective synonym of Olinea Richards, is resurrected as a monotypic genus for L. atra (Meigen). A detailed redescription of L. atra is given and its phylogenetic relationship within the subfamily Copro- myzinae is discussed. Information on its distribution and biology are compiled and a lectotype is designated. Lotophila atra (Meigen) is a common coprophagous species in much of the Holarctic region. It is easily recognized from other Copromyzinae by the absence of an apical spur on the hind tibia and the presence of 4—5 pairs of stout marginal scutellar setae. Originally described in the genus Borborus (Meigen, 1830), L. atra was confused for many years with the unrecognizable nominal species Scatophora carolinensis Rob.-Desv., Olina hirtipes Rob.-Desv., and Borborus geniculatus Macquart. Duda (1923, 1938) and Richards (1930, 1961) largely clarified its taxonomic status, and Richards (1961) placed it in Olinea Richards, a monotypic subgenus of Copromyza Fallén (s. lat.). Olinea, however, is a junior synonym of Lotophila Lioy (1864), a genus proposed for Borborus lugens Meigen and a second, unrecognizable species, B. punctipennis Meigen. Richards (1930) designated B. /ugens as the type species of Lotophila, however, Duda (1923) considered B. /ugens a junior synonym of B. ater Meigen. After examining the type specimens of both nominal species we share this opinion, thus B. ater becomes the type of Lotophila, making Lotophila the senior objective synonym of Olinea. Although recent workers have continued to treat Olinea as a subgenus of Cop- romyza, it is our opinion that Lotophila should be given generic rank in the tribe Copromyzini. Lotophila is the sister group of the genera Gymnometopina Hedicke, Dudaia Hedicke, and Metaborborus Vanschuytbroeck. All four taxa share three apomorphic characters of the male: 1) a triangular, convex sclerite, here termed the postphallic sclerite, present between the basiphallus and sternite 10; 2) the genital arch (fused epandrium and sternite 8) without lateral clefts; and, 3) clefts at least partially separating the cerci from the genital arch. Gymnometopina, ' Authorized on Feb. 11, 1983 for publication as Paper No. 6606 in the Journal Series of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station. Contribution from the Frost Entomological Museum (AES Project No. 2594). 306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Dudaia, and Metaborborus share several additional apomorphies: a narrow, pos- terior lobe on the median part of sternite 6 of the male; the male cerci completely separated from the genital arch; absence of the genal seta; and the arms of the male hypandrium narrow basally, not broad and triangular. Here, we redescribe the genus Lotophila and L. atra and discuss its geographic distribution and infraspecific variation. We use the morphological terms of Kim and Cook (1966) and McAlpine (1981). Genus Lotophila Lioy (partim) Borborus auct.; Meigen, 1830: 198-209. (nec) Scatophora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 811 (fide Duda, 1938: 16). (nec) Olina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 812 (fide Duda, 1938: 15-16). Lotophila Lioy, 1864: 1113 (Type-species: Borborus lugens Meigen, by designation of Richards, 1930: 264, = B. ater Meigen). Borborus (Olina); Duda, 1923: 58, 99-101. Scatophora; Spuler, 1925: 1-3. Copromyza (Olina); Richards, 1930: 263-264, 315-316. Borborus (Borborus); Duda, 1938: 35-36. Copromyza (Olinea) Richards, 1961: 561-562 (Type-species: Borborus ater Mei- gen). Description. — Male: Head—largely pruinose, length about equal to height; genal seta small; postocular setae in single row. Thorax—acrostichal setae in two com- plete rows; scutellum with four to five pairs of marginal macrosetae, all about equal in length except slightly larger apical pair (Fig. 5); katepisternum without macroseta on upper part. Legs—hind tibia without ventral apical spur or antero- ventral seta. Wing—cell dm elongate, crossvein dm-cu in apical third of wing; vein M reaching wing margin; vein Cu, ending short distance beyond dm-cu. Abdomen-—sternite 8 and epandrium completely fused, no cleft in genital arch; hypandrial apodeme greatly reduced; cerci partly fused to genital arch; postphallic sclerite present between basiphallus and sternite 10; basiphallus with epiphallus greatly reduced. Female: Head, thorax, legs, and wing as in male. Abdomen— terminalia telescoped at rest; two spermathecae present, apodeme opposite duct opening small, its apex membranous. Lotophila atra (Meigen) Figs. 1-10 Borborus ater Meigen, 1830: 203. Borborus modestus Meigen, 1830: 203 (fide Duda, 1923: 101). Borborus lugens Meigen, 1830: 205. (nec) Scatophora carolinensis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 811 (fide Duda, 1938: 16). (nec) Olina hirtipes Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 812 (fide Duda, 1938: 15-16). (?) Borborus geniculatus Macquart, 1835: 567 (fide Richards, 1961: 562). Lotophila lugens (Meigen); Lioy, 1864: 1113. Olina ferruginea Becker, 1908b: 198 (fide Duda, 1938: 36). Borborus (Olina) geniculatus; Duda, 1923: 99-101. Scatophora carolinensis, Spuler, 1925: 1-3. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 307 Copromyza (Olina) hirtipes; Richards, 1930: 315-316. Borborus (Borborus) ater Meigen; Duda, 1938: 35-36. Copromyza (Olinea) atra (Meigen); Richards, 1961: 562. Type-data.—Syntypes of B. ater and B. lugens were examined. ater: Lectotype 6 (here designated) and 2 2 paralectotypes, each with a label with “Coll. Winth.” in typing and “‘ater’” in Duda’s writing, a red ““Type”’ label, and Duda’s deter- mination label with “‘Olina geniculata.”’ According to Dr. Ulrike Aspéck (personal communication) there are 3 additional males in the type series in the Naturhis- torisches Museum Wien. /ugens: Lectotype 2, labelled with “lugens,”’ apparently in Meigen’s writing. Becker (1902) reported 2 specimens of /ugens in Winthem’s collection in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, but Duda (1923) and Dr. Ruth Contreras-Lichtenberg (personal communication) found only the above specimen, which we designate as the lectotype. Description. — Mostly blackish species, about 2.5—4.0 mm long; in general, mac- rosetae relatively short and stout. Male: Head—gena bare of pruinosity except along anterior and ventral margins, height about % of long diameter of eye; parafacials yellow; frons with entire anterior margin yellow, the rest blackish, pruinosity usually as in Fig. 1; arista pubescence 0.01—0.02 mm long. Thorax — proepisternum pruinose; postpronotal lobe usually with most of lateral portion bare of pruinosity; scutum pruinose, density sometimes varying, producing faint pattern of longitudinal stripes; one pair of dorsocentral macrosetae (prescutellars); anepisternum largely bare, usually as in Fig. 3; katepisternum bare except for posterior half of dorsal margin and narrowly along sternal suture; anepimeron with anterior *% bare; scutellum pruinose. Legs— femora dark red-brown to black, except at extreme base and apex, posterior side largely bare of pruinosity; tibiae same color as femora, base and extreme apex yellowish; fore coxa usually with basal '4—'2 brownish, the rest yellow; mid tibia with two small anterior macrosetae at about % and 7, small posteroventral at about 73, dorsal at about %, and whorl of 7-8 preapicals at %,; hind tibia with small dorsal preapical at “9; fore and hind metatarsi without apical spurs. Wing—length subequal to body length; r-m at about *4—'2 distance from bm-cu to dm-cu; crossveins unbanded. Abdomen— sternite 5 very irregularly shaped, anteriorly with broad internal projection, more developed on left side; sternite 6 with large posterior projection on right tip; cercus fused to genital arch, but with cleft from posterior corner to middle (Fig. 6); surstylus somewhat triangular in lateral view, relatively flat; basiphallus (Fig. 7) with very small epiphallus and sharply pointed pre-epiphallus arising at about its middle; distiphallus very complex, with numerous hooklike structures and long, thin, dorsal projection medially; paramere also complex, bilobed. Female: Head, thorax, legs, and wing as in male. Abdomen—tergite 5 narrow, about ,.—% as wide as syntergite; sternite 2 usually 1.5—2 times as wide as sternites 3 and 4; sternite 4 usually very weakly sclerotized; sternite 5 about '4—'s as wide as syn- tergite; tergites 6 and 7 and sternites 6 and 7 weakly sclerotized; intersegmental sections of terminalia with 3 lightly sclerotized longitudinal bands; spermatheca relatively small, surface sculptured with concentric rings, duct opening with small external collar (Fig. 8). Biology.—Adults of L. atra have been found on dung of horses, cows, sheep, dogs, man, and pigs, as well as on carrion and decaying fungi (Howard, 1900; 308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 1-8. Lotophila atra (Meigen). 1,3,5,8, 2, State College, Pennsylvania. 2,4, 6, 10 mi. E. Toluca, Mexico. 6,7, 6, Auburndale, Massachusetts. 1-2, Head dorsal view. 3-4, Anepisternum. 5, Scutellum. 6, Outer male genitalia, lateral view. 7, Inner male genitalia, lateral view. 8, Spermatheca. Richards, 1930; Coffey, 1966). Only cow dung has been reported as a suitable substrate for larval development (Laurence, 1954, 1955; Schumann, 1962; Coffey, 1966; Poorbaugh et al., 1968; Papp, 1971), although considering the distribution of L. atra, other materials may also be utilized. We collected numerous individuals on a deer carcass in Rothrock State Forest, Pennsylvania, several miles from the nearest farms. Nevertheless, although we were able to rear L. atra on cow dung, females failed to oviposit in rotting mushrooms, decaying meat, carrion from a dead groundhog, and CSMA medium (putrifying mixture of wheat bran and alfalfa meal). Laurence (1954, 1955) studied the ecology of cow dung communities and reported seasonal variation in the abundance and time of development of L. atra. Females appear to prefer fresh cow dung for oviposition, as they are found on it much less commonly once it has begun to crust. The eggs are usually laid in crevices or on the underside of the dung. Adults of both sexes commonly rest on nearby grassblades and other low vegetation, typically near the top. As with many sphaerocerids, when disturbed, they will often crawl down into the vegetation rather than fly away. We have observed mating pairs on the nearby vegetation and on the cow dung itself. Lotophila atra is sometimes terricolous, occuring in mouse runs, rabbit holes (Richards, 1930), and rodent burrows (Hackman, 1963). It also has been taken in soil traps (Papp, 1976; Rohacek, 1980). Richards (1930) recorded it throughout the year in Britain and it apparently is multivoltine in central Pennsylvania. Lotophila atra may be dispersed by jet streams, as Glick (1960) collected it an airplane trap at 500 ft. in Illinois. Dave Reling (personal communication) has also taken it in an airplane net at 500 ft. over State College, Pennsylvania. Schumann (1961, 1962) described the egg and larval stages of L. atra and Laurence (1954) reported Pentapleura pumilo Nees (Braconidae) as a parasitoid in England. Phoretic mites are uncommon on L. atra, although numerous his- tiostomatid hypopi were present on two males and three females examined from California (CAS, CNC) and on a female from Washington (WSU). Infraspecific variation.—A few examined specimens exhibited an interesting pattern of variation in several characters. The series from Mexico differs from VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 309 typical L. atra in the color of the fore coxa, which is almost completely brownish, and in pruinosity, with the bare area on the frons divided (Fig. 2), the postpronotal lobe completely pruinose, and the pruinose area on the anepisternum larger (Fig. 4). In the females, abdominal sternite 2 is no wider than sternite 3, and sternite 4 is as strongly sclerotized as the other sternites. In the males, the genitalia are almost identical to typical L. atra, but the marginal hooklike structures on the distiphallus are located at the base of the dorsal projection (same level as lower arrow, Fig. 7) and the posterior corner of the surstylus tends to be more acute in lateral view. Two males from Arizona appear to fit into a cline between the Mexican populations and typical L. atra. They resemble the Mexican specimens in all but anepisternal pruinosity, which is normal (Fig. 3). A male from Tibet also closely resembles the Mexican specimens except that the marginal hooks on the distiphallus are even higher on the dorsal projection (same level as upper arrow, Fig. 7) and the surstylus is not as acute posteriorly. Since similar variation apparently occurs independently in these widely separated populations, we regard them both as conspecific with typical L. atra. Distribution.—L. atra occurs in most of the middle latitudes of the Holarctic region, extending further north in maritime areas, and further south at high ele- vations. Palearctic records include the Canary Islands (Becker, 1908a; Frey, 1958), the Madeira Islands (Becker, 1908b), the Azores (Hackman, 1960), the Faeroes, England, Scotland, Wales (Richards, 1930), Finland (Hackman, 1965), U.S.S.R.: Estonia and Latvia (Hackman, 1972), France (Séguy, 1934), Spain (Strobl, 1900), the Pyrenees, Corsica (Duda, 1923), the Balearic Islands (Papp, 1973b), Czecho- slovakia (Rohacek, 1978), Hungary (Papp, 1971), Rumania (Richards, 1930), Greece (Vanschuytbroeck, 1962), Afghanistan (Richards, 1962), U.S.S.R.: Tad- zhikskaya (Papp, 1979), Mongolia (Papp, 1973a), and U.S.S.R.: maritime region near Vladivostok (Petrova, 1968). Among the Palearctic specimens examined, only the one from Tibet noticeably extends the known range. In the Nearctic region L. atra occurs from Newfoundland south to Florida, west through the midwest and Great Plains, and throughout the west from British Columbia to California. It seems rare in the southeastern United States, but probably occurs throughout the northern and central mountains of Mexico. Material examined.— 726 specimens including 367 ¢ and 359 2. We list only those specimens of distributional or ecological significance; a complete list is available from the authors upon request. Lectotype, 2 paralectotypes of ater, lectotype of /ugens,; NORWAY: Bergen, 11.v.1922, 1 6 (UTA); SWEDEN: Pr. Jemtland, Aare, 16.vii.1929, 1 ¢(USNM); SPAIN: Calicia Pontevedia, 23.viii.1979, 1 6(USNM); SOVIET UNION: Zlatoust, Ufa, 27.viii.1927, 2¢(USNM); CHINA: Yu-Long-Gong, Tibet border, 14,000 ft., 14.vili.1930, 1 6 (USNM); CANADA: BRITISH COLUMBIA: Bowser, 22.v1.1955, 1 2 (CNC); ONTARIO: Ottawa, Rockcliffe, ‘“‘at bleeding maple,” 20.iv.1955, 1 6 (CNC); NEWFOUNDLAND: Port Saunders, 6.vili, 1 ¢ 5 2 (AMNH); U.S.A.: WASHINGTON: Blue Mts., 8- 11 mi. S. of Cloverland “‘reared from cow excrement,” 30.vi.1956, 466 2 (WSU); Colfax, ‘“‘on pig excrement,” 12.vii.1956, 1 ¢(WSU); Pullman, “‘on pig excrement,” 17.vili.1955, 1 2(WSU); CALIFORNIA: Inyo Co., White Mts., 3100 m, 26.v.1973, 1 6 (CAS); Madera Co., Green Mt., 7600 ft., 20.viii.1971, 1 2 (CAS); Marin Co., Mill Valley, 25.ix.1965, 1 6 (CAS); San Diego Co., Rincon, 24.v.1937, 241 2 (CAS); ARIZONA: White Mts., Coulter Ranch, 28.vi.1947, 1 é(USNM); Alpine, 310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 23.v1.1947, 1 6 (USNM); COLORADO: Electra Lake, 8400 ft., 29.vi.1919, 1 6 (USNM); MINNESOTA: Itasca St. Pk., 25.vi.1960, 3 6 (FEM); INDIANA: La- fayette, “‘on human excrement,” v.1918, 1 6 (USNM); NEW HAMPSHIRE: Mt. Washington, 4800 ft., 14.vu.1958, 3 6 1 2 (CNC); NEW YORK: Cold Spring Harbor, 2.v1i1.1931, 1 6 (ANSP); PENNSYLVANIA: Centre Co., ‘“‘reared ex. cow dung,” 15.v.1982, 7 6 12 2 (FEM); State College, “airplane net at 500 ft.,” 4.1x.1981, 1 6 (FEM); Mifflin Co., Rothrock St. Forest, “con deer carcass,” 28.i1v.1982, 4 6 7 2 (FEM); WASHINGTON, D.C.: ‘“‘on human feces,” 16.v.1899, 1 6 1 ?(USNM); NORTH CAROLINA: Swain Co., Mt. Collins, 5900 ft., “‘carrion,” 17.v.1972, 1 6 4 2 (SMC); TENNESSEE: Sevier Co., Gatlinburg, “‘carrion,” 17.v.1972, 3 6 2 2(SMC); ARKANSAS: Washington Co., 26.iv.1969, 1 2(UAF); GEORGIA: Black Rock Mt. St. Pk., 4.vii.1953, 1 2(UTA); FLORIDA: Citrus Co., “‘cave,” 25.vii.1895, 1 2?(USNM); MEXICO: Hidalgo, 10 mi. W. of Huachinango, 6650 ft., 22.vii.1962, 1 2(KSU); Popocateptl, 12,000 ft., 11.viii.1936, 1 ? (USNM); Mexico, 10 mi. E. of Toluca, 8900 ft., 31.vii.1954, 6 64 2 (CNC). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We sincerely thank Ulrike Aspéck and Ruth Contreras-Lichtenberg of the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien for the loan of type material of Borborus ater and B. lugens. We are also indebted to the following institutions and individuals for the loan of study material: American Museum of Natural History, New York; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP); California Academy of Sci- ences, San Francisco (CAS); Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh; Canadian National Collection, Ottawa (CNC); Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana; Iowa State Univ., Ames; Kansas State Univ., Manhattan (KSU); Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Massachusetts; Ohio State Univ., Columbus; South Dakota State Univ., Brookings; Steve Marshall, Guelph, Ontario (SMC); Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville (UAF); Univ. of Arizona, Tucson; Snow Museum, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence; Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst; U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. (USNM); Univ. of Texas, Austin (UTA); Washington State Univ., Pullman (WSU). Earlier drafts of this paper were kindly read by Karl Valley, A. G. Wheeler, Jr., Ginter Ekis, and Dave Shetlar. Thelma Brodzina typed the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Becker, T. 1902. Die Meigenschen Typen der sogenannte Musciden Acalyptratae (Muscaria, Hol- ometopa). Z. Syst. Hymenop. Dipt. 2: 345-349. . 1908a. Dipteren der Kanarischen Inseln. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. 4: 1-180. . 1908b. Dipteren der Insel Madeira. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. 4: 181-206. Coffey, M. D. 1966. Studies on the association of flies (Diptera) with dung in southeastern Wash- ington. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 59: 207-218. Duda, O. 1923. Revision der altweltlichen Arten der Gattung Borborus (Cypsela) Meigen (Dipteren). Arch. Naturg. 89(A): 35-112. —. 1938. 57. Sphaeroceridae (Cypselidae). Jn Lindner, E., ed. Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Reg. Band 6. Stuttgart. 182 pp. Frey, R. 1958. Kanarische Diptera brachycera p.p., von Hakan Lindberg gesammelt. Soc. Sci. Fenn. Comm. Biol. 17: 1-63. Glick, P. A. 1960. USDA Tech. Bull. No. 1222. Washington, D.C. p. 11. Hackman, W. 1960. Coelopidae, Drosophilidae, Sphaeroceridae, and Scatophagidae (Diptera, Cy- clorrhapha) from the Azores and Madeira. Bol. Mus. Munic. Funchal 12: 103-107. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 Shit —. 1963. Studies on the dipterous fauna in burrows of voles (Microtus, Olethrionomys) in Finland. Acta Zool. Fenn. 102: 1-64. —. 1965. On the genus Copromyza Fall. (Dipt., Sphaeroceridae), with special reference to the Finnish species. Not. Entomol. 45: 33-46. 1972. Sphaeroceridae from Estonia and Latvia (Diptera). Not. Entomol. 52: 84-88. Howard, L. O. 1900. A contribution to the study of the insect fauna of human excrement. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 2: 541-604. Kim, K. C. and E. F. Cook. 1966. A comparative external morphology of adult Sphaeroceridae. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Am. 5: 77-100. Laurence, B. R. 1954. The larval inhabitants of cow pats. J. Anim. Ecol. 23: 234-260. . 1955. The ecology of some British Sphaeroceridae (Borboridae, Diptera). J. Anim. Ecol. 24: 187-199. Lioy, P. 1864. I Ditteri distributi secundo un nuovo metodo di classificazions naturale. Atti Ist. Veneto 9: 1112-1116. Macquart, J. 1835. Histoire naturelle des insectes, Dipteres, II. Paris. pp. 561-573. McAlpine, J. F. 1981. Chapter 2: Morphology and Terminology—Adults. 7m Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Vol. 1. McAlpine, J. F. et al., eds. Agriculture Canada. Ottawa. pp. 9-63. Meigen, J. W. 1830. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insek- ten. Band G. Schulzische Buchhandlung. Hamm. Vol. 6, iv+401 pp. Papp, L. 1971. Ecological and production biological data on the significance of flies breeding in cattle droppings. Acta Zool. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 91-105. 1973a. Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) from Mongolia. Acta Zool. Acad. Sci. Hung. 19: 369-425. . 1973b. Sphaerocerids from the Balearic Islands and Finland (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae). Folia Entomol. Hung. (New ser.) 26: 357-362. 1976. Some terricolous sphaerocerids and drosophilids from Hungary (Diptera: Sphaero- ceridae and Drosophilidae). Folia Entomol. Hung. 29: 75-85. . 1979. New species and records of Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) from the USSR. Ann. Hist. Nat. Mus. Nat. Hung. 71: 219-230. Petrova, B. K. 1968. Faunistic-ecological review of synanthropic Diptera in the South of the Maritime Territory. Entomol. Rev. 47: 54-58. Poorbaugh, J. H., J. R. Anderson, and J. F. Burger. 1968. The insect inhabitants of undisturbed cattle droppings in northern California. Calif. Vector Views 15: 17-36. Richards, O. W. 1930. The British species of Sphaeroceridae (Borboridae, Diptera). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1: 261-345. 1961. Notes on the names of some Diptera Sphaeroceridae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 13) 3: 561-564. 1962. Contribution a l’etude de la faune d’Afghanistan. 42. Diptera, Sphaeroceridae. Ento- mol. Mon. Mag. 57: 177-179. Robineau-Desvoidy, J. B. 1830. Essai sur les Myodaires. Sci. Math. Phys. 2: 802-813. Rohacek, J. 1978. Preliminary list of Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) from Czechoslovakia. Dipt. Bohe- moslovaca 1: 243-253. 1980. Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) collected by the soil trap method in submountaine areas of North Moravia (Czechoslovakia). Cas. Slezskeho Muz. Opava (A) 29: 145-160. Schumann, H. 1961. Die Eier von Fliegen. Mikrokosmos 50: 297-300. 1962. Zur Morphologie einiger Larven der Familien Borboridae und Sepsidae (Diptera). Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. 38: 415-450. Séguy, E. 1934. Diptéres (Brachycéres) F. Cypselidae. Faune Fr. 28: 444-471. Spuler, A. 1925. North American species of Borborus Meigen, and Scatophora Robineau-Desvoidy. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 20: 1-16. Strobl, G. 1900. Spanische Dipteren IX. Wien. Entomol. Z. 19: 61-70. Vanschuytbroeck, P. 1962. Mission E. Janssens et R. Tollet en Grece (Juillet—-aout. 1953). Diptéres Sphaeroceridae. Bull. Inst. R. Sci. 38: 1-10. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 312-325 NATURAL HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF LYCOPERDINA FERRUGINEA (COLEOPTERA: ENDOMYCHIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF IMMATURE STAGES JAMES PAKALUK Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Present address: Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045. Abstract.—Information on feeding biology, reproduction, host specificity, and the evolution of Lycoperdina ferruginea LeConte is presented. This species, which is primarily a gasteromycetophage, is widely distributed throughout North Amer- ica. A description of the larva and pupa, including illustrations, is included. Known fungal host associations for species of Lycoperdina are summarized. Lycoperdina ferruginea is the only Nearctic representative of a genus otherwise known from the Palaearctic and Ethiopian Regions (Strohecker, 1953). Although previous authors (Blatchley, 1910; Lawrence, 1977; Peterson, 1960) have noted the association between the puffball beetle Lycoperdina ferruginea and the fruiting bodies of the gasteromycete Lycoperdon, little is known about the biology of this beetle. Herein, I discuss various aspects of the natural history and evolution of this species. The larva and pupa are described in detail and illustrated. Most North American endomychids have secretive habits; thus, they are rarely collected. Lycoperdina ferruginea, however, is commonly encountered, sometimes in large numbers. Adults (Fig. 2) are distinguished from all other North American beetles thus: often feeding upon spores of Lycoperdaceae; large size (6-8 mm); distinct pronotal foveae, pronotum with a well-developed stridulatory membrane; apparently contiguous procoxae. Most members of Lycoperdina are believed to be associated with puffballs. In addition to a discussion of host specificity in Lycoperdina ferruginea, I briefly review and summarize known host associations for other species of Lycoperdina. METHODS For examination, larvae were cleared in warm Nesbitt’s solution and mounted directly into Hoyers medium. Selected structures (mouthparts and legs) were disarticulated to allow more accurate interpretation. Magnifications up to x 1000 were used for observation and illustration. All larval illustrations were prepared with an American Optical Microstar compound microscope equipped with a drawing tube. Pupal illustrations were made with a Wild M-S5 dissecting micro- scope and a drawing attachment. The adult habitus was prepared by tracing the image projected from a 2 x 2 transparency. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 313 I examined about 1000 adults and vouched each with labels dated ‘‘1982.” Figure 15 is a summary of the known distribution of Lycoperdina ferruginea. Localities which could not be readily located on a standard reference map were omitted, and all unique state records without more specific locality information are represented by large dots at the geographic center of the state or province. Precise collecting data are on file at the Cornell University Insect Collection, Ithaca, New York. Dates of collections and habitat information are summarized under “Natural History.’’ Acronyms in Table 1 designate insect depositories for particular specimens and follow those proposed by Arnett and Samuelson (1969). NATURAL HISTORY Lycoperdina ferruginea has been collected during all months of the year, and I have commonly taken it in central New York from the fruiting bodies of puffballs. Most collections were from forest litter situations (Fig. 16) or directly from the sporocarps of Lycoperdaceae (Figs. 17, 18). Collections from other fungi are considered either accidental host associations or direct feeding upon non-preferred alternate hosts. It is not clear how many generations Lycoperdina ferruginea has per year since pupae have been collected in February, May, and June; early instar larvae have been collected in October and December; and teneral specimens have been re- corded from each month March through September inclusive. From these data, I believe Lycoperdina does not have discrete breeding periods; reproduction and development are dictated primarily by host availability. Development of puffballs is variable, but most begin fruiting in the late summer or early fall and the gleba matures soon thereafter. This is an important aspect of larval development, since feeding upon host spores cannot begin until the gleba is fully mature. The larval mouthparts are highly adapted for sporophagy, and Lawrence (1977) has referred to the mandibular morphology of this animal as a “‘spore mill.”” The mola is greatly enlarged (with numerous tubercles), and the mandibular apices are reduced and truncate. These two modifications are particularly well suited for feeding upon spores in a spore-filled medium, such as the mature gleba of puffballs. In general, the larval mouthparts are similar to the feeding systems of microphagous larval forms outlined by Lawrence (1977) and Lawrence and Newton (1980). Lycoperdina ferruginea and other species of Lycoperdina are probably not oblig- atorily gasteromycetophagous, although they do exhibit a strong preference for puffballs. Table 1 shows the known host associations for species of Lycoperdina. It is not clear whether reports from non-Lycoperdaceae are accidental occurrences or actual records of mycophagy upon alternate, non-preferred hosts, since direct feeding was not observed and gut contents were not examined. It is not uncommon to collect Lycoperdina ferruginea from forest litter or debris. Therefore, single or infrequent host associations are questionable, since this species inhabits a micro- habitat that is especially rich in decaying organic matter that may potentially serve as a substrate for fungal growth. Obligate gasteromycetophagy for this group should not be discounted due to the occurrence of these beetles on other hosts since host specificity for a particular species may vary geographically, or seasonally, or both (Newton, In press). For mycophagous Coleoptera, the larval stages generally have a more restricted diet, so it is possible that the larvae are obligate gasteromycete feeders while the adults tolerate a greater diversity of fungal hosts. 314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 1. Summary of known fungal associations for species of Lycoperdina. Species Fungus Source L. ferruginea LeConte L. penicillata Marseul L. succincta (Linnaeus) L. bovistae (Fabricius) Lycoperdon pyriforme L. perlatum L. molle L. cf. subvelatum L. umbrinum Peziza sp. “Mushroom” Calvatia giganteum C. cyathiformis Bovista plumbea Lycoperdon gemmatum Lycoperdon gemmatum Geastrum triplex Bovista nigrens Lycoperdon bovistae L. excipuliforme L. caelatum L. gemmatum L. pyriforme Clitocybe splendens C. nebularis Bovista sp. Geaster fimbriatus G. rufescens Armillaria mellea Lactarius piperatus Russula delica Collybia fuscipes Numerous sources Pers. observ. ! Label data (LSUC) Label data (LSUC) Pers. observ.! Label data (USNM) Label data (MCZC) Label data (FMNH) Label data (LSUC) Benick, 1952 Benick, 1952 Benick, 1952 Sunhede, 1977 Horion, 1961 Benick, 1952 Rehfous, 1955 Benick, 1952 Benick, 1952 Benick, 1952 Benick, 1952 Rehfous, 1955 Ganglbauer, 1899 Rehfous, 1955 Rehfous, 1955 Rehfous, 1955 Rehfous, 1955 Rehfous, 1955 Rehfous, 1955 ' Host voucher specimens are deposited in the Herbarium of the Département de Botanique, Uni- versité de Liége, Liége, Belgium. Acarid mites representing a new genus are commonly associated with this beetle and its fungal host. The deutonymph often occurs in large numbers inside the host fungus and is phoretic upon the adult and larva (Fig. 19). Reports of phoretic mites on beetle larvae are rare (Barry O’Connor, pers. comm.), and the significance of this behavior needs to be more fully examined. The adult mite is highly modified for life in a spore-filled puffball, since it “swims” through the ocean of spores with ease, but is incapable of walking outside the fruiting body (Barry O’Connor, pers. comm.). Deutonymphs of this mite species, or possibly a congener, were found on Lycoperdina mandarinea Gerstaecker from China (Barry O’Connor, in litt.). I have also collected acarid mites of yet another new genus from Scleroderma citrinum that was colonized by Caenocara occulata (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) in Tennessee. The larvae of Lycoperdina ferruginea are relatively long-lived, and it is likely that most individuals overwinter as mid- to late-instar larvae. The fruiting bodies of most Lycoperdaceae are durable and often persist for a full year. Puffballs provide the larvae with a plentiful food source, as well as a stable habitat that VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 S15 2 Figs. 1, 2. Lycoperdina ferruginea. 1, Larval habitus (dorsal). 2, Adult habitus (dorsal). offers protection from predation and severe weather. The beetle pupates within the host fruiting body, and as many as eight pupae have been recorded in a single sporocarp, although the average is about three to four. The preferred location for pupation appears to be within the sterile base. Pupae are generally found within the spore mass only if available space within the sterile base has been utilized by other beetles which have burrowed into the spongy material. Throughout their ontogeny, larvae frequently leave individual fruiting bodies and wander about, usually migrating to a different fruiting body. (Many species of Lycoperdon are gregarious and have large numbers of sporocarps in a small area (Fig. 18)). The larvae reenter a puffball to moult or feed. Their entrance into and their exit from the fruiting body is often via a hole that they have chewed through the peridium, although they also utilize the apical pore. Larval wandering behavior may contribute to spore dispersal in at least one of two ways. First, the larvae occassionally leave the external surface (peridium) of the puffball while wandering, so it is possible that their spore-covered bodies may brush spores onto an organic substrate, such as a rotting log. More important, however, is that the holes they chew in the peridium increase the likelihood of spore dispersal. Sunhede (1974, 1977) reports that similar gnaw-holes made by Lycoperdina succincta (Lin- naeus) in Geastrum triplex enhance spore liberation. The reasons for larval wandering in Lycoperdina ferruginea are unknown, but I will suggest three possible explanations for this behavior. 1) A small number of PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 316 ‘snuiqey [enusA “p ‘sniiqey [esiog ‘¢ ‘ednd ‘nauisnssaf DulpsadondT ‘p ‘¢ “Sol VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 Bi7, Figs. 5, 6. Lycoperdina ferruginea, larva. 5, Cranium (dorsal). 6, Antenna (ventral). eggs are laid within a single fruiting body, but the food reserves within the puffball are insufficient for complete larval development. 2) Large numbers of eggs are deposited within each puffball, so the larvae must seek out nearby fruiting bodies for an additional, unexploited source of spores. 3) If a single female lays most or all of her eggs within a single fruiting body, and if food reserves within the puffball are sufficient for larval development, then wandering may be a device to prevent sib-matings. This presupposes that mating takes place, in at least some instances, before adults have left their puffball host following pupation. The adults are predominantly brachypterous, although macropterous forms are present in low numbers. I selectively examined the wing condition of approxi- mately 100 beetles from series that varied temporally and geographically. Both males and females were examined, and there was no genital variation among comparable forms. Only two macropterous individuals were recorded, one from Louisiana and the other from Michigan. From these data, I believe macroptery is Maintained within the species at a low level. It should be emphasized, however, that fully winged forms are not necessarily capable of flight. Puffballs, or at least groups of puffballs, are somewhat isolated from each other, and their fruiting bodies are generally persistent for about a year. Thus, puffball feeders occupy stable habitats that are moderately isolated from each other. Both of these criteria are consistent with the conditions necessary to maintain a selective advantage for flight polymorphism within a species (see Harrison, 1980). EVOLUTION This section is based in part on the geological and climatological data for North America presented by Matthews (1979). Historical premises that I have accepted 318 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 7-10. Lycoperdina ferruginea, larval mouthparts. 7, Epipharynx (left half) and labrum (right half). 8, Maxilla (ventral habitus). 9, Maxilla, mala (dorsal). 10, Maxilla, mala (ventral). VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 Se) \ } Fig. 11. Lycoperdina ferruginea, larval labium, distal portion of prementum (ventral). which have influenced the following discussion and conclusions are: a redated Tertiary time scale placing the beginning of the Quaternary at about 1.6 million years ago, a recurring Beringian land bridge from the late Cretaceous until the late Pliocene, and a unique vegetational (and perhaps insect) character of each interglacial period, thus dismissing the concept of Geofloras. Fossil Lycoperdina are known from the Oligocene (Strohecker, 1953), and this provides a minimum age for the genus. Given the relatively slow rate of evolution for Lycoperdina (see below), vicariance probably occurred between a widespread ancestral Beringian species about 3 million years ago. This event resulted in Lycoperdina ferruginea and its sister, probably the Siberian L. kol/tzei Reitter (see Strohecker, 1970). Puffballs were well established in North America at this time (Vincent Demoulin, in litt.), and they provided a widespread and abundant food source throughout the region east of the North American Cordillera and not much south of successive glacial advances. Genera preferring open grasslands and steppe, such as Bovista and Calvatia, may have been dominant in the north, while Ly- coperdon was probably widespread and abundant in southern forested regions (Vincent Demoulin, in litt.). As the Wisconsin glaciation retreated about 10,000 years ago, Lycoperdina ferruginea began a northward migration extending to its present range. Several speculations about Lycoperdina ferruginea and its relatives are: (1) Brachyptery is probably common throughout this group, but percentages of mac- ropterous individuals may vary significantly both between species and between 320 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 14 Figs. 12-14. Lycoperdina ferruginea, larval leg. 12, Coxa. 13, Trochanter and femur. 14, Tibia and tarsungulus. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 321 Fig. 15. Known distribution of Lycoperdina ferruginea in North America. populations of a species.! (2) Based on out-group comparisons, brachyptery is an ancestral condition, thus consistent reduction of flight wings is a result of common ancestry rather than independent parallel loss. (3) Conditions selecting for bra- chyptery have probably changed in intensity through time, so Pleistocene Lyco- perdina may have been almost entirely macropterous. Thus, they may have pos- sessed strong and rapid dispersal capabilities. Whitehead (1972) discussed two general patterns of speciation: islandic, which is relatively fast, and continental, which is relatively slow. Wheeler (1979) dis- cussed gasteromycetophagy in relation to speciation patterns of Creagrophorus (Coleoptera: Leiodidae), and I concur that due to the widespread occurrence of puffballs (and possibly alternate, non-preferred hosts; see ““Natural History’’) in suitable microhabitats, puffball feeders were probably unaffected by rapid climatic changes of the Pleistocene and thus demonstrate a continental pattern of specia- tion. Wheeler attributes the slow rate of speciation in Creagrophorus to the highly ' Dr. Strohecker has kindly examined the wing condition for 11 species of Lycoperdina, and he reports the occurrence of aptery or brachyptery for all 11 species. The species he examined are: L. angusta Arrow, L. apicata Fairmaire, L. castaneipennis Gorham, L. koltzei Reitter, L. mandarinea Gerstaecker, L. morosa (Arrow), L. mus Arrow, L. pencillata Marseul, L. pulvinata Reitter, L. suc- cincta (Linnaeus), L. validicornis Gerstaecker. I have also examined brachypterous specimens of L. bovistae. 322 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 16-19. Lycoperdina ferruginea habitats. 16, Hardwood forest in central New York. 17, Lycoperdon pyriforme sporocarps on prostrate log. 18, Lycoperdon pyriforme with well-developed apical pores. 19, Lycoperdina ferruginea larva, with phoretic acarid mites, wandering on peridium of Lycoperdon pyriforme. vagile winged adults. How might brachyptery affect rates of speciation within Lycoperdina, and given the present predominantly flightless condition, how could L. ferruginea have dispersed so thoroughly throughout North America? If a high level of brachyptery is a post-Pleistocene condition, there is little difficulty explaining Lycoperdina’s extensive North American distribution. If, however, Lycoperdina ferruginea has a long history of almost complete brachy- ptery, is a transcontinental distribution by natural dispersal mechanisms possible? I think this phenomenon can be easily explained: macropterous individuals, al- though rare, are sufficiently represented to maintain adequate interdemic gene flow. Ball and Negre (1972) discovered similar conditions in North American Calathus (Coleoptera: Carabidae), and I agree that in predominantly brachypter- ous species, macroptery may be sufficiently maintained to instill good dispersal power. I believe the widespread distribution of Lycoperdina ferruginea, without apparent geographical variation, are indicators of adequate dispersal and gene flow that have retarded reproductive segregation. DESCRIPTION OF LAST INSTAR LARVA With characters of Endomychidae (Lawrence, 1982). Length at midline about 10 mm; body elongate (Fig. 1); widest at middle, gradually tapering anteriorly and posteriorly. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 323 Cranium (Fig. 5) about as long as wide; 4 pairs of ocelli. Frontal suture U-shaped, almost reaching posterior margin of cranium; coronal suture absent. Antenna (Fig. 6) small, reduced. Sensory appendage triangular, anteroventrad and subequal in length to antennal segment III. Antennal segment I short, broad; | ventral and 2 dorsal pores; | large ventral seta as in Fig. 6. Segment II longest: subcylindrical, slightly tapering distally; 1 dorsal pore; 1 small dorsal seta and | small ventral seta, each near apex. Segment III small, about as long as sensory appendage; apex truncate, with 6 processes as in Fig. 6; longest apical process subequal in length to segment III. Labrum (Fig. 7, left half) transverse, about 2 x as wide as long; with 2 sets of pores; 5 pairs of setae, with a single seta on midline. Epipharynx (Fig. 7, right half) with patch of short spines distad as figured; patch of spines and setae posteriorly along midline. Mandible (cf. Lawrence, 1977; Figs. 10-11) short, broad; apex truncate; molar enlarged, small teeth present; protheca membranous. Maxilla (Fig. 8-10) with small subtriangular juxtacardo. Cardo pentangular, with | seta. Stipes elongate; 2 setae proximad, | seta near base of palp, 1 seta centrally near base of mala, 6 anteroventral setae on mesal margin. Mala membranous, with dense fringe of hairs ventrally; many short spines dor- sally. Palpifer small; palpus three-segmented. Palpal segment I an incomplete sclerotized ring with 2 ventral pores. Segment II narrower, about as long as segment I. Segment III elongate, subcylindrical; dorsal digitiform sensillum present; 8 apical sensory processes. Labium (Fig. 11) reduced; prementum short; postmen- tum large, well developed. Palp two-segmented, first segment a highly reduced mesal sclerite. Prothorax about 2 x as wide as long, broadest posteriorly; 2 large notal plates, each centrally depressed. Mesothorax and metathorax about 4 as wide as long; each with 2 small tergal plates subequal in size. Legs (Figs. 12—14) increasing in size posteriorly. Coxa (Fig. 12) subquadrate; 7 dorsal setae, 19 ventral setae. Trochanter (Fig. 13) subtriangular; 4 ventral pores, 2 dorsal pores; 6 ventral setae, 3 dorsal setae. Femur (Fig. 13) elongate, about 2 x as long as wide; | pore ventrally, 2 pores dorsally; 3 setae on dorsum, 9 setae on venter. Tibia (Fig. 14) elongate, narrowing distally; 4 ventral setae, 3 dorsal setae; rows of micropores distally on both ventral and dorsal surface. Tarsungulus (Fig. 14) unisetose. Abdominal terga I-IX with dorsolateral and lateral verrucae becoming ap- proximate posteriorly. Paired dorsal spines along midline increasing in size cau- dally. Segments I—-VIII about 4—5 x as wide as long; segment III broadest; segment VIII about 3 x as wide as long; segment IX about 2 as wide as long. Segment X reduced, posteroventrally positioned. Urogomphi absent. DESCRIPTION OF PUPA As shown in Figs. 3—4. Partially enclosed by larval skin. Dorsum covered with fine pubescence; ventrites completely lacking setae. Head shape and dimensions similar to adult. Labrum elongate, extending to apex of mandibles, with emar- ginate apex. Mandibular apices bidentate, sclerotized. Abdominal spiracles I-V tuberulate, functional; tracheae well-developed. Spiracles VI-VII marked exter- nally, not functional. Spiracle VIII barely visible externally, not functional. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following institutions made material available for study. I thank the curators of these collections, without whose kind help this study would not have been 324 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON possible: L. H. Herman, American Museum of Natural History; D. H. Kavanaugh, California Academy of Sciences; J. T. Doyen, University of California, Berkeley; J. M. Campbell, Canadian National Collection of Insects; Q. D. Wheeler, Cornell University Insect Collection; L. E. Watrous, Field Museum of Natural History; C. B. Barr, Louisiana State University; C. L. Hogue, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County; A. F. Newton, Museum of Comparative Zoology; E. U. Balsbaugh, North Dakota State University; J. D. Lattin, Oregon State University; P. D. Ashlock, University of Kansas; G. E. Ball, University of Alberta; G. G. E. Scudder, University of British Columbia; C. L. Smith, University of Georgia; B. M. O’Connor, University of Michigan; E. G. Riley, University of Missouri; T. L. Erwin, National Museum of Natural History. I thank Vincent Demoulin and Barry O’Connor who kindly made identifications and offered information about host Gasteromycetes and phoretic acarid mites respectively. John Rawlins prepared the photographs with mites phoretic upon Lycoperdina larvae, and E. Richard Hoebeke and Quentin Wheeler collected puffballs and contributed valuable field observations. Special thanks to George Byers, Barry O’Connor, Fred Strohecker, and Quentin Wheeler for critically re- viewing this paper. This research was supported in part by grants from the Cornell University Chapter and the National Chapter of the Society of Sigma Xi, and Cornell University Hatch Project NYC139426 (Q. Wheeler, Project Director). LITERATURE CITED Arnett, R. H., Jr. and G. A. Samuelson. 1969. Directory of Coleoptera Collections of North America (Canada through Panama). Cushing-Malloy. Ann Arbor. 123 pp. Ball, G. E. and J. Negre. 1972. The taxonomy of the Nearctic species of the genus Ca/athus Bonelli (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Agonini). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 98: 412-533. Benick, L. 1952. Pilzkafer und Kaferpilze. Acta Zool. Fenn. 70: 1-250. Blatchley, W. S. 1910. An Illustrated Descriptive Catologue of the Coleoptera or Beetles known to Occur in Indiana. Indianapolis, Indiana. 1385 pp. Ganglbauer, L. 1899. Die Kafer von Mitteleuropa. Dritter Band. Familienreiche Staphylinoidea. II. Theil. Druck und Verlag von Gerold’s Sohn. Wien. 635 pp. Harrison, R. G. 1980. Dispersal polymorphisms in insects. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 11: 95-118. Horion, A. 1961. Faunistik der mitteleuropadischen Kafer. Band VIII: Clavicornia. 2. Teil (Thoric- tidae bis Cisidae) Teredilia Coccinellidae. Uberlingen-Bodensee. 375 pp. Lawrence, J. F. 1977. Extraordinary images show how beetles have adapted to live off plants and each other. Horticulture 55: 8-13. 1982. Coleoptera, vol. 2, pp. 482-553. In S. P. Parker (ed.), Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill. New York. Lawrence, J. F. and A. F. Newton. 1980. Coleoptera associated with the fruiting bodies of slime molds (Myxomycetes). Coleopt. Bull. 34(2): 129-143. Matthews, J. V. 1979. Tertiary and Quaternary environments: Historical backgrounds for an analysis of the Candian insect fauna. Jn H. V. Danks (ed.), Canada and its insect fauna. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 108: 31-86. Newton, A. F. In press. Mycophagy in the Staphylinoidea. Jn Q. D. Wheeler and M. Blackwell (eds.), Fungus-Insect Relationships. Columbia University Press. New York. Peterson, A. 1960. Larvae of insects. Part II, Coleoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, Siphonaptera, Me- coptera, Trichoptera. Columbus, Ohio. 416 pp. Rehfous, M. 1955. Contribution a l’étude des insectes des champignons. Mitt. Schweiz. entomol. Ges. 28: 1-106. Strohecker, H. F. 1953. Genera Insectorum (Endomychidae). Fasc. 210. Desmet-Verteneuil. Bru- xelles. 140 pp. 1970. Ergebnisse der zoologischen Forschungen von Dr. Z. Kaszab in der Mongolei. 225. Endomychidae. Ann. Hist.-Nat. Musei Nat. Hung. 62: 245-7. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 325 Sunhede, S. 1974. Studies in Gasteromycetes I. Notes on spore liberation and spore dispersal in Geastrum. Sven. Bot. Tidskr. 68: 329-343. 1977. Morphology and intraspecific variation in Geastrum triplex Jungh. Bot. Not. 130: 403-416. Wheeler, Q. D. 1979. Revision and cladistics of the Middle American genus Creagrophorus Matthews (Coleoptera: Leiodidae). Quaest. Entomol. 15: 447-479. Whitehead, D. R. 1972. Classification, phylogeny, and zoogeography of Schizogenius Putzeys (Co- leoptera: Carabidae: Scaratini). Quaest. Entomol. 8: 131-348. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 326-336 ETHOLOGY OF LAPHRIA FERNALDI (BACK) (DIPTERA: ASILIDAE) IN SOUTHEAST WYOMING! R. J. LAVIGNE AND S. W. BULLINGTON Entomology Section, University of Wyoming, Box 3354, University Station, Laramie, Wyoming 82071. Abstract.—The behavior of a western coniferous forest asilid, Laphria fernaldi (Back), was studied in southeast Wyoming. Prey, predominantly Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, are captured in aerial flights. No prey manipulation occurs once the asilid returns to the feeding site. Mating without prior courtship is completed on perch sites one to nine meters above the forest floor. Described by Back (1904) as Dasyllis fernaldi, this species was subsequently placed in the genus Bombomima by Enderlein (1914). There it remained until Nagatomi (1964) synonomized Bombomima with Laphria, thus placing fernaldi in the latter genus. This change of status was supported by Martin (1965). This species, like other species formerly placed in Bombomima and species in the genus Mallophora, strongly resemble bumblebees in size, shape and color patterns and have been referred to as mimics (Bromley, 1930). Toads, at least, quickly learn to associate these color patterns with stinging hymenopteran models after one error of judgment (Brower et al., 1960) suggesting that this is batesian mimicry. Waldbauer and Sheldon (1971) maintain that for Laphria flavicollis Say and L. thoracica Fabricius, insectivorous birds are the main selective agents which determine the morphology and behavior of the mimics. A widespread distribution has been attributed to L. fernaldi in the western United States and Canada, specimens being cited from: Colorado (type locality) (Back, 1904; Cockerell, 1917; James, 1938, 1941); Nebraska, South Dakota (Jones, 1907); Oregon (Cole and Lovett, 1921); Utah (Brown, 1929; Knowlton and Harn- ston, 1938); Washington, Idaho, New Mexico, Arizona, Montana (Adisoemarto, 1967); British Columbia (Criddle, 1921) and Alberta (Adisoemarto, 1967). Be- cause there appears to be a complex of species involved (Bullington, unpublished data), some of these records may be in error. However, comparison of specimens from our study population with specimens taken from a variety of locations in Colorado have convinced us that the specimens referred to in the present paper are definitely Laphria fernaldi. METHODS James (1938) refers to B. fernaldi as a coniferous forest denizen and it is within a predominantly lodgepole pine forest that our study was conducted. The study ! Published with the approval of the Director, Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, as Journal Article No. JA 1224. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 B27 site was located in the Snowy Range Mts., Albany Co., Wyoming, in a moderately wooded area across the North Fork of the Little Laramie River from the USFS North Fork Campground (elev. 2577 m). The area was bisected by an old logging road which at one point expanded into a large clearing. Most recorded activities were within the forest bordering the clearing. Fallen and cut logs of various dimensions were scattered over the forest floor, but most branches and small dead trees had been removed by campers seeking firewood. Methods of study of this population were similar to those described in Lavigne (1982) for Neoitamus vittipes. Additionally, individuals were marked by placing dots of various colors of Testors model airplane paint (Pla Enamel, the Testor Corporation, Rockford, Illinois) on the dorsum of the thorax. Each specimen was marked the first time it was encountered and had a specific designation, such as B, (= 3 blue dots). With this method we individually marked 12 specimens in 1978 (12 4), 3 in 1979 (2 6, 1 2) and 43 in 1981 (36 4, 7 2). A few additional observations were made on a small population at Battle Creek Campground, Sierra Madre Mts., July 25-26, 1978. Extensive observations were made on this species in 1978 (7/25—9/9) and again in 1981 (7/16—-9/20), while we were engaged in a study of male territoriality (Lavigne and Bullington, unpublished data). Incidental observations also were made during the adult flying season in 1979 (7/21-9/9) when time permitted. Specimens upon which this paper is based have been placed in the entomological collection of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC as: R. J. Lavigne, Voucher Spec. #47. Weather conditions appeared to be the dominating influence on L. fernaldi activities during all three years. Activities largely ceased on cloudy days and on rainy days the asilids would disappear. Intermittent rain showers or all day rains were common in August, thus limiting opportunities for the flies to feed, mate and oviposit. Each sunny morning male L. fernaldi would appear on rocks or on logs between 0845 and 1005 h, whenever the log surface temperature reached ca. 27°C. In late afternoon between 1700 and 1800 h, the asilids usually would leave the logs. Followed males flew 20-25 m in interrupted flights eventually disappearing into the tree canopy, where it is presumed they spent the night. As the season progressed and the angle of the sun changed, logs would be sunlit for shorter periods and asilids would leave them at an earlier time. FORAGING AND FEEDING BEHAVIOR All observed Laphria fernaldi males foraged from sunny spots on logs (Fig. 1) which they constantly patrolled. We speculate that females foraged within the tree canopy. In only five instances over a four year period were females observed with prey in the study area; in four, the female was resting in sunlight on the surface of a log. The remaining female was found clinging to a rock in a clearing with a bumblebee as prey. The sky was cloudy. Other observed females were engaged in mating, oviposition, or resting but never foraging. Subsequent foraging data refer to male activity. The heads of males are almost constantly in motion presumably in order to evaluate both potential prey and potential mates and/or competitors. Often the whole body is turned. Attack flights are initiated from log surfaces in response to moving insects. However, apparently particular characteristics of potential prey 328 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON are important in stimulating an attack since a great variety of insects are ignored, though obviously seen. Once initiated, the prey capture dart may be a straight line attack or, if the potential prey, such as a syrphid or dragonfly exhibits evasive action (N = 6), the chase may be a long and convoluted flight. Observed foraging flights ranged from ’;m to 11 m. Unsuccessful flights (N = 51) covered the same distances, whereas successful capture darts (N = 11) covered 1'4 to 7 m. It is interesting, however, that the means for successful capture darts (x = 11.8 m) are very close to those for unsuccessful ones (X = 12.3 m). All prey were collected while airborne (N = 20). ene and capture may not mean that the prey is impaled. Six additional capture darts ended with the release of the collected item before the asilid landed. Prey selection apparently functions on the basis of visual discrimination. On four occasions, asilids circled insects (all bees) and then returned to their perch without making an attack suggesting a learned response. Another time a male flew halfway towards a small bee and then returned to its log. Conversely, errors are made. In one case a dandilion seed was the captured item, not an insect. Once prey are captured they are manipulated and impaled during a short hover prior to landing. The prey was usually still struggling when the asilid landed with the prey positioned (Fig. 2), facing forward, between its legs. Unlike most other asilid species, no manipulation takes place during feeding. The length of time males spend feeding is inordinately short in comparison to that spent by other asilids whose prey are proportionately large. For example, the mean feeding time for three specimens of the cantharid, Podabrus lateralis LeConte, was 4 min. Complete feeding times were recorded for 13 prey, ranging from 2 to 27 min (X = 9.5). Feeding asilids were often forced to move quickly with prey impaled upon their probosces. In one instance, an ant grabbed a feeding asilid’s leg who responded by flicking off the ant and flying to a new perch. In addition to foraging ants, asilids responded to moving spiders. Larger predators were also a potential dis- turbance. Various species of birds hawked in the vicinity of the logs and both chipmunks and squirrels used the logs as runways. While feeding was in progress, and even afterwards, small numbers of tiny flies flitted about the asilid’s proboscis. Some landed on the proboscis and others on the prey where the partially digested contents oozed from the open wound. When the harrassment was too great, the asilid would fly rapidly to a new perch. Once feeding ceased prey were discarded in one of two ways: in flight (N = 16) or when the asilid pushed the prey off its proboscis with its foretarsi on site (N = 10). The logs from which the asilids foraged, were partially decayed and often housed colonies of carpenter ants, Camponotus sp. Those that didn’t, usually served as roofs for nests of Formica sp. Both kinds of ants were constantly foraging and discarded prey were quickly collected and taken into the nests. While male foraging activity has been observed as early as 0845 h (log surface temp. 23°C) and as late as 1729 h (log surface temp. 31°C), feeding records only cover the hours 0928 to 1649. The five female feeding records cover the time period 1120 h to 1537 h. PREY SELECTION Records of prey taken by bumblebee mimetic Laphria are few. Bromley (1930) states that this group of asilids “‘“seem to prefer as prey, insects of the ‘buzzing’ VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 329 ae es C ae Fig. 1. One of the log sets patrolled by males in the coniferous forest habitat of Laphria fernaldi. Fig. 2. Male Laphria fernaldi with winged reproductive Formica sp. as prey showing size difference between predator and prey. rather than the ‘fluttering’ type of flight’? and commonly take Coleoptera and occassionally Hymenoptera as prey. MacFarlane (1973) lists 17 instances where bumblebees served as prey; however, his single record for L. fernaldi does not occur in his listed citation (i.e. Brown, 1929). 330 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 1. Numbers and percentages of measured prey of different taxa captured by males and females of Laphria fernaldi at the North Fork study site, Medicine Bow Nat’l. For., Wyoming. This listing does not include 13 prey, which were recognized as to taxa but were carried off by asilids, or prey collected at other locations. Males Females Taxa No. % Size Range (mm) xX No. % Size Range (mm) x Coleoptera a2 51.6 3.5-14.5 6.9 2 50 8.5-16.3 12.4 Diptera 8 1229 6.7-11.1 7.4 Hemiptera l 1.6 3.6 Hymenoptera 18 29.0 6.1-15.7 9.6 ep, 50 6.1-10.9 8.5 Lepidoptera 2 3}53) 9.9-12.4 il Plecoptera ol 1.6 4.8 be: Ps. Total 62 100 3.5-15.7 7.8 4 100 6.1-16.3 10.5 Measured prey ranged widely in size, but were considerably smaller than the predator. Females were larger (X = 15.9, r= 15-17.4 mm, N = 6) than males (x = 13.6, r = 10.1-15.4 mm, N = 10), and took slightly larger prey. Prey taken by females ranged from 6.1—16.3 mm (xX = 10.5, N = 4); those taken by males ranged from 3.5-15.7 mm (X = 7.8, N = 62). The predator to prey size ratio, based primarily on male captures, was 1.61:1 (1.74:1 for 6; 1.51:1 for @). Separation of prey records on the basis of taxa taken show that Coleoptera (51.5%) and Hymenoptera (30.3%) were favored by both sexes (Table 1). Observed recorded prey not collected by the investigators, when added to the figures in Table 1 increase the dominance of Coleoptera in the prey record to 43 (54.4%). The total number of Hymenoptera increases to 22 (27.7%), that of Diptera to 9 (11.4%) and Hemiptera to 2 (2.5%). There is little doubt that male L. fernaldi exhibit selectivity in their choice of prey as seen by the list of prey. Additionally, on numerous occasions insects flew well within the attack range of the asilid and yet were acknowledged only by a head turn. Following is a listing of prey taken by L. fernaldi. The number of observations and sex, when known, of the predator are indicated in parentheses following the prey taxa. All captures were made at the North Fork study site unless otherwise indicated. COLEOPTERA, Buprestidae: Chrysobothris laricis VanDuzee, VIII-2- 78 (6), VIUI-11-78 (6), Chrysobothris trinervia (Kirby), VIII-11-78 (6), Melanophila drummondi (Kirby), Pingree Park, Roosevelt Nat'l. For., CO, VIII-26-53 (2) (R. H. Painter), Melanophila lecontei Obenb., VII-26-78 (6); Cantharidae: Podabrus lateralis LeConte, VII-26-78 (3 3), VII-28-78 (2 4), VII-31-78 (2 8), VIII-2-78 (6), VIII-4-78 (8), VIII-10-78 (6); Cerambycidae: Acmaeops proteus Kirby, VIII-2-78 (3), VIII-4-78 (4), VIII-10-78 (2), VIII-16-78 (8), Cosmosalia nigrolineata (Bland), VII-26-78 (6), VII-23-81 (6), VIH-29-81 (6), Gnathacmaeops pratensis (Laichart- ing), VII-28-78 (6), Judolia gaurotoides gaurotoides (Casey), The Sinks, Fremont County Youth Camp, ca. 18 mi SW Lander, VII-1-73 (6) (R. J. Lavigne), Leptura propinqua Bland, VII-29-81 (2), Xestoleptura behrensi (LeConte), Salmon laSac, Kittas Co., WA, VII-26-69 (¢) (C. J. Horning), undet., VII-26-78 (6); Elateridae: Athous pallidipennis Mann, VIII-4-78 (6), Ctenicera breweri (Horn), VIII-5-78 (3), undet., VII-26-80 (6); Meloidae: undet., VII-27-78 (6); Scarabaeidae: Aphodius VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 3)3)1 fimentarius L., VII-25-81 (6), Aphodius scobriceps LeConte, VII-25-81 (¢). DIP- TERA, Asilidae: Eucyrtopogon sp., VIII-27-78 (6); Bibionidae: Bibio sp. VIII-19- 78 (8), VIII-20-78 (6); Muscidae: undet., Syrphidae: Metasyrphus sp., prob. lap- ponicus Zett., VIII-1-78 (6)., HEMIPTERA, Miridae: Lygus sp., VIII-10-78 (8). HYMENOPTERA, Apidae: Bombus bifarius Cresson, Pingree Park, Roosevelt Nat’l. For., CO, 9000’, VIII-19-30 (3) (D. A. Wilbur), Bombus bifarius nearcticus Handlirsch, Grassy Lake, Targhee Nat’l. For., WY, VIII-10-66 (4), Bombus mixtus Cresson, VIII-1-78 (6); Psithyrus fernaldae Franklin, Olga, WA, VII-14-09 (é); Colletidae: Colletes sp., VII-27-78 (6), VII-26-79 (4), VIII-1-78 (6); Formicidae: Formica sp. (winged reproductives), VIII-2-78 (6), VIII-13-78 (4), VIII-20-78 (6), VIII-26-78 (2 4), VIII-23-81 (6), Battle Creek Campground, Medicine Bow Nat’l. For., VII-25-78 (6); Halictidae: undet., VII-16-78 (2), Halictus sp., west of Cody, Rte. 16 overlook, North Fork, Shoshone R., VI-27-77 (8) (R. J. Lavigne, Ichneu- monidae: Spilichneumon nubivagus (Cresson), VIII-30-81 (3); Pompilidae: undet., VIII-13-78 (6), VII-22-81 (6); Sphecidae: undet., VIII-19-78 (6), VII-23-81 (6); Tenthredinidae: Tenthredo anomocera Rohwer, VIII-10-78 (4); Vespidae: Vespula vulgaris (L.), Cameron Pass, Gould, CO, VIII-8-78 (2). PLECOPTERA, Nemou- ridae: undet., VIII-4-78 (6). MATING As with most species of Asilidae, mating occurs without prior courtship. Males dart with equal vigor at females and other males that appear on or in the vicinity of the log patrolled by the male. Upon contact, the male grapples with the other asilid often forcing it off the log into the ground cover. If the encountered asilid is a female, copulation usually takes place. Encountered males are chased away without apparent injury. Initial copulation is in the male atop female position, but almost immediately the pair take positions facing in opposite directions (Fig. 3). The pair then flies to a high perch somewhere within 10 m of the copulation site. Perch heights varied from | to 9 m (xX = 4.7, N = 11). While copulating, both sexes open and close their wings intermittently as well as occasionally cleaning their eyes and then the foretarsi. Just prior to the cessation of copulation, the female arches her body and moves forward. The male relaxes his gonopods, releases the female and flies off leaving the female resting on the substrate (N = 5). Initial observations of mated pairs (N = 14) were made between 1002 h and 1617 h, with all but three occurring between 1002 h and 1245 h. Only three matings were observed in their entirety. These copulations at 1058 h, 1112 h and 1614 h lasted 121, 86 and 79 min, respectively. A pair apparently seeks moderate temperatures for extended matings. Tem- peratures on log surfaces in sun at the time copulations were initiated varied from 20° to 47°C (X = 32°C). Temperatures at heights the pair flew to varied from 22° to 31°C (X = 26.6°C). It may well be, however, as Baker (1983) suggests, citing the example of Scatophaga stercoraria (L.), that males select where to take the copulated female in order to reduce the risk of being displaced by another male. Multiple matings apparently occur although this strategy was only observed once. On August 26th, at the end of a mating, the female (with frayed wings suggesting old age) was collected. She was released 15 min. later in the vicinity of an unmarked male who immediately flew in her direction, made contact and 332 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 3. Mated pair of Laphria fernaldi in typical copulatory position. Fig. 4. Female Laphria fernaldi ovipositing in entrance of carpenter bee burrow. copulated with her in the grass beside the log. The male kept trying to fly while the female clung to a grass stalk. After 13 min. the male removed his gonopods from the female’s ovipositor and flew. The female crawled into the shade under a pine cone and died. Males apparently are able to distinguish between their own species and their VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 333 bumblebee model, Bombus melanopygus Nylander, only upon close inspection. Twice L. fernaldi males flew 2 m to hover 2.5 cm behind bumblebees working thistle blossoms. The bumblebees would “‘kick”’ with their hind legs at the asilids who subsequently retreated to their former perches after 10-15 sec. OVIPOSITION All known larvae of the Laphriinae occur in dead wood (Lavigne et al., 1978). “In Laphria, Lampria and Bombomima the ovipositor is short and the eggs are laid in shallow crevices of dead wood.” (Bromley, 1946). Bromley was referring primarily to eastern species with which he was familiar. Similar oviposition sites were recorded for species of European Laphria by Melin (1923). Laphria fernaldi oviposition habits do not differ significantly from those previously mentioned, although no one has noted hovering prior to site selection. Females of L. fernaldi were rarely seen except when they appeared on large logs for the purpose of oviposition. Typical oviposition behavior was as follows. A female would fly along a log ca. 5 cm above the surface. Intermittently she would hover 2.5—4 cm above a dark area, usually the entrance to a carpenter bee tunnel or a crack in the wood. If the site was “‘suitable,”’ she would land next to the hole, reverse position and move backwards to the lip of the convexity (Fig. 4). The Ovipositor would then be extruded in various directions within the hole. When extruded, it 1s covered with long erect hairs which presumably have a sensory function. The ovipositor is intermittently retracted and extruded while the female is in position. It may be removed from the depression any time within 15 sec to 5 min and the female will then fly outward and resume her flight along the log seeking new sites. If disturbed by an organism while ovipositing, such as a car- penter ant, the female will fly 15-20 cm down the log and, as soon as the intruder has departed, will return to the same hole. In one instance a bee was in the hole and the asilid returned 4 times to attempt to utilize the burrow. Having been chased off each time, it flew 9 m up into a pine tree and finally out of the area. Of the 58 times females were observed placing their ovipositors in potential sites, 24% were in carpenter bee holes, 20% in elongate cracks in the log surface, and 14% were under bark. All observed females searching for oviposition sites were seen between July 27 and August 10. Mated pairs, however, were seen as late as August 26. Oviposition attempts were observed as early as 0957 h and as late as 1715 h, but the majority (12 out of 18) occurred between 1012 h and 1340 h. Temperatures on the log surface where females were ovipositing ranged from 23°C to 48°C (xX = 34.5°C). In 50% of the cases where females were searching for oviposition sites, they were accosted by males who forced them into the grass alongside the logs and attempted copulation. EGGs Sculpturing on asilid egg chorions was first mentioned by Melin (1923) who commented “The Laphria species all have oval-shaped eggs, with rounded poles, reddish brown and somewhat shiny. The shells are firm and furnished with facet- like ridges.” He then proceeded to illustrate a single line drawing showing a hexagonal pattern, referring to the sculpturing on egg chorions of L. ephippium Fabricius, L. flava Linn., L. gibbosa Linn., L. gilva Linn. and L. marginata Linn. 334 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 5. Chorionic sculpturing of eggs of Laphria fernaldi (SEM photo, 800 x). Eggs of Laphria fernaldi were dissected from the abdomens of dried pinned females. The insects were first relaxed and then a lateral slit was made between the tergites and sternites which allowed the eggs to be removed easily without destroying the specimen. The mature eggs were oval and reddish brown. They ranged in length from 0.75 to 0.93 mm (xX = 0.8, N = 50) and in width from 0.55 to 0.6 mm (xX = 0.57). With the advent of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) a new tool became available for examination of the chorionic sculpturing on insect eggs. Musso (1981) used it successfully to produce pictures of eggs of some French asilid species. Two species of Andrensoma (the only Laphriinae tested) were the only ones that had the type of sculpturing he designated as “‘(a) pigmented eggs with a thick chorion of irregular polygon surface structure.’”” His SEM picture of the chorionic sculp- turing is somewhat similar to that which we have found on the chorion of L. Jernaldi (Fig. 5). Dr. Fred Lawson (Entomology, University of Wyoming), who kindly took the SEM photo, agrees with us that sufficient differences exist to suggest that SEM photos of eggs could be a useful taxonomic tool in suggesting phylogenetic relationships. LONGEVITY OF ADULTS Because of the large size of adult L. fernaldi in relation to wing span and because individual males were extremely active, we were interested in adult longevity. In other words how could such large insects, that apparently fed infrequently for short time periods expend such huge amounts of energy and not expire rapidly? Marking of individuals in 1978 was initiated halfway through the season; three individuals were observed intermittently over 10 day periods and one was known VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 335 to survive 12 days. The population was practically nonexistent in 1979, but one male was found to have survived 16 days. Greater emphasis was placed on longevity in 1981 when every observed individual was marked. Despite diligent searching, only 7 individuals were recorded as surviving longer than 10 days as follows: 11, 13, 13, 16, 18, 29, 30 days (x = 18.5). All were males. It is probable that these figures are a reasonable estimate of longevity for individuals, even though the seasonal distribution of this population may extend 65 days. The constraints of working in a forest combined with the flying abilities of the asilids would seem to preclude obtaining more definitive data for L. fernaldi. Addition- ally, individuals appear at odd times of the year. We have collected specimens with the following data: May 16th, June 27th and July 3rd, which fall well outside the range of dates for the population reported herein, i.e. mid July to late Sep- tember. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We express our appreciation to the following taxonomists for identification of various prey: Kenneth Fender, 835 Ashwood Ave., McMinnville, OR 97128 (Cantharidae); Rabinder Kumar, University of Wyoming (Scarabaeidae); Michael Ivie, Ohio State University (Cerambycidae); Robin W. Thorp, University of Cal- ifornia, Davis (Apidae: Bombinae); Richard Westcott, Oregon Department of Agriculture, 635 Capitol Street NE, Salem, OR 97310 (Buprestidae). LITERATURE CITED Adisoemarto, S. 1967. The Asilidae (Diptera) of Alberta. Quest. Entomol. 3: 3-90. Back, E. A. 1904. New species of North American Asilidae. Can. Entomol. 36: 289-293. Baker, R. R. 1983. Insect territorality. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 28: 65-89. Bromley, S. W. 1930. Bee-killing robber flies. J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 38: 159-177. . 1946. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VI. The Diptera or true flies of Connecticut. Third Fascicle. Asilidae. Bull. Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. No. 69. 51 pp. Brower, L. P., J. V. Z. Brower, and P. Westcott. 1960. Experimental studies of mimicry. 5. The reactions of toads (Bufo terrastris) to bumblebees (Bombus americanorum), with a discussion of aggressive mimicry. Am. Nat. 94: 343-355. Brown, C. J.D. 1929. A morphological and systematical study of Utah Asilidae (Diptera). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 54(4): 295-320. Cockerell, T. D. A. 1917. The fauna of Boulder County, Colorado III. Univ. Colo. Studies 12: 5-20. Cole, F. R. and A. L. Lovett. 1921. An annotated list of the Diptera (flies) of Oregon. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4) 11: 197-344. Criddle, N. 1921. The entomological record, 1920. 51st Ann. Rept., Entomol. Soc. Ontario, pp. 72-90. Enderlein, G. 1914. Dipterologische Studien. XI. Zur Kenntnis tropischer Asiliden. Zool. Anz. 44(6): 241-263. James, M. T. 1938. A systematic and ecological study of the robber flies (Asilidae) of Colorado. Univ. Colo. Studies 26(1): 70-74. 1941. The robber flies of Colorado (Diptera, Asilidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 14: 27-53. Jones, P. R. 1907. A preliminary list of the Asilidae of Nebraska, with description of new species. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 33: 273-286. Knowlton, G. F. and F. C. Harmston. 1938. Utah Asilidae. Proc. Utah Acad. Sci., Arts & Letters 15: 123-125. Lavigne, R. J. 1982. Ethology of Neoitamus vittipes (Diptera: Asilidae) in South Australia. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84: 617-627. Lavigne, R., S. Dennis, and J. A. Gowen. 1978. Asilid literature update 1956-1976 including a brief review of robber fly biology (Diptera: Asilidae). Wyo. Agr. Exp. Stn. Sci. Monogr. 36. 134 pp. 336 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON MacFarlane, R. P. 1973. A review of the insects, spiders and mites predacious on bumble bees (Bombinae) in North America. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ont. 104: 27-30. Martin, C. H. 1965. Generic and subfamily changes, new synonymy, new names, new species, and notes on Asilidae (Diptera). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 38: 110-134. Melin, D. 1923. Contributions to the knowledge of the biology, metamorphosis and distribution of the Swedish asilids. Zool. Bidr. Uppsala 8: 1-317. Musso, J. J. 1981. Morphology and development of the immature stages of some robber flies (Diptera: Brachycera: Asilidae). Entomol. Generalis 7: 89-104. Nagatomi, A. 1964. The status of the genera Laphria, Choerades (= Epholkiolaphria), and Bom- bomima (Diptera, Asilidae). Kontyi 32(2): 223-225. Waldbauer, G. P.andJ.K. Sheldon. 1971. Phenological relationships of some aculeate Hymenoptera, their Dipteran mimics, and insectivorous birds. Evolution 25: 371-382. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 337-345 NEW SPECIES OF ISOMETOPINAE (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) FROM MEXICO, WITH NEW RECORDS FOR PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES THOMAS J. HENRY Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, % National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560. Abstract.—Four new species of Miridae Corticoris pallidus, C. pintoi, C. pu- bescens, and Myiomma keltoni are described from Mexico. The adult of C. pintoi is illustrated and the fifth-instar nymph is described; a revised key to the genus Corticoris is provided; and new records are given for seven previously described North American Isometopinae. Most, if not all, isometopine bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) are predatory and, therefore, are potentially important biocontrol agents. Wheeler and Henry (1978) reviewed the feeding habits of the Isometopinae, studied the biology of four eastern North America species, and showed that Corticoris signatus (Heidemann) and Myiomma cixiiforme (Uhler) preyed on obscure scale, Melanaspis obscura (Com- stock). Recently, Ghauri and Ghauri (1983) provided a record of their new genus and species 7otta zaherii preying on tea scale, Fiorinia theae Green, in northern India. Taxonomic work for the New World taxa has been summarized (Henry, 1977, 1979, 1980; Henry and Herring, 1979). Ghauri and Ghauri (1983) included in their paper a key to the world genera, but, unfortunately, they overlooked my key to the New World genera and descriptions of three new genera (Henry, 1980), Schuh’s (1976) establishment of the subfamily Psallopinae to accommodate Psal- lops Usinger, and the transfer of Jsometocoris Carvalho and Sailer from Isome- topinae to Psallopinae (Henry and Maldonado, 1982). In this paper I describe three new species of Corticoris McAtee and Malloch and one new Myiomma Puton. The adult of C. pintoi, new species, is illustrated and the fifth-instar nymph described; a revised key to the genus Corticoris is provided; and additional distribution and/or host records are given for seven previously described species found in North America. The following abbreviations are used for institutions cited in this paper: BRI (Biosystematic Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa); UCR (University of California, Riverside); and USNM (U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.). Corticoris pallidus Henry, NEW SPECIES Holotype female.— Length 2.36 mm, width 1.12 mm, general coloration black with hemelytra pale, except for basal half of clavus; pubescence short, recumbent, 338 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON and white to brownish. Head: Width 0.58 mm, vertex 0.18 mm, ocelli 0.12 mm apart; uniformly shiny black; eyes emarginate posterior to ocelli. Rostrum: Length 1.10 mm, extending nearly to base of ovipositor. Antenna: Segment I, length 0.10 mm, pale yellowish brown, slightly darker basally; II, 0.52 mm, brownish black, apical 4 white; III, 0.18 mm, brownish black, apex white; IV, 0.14 mm, fusiform, brown. Pronotum: Length 0.36 mm, basal width 0.96 mm; shiny black; lateral margins flattened; posterior margin nearly straight; calli raised, smooth, and shiny with a deeply impressed line behind each; disc deeply and evenly punctate. Meso- scutum and scutellum uniformly black; scutellum weakly punctate. Hemelytron: Whitish, basal '2 of clavus black; apex of clavus and quadrate mark on apex of corium fuscous; middle of cuneus and posterior '2 of embolium shaded with brown; membrane translucent brown, veins whitish. Venter: Abdomen brown, first segment brownish yellow laterally; thoracic area shiny black; ostiolar evap- orative area brown, whitish on anterior raised area. Legs: Coxae brown, paler apically; femora dark brown, apices whitish; tibiae brown, apices whitish; tarsi and claws brown. Male. — Unknown. Type data.— Holotype °: 24 mi. W. La Ciudad, Durango, Mexico, 7000’, 21 July 1964, L. A. Kelton coll. (BRI). Remarks.—Corticoris pallidus is remarkably similar to C. pulchellus in the coloration of the dorsum (Henry and Herring, 1979; Fig. 3), except the fuscous mark of the corium is larger and more nearly quadrate on pallidus. These two species do differ significantly in the coloration of the antennae, legs, and venter. The second antennal segment (except for a subapical fuscous band), legs, and abdomen on pulchellus are uniformly whitish; on pallidus the second antennal segment is brownish black with the apex white, the femora and tibiae are brown with the apices whitish, and the abdomen is brown. Corticoris pintoi Henry, NEW SPECIES Fig. 1 Holotype female.—Length 2.12 mm (range of 5 paratypes, 2.16-2.32 mm); width 1.08 mm (1.04—1.12). Head: Width 0.58 mm (0.56-0.58), vertex 0.20 mm (0.20—0.22), ocelli 0.12 mm apart (0.10-0.12); shiny black, with area between vertex and tylus pale yellow. Rostrum: Length 1.16 mm (1.14—1.20). Antenna: Segment I, length 0.08 mm (0.10-0.14), white, black on basal 2 of ventral aspect; II, length 0.54 mm (0.54—0.56), white at apex and on dorsal aspect, ventral aspect black or fuscous; III, length 0.18 mm (0.18-0.20), black; IV, length 0.14 mm (0.12—0.14 mm), black. Pronotum: Length 0.34 mm (0.34—-0.38), basal width 0.92-— 0.94); whitish, with wide region anterior to raised calli black; strongly and evenly punctate. Scutellum and mesoscutum black; scutellum granulate and transversely rugose. Hemelytron: White, with basal '2 of clavus, one irregular band across apical 3 of embolium and corium and apex of clavus, and narrow band through middle of cuneus black; membrane smoky brown. Venter: Undersurface of thorax shiny and mostly black, with xyphus, coxal cleft, and anterior and dorsal margin of propleura, whitish; abdomen whitish with basal area and posterior margins of segments fuscous. Legs: Femora white with distinct subapical fuscous bands; tibiae whitish on dorsal surface, fuscous ventrally; tibiae and claws fuscous. Male. — Unknown. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 Bao Fig. 1. Corticoris pintoi, n. sp., dorsal habitus of holotype female. Type data.—Holotype °: Mexico, Baja Calif. Sur., 31 rd. km W. of Vizcaino, ca. 27'29’"N, 113'44”W, 26 Mar. 1980, John D. Pinto coll., taken beating Fou- quieria sp. (Fouquieriaceae) [branches thickly covered with lichen] (U.S. National Museum of Natural History (USNM) Type No. 75742). Paratypes: 7 pinned ¢ (1 adult, 8 5th instars, and 1 4th instar in alcohol); same data as for holotype (California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, UCR, USNM). Remarks.—In Henry and Herring (1979), Corticoris pintoi will key to couplet 5 with /ibertus (Gibson) and mexicanus Henry and Herring. It can be separated from /ibertus and mexicanus by the overall white coloration (Fig. 1) with the mostly black head, black anterior mark on the pronotum, black scutellum, the one black band across the apical '3 of the hemelytron and one across the cuneus, and the long 2nd antennal segment that is subequal to the width of the head. Fifth-instar nymph. — Length 1.88—2.04 mm (n = 5), width 1.04-1.16 mm, form elongate oval, generally pale grayish brown, strongly mottled and speckled with darker brown. Head width subequal to length of 2nd antennal segment, tylus acutely produced into short tubercle, vertex pale, slightly wider than dorsal width of an eye, frontal area with a brown U-shaped line, area between anterior margin of eye, side of tylus, and base of Ist antennal segment dark brown. Antenna pale, 340 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON mottled with darker brown, brown whitish apically; 2nd segment pale brown, mottled with darker brown, brown coalescing to form a band next to whitish apex, length 0.40-0.48 mm; segment III brown, white apically; segment IV uni- formly brown. Pronotum subquadrate, about 3.6 x wider than long, dark brown through entire length behind eyes, pale grayish brown laterally; scutellar area dark brown basally, mottled brown on apical 2; wing pads brown, interrupted with paler spots and a large, pale, grayish-brown area at middle along costal margin. Abdomen grayish brown with numerous small brown spots and a row of larger spots between meson and lateral margin; dorsal scent gland and surrounding spot dark brown. Femora brown, pale apically; tibiae strongly brown spotted. Remarks.— Wheeler and Henry (1978) provided a key to separate the nymphs of two eastern species of Corticoris. Now that nymphs of pintoi are available for study, it is even more apparent that immatures have excellent characters for separating species. Corticoris pintoi is similar to pulchellus in dorsal markings and to signatus in having spotted legs. This new species can be separated from the latter two species by the much larger spots on the tibiae and the brown-mottled 2nd antennal segment with a subapical dark-brown band. In pulchellus and sig- natus segment II is distinctly shorter than the width of the head. I have the pleasure of naming this attractive new species after its collector, John D. Pinto (UCR). Corticoris pubescens Henry, NEW SPECIES Figs. 2-3 Holotype female.—Length 2.68 mm (range of 5 paratypes 2.44-2.76), width 1.36 (1.16—-1.36), general coloration black with pale yellow areas on head and pronotum; hemelytra whitish, marked with fuscous or black. Head: Width 0.66 mm (0.64—0.68), vertex across ocelli 0.26 mm (0.24—0.26), ocelli 0.14 mm (0.12— 0.14) apart; shiny black with area behind and just in front of ocelli and narrow inner margins of eyes pale yellowish; eyes emarginate to posterior margin of head behind ocelli. Rostrum: Length 1.26 mm (1.24—1.36), extending to base of ovi- positor. Antenna: Segment I, length 0.12 mm (0.10-1.12), white with a fuscous band around middle; II, 0.64 mm (0.60—0.66), brown to fuscous on ventral aspect and apical 4 of dorsal aspect, basal 34 of dorsal aspect pale or whitish; III, 0.18 mm (0.20), fuscous; IV, 0.14 mm (0.14—0.16), fuscous. Pronotum: Length 0.44 mm (0.40-0.44), basal width 1.06 mm (0.96-—1.04), smooth, shiny black with anterior angles, posterior angles, narrow basal margin, and posterior mesal part of disc pale yellowish; disc shiny and sparsely and finely punctate; calli raised with a wide, deeply impressed line behind calli; lateral margins flattened and somewhat recurved; posterior margin emarginate on either side of meson; pu- bescence long and thickly set, setae much longer than spaces separating their bases, especially long setae bridging gap over impressed line behind calli. Meso- scutum and scutellum black, with narrow apical margin of scutellum pale yellow. Hemelytron: Whitish with a larger fuscous to black area at middle of corium; pubescence pale or white, long, and dense, setae longer than distance between their bases; cuneus whitish with inner apical margin fuscous; membrane smoky brown, veins paler. Venter: Abdomen brown with the apical 3 segments paler; sternum black; propleuron black with anterior and posterior margins pale yellow- ish; xyphus black with ventral margin pale yellow. Legs: Coxae pale yellow or VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 34] whitish; femora pale yellow or whitish, sometimes with a subapical fuscous band, especially on profemur, bands nearly absent on remaining femora or broken into indistinct spots; tibiae brownish, darker basally; tarsi and claws brown. Male. — Length 3.06—3.16 mm (n = 3), width 1.32—1.36 mm. Head: Width 0.68 mm, vertex 0.24 mm, ocelli 0.14 mm apart. Rostrum: Length 1.22-1.30 mm. Antenna: Segment I, length 0.10—0.12 mm; II, 0.76-0.78 mm; III, 0.16 mm; IV, 0.12 mm. Pronotum: Length 0.42-0.44 mm, basal width 1.06-1.08 mm. Geni- talia: Left paramere (Fig. 2); right paramere (Fig. 3). The male of this species is very similar to the female in the coloration of the head, pronotum, and legs, but differs by the more elongate form, the hemelytra lacking distinct fuscous marks on the corium, and the longer and thicker second antennal segment that is yellowish brown and more strongly pubescent. Type data.—Holotype 2: 10 mi. W. of El Salto, Durango, Mexico, 9000’, 24 June 1964, L. A. Kelton coll. (BRI). Paratypes: 1 6, same data as for holotype (BRI); 2 2, 3 mi. E. of El Salto, Durango, Mex., 21 June 1964, L. A. Kelton coll. (BRI); 2 2, 8 mi. E. of El Salto, Durango, Mex., 8200’, 25 June 1964, L. A. Kelton coll. (BRI, USNM); 2 4, 1 2, 9 mi. W. La Ciudad, Durango, Mex., 10 June 1964, L. A. Kelton coll. (BRI, USNM). Remarks. — Corticoris pubescens is most similar to mexicanus Henry and Her- ring in color and body structure, but pubescens differs in having the second an- tennal segment subequal to the width of, instead of shorter than, the head, less distinct subapical bands on the femora, and the abdomen uniformly brown instead of banded. REVISED KEY TO SPECIES OF CORTICORIS (FEMALES) [eeDorsuniunitornly dark brown ........2:.6.800%6.% unicolor (Heidemann) — Dorsum not uniformly dark brown, hemelytra with extensive pale areas IN Raw ia. 2G lar Le senobels. tena | coie sleet: ee > eras aos 2 2. Corium largely pale or whitish with only a small fuscous mark at apex .. 3 — Corium pale testaceous or whitish, but with large fuscous or black patches SmibAnGS ot) hese MVR bese dGe 26 Ga A AG Ais 4 3. Legs and abdomen uniformly pale or white; second antennal segment whitish with a black subapical band .............. pulchellus (Heidemann) — Legsand abdomen not uniformly pale or white, instead femora dark brown with apices pale and abdomen brown; second antennal segment brownish blackewith;the apex: paletor white 2.4 ke ae pallidus, new species qugeicad and: pronotum«amiformly black:420 Winee. 3.8). VINA. ee 5 — Head and pronotum with extensive white, yellow, or yellowish brown ATE ASIN RATED Beaks Airy? bh asl sey Nye cree SINE ISS sane ae, Cee, PO 3D Bane 6 5. Second antennal segment pale on dorsal aspect; vertex as wide or wider than an eye; apex of cuneus fuscous or black ........ signatus (Heidemann) — Second antennal segment mostly brown, paler on basal 2 and apex; vertex much narrower thanianéye: apex: of icuneus pale,s4. 40 eke eee ek EA SOF pores a> yay ttl ee ee infuscatus Henry and Herring 6. Scutellum uniformly whitish or yellowish brown ......... libertus (Gibson) Scntelliumblackvsemetimes, pale at apexs.| cise al et inal eR EO y} 7. Base of vertex and tylus black; pronotum pale or whitish except narrowly fuscous ontand-in‘ front of calli. (Fig: I): cde ects Reis pintoi, new species 342 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON \ Figs. 2-5. Paramers of isometopines. Corticoris pubescens: 2, left paramere; 3, right paramere. Myiomma keltoni: 4, left paramere; 5, right paramere. — Vertex pale or yellowish; pronotum with extensive fuscous or black areas 8. Length of second antennal segment shorter than width of head; each femur with a wide, black, subapical band; abdomen pale or yellowish with an- terior margin of each segment fuscous (banded) ..................... SLRS ORE Oe a TE PR eee SEL. mexicanus Henry and Herring — Length of second antennal segment subequal to width of head; front femur with a distinct, fuscous or black, subapical band, bands becoming obsolete on middle and hindfemora; abdomen brown with genital segments paler brown’... 2580200 Te 8 a SOO ree pubescens, new species Myiomma keltoni Henry, NEw SPECIES Figs. 4-5 Holotype male.—Length 3.56 mm (paratype male ca. 3.40 mm; membrane damaged), width 1.32 mm (1.24), general coloration dull to shiny black. Head: Width 0.60 mm (0.60), vertex across ocelli 0.16 mm (0.18), ocelli 0.08 mm (0.08) apart; uniformly shiny fuscous to black, except for the narrow, yellowish side of head behind eyes; scattered with erect setae on frons. Rostrum: Length 1.16 mm (1.04), extending just beyond metacoxae. Antenna: Segment I, length 0.10 mm (0.08), fuscous; II, 0.82 mm (0.80), greatest diameter 0.10 mm (0.10), black with apex whitish, thickly set with recumbent black setae, setae pale on apex; III, 0.20 mm (0.18), black; IV, 0.16 mm (0.18), black. Pronotum: Length 0.44 mm (0.40), basal width 1.10 mm (1.12); shiny black, weakly transversely rugose; basal margin emarginate on either side of meson; mesoscutum black with lateral ridges paler; VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 343 scutellum black and transversely rugose. Hemelytron: Mostly dull black with inner Y, of corium and apical '2 of clavus more brownish or grayish black, set with erect, black, bristlelike setae; embolium shiny black with base pale or whitish; cuneus shiny black with basal margin white to yellowish white; membrane fumate. Venter: Shiny fuscous to black; ostiolar evaporative area white. Legs: Uniformly fuscous to black, except for paler brown or yellowish apical 3 of tibiae. Genitalia: Left paramere (Fig. 4); right paramere (Fig. 5). Female.—Length 3.12 mm, width 1.28 mm. Head: Width 0.58 mm, vertex 0.16 mm, ocelli 0.10 mm apart. Rostrum: Length ca. 1.30 mm (bent). Antenna: Segment I, length 0.08 mm; II, 0.80 mm; III, 0.26 mm; IV, 0.16 mm. Pronotum: Length 0.38 mm, basal width 1.08 mm. The female of this species is very much like the male in the overall black coloration with the same pale markings. Females differ in the more grayish-brown corium and clavus, the more distinct pale apices of the tibiae, a pale-yellow apex on the scutellum, and the distinctly more slender second antennal segment. Type data.— Holotype 6: San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico, 16-17-VII-1969, L. A. Kelton coll. (BRI). Paratypes: 1 4, 1 2, same data as for holotype (BRI, USNM). Remarks.— Myiomma keltoni will run to couplet 3 of my key (Henry, 1979) with cixiiforme and fusiforme based on the overall blackish coloration and large size. This attractive species can be separated from both of the latter by the lack of white along inner margins of the eyes (ora white spot on the frons), the brownish, rather than black, corium and clavus, the pale area at the base of the embolium, and the more slender second antennal segment. I am naming this species after its collector, Leonard A. Kelton (BRI), who has been very kind in lending specimens of Miridae, including many of the Isome- topinae used in this study. NEw RECORDS FOR PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED SPECIES Corticoris infuscatus Henry and Herring.—This species was described from single females collected in the states of Mexico and Oaxaca, Mexico (Henry and Herring, 1979). I have identified a third female taken in Jilotepec, Mexico, Mex., 2-IX-1969, by L. A. Kelton (BRI). Corticoris signatus (Heidemann).— This species was described from Texas (Hei- demann, 1908) and later reported from the District of Columbia, Florida, and Pennsylvania (summarized by Henry and Herring, 1979). I have identified the following specimens which represent new country records for Canada and Mexico, and a new state record for North Carolina: Canada.: 1 2, Vineland, 22-VII-1963, L. A. Kelton, on hickory (in crevices of bark) (BRI); 4 4, 8 2, Vineland Sta., 27 Jul. 1964, W. L. Putnam, on “Plumbark.” Mexico.: 1 9, 23 mi. W. Durango, Durango, 7500’, 26 June 1964, L. A. Kelton (BRI). United States.: 2 6, 7 2, Raleigh, Wake Co., North Carolina, 26 May 1981, D. L. Stephan, on trunk of Acer rubrum L. infested with Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock) (USNM). Corticoris unicolor (Heidemann).—This species was described from Arizona (Heidemann, 1908) and later reported from Durango, Mexico (Henry and Herring, 1979). I have identified 1 additional female taken 25 miles south of Durango, Durango, Mexico, Hwy 45, 24 Jul. 1964, by L. A. Kelton (BRI). Lidopus heidemanni Gibson.—This species was described from Texas (Gibson, 1917) and later reported from Florida, Illinois, North Carolina, Tennessee, and 344 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Tamaulipas (near Soto la Marina), Mexico (Henry, 1979). The following are new state records for Mexico: | 6, 11 km N Autlan, Jalisco, Jul. 30-Aug. 1, 1978, taken at light, Plitt and Schaffner (USNM); | 2, 5 mi. S. Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 16-VII-1963, H. and A. Howden (BRI); and 1 4, Orizaba, Veracruz 12-22 Aug. 1961, R. and K. Dreisbach (USNM-Knight coll.). Myiomma cixiiforme (Uhler).— This species was described from the District of Columbia, Maryland, and West Virginia (Uhler, 1891) and later reported from Delaware, Florida, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, and Quebec (sum- marized by Henry, 1979). I have examined the following specimens which rep- resent a new province record for Canada and a new country record for Mexico: Canada.: 9 2, Niagara, Ontario, 25-VII-1963, L. A. Kelton, on hickory [in crevices of bark] (BRI); 7 2, Vineland, Ont., 22-VII-1963, L. A. Kelton, on hickory; 1 9, Vineland Sta., Ont., 27 Jul. 1964, W. L. Putnam, on “Plumbark’”’ (BRI); 1 8, Ottawa, Ont. 17-VII-1953, J. F. McAlpine, on ““Bleeding Elm.’’ Mexico.: 1 3, 1 2, Nuevo Leon, S/Manzano, June 1980, I. Trevino (USNM). Myiomma fusiforme Henry.—This species was described from a single female collected in Durango, Mexico (Henry, 1979). I have identified an additional female collected 8 miles east of El Salto, Durango, Mexico, at 8200’, 25 June 1964, by L. A. Kelton (BRI). Wetmorea notabilis McAtee and Malloch.—This species was described from a single female taken in the Dragoon Mts., Arizona (McAtee and Malloch, 1924) and later reported from Oracle, Arizona and Puebla (northwest of Acatlan), Mex- ico (Henry, 1980). Recently, I examined two females collected 18 miles NW of Guadelajara, Jalisco, Mexico, in a pine-oak area, 30-IV-1961, by Howden and Martin (BRI). These specimens represent a considerable southern range extension and a new state record for notabilis. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Leonard A. Kelton (BRI), John D. Pinto (UCR), and Saul Frommer (UCR) for lending many of the specimens used in this study. R. C. Froeschner (USNM), R. J. Gagné (SEL, % USNM), and R. L. Hodges (SEL, % USNM) kindly reviewed the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Ghauri, M. S. K. and F. Y. K. Ghauri. 1983. A new genus and new species of Isometopidae from North India, with a key to world genera. Reichenbachia 21: 19-25. Gibson, E. H. 1917. The family Isometopidae Fieb. as represented in North America (Heteroptera). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 12: 73-77. Heidemann, O. 1908. Notes on Heidemannia cixiiformis Uhler and other species of Isometopinae [Hemiptera-Heteroptera]. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 9: 126-130. Henry, T. J. 1977. Teratodia Bergroth, new synonym of Diphleps Bergroth with descriptions of two new species (Heteroptera: Miridae: Isometopinae). Fla. Entomol. 60: 201-210. 1979. Review of the New World species of Myiomma with descriptions of eight new species (Hemiptera: Miridae: Isometopinae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 81: 552-569. 1980. Review of Lidopus Gibson and Wetmorea McAtee and Malloch, descriptions of three new genera and two new species, and key to New World genera (Hemiptera: Miridae: Isome- topinae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 82: 178-194. Henry, T. J. and J. L. Herring. 1979. Review of the genus Corticoris with descriptions of two new species from Mexico (Hemiptera: Miridae: Isometopinae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 81: 82-96. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 345 Henry, T. J. and J. Maldonado Capriles. 1982. The four “‘ocelli’’ of the isometopine genus Jsome- tocoris Carvalho and Sailer (Hemiptera: Miridae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84: 245-249. McAtee, W. L. and J. R. Malloch. 1924. Some annectant bugs of the superfamily Cimicoideae (Heteroptera). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 19: 69-83. Schuh, R. T. 1976. Pretarsal structure in the Miridae (Hemiptera) with a cladistic analysis of rela- tionships within the family. Am. Mus. Novit. 2601, 39 pp. Uhler, P.R. 1891. Observations on some remarkable forms of Capsidae. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 2: 119-123. Wheeler, A. G., Jr. and T. J. Henry. 1978. Isometopinae (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Pennsylvania: Biology and descriptions of fifth instars, with observations of predation on obscure scale. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 71: 607-614. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 346-348 A NEW STIBADIUM FROM TEXAS AND A REDESCRIPTION OF STIRIODES EDENTATUS (GROTE) (NOCTUIDAE: LEPIDOPTERA) ANDRE BLANCHARD AND EDWARD C. KNUDSON (AB) 3023 Underwood, Houston, Texas 77025; (ECK) 808 Woodstock, Bellaire, Texas 77401. Abstract.—A new noctuid moth, Stibadium caesium, is described from a single male specimen collected in Texas. Stiriodes edentatus (Grote) is reported from Texas. Imagines, male genitalia, and terminal sclerotizations of abdomen are figured. A new species of noctuid, Stibadium caesium, is described below from a single male collected on south Padre Island by the junior author. Stiriodes edentatus is reported from Texas for the first time from two male specimens collected in Big Bend National Park by the junior author. Originally, these were also thought to represent a new species, but later proved to represent examples of edentatus, a highly variable species previously known from Mexico and southern Arizona. Stibadium caesium Blanchard & Knudson, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1-4 Head: Front and vertex whitish gray. Labial palpi whitish, with blackish scales along lateral surface, exceeding front by 3 of an eye diameter. Antennae simple, clothed dorsally with whitish scales; ventrally minutely pubescent. Collar whitish gray. Thorax: Entirely whitish gray. Abdomen: Whitish gray (later removed for dissection). Forewings: Ground color pale bluish gray, consisting of a mixture of white and pale fuscous scales. Antemedial line obscure, fuscous, beginning on dorsal margin at '3 distance from base, outwardly oblique, fading out beyond cell. Postmedian line narrow, fuscous, beginning on dorsal margin 3 distance from tornus, out- wardly oblique and bluntly angled beyond cell, not traceable to costa. Median space more suffused with fuscous than basal or subterminal space. Beyond post- median line inner half of subterminal space more suffused with white; outer half suffused with fuscous. At costa, just before apex, an obscure subtriangular fuscous patch. Terminal line obscure, fuscous, slightly crenulate. Fringe pale fuscous. Undersurface of forewing fuscous, except for costal margin, which is whitish, and outer subterminal space, which is pale bluish gray. Hindwings: Fuscous, paler towards base, with faint whitish postmedian line. Fringe contrastingly white. Undersurface of hindwing whitish. Length of forewing: 14.2 mm. Male genitalia (Figs. 2, 3, 4): Including sclerotization of 8th abdominal segment. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 347 Figs. 1-8. 1-4, Stibadium caesium. 1, Holotype 6, Cameron Co., Texas, South Padre Island, 24- X-82. 2, Male genitalia of holotype, slide ECK 668. 3, Aedeagus of holotype (vesica inflated), slide ECK 668. 4, Sclerotizations of 8th abdominal segment of holotype, slide ECK 668. 5-8, Stiriodes endentatus (Grote). 5, 6, Brewster Co., Texas, Big Bend National Park, near Nugent Mt., 13-IX-82, length of forewing 8.1 mm. 6, é genitalia of specimen in Fig. 5, slide ECK 666. 7, Aedeagus of specimen in Fig. 5, slide ECK 666. 8, Sclerotization of 6 8th abdominal segment, Big Bend National Park, Dugout Wells, 13-IX-82, slide ECK 674. Lines in Figs. 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 represent 1 mm. 348 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Holotype.—é, Cameron Co., Texas, south Padre Island, 24-X-82, collected by E. Knudson and deposited in the National Museum of Natural History. Remarks.—This species is unique in the genus, because of its pale bluish gray coloration and obscure maculation. The male genitalia are very similar to other members of the genus, particularly Stibadium spumosum Grote. Until more spec- imens are collected, it is uncertain whether this species is confined to the sand dune habitat of south Padre Island, or represents a stray example from northern Mexico, where relatively little moth collecting has been done. Stiriodes edentatus (Grote) Two examples of this noctuid were collected in Big Bend National Park, 13- IX-83, by the junior author. Forewings vary from lemon yellow to pale tawny yellow, with brown markings (as in Fig. 5) or immaculate (not illustrated). Hind- wings cream colored, unmarked. Length of forewing 8.0 and 8.1 mm in the two male examples. Dr. Robert Poole, who has examined both Texas specimens and made the above determination, has commented that these examples represent the extreme end of the weakly maculate forms of edentatus, so much so, that initially they were thought to represent an undescribed species. However, examination of the genitalia showed no significant differences from examples in the N.M.N.H. This species occurs in Mexico and Arizona and exhibits considerable variation in wing color and pattern. The above records are apparently the first from Texas (R. Poole, pers. comm.). In Texas, edentatus may be confused with Stiriodes obtusus (Herrich-Schaffer), which it resembles fairly closely. All the examples of obtusus before us are larger, with heavier maculation on the forewing, and darker hindwings with a well defined postmedian line. Stiriodes obtusus is not known to occur in Big Bend, but the junior author has one specimen from Seminole Canyon, which is about 80 miles due east. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are extremely grateful to Robert Poole for examining the specimens included herein and for reviewing the preliminary MS. Collections in Big Bend National Park by the junior author were made under terms of a permit supported in part by the Florida State Collection of Arthropods (FSCA). PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 349-353 NOTES ON THE SHORE FLY GENUS DIEDROPS (DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE) WAYNE N. MATHIS Department of Entomology, NHB 169, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. Abstract.—The following new species in the genus Diedrops Mathis and Wirth is described: D. steineri (Panama: Chiriqu1). A revised key to the species is pre- sented. This paper presents notes on the genus Diedrops Mathis and Wirth in the form of a new species description, a revised key, and a slightly revised characterization of the genus. The genus Diedrops now includes three species. Perspective for this paper was given in a recent review of Dagini (Mathis, 1982), and further details concerning generic placement, etc., can be found in that publication. For con- venience and continuity, the descriptive format essentially follows that in Mathis (1982). The descriptive terminology follows that published in the recent Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Vol. 1 (McAlpine, 1981) with one exception. I have followed Sabrosky (1983) in using ““microtomentum” rather than pruinescence or polli- nosity for the dustlike vestiture over much of the cuticular surface. Three head ratios and two venational ratios, used in the species’ descriptions, are defined here. Frons width-to-length ratio: frontal height (from the anterior margin of the frons to a line between the posterior pair of ocelli)/frontal width (at the level of the anterior ocellus); eye-to-cheek ratio: genal height (immediately below the eye)/ eye height; eye width-to-face length ratio: face length (in profile from anterior margin of eye to anterior margin of face)/eye width (greatest length along plane of eye); costal vein ratio: the straight line distance between R,,; and R,,;/distance between R, and R,,;; M vein ratio: the straight line distance along M basad of crossvein dm-cu/ distance apicad of crossvein dm-cu. Genus Diedrops Mathis and Wirth Diedrops Mathis and Wirth, 1976: 126 [type-species: Diedrops aenigma Mathis and Wirth, by original designation].— Mathis, 1977: 555 [generic key]; 1982: 6-10 [review]. Diagnosis.— Head: Ocellar bristles lacking; lateroclinate fronto-orbital bristles 2, sometimes weakly developed; mesofrons in depression; arista moderately long, although not twice length of Ist flagellomere, minute setulae on at least basal 7, sometimes to apex, but generally appearing bare; Ist flagellomere nearly twice length of second antennal segment; face shieldlike, shallowly and evenly protru- dent over entire height; facial setae uniformly sparse and subequal in size except 350 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON those along oral margin, the latter setae longer, especially laterally; lacking facial series of setae extendent from midfacial height to posteroventral angles of face; genal bristle present, conspicuous. Thorax: Prescutellar acrostichal bristles 1 pair; scutellar bristles variable as to comparative lengths; postpronotum bare of setulae; anterior notopleural bristle only slightly smaller than posterior one; level of insertion of posterior notopleural bristle especially as compared to anterior bristle variable; proepisternum with scattered setulae; katepisternal bristle conspicuously weaker than anepisternal bristle; apex of vein R,,, approximate to vein R,,;, distance between these at apex less than '2 that between veins R,,; and M; capitellum coloration variable; armature of forefemur variable. Abdomen: Male abdomen and terminalia as follows: Sth sternum divided, each sternite with setulae more densely clustered toward posteromedian angle. Epan- drium shieldlike, cerci and cercal cavity occupying dorsal '2 to '4, ventral margin emarginate, setulose, and perhaps representing fused surstyli; gonite at least 3 times higher than wide, with posterodorsal gonal arch, latter with ventromedian process; aedeagal apodeme comparatively large, J-shaped, ventral portion wider; aedeagus 2—3 times longer than wide, in lateral view, variously shaped. Discussion.—In my review of the tribe Dagini (Mathis, 1982) I hypothesized that the lineage giving rise to the genus Diedrops was one of three that formed an unresolved trichotomy. The other two lineages are those from which Psilephydra and Dagus + Physemops arose. With the addition of a third species to Diedrops, one character I used breaks down and needs to be reassessed. Within the tribe Dagini, I stated previously (1982:5) that only in specimens of the Dagus + Phy- semops lineage was the posterior notopleural bristle inserted more dorsad com- pared to that of the anterior bristle. In the new species of Diedrops, however, the posterior bristle is also distinctly elevated. In the other two species of Diedrops, D. aenigma and D. hitchcocki, the posterior bristle is inserted at a very slight elevation from the level of the anterior bristle. But in specimens of D. byersi the posterior bristle is distinctly inserted at an elevated level, similar to specimens of Dagus or Physemops. 1 still am of the opinion that an elevated insertion is an apotypic character, and consequently, that Diedrops is closely related to the Dagus + Physemops lineage. Repositioning Diedrops resolves the trichotomy with Psilephydra and Dagus + Physemops (Psilephydra is now the sister group to the remaining lineages of the tribe) but creates another, with Diedrops, Dagus, and Physemops as the included genera. Although each of the genera in this trichotomy is well characterized, the relationships between them remain unresolved. KEY TO SPECIES OF DIEDROPS 1. Face distinctly bicolored, with a wide, brown, median stripe about the width of the distance between the eyes, face, otherwise, silvery gray to whitish; fore- and midfemora of male with row of prominent, robust setae along posteroventral surface (Panama) ............. D. steineri, new species — Face unicolorous, silvery gray; leg setation of sexes similar, weak, lacking rowrofrobustisetadiai se anes). s2eeetiees? 24) Boat Soha 2 2. Anepimeron bare of setulae; anterior scutellar seta nearly equal to length of posterior seta; wing apex rounded; vein R,,, nearly parallel to vein R,,5; length of basitarsus equal to or shorter than combined length of VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 351 remaining tarsomeres for each leg; larger species, length 4.13 to 4.53 mm UNIGRICO)TIN ed re ew aA ns Sb es D. aenigma Mathis and Wirth — Anepimeron with 1 to several setulae near anterior margin; anterior scu- tellar seta distinctly smaller than posterior one, usually less than one-half length; wing apex bluntly rounded; apex of vein R,,; slightly sinuate; length of basitarsus larger than combined length of remaining tarsomeres for each leg-ismallerspeciessicneth’ 2:75 10°35 mam (PEL). gat. eee obs ee Ph eh ash fee a axe Sods as hc ME Ses D. hitchcocki Mathis and Wirth Diedrops steineri, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1-6 Diagnosis. — Resembling D. aenigma but differing from it as follows: moderately small to medium-sized shore flies, length 2.38 to 3.33 mm. Head (Fig. 1): Frons width-to-length ratio 0.29; vestiture of frons uniformly microtomentose, appearing dull, vestiture of mesofrons not distinguished from that of parafrons; face, in lateral view, conspicuously arched just below facial prominence, thereafter nearly flat, vertical; facial setae comparatively longer and more conspicuous; face distinctly bicolored, with a wide, median, brown stripe; eye width-to-face ratio 0.40; anteroventral margin of eye bluntly rounded; eye- to-cheek ratio 0.60. Thorax: Setae of dorsocentral and acrostichal series generally more strongly developed; usually with a larger pair of prescutellar acrostichal setae; anteroventral scutellar bristle strongly developed, subequal in size to apical scutellar bristle; posterior notopleural bristle inserted at level distinctly higher than anterior bristle; length of basitarsus slightly longer or subequal to combined length of remaining tarsomeres for each leg; capitellum of halter mostly yellowish. Wing with apex bluntly rounded; vein R,,; evenly and very shallowly arched on basal *4, thereafter shallowly dipping toward vein R,,,; distally; costal vein ratio 15.50; vein M ratio LVS: Abdomen (2-6): Dorsum slightly lighter in color than mesonotum; tergum | and anterior '2 of tergum 2 grayish, other terga blackish brown; length of 3rd tergum of male only slightly shorter than combined length of 4th and 5th terga; 5th tergum of male with posterior margin shallowly emarginate; male terminalia as in Figs. 2-6. Type material.— Holotype male is labeled ““PANAMA, Chiriqui, Bambito, Rio Chiriqui Viejo 1770 m, 3 June 1983.” “‘Collected by P.J. Spangler R.A. Faitoute W.E. Steiner.”” The holotype is double mounted (minute nadel in a plastic elas- tomer block), is in excellent condition, and is in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, USNM 101202. The allotype female and 37 paratypes (26 6, 11 2; USNM) bear the same locality data as the holotype. Etymology.—The specific epithet is a Latinized genitive patronym to honor Mr. Warren Steiner, the collector of the type series. Distribution.— This species is presently known only from the type-locality in Panama. Remarks.—This is the third species to be named in Diedrops. The vertical brown stripe down the middle of the face is the most easily seen character for distinguishing the species and readily separates it from congeners. Unlike the other two species, this species exhibits some sexual dimorphism. 352 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 1-6. Diedrops steineri. 1, Head, lateral view. 2, Epandrium, posterior view. 3, Epandrium, lateral view. 4, Fifth sternites, ventral view. 5, Internal male genitalia, lateral view. 6, Internal male genitalia, posterior view. Males have a row of prominent, robust bristles along the posteroventral surface of both the fore- and midfemora. Presumably these play a role in courtship or copulatory behavior, although no observations have been made to confirm this. The collector of the type series, Mr. Warren Steiner, reported that this species was collected by sweeping immediately over rocks in a small stream. This habitat is characteristic of other species of the tribe, especially in the sister genera, Dagus and Physemops. I have collected specimens of the latter genera in similar habitats. As this habitat has only been sporadically sampled, I suspect that numerous additional species in all genera of Dagini will yet be discovered. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Willis W. Wirth and George C. Steyskal for reviewing the manuscript. The illustrations were produced by Young Sohn, and are gratefully acknowledged. I also thank Warren Steiner for taking the time and effort to collect the type series of Diedrops steineri while on a collecting trip to Panama. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 359 LITERATURE CITED Mathis, W. N. 1977. Key to the neotropical genera of Parydrinae with a revision of the genus Eleleides Cresson (Diptera: Ephydridae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 90(3): 553-565. . 1982. Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), VI: Review of the tribe Dagini. Smithson. Contrib. Zool. No. 345: 1-30. Mathis, W. N., and W. W. Wirth. 1976. A new Neotropical shore fly genus with two new species (Diptera: Ephydridae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 52(2): 126-132. McAlpine, J. F. 1981. Morphology and Terminology— Adults [chapter]. Pp. 9-63. In McAlpine, J. F., et al., eds., Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Res. Branch Agric. Can. Ottawa. Monograph 27, 674 pp. Sabrosky, C. W. 1983. A synopsis of the world species of Desmometopa Loew (Diptera, Milichiidae). Cont. Am. Entomol. Inst. 19(8): 1-69. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 354-357 CYTOGENETIC STUDY IN MALES OF NEARCTIC GENERA OF GERRIDAE (HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA) DIANE M. CALABRESE AND PETER TALLERICO (DMC) Department of Biology and The Wildlife Sanctuary, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania 17013; (PT) Nursing Department, Pennsylvania State Uni- versity, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802. Abstract.—Chromosome numbers and sex chromosome mechanisms deter- mined on the basis of study of spermatogenic tissue are reported for six species of Gerridae: Neogerris hesione (Kirkaldy) (4, N = 11 + XO), Metrobates hesperius (Uhler) (6, N = 12 + XY), Rheumatobates rileyi rileyi Bergroth (6, N = 9 + XY), Trepobates pictus (Herrich-Schaeffer) (4, N = 12), Limnoporus notabilis (Drake and Hottes) and L. canaliculatus Say (6, N= 9 + XY). A preliminary pattern of correspondence emerges when chromosome numbers and sex determination mechanisms are superimposed on a phylogenetic reconstruction for the Gerridae. Here we report chromosome numbers and sex determination mechanisms for representatives of five genera of Gerridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), including three for which such information has not yet been published. We also comment on the apparent congruence between cytogenetic and morphological characters in the family. Many concepts have been associated with congruence: stability in classification, stability with addition of characters, stability with addition of groups; but there is no general agreement on a definition (cf. Rohlf and Sokal, 1980; Schuh and Polhemus, 1980; Mickevich, 1978). Ultimately, congruence refers only to cor- respondence. We compare chromosome numbers and sex determination mech- anisms among genera we studied in the context of a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genera produced by one of us (Calabrese, 1980). MATERIALS AND METHODS Neogerris hesione (Kirkaldy) was collected in southern Florida, Metrobates hes- perius Uhler, Rheumatobates rileyi rileyi Bergroth and Trepobates pictus (Herrich- Schaeffer) were collected in Cumberland County, PA. Limnoporus canaliculatus Say was collected in central Florida by A. Zera. Limnoporus notabilis Drake and Hottes was collected in Haney, British Columbia by John Spence. At least five specimens of each species were field-fixed (15 ml glacial acetic acid, 45 ml absolute ethanol, 5 ml. acetone). Within two weeks testes were dissected out of males. Each testis was stained for 3—5 minutes with a drop of lacto-proprio orcein. A standard squash was made. Slides were sealed in temporary mounts and scanned for figures at 40 x. Metaphase I figures found were photographed at about 1500 x under oil with a Bausch and Lomb (B&L) phase contrast microscope VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 355 with a B&L C-35 camera attachment. Figures were subsequently enlarged when prints were made. RESULTS Chromosome numbers and sex determination mechanisms are summarized as follows (N = 6): Neogerris hesione (Fig. 1), 11 + XO; Metrobates hesperius (Fig. 2), 12 + XY; Rheumatobates rileyi (Fig. 3), 9 + XY; Trepobates pictus (Fig. 4), 12 —; Limnoporus notabilis (Fig. 5), 9 + XY; Limnoporus canaliculatus (Fig. 6), ey Restriction of kinetochores to the terminal ends of meiotic chromosomes is evident in all species studied and m chromosomes are consistently absent (Fig. 1-6). DISCUSSION Study of additional genera (Figs. 1-6) of Gerridae supports our suggestion that the XO sex determination mechanism is not universal among the Gerridae (Cal- abrese and Tallerico, 1982) as Ueshima (1979) has proposed. These are the first results reported for Metrobates, Rheumatobates and Tre- pobates. Jande (1959) reported that in Neogerris parvulus N = 11 + XO. Our results for Neogerris hesione agree with his. We previously reported (Calabrese and Tallerico, 1982) also that Limnoporus dissortis shows a diploid number of 21 and an XO sex determination mechanism in the male. We report here different results for L. notabilis and L. canaliculatus (N = 9 + XY, Figs. 5-6). Although we do not suggest that there is consistency of chromosome number and sex determination mechanism within genera, we do suggest that results based on the species studied, in the context of a phylogenetic reconstruction (Calabrese, 1980), indicate a general trend toward higher chromosome number and in some cases away from an XY male in highly derived groups of Gerridae (e.g. Metrobates, Trepobates). Anderson (1982) reports a diploid number of 25 (no sex determi- nation mechanism given) for Ptilomera breddini Hungerford and Matsuda. The Ptilomera group is hypothetically more derived than the Gerris, Limnoporus and Neogerris groups, but is ancestral to the 7repobates and Metrobates (Calabrese, 1980). And, Cheng and Newman (in prep.) report a diploid number of 30 + XO for several species of Halobates, a genus which hypothetically belongs to the most derived clade of gerrid genera (Calabrese, 1980; Anderson, 1982). Potential for increase in chromosome number through fragmentation exists in the Heteroptera because of the holokinetic nature of heteropteran chromosomes (cf. comprehensive discussion by Schrader (1947)). The tendency for more derived Heteropteran groups to have more chromosomes has also been cited by others. For example, the Pentatomomorpha exhibit the tendency (Leston et al., 1958), as do some Lygaeid groups (Ueshima and Ashlock, 1980). Ueshima and Ashlock (1980) wisely caution against the expectation of finding a universal trend within the Heteroptera. There is good evidence that the XY sex determination mechanism is ancestral in certain familial groupings of Heteroptera: in the Lygaeidae (Ueshima and Ashlock, 1980), the Miridae and Nabidae (Leston, 1957), the Triatominae of the Reduviidae (Ueshima, 1966), and the Coreoidea and Pyrrhocoroidea (Schaefer, 356 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 1. Neogerris hesione, 2N = 22 + XO, ca. 6000 x. Fig. 2. Metrobates hesperius, 2N = 24 + XY, ca. 6000x. Fig. 3. Rheumatobates rileyi, 2N = 18 + XY, ca. 6000*. Fig. 4. Trepobates pictus, 2N = 24, ca. 6000. Fig. 5. Limnoporus notabilis, 2N = 18 + XY, Ca. 6000 x. Fig. 6. Limnoporus canaliculatus, 2N = 18 + XY, ca. 6000 x. 1964). Ueshima (1979) has suggested that the XX-XO sex determination mech- anism is primitive in the Heteroptera. Based on our studies of Gerridae (discussed herein), studies of Mesoveliidae (Calabrese and Tallerico, in press), and the study of Veliidae (Onopa, 1981), we do not find sufficient evidence to consider an XO sex determination mechanism to be ancestral, at least within the Gerromorpha. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to Carl W. Schaefer for useful criticism of an earlier draft of this manuscript. Lanna Cheng and Lester Newman generously gave us permission VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 357 to use their unpublished chromosome data on Ha/lobates. Anthony Zera and John Spence collected Gerrids for us and in that way assisted us greatly. This work was supported by NSF grant DEB 81-16763 to Calabrese. LITERATURE CITED Anderson, N. M. 1982. The Semiaquatic Bugs (Hemiptera, Gerromorpha). Entomonograph, Vol. 3, Scandinavian Science Press Ltd., Klampenborg, Denmark, 455 pp. Calabrese, D. M. 1980. The zoogeography and a cladistic analysis of the Gerridae. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Am. 11: 1-119. Calabrese, D. M. and P. Tallerico. 1982. Chromosome study in males of Nearctic species of Gerris Fabricius and Limnoporus Stal. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84: 535-538. 1983. Significance of a meiotic configuration in a Hemipteran. J. Hered. 74: 299. Jande, S. S. 1959. Chromosome number and sex mechanism in nineteen species of Indian Heter- optera. Res. Bull. (NS) Panjab Univ. 10: 415-417. Leston, D. 1957. Cyto-taxonomy of Miridae and Nabidae (Hemiptera). Chromosoma 8: 609-616. 1958. Chromosome number and the systematics of Pentatomorpha (Hemiptera). Proc. Xth Int. Congr. Entomol. 2: 911-918. Mickevich, M. 1978. Taxonomic congruence. Syst. Zool. 27: 143-158. Onopa, L. 1981. Karyotype of Rhagovelia becki Drake and Harris (Heteroptera: Veliidae). Bios 52: 73-75. Rohlf, R. J. and R. Sokal. 1980. Comments on taxonomic congruence. Syst. Zool. 29: 97-101. Schaefer, C. W. 1964. The morphology and higher classifications of the Coreoidea (Hemiptera- Heteroptera). Parts I and II. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 57: 670-684. Schrader, F. 1947. The role of the kinetochore in the chromosomal evolution of the Heteroptera and Homoptera. Evolution 1: 134-142. Schuh, R. T. and J. T. Polhemus. 1980. Analysis of taxonomic congruence among morphological, ecological and biogeographical data sets for the Leptopodomorpha (Hemiptera). Syst. Zool. 29: 1-26. Ueshima, T. 1966. Cytotaxonomy of the Triatominae (Reduviidae: Hemiptera). Chromosoma (Berl.) 18: 97-122. ——. 1979. Animal Cytogenetics. Vol. 3. Insecta 6. Hemiptera II, Heteroptera. Gebriider Born- traeger, Stuttgart, 117 pp. Ueshima, N. and P. D. Ashlock. 1980. Cytotaxonomy of the Lygaeidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 51: 717-801. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 358-368 SPECIES OF SIBINIA GERMAR (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH MIMOSA PIGRA L. WAYNE E. CLARK Department of Zoology-Entomology, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, Auburn University, Alabama 36849. Abstract.—Four species of the weevil genus Sibinia, S. seminicola Clark, S. fastigiata Clark, S. ochreosa Casey, and S. peruana Pierce, have Mimosa pigra L. as host. A key to adults of these species is presented. S. seminicola, with populations in Texas and Mexico, is newly reported from southeastern Brazil and northeastern Argentina. The known range of S. fastigiata is extended from Mexico and Central America to include Brazil and Peru. The larvae and pupae of S. seminicola and S. ochreosa are described, as are the larvae of S. fastigiata and S. peruana. Pupae of the latter two species are unknown. A monograph of New World weevils of the genus Sibinia (Clark, 1978) listed four species, all of the subgenus Microtychius Casey, as developing on Mimosa pigra L. Two of these, S. seminicola Clark and S. fastigiata Clark, develop in seeds of this mimosoid legume. The other two, S. ochreosa Casey and S. peruana Pierce, develop in the flower buds. The four species have been reported to occur widely throughout Mexico and Central America (Clark, 1978, 1979), the ranges of S. seminicola and S. ochreosa extending into southern Texas, and those of S. ochreosa and S. peruana into South America. Specimens of Sibinia were collected recently on M. pigra by John A. Winder of the Australian CSIRO Biological Control Unit at Curitiba, Parana, Brazil. The Australians’ interest in these weevils arose out of their search for potential agents for biological control of this plant which is a noxious weed in the Northern Territory of Australia (Miller and Pick- ering, 1978). Additional specimens of Sibinia were obtained from Guillermo Kuschel of the Division of Scientific and Industrial Research, Auckland, New Zealand (NZAC), Sergio Vanin of the Museu de Zoologica da Universididade de Sao Paulo (MZSP), and Donald R. Whitehead of the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washington, D.C. These specimens significantly extend the known ranges of S. seminicola and S. fastigiata. The information contained here, along with information on the life histories of the species published elsewhere (Clark, 1978), should be of value to scientists interested in these and other insects associated with M. pigra. Descriptions of the larvae utilize terminology proposed by Anderson (1947); pupal descriptions follow Burke (1968). All were developed from specimens pre- pared by techniques described by Ahmad and Burke (1972), except as noted by Clark et al. (1978). VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 859 seminicola(Texas) 4 seminicola(Brazil) 1.0mm fastigiato 3 peruana LS) ochreasa Figs. 1-5. Sibinia spp., habitus of female, lateral views. 1, S. seminicola (Texas). 2, S. seminicola (Brazil). 3, S. fastigiata. 4, S. ochreosa. 5, S. peruana. ADULTS OF SIBINIA SPECIES ASSOCIATED WITH MIMOSA PIGRA Adults of the four species of Sibinia associated with M. pigra are distinguished from other Curculionoidea (Apion spp., Chalcodermus serripes Champion, and Pselaphorhynchites spp.) likely to be collected on the same plants by the characters which distinguish all members of the tribe Tychiini (Clark et al., 1977). The most easily observed of these characters is the structure of the second abdominal ster- num which is angled posteriorly so that the sides of sternum 2 cover the sides of sternum 3 (Figs. 1—5). The species are distinguished from each other by the characters in the following key. 1. Larger Sibinia, length 2.19-3.45 mm; scales on pronotum and elytra vir- idis or ferruginous, or fulvous and ferruginous in more-or-less distinct ALLER. CONE ort. f7a Che Smaeht |r 0152 eee Ot ee a ee a Joby eas eae 2 — Smaller Sibinia, length 1.58—2.05 mm; scales on pronotum and elytra pale ochreous to citrinous, darker scales, if present, limited to lateromedian pronotal vittae and small lateromedian elytral maculae ............... 3 2. Rostrum of female (Figs. 1, 2) slender, distal portion slightly tapered; article II of male protarsus only slightly concave on inner surface ..... -— Rostrum of female (Fig. 3) stout basally, short distal portion subulate; article II of male protarsus deeply concave on inner surface ...... fastigiata 360 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 3. Protarsus of male with inner surface of article II concave; rostrum of female (Fig. 5) short, stout; pygidium and 5th abdominal sternum of female Strongly produced: (Fig. 5) acioru ba te ee ee ee ee peruana — Protarsus of male with inner surface of article II unmodified; rostrum of female (Fig. 4) abruptly narrowed distad of antennal insertions, distal portion long, curved, slender; pygidium and Sth abdominal sternum of female less’sttonply produced (Fies4)).- 5... eee ochreosa Sibinia seminicola and S. fastigiata Figs. 1-3 The range of S. seminicola was initially described as Texas and northeastern Mexico, that of S. fastigiata as Mexico, Honduras, and Panama (Clark, 1978). The discovery of both species in South America significantly extends their known ranges and reveals an interesting biogeographical pattern. The range extensions themselves are not surprising because the host plant, M. pigra, is widely distributed throughout the neotropics (Turner, 1959). The pattern consists of populations of S. seminicola in Texas and Mexico in apparent disjunction with those in Brazil and Argentina. The two populations are separated by all of Central America, northern South America, and the Amazon Basin. The intervening area appears to be occupied by S. fastigiata. The specimens of S. seminicola from Brazil were all collected on M. pigra or reared from pods of this plant. The Argentine specimens have no host plant data. The following are previously unrecorded collection data on the South American S. seminicola examined. ARGENTINA: Entre Rios, Rio Bravo, 2 Feb 1943, G. Kuschel (1 6, 1 2, NZAC); BRAZIL: Bahia, Medeiros Neto, 19 Jan 1981, J. A. Winder, pod emergence (25 4, 19 9); the same, except 13 Feb 1982 (7 4, 5 9); Teixeira de Freitas, 21 Jan 1981, J. A. Winder, pod emergence (3 6, 2 2); Goids, Itumbiara, 1 May 1981, J. A. Winder (1 4); Minas Gerais, Rio Pomba, Laranjal, 23 Mar 1981, J. A. Winder (1 2), Rio de Janeiro, Campos, 23 Feb 1981, J. A. Winder, pod emergence (1 2); the same, except 26 Mar 1981 (5 4, 3 Q). The South American S. fastigiata have the following previously unreported label data. BRAZIL: Para, Jacareacanga, Dec 1968, M. Alvarenga (1 4, 1 2, MZSP); PERU: Loreto, Rio Maranon, Quebrada Cayaru, 3 Mar 1977, Prance et al. #24662A, Mimosa sp. (4 3, 5 2, USNM). Minor morphological differences distinguish the specimens of S. seminicola from the U.S. and Mexico from those from Brazil and Argentina. The rostrum of the female is longer and more slender in the South American specimens, and the pygidium and apical portion of sternum 5 are slightly narrower as well as being more distinctly produced (cf. Figs. 1, 2). Conversely, the Brazilian specimens of S. fastigiata do not differ significantly from those from Mexico and Central America. Female Peruvian S. fastigiata, however, have the rostrum distinctly narrower and have the pygidium more strongly produced than do the Mexican, Central American, and Brazilian specimens examined. In addition, both male and female Peruvian S. fastigiata have ferruginous instead of viridis scales. Sibinia ochreosa and SS. peruana Figs. 4, 5 According to Clark (1978), S. ochreosa occurs in Texas, Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Brazil, and S. peruana occurs in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 361 Costa Rica, Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina. The latter species is also known from Panama (Clark, 1979). Previously unpublished collection records for S. ochreosa, all of them South American, are as follows. ARGENTINA: Entre Rios, Rio Bravo, 2 Feb 1943, G. Kuschel (2 6, 2 9, NZAC); BRAZIL: Bahia, Itamaraju, 6 Apr 1980, J. A. Winder (1 2); Medeiros Neto, 13 Jan 1981, J. A. Winder (1 3); Espirito Santo, Linhares, 10 Feb 1981, J. A. Winder (2 2), the same, except 3 Mar 1980 (2 6, 2 2); Minas Gerais, Januaria, 5 May 1981, J. A. Winder (1 2); Nanuque, 16 Oct 1980, J. A. Winder (2 2); Sao Joao de Manhuacu, 20 Mar 1981, J. A. Winder (1 2); Pard, Jacareacanga, Nov 1968, M. Alvarenga (36 6, 22 2, MZSP); Sado Paulo, Sao Paulo, 10 May 1981, J. A. Winder (1 3). Previously unpublished locality records for S. peruana, likewise all South Amer- ican, are the following. BOLIVIA: Trinidad, 1 Jan 1949, G. Kuschel (3 4, 1 9, NZAC); BRAZIL: Amapd, Rio Negro, Tapuruguara, 4-5 Feb 1963, J. Bechyne (1 2, MZSP); Minas Gerais, Januaria, 5 May 1981, J. A. Winder, collected on Mimosa pigra (4 2); Parad, Jacareacanga, Dec 1968, M. Alvarenga (3 4, 8 2, MZSP). The striking differences in the rostrum and pygidium which distinguish females of S. ochreosa from those of S. peruana may have some significance in resource partitioning in the two species. In females of S. ochreosa (Fig. 4) the rostrum is long and slender, the distal portion attenuate, smooth, and glabrous, whereas in S. peruana (Fig. 5) the female has a short stout rostrum with a sculpted, relatively stout distal portion. S. peruana has a more strongly produced pygidium and 5th abdominal sternum. LARVAE AND PUPAE OF S/BINIA SPECIES ASSOCIATED WITH M. PIGRA The larvae and pupae described below are the only ones of members of the genus Sibinia to be so treated since the description of S. setosa (LeConte) by Rogers et al. (1975). Clark et al. (1978) compared larvae and pupae of species of Tychius Germar with those of S. setosa and of S. sodalis Germar, a European species described by Scherf (1964). There do not appear to be any larval characters by which all four Sibinia species associated with M. pigra can be distinguished from S. setosa and S. sodalis. The larvae of S. ochreosa, S. peruana, and S. sodalis possess bicameral thoracic spiracles. The last, however, is distinguished by having bicameral abdominal spiracles as well. Larvae of S. seminicola and S. ochreosa agree with S. sodalis in numbers of thoracic and abdominal postdorsal setae. The pupa of S. setosa is distinguished from those of the species associated with M. pigra in having four instead of three pairs of posterolateral setae on the pronotum. The larvae and pupae of the Sibinia species associated with M. pigra are distin- guished from each other by the characters presented in Table 1. Sibinia seminicola and S. fastigiata Figs. 6, 8-10, 14 Larvae of these relatively large members of the subgenus Microtychius develop in the pods of M. pigra and feed on the seeds. Clark (1978) reported that larvae of S. seminicola feed on green, unripened seeds, and that pupation occurs within the pods while the latter remain on the plants. Adults were reared from pods. Adults of S. fastigiata were collected on flowers of M. pigra, and a single larva was subsequently collected in an M. pigra pod. Adults of this species have not 362 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 1. Summary of diagnostic characters of larvae and pupae of Sibinia seminicola, S. fastigiata, S. ochreosa, and S. peruana. seminicola fastigiata ochreosa peruana Head of larva Posterior portion (Figs. 6, 7) Truncate Truncate Cleft Cleft Endocarina (Figs. 6, 7) Long Long Short Short Frontal setae 3 & 4 (Figs. 6, 7) Long Long Short Short Dorsal epicranial setae 1 & 4 Long Minute Minute Minute (Figs. 6, 7) Ventral epicranial seta | Long Minute Minute Minute Clypeal seta 2 (Figs. 6, 7) Absent Present Present Present Labral rods Short Short Long Long Ventral malar setae 3 3 4 4 (Figs. 14, 15) Premental setae Long Long Short Short Thorax of larva Long pronotal setae 11 11 5 5 Spiracle Unicameral Unicameral Bicameral Bicameral Prodorsal setae Long Long Short Short Postdorsal setae (Figs. 8, 9, 2 3 2 3 Lil, 124) Alar setae (Figs. 8, 11) Minute Minute Long Long Pedal setae (prothorax) 3 long + 3 long + 2 long 3 long (Figs. 8, 11) 2 short 2 short Pedal setae (mesothorax & 3 long + 3 long + 1 long + 2 long + metathorax) (Figs. 8, 11) 2 short 2 short 2 short 2 short Sternal setae (Figs. 8, 11) Long Short Short Short Abdomen of larva Postdorsal setae sterna I—VII 3 4 3 4 (Figs: 8, 10; 11, 13) Epipleural seta II (Figs. 8, 11) Minute Minute Absent Absent Postdorsal setae sternum IX Short Short Long Long Episternal setae sternum IX Short Short Long Long Pedal setae sternum IX 2 minute 2 minute 1 minute 1 minute Eusternal setae sternum IX 2 long 2 long 1 minute 1 minute Head of pupa Length of distirostral seta Greater than _ Less than — % width of % width of rostrum rostrum Abdomen of pupa Posterior processes of tergum 9 Invisible — Visible from — from above above been reared, and pupae have not been collected. The characters separating the larvae of S. seminicola from those of S. fastigiata are summarized in Table 1. Larva of S. seminicola (Figs. 6, 8, 14).—Body: robust, slightly curved; 2.6—3.5 mm long (20 larvae); pale milky white, integument shining, rugose; abdominal sterna with transverse rows of minute asperities. Head (Fig. 6): uniformly dark yellowish brown; truncate posteriorly; width 0.48-0.51 mm (6 larvae); ocellar VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 363 areas without subcutaneous pigment; accessory appendage of antenna long, con- ical, sides nearly straight, surface papillous; endocarina distinct throughout length of frons. Frontal setae: 1 and 2 absent; 3 longer than 4; 4 long; 5 about as long as 3. Dorsal epicranium: seta | long, located adjacent to frontal suture; seta 2 minute; seta 3 long; seta 4 long, but shorter than 3; seta 5 long; 1 sensillum present posterior to seta 1. Posterior epicranium: 3 pairs of minute setae and 2 pairs of sensilla. Lateral epicranium: seta | short; seta 2 long; | sensillum present between setae 1 and 2. Ventral epicranium: seta | long, seta 2 minute. Clypeus: seta 1 minute, seta 2 absent; | sensillum present. Labrum: seta | long, seta 2 long, seta 3 short; lateral sensilla absent; median sensillum absent. Epipharynx: labral rods short, stout, widely separated; 4 stout anterolateral setae and 6 anteromedian setae present, median pairs of the latter longest; 4 median spines and 3 pairs of sensory pores present. Mandible: with 3 apical teeth; setae 1 and 2 minute; | sensillum present. Maxillary palpus: consists of 2 articles; basal article with | minute seta and | sensillum; apical article with | sensillum; dorsal malar area with 2 subequal, conical, acuminate setae, 1 short, pointed seta, and 2 short, blunt setae; ventral malar area (Fig. 14) with 3 setae, basal seta longer than proximal pair. Stipes: seta 1 long, seta 2 minute; setae 3 and 4 long, subequal; 3 sensilla present. Labium: palpus consists of 1 article with | sensillum, a small sensillum also present near base of each palpus; glossa with 2 apirs of minute setae and 2 pairs of sensilla; postmental seta | absent; seta 2 long, seta 3 minute. Thorax (Fig. 8): pronotum with 11 long setae and 3 minute setae, in addition to 2 minute anterolateral setae; spiracle unicameral; prodorsum of mesothorax and that of metathorax with | long seta; postdorsum of mesothorax and that of metathorax with 2 setae, seta | short, seta 2 long; alar area of each segment with | long seta; spiracular area with 1 minute seta; pleural fold of prothorax with 2 long setae; pleural fold of prothorax with 2 long setae, that of mesothorax and of metathorax with | long seta; epipleural fold of each segment with | long seta; pedal area with 3 long setae and 2 short setae; sternal area with | long seta. Abdomen: spiracles unicameral, air tubes short, annuli indistinct. Segments I—VII (Fig. 8): each with 3 dorsal folds; prodorsum of each segment with | minute seta; postdorsum with 3 setae, seta 1 short, seta 2 long, seta 3 short; spiracular areas each with 2 minute setae; epipleural areas with | long seta and 1 minute seta; pleural areas with 1 minute seta; pedal areas with | minute seta; eusternal areas with 2 minute setae; sternellum present. Seg- ment VII: prodorsum with | minute seta; sternellum present. Segment VIII: prodorsum with | minute seta; postdorsum with | long seta; spiracular area with 1 minute seta; episternal area with | long seta; pleural area with | minute seta; pedal area with | minute seta; eusternal area with 2 minute setae. Segment IX: postdorsum with 1 short seta; episternal area with 1 minute seta; pleural area with 2 minute setae; eusternal area with 2 long setae. Anus: terminal. Twenty-six larvae (20 entire specimens and 6 slide mounts) taken from pods of Mimosa pigra collected 28 July 1971 at Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas, determined by association with reared adults, were examined. Pupa of S. seminicola.—Length: 3.1-4.0 mm. Rostrum: | pair of distirostral setae located near middle of rostrum, each seta borne on summit of rounded tubercle, length of a distirostral seta less than '2 width of rostrum. 2 pairs of basirostral setae located just distad of ocular area, each seta borne on summit of rounded tubercle; basirostral setae slightly longer than distirostrals, proximal pair 364 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON S. seminicola, head capsule. 7, S. ochreosa, head capsule. 8, S. I. 9, S. fastigiata, postdorsum of metathorax. 10, S. 1, S. ochreosa, thorax and abdominal segment I. 12, orsum of abdominal segment I. Abbre- Figs. 6-13. Sibinia spp., larvae. 6, seminicola, thorax and abdominal segment fastigiata, postdorsum of abdominal segment I. 1 S. peruana, postdorsum of metathorax. 13, S. peruana, postd er Ahmad and Burke, 1972): A4b—abdomen; as—alar seta; cls—clypeal seta; fs—frontal —pronotum; PrD— prodorsum; sp— spiracle; S7's—ster- viations (aft seta; PD—postdorsum, Pds—pedal setae; PN nal stea; 7i—thorax. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 365 usually longer than distal pair. | pair of interorbital setae, each seta borne on summit of conical tubercle; interorbitals longer and stouter than basirostrals and distirostrals. 1 pair of frontal setae, each seta borne on summit of conical tubercle; frontals about as long as interorbitals, separated from each other by distance much greater than length of a frontal seta. 1 pair of supraorbital setae, each seta borne on low, blunt tubercle. Pronotum: | pair of anteromedian setae which are separated from each other by distance much greater than length of an anteromedian seta. 2 pairs of anterolateral setae. 1 pair of discal setae located directly posterior to anteromedian setae, these more widely separated than anteromedian setae. | pair of posteromedian setae, and 3 pairs of posterolateral setae. Mesonotum and Meta- notum: | pair of mesonotal and | pair of metanotal setae. Abdomen: 2 pairs of discotergal setae on terga 1-7, tergum 8 with only | pair of discotergals, those on posterior segments larger than the ones on anterior segments. | pair of laterotergal setae on Ist 7 or 8 terga, each seta borne on summit of low, indistinct tubercle. Segment 9 bearing a pair of short to long, sharply pointed, widely separated posterior processes which are not visible from above; abdomen devoid of ventral setae. Femora: each femur bearing 2 setae. Thirteen pupae, collected in pods of Mimosa pigra, 27 July 1971, at Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas, determined by association with reared adults, were examined. Larva of S. fastigiata.—The larva of S. fastigiata is known from a single slide— mounted specimen taken from an M. pigra pod collected 9 mi. N Matias Romero, Oaxaca, Mexico, 23 July 1974, by W. E. Clark. It differs from the larva of S. seminicola, described above, in the characters summarized in Table |. Pupa of S. fastigiata.—The pupa of S. fastigiata has not been collected. Sibinia ochreosa and S. peruana Figs.4e 5071 =13; 15216 These small Microtychius develop in flower buds of MM. pigra. Clark (1978) reported that pupae of S. ochreosa were found in flower buds on the plants, but that when flowers were removed from the plants larvae emerged and formed pupal cells in a sand-peat moss substrate. Adults of S. peruana were reared from larvae which emerged from flowers also infested by larvae of S. ochreosa. Pupae of S. peruana were not observed in flower buds, but more field work might reveal habits similar to those of S. ochreosa. The characters separating the larvae of S. ochreosa from those of S. peruana are summarized in Table 1. Larva of S. ochreosa (Figs. 7, 11, 15, 16).—Body: elongate, slightly curved; length 2.1—2.6 mm (10 larvae); pale milky white, surface shining, smooth; sterna without asperities. Head (Fig. 7): uniformly light yellowish brown; emarginate posteriorly; width 0.28—0.33 mm (5 larvae); ocellar areas with subcutaneous pig- ment; accessory appendage of antenna short, smooth, sides rounded; endocarina ca. 4 as long as frons. Frontal setae: | and 2 absent; 3 minute; 4 short, but longer than 3; 5 much longer than 4. Dorsal epicranium: seta | minute, located adjacent to frontal suture; seta 2 minute; seta 3 long; seta 4 minute; seta 5 long, | sensillum present posterior to seta 1. Posterior epicranium: seta | minute; seta 2 long; 1 sensillum present between setae | and 2. Ventral epicranium: setae | and 2 minute. Clypeus: with 2 minute setae and | sensillum. Labrum: seta | long; seta 2 longer 366 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON vy * 1 , 6 15 Figs. 14-16. Sibinia spp., larval malar areas. 14, S. seminicola, dorsal malar area. 15, S. ochreosa, dorsal malar area. 16, S. ochreosa, ventral malar area. than 1; seta 3 shorter than 1; lateral sensilla present; median sensillum absent. Epipharynx: labral rods short, stout, widely separated; 4 anterolateral and 6 an- teromedian setae, median pair of the latter longest; 4 median spines; 3 pairs of sensory pores. Mandible: setae 1 and 2 minute; 1 sensillum present. Maxilla: palpus consists of 2 articles, basal article bears 1 minute seta and 1 sensillum; apical article bears | sensillum; dorsal malar area (Fig. 16) with 3 acuminate setae and 2 blunt setae; ventral malar area (Fig. 15) with 4 long, acuminate setae, basal member longest; stipes with seta | long, seta 2 minute, setae 3 and 4 long, subequal; with 3 sensilla. Labium: palpus consists of 1 article with 1 sensillum, a small sensillum also present near base of each palpus; glossa with 3 pairs of minute setae and | pair of sensilla; postmental seta 1 absent; seta 2 long; seta 3 short. Thorax (Fig. 11): pronotum with 5 long setae and 4 or 5 short setae, in addition to 2 minute anterolateral setae; spiracle bicameral; prodorsum of mesothorax and that of metathorax with 2 setae, seta 1 short, seta 2 long; alar area of each segment with | minute seta; spiracular area with 1 minute seta; pleural fold of prothorax with 2 long setae; pleural fold of mesothorax and that of metathorax with 1 long seta; epipleural fold of each segment with 1 long seta; pedal area of pronotum with 2 long setae, pedal area of mesothorax and that of metathorax with | long seta and 2 short setae; sternal area of each segment with | minute seta. Abdomen: spiracles unicameral, air tubes short, annuli indistinct. Segments I-VII (Fig. 11): each with 3 dorsal folds; prodorsum with | minute seta; postdorsum of each segment with 3 setae, seta 1 short, seta 2 long, seta 3 short; spiracular area with 2 minute setae; epipleural area with | long seta; pleural area with 1 minute seta; pedal area with 1 minute seta; eusternal area with 2 minute setae; sternellum present. Segment VIII: prodorsum with | minute seta; postdorsum with | long seta; spiracular area with 1 minute seta; episternal area with 1 long seta; pleural area with 1 minute seta; pedal area with 1 minute seta; eusternal area with 2 minute setae. Segment IX: Postdorsum with | long seta; episternal area with 1 VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 367 long seta; pleural area with | minute seta; eusternal area with | minute seta. Anus: terminal. Nineteen larvae (10 entire specimens and 9 slide mounts), from flower buds of Mimosa pigra, collected 1 April 1972, at Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas, by W. E. Clark, determined by association with reared adults, were examined. Pupa of S. ochreosa.— Aside from the smaller size, the pupa of S. ochreosa differs from that of S. seminicola only in the following features: Rostrum: length of a distirostral seta equal to approximately 2-73 width of rostrum. Frontal setae separated from each other by distance approximately equal to length of a frontal seta. Posterior processes on tergum 9 long, visible from above. Three pupae, from flower buds of Mimosa pigra, collected at Brownsville, Texas, by W. E. Clark, determined by association with reared adults, were ex- amined. Larva of S. peruana.—The larva of S. peruana is known from 6 slide mounted specimens collected 3 mi. S. Tamuin, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, 2 August 1974, by W. E. Clark, from flowers of M. pigra. Pupa of S. peruana.—The pupa of S. peruana has not been collected. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The descriptions were part of a dissertation submitted to the Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, in partial fulfillment of requirements for the Ph.D. degree. I thank H. R. Burke for direction provided on the dissertation and for suggestions improving the present paper. John Winder also read an early draft of the manuscript and suggested improvements. Specimens of adult weevils are deposited in the collections of the institutions named above, as well as in the collections of the CSIRO Division of Entomology at Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia, and in the personal collection of the author. Specimens of larvae and pupae are in the collection of the Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University. I thank K. L. S. Harley and associates of CSIRO and the individuals and institutions named above for making these specimens available for study. LITERATURE CITED Ahmad, M. and H. R. Burke. 1972. Larvae of the weevil tribe Anthonomini (Coleoptera: Curcu- lionidae). Misc. Pub. Entomol. Soc. Am. 8(2): 31-81. Anderson, W. H. 1947. A terminology for the anatomical characters useful in the taxonomy of weevil larvae. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 59: 123-132. Burke, H.R. 1968. Pupae of the weevil tribe Anthonomini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Tex. Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Monogr. 5, 92 pp. Clark, W. E. 1978. The weevil genus Sibinia Germar: natural history, taxonomy, phylogeny, and zoogeography, with revision of the New World species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Quaest. Entomol. 14(2): 91-387. 1979. New species and new records of Sibinia Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Panama. Coleopt. Bull. 33(2): 209-216. Clark, W. E., H. R. Burke, and D. M. Anderson. 1978. The genus Tychius Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): larvae and pupae of some species with evaluation of their characters in phy- logenetic analysis. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 80(4): 626-654. Clark, W. E., D. R. Whitehead, and R. E. Warner. 1977. Classification of the weevil subfamily Tychiinae, with a new genus and species, new combinations, and new synonymy in Lignyodini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Coleopt. Bull. 31(1): 1-18. 368 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Miller, I. L. and S. E. Pickering. 1978. Mimosa, a noxious weed. Australia: Dept. Indust. Develop. 3 pp. Rogers, C. W., W. E. Clark, and H. R. Burke. 1975. Bionomics of Sibinia sulcatula (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on mesquite in Texas. Southwest. Nat. 20: 303-314. Scherf, H. 1964. Die Entwicklungsstadien der mitteleuropaeischen Curculioniden (Morphologie, Biologie, Oekologie). Abh. Senckenb. Naturforsch. Ges. 506: 1-335. Turner, B. L. 1959. The legumes of Texas. Univ. Tex. press, Austin. 284 pp. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 369-373 THE NOONA DAN EXPEDITION: DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF BRUCHIDAE (COLEOPTERA) FROM THE PHILIPPINES JOHN M. KINGSOLVER Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, % U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560. Abstract.—Two new species of Bruchidae, Su/cobruchus bakeri and Bruchidius sapamoroensis, are described from material collected in the Philippines by the Noona Dan Expedition of 1961-62. Comparisons are made with closely related species. Insect collections from the Noona Dan Expedition (1961-62) to the Philippines, Solomon and Bismarck Islands (Peterson, 1966) contained two undescribed species of Bruchidae from the Philippines. These are described below. Sulcobruchus bakeri Kingsolver, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1-5, 9-15 Length. —3.25—4.0 mm; width. —2.0—2.1 mm. Color.— Body and appendages shining black, eyes reddish brown. Vestiture of fine gray setae evenly distributed over body except for dense sutural band ex- tending to third stria on each side. Structure. — Body short, broad (Fig. 1). Head short (Fig. 15), frons convex; eyes prominent, finely faceted, each with ocular sinus about *4 vertical length of eye; frontal carina expanded dorsally into triangular boss, vertex and frons densely, evenly foveolate, each foveola with centrally located seta directed toward median boss; clypeus pentagonal, foveolate (as on frons) in basal *4, apical 4 microretic- ulate; labrum arcuate, microreticulate; epistomal ridge beaded; postocular lobe narrow, setose; antenna (Fig. 15) slender, reaching middle of metepisternum, segment | clavate, 2 moniliform, 3 conical, 4-10 slightly eccentric, subequal in size, 11 fusiform. Pronotum campaniform, evenly convex, prescutellar lobe prom- inent, emarginate, medially sulcate; a deep marginal impression either side op- posite stria 2; disk evenly foveolate, intervals reticulate, each foveola with centrally located seta, lateral carina present in basal 2 but indicated in apical '2 by narrow band of densely placed setae; cervical sulcus nearly completely circling pronotum, briefly obsolete only on dorsum; prosternum triangular, 73; as long as apically contiguous procoxae. Mesosternum reduced to small triangular strap; scutellum short, broadly expanded apically. Elytra together slightly longer than broad; striae normal, deeply, narrowly impressed, individual punctures each with short, yel- lowish seta; intervals microreticulate, setose; apices of striae free 5, and 6 some- times conjoined; bases of striae 2, 3, 4, and 5 each with prominent denticle. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 370 <= it ree Ha ea Sr Pygidium ¢. 3, Pygidium 2. 4, Metaleg. Sulcobruchus bakeri. 1, Habitus, dorsal. 2, ventral aspect. 6-7, Bruchidius sapamoroensis. 6, Habitus, dorsal. 7, Metaleg. b] 5 l= 6, Figs. 1-7. 5, Abdomen ’ VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 371 Abdomen with sternites telescoped; apex of pygidium approximate to Ist abdom- inal sternum, basal sternum with broad, shallow concavity lined with slender, flat setae arranged in longitudinal, parallel rows (Fig. 5); male pygidium as in Fig. 2, surface densely set with rounded microfoveae, each fovea with fine seta set in its dorsal rim, extreme apex truncate or slightly emarginate; female pygidium more narrowly elongate than in male (Fig. 3); metacoxa broad, strongly punctate; meta- leg as in Fig. 4; metafemur flat, slightly sulcate ventrally near apex, ventral margin finely carinate, without denticles; metatibia with short, slightly curved mucro, lateral carina ending in short denticle, 2 small coronal denticles. Male genitalia. —(Figs. 9-14). Median lobe slender in apical 2 (Fig. 13), ventral valve deeply emarginate and produced into ventrally directed, falcate hooks with rounded setose dorsal lobe extending between hooks; internal sac armed with 20-— 25 thornlike denticles apically and masses of minute, rounded denticles in basal '’) of sac; lateral lobes massive (Fig. 10, 11, 12), each with a blunt terminal process and with ventral margin angulate, dorsal margin setose. Holotype 6.—(Philippines) Cuernos Mts., Negros, Baker (USNMNH #100692). Paratypes.— Acc. #1024, Bur. Agr. P.I., C. R. Jones, 1 2 (USNMNH). Philip- pines: Palawan, Brookes Point, Uring Uring, 22 August 1961, Noona Dan Exp. 61-62, in Malaise trap, 1¢. (Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen). Sulcobruchus bakeri, new species, is most closely related to S. rugulosus (Pic) NEW COMBINATION, also from the Philippines. In the new species, the male ventral abdominal sulcus extends only to the caudal margin of the basisternum whereas in S. rugulosus, the sulcus extends shelflike beyond the caudal margin. Distinct differences are also present in the male genitalia in the lateral profile of the lateral lobes and in the form of the terminal hooks on both the lateral and median lobes. Sulcobruchus kingsolveri Arora, described from India, is distinctive in that the vestiture is yellowish brown rather than cinereous as in all other described species, the ventral sulcus in the male is represented by only a distortion of setal arrange- ment along the midline of the basisternum, and hooks are lacking on the lateral and median lobes in the male genitalia (Arora, 1977: 86). I have seen only two female specimens of Sulcobruchus sauteri (Pic) from Japan. This species differs from S. bakeri principally in its shorter body hairs, narrower scutellum, basal denticles on the third and fourth striae only (second, third, fourth, and fifth in S. bakeri), and the denticle terminating the metatibial lateral carina prominent and nearly as long as the mucro (short and inconspicuous in S. baker). This species is named for Charles Fuller Baker who advanced the knowledge of the Philippine insect fauna by his extensive collecting. Bruchidius sapamoroensis Kingsolver, NEW SPECIES Figs.16,17353, 99) 6 Length male.—1.5 mm; width.—0.9 mm. Color.— Body entirely black, antenna reddish yellow, pro- and mesolegs yellow with base of mesofemur infuscate, mesoleg yellowish with base of metafemur and apex of metatibia infuscate. Vestiture of fine gray and brassy setae evenly dis- tributed on pronotum; elytra with indistinct banding of more densely placed gray setae; venter with evenly distributed gray setae. Se. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON >a sad Parra arian, ae > = => + ier 4p EZ Ow C= = g, lowe g ae. ‘c . A Figs. 7-8. 7a, Euzophera conquistador, holotype, female genitalia; b, signum; c, ventral view of ostium and ovipositor; d, ostium spines. 8a, Euzophera mabes, holotype, female genitalia; b, ostium; c, signum and origin of ductus seminalis; d, signum. scales, these largest and most crowded on side opposite ductus seminalis origin. Bursa surface set with minute, subelliptical scales, these largest and most prominent around signum (here about 7 x 12 um); smaller, subtriangular, and inconspicuous elsewhere (here about 5 um wide), ending abruptly at posterior end of bursa. Ductus seminalis from posterior half of bursa, slender, funnel-shaped at junction with bursa. Holotype. —®, labeled: ““Cabima Pan May 16-31 .11 August Busck’’ [Panama]; “Type No. 16390 U.S.N.M.” [red label]; ““Euzophera conquistador Type Dyar” [red handwritten label]; ““@ Genitalia Slide, 12-May-1934. C.H. #2129”; “‘Geni- talia Slide By Jay Shaffer USNM 55447” [remounted by JCS]. [USNM]. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 393 Figs. 9-14. 9, Saluria jordanella, holotype. 10, Anerastia mictochroella, holotype. 11, Coenochroa californiella, holotype of monomacula Dyar. 12, Euzophera tintilla, holotype. 13, Euzophera mabes, holotype. 14, Euzophera conquistador, holotype. The species was described from a single female. Whatever its original state it is now in less than perfect condition, and perhaps fresh specimens would show more detailed wing markings than I have described. The genitalia are phycitine, but proper generic placement is uncertain. Euzophera mabes Dyar Figs. 8, 13, 20 Euzophera mabes Dyar, 1914: 334. Heinrich, 1956: 315. Description.— Labial palpi obliquely ascending, slender, 2.0 times as long as eye diameter. Maxillary palpi short, cylindrical. Tongue greatly reduced. Female antennae sublaminate, lacking basal modifications, finely and densely ciliate, cilia length about one-fifth segment width. Eye diameter 0.6 mm. Ocelli normally developed, elliptical, black with clear centers. Patagia light orange. Tegulae purplish gray. Forewing radius 7.5 mm; ground light yellowish brown distally to brownish orange base on posterior half of wing. Strong dark brown antemedial band; broad- est in cell, sharply angled distally at A, fold. Narrow brown transverse posterior line, parallel to orange-brown subterminal line. Terminal line of brown spots between veins. Eleven veins; R, free from cell; R;,, stalked with R; for about half its length, from near upper outer angle of cell; M, from the angle; M, stalked with M, for about % its length, from lower outer angle; Cu, from before the angle. Hindwing brown, darker apically. Seven veins; Sc and Rs long stalked; M,,, 394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 395 fused, short stalked with Cu,, from lower outer angle of cell; Cu, from well before the angle. Male genitalia unknown. Female genitalia with ovipositor broadly lobed, bearing fine scattered hairs. Eighth segment moderately well sclerotized; posterior margin reflexed inward and deeply emarginate ventrally with sides connected midventrally by narrow bridge at anterior margin of segment. Ostium broad, dorsal surface moderately well sclerotized laterally, ostium membranous elsewhere; inner surface set with nu- merous minute sharp spines, each about 5—7 um long. Ductus bursae formed of longitudinal folds of thickened membrane. Bursa with small eliptical plate-like signum, 80 by 30 um, bearing 3 unequal rounded laminar projections. Bursa surface set with numerous minute elliptical scales, each about 5 by 7 wm wide and bearing longitudinal furrows giving digitate appearance; scales orientated with rounded ends of digits directed away from signum; scales best developed near signum, smaller and less evident in anterior and posterior regions of bursa. Ductus seminalis from bursa near and posterior to signum; very slender, funnel shaped at junction with bursa. Holotype.—2, labeled: ““Taboga Is] Pan Febr. 12 August Busck”’ [Panama]; “Type No. 16387 U.S.N.M.”’ [red label]; ““Euzophera mabes Type Dyar’’ [red handwritten label]; “fig”; ““@ Genitalia Slide, 16-May-1934 C.H. #2135”; ““Gen- italia Slide by Jay Shaffer USNM 55446” [remounted by JCS]. [USNM]. The other specimen listed by Dyar (USNM genitalia slide 55454), a female from Porta Bello, Panama, appears not to be conspecific with the holotype, but matches a Rio Trinidad female (USNM genitalia slide 55455) paratype from the E. climosa series. LITERATURE CITED Dyar, H. G. 1914. Report on the Lepidoptera of the Smithsonian Biological Survey of the Panama Canal Zone. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 47 (2050): 139-350. Hampson, G. F. 1901. See Ragonot, E. L. 1901. 1918. A Classification of the Pyralidae Subfamily Hypsotropinae. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1918: 55-131. Heinrich, C. H. 1956. American moths of the Subfamily Phycitinae. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 207: i- vill, 1-581. Kelly, K. L. 1965. ISCC-NBS Color-Name Charts Illustrated with centroid Colors. Supplement to Nat. Bur. Standards Circular 553. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Ragonot, E. L. 1887. Diagnoses of North American Phycitidae and Galleriidae. 20 pp. 1888. Nouveaux genres et espéces de Phycitidae & Galleriidae. Paris. 1901. Monographie des Phycitinae et des Galleriinae. Jn N. M. Romanoff, Memoires sur les Lepidopteres, 8: i—xli, 1-602. Paris. (Manuscript completed by G. F. Hampson.) Shaffer, J. C. 1968. A Revision of the Peoriinae and Anerastiinae (Auctorum) of America North of Mexico (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 280: i-vi, 1-124. 1976. A revision of the Neotropical Peoriinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Syst. Entomol. 1: 281-331. — Figs. 15-22. 15, Saluria jordanella, holotype. 16, Anerastia mictochroella, holotype. 17, Coen- ochroa californiella, holotype of monomacula Dyar. 18, Euzophera tintilla, holotype. 19, Euzophera climosa, holotype. 20, Euzophera mabes, holotype. 21, Euzophera conquistador, holotype. 22, Eu- zophera climosa, holotype. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 396-399 LEPTOCERA (PTEREMIS) RONDANI IN NORTH AMERICA (DIPTERA, SPHAEROCERIDAE) S. A. MARSHALL Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIG 2W1. Abstract.—The three North American species formerly placed in Leptocera subgenus Pteremis Rondani are discussed, and two of them are relegated to other genera of the Limosininae. A new species, Leptocera (Pteremis) wirthi, is described from specimens collected in Northwest Territories, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Quebec. Two new combinations, Aptilotus parvipennis (Spuler) and Pterogramma flavifrons (Spuler), are given. Pteremis Rondani, a subgenus of Leptocera Olivier, has as its type species Borborus nivalis Haliday, which is a synonym of P. fenestralis (Fallén). This is a very variable, Palaearctic species, ranging from fully winged to brachypterous. Two other Palaearctic species have been placed in this subgenus. Leptocera (Pter- emis) kaszabi, was described by Papp (1973) on the basis of one specimen from Mongolia, and Leptocera (Pteremis) canaria was described by Papp (1977) on the basis of 4 specimens from the Canary Islands. Three North American species were described in the subgenus Pteremis by Spuler (1924). These 3 species have little more in common with each other, with Spuler’s diagnosis of Pteremis, or with P. fenestralis, than a common tendency towards wing reduction. None of Spuler’s Pteremis have a preapical ventral bristle on the midtibia, which is char- acteristic of Preremis and other subgenera of Leptocera, or the long apical, pos- teroventral midtibial bristle lying flat against the midbasitarsus that is character- istic of the subgenus Pteremis. The species that Spuler described as Pteremis parvipennis belongs in the pulex group of the genus Aptilotus Mik, new combination. The species which Spuler described as Pteremis flavifrons clearly belongs in the genus Prerogramma, new combination, and may in fact be Pterogramma palliceps Johnson. According to Richards (1963) part of the series of Pterogramma sublugabrina (Malloch) on which Spuler based the genus Pterogramma are actually Pterogramma palliceps as well. Spuler’s Pteremis flavifrons agrees with Pterogramma palliceps in such important characters as the greatly reduced lower orbital bristle, the yellow head, the porrect, somewhat pointed antennae, the greatly reduced interfrontal bristles, and the strongly divergent veins R!*? and Rs. The only external difference between P. flavifrons (known only from the holotype female which was examined) and Pterogramma palliceps is the somewhat reduced wing of flavifrons, in which crossvein dm-cu is lost. Similar wing reduction has been noted as variation within a number of species in the Limosininae. Rohaéek (1975) illustrates a series of Pullilimosina heteroneura (Haliday) wings ranging from fully winged to a bra- chypterous form in which crossvein dm-cu is lost. Although Pteremis flavifrons VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 397 appears to be a reduced-wing form of Pterogramma palliceps, formal placement of these species into synonomy is deferred until a complete revision of North American Prerogramma can be undertaken. The third species which Spuler described in Preremis, the species unica, 1s difficult to place due to the poor condition of the holotype female (the only known specimen of this species). When it was described, it was largely de-bristled and Spuler was unable to describe any head chaetotaxy. This specimen now lacks one antenna, both aristae, almost all head bristles, many leg bristles, and most notal bristles. It is not possible to confirm or refute the placement of unica in Pteremis; however, it is the only one of Spuler’s 3 Pteremis that could possibly belong in this group, and it is therefore retained in Pteremis. To my knowledge there is only one other species of Preremis in North America. It is very closely related to P. fenestralis, and is described as new below. Leptocera (Pteremis) wirthi, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1-3 Description.—Size 1.3-—2.0 mm. Color black, with a heavy pruinosity; legs, halter and pleural sutures brown. Interfrontal plate slightly higher than wide, bordered by 4 long interfrontal bristles, the upper pair slightly shorter; small interfrontal setulae below lower interfrontal bristle. One distinct orbital setula between lower orbital bristles, other orbital setulae smaller. Postvertical bristle as long as middle interfrontal bristle, postocellar bristle absent. Face tuberculate between antennae, concave below. Eyes 3 x as high as gena; vibrissal angle small, with a long vibrissa, a small subvibrissal setula; genal bristles small. Katepister- num with a posterodorsal bristle reaching *%4 of distance to wing base, and a minute dorsal setula. Midtibia with long dorsal bristles (Fig. 1), a preapical ventral bristle and an apicoventral bristle usually lying flat along tarsus. Wing strongly reduced to fully developed; crossvein dm-cu absent in reduced forms, dm-cu complete and cell dm slightly appendiculate in fully developed forms; wings most commonly slightly shorter than abdomen with dm-cu complete but cell dm not appendiculate. Wing length variable even within series from a single collection. Second costal sector shorter than third, costa very slightly bypassing tip of R**>. Halter well developed, clavate, even in specimens with greatly reduced wings. Setulae of dorsocentral areas enlarged but only | pair of distinct dorsocentral bristles; ac- rostichal setulae in 4-6 rows between dorsocentral areas; in a row of 4 between the prescutellar dorsocentral bristles; the middle pair of prescutellar acrostichal bristles slightly enlarged. Scutellum 1.5 x as wide as long, with 4 pairs of marginal bristles, the basal pair slightly longer than scutellar length, the apical pair slightly longer than scutellar width. Abdomen of male with sternite 1 + 2 shorter than sternites 3 and 4, sternite 5 about half as long as sternite 4, with its posteromedial area weakly sclerotised and covered with posteriorly weakened rows of setulae; posteromedial margin with a long comb-like row of bristles (Fig. 3). Surstylus complex, divided into bilobed anterior and posterior parts (Fig. 3). Parameres narrowed medially, spatulate at apex, broad basally. Female abdomen gradually tapering; tergite 8 extended laterally, weakly sclerotised dorsally. Cercus short, blunt, slightly longer than epiproct, with apical bristle twice as long as cercus, preapical bristles shorter. Each spermatheca oval, tapering gradually to stem. Epiproct with 2 dorsal bristles. 398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Ze 3 Figs. 1-3. Pteremis wirthi and fenestralis. 1, P. wirthi midleg (anterior). 2, P. wirthi terminalia and sternite 5 (ventral). 3, P. fenestralis left surstylus (ventral). Holotype ¢.—Quebec. Mt. Albert, Gaspe Provincial Park, 5.vii—24.vii.1980, pan trap, C. Dondale. Paratypes: QUEBEC. | 6: Great Whale R., 10.vii.1949, J. R. Vockeroth; 1 6: Mt. Ste. Marie, Low, 1800’, 20.1x.1965, J. R. Vockeroth; 1 6: Beechgrove, 2.x.1964, J. R. Vockeroth. SASKATCHEWAN. | 4: Assiniboia, 23.vi.55, on ground among Carex roots, J. R. Vockeroth. ALBERTA. 1 6: Lan- caster Park, 28.vi.1963, J. R. Vockeroth, NORTHWEST TERRITORIES. 8 @, 7 6: Aklavik, 8.1x.1931, O. Bryant (these specimens in poor condition). Northwest Territories specimens in California Academy of Sciences, holotype and other paratypes in Canadian National Collection. Comments.— P. wirthi is externally very similar to the European P. fenestralis. P. fenestralis is larger, has a longer katepisternal bristle and has a brown gena in contrast to the pruinose grey gena of P. wirthi. The male surstyli are remarkably similar (Figs. 2 and 3) but consistently differ in the shape of the anterior lobe and chaetotaxy of the posterior lobe. P. wirthi differs from P. unica in having the eyes VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 399 3x as high as the gena instead of only 1.5 x as high as in unica. The description of the Mongolian species, P. kaszabi, indicates that it is not within the size range of P. wirthi and that it differs in other features such as having only 3 pairs of interfrontal bristles. Papp (1977) states that the other Palaearctic species, P. canaria ‘““may be easily distinguished from any known sphaerocerid species: it has one strong ventral preapical bristle on its mid tibia but it has no ventroapical bristle on mid tibia and no mid metatarsal bristle.”” This apparent lack of the long ventroapical bristle (the main diagnostic feature of Pferemis) is remarkable, but P. canaria is otherwise very similar to P. wirthi. The male surstylus is very close to that of P. wirthi and P. fenestralis. It shares the digitiform inner ventral process with P. wirthi but is more similar to P. fenestralis in details of chaetotaxy and in having a short, blunt anterodorsal process. Etymology.—P. wirthi is named after W. W. Wirth, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washington, D.C., in recognition of his patience with my many loan requests. LITERATURE CITED Papp, L. 1973. Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) from Mongolia. Acta Zool. Hung. 29: 364-425. 1977. Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) from the Canary Islands. Folia Entomol. Hung. 30: 123- 27. Richards, O. W. 1963. Sphaeroceridae (Borboridae). Insects Micronesia 14: 109-134. Rohaéek, J. 1975. Die Fliigelpolymorphie bei der europdichen Sphaeroceridenarten und Taxonomie der Limosina heteroneura-Griippe (Diptera). Acta Entomol. Biohemoslov. 72: 196-207. Spuler, A. 1924. North American species of the subgenera Opacifrons Duda and Pteremis Rondani of the genus Leptocera Olivier (Diptera, Borboridae). Psyche 31: 121-135. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 400-410 EURYTHRIPS AND TERTHROTARIPS (THYSANOPTERA: PHLAEOTHRIPIDAE) FROII SOUTHERN BRAZIL, WITH ONE NEW SPECIES, NEW COLLECTION SITES, AND KEY CHARLES F. GERDES Division of Science, Northeast Missouri State University, Kirksville, Missouri 63501. Abstract.—A new species of Phlaeothripidae, Terthrothrips marginatus, is de- scribed and illustrated. A key to the new species and 8 allied species, all from new collection sites, is presented. These are the first new records for the 8 allied species since their original descriptions. Plemmelothrips is a new synonym of Terthrothrips. Hood (1950, 1952, 1954, 1957, 1960) described 78 species of litter thrips in the tribe Glyptothripini, family Phlaeothripidae, from southern Brazil (below 22° South latitude). Sixty-six species were based exclusively on type-series collected from Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina, while five species were based on type-series from both Nova Teutonia and Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul. The remaining seven species were based on material from six sites in three States: Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, and Sao Paulo. The only other species from southern Brazil in this tribe was described by Bergroth (1896) from Santa Catarina. This paper reports a new species and new records for 8 species in the Glyptothripini from Seara and Concordia, Santa Catarina. The species belong in the genera Eurythrips and Ter- throthrips, which were considered closely related by Stannard (1957) and Mound (1977). The eight species were recorded previously only from Nova Teutonia by Hood (1954, 1957). No other records from southern Brazil have been added to these two genera since Hood (1960). The 236 Seara specimens comprising the eight species were collected in January 1960, while 466 type specimens of the same species from Nova Teutonia were collected from August 1952 to October 1955 for Eurythrips and from February 1953 to October 1955 for Terthrothrips. However, none of the Nova Teutonia specimens were collected in December, January or March, and no specimens from these months could be found among unidentified material in the Hood collection. Therefore, the Seara additions greatly increase the known material during austral summer. The two Concordia specimens were collected in October 1959. Macrop- terous and brachypterous forms were collected in all seasons at Nova Teutonia, but at both Nova Teutonia and Seara the brachypterous form predominated. In this respect the similarity of forms would indicate that no drastic microclimatic difference existed. However, many of Hood’s species exclusively from Nova Teu- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 401 tonia were found only in certain seasons or were known only from brachypterous or macropterous forms. Also, many of these species were based on general shape of body parts, color, and reticulation. Hinds (1902) established Eurythrips for two species from Massachusetts. He was impressed by the dimensions of the head capsule and antennae. The former was described ‘“‘as long or somewhat longer than wide” and the antennae were ‘fully twice as long as the head and thicker than in most species.”” Karny (1925) erected Terthrothrips for Phloeothrips sanguinolentus Bergroth (1896) from south- ern Brazil. Hood (1935) described Terthrothrips as having a “head decidedly longer than broad” and antennae “unusually long and slender, 2.7 to 3.3 times as long as head.”’ Stannard (1955, 1957) published keys and descriptions to genera of Glyptothripini, and he stated in 1957 that total antennal length was the criterion for separation of Eurythrips and Terthrothrips. Species with each antenna shorter than 2 times the head capsule length were placed in Eurythrips while species exceeding this value were placed in Terthrothrips. Mound (1977) separated Eur- ythrips and Terthrothrips in a key to genera by the characters of the fore tibiae and head. Eurythrips lacked small tubercles on the fore tibiae and had a variable head shape; Terthrothrips had small tubercles frequently present and a relatively long head with curved cheeks deeply incut behind large eyes. Mound (1977, fig. 58) implied that antennal length was also important in the separation of these two genera. I agree with Mound (1977) who stated that “the short-headed Fur- ythrips forms are so different from the long-headed Terthrothrips forms that it seems useful to recognize two genera”’ although a few species have characteristics of both genera. Hood (1935) published a key to Terthrothrips species that contained only three species, one of which was transferred later to another genus. The most recent key to Eurythrips species was by Mound (1976). After examination of the type series of these two genera in the New World the two antennal lengths and four new ratios in couplet | of the following key are presented especially to aid in separating closely related species of Terthrothrips, none of which was in Hood’s 1935 key. KEY TO SPECIES OF EURYTHRIPS AND TERTHROTHRIPS FROM SOUTHERN BRAZIL 1. In both sexes, usually head capsule long, eyes large, width across eyes similar to or slightly greater than width across cheeks, fore tibia with small tubercles along inner margin. Female antennal segment III at least 80 u long, IV at least 75 u long. Female ratios of body parts equal to or greater than following: antennal segments III and IV each with length/width, 1.75; abdominal segment X, length/basal width, 1.90; same segment, length/ PS Pol DUV EA Lee ert Ol oe i to acs Sy cgan's = aac) ces, ban ere ee Terthrothrips Karny 2 — In both sexes, usually head capsule short, eyes small, width across eyes less than across cheeks, fore tibia without small tubercles along inner margin. Female antennal segment III shorter than 80 yu, IV shorter than 75 yp. Female ratios less than values given in alternative above ........ pM TG Fe cd LS Sl ins SANs 4 to gee ee ae aes og re Eurythrips Hinds 8 2. Antennal segments III-VIII light yellow, almost no difference in shades. FUDGOHE a IeSCeMICME LI VENOW 2... iene © ois vepenis ine Cun ek ok tee we an eee 3 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Two or more of antennal segments III—-VII brownish. Abdominal segment Ifyellowor brown”. 3.) ee es ee a eS ee ee 4+ . Head with distinct reticulated striation completely across area posterior to major postocular setae. Maxillary stylets inserted only to posterior edge of head capsule. Metanotal pelta with 6-9 longitudinally elongated poly- gons between central setae” “see ereer eee eee Terthrothrips irretitus Hood Head with sparse weak striation in area posterior to major postocular setae. Maxillary stylets inserted 3 of distance from posterior edge of head capsule to major postocular setae. Metanotal pelta with 4-5 roughly quad- rate polygons between central setae in brachyptera, more polygons in macroptera 2 Pie Ve ON 28 ME AN Terthrothrips balteatus Hood . Abdominal segment II yellow, IV brown, no sharp contrast in shade be- tween Tl and PV? ee err Le ed CR, VES en 5 Abdominal segments II and IV brown, II slightly lighter in shade than EV SE Lae PPR ERE Te A ae See 6 . Metanotal pelta with distinct dark posterior margins; without complete posterior extension, only a few weak striae between dark margins. Max- illary stylets inserted 3 of distance from posterior edge of head capsule to “major postocular setae’ PFs, 4 Terthrothrips marginatus, new species Metanotal pelta without dark posterior margins; with narrow posterior extension, polygons of extension elongated and unusually small. Maxillary stylets inserted 3-4 of distance from posterior edge of head capsule to Major Postoculam setae. 4.7 are en ee Terthrothrips bucculentus Hood . Maxillary stylets inserted 3 of distance from posterior edge of head capsule to major postocular setae. Fore femur and tibia brownish, slightly lighter than brown head capsule. Metanotal pelta with posterior extension, each polygon of extension similar in length and width; with heavy ridges just lateral to‘central’setaeys tae. te). hee ete ee Terthrothrips brunneus Hood Maxillary stylets inserted '/:—*4 of distance from posterior edge of head capsule to major postocular setae. Fore tibia and distal 2 of fore femur yellow, head capsule brown. Metanotal pelta without posterior extension, without heavy-ridges lateral to.centralysetaG, ¢2.eae ch or ee " . Antennal segment III light yellow medially, V light brown medially. Meta- notal pelta with 5 polygons between central setae, each central seta *4 as long as distance between them, more polygons in microptera and bra- (lal Onto): ae ee See Ae eee ONL Wee mT) Ge Terthrothrips peltatus Hood Antennal segments III and V light brown medially, almost same shade. Metanotal pelta with 8 polygons between central setae, each central seta ¥ as long as distance between them ......... Terthrothrips defectus (Hood) . Antennal segment IV with 2 sense cones on inner '2. Metanotal pelta with broad posterior extension of longitudinally elongated polygons ........ OT Re es Se he ae if gt Hl a he 5 eae Eurythrips trifasciatus (Hood) Antennal segment IV with 1 sense cone on inner '2. Metanotal pelta WITHOUL MOStEMOP EXTENSION. fo. cn cysene fsacuslace onan os, eee ce 9 . Abdominal tergite II striated between submedial anterior pair of setae. Abdominal segment VIII with male glandular area a narrow band across ANTEMIOMENG iw neitc Ay) eee ie ry ee eee Eurythrips bisetosus (Hood) Abdominal tergite II smooth between submedial anterior pair of setae. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 403 Abdominal segment VIII with male glandular area occupying most of SERTICTI A Shee he), LOT EET) SOG OSE PLC Eurythrips hemimeres Hood DISCUSSION OF SPECIES All specimens listed as new records are in the Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign. Abbreviations are: mac = macropterous, br = brachypterous. Eurythrips bisetosus (Hood) Porcothrips bisetosus Hood, 1954: 35-38. Eurythrips bisetosus: Mound, 1976: 31, 38, 42, 45, 49; Mound, 1977: 227, 239, 241. New record.— Brazil, Santa Catarina, Seara, 27°09'S, 52°15'W, January 1960, Fritz Plaumann coll., 37 br 2, 14 br @. Mound (1976) regarded E. bisetosus as closely related to E. hemimeres and keyed them out at the same couplet but did not use the striation pattern of abdominal tergite II (present key, couplet 9) which was described by Hood (1957). Eurythrips hemimeres Hood Eurythrips hemimeres Hood, 1957: 142; Mound, 1976: 31, 38, 42, 49, 53; Mound, LOD Te 227 234.241: New record.— Brazil, Santa Catarina, Seara, 27°09'S, 52°15'’W, January 1960, Fritz Plaumann coll., | mac 2, 44 br 2, 26 br ¢. Mound (1976) pointed out that E. hemimeres was the most abundant species collected by F. Plaumann in southern Brazil. Actually, all 155 specimens were from Nova Teutonia. The 71 Seara specimens also represented the most abundant species from that site. Eurythrips trifasciatus (Hood) Porcothrips (2) trifasciatus Hood, 1954: 38-39. Eurythrips trifasciatus: Mound, 1976: 32, 39-40, 44, 59-60; Mound, 1977: 229, 234, 241. New records.— Brazil, Santa Catarina, Seara, 27°09’S, 52°15'W, January 1960, Fritz Plaumann coll., 15 mac 9, 2 br 46; Santa Catarina, Concordia, October 1959, Fritz Plaumann coll., 1 mac @. This species was described from 1 micropterous female, but Mound (1976) reported that the macropterous form was in Hood’s material. Hood’s collection at the U.S. National Museum included 34 unidentified macropterous females grouped with the type series and from Nova Teutonia. Hood apparently believed they were the same species. The high proportion of macroptery is unusual for Eurythrips. All 15 Seara females had the short Eurythrips-like antennal segments III and IV, which were less than 80 uw and 75 wu long, respectively. The average head width across the eyes for the Seara females was 93.5% of the width across the cheeks, which was near typical Terthrothrips values. However, macropterous forms of Terthrothrips tend to have head widths across the eyes relatively greater, with some specimens having this width greater than across the cheeks. Fourteen females had the tube length/basal width ratio falling in the Eurythrips range. 404 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON However, the majority of specimens fell in the Terthrothrips range using the other 3 ratios of couplet 1. Brachypterous males are reported here for the first time. Terthrothrips balteatus Hood Terthrothrips balteatus Hood, 1957: 152; Mound, 1976: 32; Mound, 1977: 227, 23342570242. New record.— Brazil, Santa Catarina, Seara, 27°09’S, 52°15'W, January 1960, Fritz Plaumann coll., 4 mac 2, 16 br 2, 8 br é. Hood (1957) stated that 7. ba/teatus was “‘the only species of the genus with blackish brown body, yellow second abdominal segment, and yellow antennae.” Hood clarified in the detailed description that antennal segments I and II were not yellow. Terthrothrips irretitus possesses a yellow second abdominal segment and yellow antennal segments III-VIII (couplet 2) but is distinctive in the char- acters in couplet 3. Terthrothrips brunneus Hood Terthrothrips brunneus Hood, 1957: 148-149; Mound, 1976: 32, 62; Mound, 19772 242" New record.— Brazil, Santa Catarina, Seara, 27°09'S, 52°15'’W, January 1960, Fritz Plaumann coll., 3 mac 9, 5 br 9, 4 br 6. This is the first record of males in this species. The 4 males were oedymerous, having moderately enlarged fore femora and tibiae. Brachypterous females are also recorded here for the first time. Terthrothrips bucculentus Hood Terthrothrips bucculentus Hood, 1957: 145-146; Mound, 1976: 32, 62; Mound, W772 227-242. New record.— Brazil, Santa Catarina, Seara, 27°09’'S, 52°15'W, January 1960, Fritz Plaumann coll., 2 mac 9, 1 br 2. Hood (1957) recorded 138 specimens of this species from Nova Teutonia but only 3 specimens were found at Seara. Terthrothrips defectus (Hood), NEw COMBINATION Plemmelothrips defectus Hood, 1957: 144-145. Eurythrips defectus: Mound, 1977: 227, 234, 241. New record.— Brazil, Santa Catarina, Seara, 27°09'S, 52°15'W, January 1960, Fritz Plaumann coll., 6 mac 2, 5 br 9, 6 br 2. Hood (1957) stated that Plemmelothrips was allied to Terthrothrips but that the former had stouter antennae, a short and broad head, and less protruding eyes. Plemmelothrips is a monotypic genus and a new synonym here of TJer- throthrips. Mound (1977) stated that P. defectus was intermediate in structure between Eurythrips and Terthrothrips but did not indicate the characters he con- sidered. All the Seara females had the 2 tube ratios of couplet 1 in the Terthrothrips range but a few of the antennal ratios fell in the Eurythrips range. However, the lengths of antennal segments III and IV were completely in the Terthrothrips range, agreeing with the Nova Teutonia material. Interestingly, the holotype had each antenna 2.6 times as long as the head capsule, agreeing with the concept of VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 405 Stannard (1957) that antennae longer than 2!'2 times the head capsule length were typical of Terthrothrips. Terthrothrips irretitus Hood Terthrothrips irretitus Hood, 1957: 150-151, 153; Mound, 1976: 32, 62; Mound, OW 7e2 27. 233. 237, 209-242. New records. — Brazil, Santa Catarina, Seara, 27°09’S, 52°15'W, January 1960, Fritz Plaumann coll., 3 mac 2; Santa Catarina, Concordia, October 1959, Fritz Plaumann coll., | mac 2. The Seara and Concordia specimens agree with the Nova Teutonia material in having maxillary stylets inserted only to the posterior edge of the head capsule (Mound, 1977, fig. 13). This is an unusual character state for Terthrothrips but works well in separating species in the key (couplet 3). Terthrothrips marginatus Gerdes, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1-7 The following description is of the holotype unless stated otherwise. Terthro- thrips marginatus may be separated from other species in the genus by the prom- inent dark posterior margin of the metanotal pelta and relatively short antennal segments III and IV. This species is similar to 7. balteatus and T. bucculentus but may be separated from them in the key. Antenna.—Segment VIII light yellow, almost clear; III—VII yellow-brown with- out sharp difference in shade between adjacent segments; I and II brown, darkest; VIII with pedicel narrower than medial width. Sense cones on distal 3 of each Ssepment (inner 2, outer 2): Til, 1, 21V, 12; V, 122) Vi 22 VEO. wiype series with 1—2 small cones on middle '4 of IV—V. Setae (basal '/, distal '2): I, 5, Oped. Tile 6, (6; IV; 6; 6x, V, 6; 5; VI. 7, 3=4: VIIN6-8.-5; Va. 6. .S. Head capsule.— Yellow-brown, darker medially than antennal segments I and II. One pair of submedial setae (SM) about ' of distance from posterior edge of eyes to posterior edge of capsule. About 24 small acute postocular setae; on each side 3 between major postocular seta (P) and edge of capsule in dorsal aspect; remainder on lateral and ventral sides. One pair of ventral major acute submedial setae about '4 of distance from ventroposterior edge of capsule to eyes. About 10 well-demarcated polygons (PG) between SM and posterior edge of capsule. Four weak transverse striae between SM and posteromedial PG. About 5 weak trans- verse striae between SM and posterior edge of eyes. Posteromedial PG each with longer axis near transverse plane of head and usually 3—4x longer than short (longitudinal) axis. Capsular setae acute except P with enlarged tips. Each eye with 4-5 ommatidia along lateral edge in dorsal aspect; with | ommatidial seta on dorsal '2, 2 on ventral 2. Each cheek with about 15 short protuberances, warty or slightly sharp, along lateral edge in dorsal aspect. Dorsal occipital margin with a few weak striae in medial 3. Maxillary stylets inserted '4 of distance from dorsoposterior edge of capsule to P. Ocellar setae: | pair just posterior to hind ocelli, 1 pair on ridges proceeding posterolaterally from fore ocellus; both pairs acute, small. Distance between hind ocelli about 1'2-2 x width of either ocellus. Prothorax.— Yellow-brown. Four pairs of long setae with expanded apices: anteroangular pronotals (AA), midlateral pronotals (M), outer epimerals (OE), outer posteromarginal pronotals (OP). Four pairs of much smaller acute setae: 406 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 1-4. Holotype of Terthrothrips marginatus. 1, Antennal segments IlJ-IV. 2, Antennal seg- ments V-VIII. 3, Head capsule, dorsal aspect. 4, Metanotal pelta. Setae: P = postocular; SM = sub- medial. PG = polygons. S = sense cone. Each scale line = 100 uz. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 407 Figs. 5-7. Holotype of Terthrothrips marginatus. 5, Dorsal prothoracic plates. 6, Right portion of abdominal terga III-V. 7, Abdominal segments IX-XI, dorsal aspect. Setae: AA = anteroangular pronotal; AM = anteromarginal pronotal; IE = inner epimeral; IP = inner posteromarginal pronotal; M = midlateral; OE = outer epimeral; OP = outer posteromarginal pronotal; L = minor lateral: M1, M2, M3 = Ist through 3rd medial; P1, P2, P3, P4 = Ist through 4th posterior; U = unpaired of segment XI; XI1, XI4 = Ist and 4th paired of segment XI. Each scale line = 100 b. 408 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON anteromarginal pronotals (AM), minor laterals (L), inner epimerals (IE), inner posteromarginal pronotals (IP). One pair of minute clear areas posteromedial to IP. Some specimens with L inserted just lateral to plate. Praepectus with prominent dark striae and complete medial division. Probasisternum with complete medial division, striae less prominent than on praepectus; each '2 with 2 acute short setae near anterior edge and with posteromedial notch. Prospinasternum without setae or prominent striae, with narrowed posterior extension dorsally overlapping me- sopraesternum. Mesothorax. — Yellow-brown. Mesopraesternum thinner medially, with striae over entire surface, 1 minute lateral and 1 minute submedial pair of acute setae. Mesonotum roughly triangular with anterior projection inserted ventrally to pronotum, posterior margin darker, faint anastomosing striae on anterior %, light Y-shaped area at middle of posterior margin. Mesonotal setae: posterior margin with longest pair nearest Y-shaped area, thinner pair lateral to longest, 2 shortest pairs near lateral angles of mesonotum, all acute. Two pairs of light maculae anterior and slightly lateral to thinner pair and within striated 73. Holotype with additional seta at right lateral angle of mesonotum. Metathorax.— Yellow-brown. Metanotal pelta roughly quadrate with central pair of setae acute; about 10 well-demarcated PG posteromedial to central setae, more quadrate than dorsal posteromedial PG of head capsule; obliquely-oriented striae lateral and posterior to central setae; each anteromarginal corner with 3 minute acute setae in close trianglar pattern; 3 striae extending posteriorly from middle '4 of posterior margin; dark transverse margins lateral to 3 posteromedial striae and lateral to central setae. Metanotum posterior and lateral to pelta smooth; extreme lateral areas obscured by wings. Wings.— Type series completely brachypterous. Fore wing with 1 basal short acute and 3 more distal long enlarged setae near costal edge. Hind wings obscured. Fore leg.—Coxa with 1 major enlarged seta, 1 small acute seta dorsomedial to major seta, 3 small acute setae anteroventral to major seta. Tibia and tarsus generally yellow-brown, femur more brownish than tibia; coxa brown; trochanter yellow. Femur with about 20 well-demarcated transverse striae on both ventral and dorsal surfaces; about 32 dorsal and 24 ventral short acute setae, straight to slightly curved. Tibia with poorly-demarcated transverse striae; about 30 dorsal and 24 ventral short acute setae, setae on distal '2 longer than on basal '2. Tarsus with about 8 acute setae on both dorsal and ventral surfaces, including short thicker seta basal to inner acutely-rounded spur. Middle and hind legs.—Generally yellow-brown, femur slightly darker than tibia. Setae acute: middle leg with about 40 femoral, fewer on inner than outer side, 50 tibial, 10 tarsal; hind leg with about 30 femoral, fewer on inner than outer side, 60 tibial, 10 tarsal. About 15 dorsal femoral striae, tibial striae more prominent than on fore tibia. Abdominal color.— Segment II yellow, almost as light as antennal segment VIII; III yellow anteriorly, brown posteriorly; [V—V dark yellow-brown; VI-IX lighter than V; X generally yellow-brown, lighter along basal margin and in distal . Abdominal terga I-VII.—Pelta of I: anterior extension roughly quadrate with random pattern of weak striae; base with weak striae more closely spaced; lateral wings small, generally smooth. Setae of I: 1 sublateral short acute pair, | lateral long pair with enlarged apices, | short acute pair just anterior to enlarged setae. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 409 Setae of II: longest pair enlarged at apices, posterolateral; second longest pair acute, lateral to longest; 3 short acute pairs, anterolateral to longest, anterior to longest, and submedial. Pattern shared by III—-VII: P2 and P4 long with enlarged apices; P3 short, acute, anteromedial to P4; M1 submedial, short, acute; M3 short, acute, anterior to P3. Weak sparse striation on II-VII. Anterior margin of III- VII: no setae, | pair of lateral pores. Wing-holding setae: P1 with greatest curvature on IV-VI, barely sigmoid on III; M2 barely curved on III-IV, slightly sigmoid on V-VI. Abdominal terga VIII-IX.—Setal pattern different from III—-VII. Posterior ' of VIII: P1 slightly curved, blunt; P2—P3 shorter, acute; P2 posterior to line connecting P1 and P4; P3 just medial to P4; P4 long, with enlarged apex. Middle ¥; of VIII: M1 shortest, acute, submedial; 1 minute pair of light spots between M1; 1 pair of pores anterior to M1. Anterior '4 of VIII: no setae, | pair of lateral pores, weak sparse striation. Posterior '3 of IX: Pl and P4 long, with enlarged apex; P2 *; as long as P4, acute; P3 shortest, acute, anterolateral to P2. | pair of sublateral pores anterior to setae. No setae on anterior 73. Anterior 3 of IX: 1 pair of lateral pores, weak sparse striation. Segments X—XI.—Setae of X: 1 minute acute pair between dorsal posterolateral pores, | minute acute ventroposterior pair. X: 1 dorsal anterolateral pair of pores; 9 longitudinal rows of scales, about 8 scales/row. Setae of XI: 1 unpaired medi- odorsal (U) and 9 pairs (XI1—XI9); U short, highly curved, acute; XI1, XI4, XI6, longest, slightly enlarged apices; XI2, XI5, XI8-9, highly curved, acute, shorter than XI1, XI4, XI6; XI3 and XI7 shortest, acute. Measurements of holotype (allotype).—L = length, W = width. Measurements are in microns. Antennal segments: L of I, 47(41); W of I, 38(33); L of II, 58(53); W of II, 32(25); L of III, 82(70); W of III, 28(25); L of IV, 78(68); W of IV, 26(23); L of V, 74(64); W of V, 25(22); L of VI, 58(53); W of VI, 23(20); L of VII, 46(40): W of VII, 20(18); L of VIII, 43(37); W of VIII, 14(12). Head capsule: L, 199(177); frontal W, 77(68); ocular W, 117(101); postocular W, 94(88); cheek W, 129(115); subbasal W, 122(108); basal W, 129(113); postocular seta, 70(51). Prothoracic W: 207(188). Prothoracic setae: AA, 77(55); M, 83(65); OE, 83(63); OP, 82(69). Fore wing L distal to subbasal setae: 33(26). Abdominal segments: W of IV, 321(217); L of X, 129(95); basal W of X, 69(56); distal W of X, 33(29); seta IXP1, 114(78); seta IXP4, 102. Measurements of type series.— Measurements include holotype and allotype and are stated as follows: mean + standard deviation, N = number of specimens measured. Females are first, males are in parentheses. Antennal segments: L of Ries le 2: 50-N9-(73.0' = "3.58, N7): W of 126.8 = 091, NO C4 3 = 0:56, ING) Oral Vow. 8 219 INS (68.5 +.3:.322 N71) wW, ol 1V.26.5).2- 10:77. NS (23.9 + 0.47, N7). Head capsule: L, 198.0 + 6.26, N9 (179.9 + 3.48, N7); frontal W, 75.2 + 2.06, N9 (68.6 + 1.54, N7); ocular W, 118.0 + 2.92, N9 (104.0 + 2738, N7): postocular W, 97-2 = 2:02; N9(85.3' == 2.116; (N7); cheek W, 131.9 = 3.52, N9 (116.0 + 3.65, N7); subbasal W, 123.6 + 5.41, N9 (109.9 + 4.81, N7); basal W, 130.8 + 5.74, N9 (116.0 + 4.24, N7). Pronotal W, 211.9 + 11.57, N8 (195.0 + 7.72, N6). Fore wing L distal to major subbasal setae, 25.2 + 5.55, N9 (26.7 + 5.96, N7). Abdominal segments: W of IV, 320.4 + 16.46, N9 (219.0 + iO. NZ) 1. of X. 121.6)22 4.77,.N9. (98:3 + 3.27, N7); basal W of X. 67.4 + 50; IND G70 2.1.07, N7): distal W of X, 33.1 + 0.93, N9 (29.4 = 0.45,N7). 410 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Male glandular areas.—Abdominal segment VIII of all 6 paratypes with glan- dular area having straight anterior and posterior borders, occupying complete width of VIII, and ending within about 20 uw of anterior and posterior edges of sternite. Types and type locality.—? (holotype), é (allotype), 8 2? and 6 é (paratypes). Brazil, Santa Catarina, Seara, 27°09'S, 52°15'W, January 1960, Fritz Plaumann coll. All deposited in Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, except for 1 2 paratype deposited in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt-am-Main, West Germany. Etymology. — From Latin marginatus = margined, in reference to dark cuticular posterior margins of metanotal pelta (Fig. 4). Terthrothrips peltatus Hood Terthrothrips peltatus Hood, 1957: 146-147; Mound, 1976: 32, 62; Mound, 1977: 237-238, 242. New record. — Brazil, Santa Catarina, Seara, 27°09’S, 52°15'W, January 1960, 2 mac @, 9 br 2, 6 br @. This species displayed intermediate wing lengths between the completely fringed macropterous and approximately 100 u-long brachypterous forms at both sites. Hood (1957) referred to some intermediate wing lengths as micropterous, but the almost continuous gradient in wing lengths for specimens in this tribe led me to refer to all forms with less than fully-developed wings as brachypterous. For example, the 9 brachypterous females of 7. pel/tatus from Seara had the following mean + standard deviation for the fore wing length distal to the major subbasal setae: 124.4 + 66.16. This may be compared to the smaller deviation in the brachypterous females of 7. marginatus. LITERATURE CITED Bergroth, E. 1896. Nouvelle espéce de Thysanoptéres. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 40: 66-67. Hinds, W.E. 1902. Contribution to a monograph of the insects of the order Thysanoptera inhabiting North America. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 26: 79-242. Hood, J. D. 1935. Some new or little-known Thysanoptera of the family Phlaeothripidae. Rev. Entomol. (Rio de J.) 5: 159-199. —. 1950. Brasilian Thysanoptera. II. Rev. Entomol. (Rio de J.) 21: 1-113. —. 1952. Brasilian Thysanoptera. III. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 65: 141-176. —. 1954. Brasilian Thysanoptera. IV. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 67: 17-54. —. 1957. New Brazilian Thysanoptera. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 70: 129-180. . 1960. Six new Thysanoptera from Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 9: 57-68. Karny, H. H. 1925. Uber Phloeothrips sanguinolentus Bergroth nebst einer revision der Dicerato- thripinen-Genera. Not. Entomol. 5: 77-84. Mound, L. A. 1976. American leaf-litter Thysanoptera of the genera Erkosothrips, Eurythrips and Terthrothrips (Phlaeothripidae: Phlaeothripinae). Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 35: 25-64. 1977. Species diversity and the systematics of some New World leaf litter Thysanoptera (Phlaeothripinae; Glyptothripini). Syst. Entomol. 2: 225-244. Stannard, L. J., Jr. 1955. On some reticulate-headed genera of the tribe Glyptothripini Priesner (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 81: 77-101. —. 1957. The phylogeny and classification of the North American genera of the suborder Tubulifera (Thysanoptera). Ill. Biol. Monogr.: Number 25. 200 pp. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 411-421 THE LARVAE AND PUPAE OF THREE PHYCITINE SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) THAT OCCUR IN FLORIDA' LARRY R. GRIMES AND H. H. NEUNZIG Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27650. Abstract. — The last stage larvae and the pupae of Hypargyria slossonella (Hulst), Davara caricae (Dyar), and Sarasota plumigerella Hulst are described. Larvae of these species were collected from Hippocratea volubilis L., Carica papaya L. and Coccoloba uvifera (L.), respectively. Information on feeding behavior and seasonal occurrence of the 3 species is included. Heinrich’s 1956 revision of the Phycitinae included many species found in tropical America. We provide information on the immature stages of three of these phycitines that occur in the United States in southern Florida. Of these, Hypargyria slossonella (Hulst) feeds as a larva on Hippocratea volubilis L., and appears to be of no economic importance; however, one of the others, Davara caricae (Dyar) is a pest of the fruit of papaya (Carica papaya L.) (Bruner et al., 1945), and the third, Sarasota plumigerella Hulst, feeds on the leaves, flowers, and seed capsules of sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera (L.)), which is sometimes used in ornamental plantings. MATERIALS AND METHODS Insects included in this study were all collected as larvae from host plants. Notes were made of feeding damage at the time larvae were collected, and photographs of feeding injury were taken either in the field or upon returning to the laboratory. A small number of the last stage larvae present at the time of collection were killed in hot water, and subsequently fixed and preserved in Kahle’s fluid; the remaining larvae were reared to obtain pupae and adults. Pupae were fixed and preserved like the larvae. Larvae were reared in either Ziplock® plastic bags or large plastic refrigerator trays containing part of the host plant and usually a small amount of moist sand. Following adult emergence, genitalia slides were prepared of representative spec- imens and identifications made following Heinrich (1956). Information on the color of living larvae is given in parentheses. All other color descriptions are based on preserved larvae and pupae. The setal nomenclature follows Hinton (1946) for larvae, and Neunzig and Merkel (1967) for pupae. Measurements are for preserved specimens. The widths of the larval head ' Paper No. 8700 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, North Carolina 27650. 412 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON capsule, larval body and pupal body were measured at the widest points. Lengths of pupae may be somewhat exaggerated because abdominal segments tend to expand during fixation. All the material is deposited in the NCSU Insect Collection, Raleigh. Hypargyria slossonella (Hulst) Salebria slossonella Hulst, 1900a: 170. Last stage larva (Figs. 1, 7, 10).—Length 13.2-17.0 mm, avg. 15.5 mm; width 1.9-2.2 mm, avg. 2.1 mm. Color.—Head pale yellowish-brown with pale brown to brown tonofibrillary platelets (faint green undertones and brown to black platelets in living larva); labrum yellowish-brown; antennae yellowish-brown; mandibles mostly yellowish- brown, reddish-brown distally; spinneret pale brown. Prothoracic shield pale whitish-yellow to pale yellowish-brown, with some dark- er markings, to mostly brown (pale brown to mostly black with yellowish-green to lime green undertones posteromesally in living larva); most pigmentation on ventral part of shield represents anterior part of sst and est stripes. Prespiracular plates pale yellowish-brown with brown platelets and sometimes other maculation (pale brown with green undertones to mostly black in living larva). Remainder of prothorax mostly yellowish-white (mostly pale yellowish-white to green in living larva); sst and est stripes, when present, dark brown to black (purple to dark brown or black in living larva). Meso- and metathorax and abdomen mostly yellowish-white, sometimes with faint, fragmented red md and sd stripes (green to reddish-brown md and sd stripes and pale yellow to yellow overlap of segments dorsally in living larva) and dark brown to black sst and est stripes (sst and est stripes dark reddish-brown or purple to black in living larva) (interstitial areas and area ventral to stripes in living larva pale yellow, yellowish-green, or lime green, sometimes mottled with red). Mesothoracic SD1 pinacula rings dark brown (black in living larva). Eighth abdominal segment SD1 pinacula rings dark brown (dark brown to black in living larva). Thoracic legs mostly pale brownish-yellow (brown and pale brown in living larva). Anal shield whitish-yellow to brownish-yellow with darker platelets and mac- ulation (sometimes with broad black maculation laterally in living larva). Pinacula pale brown to dark brown (D and SD1 pinacula sometimes dark reddish-brown to black, relatively large and distinct in living larva). Tonofibrillary platelets on remainder of body indistinct. Head.— Width 1.25-1.55 mm, avg. 1.47 mm; surface slightly sculptured; ad- frontals reach ca. 7/3 distance to epicranial notch; AF2 setae usually at level of forking of epicranial suture; AF2 setae usually slightly below imaginary line be- tween P1 setae; P| setae further apart than P2 setae; labrum shallowly emarginate; mandibles simple, distal teeth distinct; mesal sensilla trichodea forked with 2 teeth; spinneret long, ca. 7 x as long as medial breadth. Prothorax.—Shield with distance between D1 setae less than distance between XD1 setae, on each side distance between SD1 and SD2 setae greater than distance VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 413 Figs. 1-6. 1-3, Lateral view of head, prothorax, and mesothorax of last stage larvae. 1, Hypargyria slossonella. 2, Davara caricae. 3, Sarasota plumigerella. 4-6, Dorsal view of caudal segments of pupae. 4, H. slossonella. 5, D. caricae. 6, S. plumigerella. 414 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON = | = 8 10 11 12 Figs. 7-12. 7-9, Right mandible of last stage larva in mesal view. 7, Hypargyria slossonella. 8, Davara caricae. 9, Sarasota plumigerella. 10-12, Distal part of left maxilla of last stage larva in dorsal view. 10, Hypargyria slossonella. 11, Davara caricae. 12, Sarasota plumigerella. between SD1 and XD2 setae, distance between D1 and D2 setae greater than distance between D1 and XD1 setae, and XD2, SD1 and SD2 form an acute angle; prothoracic L setae nearly vertical. Meso- and metathorax.—SD1 pinacula rings of mesothorax well developed; on each side of mesothorax and metathorax D1 and D2 pinacula fused and SD1 and SD2 pinacula usually fused; SD1 setae on mesothorax ca. 2 x as long as SD1 setae on metathorax. Abdomen.—Anterior segments with D2 setae ca. 0.8 mm long, D1 setae ca. 0.5 x as long as D2 setae; distance between D1 and D2 setae on each side of segments 3-6 slightly less than distance between D1 and SD1; segments 1-7 lack pinacula rings at base of SD1 setae; crochets in a tri- to biordinal ellipse, number on prolegs of segments 3, 4, 5, 6 and anal segment 66-84, 68-86, 60-84, 70-94, and 56-90, respectively; spiracles of segment 8 with vertical diam. ca. 2x those of segment 7, with horizontal diam. ca. 1.1 x distance between L1 and L2 setae; SD1 rings of segment 8 relatively broad and complete; SD1 setae of segment 8 ca. 1.8 as long as SD1 setae of segment 7; 2 SV setae on each side of segments 8 and 9; on each side of segment 9, D1 usually about equidistant from D2 and SD1; all pinacula separate. Pupa (Fig. 4).—Length 7.3-9.2 mm, avg. 8.3 mm; width 2.2—2.5 mm, avg. 2.4 mm. Color. — Yellowish-brown to pale reddish-brown; 10th abdominal segment dark reddish-brown; gibba mostly dark reddish-brown. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 415 Head.—Slightly wrinkled; pilifers usually narrowly separated by labial palpi; length of maxillae 4.7—5.4 mm, avg. 5.0 mm; setae minute. Thorax.—Prothorax slightly wrinkled; spiracles present, mesothorax slightly wrinkled, without punctures; metathorax slightly wrinkled with ca. 45 punctures on each side of meson, extending ca. 7 distance from meson to lateral margin; setae minute. Abdomen.—Segments 1-4 with proximal 7 densely punctate dorsally; punc- tures of 4 not reaching spiracles; segments 5—7 with distinct punctures encircling proximal '2 to 73 of segments; spiracles elliptical, slightly raised, length ca. 0.06 mm; segment 4 with D1, SD1 and L2 setae; segments 5—7 with D1, SD1, L2, and SV2 setae; segment 8 with L2 setae; segments 9 and 10 without setae; gibba 3.5- 3.7 as wide as median length; caudal margin of gibba with small punctures; cremastral ‘“‘spines”’ consisting of 2 relatively robust, hooked, mesal “‘spines,”’ 2 shorter, slender, simple adjacent “spines,” and 2 lateral, relatively robust, short, simple “‘spines.”’ Material examined.— Florida, Upper Key Largo, 6 larvae, Hippocratea volu- bilis, 21-V-1978, L. R. Grimes; 10 larvae, H. volubilis, 20-V-1979, L. R. Grimes, 10 pupae reared from additional larvae, same data. Distribution.—H. s/ossonella is found in the United States only in southern Florida. It apparently also occurs in Mexico in the state of Oaxaca (Heinrich, 1956). Biology. — Like most tropical insects, H. s/ossonella has several generations each year. Heinrich (1956) listed February, March, and April as months in which adults were collected in southern Florida. During the present study, early to half-grown larvae were collected in late May, and these became adults in June and July. Probably additional generations are produced in late summer and fall. Small larvae consume the upper or lower epidermis and mesophyll of leaves of the liana Hippocratia volubilis L. As the larvae develop they form small, loose protective structures on the host plant from silk, frass, and surrounding leaves. The initial external evidence of larval feeding consists of pale areas on the outer surface of the leaves (Figs. 13, 14). Late stage larvae silk together larger clusters of whole, partially eaten, and dead leaves. Several larvae frequently inhabit each enclosure. Larger, somewhat more tightly constructed, frass and silk tubes are made by each larva (Fig. 15), and entire parts of leaves are consumed, particularly the leaf margins (Fig. 15). Pupation occurs primarily in the soil. Davara caricae (Dyar)” Ulophora caricae Dyar, 1913: 218. Last stage larva (Figs. 2, 8, 11).—Length 12.5-15.2 mm, avg. 13.9 mm; width 1.9-2.4 mm, avg. 2.2 mm. Color. — Head yellowish-brown with dark brown to black tonofibrillary platelets and brown to dark brown broadly distributed suffusions, including a patch as- sociated with the ocelli (suffusions sometimes black in living larva); labrum yel- * According to Heinrich (1956), Davara caricae (Dyar) is probably a junior synonym of Davara columnella (Zeller). 416 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 13-15. 13, Injury (arrows) to terminal leaves of Hippocratea volubilis by small larvae of Hypargyria slossonella. 14, Feeding damage (arrow) to leaf of H. volubilis by early stage larva of H. slossonella. 15, Feeding injury, frass and silk enclosures, and larva (arrow) of H. slossonella (H. volubilis leaf). lowish-brown; antennae light brown to brown (dark brown to black in living larva); mandibles yellowish-brown, reddish-brown distally; spinneret pale brown. Prothoracic shield mostly yellowish-brown dorsally and mostly dark brown (black in living larva) ventrally; some dark brown (black in living larva) along dorsomesal margins and dark brown (black in living larva) platelets; pigmentation in ventral areas of shield forming anterior part of sst and est stripes. Prespiracular plates mostly yellowish-brown with dark brown (black in living larva) platelets and other dark brown maculation. Remainder of prothorax mostly yellowish-white (living larva whitish-yellow sometimes suffused with red); sst and est stripes dark brown to black; usually dark brown to black anteroventrally. Meso- and metathorax and abdomen mostly yellowish-white with relatively indistinct brown md and sd stripes (sd stripe fragmented and sometimes very faint) (md stripe purplish-brown and sd stripe reddish-brown mottled with pur- plish-brown in living larva) and dark brown partially fused sst and est stripes (sst and est stripes dark purplish-brown in living larva) (interstitial areas and region ventral to stripes in living larva whitish-yellow, sometimes mottled with red). Mesothoracic SD1 pinacula rings dark brown (black in living larva). Eighth abdominal segment SD1 pinacula rings dark brown (dark brown to black in living larva). Thoracic legs mostly brown to dark brown (sometimes black in living larva). Anal shield brownish-yellow with darker platelets and maculation. Pinacula brown to dark brown (sometimes black in living larva), relatively small. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 417 Tonofibrillary platelets on remainder of body indistinct. Head.— Width 1.05-1.22 mm, avg. 1.8 mm; surface slightly sculptured; ad- frontals reach ca. 7 distance to epicranial notch; AF2 setae usually near forking of epicranial suture; AF2 setae below an imaginary line between P1 setae; P1 setae further apart than P2 setae; labrum distinctly emarginate; mandibles simple, distal teeth distinct; mesal sensilla trichodea with 2 teeth; spinneret long, ca. 6.5 x as long as median breadth. Prothorax.—Shield with distance between D1 setae less than distance between XD1 setae, on each side distance between SD1 and SD2 setae greater than distance between D1 and XD2 setae, distance between D1 and D2 greater than distance between D1 and XD1 setae, and XD2, SD1, and SD2 setae form an acute angle; prothoracic L setae nearly vertical. Meso- and metathorax.—SD1 pinacula rings of mesothorax well developed; on each side of mesothorax and metathorax D1 and D2 pinacula fused and SD1 and SD2 pinacula fused; SD1 setae on mesothorax ca. 2x as long as SD1 setae on metathorax. Abdomen.—Anterior segments with D2 setae ca. 0.7 mm long, D1 setae ca. 0.8 x as long as D2 setae; distance between D1 and D2 setae on each side of segments 3-6 slightly less than distance between D1 and SD1; segments 1-7 lack pinacula rings at base of SD1 setae; postspiracular tonofibrillary platelets relatively well developed on segments 3-6; crochets in a tri- to biordinal ellipse, numbers on prolegs of segments 3, 4, 5, 6, and anal segment 50-58, 52-66, 52-60, 54-66, and 42-48, respectively; spiracles of segment 8 with vertical diam. ca. 1.7 x those of segment 7, with horizontal diam. ca. 1.2 x distance between L1 and L2 setae; SD1 pinacula rings of segment 8 relatively broad and complete; SD1 setae of segment 8 ca. 1.5 as long as SD1 setae of segment 7; 2 SV setae on each side of segments 8 and 9; on each side of segment 9, D1 distinctly closer to SD1 than to D2; all pinacula separate. Pupa (Fig. 5).—Length 7.0-8.4 mm, avg. 8.0 mm; width 2.3-2.5 mm, avg. 2.4 mm. Color.— Yellowish-brown to pale reddish-brown; 10th abdominal segment dark reddish-brown; gibba mostly dark reddish-brown. Head.—Slightly uneven; pilifers not separated by sclerite of labial palpi; length of maxillae 5.0-5.4 mm; avg. 5.2 mm; setae minute. Thorax.— Prothorax wrinkled; spiracles present; mesothorax wrinkled, without punctures; metathorax slightly wrinkled with ca. 60 punctures on each side of meson extending about */,; distance from meson to lateral margin; setae minute. Abdomen.—Segments 1-4 with proximal 73 densely punctate dorsally; punc- tures of 4 almost reaching spiracles; segments 5—7 with distinct punctures encir- cling proximal '2 to 73 of segments; spiracles elliptical, slightly raised, length ca. 0.07 mm; segment 4 with D1, SD1, and L2 setae; segments 5—7 with D1, SD1, L2, and SV2 setae; segments 8, 9, and 10 without setae; gibba 4.5 x as wide as median length; caudal margin of gibba with small punctures; cremastral “‘spines”’ consisting of 4 centrally located, posteriorly directed, relatively robust “spines” with strongly curled tips, and 2 outer postero-laterally directed, relatively robust, slightly hooked “‘spines’’; outer “‘spines” ca. '2—%3 length of inner “‘spines.”’ Material examined.—Florida, Plantation Key, 12 larvae, Carica papaya, 16- V-1979, L. R. Grimes, 2 pupae reared from additional larvae, same data. 418 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Distribution. —In the United States, D. caricae occurs only in southern Florida (Heinrich, 1956). The species also is common in Central and South America. Biology.—Adults have been collected most months of the year in southern Florida and in Central and South America (Heinrich, 1956; Kimball, 1965). Eggs are usually placed on the developing fruit, or sometimes on other parts, of papaya (Carica papaya L.). Small larvae feed primarily on the leathery surface of the fruit, usually covering themselves with small amounts of silk and frass. Preferred sites for feeding are in crevices between fruits, between fruits and stems, and between the peduncle and stem. Frequently, several larvae feed together, and, in time, thick mats of frass collect on the fruits or other parts of the host plant, concealing the larvae (Figs. 16, 18). Late instars carve shallow chambers in the surface of the fruit (Fig. 17). Larvae apparently seldom enter the fleshy inner pulp. Pupation occurs in the soil. Sarasota plumigerella Hulst Sarasota plumigerella Hulst, 1900b, 222. Last stage larva (Figs. 3, 9, 12).—Length 8.5-11.5 mm, avg. 10.2 mm; width 1.6—2.0 mm, avg. 1.8 mm. Color.—Head yellowish-white to yellowish-brown with pale brown tonofibril- lary platelets (yellowish-brown with pale brown to brown platelets and sometimes faint green undertones in living larva); labrum yellowish-brown; antennae yel- lowish-brown; mandibles yellowish-brown, reddish-brown distally; spinneret pale brown. Prothoracic shield yellowish-white to yellowish-brown usually with pale brown to dark brown patch (sst and est stripe) laterally, brown to dark brown usually at base of SD setae, and sometimes brown platelets and other small amounts of brown maculation (yellowish-brown with pale brown to black maculation in living larva). Prespiracular plates yellowish-white to yellowish-brown with brown platelets. Remainder of prothorax mostly yellowish-white, sometimes with red mottling; sst and est stripes dark brown (pale brown to dark reddish-brown or black in living larva). Meso- and metathorax and abdomen mostly yellowish-white, sometimes with faint to moderately distinct, usually fragmented, pale brown to brown md and sd stripes (stripes pale to dark reddish-brown in living larva) and pale brown to dark brown, strongly fused, sst and est stripes (stripes pale brown to dark reddish- brown to black in living larva) (interstitial areas and area ventral to stripes, in living larva, whitish-yellow, sometimes pink or mottled with pink). Mesothoracic SD1 pinacula rings dark brown (black in living larva). Eighth abdominal segment SD1 pinacula rings dark brown (sometimes black in living larva). Thoracic legs mostly pale brownish-yellow (brown and pale brown in living larva). Anal shield brownish-yellow, sometimes heavily suffused with dark brown (suf- fusions sometimes black in living larva). Pinacula pale brown to dark brown (some pinacula sometimes black in living larva). VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 419 Figs. 16-20. 16, Papaya (Carica papaya) fruit and accumulated frass and silk of larva of Davara caricae. 17, Last stage larva of D. caricae and characteristic shallow feeding injury on surface of fruit of papaya. 18, Accumulations of frass and silk of larva of D. caricae on trunk of papaya. 19, Fruit of sea grape bored into by larvae of S. plumigerella. 20, Cluster of fruit of sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera) with accumulations of frass and silk of larvae of Sarasota plumigerella along raceme. Tonofibrillary platelets on remainder of body indistinct. Head. — Width 0.99-1.19 mm, avg. 1.12 mm; surface rugulose; adfrontals reach ca. 7/3 distance to epicranial notch; AF2 setae usually at level of forking of epicranial suture; AF2 setae usually on or slightly below imaginary line between P1 setae; P1 setae further apart than P2 setae; labrum shallowly emarginate; mandibles simple, distal teeth distinct; mesal sensilla trichodea, with 2 teeth; spinneret long, ca. 6.5 as long as median breadth. Prothorax.—Shield with distance between D1 setae less than distance between XD 1 setae, on each side distance between SD1 and SD2 setae greater than distance between SD1 and XD2 setae, distance between D1 and D2 setae greater than 420 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON distance between D1 and XD1, and XD2, SD1, and SD2 form an acute angle; prothoracic L setae nearly vertical. Meso- and metathorax.—SD1 pinacula rings of mesothorax well developed; on each side of mesothorax and metathorax D1 and D2 pinacula usually separate and SD1 and SD2 usually fused; SD1 setae on mesothorax ca. 2 x as long as SD1 setae on metathorax. Abdomen.— Anterior segments with D2 setae ca. 0.5 mm long, D1 setae ca. 0.8x as long as D2 setae; distance between D1 and D2 setae on each side of segments 3-6 greater than distance between D1 and SD1; segments 1-7 lack pinacula rings at base of SD1 setae; crochets in a triordinal ellipse, number on prolegs of segments 3, 4, 5, 6, and anal segment 64-66, 62-66, 64-66, 66-74, and 66-70, respectively; spiracles of segment 8 with vertical diam. ca. 2x those of segment 7, with horizontal diam. ca. 1.1 x distance between L1 and L2 setae; SD1 rings of segment 8 relatively broad and complete; SD1 setae of segment 8 ca. 1.9x as long as SD1 setae of segment 7; 2 SV setae on each side of segment 9; D1 usually closer to SD1 than to D2; all pinacula separate. Pupa (Fig. 6).—Length 7.3 mm; width 2.1 mm. Color. — Yellowish-brown to pale reddish-brown; 10th abdominal segment dark reddish-brown; gibba mostly dark brown. Head.—Slightly wrinkled; pilifers separated by labial palpi; length of maxillae 4.4 mm; setae minute. Thorax.—Prothorax slightly wrinkled; spiracles present; mesothorax slightly wrinkled, without punctures; metathorax slightly wrinkled with ca. 40 punctures on each side of meson, extending ca. %4 distance from meson to lateral margin; setae minute. Abdomen.—Segments 1-4 with proximal '2 to 7% densely punctate dorsally; punctures of 4 not reaching spiracles; segments 5—7 with distinct punctures en- circling anterior 2 to 73 of segments; spiracles elliptical, slightly raised, length ca. 0.05 mm; segment 4 with D1, SD1, and L2 setae; segments 5-7 with D1, SD1, L2 and SV2 setae; segments 8, 9, and 10 without setae; gibba 4x as wide as median length; caudal margin of gibba with row of small punctures; cremastral ‘“‘spines”’ consisting of 4, centrally located, relatively long, closely associated, hooked, “‘spines’”’ and 2 outer, curved, almost as long, similar “‘spines.” Material examined.—Florida.—Lower Matecumbe Key, 3 larvae, Coccoloba uvifera, 23-V-1981, L. R. Grimes; | pupa reared from an additional larva, same data. Distribution.—S. plumigerella apparently occurs only in southern Florida (Heinrich, 1956). Biology.— According to Heinrich (1956) and Kimball (1965), adults of S. plu- migerella have been collected only in March and April. Obviously, more than one generation occurs each year, however, for during the present study larvae were collected in May, and adults were reared from some of these larvae in June. Host plants recorded for S. plumigerella are seagrape (Coccoloba uvifera (L.)) and white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa Gaertner). Leaves, flowers, and fruit may be eaten. On seagrape, larvae frequently feed on the fruit, boring into and usually completely hollowing out individual berries (Fig. 19). A silk and frass covering, which conceals the larva, is laid down along the racemes and around the base of the developing achenes (Fig. 20). Pupation occurs in the soil. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 421 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Host plant determinations were made by J. W. Hardin of the Botany Depart- ment, North Carolina State University (scientific names of host plants follow Long and Lakela (1971)). LITERATURE CITED Bruner, S. C., L. C. Scaramuzza, and A. R. Ottero. 1945. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a los plantas economicas de Cuba. Estac. Expt. Agron. Bull. 63, 246 pp. Dyar, H. G. 1913. A new Ulophora from Florida. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 14: 218. Heinrich, C. 1956. American moths of the subfamily Phycitinae. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 207, 581 pp. Hinton, H. E. 1946. On the homology and nomenclature of the setae of lepidopterous larvae, with some notes on the phylogeny of the Lepidoptera. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 97: 1-37. Hulst, G. D. 1900a. Some new genera and species of Phycitinae. Can. Entomol. 32: 169-176. 1900b. New species of Lepidoptera. J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 8: 215-225. Kimball, C. P. 1965. The Lepidoptera of Florida. Gainesville, 363 pp. Long, K. W. and O. Lakela. 1971. A flora of tropical Florida. Univ. Miami Press, Coral Gables, 962 pp. Neunzig, H. H. and E. P. Merkel. 1967. A taxonomic study of the pupae of the genus Dioryctria in the southeastern United States (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 60: 801- 808. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 422-431 ETHOLOGY OF NEOCERDISTUS ACUTANGULATUS (DIPTERA: ASILIDAE) IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA!” ROBERT J. LAVIGNE Entomology Section, University of Wyoming, Box 3354, University Station, Laramie, Wyoming 82071. Abstract.—A field study of the ethology of Neocerdistus acutangulatus in South Australia revealed the following facts. Prey taken by N. acutangulatus represented seven insect Orders, suggesting opportunistic euryphagy, although both sexes showed a predilection for Diptera. Mating, without prior courtship, took place in the tail-to-tail position. Eggs were deposited singly in the soil. The present paper is the third in a series dealing with the ethology of South Australian robber flies. The first paper dealt with Neoitamus vittipes (Macquart) (Lavigne, 1982a) and the second with Neoscleropogon elongatus (Macquart) (La- vigne, 1982b). While on sabbatical at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute (November 1978—May 1979), I investigated the behavior of Neocerdistus acutangulatus (Mac- quart) in a horse paddock owned by L. Walter, one km east of One Tree Hill, SA during the period April 5 to 30, 1979. One Tree Hill is a small village, east of Elizabeth, near Para Wirra National Park. Published records of the occurrence of Neocerdistus acutangulatus are few. Macquart (1847), describing it in the genus Asi/us, gave for the locality both ‘*“Nouvelle-Hollande” and ‘“Tasmanie.”’ For some reason Hardy changed the spell- ing of the species name in 1926 so that it read acutangularis. He retained this misspelling in his later papers and the error has been repeated in subsequent literature. In the same paper Hardy (1926), established Neoitamus abditus White as asynonym: “There is no species from Tasmania that fits Macquart’s description so well as White’s N. abditus, so there can be little doubt concerning the correctness of this synonymy.”’ On this basis, Hardy provided the following distribution: ‘“‘Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales, February to April.” In a later paper (1935) however, he stated “It is possible that there is more than one species incorporated under this name... . the name, however, is generally applied to the Tasmanian form, which also occurs in the vicinity of Melbourne. If the name be applicable to a species from New South Wales, and that may possibly be distinct, ' Published with the approval of the Director, Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, as Journal Article No. JA 1127. 2 This research was supported in part by National Science Foundation Travel Grant INT 78-17131, in part by the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia, and in part by the University of Wyoming. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 423 Fig. 1. Horse paddock, one km east of One Tree Hill, SA, in which a population of Neocerdistus acutangulatus was studied. it will be necessary to revert to White’s specific name for the present form.” The species whose behavior is described in this paper was identified by Mr. Gregory Daniels, the current authority on Australian Asilidae. In addition to the South Australian population, on which this paper is based, the author, during a trip to Canberra, ACT and return, collected the species 5.4 km SW of Stawell, Victoria in the Grampians (10.iv.79) and in Back Street State Forest, 19 km east of West Wyalong, NSW (14.iv.79). The Grampians population existed in a habitat similar to that described for the South Australian population. In Back Street State Forest, the asilids were observed foraging from leaves and dead limbs of Acacia sp. and Eucalyptus sp. at heights up to three meters. The dominant vegetation in the SA horse paddock was Eucalyptus fasciculosa F. Muell. (pink gum) with an understory of grass, primarily Stipa sp. and Pen- taschistis thunbergii (Kunth) Stapf, a bunch grass. Occasional patches of the shrub, Daviesia ulicina Sm. were present in the area (Fig. 1). The paddock was triangular, encompassing a fenced area of 30.5 km’. Based on observations made on random transects, the population of asilids was estimated to be 75 to 100 individuals. The sex ratio (X 1:1) was obtained intermittently throughout the study by counting males and females observed during standardized time periods. Males dominated the population in early April, whereas females tended to dominate in late April. The population was widely distributed although there appeared to be a greater density of asilids on and along a riding path which intersected the paddock. With the exception of activity associated with oviposition, almost all (88%) actions performed by N. acutangulatus were initiated on the surface of strips of fallen Eucalyptus bark. 424 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON The period during which adult asilids could engage in their behavioral patterns was most certainly constrained by factors of weather. On five of the 11 days the site was visited, there was rain in the morning hours (before 1000 h). On three additional days the morning sky was overcast, but cleared later in the day; how- ever, on one of these days it began to rain about 1700 h. Some days there would be intermittent rain showers. Temperatures on site during periods of observation ranged from a high of 30°C (6.iv.79) to a low of 17°C (27.iv.79). METHODS Methods for gathering and analyzing ethological data on N. acutangulatus were the same as those described for Neoitamus vittipes (Macquart) in Lavigne (1982a). FORAGING AND FEEDING Perch sites, from which N. acutangulatus launched attacks on potential prey, were somewhat variable. Sand, surface debris, broken branches, and fallen Eu- calyptus bark were all utilized; however, as indicated earlier most activities were initiated from fallen Eucalyptus bark. Exclusive of soil surface, heights where foraging individuals were observed varied from 15 to 61 cm. All forage flights were directed at insects that were airborne, and varied in distance from 13 to 61 cm. While attempting forage flights, this species often became entangled in the vertical vegetation, primarily grass and thus failed to catch prey. Obviously the strategy of using large pieces of Eucalyptus bark, while excellent for mating purposes, reduces changes for prey capture since asilids must sometimes fly up through the vegetation to reach potential prey. Conversely, bibionid flies which comprised 20% of this asilid’s diet, also used the bark as landing sites, thus making them particularly vulnerable. Curculionid beetles, with open elytra in flight, also were very vulnerable because of their slowness; these small beetles constituted an additional 15% of the diet of N. acutangulatus. In all instances where feeding asilids were watched for extended periods of time, prey were manipulated at least once. Of the 12 feedings, 42% of the prey were manipulated once, 42%, twice and 16%, three times. Manipulation consisted of the asilid raising the anterior portion of the body, resting the apex of the fore and middle femora on the substrate and utilizing these same tarsi to change the position of the prey prior to reimpaling it. The hind legs were always used as stabilizers and to maintain position (Fig. 2). During feeding, soft bodied prey balloon, which is related to the injection of proteolytic enzymes and subsequent food pumping (Lavigne and Holland, 1969; Musso, 1968). In the single instance where an entire feeding was recorded, the female landed with a tiny curculionid beetle impaled, following a 61 cm forage flight at 1426 h. Two minutes later, the beetle was manipulated and reimpaled on the asilid’s proboscis. During the period 1435-1440 h, the asilid was harrassed several times by tiny black ants. Each time she would fly into the air, but would land again on the same piece of Eucalyptus bark, although at a different location. At one point upon relanding, she cleaned ovipositor, wings and left middle leg in that order. The female defecated at 1445 h and subsequently wiped her ovipositor on bark to clean it. At 1449 h she pushed the prey off her proboscis with her fore tarsi. Once feeding is completed, the asilid’s fore tarsi are used to push the prey’s VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 425 Fig. 2. Mated pair of Neocerdistus acutangulatus with female manipulating unidentified bibionid (Diptera). Note the use of fore and midtarsi to reposition prey, while hindtarsi are used to maintain position. Fig. 3. Same mated pair of Neocerdistus acutangulatus resting on fallen branch of Eucalyptus fasciculosa. Note how repositioned prey is held with the fore tarsi. Note also vertical position of male claspers encircling female’s ovipositor. 426 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 1. Relation between length of Neocerdistus acutangulatus and that of its prey. Predator length (mm)* Prey length (mm) No. Mean ratio SSS ES eee eee ie prey of predator: Sex Min. Max. Mean Min. Max. Mean measured prey Male 8 11 8.5) 1 6 2.96 31 322 Female YS) AS) ile 1 7 3.73 85 3.0 Combined 8 IDES 10.5 1 7 3.44 136 3.05 * 10 predators of each sex were measured from the One Tree Hill population. exoskeleton off of its proboscis. Of 28 prey discards observed, 50% were accom- plished on the feeding site, while the remainder occurred as the asilid flew, often during pursuit of a new prey item. In one instance, the asilid was observed to hover 7.5 cm from the feeding site while pushing the prey off its proboscis. PREY SELECTION Based on 136 measured prey, the “‘preferred”’ prey length was 3.44 mm, although the prey varied from 1 to 7 mm. Females were slightly larger than males (11.1 vs 9.5 mm) and captured, on the average, slightly larger prey (3.73 vs 2.96 mm) (Table 1). The mean predator to prey ratio for this species was 3.05, very close to that (2.9) for Neoitamus vittipes (Lavigne, 1982a). N. vittipes, while slightly larger (X 12.1 mm) than N. acutangulatus, also takes slightly larger prey (X 4.2 mm). While males captured representatives of five Orders, females took representa- tives of seven Orders, indicating that this species is euryphagic, as defined by Lavigne and Holland (1969). The most intense predation by both sexes, however, was on members of the Order Diptera (Table 2). This predilection for Diptera is shared in somewhat greater degree by at least three species of Neoitamus (Lavigne, 1982a). Although only approximately 20 insect families are included among the array of prey, it is suspected that this asilid species is opportunistic, attacking those prey existing in the same microhabitat, when they fly within view of the asilid. There was no evidence of cannibalism in this species. Since the same landing sites are used continuously, it was not to be expected. Here follows a list of prey taken by N. acutangulatus. Specific identifications were made where possible, but because of the primitive state of taxonomy in some groups, definitive identification was often impossible. “It is probably not realized by many people that about 40% of Australia’s insect fauna is still un- described, adding further difficulties to the determination of specimens” (Murray S. Upton, CSIRO, Manager, Australian National Insect Collection— Pers. Com- mun.). The number of records and sex of the predator are indicated in parentheses following the prey record. The collected prey are housed at Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia. COLEOPTERA, Curculionidae: undet., 19.iv.79 (6, 2 9), 20.iv.79 (2 6, 5 Q), 23.iv.79 (2 2), 24.iv.79 (5 9), 26.iv.79 (4 2, ?), 27.1v.79 (2). DIPTERA, Antho- mylidae: undet., 18.iv.79 (2), 19.1v.79 (6), 23.iv.79 (3 6, 2 2), 24.iv.79 (2), 26.1v.79 (6); Bibionidae: Dilophus sp., 6.iv.79 (4 6, 8 2), 18.iv.79 (2 4, 2), 19.i1v.79 (6, 8 2), 20.1v.79 (3 6), 23.1v.79 (2), 24.1v.79 (6, 2 2); Cecidomyiidae: undet., 19.iv.79 (9), 20.iv.79 (6), 23.iv.79 (6 6, 4 9), 24.iv.79 (7 6, 2), 26.iv.79 (2); Chironomidae: VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 427 Table 2. Numbers and percentage of prey of different Orders taken by Neocerdistus acutangulatus. Male Female Unknown Total Order ai a Ne a No “Om » Nom = \% Coleoptera 3 2 21 13.8 1 0.7 D5 16 Diptera 42 27.6 51 33.5 1 0.7 94 62 Hemiptera-Heteroptera 3 2 3 2 Hemiptera-Homoptera 3 2 6 3.8 1 0.7 10 7 Hymenoptera 5 3353) 8 522 13 9 Isoptera 5 3h3! 5 3 Lepidoptera l 0.7 1 0.7 2 | Total 54 35.6 95 62.3 3 2 152 100 undet., 23.1v.79 (2); Dolichopodidae: undet., 5.iv.79 (2); Mycetophilidae: undet., 23.iv.79 (2), 24.iv.79 (2), 27.1v.79 (6), 30.iv.79 (2); Sciaridae: undet., 19.iv.79 (6), DS AVA ON) 2 1 -1v.7 9 (2 2); 30:1v:79 (6); Tipulidae: undet:, 23.1v.79 (@), 27 av-79 (2). HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA, Lygaeidae: Nysius sp., 28.i1v.79 (2), undet., 19.iv.79 (2), 28.iv.79 (2). HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTERA, Cicadellidae: undet., 19.iv.79 (6), 23.1v.79 (?), 28.1v.79 (2); Psyllidae: Creiis sp., 18.1v.79 (6), 23.iv.79 (2), 24.1v.79 (6), Glycaspis sp., 24.iv.79 (2), undet., 5.iv.79 (9), 6.iv.79 (2 9). HY- MENOPTERA, Braconidae: Apanteles sp., 18.iv.79 (6); Encyrtidae: Encyrtinae, 23.iv.79 (2); Formicidae (winged reproductives); Jridomyrmex sp., 24.iv.79 (2), Myrmicinae, 20.iv.79 (2), Ponerinae, 5.iv.79 (6), 19.iv.79 (6), 24.iv.79 (2), Rhy- tidoponera sp., 6.1v.79 (2); Tiphiidae: Thynninae, 23.iv.79 (2). ISOPTERA, Rhi- notermitidae (winged reproductives): Heterotermes ferox (Froggatt), 5.iv.79 (2, ?), 19.iv.79 (2 2), 26.1v.79 (2 2). LEPIDOPTERA, Glyphipterigidae: G/yphipteryx anaclastis Meyrick, 23.iv.79 (2), 26.iv.79 (6). MATING Strategies used by N. acutangulatus to ensure survival of the species did not differ markedly from those exhibited by Neoitamus vittipes (Lavigne, 1982a). No formalized courtship was exhibited by males. Upon observing a female, the male initiates a short flight which puts him in contact with her. The following description of a mating is typical of those observed. 10:39 Male resting on fallen Eucalyptus bark; female flew in and landed 20 cm distant; male immediately flew towards her and landed on her dorsum; copulation ensued in male atop female position; after 15 seconds the pair took the tail-to-tail position (Fig. 3). 10:42 Female cleaned eyes and fore tarsi. 10:45 Cleaning activity was repeated. 10:53 Male buzzed wings, lifted off surface, disengaged genitalia and flew 15 cm away, landing on the same strip of bark; female remained stationary. Of the 63 mated pairs observed, only six occurred on a substrate (sand, tree roots and broken branches) other than fallen Eucalyptus bark. Two of these pairs were resting in sunlight on tree trunks at heights of 1’ m and 1% m in late afternoon. Probably they were responding to increasing shade encroachment re- 428 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON sulting from the changing angle of the sun’s rays as do Cyrtopogon auratus Cole adults that spend the night in the tree canopy (Lavigne, 1970). Males fly from one strip of fallen bark to another in apparent searching flights. When a male lands on a site supporting a female, the female usually reacts almost immediately and flies a straight line distance with the male in pursuit. An im- mediate response is not always elicited and the male may either fly and land on the resting female or wait until she initiates a forage flight before pursuing her. If the site is occupied by a male, a male-to-male encounter occurs as the other male is landing. The two males occasionally make contact, the faster one landing atop the other and exhibiting copulatory movements. Usually, however, they fly in different directions upon approaching each other closely. Landing males are ap- parently mistaken for females by other males and the subsequent flight pattern serves to identify the individual’s sex. Pairs were observed in copula as early as 1037 h and as late as 1631 h. The majority of pairs (76%), however, were seen between 1300 h and 1530 h. Tem- peratures taken on the sites where mated pairs were resting ranged from 19 to 30°C (%12335°@): As previously mentioned, once copulation took place in the male over female position, only a few seconds (10-20) elapsed before the tail-to-tail position was achieved (Fig. 3). Five complete matings were observed with the following elapsed times: 8, 9, 12, 12, 14 minutes. Separation occurs when the male releases his claspers and flies away. Of the 63 mated pairs, 11 females (17.5%) were feeding on prey when observed. Both individuals remained quiet throughout except for prey manipulation and/ or cleaning activity by females. On two occasions mated pairs were accosted by a second male. The male would fly in, land atop the female and attempt to copulate. The strategy behind such an apparently useless act had always eluded me until I made the following obser- vation. This involved an eight minute “complete” mating. A second male landed two cm in front of a mated male and then flew at the mated pair. The “‘startled”’ mated male released his claspers and flew. As he did so, the intruding male landed atop the female and copulated with her. Obviously, sexual harassment sometimes provides a competitive advantage and this may be especially important when populations are small and females are at a premium. Interestingly enough, once this copulatory act was completed the same female only remained unmated for an additional three minutes before a third male made contact, which resulted in copulation. This pair was startled by a galloping horse and flew out of the observer’s sight. This species, like some other species lacking courtship (Bullington and Lavigne, 1980; Lavigne et al., 1980), utilizes multiple mating. OVIPOSITION No published records exist concerning oviposition behavior nor have eggs of any members of the genus Neocerdistus been described. The process by which N. acutangulatus oviposits is as follows. The female lands on soil directly or on debris covered soil. She then moves her ovipositor laterally back and forth “testing” the substrate. If the substrate is unsuitable, the asilid will move 1-2 cm and repeat the motions. Once a suitable site is located, probably VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 429 Fig. 4. Female Neocerdistus acutangulatus ovipositing in soil amid debris covering substrate. Fig. 5. Egg of Neocerdistus acutangulatus recovered from soil (magnified 47 x). cracks in the soil, the ovipositor is forced into the substrate with lateral motions (Fig. 4). Based on two egg recoveries, there is apparently only one egg deposited at each site. After 40 to 65 seconds, the ovipositor is removed. While removing the ovipositor, the female brings it between her hind legs and ina series of sweeping motions pushes dirt into the hole, thus ensuring that the egg is covered. At the tip of the ovipositor are two short dorsal-ventrally flattened cerci which aid in 430 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 45 | —— FEEDING (MALE) ce 4 FEEDING (FEMALE) “H a , = MATING PERCENT OF ASILIDS ENGAGED IN SPECIFIC BEHAVIOURS 1000- ll00- 1200- [300- 1400- 1500- 1600- 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 TIME OF DAY Fig. 6. Mean diurnal rhythm of activity for Neocerdistus acutangulatus one km east of One Tree Hill, SA. Percentage of asilids engaged in specific behavior patterns was calculated from the total number of observations for each behavior; i.e. 146 feeding observations, 63 mating observations and 18 observations of ovipositing females. moving the particles of soil. This structure is similar to that seen on the ovipositor of Efferia helenae (Bromley) which also sweeps dirt into the hole following ovi- position (Lavigne and Holland, 1969). Single females were followed after having been observed ovipositing. Each followed female made two more oviposition attempts before I lost sight of them. At each oviposition site I would place a 2 dram vial. Once the female was lost to sight, I would return, place the mouth of the vial over what was assumed to be the oviposition hole and press downwards. Soil and debris would be forced up into the vial; it would be inverted and 70% ethanol would be added and the vial was then corked. The solution thus formed was subsequently examined in the laboratory for the presence of eggs. A more reliable but considerably more time consuming method is to use an empty metal frozen juice container instead of a vial, thus increasing the amount of soil collected and thereby decreasing the chance that the oviposition hole was missed. Several females were observed exhibiting oviposition behavior around the edge of a large (1 by 3 m) depression, which apparently retained water at certain times. Substrate surface temperatures where ovipositing females (N = 13) were observed ranged from 21 to 33.5°C (X 27.4°C). The earliest oviposition was observed at 1220 h and the latest at 1507 h. With three exceptions, however, all ovipositing females were observed between 1220 h and 1340 h. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 431 Eggs were white when first deposited and retained this color in 70% ethanol. The two recovered eggs measured 0.9 and 1.0 mm long and 0.44 and 0.45 mm wide, respectively (Fig. 5). At a magnification of 70 x, there was no visible sculp- turing of the chorion. What appeared to be fully mature eggs were dissected from the ovarioles of 3 females that had been observed exhibiting oviposition search movements. These females had been collected and immediately immersed in 70% ethanol. The 69 white dissected eggs measured 0.9-0.98 mm in length (x 0.94) and 0.41-0.42 mm in width (x 0.41) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I acknowledge, with great appreciation, the taxonomists at CSIRO, Division of Entomology, who identified the prey insects: D. H. Colless (Diptera), I. D. Nau- mann (Hymenoptera), J. A. L. Watson (Isoptera) and E. D. Edwards (Lepidoptera). Mr. G. F. Gross of the Entomology Department, South Australian Museum, Adelaide is thanked for his identification of Hemiptera-Heteroptera and Hemip- tera-Homoptera. I express my appreciation to Mr. Gregory Daniels, Department of Entomology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia for his identification of Neo- cerdistus acutangulatus and for pointing out the spelling error. Mr. E. D. Symon, Agronomy Department, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, University of Ade- laide, was most helpful in identifying botanical specimens that characterized the environments in which N. acutangulatus was collected. I additionally thank Dr. Peter Miles and staff at Waite Institute for providing me with laboratory space, supplies and transportation. LITERATURE CITED Bullington, S. W. and R. J. Lavigne. 1980. An instance of multiple mating in Asi/us gilvipes (Diptera: Asilidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 56: 79-80. Hardy, G. H. 1926. A reclassification of Australian robberflies of the Cerdistus-Neoitamus complex (Diptera-Asilidae). Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 41 (Pt. 4): 643-657. 1935. The Asilidae of Australia. Part II]. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 16: 161-187. Lavigne, R. J. 1970. Courtship and predatory behavior of Cyrtopogon auratus and C. glarealis (Diptera: Asilidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 43: 163-171. . 1982a. Ethology of Neoitamus vittipes (Diptera: Asilidae) in South Australia. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84: 617-627. —. 1982b. Notes on the ethology of Neoscleropogon elongatus (Diptera: Asilidae) in South Australia. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84: 742-745. Lavigne, R. J. and F. R. Holland. 1969. Comparative behavior of eleven species of Wyoming robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). Univ. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Stn. Sci. Monogr. No. 18, 61 pp. Lavigne, R. J., M. Pogue, and G. Stephens. 1980. Use of marked insects to demonstrate multiple mating in Efferia frewingi (Diptera: Asilidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 82: 454-456. Macquart, P. J. M. 1847. Dipteres exotiques nouveaux on peu connus. Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Arts, Lille. Suppl. 2, p. 44. Musso, J.J. 1968. Digestion extra-intestinal chez Stenopogon sabaudus F. et Machimus pilipes Meig. (Dipt. Asilidae). Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 93: 487-497. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 432-434 A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF DELTOCEPHALINE LEAFHOPPER FROM PANAMA (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) DwiIGHT M. DELONG AND PAUL S. CWIKLA Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 1735 Neil Ave., Co- lumbus, Ohio 43210. Abstract.— A new genus of deltocephaline leafhopper, Cumbrenanus, from Pan- ama is described. C. panamus, new species, is designated as the type-species. Through the kindness of Henk Wolda, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, we were able to examine a number of deltocephalines collected at lights from Las Cumbres, Panama. In this paper we describe a new genus and species based on this material. We feel that new generic status is warranted because of the enlarged socle of the aedeagus. Cumbrenanus DeLong and Cwikla, NEw GENUS Type-species.— Cumbrenanus panamus, NEW SPECIES. Medium sized deltocephaline leafhopper, body parallel-sided. Head as wide as pronotum. Crown produced, anterior margin angularly rounded. Forewing longer than abdomen, appendix well-developed, central anteapical cell not divided, outer anteapical cell narrow, almost as long as central anteapical cell, recurrent veins not present, color of forewing pale brown subhyaline, veins in apical half dark brown, rest light brown, brown spots on clavus, median portion of wing and on costa. Pygofer somewhat rounded apically, macrosetae irregularly placed on distal ', pygofer processes absent, anal tube elongate, membraneous dorsally. Genital plates triangular, macrosetae uniserriate and subapical. Style with apophysis short and slightly curved, apex blunt, preapical lobe absent, macrosetae on lateral margin, ventral arm long. Connective linear, articulated with the aedeagus. Aedeagus stout, pair subapical processes present, socle well developed, bifurcate in ventral view. Gonopore apical. Diagnosis.— This species is related to and will key to Kanorba Oman in Lin- navuori’s key to the Neotropical Deltocephalini genera (1959: 84). It can be separated from Kanorba and all other Deltocephalini by the long linear connective articulating with the aedeagus, and the well developed bifurcated socle. Cumbrenanus panamus DeLong and Cwikla, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1-7 Length of male 4.7 mm. Female unknown. Crown produced. Color: Crown white with pair of proximal round black spots at apex, disc containing a bright VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 433 Figs. 1-7. Cumbrenanus panamus. 1, Head and pronotum, dorsal aspect. 2, Male pygofer, lateral aspect. 3, Aedeagus and connective, lateral aspect. 4, Aedeagus, ventral aspect. 5, Connective, ventral aspect. 6, Left plate, ventral aspect. 7, Right style, dorsal aspect. orange irregular patch, narrowly joined at middle, bordered by white and 8 small black spots, posterior margin of crown with pair of triangular black patches. Pronotum mostly dark gray with paler border at base and small black spots along anterior margin, 4 longitudinal stripes running length of pronotum. Scutellum with darker gray basal angles and white apex. Forewings pale brown subhyaline, veins in apical '2 dark brown, remainder light brown with few brownish spots on clavus, median portion of wing and on costa. Pygofer roundly truncate apically. Male genital plates about 1'4 times as long 434 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON as wide at base. Style with apophysis rather broad, apex blunt, extending caudally. Aedeagus short, broad at base with apex membraneous, pair of subapical processes present; socle well developed, bifurcate in ventral view. Connective elongate and narrow. Holotype male.—Las Cumbres, Panama, light, 18-X-1977, H. Wolda. Depos- ited in the DeLong Collection, The Ohio State University. C. panamus is the only included species in Cumbrenanus. It can be distinguished from species in other related genera by the pair of subapical aedeagal processes and the well developed, bifurcate socle. LITERATURE CITED Linnavuori, R. 1959. Revision of the Neotropical Deltocephalinae and some related subfamilies (Homoptera). Ann. Zool. Soc. “Vanamo’ 20: 1-370. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 435-438 CEREAL LEAF BEETLE, OULEMA MELANOPUS (L.) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE): DENSITY AND PARASITOID SYNCHRONIZATION STUDY IN WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND 1977-1979! CHARLES L. STAINES, JR. Maryland Department of Agriculture, Plant Protection Section, 50 Harry S Truman Parkway, Annapolis, Maryland 21401. Abstract.—A three year study was begun in 1977 to study population densities of Oulema melanopus (L.) and its parasitoids and the synchronization of their life histories. The egg parasitoid Anaphes flavipes (Foerster) and the larval para- sitoid Tetrastichus julis (Walker) were the most abundant parasitoids. Both species reached peak populations approximately one week after O. melanopus. Overall parasitization was 44.7% of the eggs and 8.3% of the larvae. Oulema melanopus (L.) was first identified from Michigan in 1962. Since then this pest of small grains has spread through the eastern United States (Haynes and Gage, 1981). In 1963 the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) began a survey of the parasitoid complex of O. melanopus in Europe (Dysart et al., 1973). This resulted in the introduction and establishment of four parasitoids (Maltby et al., 1971; Stehr, 1970; Stehr and Haynes, 1972; and Stehr et al., 1974). This complex is composed of the egg parasitoid Anaphes flavipes (Foerster) (Hy- menoptera: Mymaridae); and the larval parasitoids Tetrastichus julis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Diaparsis temporalis Horstmann, and Lemophagus curtus Townes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). In 1977, a study was begun to determine the population density of O. melanopus and the density and life history synchronization of the parasitoids. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten oat (Avena sativa L.) fields, larger than 1.2 ha, were selected within the 160 km? study area. Washington County was chosen as the study area because it had the highest acreage of oats in the infested area of Maryland. Each field was divided into 10 plots. Weekly collections were made of all O. melanopus eggs and larvae from 52 cm of row in all of the 10 plots in each field. The eggs were rolled off the leaves using a probe and placed in a 50 X 9 cm petri dish, with a maximum of 50 eggs per dish. A piece of moistened filter paper was placed in each dish to prevent dessication. The eggs were held in the laboratory ' Maryland Department of Agriculture Contribution No. 24. 436 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 1. Population density of Oulema melanopus and its parasitoids in Washington County, Maryland 1977. No. No. No. para- % Mean % No. gare: % Mean % Week eggs sitized parasitized parasitism larvae sitized_ parasitized parasitism 2 230 8 3.47 32) E586 49 0) 0 0 3 331 40 12.08 As} ae WI Ks) 82 1 1.21 legis se 223} 4 578 262 45.32 39.4 + 22.8 177 1 0.56 O25 S05 5 565 422 74.69 79.85 + 15.44 164 13 7.92 24.33 + 34.37 6 512 476 92.29 92.66 + 4.09 WI 7 9.09 144-1323 7 402 374 93.03 0353/5 0225 26 12 46.15 13.62 + 24.41 Total 2618 1582 60.42 6223) ==)2186 57/5) 34 5.91 24.82 + 32.14 at 21°C for 7 days. If the eye spots of A. flavipes pupae were not visible by this time the egg was considered non-parasitized (Anderson and Paschke, 1968). Larvae were placed in vials of 15% ethyl alcohol with a maximum of 50 larvae per vial. The vials were held at 0°C until the larvae were dissected under a binocular microscope. Parasitoids were identified using Montgomery and DeWitt (1975). Surveys started on approximately | May each year. The earliest planted field was checked 7 days prior to the starting date to see if O. melanopus activity had begun. The surveys continued until after peak larval population. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The survey began as scheduled in 1977 and 1978. In 1979 adult activity was sufficient to start on 23 April. Surveys were conducted for 6 weeks in 1977, 7 weeks in 1978, and 9 weeks in 1979. Fields were lost from the survey in 1977 (one plowed between weeks 3 and 4) and 1979 (2 harvested as green silage between weeks 8 and 9). The results of the survey are summarized in Tables 1-3. In 1977 and 1978 all recovered larval parasitoids were 7. julis. In 1979 three larvae were recovered parasitized by D. temporalis and four by L. curtus. From these results it is apparent that D. temporalis and L. curtus are not significant mortality factors to O. melanopus populations in Maryland. Table 2. Population density of Oulema melanopus and its parasitoids in Washington County, Maryland 1978. No. No. para- % Mean % No. sea % Mean % Week eggs sitized parasitized parasitism larvae __ sitized__ parasitized parasitism 2 116 0 0 0 0 0) 0 0 3 206 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) 4 248 6 2.41 EF Se. 35/9) 5 0 0 0 5 3/2 38 6.64 8.91 + 10.28 45 1 Dpyp 3.33 ==nllOs3 6 1131 349 30.85 36.65 + 26.79 170 28 16.47 19.42 + 18.76 7 1085 875 80.64 85.27 + 15.91 314 19 6.05 12.81 + 14.72 8 647 529 81.76 80.88 + 20.58 101 22 21.78 32.42 + 28.38 Total 4005 1779 44.41 47.58 + 12.16 635 70 11.02 15.67 + 17.05 VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 437 Table 3. Population density of Oulema melanopus and its parasitoids in Washington County, Maryland 1979. No. ace % Mean % No. oe % Mean % Week eggs sitized parasitized parasitism larvae sitized parasitized parasitism 1 443 l 0.22 Nesksjas SLO 0 0 0 0) 2 1243 25 2.01 Pes), as Sy) 0 0 0 0 3 1742 19 1.09 Neil as 57/3) 28 0) 0) 0 4 2021 225 11.13 16.82 + 11.46 813 33 4.05 7.36 + 9.66 5 2120 1294 61.03 63.49 + 12.25 1089 5 4.86 Se OP ae Sy747/ 6 2048 1714 83.69 84.25 + 6.92 1162 63 5.42 5.59 + 4.51 Tl 1497 =1338 89.37 N33) SE SL 566 49 8.65 Sesile-s/-96 8 297 285 95295 O73 6-203 it} 102 90.26 91.25 + 6.84 9 23 DA 91.30 80 TESS 9 9 100 100 Total 11,434 4922 43.04 41.30 + 11.24 3780 309 8.17 ESET 6.92 A. flavipes is a significant mortality factor of O. melanopus in Maryland. Lee and Barr (1976) and Dysart (1971) report that it is poorly synchronized with O. melanopus and that A. flavipes populations are low in the early part of the season but rapidly increase. Synchronization with O. melanopus is good; at the peak density of O. melanopus eggs, A. flavipes parasitized between 30% to 84% during the 3 year period. Peak A. flavipes populations occur about | week after peak O. melanopus egg density. Populations of 7. ju/is were present throughout the study area but the percent parasitism was low when O. melanopus populations were high. The high rate of parasitism. by this parasitoid observed in late season O. melanopus larvae is similar to that reported by Gage and Haynes (1975). The parasitoid population increased over the three year period but did not match the population increase of O. me- lanopus, even though 7. julis has a high reproductive potential (Haynes and Gage, 1981). Haynes (1973) hypothesized that the lack of population growth of 7. julis is a result of 4. flavipes parasitizing a high proportion of the late season O. melanopus eggs leaving very few to hatch into larvae for the second generation of T. julis. In this survey an average of 85.7% (range 80-96%) of the eggs during the last two weeks were parasitized by A. flavipes. While the numbers of 7. ju/is adults active in the field were not recorded in the last two weeks the results present strong circumstantial evidence supporting Haynes’ (1973) hypothesis. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank M. Wilson and M. Anderson for their assistance in collecting the field samples, and T. L. Burger and his staff at the USDA Cereal Leaf Beetle Lab for the parasitoid determinations. P. Barbosa, University of Maryland, and W. F. Gimpel, Jr., Maryland Department of Agriculture, commented on an earlier draft of this manuscript. The results published here were part of a cooperative USDA APHIS— Maryland Department of Agriculture project. LITERATURE CITED Anderson, R. C. and J. D. Paschke. 1968. The biology and ecology of Anaphes flavipes, an exotic egg parasite of the cereal leaf beetle. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 61: 1-5. 438 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Dysart, R. J. 1971. Distribution of Anaphes flavipes in Europe and sources of its importation into the United States. Entomophaga 16: 445-452. Dysart, R. J., H. L. Maltby, and M. H. Bruson. 1973. Larval parasites of Oulema melanopus in Europe and their colonization in the United States. Entomophaga 18: 133-167. Gage, S. H. and D. L. Haynes. 1975. Emergence under natural and manipulated conditions of Tetrastichus julis, an introduced larval parasite of the cereal leaf beetle, with reference to regional population management. Envir. Entomol. 4: 425-434. Haynes, D. L. 1973. Population management of the cereal leaf beetle. Jn P. W. Geier, et al. (eds.). Insects: Studies in population management. Ecol. Soc. Aust. Mem. 1. 294 pp. Haynes, D. L. and S. H. Gage. 1981. The cereal leaf beetle in North America. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 26: 259-287. Lee, K. Y. and R. O. Barr. 1976. Formulation of a mathematical model for insect pest ecosystems— The cereal leaf beetle problem. Jour. Theor. Biol. 59: 33-76. Maltby, H. L., F. W. Stehr, R. C. Anderson, G. E. Moorehead, L. C. Barton, and J. D. Paschke. 1971. Establishment in the United States of Anaphes flavipes, an egg parasite of the cereal leaf beetle. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 64: 693-697. Montgomery, V. E. and P. R. DeWitt. 1975. Morphological differences among immature stages of three genera of exotic larval parasitoids attacking the cereal leaf beetle in the United States. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 68: 574-578. Stehr, F. W. 1970. Establishment in the United States of Tetrastichus julis, a larval parasite of the cereal leaf beetle. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 63: 1968-1969. Stehr, F. W., P. S. Gage, T. L. Burger, and V. E. Montgomery. 1974. Establishment in the United States of Lemophagus curtus, a larval parasitoid of the cereal leaf beetle. Envir. Entomol. 3: 453-454. Stehr, F. W. and D. L. Haynes. 1972. Establishment in the United States of Diaparsis carnifer, a larval parasite of the cereal leaf beetle. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 65: 405-407. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 439-442 THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE WESTERN BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS FREEMAN (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN WYOMING! MICHAEL G. POGUE AND ROBERT J. LAVIGNE (MGP) Department of Entomology, Fisheries, and Wildlife, 219 Hodson Hall, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108; (RJL) Entomology Section, Plant Science Division, University of Wyoming, P.O. Box 3354, University Sta- tion, Laramie, Wyoming 82071. Abstract. — Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman distribution in Wyoming, based largely on ultraviolet light trap data, is presented. Additionally, larval and pupal collections were made on the major host, Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco. Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman is a widely distributed western polychro- matic species, difficult to distinguish other than by genital dissection. Until 1967, C. occidentalis was considered to be a western form of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Freeman, 1967). Consequently, it is sur- prising that, although the species is recorded from southern British Columbia to northern New Mexico, no published records exist for Wyoming (Freeman, 1967; Stehr, 1967; Powell, 1980). The purpose of this paper is to fill in this distribution gap. Additionally, by establishing a long series in the University of Wyoming insect collection, taxonomists will have access to material should the necessity arise for the naming of additional species based on subsequent physiological and genetic studies. Like the spruce budworm, C. occidentalis exhibits periodic population explo- sions, which are detrimental to both lumber and recreation industries. Unpub- lished records for Wyoming suggest that these outbreaks are infrequent, although once initiated they may be widespread and extend over several years. McKnight (1967) mentions an outbreak that terminated in 1936 in Cody Canyon, Shoshone National Forest, Park County. Other population explosions occurred in the Front Range forests of Colorado in 1958 and 1959. These outbreaks were widespread in susceptible stands in Colorado and had extended into northcentral Wyoming in the Big Horn and Shoshone National Forests by 1962 (McKnight, 1967). The Missoula Forest Insect Laboratory reported an infestation in Yellowstone National Park in 1952 which, when discovered, extended over 2000 acres. By 1956, the infestation had spread to 142,500 acres of Douglas fir (Johnson, 1957). ' Published with the approval of the Director, Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, as Journal Article No. JA-1108. 440 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON METHODS During the summer of 1980, an extensive survey was made of shelterbelts and forested areas throughout Wyoming for the purpose of determining the distri- bution of Tortricinae. Adult collections were made primarily with an ultraviolet light trap. Larval and pupal collections were also made to augment the light trap data. RESULTS In Wyoming, Choristoneura occidentalis collections were associated with four species of conifers: 1) Douglas fir—Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco, 2) Limber pine— Pinus flexilis James, 3) Lodgepole pine— Pinus contorta Dougl., and 4) Englemann spruce— Picea englemannii Parry, all of which are hosts listed by Stehr (1967). Based on light trap data, C. occidentalis was most abundant in 1980 in a Douglas fir—Limber pine forest in Sinks Canyon, 19.4 km (12.1 mi) SW of Lander, Fremont Co., on July 23, 1980. As noted by Stehr (1967), the major host of C. occidentalis is Douglas fir. We found larvae and pupae associated with new cones of Douglas fir at Pine Creek Ski Area, 7.4 mi NE of Cokeville, Lincoln Co., on July 17, 1980. Last instar larvae were found in burrows at the base of the cones which they apparently used as shelters when not feeding on the needles. Pupae were found just above the base of the cones in needles tied together with silken shelters spun by the last instar larvae. Pupae were collected and reared, with adults emerging between July 19 and August 1. Though uncommon, C. occidentalis has been collected from shelterbelts (3 in Platte County and 2 in Laramie County) on five different dates from June 30 to July 14. Shelterbelts, common throughout Wyoming, often contain at least one row of conifers and might be expected to act as reservoirs of C. occidentalis. However, the known hosts are not used in Wyoming shelterbelts. Two possibilities exist to explain the presence of this moth in shelterbelts: 1) unknown host, or 2) aerial dispersal. An unknown host seems improbable because only one to three specimens were collected from each shelterbelt. Conversely, in localities in which the known hosts are present, 10 to several hundred adults were collected. Aerial dispersal by summer thunderstorms or prevailing winds seems a more likely possibility. Morris (1963) recognizes two forms of long range dispersal of C. fumiferana in New Brunswick: 1) convectional transport and 2) turbulent transport. Convectional transport is the movement of segments of a population from one area to another by prefrontal or air mass storm cells. Turbulent wind transport causes the gradual and continual downwind spreading of populations by surface winds. Both dispersal forms could transport C. occidentalis to shelter- belts in eastern Wyoming. In all cases Douglas fir occurs within 16 to 72 km of these sites and is the probable source of shelterbelt specimens. The Laramie Range, with elevations of 2438 to 2743 m, borders the western edges of Platte and Laramie Counties. Severe thunderstorms, which move in an easterly direction, can build up over the range and possibly pick up portions of C. occidentalis populations and redeposit them in shelterbelts. Prevailing winds in summer also move from west to east and moths in normal flight above the tree canopy could be transported several kilometers (Morris, 1963). 44] CROOK CAMPBELL WESTON NIOBRARA CONVERSE SUBLETTE PLATTE “LINCOLN © SWEETWATER VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 SHERIDAN WASHAKIE JOHNSON FREMONT NATRONA Fig. 1. Distribution of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman (closed circles) and that of its major host, Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco (shaded areas), in Wyoming. Choristoneura occidentalis has a seasonal range from June 30 to August 18 in Wyoming. The accompanying map (Fig. 1) illustrates the currently known Wy- oming distribution of this species. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Akira Mutuura of the Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, for identifying the initial series of C. occidentalis. We also thank John M. Schmid of the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ft. Collins, Colorado for unpublished information concerning the outbreaks of C. occidentalis in Wyoming. Loans of specimens from Julian P. Donahue, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Ron Leuschner, Manhattan Beach, California, and J. F. Gates Clarke, USNM, were greatly appreciated. LITERATURE CITED Freeman, T. N. 1967. On coniferophagous species of Choristoneura (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in North America. I. Some new forms of Choristoneura allied to C. fumiferana. Can. Entomol. 99(5): 449-455. Johnson, P.C. 1957. Spruce budworm infestation in Yellowstone National Park, 1956. Unpublished PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON report of the Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Ogden, Utah. Prepared by the Missoula Forest Insect Laboratory, Missoula, Montana, 4 pp. McKnight, M. E. 1967. Ecology of the western budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman (Lep- idoptera: Tortricidae), in Colorado. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, 206 pp. Morris, R. F. 1963. Editor. The dynamics of epidemic spruce bud-worm populations. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. No. 31. 322 pp. Powell, J. A. 1980. Nomenclature of nearctic conifer-feeding Choristoneura (Lepidotera: Tortricidae): Historical review and present status. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report PNW-100, 18 pp. Stehr, GG. W. 1967. On coniferophagous species of Choristoneura (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in North America. II. Geographic distribution in accordance with forest regions. Can. Entomol. 99: 456- 463. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 443-445 THE GENUS ZAPHYMATOCERA SATO (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE) IN JAPAN, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES ICHIJI TOGASHI Ishikawa Prefecture College of Agriculture, Suematsu, Nonoichi-machi, Ishi- kawa Prefecture 921, Japan. Abstract.— Zaphymatocera nipponica, new species, from Japan is described and figured. This is the first record for the genus in Japan. The genus Zaphymatocera Sato previously contained only one species, Zaphy- matocera typica Sato, from Korea. Recently, I found a species of this genus in Japan. It is described below and represents the first record of Zaphymatocera for Japan. Genus Zaphymatocera Sato Zaphymatocera Sato, 1928:180. Type-species.— Zaphymatocera typica Sato, monotypic. Generic characters. — Body robust. Inner margins of eyes nearly parallel or very slightly converging below; malar space distinct; anterior margin of clypeus trun- cate; postorbital furrow present; 3rd and 4th antennal segments subequal in length; mesepisternum with distinct prepectus; stub of analis of forewing straight; cell M present in hindwing; tarsal claw simple. The simple tarsal claws place Zaphymatocera close to Monophadnus, Stetho- mostus, and Apareophora in Japan, but Monophadnus lacks a prepectus, Steth- omostus lacks cell M in the hindwing and has the third antennal segment longer than the fourth, and Apareophora lacks a prepectus and has the stub of the analis in the forewing turned up at its apex. Range.—East Asia (Korea and Japan). Zaphymatocera nipponica, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1-10 Female.— Length 6 mm. Black, with following parts yellow: latero-posterior por- tion of pronotum, tegula, parapteron, and cenchri; labrum, posterior margin of tergite 9, and cerci reddish yellow; apices of mandibles reddish brown. Antenna black. Wings hyaline; stigma and veins brown to dark brown. Legs dark brown to black, with following parts reddish yellow: all knees and tibiae except for apices. Head: postocellar area transverse, nearly flattened, without a median furrow; interocellar and postocellar furrows slightly depressed; lateral furrows distinct (Fig. 1); OOL: POL:OCL = 1.28:1.00:0.85-0.71; frontal area nearly flattened: median fovea concave and circular in outline; lateral foveae distinct, with a conical 444 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 1-7. Zaphymatocera nipponica. 1, Dorsal view, female. 2, Head, profile. 3, Mesepisternum, lateral view. 4, Front tibial spur, lateral view. 5, Tarsal claw. 6, Sawsheath, dorsal view. 7, Sawsheath, lateral view. projection in middle (Fig. 10); supraclypeal area gently convex; malar space nearly as long as diameter of front ocellus; postorbital furrow distinct; clypeus nearly flattened, truncate anteriorly; labrum short, anterior margin rounded. Antenna slightly shorter than costa of forewing (ratio between them about 1.0: 1.1); relative lengths of segments about 1.6:1.0:5.0:5.2:5.2:4.4:4.4:3.6:3.6. Pedicel wider than long (Fig. 1). Thorax: mesoscutellum slightly convex; mesepisternum with prepectus, sepa- rated by a distinct furrow (Fig. 3); metascutellum nearly flattened. Wing venation as in Fig. 1; radiellan cell with short appendiculation (Fig. 1). Legs: foretibial spur as in Fig. 4; hindbasitarsus shorter than following 4 segments combined (ratio between them about 1.0:1.5); claw simple (Fig. 5). Abdomen: sawsheath as in Figs. 6, 7; saw as in Fig. 8. Head and thorax covered with fine setigerous punctures but mesosternum nearly impunctate, shining; posterior 4 of mesoscutellum covered with fine reticulate sculptures; post-tergite impunctate, shining; metascutellum with several fine trans- verse striae; abdominal tergites shagreened. Male. — Unknown. Distribution.— Honshu, Japan. Holotype.—?, May 3, 1963, Mt. Horyu, Noto Peninsula, Ishikawa Pref., I. Togashi leg. Preserved in the Entomological Laboratory of Kyushu University, Fukuoka (Type No. 2399). Paratypes.— 1 2, May 2, 1971, Kamairagawa, Atsumi-machi, Yamagata Pref., VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 445 Figs. 8-10. Zaphymatocera nipponica. 8, Apical portion of lancet. 9, Postocellar area, lateral view. 10, Postocellar area, oblique view. K. Shirahata leg; 1 2, Apr. 23, 1972, Senami, Yoshinodani-mura, Ishikawa Pref., I. Togashi leg; 2 2, May 3, 1977, Chugu Spa, foot of Mt. Hakusan, Ishikawa Pref., I. Togashi leg. One paratype is preserved in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.; the others are deposited in the Laboratory of Biology, Ishikawa Prefecture College of Agriculture, Ishikawa. Remarks.— This new species is very closely allied to Zaphymatocera typica Sato (1928), but is separated from the latter by the ratio between OOL and POL (in typica, the ratio between OOL and POL is 1.37:1.0); by the postocellar area (in typica, the postocellar area is convex and has a median furrow); and by the coloration of tarsi (in typica, the tarsi are brownish white). Variation.—In some paratypes, a small moundlike protuberance is found near the anterior margin of the postocellar area (Figs. 9 and 10), and all tibiae are entirely reddish yellow without dark brown to black maculation at their apices. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I cordially thank David R. Smith, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washington, D.C., for his kind guidance and review of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Sato, K. 1928. The Chalastogastra of Korea (No. 1). Insecta Matsumurana 2: 178-190. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 446-451 THREE NEW TORTRICIDS (LEPIDOPTERA) FROM TEXAS ANDRE BLANCHARD AND EDWARD C. KNUDSON (AB)3023 Underwood, Houston, Texas 77025; (ECK) 808 Woodstock, Bellaire, Texas 77401. Abstract.—Three new species of the family Tortricidae (Lepidoptera), Pelo- christa collilonga, Grapholita hieroglyphana, and Anopina texasana, are described from examples collected by the authors in Texas. Male and female imagines and genitalia are figured. A lectotype for Anopina wellingtoniana (Kearfott) is desig- nated. The new tortricid moths described here were collected 13-17 years ago by the senior author and again recently by the junior author, which made the series adequate to entertain description. Examples were studied by Dr. J. F. Gates Clarke at the National Museum of Natural History, where they were found to represent new taxa. Photographs of imagines and genitalia were prepared by the senior author. Pelochrista collilonga A. Blanchard & E. Knudson, NEW SPECIES Figslke24 78 Head: Front and vertex pale ochreous. Labial palpi pale ochreous, exceeding front by nearly 1 eye diameter. Antennae simple, pale ochreous, with scale rings interrupted on ventral surface by exposed setae. Collar pale ochreous. Thorax: Tegulae, patagia, and mesonotum pale ochreous. Forewing: Costal fold extending 4 distance from base to apex. Ground color pale ochreous, variably reticulated with irregular vertical bands of orange brown scales. Sub-basal fascia orange brown, extending from dorsum 4 distance from base, angled outwardly to lower margin of cell, thence angled inwardly toward costa. The costal portion of sub-basal fascia obsolete. Sub-basal fascia is margined outwardly by a few blackish scales. Median fascia consists of an orange brown pre-tornal spot and an orange brown, subrectangular spot, just above and basad of pre-tornal spot, separated from it by ground color. Both of these spots variably margined by blackish scales. Ocelloid area consists of two vertical rows of shining pale ochreous scales, enclosing a few black scales. Above ocelloid area is a fuscous preapical spot. Costa strigulate with pale ochreous and orange brown, the outer 4 pale strigulae geminate. Orange brown apical spot preceded by a pale strigula, which is connected to outer bar of ocelloid area by a band of shiny pale ochreous scales. Fringe consists of 2 scale rows, the inner with pale ochreous scales banded with fuscous near their apices, the outer entirely pale ochreous. Hindwing: Pale fuscous, fringe slightly lighter. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 447 Figs. 1-6. 1, Pelochrista collilonga, holotype 6, Lake Brownwood State Park, Texas, 21-IV-76. 2, Pelochrista collilonga, paratype 2, Hemphill Co., Texas, Lake Marvin, 2-VII-78. 3, Grapholita hier- oglyphana, holotype 6, Guadaloupe Mts., Texas. Nickel Creek, 10-VII-68. 4, Grapholita hieroglyphana, paratype °, Culberson Co., Texas, Sierra Diablo Wildlife Management Area, 14-VII-69. 5, Anopina texasana, holotype 4, Jeff Davis Co., Texas, Mt. Locke, 6700’, 26-IV-81. 6, Anopina texasana, paratype 2, Culberson Co., Texas, Sierra Diablo Wildlife Management Area, 16-IX-82. Length of forewing: Males (N = 6) 4.8-8.7 mm, average 6.7 mm. Females: (N = 3) 6.1-8.2 mm, average 7.2 mm. Male genitalia (Fig. 7): Valva with extremely elongate and narrow neck between cucullus and sacculus. Cucullus with strong anal seta. Four preparations examined. Female genitalia (Fig. 8): Ovipositor with well developed papillae anales. Apophyses posteriores '3 the length of apophyses anteriores. Lamella postvaginalis setose, with small medial foramen. Lamella antevaginalis present as sclerotized rim enclosing anterior half of ostium. Ductus bursae with a few sclerotized streaks on posterior surface. Corpus bursae with two large, blunt, thorn-like signa. Two preparations examined. Holotype (Fig. 1).—é¢, Lake Brownwood State Park, Brown Co., Texas, 21-IV- 66, genitalia slide A.B. 975, collected by A. & M. E. Blanchard and deposited in the National Museum of Natural History. 448 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Paratypes.—Culberson Co., Texas, Sierra Diablo Wildlife Management Area, 27-VI-81, 3 4 (genitalia slides ECK 621, ECK 543), 1 2 (genitalia slide ECK 635); 11-VI-82, 1 6; Terrel Co., Texas, Sanderson, 28-IX-80, 1 6 (genitalia slide ECK 634); Hemphill Co., Texas, Lake Marvin, 2-VII-78, 2 2 (genitalia slide ECK 629); all collected by E. Knudson. Remarks.—This new species has a wing pattern resembling that of Pelochrista reversana (Kearfott), but that species lacks the orange tints of collilonga and has a more contrasting pattern. The male genitalia of collilonga differ from other North American species of Pelochrista in the narrow and elongate neck of the valva, approaching Pelochrista fuscoparsa (Walsingham) most closely in this char- acter. Grapholita hieroglyphana A. Blanchard & E. Knudson, NEw SPECIES Figs. 3, 4, 9, 10 Head: Front and vertex dull ochreous. Labial palpi dull ochreous, dusted with fuscous, exceeding front by 1'2 eye diameters; 2nd segment brushlike, obscuring 3rd segment. Antennae dull ochreous, except for terminal 5 or 6 segments, which are blackish brown; scale rings nearly complete, except for exposed finely setose region along ventral surface of flagellum. Collar dull ochreous. Thorax: Tegulae and patagia ochreous with dull purplish brown median stripe. Mesonotum dull purplish brown with narrow ochreous median stripe. Forewing: Ground color bright yellow; costa with about 20 dark purplish brown, outwardly oriented strigulae. Basal 34 of wing marked with multiple rows of shining dark purplish brown spots, which form nearly vertical, interrupted lines, some of which join the costal strigulae. These spots also tend to fuse longitudinally, to form horizontal streaks over the cell, and below cell, the latter extending from base to near tornus. Just before tornus, there are 2 purplish brown lines, more or less parallel to termen, which enclose 4 black dots; the otuer line extends halfway to costa, the inner line is continuous, outwardly convex and enclosing 4 strong horizontal black dashes between it and the outer margin of cell. Beyond the outer line, just before termen, are 4 or 5 strong black dots. Termen slightly notched below apex. Terminal line dark purplish brown, interrupted at notch by a streak of ground color. Fringe shiny golden yellow at certain angles of light incidence, at other angles, blackish. Undersurface of wing brownish with faint dark inter- venular streaks, mainly beyond cell. Costal strigulae weakly represented. Hindwing: Pale fuscous with a few white spots just before termen. Fringe as in forewing. Length of forewing: Male: 6.1 mm, females: (N = 2) 6.8-—7.4 mm. Male genitalia (Fig. 9): Apex of tegumen not setose. Valva with pronounced neck incurvation; neck not setose. Apex of cucullus pointed. 1 preparation ex- amined. Female genitalia (Fig. 10): Apophyses posteriores half as long as apophyses anteriores. Sterigma broad and well sclerotized; lamella antevaginalis scaled. Pos- terior surface of ductus bursae sclerotized for about 2 its length. Corpus bursae with small microtrichia and a thin thorn-like signum. Two preparations examined. Holotype (Fig. 3).—é¢, Guadaloupe Mts., Texas, Nickel Creek, 10-VII-68, gen- italia slide AB 1246, collected by A. & M. E. Blanchard and deposited in the National Museum of Natural History. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 449 10 Figs. 7-12. Genitalia. Line segments represent | mm. 7, Pelochrista collilonga, holotype 4, slide AB 975. 8, Pelochrista collilonga, paratype 2, slide ECK 635, Culberson Co., Texas, Sierra Diablo Wildlife Management Area,27-VI-81. 9, Grapholita hieroglyphana, holotype 4, slide AB 1246. 10, Grapholita hieroglyphana, paratype 2, slide ECK 631, Culberson Co., Texas, Sierra Diablo Wildlife Management Area, 27-VI-81. 11, Anopina texasana, paratype 4, slide ECK 181, same data as holotype. 12, Anopina texasana, paratype °, slide ECK 626, from specimen in Fig. 6. Paratypes.— Culberson Co., Texas, Sierra Diablo Wildlife Management Area, 14-VII-69, 1 2, genitalia slide AB 4411, collected by A. & M. E. Blanchard; same locality, 27-VI-81, 1 2, genitalia slide ECK 631, collected by E. Knudson. Remarks.—This new species has a distinctive pattern, which should serve to separate it from other North American Grapholita. The male genitalia are similar to both Grapholita molesta (Busck), and angleseana (Kearfott), but in both cases, in hieroglyphana, the neck of the valva is narrower and the cucullus more acutely pointed. The female genitalia of hieroglyphana is somewhat similar to Grapholita prunivora (Walsh) and packardi Zeller, but from these it differs in the much longer ductus bursae. Anopina texasana A. Blanchard & E. Knudson, NEw SPECIES Bigs..5. 6. - lol 2. Head: Front and vertex pale fuscous, grizzled, composed of whitish scales banded with fuscous. Labial palpi upturned, extending to just above eye, smooth 450 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON scaled, whitish obscurely banded with fuscous. Antennae of male prismatic, brown dorso-laterally, finely setose ventrally; in female, simple, sparsely setose ventrally. Collar dark fuscous. Thorax: Tegulae and patagia whitish, peppered with blackish scales. Meso- notum mostly fuscous anteriorly, whitish posteriorly, with white posterior tuft. Forewings: Ground color white, strongly marked on costa with three fuscous spots; a trapezoidal spot 3 distance from base, another trapezoidal spot near middle, and a subtriangular pre-apical spot. A large fuscous median dorsal patch extends across cell and joins the median costal spot to form a complete median fascia. This fascia is peppered with jet black scales and bright orange brown scales, mainly over middle. Below basal costal spot, a few small fuscous spots, peppered with black scales, extend towards dorsum, forming an incomplete sub-basal fascia. An elongate fuscous spot extends from near tornus towards pre-apical spot. Re- mainder of wing white, obscurely marked with fuscous over basal half. Scattered bright orange brown scales variably present over basal half and near apex. 3 to 5 black dots are present along apical half of termen. Fringe composed of white scales banded with fuscous. Hindwing: Pale fuscous, fringe concolorous. Length of forewing: Males: (N = 11) 5.8-8.0 mm, average 6.8 mm; female: (1 example) 7.2 mm. Male genitalia (Fig 11): Uncus spatulate, narrowed at base, slightly dilated apically. Socii digitate, moderately setose, gnathos with acute middle process; fultura superior complete, not setose. Sacculus not produced, with only minute dentations along outer margin. Aedeagus with tip attenuate, caecum not curved; vesica with long straight cornutus. Three preparations examined. Female genitalia (Fig 12): Apophyses posteriores 73 length of apophyses ante- riores. Sterigma with lamella postvaginalis subtriangular, setose; lamella antevag- inalis broad, well sclerotized, not setose. Ductus bursae membranous, extremely short; corpus bursae membranous, with diverticulum near junction of ductus bursae, lacking signum. In Fig. 12, ovoid spermatophore lies within corpus bursae. Holotype (Fig 5).—é, Jeff Davis Co., Texas, Mt. Locke, 6700’, 26-IV-81, col- lected by E. Knudson and deposited in the National Museum of Natural History. Paratypes.—Same data as holotype, 6 6 (genitalia slides ECK 181 and ECK 728); same locality, 27-V-74, 1 4, collected by E. Knudson. Same locality, 6-IX- 69, 1 6 (genitalia slide AB 2867), collected by A. & M. E. Blanchard. Culberson Co., Texas, Sierra Diablo Wildlife Management Area, 16-IX-82, 1 2 (genitalia slide ECK 626); same locality, 11-VI-82, 1 6; Brewster Co., Texas, Big Bend Nat. Park, Chisos Basin, 29-III-82, 1 4, collected by E. Knudson. Remarks.— This new species is similar to Anopina wellingtoniana (Kearfott), a species which is so far not known from Texas. Dr. Clarke has compared the two species and provided the following comment: *“‘The two species, A. wellingtoniana (Kearfott), and texasana are similar, but the terminal area of the forewing of the former is largely white with a conspicuous row of black terminal spots; the terminal area of the latter is crossed by a grayish curved fascia and the terminal row of spots is obscure. The male genitalia of texasana have a distally truncated uncus, but that of we/lingtoniana is terminally broadened with a lateral protuberance on each side ventrally. In the female genitalia there is a broadly expanded area anterior to the ostium in texasana, which is lacking in wel/lingtoniana.” In the course of VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 451 his investigation, Dr. Clarke noted that although one specimen of we/lingtoniana in the NMNH was selected by Obraztsov as a /ectotype in 1956, he could find no publication in which the /ectotype designation was mentioned. It becomes nec- essary, therefore, to assign the /ectotype designation to this specimen. Anopina wellingtoniana (Kearfott) Lectotype.—é4, consisting of head, thorax, and left wings and bearing the fol- lowing data: Wellington, B.C., G. W. Taylor, May; red label: TYPE. collection of W. D. Kearfott; small white label: slide 1274; white handwritten label: Olethreutes wellingtoniana Kearf. Cotype; fourth label: male genitalia on slide. C.H. 26 Apr. 1922; green slide label: Genitalia slide by C.H. 1922 USNM 25504; large white label: N. Obraztsov select. Dec. 1956. The specimen is in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors express their gratitude to Dr. J. F. Gates Clarke for examining the type specimens and manuscript, and providing much needed commentary. We are also grateful to both the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and the U.S. National Park Service for their assistance in our continuing investigation of Texas Lepidoptera. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 452-459 TWO NEW GENERIC NAMES FOR GROUPS OF HOLARCTIC AND PALEARCTIC ARCTIINI (LEPIDOPTERA, ARCTITDAE) D. C. FERGUSON Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, % National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560. Abstract. — Research to identify and define all genera closely related to the nearc- tic Apantesis Walker and Grammia Rambur, which are herein treated as distinct, led to the conclusion that two mainly palearctic genera of this group are unnamed. These new genera are described as Holoarctia, with Nemeophila cervini Fallou as the type species, and Palearctia, with Arctia glaphyra mannii Alpheraky as the type species. Neoarctia sordida McDunnough is referred to the synonymy of Holoarctia cervini. An identification key is provided for the four closely related genera, Holoarctia, Palearctia, Neoarctia, and Hyperborea. During my recent research toward a comprehensive generic revision of a large section of the holarctic Arctiini, it became apparent that Nemeophila cervini Fallou, 1864, from the Alps, belongs to a discrete group of three species for which no generic name is available. Grammia Rambur, 1866, and Orodemnias Wal- lengren, 1885 (the latter a junior synonym of Grammia), have been used for cervini, but neither applies to it because their type species, Bombyx quenseli Paykull, 1793, is not congeneric. The unexpected discovery of a closely related new species, Orodemnias fridolini Torstenius, 1971, with its almost circumpolar distribution from Sweden through Russia and Siberia to Alaska, has aroused widespread interest in the group, and I thought it important to provide needed generic names and summarize my conclusions concerning the relationships of these moths without further delay. The genus represented by cervini, which I shall call Ho/oarctia, n. gen., belongs to a small, arctic-alpine complex of four closely related but conveniently distin- guishable genera. Of these, only Neoarctia Neumoegen and Dyar and Hyperborea Grum-Grshimailo have been named. Neoarctia is a genus of three species known only from the Rocky Mountain region from Colorado to the Yukon Territory, and Hyperborea is a genus of only one mainly Siberian species that occurs also in Alaska (Ferguson, 1972: 222). In order to define and discuss the generic status of cervini and to make meaningful comparisons, I here include also a description of the fourth genus of this complex, a central Asian group of probably 10 or 12 species for which I herein propose the name Palearctia, n. gen. Holoarctia Ferguson, NEw GENUS Figs, 1=—5,;, 10.11.15 Type species: Nemeophila cervini Fallou, 1864. Diagnosis. — Forewing pattern (Figs. 1—5) with full complement of 5 transverse pale bands, usually apparent at least at costa, but sometimes in part suffused or VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 453 Figs. 1-9. 1, Holoarctia cervini (Fallou) 6, Wallis. 2, same, 2, Zermatt. 3, H. pungeleri (Bang-Haas) 6, ““Tunkinsche Weisberge, Sajan Gbg., Turan, 2000 m. Juli” (BMNH). 4, H. fridolini (Torstenius) 4, Mile 21, Teller Road, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, 22 July 1976, Alaska Lepid. Surv. 5, same, 2, Toolik Lake, Alaska, 14 July 1975, Alaska Lepid. Surv. 6, Palearctia naryna (Bang-Haas) 4, no data (described from Narynsk, Tien Shan region). 7, P. glaphyra mannii (Alpheraky) 6, no data (USNM). 8, same, 2, no data (USNM). 9, P. erschoffi (Alpheraky) 6, no data (USNM). About natural size. confluent; species of Palearctia (Figs. 6-9), Neoarctia, and Hyperborea have no more than 4 transverse bands. Longitudinal band in Ist anal fold of forewing always absent, but present in species of Palearctia and Hyperborea. Hindwing whitish or yellow, marked with the usual dark spots; these may be confluent, reduced, or absent, or entire hindwing may be suffused with dark shading. Male genitalia (Figs. 10, 11).—Uncus tapering apically to a nearly straight or only slightly bent tip, not strongly bent in hooklike configuration characteristic of Neoarctia and some species of Palearctia,; valve stout, simple, tapered, not truncated or bilobed, but its shape extremely variable in cervini; juxta longer than wide, medially cleft basally, somewhat convex, bilaterally spinulate distally; ae- deagus stout, somewhat bowed, with one dorsal patch of small spines distally; everted vesica longer than half length of aedeagus. Female genitalia (Fig. 15).—Ductus bursae straight, flattened, sclerotized for slightly less than its full length, shorter than corpus bursae, only about half as long as ductus bursae of species of Neoarctia; corpus bursae almost globular, with two signa; proximal part of ductus seminalis enormously enlarged, not obviously coiled, about as much distended as corpus bursae and having appearance of a second lobe; anterior apophyses lost. Remarks.— The included species are Holoarctia cervini (Fallou), of the Alps of France, Switzerland, and Austria, Mongolia (see Alberti, 1971: 375), and the Rocky Mountains of Alberta and British Columbia, Canada (= Neoarctia sordida 454 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON McDunnough, 1921, new synonymy); H. fridolini (Torstenius), which I consider to be a distinct species and not a subspecies of cervini as originally described, found in northern Sweden, the Kola Peninsula in Russia, arctic Siberia, and Alaska; and H. pungeleri (Bang-Haas, 1927), from the Sayan Mountains, central Siberia. I am aware that the spelling of Ho/oarctia is similar to that of Holarctia M. E. Smith, a synonym of Grammia Rambur (Arctiidae), and Holarctias Prout, a synonym of Scopula Schrank (Geometridae), and that it disregards a recommen- dation of the Code that names with small differences of spelling be avoided. However, it is not a homonym (Int. Code Zool. Nomen., Art. 56(a)). Palearctia Ferguson, NEw GENUS Figs. 6-9, 12-14, 16 Type species: Arctia glaphyra mannii Alpheraky, 1881. Diagnosis.— Forewing pattern like that of Holoarctia species except that no more than 4 transverse bands may be seen at costa, and longitudinal band in Ist anal fold is present. Hindwing red, orange, pink, yellow, or white (rarely all dark), with 3 or more dark submarginal spots that may be connected to form a continuous band, and with or without dark discal spot. Palpi shorter than those of other genera in group, hardly protruding beyond frontal hair in either sex. Male genitalia (Figs. 12—14).— Eighth segment peculiar in that eighth sternite is lost or nearly so, i.e. unsclerotized. Otherwise similar to those of Holoarctia except that uncus has base reduced or narrowed relative to size of process; juxta less elongated, variable but usually about as wide as long and without spines or spic- ules; valve variable from short, stubby and truncated to about same length as that of Holoarctia species but, if elongated, tip bent inward (Fig. 14); also, base of costa produced inwardly as a strong sclerite toward posterolateral angle of juxta, a character not found in other genera of group, and probably representing a remnant of the transtilla as seen in many members of the Arctia-Hyphoraia and Phragmatobia-Ocnogyna groups; aedeagus short, curved, with a distal patch of minute spines dorsally just before vesica, less conspicuous than those of Holoarctia (or sometimes absent) and not situated on a humplike elevation as in species of Holoarctia; vesica smaller, more compact, but with about same arrangement of lobes and scobinate surfaces as Holoarctia. Female genitalia (Fig. 16) (based on one specimen of type species only).— Like those of Holoarctia species, but ductus bursae less sclerotized at ostium, ductus seminalis not greatly enlarged, and corpus bursae with rudimentary third signum in addition to two fully developed ones. Anterior apophyses present but reduced. Remarks.—I include in the genus Palearctia all of the subspecies, forms and aberrations treated by Bang-Haas (1927: 62-68) under Micrarctia glaphyra Ev- ersmann, M. buraetica Bang-Haas, and M. kindermanni Staudinger; by Seitz (1910: 83-84) under Micrarctia rupicola Grum-Grshimailo, M. postflavida Hampson (Fig. 14), MM. glaphyra Eversmann, and M. kindermanni Staudinger; and by Draudt (1931: 78-79) under M. glaphyra Eversmann, M. buraetica Bang- Haas, M. kindermanni Staudinger, M. erschoffi Alpheraky (Fig. 9), and M. /a- dakensis Bang-Haas. I examined and dissected the type species of Micrarctia Seitz, 1910, namely Nyctemera trigona Leech, and do not consider it to be congeneric with or closely related to any of the above. ‘“‘Micrarctia’’ y-albula (Oberthiir) and VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 455 su & 100 oe K Ha I2a 13a Figs. 10-13. Male genitalia. 10, Holoarctia cervini, the Alps. 10a, aedeagus of same. 11, H. fridolini, Alaska. 11a, aedeagus of same. 12, Palearctia glaphyra mannii, no data. 12a, aedeagus of same. 13, P. naryna, no data. 13a, aedeagus of same. ““M.”’ sieversi (Grum-Grshimailo), included in the same genus by Seitz, also are not congeneric and belong in the Phragmatobia-Ocnogyna group. I have examined and dissected 6 distinct species of Palearctia and would deduce from the illus- trations in works of the above authors that there must be several more species 456 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 14-16. Male and female genitalia. 14, Palearctia postflavida 4, “‘Skoio La,” July 1887, J. H. Leech (BMNH). 14a, aedeagus of same. 15, Holoarctia fridolini 2°, Alaska. 16, Palearctia glaphyra mannii 2, no data. Figures of genitalia not to scale. among the many named forms. I chose to designate mannii (Figs. 7, 8, 12, 16) as the type species as it is the only one of which I have seen both sexes. The species of Palearctia are badly in need of revision, but material is not easily obtained. They occur in the mountains of Kashmir, Tibet, Sinkiang, Mongolia, and adjacent regions of the U.S.S.R. Palearctia glaphyra mannii was described from between 6500 and 10,000 feet in the Kuldja district, Tien Shan Mountains, Sinkiang. DISCUSSION The genera Neoarctia, Holoarctia, Palearctia, Hyperborea, Grammia, and Apantesis Walker, Notarctia M. E. Smith, and Chelis Rambur belong to a complex VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 457 = Sa) tl: Figs. 17-18. Venation. 17, Holoarctia cervini (Fallou); radial veins in solid black. 18, Grammia quenseli (Paykull). of closely related genera that I will call the Holoarctia-Grammia series. The superficially similar palearctic genus Cymbalophora Rambur is not one of them but appears to be an aberrant member of the Arctia-Hyphoraia series, according to its venation and genitalia. The classification of those genera treated here and of the Arctiini in general has been much complicated by historical misconceptions. Contrary to what was implied by its generic placement until now, cervini is not most closely related to species of Grammia but would have been better assigned to Neoarctia. McDunnough (1921: 167) noted this, if only indirectly, when he described Neoarctia sordida from Banff, Alberta, referring to it as “‘a new species of Neoarctia, probably closest to cervina (sic) Fall. from the Alps.’ I examined the type of sordida and concluded that it represents the very same species as cervini (not the Eurasian and Alaskan fridolini, as one would have expected). Grammia is a relatively large North American genus of about 30 species, of which only two, quenseli (Paykull) and turbans (Christoph), extend also into the Pale- arctic Region. All of the species formerly included in Apantesis in North American lists (e.g. Hodges et al., 1983: 117) I now refer to Grammia with the exception of phalerata (Harris), vittata (F.), and nais (Drury) (plus two others that will be treated later), which are the true Apantesis species, and proxima (Guérin-Méné- ville), which I remove to Notarctia M. E. Smith, 1938. The group consisting of Neoarctia, Holoarctia, Palearctia, and Hyperborea may be distinguished from other Arctiini by unique combinations of features that will be described in more detail in my forthcoming revision. All have reduced eyes, most have reduced antennal branches, and nearly all are diurnal. The forewing venation never has an accessory cell, except perhaps in rare aberrant specimens, and it has a radial system with 4 branches arising beyond the end of the discal 458 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON cell (Fig. 17), like most arctiids (3 in Grammia, Notarctia, and Apantesis—Fig. 18); the male genitalia have a normal uncus with wide base and slender process (unlike the triangular uncus of many arctiid genera), generally no development of the transtilla, a rather simple, flat valve, and a special kind of juxta that is generally as long as or longer than wide and often medially cleft basally. The genus Grammia, on the other hand, has a different and highly characteristic kind of valve with a stout basal half, a node or ridge near the middle, and an abruptly flattened, blade- like distal half. The form of the valve in Grammia remains remarkably constant throughout the whole diverse array of species from quenseli and turbans to such extreme forms as virgo (L.), arge (Drury), and placentia (J. E. Smith), with never a suggestion of anything transitional to the type of valve found in the Holoarctia- Hyperborea group. The problem is not in distinguishing these genera from Gram- mia but from one another. To help clarify the differences, I have prepared the following key. KEY TO THE FOUR GENERA OF THE NEOARCTIA-HYPERBOREA GROUP 1. Forewing never with longitudinal, pale stripe in Ist anal fold (Figs. 1-5). Arctic Eurasia and the Alps, Alaska, and the Rocky Mts. ............. 2 — Forewing nearly always with longitudinal, pale stripe in Ist anal fold (Figs. 6=9)..CentralAsia,silberiay Alaska: 5.20 eee ee ee 3 2. Forewing with 3—4 transverse bands only (sometimes indistinct or lost), longitudinal bands or lines wanting; median space marked only with an enlarged pale patch at costa. Juxta not spinulate; aedeagus straight, with two spinulate patches apically; uncus bent subapically in a somewhat hooklike form. Rocky Mts., Colorado to Yukon ................ Neoarctia — Forewing with full complement of 5 transverse bands in addition to at least partial, thin, longitudinal vein lines; median space marked with two separate transverse bands toward costa except in occasional, very dark specimens. Juxta with spinulate patches; aedeagus bowed, with one spi- nulate patch apically; uncus essentially straight. Arctic Eurasia to Alaska, Mits. of, Central Asiacand westemi@anadass444; 1... ocr peer Holoarctia 3. Male genitalia with valve entire, not bilobed; juxta without spinules or penicilli. Male antennae obviously bipectinate. Forewing with or without vein pattern, and with antemedial and/or medial bands, or vestiges of them, present at least between costa and Ist anal fold. Hindwing with ground color red or yellow, rarely white or all black. Central Asia ..... — Male genitalia with valve bilobed, and juxta bearing a pair of denticulated penicilli in posterolateral corners. Male antennae with very short branches, appearing simple without magnification. Forewing always with fully de- veloped vein pattern but entirely without antemedial or medial bands between costa and Ist anal fold. Hindwing ground color whitish. Siberia ang Alaskavey ss it) 3 Ao ee Te bane la Ore. 2 Se Hyperborea ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank all who contributed to this study by providing information, advice, or specimens. These include: J. D. Lafontaine, Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa; E. M. Pike, Fairview, Alberta; K. W. Philip, Institute VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 459 of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks; O. Sotavalta, Helsinki, Fin- land; and A. Watson, British Museum (Natural History). The North American occurrence of Hyperborea czekanowskii and Holoarctia fridolini has been made known entirely through the efforts of Kenelm W. Philip and his Alaska Lepidoptera Survey. One of only two North American specimens of Holoarctia cervini was collected and brought to my attention by E. M. Pike. I thank Charles Covell, University of Louisville, Allan Watson, British Museum, and Manya Stoetzel, of this laboratory, for reviewing the manuscript. Photography was by the author, and drawings by Mary Lou Cooley, staff illustrator, Systematic Entomology Lab- oratory. LITERATURE CITED Alberti, B. 1971. Lepidopteren aus der Mongolischen Volksrepublik. Dtsch. Entomol. Z. N.F. 18: 361-376. Alpheraky, S. 1881. Jn O. Staudinger, Beitrag zur Lepidopteren-Fauna Central-Asiens. Stett. Ento- mol. 42: 393-424. Bang-Haas, O. 1927. Horae Macrolepidopterologicae Regionis Palaearcticae (Verlag Staudinger & Bang-Haas, Dresden-Blasewitz) 1: XX VII + 128 pp., 11 pls. Draudt, M. 1931-32. Arctiidae, pp. 61-94, pls. 5—7. In A. Seitz, 1930-34, Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 2, Suppl. Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart. VII + 315 pp., 16 pls. Fallou, M. J. 1864. Description d’un nouveau Lépidoptére Hétérocére du genre Nemeophila Steph. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 4(4): 23-26, pl. 1, fig. 2. Ferguson, D. C. 1972. New records of Lepidoptera from the United States (Arctiidae, Geometridae, Epiplemidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 26: 222-225. Hodges, R. W., and others. 1983. Check list of the Lepidoptera of America north of Mexico. E.W. Classey Ltd. and The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London. xxiv + 284 pp. McDunnough, J. 1921. Note on the generic position of two Canadian Arctiids with descriptions of new species (Lepid.). Can. Entomol. 53: 167-168. Paykull, G. von. 1793. Beskrivelse over 5 arter nye nat.-sommerfluge (Bombyx, Noctua). Skr. Naturhist-Selskabet Kiobehavn 2(2): 97-102. Rambur, P. 1866. Catalogue systématique des Lépidoptéres de |’Andalousie (2). J.B. Bailliere, Paris. 412 + xi pp., 22 pls. Seitz, A. 1910. Arctiidae, pp. 43-108, pls. 11-18. In A. Seitz, 1910-13, Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 2. Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart. VII + 497 pp., 56 pls. Smith, M. E. 1938. A revision of the genus Apantesis Walker (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Thesis Abstract, University of Illinois, Urbana. 12 pp. Torstenius, S. 1971. Orodemnias cervini Fallou ssp. fridolini n. ssp. (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Ento- mol. Tidskr. 92: 173-177. Wallengren, H. D. J. 1885. Skandinaviens Heterocer-Fyjarilar beskrifne 2(3): 257-444. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 460-461 NOTE Pineus boerneri Annand (Homoptera: Adelgidae): A New or Another Record from The People’s Republic of China? While sampling pine plantations in Liaoning Province in northeastern China during 1982, I discovered two infestations of Pineus boerneri Annand (Homop- tera: Adelgidae) previously recorded only from Formosa, New Zealand and the United States (see Annand, P.N. 1928, A Contribution Toward a Monograph of the Adelginae (Phylloxeridae) of North America). Specimens that I collected on May 13 from Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. at Zheng Chio (123°40’E, 41°15’N) and on May 18 from Pinus thunbergiana Franco at Luta (121°40'E, 39°00’N) are identical to ones I collected in the United States during 1981 and 1982 from dying Pinus resinosa Ait. throughout southern New England (McClure, M. S. 1982, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 75: 150-157) and from P. thunbergiana and P. den- siflora Sieb. and Zucc. in Connecticut (McClure, M.S. unpublished data). My studies in Connecticut suggested that this adelgid was introduced into the eastern United States and revealed that it can injure and kill P. resinosa (McClure, M. S. 1982, see above). The sampling sites in Liaoning Province, China were pure stands of 15-year- old pines. I examined four branches each in the lower crown of five trees at both plantations and counted the number of adelgids, living and dead, occurring on 50 cm? of three-year-old growth of each branch. The number of nymphs which had died during winter (these remain firmly affixed to the branch) was compared with the number of living individuals to determine percent overwinter mortality. All 10 trees were infested with P. boerneri. Mean number (+ one SD) of living adelgids per 50 cm? of branch was 42.0 + 7.9 at Zheng Chio and 10.0 = 1.6 at Luta. All living adelgids (n = 260) were either fourth instar nymphs or adults. Hundreds of eggs of P. boerneri were also present on each branch because adults were Ovipositing when samples were taken. Mean (+ one SD) percent mortality incurred by nymphs during winter was high at Luta (76.6 + 2.4) and even higher at the northernmost sampling site, Zheng Chio (97.2 + 2.8) where the average length of the frost-free season is only 160 days and where minimum winter temperature sometimes reaches — 23°C. I argued in a previous paper (McClure, M.S. 1982, see above) that P. boerneri, first described by Annand (1928, see above) from Pinus radiata Don in California, is probably the same species as Pineus laevis described by Maskell (1885, Trans. New Zealand Inst. 17: 13-19) as Kermaphis pini var. laevis from three exotic pines in New Zealand. In their recent checklist of forest insects of China, Yang and Wu (1981, A Checklist of the Forest Insects of China) also consider P. boerneri to be the same as P. /aevis. Regardless of whether or not these names are synonyms, it is certainly reasonable to suspect that the adelgid which I collected in northeastern China in 1982 is the same as the one collected in May 1935 on pines in Shanghai (121°35’E, 31°20’N) and in Wenling (121°20’E, 28°20’N), Zhejiang Province, China and subsequently identified as P. /aevis (Maskell) by Takahashi (1937, Trans. Natur. Hist. Soc. Formosa 27: 11-14) and the unidentified Pineus illustrated in VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 461 Handbook of Forest Insect Pests in Northeast China (1974). Indeed, the mor- phological features of the adelgids which I collected from southern New England and from Liaoning Province, China closely conform to the detailed descriptions and drawings of Takahashi (1937, see above). Unless Takahashi’s 1935 specimens are examined it will remain uncertain whether my discovery represents a new or another record of P. boerneri in The People’s Republic of China. I conducted this study while serving as a member of the United States Integrated Pest Management Delegation to The People’s Republic of China. The trip, made under the auspices of the Science and Technology agreement between the two countries was jointly funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of International Cooperation and Development and the Chinese Ministry of For- estry. I am grateful to my travel companions Drs. D. L. Dahlsten, G. L. DeBarr and R. L. Hedden for their help and support throughout the study. Mark S. McClure, Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 461-462 NOTE Notes on a Hilltop Aggregation of Lytta magister Horn (Coleoptera: Meloidae) On 22 March 1983 I was ascending a lava ridge (ca. 620 m elevation) W of the headquarters area at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Pima County, Ar- izona. At about 09:30, just below the E side of the ridge crest, I encountered a small aggregation of Lytta magister Horn on and around a flowering brittlebush (Encelia frutescens Gray). Within 1 m radius around the bush I found 3 pairs of Lytta magister in copulo, and an additional 8 single males. All beetles were relatively inactive when I first located them, but 2 (one male in copulo and a single male) were feeding on encelia petals. Encelia petals, when offered to 3 other single males, were eaten entirely. In the next 30 min several other individuals began feeding on encelia petals, and single males were twice observed to attempt mounting when encountering other males. A check of adjacent encelia bushes revealed several other single males, but no massive aggregation was found. I failed to find other Lytta magister aggregations on encelia located lower on the sur- rounding slopes. Based on the pairs found and the behavior of single males when encountering other conspecifics, it appears the aggregation existed for mating and reproductive purposes, and the aggregation centered around ridge-top encelia bushes. It has been suggested that hilltop aggregations evolved due to the dispersed distribution of one or both sexes in space and time. Both sexes seek out landmarks or landmark resources, effectively increasing the probability of encountering a member of the opposite sex, and thereby increasing their potential lifetime re- 462 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON productive success. Thus females visit landmarks where males aggregate and reproduction is effected. “‘Hilltopping”’ has been described as a reproductive strat- egy for other insect species that are found on the hilltops joining the ridges where my observations were made (see Alcock, 1981, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 8: 309- 317: 1983, 13: 57-62; 1983, Anim. Behav., 31: 518-525). The males of these hilltopping species (the wasp Hemipepsis ustulata Dahlbohm, the butterfly Atlides halesus (Cramer), and an undescribed bot fly Cuterebra sp., respectively) are territorial, which does not appear to be the case for Lytta magister. Large aggre- gations of Lytta magister have been reported previously (Werner et al., 1966, Univ. Ariz. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 175), with collections being made at several species of flowers. At these aggregations no feeding was observed, but they were considered to be mating swarms. Hilltopping was not noted, but Selander (1958, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 61: 77-80) located what may have been hilltop- ping individuals on the Pinacate lava cap about 65 km SW from where my observations were made. For the aggregation described here the petals of encelia appeared to be a favored food, and during the spring of 1983 encelia was in flower nearly everywhere along the slopes and ridges. In a situation where a resource used by individuals is evenly distributed and abundant, it is possible that both sexes seek out the preferred resource on landmarks as part ofa strategy to increase encounters with the opposite sex for reproductive purposes, a strategy analogous to the territorial hilltopping previously mentioned. Such a resource use mating strategy has been suggested for other insect species (Alcock, 1983, Am. Mid. Nat. 109: 309-315). I suggest that Lytta magister may adopt such a strategy in certain circumstances. I thank Joe McAuliffe for companionship in the field. John Alcock graciously helped in identifying the blister beetle for me. The observations were made during field work financed by a Graduate Student Research Grant from the University of Montana. Paul Hendricks, Department of Zoology, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, p. 463 BooK REVIEW The Marsh Flies of California (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). By T. W. Fisher and R. E. Orth. Bulletin of the California Insect Survey, Vol. 24. vii + 117 pp., 1983. (Publicity Dept., Univ. Calif. Press, 2223 Fulton St., Berkeley, Calif. 94720; 50 E 42nd St., Rm. 513, N.Y., N.Y. 10036; 2—4 Brook St., London, W1Y 1HA, England). Cost: $20.00. This is one of the finest regional studies of the taxonomy of a group of flies published during recent years. Fisher and Orth’s survey of the Sciomyzidae of California is based on their 20+ year study of western North American scio- myzids, which has involved extensive collecting (including monthly collections at 4 localities in southern California between 1962 and 1966), as well as life cycle work on certain species. Fisher and Orth examined some 24,000 specimens and published a large number of basic taxonomic papers as background for their review. The study includes 49 species in 13 genera for California, plus 8 species from neighboring states. A key to the genera of Sciomyzidae of America north of Mexico is included, as well as keys to all species in California. The taxonomic treatment of adults is unusually well supported by 223 excellent drawings. Orth’s figures of the male genitalia are particularly clear and accurate. Fisher and Orth have made considerably more use of the female genitalia in species recognition than have most specialists in the family. Extensive biological information is included, as well as a table showing the mollusk hosts of California species, with appropriate literature citations. Ta- bles are included to summarize the distribution of adults collected in represen- tative habitats at selected sites, and to summarize temporal distribution. The geographical distribution of each species in California is mapped. The value of using a gas-powered vacuum collector is shown. The editors and production staff are to be complimented on the excellent format and quality of the publication. Lloyd Knutson, Chairman, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduc- tion Institute, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, p. 464 SUMMARY REPORTS OF SOCIETY OFFICERS FOR 1983 EDITOR (Calendar Year 1983) A total of 144 manuscripts was received and processed from November 1, 1982 to October 31, 1983. Four numbers of the Proceedings were published in 1983. The 868 + vili pages represented 105 regular scientific articles, 20 scientific notes, 2 book reviews, 2 obituaries, 2 announcements, minutes for 9 Society meetings, reports of officers for 1982, table of contents for volume 85, index to new taxa for volume 85, and PS Form 3526. Editorial charges were entirely or partially waived for 15 articles totaling 82 pages. Full editorial charges were paid for immediate publication of 11 articles totaling 87 pages. Seven lengthy articles included full editorial charges for 28 pages. Beginning with the January issue, the Proceedings was published in a larger format, 7” x 10” rather than the old 6” x Or. In October, the Society published Memoir No. 11, A Systematic Study of the Japanese Chloropidae (Diptera) by Kenkichi Kanmiya. The 370 page Memoir is available from the Society at a cost of $18.00. Memoir No. 12, The Holarctic Genera of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) by Michael E. Schauff, is in press and may be available by the end of 1983. Dr. Raymond J. Gagné was appointed Associate Editor in February. He has processed all incoming manuscripts since his appointment and has been in charge of preparing the January 1984 issue of the Proceedings, our 100th anniversary issue. Dr. Gagné attended the Allen Press Editorial Workshop in Lawrence, Kan- sas, August 25-27. Publications Committee: E. Eric Grissell, John M. Kingsolver, Wayne N. Math- is, George C. Steyskal, Thomas E. Wallenmaier, Raymond J. Gagné (Associate Editor), and David R. Smith (Editor). ‘TREASURER (1 November 1982 to 31 October 1983) Special Publication Fund Summary General Fund Totals On hand, | November 1982 30,262.09 27,313.80 S/S Sts) Total Receipts 53,910.68 25,703.30 79,613.98 Total Disbursements 49,418.92 49,418.92 On Hand, 31 October 1983 34,753.85 53,017.10 87,770.95 Thomas J. Henry, Treasurer PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(2), 1984, pp. 465-468 SociETY MEETINGS 898th Regular Meeting— October 6, 1983 The 898th Regular Meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington was called to order by President Manya B. Stoetzel at 8:00 p.m. on October 6, 1983, in the Naturalist Center, National Museum of Natural History. Forty-four mem- bers and twelve guests attended. Minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved with the correction that “‘Plant Pest Society” should read ‘‘Pest Science Society.” Membership Chairman White read the names of the following applicants for membership: David Adamski, Dept. of Entomology, Mississippi State University. Victor Blackburn, 15806 Plainview Lane, Bowie, MD. Miloje Brajkovic, Institute of Zoology, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. David W. Bushman, 3204 Westfield Avenue, Baltimore, MD. John T. Doyen, 201 Wellman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA. Frank D. Fee, 522 Fairway Road, State College, PA. Charles S. King, Box 195, Mahopac Falls, NY. John W. Kliewer, 9805 Meadow Knoll Court, Vienna, VA. John LaSalle, Dept. of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA. S. T. Munte, 1216 28th Street, N.W., Washington, DC. D. P. A. Sands, CSIRO Division of Entomology, Indooroopilly, Qld., Australia. Miner J. Sloan, Shell Oil Company, 1025 Connecticut Avenue N.W., Wash- ington, DC. B. A. Steinly, 1008 West College Street, Peoria, IL. Anne M. Wieber, 719 Hillsboro Drive, Silver Spring, MD. Brian M. Wiegmann, 8221 Laurel Drive, Baltimore, MD. Norman E. Woodley, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washing- ton, DC. President Stoetzel acknowledged the receipt of a bequest to the Society from the estate of the late C. P. Alexander. President Stoetzel also appointed two committees: the Nominating Committee for 1983 consisting of T. L. Bissel, L. M. Russell, T. J. Spilman, Chairman; the Auditing Committee for 1983 consisting of J. M. Kingsolver, R. V. Peterson, D. A. Nickle, Chairman. The speaker for the evening was Dr. Robert Traub of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. His talk was entitled ‘“‘Adaptive mod- ifications and convergent evolution in fleas, with notes on host specificity and zoogeography.”’ The emphasis in the talk was on the structural and physiological adaptations enhancing survival of the flea on its host. Structure and adaptive characteristics of genal and pronotal combs were used to demonstrate convergent evolution of this character. The relationship of fleas to human diseases was also discussed. Warren Steiner exhibited specimens of a flea which he found on a ferret badger in Malaysia. 466 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Thomas Wallenmaier exhibited a copy ofa “Bibliography of Identification Keys for European Insects” covering 1880-1973. Visitors were introduced and the meeting was adjourned at 9:00 p.m., after which refreshments were served. Thomas E. Wallenmaier, Recording Secretary 899th Regular Meeting— November 3, 1983 The 899th Regular Meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington was called to order by President Manya B. Stoetzel at 8:00 p.m. on November 3, 1983, in the Naturalist Center, National Museum of Natural History. Thirty- three members and nine guests attended. Minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved with the correction that the speaker at the October 1983 meeting was from the University of Maryland School of Medicine. Membership Chairman White read the name of the following applicant for membership: Deborah Waller, 5154 Piedmont Place, Annandale, VA 22003. Editor David Smith announced that Memoir Number 11, ““A Systematic Study of the Japanese Chloropidae (Diptera)’”” by Kenkichi Kanmiya has now been pub- lished. The Nominating Committee proposed the following slate of nominees: President-elect: Donald M. Anderson. Corresponding Secretary: Richard G. Robbins. Recording Secretary: Thomas E. Wallenmaier. Treasurer: Thomas J. Henry. Editor: Raymond J. Gagné. Program Chairman: Jeffrey R. Aldrich. Custodian: Victor L. Blackburn. Membership Chairman: Geoffrey B. White. Thomas Wallenmaier moved that the motion tabled at the February, 1983 meeting be taken from the table. This motion, that the Society explore means of supporting the Insect Fauna of North America project, was then discussed and President Stoetzel appointed Dr. Wallenmaier to establish a committee to explore the subject. The speaker for the evening was Mr. Christopher Wagnon, Park Naturalist for the Clearwater Nature Center in Clinton, Maryland. His talk was entitled “Gryllus on the Grill—Introduction to Insects as People Food.’ Mr. Wagnon discussed the use of insects as human food beginning with the ancient Greeks, including detailed answers to the question: Why eat insects? He then described various methods of cooking those insects that are readily available in Maryland. At the conclusion of the talk a demonstration of insect cooking methods was given, and a delicious buffet of insect foods was offered to the members. Delicacies such as ‘““Grasshopper Gumbo,” “‘Hopper Newburg,” and “Infested Fudge’’ were sampled by some of the braver members. T. J. Spilman showed an article on the biology and control of the cat flea by Olkowski, Olkowski, and Daar, in the IPM Practitioner. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 2 467 Richard Robbins exhibited photographs of the burial place of the famous nat- uralist William T. Davis on Staten Island, NY. Victor Adler described the unusual behavior of female cockroaches that he recently observed. Thomas E. Wallenmaier, Recording Secretary 900th Regular Meeting— December 8, 1983 The 900th Regular Meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington was called to order by President Manya B. Stoetzel at 8:00 p.m. on December 8, 1983, in the Naturalist Center, National Museum of Natural History. Twenty-four mem- bers and seven guests attended. Minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. Membership Chairman White read the names of the following applicants for membership: Mary E. Hooker, 2216 38th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20009. Alexander D. Huryn, Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Ath- ens, GA 30602. Michael A. Ivie, Department of Entomology, 103 Botany and Zoology Building, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210. Laura Torres Latorre, LLanten #26, Col. Xotepingo, Mexico, 21, D.F. C.P. 04610. Donald G. Manley, Pee Dee Experiment Station, P.O. Box 5809, Florence, SC 29502. Judith A. Mollet, Department of Entomology, University of California, Riv- erside, CA 92521. Benedict B. Pagac, Jr., 427 Yellow Springs South, Laurel, MD 20707. Richard B. Root, Section of Ecology and Systematics, Corson Laboratories, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-0239. Mr. White also gave his annual report, stating that there were 50 new members in 1983. The Treasurer gave his annual report that appears on page 464 of this issue. The proposed budget for 1984 is $53,300.00. The Auditing Committee certified that all financial records of the Society were in order. The Editor gave his annual report, stating that 144 manuscripts were received and processed, four numbers of the Proceedings were published, and Memoir No. 11 was published and Memoir No. 12 was in press. The Custodian gave his annual report. The Nominating Committee submitted a list of candidates. No nominations were received from the floor. It was moved by Steyskal and seconded by Ramsey that all members on the proposed list of candidates be elected to their respective offices. The motion was unanimously approved. President Stoetzel presented a proposed change in the Society by-laws to es- tablish the office of Associate Editor as an elected position. It was moved by Larew and seconded by Aldrich that an ad hoc committee be 468 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON set up with Larew as chairman to investigate the possibility of the Society estab- lishing a scholarship fund in entomology studies. The speaker for the evening was Dr. Daryl L. Faustini, Research Scientist, Phillip Morris, Richmond, Virginia. His talk was entitled ““Cribriform pore plates: Pheromone production sites in the Coleoptera.” Setiferous sex patches on the forelegs of Tribolium beetles were discussed. The cribiform plates contained ducts and were the sites of a secretion which was investigated. Using bioassay techniques and gas chromatography, a pheromone was isolated. Then other species of 77i- bolium were examined and histological investigations showed the location of a gland in the foreleg. Many excellent slides were shown. Ted Spilman noted that the rare book display at the National Agricultural Library is featuring the life and work of C. V. Riley, a noted American ento- mologist. At the conclusion of the meeting Manya Stoetzel presented mementos to each of the officers for 1983 in appreciation for their service. The gavel was passed by Manya Stoetzel to the new President, Neal O. Morgan, who adjourned the meeting at 9:45 p.m. Refreshments were served following the meeting. Thomas E. Wallenmaier, Recording Secretary y PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE BY THE A ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS hy ynipid Galls of the Eastern United States, by Lewis H. Weld ATO AL $ 5.00 ae Gallsiofthe southwest, Gy Dewis Hy Weld iii bie al ie eR eet as 3.00 Both BGnePMiOn ey MIpid salisiy BU Yee Te Oy eR Se BO ee eo a 6.00 entification of Alaskan Black Fly Larvae, by Kathryn M. Sommerman 1.00 Inusual Scalp Dermatitis in Humans Caused by the Mite Dermatophagoides, by Jay R. BMMERER UE UCEULE OE RPA Nu Ae Or De Lee Po RAD 1.00 ‘Short History of the Entomological Society of Washington, by Ashley B. Gurney 1.00 tora Key to Species of the Genus Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae), by George C. Nie ‘Steyskal J OMEN, BORUD TN IS De ae AO On NAY A A ERIN Oe 1.50 axonomic Studies on Fruit Flies of the Genus Urophora (Diptera: Tephritidae), by George C. 4} Steyskal UNCER AOU ARES Os DOR AR SN YEO a EN 2.00 \ } \ MEMOIRS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 1. The North American Bees of the Genus Osmia, by Grace Sandhouse. 167 pp. 1939... $15.00 2. A Classification of Larvae and Adults of the Genus Phyllophaga, by Adam G. Boving. (out of £80) ao: DANII RE Boa OEY RE RA aD, LR a A Ne aie print) . “The Female Tabanidae of Japan, Korea and Manchuria, by Wallace P. Murdoch and Hirosi eit -‘Takahasi. ACTON 0 09 US (ok Sed AEN NLD AD AO Rd SP a SR Yn LN ARONA BA 15.00 i Dare CIES APO RTT Re ATS A BD 11.00 ; The North American Predaceous Midges of the Genus Palpomyia Meigen (Diptera: Cera- _topogonidae), by W. L. Grogan, Jr. and W. W. Wirth. 125 pp. 1979. tee 12.00 “hy O90 GONE MSORSUe TES We ia acd Rade eon ark ek CSET 10.00 0. Recent Advances in Dipteran Systematics: Commemorative Volume in Honor of Curtis W. }} _Sabrosky. Edited by Wayne N. Mathis and F. Christian Thompson. DOT pp OSD ui eee 11.00 1. A Systematic Study of the Japanese Chloropidae (Diptera), by Kenkichi Kanmiya. 370 pp. PAT ETE MD A AU RG A PU Peg AG LS A Ae OS BO Nae 2 eo 18.00 ‘The Holarctic Genera of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidae), by Michael E. Schauff. 67E PP) (7 ANE Ge LOA SPS MERE UA GN gO ig Nad A A SBA SSA ld 5.00 stitution, Washington, D.C. 20560. CONTENTS 1/1) 4\) 00 Wis (Continued from front cover) Ags LU RAL ES H ) i : ' 1 } | Hy 1 : I th | it LAMBDIN, P. L. and G.Q. LU—External Hi dahadiany of Lege of the spined soldier busy, Podisus. Fh maculiventris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) ....)... 2.0.0.0 620.066 o these eke . 814 \) LAVIGNE, R. J.—Ethology of Neocerdistus acutangulatus (uaiperaet Asilidae in South Aus- 1? tralia i)! GAAS a a a Hed chee ail Ait went Wa LAVIGNE, R. J. and S. W. BULLINGTON tology ¢ of Laphria fermaldi (Back) (Diptera: a) iM i Asilidae) in southeast Wyoming .............. CED EE ieee ised dette ys Adin i oH 1101326 MARSHALL, S$. A.—Leptocera (Pteremis) Rondani in North America his Sphacrocert- Hl j MATHIS, W. N.—Notes on the shore fly genus Diedrops Ahab pwns) Ni NORRBOM, A. L. and K. C. KIM—The taxonomic status of Lotophila Lioy, witha rei of oF L. atra (Meigen) (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) Pee Mesh Bd FAVA TATA Car RT) SOP E BUN Sa y] PAKALUK, J.—Natural history fad evolution of ta foraea (Coleopter ent i mychidae) with descriptions of immature stages ae ae Be fae Ay i) t el , sae PINTO, J. D.—New generic synonymies in the” Epoutina (Coleoptera: “Meo Meloinaey)) yy 2 MATE hob AY BROOKE Bak By DBS PR PRA) + Hoe CM 78 POGUE, M. G. and R. J. LAVIGNE—The distribution of the western » budworm, Cho is HN) ; occidentalis Freeman (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), i in. Wyoming Wh aes ny - Had ¢ ‘ "| PRATT, H. D. and G. K. PRATT— The winter crane flies of the eastern n United States (D Trichoceridae) ..... Pay as i ORL ane Od a en Limeade ht Yh i ‘: ih i] Nig P ve vl Hi ny ROLSTION; *L))\ Buy Wi, HOBERLANDT, and R. Cc FROESCHNER— Scotinophara ft A. Costa, a Mediterranean species in i a an (Hemiptera: Pentatomi Podopinae) . ..... SEE OUCH S PR eHE Oaeae yy CARER TAC by dif MAPUaSy ROM He STAINES, C. L., JR.—Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema ne EAN (L.)) PASTRY AL pe Density and ag pha icin tina Han Washington County, Maryland 19 ny (0 1979 SP PEE ae Dies, Br Oe! Win te RAT PE Bye ey. UL BN os LT) Be Bg i Be Pr SN eS Be pd Ee a Wah ani i 3D STEFFAN, W. A.—A new y species of Plastosciara Diptera: Sciaidae) Weep asta iy} ay i ' i i Mi 4 TOGASHI, I.—The genus Zaphymatocera Sato (Hymenoptera: T men fa! Ja Je Pa ncivanai of a new ain ih GU UT GU ROR ALY dies Buk PEE He \ Nh t REY i; \ NK \4}) uN UPR CE Me BC DE Tessaniawcatele spp. (Diptera: Syrphidae) in penria Michigan ) ne Abd etay AM bey Aft WHEELER, Q. D. and E. R, HOEBEKE—A review ‘of mycophagy i in ia ic leoptera), with notes on an association of the eucinetid beetle, Euucinenu Coniophoraceae fungus (Basidiomycetes: Aphyllophorales) a : a se ea NOTES ; i i Canney Ny an HENDRICKS, P.—Notes on a hilltop’ ai diseMiy of Wate mmagiter “Ho om « _Meloidae) \ fit ers i t McCLURE, M. 'S.—Pineus boerneri ivan Comoptera: Adele dae) Ane Aut 4 - | “from the People’ s Republic of China? Sabie kal : raed . “BOOK REVIEW Ay PPRA MAM AL ty AM HA ii! KNUTSON, fie The marsh hia of Callorni (Diptera: Stlomyaidac) (T. ¥ Orth) 1). 45 ted sd A Cee aA lat Ma hie hM soa eeeohitaniaca i ay SUMMARY REPORTS OF SOCIETY OFFICERS FOR 1983 bikes (li ; ; ) Ah) i | SOCIETY MEETINGS | POR PUNY AUR RAEN Nn AWAY . VOL. 86 JULY 1984 NO. 3 PROCEEDINGS TOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY of WASHINGTON CENTENNIAL VOLUME PUBLISHED QUARTERLY CONTENTS A y R. S., JR.—A new sand-dune-inhabiting Novelsis (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) from Cal- MMIC MATIC INE VIG IEA Pt ee git Rulacit Saki Mee Gnte the Bale WEIN. Ue MICRO ORY oir Tat 630 YCHARD, A. and E. C. KNUDSON—A new species of Tripudia Grote (Lepidoptera: ‘ i " Noctuidae) FpmMl evestenen LeMas ib ik eines Oe RUT kata QUE OLRETS CIPS BEE GRE LRMIN y's 639 va ENNER, R. J.—An in vivo fluorescent marker for spermatozoa of the screwworm (Diptera: i \ Calliphoridae): FANHESUIREDOLE WN et Ml chy Lew eae es ke SOUS ren UT UNV eLE L USUE SD BURA ONCE. Rt bs Be 714 ; i t IF GER, J. F.—Notes on Tabanidae (Diptera) of the Oriental region II. Distribution records ‘a } of some Tabanidae from southeastern Pakistan and a list of species from Pakistan and Te 643 555 F O G TE, B. A.—Biology of Trimerina madizans, a Ara of hi sit eggs a Ephydridae) 486 i Gleditsia triacanthos L. (Fabaceae), in eastern United States .................... 543 ‘ BACH, R. E., B. A. HARRISON, and A. M. GAD—Culex (Culex) molestus Forskal Wiptera: Culicidae): Neotype designation, description, variation, and taxonomic status .. 521 RR S, S. c. and R. W. KELLEY —New species of Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) from Ala- RY, rT J.—New United States records for two Heteroptera: Pellaea stictica (Pentatomidae) a Rhinacloa pallidipes (Miridae) \. 12.2). een eee ee ol eee. 519 R, R. F. and B. C. KONDRATIEFF—A new Diploperla from West Virginia (Ple- PIERROT OPA by tC Parl RYAN oat Li CARY BiG Sinn me dan Hee ac BIEN Qa Ta DE a BB 648 DRATIEFF, B. C. and R. F. KIRCHNER—A new species of Nemouridae eleoaner from the Great Dismal Swamp, ERE CRISAC HA BE Re Paue ete MeL bh Balt A 578 LORS i, —A new Cautethia from the Bahamas (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae A tet eT 614 (Continued on ‘back cover) THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON ORGANIZED MARCH 12, 1884 OFFICERS FOR 1984 NEAL O. MorGAn, President JEFFREY R. ALDRICH, Program Chairme DONALD M. ANDERSON, President-Elect GEOFFREY B. WHITE, Membership Chairme THOMAS E. WALLENMAIER, Recording Secretary Victor L. BLACKBURN, Custodit RICHARD G. Rogsins, Corresponding Secretary MANYA B. STOETZEL, Delegate, Wash. Acad. S THomMaAsS J. HENRY, Treasurer HELEN SOLLERS-RIEDEL, Hospitality Chae i RAYMOND J. GAGné, Editor a Publications Committee ie DAVID R. SMITH THEODORE J. SPILMAN GEORGE C. STEYSKAL :! Honorary President fide 4 C. F. W. MUESEBECK meee vag Honorary Members FREDERICK W. Poos ASHLEY B. GURNEY sisi aaah) EB} Bisset All correspondence concerning Society business should be mailed to the appropriate officer at ihe mr V address: Entomological Society of Washington, c/o Department of Entomology, NHB 168, Smithsonian r tution, Washington, D.C. 20560. MEETINGS. — Regular meetings of the Society are held in the Natural History Building, Smithsonian Institut i on the first Thursday of each month from October to June, inclusive, at 8 P.M. Minutes of meetings are publ s regularly in the Proceedings. MEMBERSHIP.— Members shall be persons who have demonstrated interest in the science of an f Annual dues for members are $15.00 (U.S. currency) of which $13.00 is for a subscription to the Proc j of the Entomological Society of Washington for one year. ial PROCEEDINGS. — Published quarterly beginning with January by the Society at Washington, D. eh in good standing receive the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Nonmember sub: are $25.00 per year, domestic, and $27.00 per year, foreign (U.S. currency), payable in advance. All re should be made payable to The Entomological Society of Washington. The Society does not exchange its publications for those of other societies. Please see this issue for information regarding preparation of manuscripts. STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP Title of Publication: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October). Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher and Owner: The Entomological Soc ington, c/o Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution Wiki ite DC; ayebiNt RA "ington, D. C: 20560. Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: none. This issue was mailed 17 July 1984 Second Class Postage Paid at Washington, D.C. and additional mailing office. PRINTED BY ALLEN PRESS, INC.,. LAWRENCE, KANSAS 66044. USA PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 469-485 ON THE BIONOMICS, ANATOMY, AND SYSTEMATICS OF WAGNERONOTA (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE) RICHARD B. SELANDER Professor, Departments of Genetics and Development and of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801. Abstract.—Some aspects of the bionomics of Wagneronota aratae (Berg), in- cluding male courtship behavior, are described from observations made in Ca- tamarca, Argentina. The species 1s widely distributed in northwestern Argentina, where adults feed on the leaves and flowers of Zizyphus mistol (Rhamnaceae) and, occasionally at least, invade potato fields. The pattern of courtship behavior is basically like that of Pyrota. The triungulin larva has hypertrophied, extended spiracles on abdominal segment I, a specialization paralleled in the nemognathine genus Tetraonyx and in an unidentified Asian Me/oe but previously unknown in the tribe Lyttini. In the adult stage Wagneronota is the largest of the Meloidae, reaching a maximum length of 4'2 cm. The larger of two egg masses obtained from captive females (4220 eggs) is, numerically, the largest recorded for a co- leopteran. On the basis of behavioral and anatomical characters, Kaszab’s as- signment of Wagneronota to a systematic position near Pyrota in Pyrotina is amply confirmed. Wagneronota aratae (Berg) enjoys the distinction of being, as an adult, by far the largest of all blister beetles and, it seems to me, one of the most handsome. In addition, it may well prove to have the greatest fecundity of any coleopteran. Although named a century ago and familiar to several generations of Argentine and foreign entomologists, the species has nevertheless remained poorly studied anatomically and virtually unknown bionomically up to this time. In this work, intended as the first in a series treating the Latin American lyttine-pyrotine com- plex of genera, I summarize available distributional data, record recent behavioral observations, describe the egg and triungulin larva, redescribe the adult, and discuss the systematic position of Wagneronota. BIONOMICS Geographic distribution.— Northwestern Argentina, from Jujuy and Santiago del Estero to Mendoza and San Luis, at low and moderate elevations (2000 m or less) (Fig. 1). The following records are available: ARGENTINA: Catamarca: (DEI, MLP) 6 (1 labeled II-87); Andalgala, 28-I- 60, Willink & Tomsic (IML) 1; Belén, III-39 (IML) 3; Belén to Andalgala, III-39 (FGW, IML) 2; same, no date (IML) 1; Hualfin, 3-I-49, Ares (IML) 1; 5 km N Santa Maria, 1900 m, 14-II-83, Selander & Pena (RBS) 28. Cérdoba: Guanaco Muerto, X-72, Martinez (AM) 1. Jujuy: (Bosq, 1943). La Rioja: (AM, BM, IML) 470 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 8; Mascasin, XI-61, from Walz (RBS) 20, II-64, Martinez (AM) 5. Mendoza: (BM, MLP) 3. Salta: (MLP) 1; San Carlos, 21-I-50, Monrés (IML) 1. San Juan: (MLP) 1; Astica and Usno (Viana and Williner, 1973). San Luis: San Geronimo (Viana and Williner, 1972). Santiago del Estero: 25-II-47, Meyer (IML) 4; no date, Wagner (MLP) 1; Campo Grande, III-43 (AM) 1; Fernandez, I-58, from Walz (RBS) 8; Fries, I-52 (AM) 1; Icano, Wagner (MLP) 10; Rio Salado, Kohler, Mason (BM, FREY, MLP, USNM) 8; Sumampa (Villa Union), X-44, Prosen (AM) 1. Tucumdn: (MLP) 2; Amaicha del Valle, 1978 m, 23/27-XII-64, Selander & Storch (RBS) 2, 1-II-64, Heller (IML) 1. Country label only: (BM, FREY, IML, MLP) 7. Seasonal distribution.—Adults have been collected from October to March. Three-fourths of the records fall in the period January—March. Habitat and feeding behavior.—The only food plant recorded previously is potato (Solanum tuberosum). According to Bosq (1943), adults are found ‘“‘fre- quently in plantings .. . , eating the leaves.’’ Hayward (1960) reported damage to potato plants in Tucuman. But despite these reports, the species apparently does not invade potato fields with any regularity, since it is not mentioned in any of several Argentine works devoted to potato pests (e.g., Blanchard, 1929). Two adults (male and female) that R. Storch and I took at light in Amaicha del Valle, Tucuman, in 1964 refused both Solanum elaeagnifolium and lettuce. On the afternoon of 14 February 1983, while collecting with me near Santa Maria, Catamarca, Luis Pena called my attention to an adult of Wagneronota aratae feeding on a flower of a small tree later identified as representing Zizyphus mistol (Gris.) (Rhamnaceae). This plant, commonly called mistol, is widespread in northwestern Argentina, where it is well known as a source of edible fruit, medicinal products, and wood (Alvarez, 1919). In the Santa Maria Valley we found it restricted largely to the flood plain of the Rio Santa Maria and adjacent low, sandy areas supporting xerophytic vegetation. For several days we had col- lected from this plant more or less casually, taking Epicauta atomaria (Germar) and a similar, unidentified Epicauta in small numbers. Stimulated by Pena’s discovery, we now began to examine Zizyphus trees in earnest and shortly found a population of 70 Wagneronota in a small tree, near a cultivated field (Fig. 2). The beetles were distributed from the top of the tree (at about 5 m) to middle height, for the most part in dense groups. Both here and in captivity they freely permitted contact with other individuals. Their first response when approached was to hold still; subsequently they began to crawl over the vegetation, and about 10 individuals took to flight, heading downwind at heights of 5—7 m. Later the same day we returned to the tree and observed the remaining beetles (about 30 in all) until dark. At first they were concentrated in two compact groups, often standing on each other, with very little movement, and that quite leisurely. As it grew darker, individuals began to clean themselves and then to move out, crawling up the stems and occasionally nibbling on a leaf or flower. There was no courtship earlier in the day or at this time. At 8:30 pm we turned on the car lights, close to the tree, but none of the beetles was attracted to the lights. The next morning only a single adult remained in the tree, and it had left by the afternoon of the next day. On that afternoon I made a transect running a mile north from the tree, examining about 75 Zizyphus trees for Wagneronota without success. Considering the apparently low population density of adults in the area and their highly VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 471 Fig. 1. Geographic distribution. Open circle represents a provincial record. gregarious behavior, it would seem that we had been decidedly fortunate in finding even one group. The sample of adults obtained near Santa Maria was maintained in captivity for two weeks with virtually no mortality on a diet of Zizyphus leaves and flowers. Grooming.— The antenna is cleaned by passing it through the mouthparts. This behavior involves trapping the antenna in the angle between the forefemur and foretibia, bringing the foreleg in front of and slightly below the mandibles, and 472 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON PC Ey DRY COE WN, Cab Ren Fae Sit ; vo wee FT “> € . , oj ma! a he pie ee Mae 2 IP"s s Nini, oat Pe OAS . re ae Fig. 2. Zizyphus mistol tree that supported a large aggregation of adults of Wagneronota aratae in the Rio Santa Maria Valley, 1900 m, Catamarca, Argentina. Chilean entomologist Luis E. Pena in the foreground. holding it there to brace the antenna as it passes from base to apex through the mouthparts. The elytra are cleaned by brushing the mid- and/or hindlegs over them. The forelegs clean the other legs and are then cleaned with the mouthparts. Courtship.— Although some of the beetles were feeding in the afternoon when we first found them, in captivity they were almost totally inactive in the presence of light. Yet when the light in the room was extinguished at night we could soon hear the beetles moving about in their cages, and by leaving them in the dark for an hour or more and then turning on the light I was able to observe and photograph courtship, feeding, and other behavior. In all I observed perhaps 20 bouts of courtship behavior, largely involving females which were disturbed and moving. None of the bouts lasted more than a few minutes after observation began and none led to copulation. Under the circumstances, my observations are sufficient only to establish some of the more obvious features of the behavior, and in particular the positional relationships of the male and female. The male remains fixed behind the female, with his head at or near the end of her elytra. From this position he grasps each of her hindtibiae with his corre- sponding forelegs by pinching the tibia between the fourth and fifth tarsal segments. Often he holds the middle of the tibia, but the grasp may be made at or near the base or slip to that position from the middle. The male’s mid- and hindlegs generally remain on the substrate, but I occasionally saw a male grasp the female’s hindtibiae with the midtarsi as well as the foretarsi. Initially and later, during interruptions of antennation, the male’s antennae are directed diagonally forward. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 473 y, - / : 7 r 4 . ® + é Figs. 3-4. Courtship behavior. 3, Male in usual position behind female. 4, Male with head inserted under female’s elytra. Once in position the male lowers the head and presses the mouthparts on the female, with the maxillary palpi spread to the sides and in extensive contact with her elytra or abdomen. The antennae are then folded at the joint between segment I, which projects forward and down, and segment II, directing the flagella obliquely back and down, where they are vibrated rapidly against the female in extended bouts (Fig. 3). Initially and periodically thereafter the male tries to insert the 474 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 5. Courtship behavior, showing beginning of abdominal curvature. mouthparts under the ends of the female’s elytra, evidently in an effort to make palpal contact with the dorsum of her abdomen. Rarely the entire head was thrust under the female’s elytra (Fig. 4). While antennation is in progress, the male curves the abdomen forward (Fig. 5), eventually bringing the apex of his genitalia to the tip of the female’s abdomen, where it is held at least momentarily. In a few cases I detected a single genital stroke, in which the end of the abdomen was brought under the female’s abdomen and then brushed back over the last one or two sterna, before the actual genital presentation. Antennation was continuous during both abdominal curvature, stroking, and genital presentation. Commonly the female moved her legs or body in response to genital presentation, interrupting the male’s behavior. In none of my observations did the male mount the female or touch her with the antennae when they were extended forward. Nor did he ever release his grasp of the female’s hindtibiae while courtship was in progress. I suspect that genital presentation occurs cyclically when the female is relatively calm and sedentary and that, as part of the cycle, antennation is periodically either modified in form or spontaneously interrupted. So far as observed, the courtship behavior of Wagneronota is very similar to that of species of Pyrota Dejean (Selander, 1964). The principal distinctive features of Wagneronota are (1) ability and apparent willingness of the male to perform antennation and genital presentation without inserting the mouthparts beneath the female’s elytra and (2) the apparent lack of a mounted phase of courtship, in which the male releases the leg grasp, moves forward over the female, and an- tennates and palpates her body from a fully mounted position. The male’s foretarsal grasp is facilitated by modifications of the last two seg- ments of the tarsus described and illustrated by Denier (1932), who conjectured VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 475 (wrongly) that they might be adaptive in manipulating the female’s antennae. Modifications of the male’s antenna and maxillary palpus are relatively slight. The antenna is longer and thinner than in the female. The last two segments of the maxillary palpus are a little enlarged and are flattened ventrally, but mem- branous, densely setate areas, present ventrally on one or both of these segments in most species of Pyrota, are lacking. Since rubbing of the palpi over the elytral surface of the female is a conspicuous feature of the mounted phase of courtship in Pyrota, the weakness of the modification of the palpus in Wagneronota might be interpreted as evidence that the phase is absent. However, some species of Pyrota, such as P. mutata Gemminger, with no stronger modification of the palpus than in Wagneronota nevertheless have a fully developed mounted phase. As in Pyrota, the posterior margin of the male’s last visible abdominal sternum is turned dorsad distally, evidently as an adaptation for genital presentation from directly behind the female. Response to contact.— As indicated above, the adults commonly rest and feed in proximity to each other. In such situations and in other encounters there was no suggestion of antagonism among them. Physical contact with conspecifics seemed to be ignored generally, although I occasionally saw an individual lower the head and antennae when another one walked over him. Yet throughout the period that I kept adults in captivity they remained unusually sensitive to foreign stimuli, both visual and tactile. As an example of this sensitivity, a male that I touched lightly with my finger remained absolutely motionless for 20 minutes. When handled roughly adults “feigned death,” flexing the legs (but not drawing them in closely to the body) and occasionally producing droplets of yellow fluid at the femorotibial joints. Eggs.—Captive females produced four egg masses, two of which I recovered intact. The eggs are subcylindrical, tapered moderately from the middle to the posterior end, and blunt at both ends. The color is pale yellow. Mean length in a sample of 7 unhatched eggs was 1.37 (.013) mm and mean width .37 (.003) mm. Estimated egg volume, applying the formula for the volume of a cylinder, is .144 mm?. The eggs have a sweet, perfume-like odor that was immediately detectable when the cages in which they were laid were opened. I have noted the same or a very similar odor in vials of eggs of several species of Epicauta. The two intact egg masses of Wagneronota contained 3780 and 4220 eggs, respectively. Numerically, the latter mass is by far the largest recorded for a meloid. The previous record for a single oviposition was 3854 eggs, laid by a female of Meloe laevis Leach (Pinto and Selander, 1970). Unless the adult life of Wagnerono- ta is unusually short for a meloid, and there is nothing to suggest that it is, the total number of eggs produced by a female of Wagneronota probably exceeds that of any other beetle. Incubation time, at ambient temperature and 100% RH, was 12 days for three egg masses in which hatching occurred. DESCRIPTION OF TRIUNGULIN LARVA Figs. 6-8 Color uniform light brown. Cuticle of posterior dorsal surface of head and anterior '4 of meso- and metanotum distinctly reticulate; reticulations coarse, transverse. Head transversely oval, nearly 14x as wide as long. Epicranial suture complete 476 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Cr ce Fig. 6. Triungulin larva, dorsal view. 6 VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 477 to base of mandible; stem about '4 as long as head. Six major setae on posterior dorsal surface of head; these and major lateral setae on each side about 4 as long as head. Front with 4 setae between arms of epicranial suture before they turn laterad; transverse row of 8 setae between antennae and similar row of 8—9 setae on anterior margin. Clypeus with similar median transverse row of 8 setae. Gula longer than wide; anterior margin projecting well anteriad of anteroventral margin of head capsule; gular setae surpassing anterior gular margin. Labrum well scler- otized, only partially recessed, about '2 as wide as head; six dorsal marginal (DM) setae; DM, short; ratio of lengths of DM,, DM,, and DM, 1:1.5:3.5; DM, as long as maxillary palpal segment III. Eye small, slightly longer than wide; greatest diameter equal to width of maxillary palpal segment II. Mandible slender, lacking teeth, 7”, as long as head. Antennal segment I short, 174 x as wide as long; II 2 x as long as wide, 2'4 x as long as I, with 2 setae, which are nearly as long as segment; sensory appendix long, slender, acute, about *% as long as II, its basal 3 a mem- branous tube; cone itself % as long as wide; III slender, 5 x as long as wide, 1! x as long as II, with 3 setae like those on II, terminal seta 2% as long as III. Maxilla with seta of cardo in membrane, not on sclerite; mala ventrodistally with 2 mod- erately long setae, 1 short seta, and | cone-like, 2-segmented sensory appendix, dorsally with 4 setae along median margin and 2 along distal margin. Maxillary palpus large, prominent; segment I short, about *%4 as long as antennal segment I, 2x as wide as long; II as wide as long, 2 as long as I, with seta on each side, about as long as segment; III nearly 3x as long as wide and nearly 3 as long as II, basally with long mesolateral and 2 dorsal setae, all attaining sensory area or nearly so; sensory area of III oblique, extending to distal *4 of segment, set with 40 large papillae (cone-like setae); 2-segmented sensory appendix very long, slender, 4 as long as segment. Labium with prementum II divided on midline, each half with short seta and sensory pit; prementum I with 3 pairs of setae ventrally and anterior marginal row of 4 short, stout setae dorsally. Labial palpus elongate, slender; segment I as wide as long, as long as maxillary palpal segment I; II cylindrical, slightly curved, 3 as long as wide, 3x as long as I, with 2 dorsobasal setae, nearly attaining apical sensory area; apex of II with 7 short setae, 5 of these on oblique dorsal sensory area; 2-segmented sensory appendix of II about *, length of segment, 2 x as wide as appendix on maxillary palpal segment JUVE Thorax with line of dehiscence complete on pro- and mesonotum, faintly in- dicated, discontinuous on metanotum; setae short or of moderate length. Prono- tum rectangular, % as long as wide, nearly as long, and more than 1'2~x as wide, as head; 28 major setae, roughly in 3 rows; posterior (marginal) row (PR) with 8 setae; PR, and PR, more than 2 x as long as PR, and PR,. Meso- and metanotum oval, about '2 as long as wide, slightly narrower than pronotum. Mesonotum with 20 major setae, primarily in 2 rows; lateral setae longer than median setae; PR with 8 setae. Prosternum with paired setae in anterior (AR), median (MR), and posterior (PR) rows long; ratio of lengths of AR,, MR,, and PR, 1:1:1.8; AR, slightly longer than maxillary palpal segment III. Meso- and metasternum with setae AR, tiny; MR, and PR, slightly longer than counterparts on prosternum. Abdomen with sterna of all segments heavily sclerotized; pleurites separated from tergites by very fine suture; tergites with setae in median row (MR) short; median setae in MR and PR shorter than lateral ones, difference progressively 478 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 8 Figs. 7-8. Triungulin larva. 7, Head, ventral view. 8, Metathorax and abdominal segments I-III, ventral view. less marked posteriad. Segment I with spiracle greatly enlarged, located on prom- inent lateral, membranous, tubular extension of segments; tube with 3 dorsal setae; atrium funnel-shaped, lined with hexagonal cellular reticulation; peritreme pyriform; tergite I narrower than rest, with only 4 setae in MR and only 6 in PR; VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 479 ratio of lengths of PR,, PR,, and PR;, roughly 1:2:4. Sternite I narrowed, rect- angular, 2 x as wide as long, with only 6 setae in PR; PR, longer than PR;, more than 2x as long as PR,. Segments II-VIII similar to one another in form and setation; tergites with 8 setae in MR and 8 in PR; MR, caudad of others in MR, near base of PR,; 2 setae (1 marginal) on pleurite, both large; sternites with 8 setae in PR. Tergite V *4, as long as wide, ratio of lengths of setae PR,, PR», PR;, and PR, about 1:1.3:1.6:1.7; PR, *%4 as long as tergite. Sternite IJ narrowed, with seta PR, in membrane laterad of sternite; setae on sterna III-VIII all on sternites. Sternite V nearly % as long as wide; ratio of lengths of setae PR,, PR», PR;, and PR, about 1:2.3:2.3:1.3; PR, as long as sternite. Segment IX with row of 10 long setae ventrally at anus; caudal seta 5'2x as long as tergite V; adjacent large seta ’, as long as caudal seta. Mesothoracic spiracle smaller in diameter than eye; abdominal spiracles II- VIII subequal to one another in diameter, '2 diameter of mesothoracic spiracle. Legs long, slender, without lanceolate setae. All segments of legs II and III noticeably longer than those of leg I; tibia III nearly 12x as long as tibia I. Ratio of lengths of femur, tibia, and tarsungulus 1:1.2:0.5 on leg I, 1:1.5:0.4 on leg III. Femora with ventral major seta set near base. Tarsungulus with ventral (bladelike) seta nearly attaining apex. Body length 2.0 mm; caudal seta length .55 mm. Remarks.—In numbering the setae in a transverse row I follow my previous convention (Selander, 1982) of counting from the midline of the body. If one ignores the shape of the gula, Wagneronota keys to Pyrota in MacSwain (1956). Moreover, it agrees in nearly every character with his diagnoses of the tribe Pyrotini (which I prefer to regard as a subtribe of Lyttini) and genus Pyrota. MacSwain’s (1956) study included only three pyrotine species, all belonging to Pyrota. Since his study appeared I have obtained the larvae of 11 additional species of Pyrota, and on the basis of these and the larva of Wagneronota aratae, I would modify MacSwain’s diagnosis of the Pyrotina to read as follows: Labrum at least partially recessed beneath head. Mandible slender, lacking teeth. Antennal segment II long, much longer than wide. Abdomen with fine suture between tergites and pleurites. Abdominal tergites II-VIII with 8 setae (not 6 as stated by MacSwain) in median row; lateralmost seta (MR,) caudad of others, near base of PR,. Abdominal sternum well sclerotized, with large, undivided sternite on each of segments I-IX; sternite I with setae of PR reduced from 8 to 6; II with seta PR, in membrane at side of sternite. Abdominal spiracle I much larger than others on abdomen, dorsal, on tergite; spiracles II-VIII lateroventral, on pleurites. Legs without lanceolate setae. Among the many differences between Wagneronota and Pyrota, the following are noteworthy: In Wagneronota (1) the gula is elongate; (2) the maxillary palpus is enlarged; (3) there are fewer setae on the dorsum of the epicranium and on the thoracic nota and fewer (8 rather than 10) in the PR of abdominal tergites II- VIII; (4) in the PR of the thoracic nota and abdominal tergites the median setae are shorter than the lateral setae; and (5) abdominal spiracle I is hypertrophied and located on a lateral extension of the abdomen. There is nothing in Pyrota comparable to the elaboration of abdominal spiracle Iin Wagneronota. Marked hypertrophy and extension of this spiracle is, however, characteristic of the nemognathine genus Tetraonyx Latreille (MacSwain, 1956) 480 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON and an unidentified species of Me/oe Linnaeus from Turkestan described by Zakh- vatkin (1932). In all three cases the enlarged peritreme is connected to the trachea by a deep funnel-shaped atrium, the sclerotized surface of which is strongly re- ticulate. The reticulation in Wagneronota forms what appear to be hexagonal cells but are actually deep cups, each containing a blunt median papilla. In the Meloe, judged from Zakhvatkin’s work, the pattern is precisely the same. Zakh- vatkin illustrates this pattern also for the mesothoracic spiracle and abdominal spiracle III, and it is present in at least the mesothoracic spiracle of Wagneronota (I cannot determine the nature of the atrial lining of the small spiracles on ab- dominal segments IIJ-VIII). In many species of Tetraonyx the atrium has a similar, cellular structure but the cups lack median papillae; in other species the reticulation takes the form of large rectangular cells, with a row of long setae or spines lining the atrium internally near its middle. On all tracheal branches leading to abdom- inal spiracles in Wagneronota there is a sclerotized bar or lever that is evidently capable of pinching off the trachea. What appears to be essentially the same mechanism was described and figured for the Meloe larva by Zakhvatkin. Both Wagneronota and the Meloe retain the full complement of abdominal spiracles; in Tetraonyx spiracles II-V are unusually small and VI-VIII have been lost (MacSwain, 1956). In Meloe the spiracular extension is apparently consolidated with abdominal tergite I. In Tetraonyx the extension, although itself sclerotized externally, arises from a membranous lateral area of the abdomen. In both genera the extension is just large enough to contain the enormous atrium. In Wagneronota the extension is only partially filled by the atrium and is sclerotized only in the distal region surrounding it, thus allowing for, presumably, considerable amplitude of move- ment. In this genus, at least, it is evident that the extension has some function other than accommodating the atrium. While both Meloe and Tetraonyx are phoretic as triungulins, hypertrophy of abdominal spiracle I is apparently not directly adaptive in phoresy, since Wag- neronota is non-phoretic. Because of its open form, it seems unlikely that the atrium guards the trachea against dust or pollen grains. One possibility worth investigating is that the atrium is capable of trapping an air bubble. In larvae feeding on liquid provisions of a host bee this might provide a temporary supply of oxygen and prevent flooding of the trachea if the abdomen were submerged in the food. DESCRIPTION OF ADULT Figs. 9-15 Head largely orange; median spot on vertex, anterior 2 of clypeus, narrow margin around eye, and entire underside of head black; black spot on vertex rarely expanded to fuse with eye margining. Labrum, mandibles, antennal segments I- II, maxillary palpus, and last segment of labial palpus orange, finely margined with black. Antennal segment III piceous; rest of flagellum black. Pronotum black in anterior 2, orange in posterior 2 except along margins and on disk, where anterior black area extends posteriad as a broad triangle nearly reaching basal margin. Scutellum black. Elytra immaculate orange-brown. Hind wings dark brown, with apical region and posterodistal margin pale. Legs, except for piceous forecoxa, orange, often darker than head and pronotum. Venter of body black except last VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 481 << 14 15 Figs. 9-15. Adult anatomy. 9, Antenna, male. 10, Antenna, female. 11, Labrum, female. 12, Maxilla, male (a), and maxillary palpus, female (b), ventral views. 13, Sixth (visible) abdominal sternum, male, ventral view. 14, Abdominal segment IX, male, dorsal view. 15, Genitalia, male (ventral and lateral views of gonoforceps, lateral view of aedaegus). 2 visible abdominal segments deep orange and preceding 2 sterna with an orange lateral spot. All clothing setae except minute erect setae on head and elytron black. Length 18-45 mm, usually 30 mm or more. Head quadrate; greatest width above eyes about %, length (to base of labrum); dorsal margin rounded; tempora poorly defined; median sulcus poorly developed; 482 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON vertex flattened above eye; front flat; antennal callosity small, hardly elevated; cuticle of vertex and front of head very shiny, smooth, with few very small, scattered punctures, superficially glabrous but actually with minute seta in each puncture; underside of head sparsely, very finely punctate, with erect setae of moderate length. Labrum finely, sparsely punctate, emarginate, with conspicuous, dense tuft of setae on each side of emargination. Maxilla with galea broadly triangular; lacinia rounded; palpal segments moderately heavy, not elongated. Labium with segment III unusually small, glabrous. Eye very large, broad, prom- inent. Antenna slender, extending several segments beyond base of pronotum; segment I much longer than others, becoming progressively thicker distad; fla- gellum filiform, with segments elongate, compressed. Neck densely punctate. Pronotum %, as wide as long; sides rather evenly convergent from middle to apex, with distinct subbasal angle, often produced as a massive spine; disk weakly concave in apical ', flat elsewhere; cuticle as on vertex, with center of disk nearly impunctate. Scutellum small, rounded apically; exposed portion impunctate. Elytron with 3 strongly elevated costulae; cuticle much less shiny than head and pronotum, densely, finely punctate, superficially glabrous but actually with minute, widely scattered setae; intervals between punctures microgranulate and punctulate. Thorax with venter very finely punctate, clothed with long, fine black setae which are apparently easily lost through abrasion; mesepisterna distinctly sepa- rated on midline, each with well defined marginal area which is moderately tapered medianly but not acuminate. Abdominal sternum sparsely, very finely strio- punctate, with fine, short setae; fifth (visible) sternum broadly, shallowly emar- ginate. Pygidium shallowly emarginate. Legs long, slender, for most part sparsely setate. Tibiae straight, not bowed; posteroventral margin of foretibia pubescent, densely lined with recumbent, se- riceous setae; dorsal edge of midtibia densely lined with short, coarse, setae of uniform length. Fore- and midtibial spurs slender, spiniform; hindtibial spurs thickened, outer one especially so, at least 2x as wide as inner spur; both spurs obliquely truncate, apically acute. Tarsi laterally compressed; segments not bi- lobed; pads (pale ventral pubescence) well developed, dense, parted on foretarsus, finely divided on midtarsus, broadly divided on hindtarsus; claws not denticulate. Male.—Eye larger and proportionately wider than in female. Antenna longer; segment I and flagellar segments more elongate in form; basal flagellar segments tending to be weakly curved. Maxillary palpus with segments III and IV somewhat shortened, flattened ventrally but not otherwise modified. Sixth (visible) abdom- inal sternum with posterior margin turned abruptly dorsad, providing an exten- sive, sclerotized vertical surface between prominent, divergent, angulate lateral lobes; dorsal margin fringed with setae; segment IX as in Fig. 14. Genitalia as in Fig. 15; aedeagus with 2 well developed hooks; dorsal hook massive. Legs longer than in female. Foretarsus moderately swollen; last segment strongly curved, with pad rounded, confined to base of segment; ventrolateral slots in segment widened and deepened, providing for extreme flexure of tarsal claws. Female.—Sixth abdominal sternum truncate, with shallow depression on mid- line in posterior '/. Remarks.—In addition to genitalic characters and modification of the male’s foretarsi for grasping the female’s hindlegs in courtship, the male differs from the VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 483 Table 1. Comparison of anatomical ratios in males and females. For each sex, N = 10. Males Females Ratiot aa So Mea SES P Head: W/L il .010 93 .008 — 1.603 .126 MDE/Head W 1.07 .007 1.03 .007 3.710 .002 Eye: W/L .62 .007 9 .005 3.884 .001 MDE/ID 2236 .032 2.26 .025 2.476 .023 Ant. I L/Head W 59 O11 48 .004 9.890 <.001 Ant. III L/Head W 31 .005 .26 .003 21.279 <.001 Pron.: W/L .86 .012 .88 .019 —.949 355 Foretib. L/Pron. L 1.46 .024 1.25 .017 7.166 <.001 Hindtib. L/Pron. L 2.03 .033 1.88 .024 43.862 <.001 @W = width, L = length, MDE = maximum distance across head at eyes, ID = interocular distance on front. female in having larger eyes and longer antennae and legs. As indicated in Table 1, the male eye is both wider and more prominent than in the female. The degree of dimorphism of the eyes, as reflected in the ratio MDE/ID, is comparable to that in the Tenuicostatis Group of Pyrota (Selander, 1983). Mean ratios for the two sexes are nearly identical to those in P. tenuicostatis (Dugés), which, like W. aratae, is apparently strongly nocturnal. Greater mean length of antennal segments I and III in the male is established in Table | on the basis of sexual comparison of the ratios of length of these segments to the width of the head. The magnitude of the sexual difference in leg length is indicated using the ratios of the lengths of the fore- and hindtibia to the length of the pronotum. Mean relative foretibial length is 17% greater in the male than in the female; the comparable value for the hindtibia is 8%. As shown in Table 1, there is no significant sexual dimorphism in the ratio of width to length for either the head or pronotum. In the description of the adult given above maxillary palpal segments designated III and IV are, respectively, the penultimate and ultimate. I have for some time incorrectly regarded the meloid maxillary palpus as being 3-segmented. Segments designated II and III in some of my previous papers are, properly, III and IV. (1 refer here specifically to free palpal segments; if Schneider (1981) is correct in asserting that the fixed palpifer on the dorsal surface of the body of maxilla is a true palpal segment, the palpus is actually 5-segmented.) SYNONYMY Genus Wagneronota Denier Wagneria Denier, 1932: 90; 1933: 241. Wagneronota Denier, 1935a: 26 [New name for Wagneria Denier (1932), preoc- cupied in Diptera]. Kaszab, 1959: 77. Type-species: Lytta aratae Berg; fixed by original designation and monotypy. Wagneronota aratae (Berg) Lytta aratae Berg, 1883: 66 [Holotype (unique), male, from Mendoza Province, Argentina, Brachmann, in Berg Collection, Museo de La Plata, examined]. 484 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Epicauta aratae, Bruch, 1914:403. Wagneria aratae, Denier, 1932: 91-92, figs. c—g. Wagneronota aratae, Denier, 1935b: 170. Hayward, 1960: 23. Viana and Williner, 197221621973: 15: Wagneronota aratai [sic], Bosq, 1943: 12. Kaszab, 1959, fig. 2. SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF WAGNERONOTA ARATAE Denier (1932) noted an affinity between Wagneronota and Pyrota but suggested an even closer relationship between Wagneronota and the Old World Cyaneolytta Péringuey. Kaszab (1959, 1969) included Wagneronota in the Pyrotini, where the genus is shown in his phylogenetic tree (1959) as the closest relative of Pyrota. While adults of Cyaneolytta have the slender body form of Wagneronota and in many species attain relatively large size, I see no real basis for postulating a special relationship between the two genera. For one thing, Cyaneolytta has none of the male secondary sexual modifications found in Wagneronota. Morever, as Kaszab (1959) has shown, Cyaneolytta is typically lyttine in that vein M, in the apical region of the hindwing arises at the juncture of media with cubitus rather than further anteriad, at the point where the vertical vein meets the base of media. On the other hand, whether one considers sexual behavior, larval anatomy, or adult anatomy, Wagneronota is basically very similar to Pyrota. Kaszab (1959) did not justify his phylogenetic arrangement of the pyrotine genera, which in my opinion seems quite arbitrary. I know of no derived char- acteristic shared only by Wagneronota and Pyrota that would justify isolating these genera from the other pyrotines, and on a purely phenetic basis it is by no means evident that Lyttamorpha Kaszab and Glaphyrolytta Martinez are more distant from Pyrota than is Wagneronota. In fact, Lyttamorpha and Glaphy- rolytta more closely resemble Pyrota in characters of the male genitalia and ab- domen than does Wagneronota. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to Luis E. Pena for discovering the adult habitat of Wagneronota and for companionship in the field in South America; to G. J. Williner for making the facilities of the Instituto Entomoldgico de Salta, at Rosario de Lerma, Salta, Argentina, available to us and for many other favors; and to the following ento- mologists for generous loans of material: L. Dieckmann, Deutsches Entomolo- gisches Institut, Berlin (DEI); G. Frey, Munich (FREY); C. M. F. von Hayek, British Museum (Natural History) (BM); K. Hayward and A. Willink, Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucuman, Argentina (IML); A. Martinez (AM); T. J. Spilman, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, National Museum of Natural History (USNM); B. Torres, Museo de La Plata (MLP); and F. G. Werner (FGW). I am indebted to Alice Prickett for figures 11 and 13. The study was supported by a grant (DEB 82-14996) from the National Science Foundation. LITERATURE CITED Alvarez, A. 1919. Flora y fauna de la Provincia de Santiago del Estero. Santiago del Estero, Argentina. 176 pp. Berg, C. 1883. Doce heteromeros nuevos de la Fauna argentina. An. Soc. Cient. Argent. 14: 66-78. Blanchard, E. E. 1929. Principales insectos y enfermedades que perjudican el cultivo de la papa en la Republica argentina. Min. Agric. Rep. Argent. (Buenos Aires), 53 pp., 4 pls. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 485 Bosq, J. M. 1943. Segunda lista de Coledpteros de la Republica argentina, dafinos a la agricultura. Ingen. Agron. (Min. Agric. Nac., Buenos Aires) 4. 80 pp. Bruch, C. 1914. Catalogo sistematico de los Coledpteros de la Republica argentina. Pars VII. Rev. Mus. La Plata 14: 401-441. Denier, P.C. L. 1932. Descripcion de una especie nueva del genero Lytta [y] descripcion del genero Wagneria (Col. Meloidi). Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 22: 87-92. . 1933. Contribucion al estudio de los Meloidos americanos. Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat. 37: 237- 246. 1935a. Estudios sobre Meloidos americanos. Apuntes criticos de sistematica y de nomen- clatura. Rev. Argent. Entomol. 1: 15-28. . 1935b. Coleopterorum Americanorum familiae Meloidarum. Enumeratio synonymica. Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 7: 139-176. Hayward, K. J. 1960. Insectos tucumanos perjudiciales. Rev. Indust. Agric. Tucuman 42: 1-144. Kaszab, Z. 1959. Phylogenetische Beziehungen des Fliigelgeiders der Meloiden (Coleoptera), nebst Beschreibung neuer Gattungen und Arten. Acta Zool. Acad. Sci. Hungar. 5: 67-114. 1969. The system of the Meloidae (Coleoptera). Mem. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 48: 241-248. MacSwain, J. W. 1956. A classification of the first instar larvae of the Meloidae (Coleoptera). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 12. 182 pp. Pinto, J. D. and R. B. Selander. 1970. The bionomics of blister beetles of the genus Meloe and a classification of the New World species. Ill. Biol. Monogr. 42. 222 pp. Schneider, W. 1981. Zur Kopfmorphologie der Imago des Olkafers Lytta vesicatoria (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Entomol. Gen. 7: 69-87. Selander, R. B. 1964. Sexual behavior in blister beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae) I. The genus Pyrota. Canad. Entomol. 96: 1037-1082. 1982. Sexual behavior, bionomics, and first-instar larva of the Lauta and Diversicornis groups of Epicauta (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84: 797-821. 1983. A revision of the genus Pyrota. 1V. The Tenuicostatis Group (Coleoptera, Meloidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 56: 1-19. Viana, M. J. and G. J. Williner. 1972. Evaluacion de la fauna entomolégica y aracnolégica de la provincias cuyanas. Primer communicacion. Acta Sci., Ser. Entomol. (Buenos Aires) 5. 29 pp. —. 1973. Evaluacion de la fauna entomologica y aracnologica de las provincias centrales y cuyanas. Segunda communicacion. Acta Sci., Ser. Entomol. (Buenos Aires) 7: 2-20. Zakhvatkin, A.A. 1932. Beschreibung eines merkwiirdigen Me/oe-Triungulinus aus Turkestan, nebst einigen Bemerkungen zur Morphologie und Systematik dieser Larven. Zeitschr. Entomol. 4: 712-721. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 486-492 BIOLOGY OF TRIMERINA MADIZANS, A PREDATOR OF SPIDER EGGS (DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE) B. A. FOOTE Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242. Abstract.— Information is presented on the natural history, life cycle, and larval feeding habits of Trimerina madizans (Fallén), an uncommon but widely distrib- uted species of Ephydridae. Females oviposit into the egg masses of the wetland spider Hypselistes florens (Cambridge), a species of Micryphantidae. Larvae de- stroy the spider eggs and form puparia within the silken covering of the egg masses. The developmental period from egg deposition to emergence of adults averages 23 days. Apparently there is only one generation a year in the latitude of northern Ohio. Information is given on a species of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) whose larvae also attack the eggs of Hypselistes. The life cycle of 7. madizans is contrasted and compared to that of Scatella picea (Walker), an algae-feeding, r-selected species of Ephydridae. The family Ephydridae is generally considered to be closely related to the family Drosophilidae within the superfamily Drosophiloidea (Hennig, 1958; Griffiths, 1972). Although the two families differ in number of species (Drosophilidae, 2500 species; Ephydridae, 1400), both are widely distributed, have larvae that are largely microphagous, and have short generation times. Species of Drosophilidae are usually encountered in shaded woodland habits and have larvae that ingest mostly heterotrophic microorganisms such as yeasts and bacteria (Carson, 1971; Heed, 1968). In contrast, ephydrids are most commonly found in unshaded wetland habitats, and many species have larvae that feed primarily on autotrophic mi- croorganisms such as algae (Deonier, 1972; Foote 1979). Interestingly, both fam- ilies contain species that seemingly have abandoned the microphagous feeding habit and shifted to other nutrient sources. For example, predation on spider eggs occurs in both families. In Hawaii, larvae of species of the scaptomyzine genus Titanochaeta have been reported to attack the developing eggs of the spider family Thomisiidae (Wirth, 1952; Heed, 1968). Similarly, larvae of the ephydrid genus Trimerina prey on eggs of wetland spiders belonging to the family Micryphantidae in both Europe (Becker, 1926) and North America (Scheiring and Foote, 1973). The present paper outlines the life cycle, describes the larval feeding behavior, and presents natural history observations of Trimerina madizans (Fallén). Ad- ditionally, a contrast is drawn between 7. madizans, a highly specialized and probably K-selected species, and Scatella picea (Walker), a very trophically gen- eralized and r-selected taxon within the family Ephydridae. LIFE HISTORY The genus 7rimerina was established by Macquart (1885) for Notiphila maa- izans Fallén, a species originally described in 1813. The genus has remained VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 487 monotypic. It has a holarctic distribution, with records available for Europe (Beck- er, 1926; Dahl, 1959) and North America (Wirth, 1965). In the Nearctic Region, T. madizans has a transcontinental distribution, ranging from Ontario to Sas- katchewan and Montana, south to New York, Colorado, and California. The genus is currently placed in the tribe Psilopini of the subfamily Psilopinae (Wirth, 1965). Adults of 7. madizans have been found most commonly in open wetlands having dense stands of herbaceous vegetation. In Scandinavia, Dahl (1959) re- corded this species as uncommon in moist meadows, and Scheiring and Foote (1973) reported it as being relatively rare in the sedge-meadow habitat in Ohio. All habitats in which adults of Trimerina were found possessed dense growths of herbaceous reed-like vegetation. In northeastern Ohio, adults were swept from stands of broad-leaved cattail (Typha latifolia L.), bur-reed (Sparganium eury- carpum Engelm.), and sedges (Carex spp.). Other species of Ephyridae commonly collected with Trimerina adults belonged to the genera H)ydrellia and Notiphila. The host spider deposits its egg masses on flattened herbaceous stems and leaves, usually 0.5-1.0 m. above the substrate (Fig. 1). Females held in laboratory breeding chambers had a longevity that ranged between 30 and 80 days and averaged 57 days (n = 12), (Table 2). Males usually died before females and had an average longevity of 40 days (n = 5). None of the reared females mated or oviposited, so no information is available on the pre- mating or pre-ovipositing periods. The only information on fecundity is that a female, which was collected in nature on June 15, 1979, contained 20 recognizable eggs. Repeated dissections of reared females varying in age from 5 to 25 days revealed no developing eggs in the ovarioles or any sign of ovarian activity. These results, coupled with the failure to find infested spider egg masses in nature during late summer, suggest that 7. madizans is univoltine. Adults probably overwinter, become active in late April and May, and begin ovipositing in late May and early June. Adults emerging from summer-formed puparia apparently enter into a reproductive diapause that lasts until the following spring. Eggs were found beneath the silken covering of egg masses deposited by the marsh-inhabiting spider Hypselistes florens (Cambridge), a species of the family Micryphantidae. Apparently females of 7rimerina are rather specific as to their Oviposition site, as neither eggs nor larvae were encountered in egg masses of other species of spiders that occurred in the habitat. For example, no eggs were found in 15 egg masses of Hyposinga variabilis (Emerton), a small species of Araneidae that was frequently abundant in the same habitats in which Hypselistes occurred. Infected egg masses of Hypselistes were easily recognized by the presence of small, slit-like oviposition scars on the silken covering of the mass (Fig. 3). These slits were almost always located at either side of the egg cluster, and no eggs were found lying within the egg cluster itself. Only one egg was found below each slit, although the number of slits per egg mass was quite variable. The number of fly eggs present per infested egg mass varied from | to 7 and averaged 3.0 (n = 6). Occasionally, no egg was found below a slit, suggesting that false oviposition had occurred. Each egg was somewhat ovoid in shape, white in color, and lacked any sort of recognizable chorionic pattern. The incubation period for six eggs lasted two days. Newly hatched larvae moved away from the egg shells to the cluster of spider eggs and began feeding. The infestation rate of spider egg masses sampled in northeastern Ohio was 488 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 1-4. 1, Egg mass of the spider Hypselistes florens on cattail leaf. 2, Egg cluster of H. florens. 3, Ovipositor scars of Trimerina madizans on spider egg mass. 4, Larvae and puparium of 7. madizans within spider egg mass. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 489 Table 1. Infestation rates of two spider egg predators. Week of Number of Egg Masses (1979) Collected Infested by Trimerina (%) Infested by Ichneumonid (%) June 17 7 1 (14.3) 2 (28.6) June 24 34 2 (5.9) 1 (2.9) July 1 63 3 (4.8) 22 (34.9) July 8 49 0 (0.0) 27 (95-1) July 15 36 6 (16.7) 13 (36.1) July 22 26 0 (0.0) 14 (53.9) July 29 2 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Aug. 5 0 — —- Aug. 12 8 0 (0.0) 4 (50.0) Aug. 19 5 0 (0.0) 2 (40.0) Totals 230 12 (5.2) 85 (37.0) quite variable, ranging from 0.0 to 16.7%, and averaging 5.2% (Table 1) during 1979 (230 egg masses examined). Infested egg masses were restricted to the period between June 17 and July 18, even though a few egg masses were found as late as mid-August. All of the developmental stages were completed within the egg mass (Table 2). The larval period ranged from 7 to 10 days and averaged 8.6 days (n = 7). The pupal period varied from 12 to 14 days and averaged 12.7 days (n = 3). The number of 7rimerina larvae and/or puparia (Fig. 3) per infested egg mass varied from 1 to 6 and averaged 3.1 (n = 13). The number of spider eggs in uninfested egg masses (Fig. 2) ranged from 28 to 51 and averaged 35.2 (n = 5). The number of spider eggs destroyed by the feeding of 7rimerina varied ac- cording to the number of larvae present in an egg mass. In general, if two or more larvae were present all of the eggs were consumed (Fig. 4). If only one Trimerina larva was present, at least one-third of the eggs remained uneaten. The data suggest that an individual larva requires at least six eggs to complete larval development. An egg complement of 35, the average number recorded for field-collected egg masses, thus would permit the development of four or five larvae. The egg masses of Hypselistes were also utilized by larvae of Phoridae (Diptera) and Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). As Table | indicates, the most important insect enemy of the egg masses was Gelis sp., an ichneumonid, which infested 85 of 230 (37%) masses that were collected in northeastern Ohio during 1979. In contrast, only 12 of the 230 (5.2%) contained larvae and/or puparia of Trimerina, and none was infested by phorid larvae. Results in other years were similar except for an occasional occurrence of an undetermined species of Phoridae. However, in no sample did the phorid infestation rate exceed 2.0%. Only rarely were egg masses doubly infested. Out of a total of 312 egg masses collected over a four-year period, only two were encountered that contained im- mature stages of both Trimerina and the ichneumonid. On May 22, 1982, an egg mass was obtained from a cattail leaf that contained two nearly mature larvae of Trimerina and one newly hatched ichneumonid larva. There were no viable spider eggs remaining in the mass, and the ichneumonid larva died within two days. 490 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 2. Life history data for Trimerina madizans. Characteristic n Range x SD Adult longevity 7 30-80 57.1 20.0 Incubation period 6 — 2.0 — Larval period if 7-10 8.6 1.0 Pupal period 3 12-14 WA27/ 1.2 The T7rimerina larvae formed puparia and eventually emerged as adults. On May 26, 1982, an egg mass was collected that contained five 7rimerina and three ichneumonid eggs along with 38 apparently viable spider eggs. Three of the 7ri- merina eventually became adults, but all of the ichneumonid larvae died shortly after hatching. Available data suggest that although oviposition by one species of egg predator is not inhibited by the presence of eggs, larvae or puparia of a second species, only one species of predator can complete larval development within one egg mass. The reason for this phenomenon remains unknown, but it did not appear that there was any direct interference or attack by one species of larva on the developmental stages of the second species. The relatively high infestation rate shown by the ichneumonid compared to that of Trimerina (37 vs. 5%) implies that the wasp is more successful in locating egg masses and ovipositing within them. The oviposition scars of the ichneumonid were easily distinguished from those of Trimerina in that they were much smaller and resembled pin pricks rather than elongate slits. Additionally, they tended to be more widely scattered over the surface of the silken covering of the egg mass and not concentrated towards either side as was true with 7rimerina. The greatest number of unhatched ichneumonid eggs found in an egg mass was four, although several egg masses showed evidences of multiple oviposition probes. Up to 22 apparent oviposition scars were found in one egg mass. As in Trimerina, larval development of the ichneumonid took place entirely within the egg mass, with most or all of the spider eggs being consumed. Mature larvae subsequently spun cocoons within the egg mass. The larval period lasted eight days; the pupal period, six days in the one larva whose development was monitored. Although evidence is scanty, it appears that the ichneumonid is multivoltine. The rate of infestation seemingly increased during June and into July, whereas Trimerina levels decreased (Table 1). The only indication that the immature stages of 7rimerina were being attacked by parasitoid Hymenoptera was the discovery of two fly puparia that each con- tained a larva of an undetermined species of wasp. There was no evidence that the spider that deposited an egg mass presents any danger to ovipositing 77I- merina, as the egg masses are not guarded or even tended by the female spider. Obviously, the timing of oviposition is critical for females of Trimerina, as the spider egg masses are suitable for larval development for only a restricted period of time. The incubation period of the spider eggs ranged between 10 and 15 days. It is very doubtful if first instar or even second-instar larvae can cope with newly hatched spiderlings, even though young spiders remained within the egg mass for one to three days after hatching. In contrast, third-instar larvae were seen preying VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 49) Table 3. Comparative life history data for two species of Ephydridae. Character Trimerina madizans Scatella picea* Adult longevity 57.1+ days 28.0 days (original data) Fecundity 20? 310.5 Incubation period 2.0 days 1.9 days Larval period 8.6 days 6.1 days Pupal period 12.7 days 4.8 days Gens./year 1? Many Larval food Spider eggs Algae Habitat Stable Unstable * Data obtained from Connell and Scheiring (1982). upon spiderlings remaining with the egg covering. To ensure successful completion of larval development females of Trimerina probably must oviposit within the first four days after the spider egg masses are deposited. DISCUSSION Many if not most species of Ephydridae are best categorized as being r-strategists as defined by Pianka (1970). Certainly those species occurring in physically un- stable and temporally varying shoreline habitats that are subject to repeated and unpredictable flooding must allocate most of their available energy to reproductive efforts. Thus, such species as Scatella picea that are associated with the mud- shore habitat (Scheiring and Foote, 1973) are relatively short lived as adults, have very high fecundities, abbreviated developmental times, are trophically general- ized, and show high vagility (Connell and Scheiring, 1981, 1982). In contrast, trophic specialists must expend a considerable fraction of their energy in searching for a suitable food resource that frequently is uncommon and relatively hidden. As a result, certain components of the life cycle have been modified. In 7. mad- izans, for example, the adult life span is somewhat extended, egg production is greatly curtailed, the developmental period is lengthened, and the number of generations produced per year is dramatically reduced. Table 3 compares certain life history traits for S. picea and T. madizans. It is obvious that the two species are dramatically different in such life cycle components as adult longevity, fecun- dity, pupal period, and number of generations produced per year. Apparently these two species represent endpoints on the r-K continuum in the family Ephydni- dae, although a detailed study of the population biology of 7. madizans that could be compared and contrasted to the demographic data available for S. picea is sorely needed. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This investigation was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DEB-7912242. The spider hosts were identified by Vincent D. Roth of the Southwestern Re- search Station at Portal, Arizona. 492 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LITERATURE CITED Becker, T. 1926. (Fam.) 56. Ephydridae, pp. 1-115. 7m Lindner, E., ed., Die Fliegen der palaarktischen Region 6, pt. 1. Stuttgart. Carson, H.L. 1971. The ecology of Drosophila breeding sites. Univ. Hawaii Lyon Arboretum Lecture No. 2. 28 pp. Connell, T. D. and J. F. Scheiring. 1981. The feeding ecology of the shore fly Scatella picea (Walker) (Diptera: Ephydridae). Can. J. Zool. 59: 1831-1835. 1982. Demography of the shore fly, Scatella picea (Walker) (Diptera: Ephydridae). Environ. Entomol. 11: 611-617. Dahl, R. G. 1959. Studies on Scandinavian Ephydridae (Diptera, Brachycera). Opusc. Entomol. Suppl. 25. 225 pp. Deonier, D. L. 1965. Ecological observations on Iowa shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 71: 496-510. 1972. Observations on mating, oviposition, and food habits of certain shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Ohio J. Sci. 72: 22-29. Foote, B. A. 1979. Utilization of algae by larvae of shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae), pp. 61-71. In Deonier, D. L., ed., First Symposium on the Systematics and Ecology of Ephydridae (Diptera). N. Am. Benthol. Soc. Griffiths, G. C. D. 1972. The phylogenetic classification of Diptera, with special reference to the structure of the male genitalia. W. Junk, The Hague. 340 pp. Heed, W. B. 1968. Ecology of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae. Univ. Texas Publ. 6818: 387-419. Hennig, W. 1958. Die Familien der Diptera Schizophora und ihre phylogenetischen Verwandt- schaftsbeziehungen. Beitr. Entomol. 8: 505-688. Macquart, J. 1835. Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Diptéres, Tome deuxiéme. Diptera, vol. 2. 703 pp. Scheiring, J. F. and B. A. Foote. 1973. Habitat distribution of the shore flies of northeastern Ohio (Diptera: Ephydridae). Ohio J. Sci. 73: 152-166. Wirth, W. W. 1952. Two new spider egg predators from the Hawaiian Islands (Diptera: Droso- philidae). Proc. Hawaii. Entomol. Soc. 14: 415-417. 1965. Family Ephydridae, pp. 734-759. In Stone, A. et al., eds., A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico. U.S. Dep. Agric., Agric. Handb. 276. Zack, R. S. and B. A. Foote. 1978. Utilization of algal monocultures by larvae of Scatella stagnalis. Environ. Entomol. 7: 509-511. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 493-502 PREY SELECTION BY THE NEOTROPICAL SPIDER MICRATHENA SCHREIBERSI WITH NOTES ON WEB-SITE TENACITY TODD E. SHELLY Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024. Abstract.— Prey selection and web-site tenacity are described for a population of Micrathena schreibersi on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Prey selection was analyzed by first comparing web contents with insect samples obtained from sticky trap samples and by then comparing web-caught items actually being consumed with items left unattacked and uneaten. Webs exhibited no positive or negative selectivity for Coleoptera, nematocerous Diptera, or parasitoid Hymenoptera. They did, however, catch a higher proportion of ants and a lower proportion of non-nematocerous Diptera than expected from the sticky trap samples. Among items caught in the web, M. schreibersi fed indiscriminately upon Coleoptera, ants, non-nematocerous Diptera, and parasitoid Hymenoptera but tended to ig- nore nematocerous Diptera. Individuals had high web-site tenacity, and of 20 spiders monitored 15 remained in the same site for 17 days. Prey selection by web-building spiders includes two principle components. First, webs may catch a nonrandom sample of the available prey. This deviation largely reflects differing abilities for web avoidance and escape among potential prey (Eisner et al., 1964; Turnbull, 1960; Robinson and Robinson, 1970, 1973; Olive, 1980). While numerous researchers (e.g., Bilsing, 1920; Hobby, 1930, 1940; Par- menter, 1953; Robinson and Robinson, 1970) have compliled lists of dietary items, fewer studies (e.g., Kajak, 1965; Uetz et al., 1978; Uetz and Biere, 1980; Brown, 1981) have compared web contents with potential prey in the environ- ment. Second, among items caught in the web, the spider may then feed on preferred prey but reject unsuitable prey. Such discrimination has been observed for a variety of species and may reflect chemical or mechanical defenses of the prey (Robinson and Robinson, 1973), hunger level of the spider (Bristowe, 1941), the spider’s familiarity with the prey (Turnbull, 1960), or the energetic costs associated with feeding on particular prey (Uetz and Biere, 1980). The present study compares the web contents of Micrathena schreibersi (Perty) with sticky trap samples of available prey. Field work was conducted at one site over a relatively short period of time thus reducing potential complications arising from habitat and seasonal differences in prey availability. As Olive (1980) and Uetz et al. (1978) found, however, prey availability may vary over short vertical distances, and to examine this possibility potential prey were sampled at several different heights. In addition, a second comparison was made between captured items being eaten 494 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON and those left unattacked and uneaten. Since prey ignored during the day may have been consumed at night with the web, uneaten prey did not necessarily represent rejected prey. This comparison, however, does quantify the probability of immediate attack upon different types and sizes of captured prey. While several studies (e.g., Robinson, 1969; Harwood, 1974) provide detailed descriptions of the attack and wrapping behaviors used for different prey, only Uetz and Biere (1980) have quantified attack probabilities for particular types and sizes of prey. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted between July 31 and August 16, 1980, on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. This time period falls near the middle of a rainy season, which annually extends from late April to mid-December (Croat, 1978). The island is covered by a lowland tropical moist forest (Holdridge et al., 1971). Micrathena schreibersi was most abundant on the island’s central plateau, and all work was conducted there. Little is known about the biology of M. schreibersi despite its wide distribution throughout Central America (Chickering, 1961). Females are large and brightly colored. The mean wet weight and body length of nine adult females were 180.8 mg (SD 17.7) and 11.7 mm (SD 1.20), respectively. Dorsally, the triangular ab- domen is yellow with black margins and bears 10 prominent spines of various colors (white, black, red). Females appeared to construct and tend webs during the day and consume them at night. In four nights of searching, I never saw a female or an intact web. On BCI M. schreibersi females are abundant only in the mid to late wet season (July to December) and are rarely found during the rest of the year (Lubin 1978). Males are smaller and less conspicuous than females and are less frequently encountered. Measurements of prey selection and web-site tenacity were made only for mature females in this study. Flying insects were sampled at 10 different sites. At each site I implanted a 2.7 m PVC pole (diameter 25 mm) by driving 0.30 m-0.45 m of its length into the ground. Wooden rods (length 30 mm; diameter 5 mm) were then fastened to the pole at 0.3 m intervals (from 0.3 m to 2.1 m above ground). Fastened at one end, each rod projected perpendicularly from the vertical pole and hence was parallel to the ground’s surface. Insects were collected on tanglefoot covered traps sus- pended from the wooden rods. Each trap was a 15 cm by 23 cm rectangle of 3 mm thick transparent plastic coated on both sides with tanglefoot. Insects were sampled during the day only on August 6-9. Each day the traps were set between 0800 h-0900 h, taken down between 1600 h-1700 h, and stored overnight in closed boxes. Aside from Diptera and Hymenoptera, all trapped insects were identified to order. Flies were categorized as either nematocerous or non-nema- tocerous, and hymenopterans were subdivided into bees and wasps, parasitoids, and winged ants. All trapped insects were measured to the nearest 0.1 mm using a dissecting microscope equipped with a disc micrometer. Each day of the study I walked through different areas of the forest (between 0900-1630 h) and examined every web encountered. All caught items were col- lected and labelled as either eaten (those observed being consumed) or uneaten (those stuck in the web but not being consumed). Uneaten prey were also examined for evidence of wrapping. For each web thus sampled, the height of the spider VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 495 Diptera Hymenoptera Coleoptera @ nematocerous @ ants onon-nematocerous © parasitoids 2a e 1S = = 0:9 ro) AS 0:3 20 40 60 40 80 120 40 80 120 Number Fig. 1. Vertical distributions of the major prey categories. Each value represents the total number of individuals captured on 10 sticky traps suspended at a particular height. See text for details of sampling method. was also recorded. Collected prey were later assigned to the appropriate prey category and measured to the nearest 0.1 mm. Prey selectivity was quantified using Ivlev’s (1961) index of electivity. Electivity (E) is calculated as follows: E = (r; — p,)/(r; + p,;) where r, is the proportion of the predator’s diet represented by prey type (or size class) i, and p; is the proportion of the available prey represented by prey type (or size class) i. Values of E ranges from —1.0 (complete avoidance) to +1.0 (complete preference). In this study electivity values with absolute values less than 0.40 were not considered to differ from zero. (This arbitrary value was chosen primarily to facilitate discussion of the results. Ivlev’s index is a descriptive measure only, and standard statistical analyses are inapplicable.) In addition, two sets of electivity values were calculated. For web selectivity (E,,) r; is the proportion of the web contents (both eaten and uneaten items) represented by prey type 1, and p, is the proportion of available prey (as measured by the sticky traps) represented by prey type i. For spider selectivity (E,) r; is the proportion of the spider’s observed diet (the eaten prey) represented by prey type i, and p, is the proportion of the web contents (both eaten and uneaten items) represented by prey type i. RESULTS Micrathena schreibersi generally constructed vertical webs in relatively open sections of the forest or at the edges of tree-fall gaps. Most web sites were shaded, and only rarely was a web placed in an area that received direct sunlight. Various web support structures were utilized, including leaf tips, herbaceous stems, woody vines and branches, and palm fronds. The circular webs averaged 27.4 cm in diameter and 580 cm? in catching area (n = 9). Individuals may remain at a particular web-site for several weeks. On July 31 I marked the location of 20 occupied webs. These sites were then revisited daily for 17 days, and the presence or absence of the spider and the web was recorded. 496 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Diptera Hymenoptera Coleoptera nematocerous ants non-nematocerous parasitoids 2 € BS) r= JS 1048) ® aie 0.3 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 Frequency Fig. 2. Relative abundances of major prey categories over all heights sampled. Each value represents a proportion of the total number of individuals captured on 10 sticky traps suspended at a particular height. See text for details of sampling method. In terms of the number of spiders remaining at their initial site, the results obtained were as follows: Day 1—17; Day 2 to 6— 16; Days 6 to 17— 15. In no instance was a spider absent but the web present; spider and web were always both present or both absent. In addition, in examining a 2 m—3 m radius about each vacated web- site, I never observed the presence of a newly constructed web. Five prey categories comprised 89.0% of the total sample, and vertical abun- dance patterns were examined for these groups only. Beetles, parasitoid Hyme- noptera, nematocerous and non-nematocerous Diptera all exhibited a similar trend in vertical abundance (Fig. 1). That is, the greatest numbers of individuals were collected at the two lowest sampling heights (0.3 m and 0.6 m). While similar numbers of parasitoid Hymenoptera were captured at the two lowest sampling heights, nearly twice as many beetles, nematocerous and non-nematocerous Dip- tera were captured at 0.3 m than 0.6 m. Ants were captured in relatively constant numbers over all sampling heights. Although the numbers of trapped individuals varied greatly with height for four prey categories, each major category comprised a relatively constant proportion of the total sample at each height (Fig. 2). Similarly, within each category size frequency distributions did not vary with height in any obvious manner (Fig. 3). Thus, while the abundance of flying insects varied with height, the taxonomic and size composition of this fauna did not. The vertical distribution of M. schreibersi did not closely match that observed for available prey (Fig. 4). Micrathena schreibersi preferred web-sites between 0.6 m-—0.9 m, and approximately 45% of the spiders measured were within this range. Thus, while traps nearest the ground caught the greatest numbers of flying insects, only 31% of M. schreibersi were found below 0.6 m. A total of 385 insects representing five orders were taken from 276 webs of M. schreibersi. Approximately 95% of these insects belonged to those 5 prey categories which were most abundant in the sticky trap samples. Consequently, analysis of both web and spider selectivities will focus only upon these groups. In addition, VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 497 Non-nematocerous Nematocerous Parasitoid Diptera Diptera Hymenoptera = 50 100 50 100 50 100 L@)) ‘@ zo Ants Coleoptera fo) x J x x 50 100 50 100 Frequency Fig. 3. Size frequency distributions for the major prey categories over the 7 heights sampled. Within a category each value represents the proportion of individuals captured at a particular height that fell within a particular 1 mm interval. The symbols used for the various size classes are: 0-1 mm (@), 1-2 mm (O), 2-3 mm (xX), and >3 mm (A). since the composition of the flying insect fauna did not much vary with height, both the data regarding prey availability and diet were combined over all heights. Web selectivity values did not differ greatly from zero for beetles, nematocerous Diptera, or parasitoid Hymenoptera (Table 1). Ants, however, comprised a large proportion of the web contents relative to their proportion on the traps. Con- versely, non-nematocerous Diptera represented a small proportion of the web contents compared to their proportion on the traps. Only 2 groups, nematocerous Diptera and ants, were found in webs in sufficient numbers to allow meaningful calculation of web selectivity values for different size classes. Nematocerans less than | mm were relatively less abundant in webs than on the traps, while the opposite was true for those between 1 mm-—2 mm (Table 2a). Web selectivity values, however, did not differ greatly from zero for either size class. The majority (55%) of ants in webs were 5 mm-—8 mm long (Table 2b). In contrast, most (76%) ants on the sticky traps were less than 3 mm long. Consequently, web selectivity values for the 1 mm-—2 mm and 2 mm-3 mm size classes were large and negative, while those for larger classes were all large and positive. Among the larger size classes, electivity values were not different from zero for 3 mm-—4 mm and >8 mm but were large and positive for all remaining intervals. Aside from nematocerous Diptera, M. schreibersi were observed to consume prey types in proportions roughly equal to their proportion in the web (Table 3). Spider selectivity values for beetles, ants, non-nematocerous Diptera, and para- sitoid Hymenoptera were all less than 0.15 (absolute value). In contrast, the E, value for nematocerous Diptera was large and negative. As the E, values imply, the majority (58%) of uneaten prey were nematocerous Diptera. Most of these, 498 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 2.1 eM schre/ber/ O sticky traps Height (m) 100 200 300 400 500 Number Fig. 4. Vertical distribution of M. schreibersi and available prey. Heights of hub-resting spiders were measured to the nearest cm and then placed into 0.3 m intervals. Values for prey represent the total number of insects captured on 10 sticky traps suspended at a particular height. See text for details of sampling method. in turn, did not appear to have been wrapped. Many, in fact, were observed struggling in web while stuck by a single wing. In contrast, most of the other uneaten insects had clearly been attacked and wrapped. Only ants were eaten in sufficient numbers to allow meaningful calculation of spider selectivity values for different size classes. Micrathena schreibersi appeared to ignore 1 mm-—2 mm ants (4 eaten/18 uneaten; E = —0.65) but consume all larger size classes in proportions approximately equal to their proportions in the web. E, values were less than 0.09 (absolute value) for all size classes >2 mm. Among the remaining groups, only beetles and nematocerous Diptera had large enough numbers of eaten and uneaten individuals to permit comparison. Mean body lengths for eaten (X = 3.9 mm; SD = 2.1) and uneaten (x = 3.4 mm; SD = 1.9) beetles were not significantly different (t = .09; P < .5). However, mean body lengths for eaten (X = 1.9 mm; SD = 1.1) and uneaten (X = 0.9 mm; SD = 0.31) nematocerans differed significantly (t = 3.9; P < .001). Table 1. Web selectivity (E,,) values for prey types collected from webs of M. schreibersi. Collected from Webs (Eaten and Uneaten) Captured on Traps Insects a ee wey ae Nee rE eo E, Coleoptera 48 2.5) 320 19.2 —0.21 Nematocerous Diptera 91 23.6 337 20.2 +0.08 Non-nematocerous Diptera 31 8.0 453 27.1 —0.54 Ants 170 44.1 119 Heil +0.72 Parasitoid Hymenoptera 31 8.0 264 15.8 —0.33 Others 14* 3.6 Sim 10.4 — * Others include: Lepidoptera (4), Aculeate Hymenoptera (5), Homoptera (5). ** Others include: Lepidoptera (2), Aculeate Hymenoptera (2), Homoptera (80), Thysanoptera (27), Hemiptera (8), Orthoptera (5), Collembola (3), Zoraptera (4), Plecoptera (3), Isoptera (21), Psocoptera (20). VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 499 Table 2. Web selectivity (E,) values for size classes of nematocerous Diptera and ants collected from webs of M. schreibersi. a. Nematocerous Diptera Collected from Webs (Eaten and Uneaten) Captured on Traps No. T; No. Pi Ey 0-1 27 29.7 138 40.7 —0.16 1-2 60 65.9 163 48.1 +0.16 2-3 3 33.3} 31 9.1 —0.47 3 1 el 1 Del +0.31 b. Ants Collected from Webs (Eaten and Uneaten) Captured on Traps No. I; No Di ES 0-1 0 0.0 0 0.0 _ 1-2 Ay) 12.9 43 S15 7/ —0.48 2-3 17 10.0 46 39.3 —0.59 3-4 14 8.2 7 6.0 +0.15 4-5 16 9.4 3 2.6 +0.57 5-6 19 nell 3 2.6 +0.62 6-7 49 28.8 W 6.0 +0.65 7-8 26 15.3 2 ew, +0.80 8 7 4.1 6 Doll —0.10 DISCUSSION Field studies of prey selection invariably rely upon sampling methods which yield biased estimates of both available and actual prey. The extent to which these sampling biases affect measurement of prey selection must therefore be assessed. Sticky traps have an inherent bias resulting from the fact that different insects have different abilities to detect and avoid a trap. Although the traps used in this study were transparent, application of the tanglefoot to the plastic produced a light blue color. By rendering the trap more visible, this color may have allowed the more visually acute insects (e.g., bees, butterflies) to successfully avoid capture. Large wasps, for example, have been observed to actively avoid suspended traps (Robinson and Robinson 1973). While small insects may be less able to avoid traps, Olive (1980) has suggested that they may be passively carried around traps by air currents. This bias appeared to be unimportant for this study, however, since (1) winds were typically very light and (2) during approximately 3 h of observation I never saw an insect being passively carried around a trap. Regarding actual prey, the ““encounter and examine” method of sampling web contents is subject to a “handling time”’ bias. That is, small prey that are rapidly consumed are less likely to be sampled than larger items that require longer processing times. Since M. schreibersi catches and consumes relatively small in- sects, this sampling bias perhaps represented the greatest potential source of error in the study. In particular, the dietary importance of small Diptera and parasitoid Hymenoptera may have been underestimated. Since no other sampling methods were used simultaneously, the effects of these 500 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 3. Spider selectivity (E,) values for prey types collected from webs of M. schreibersi. Collected from Webs Collected from Webs (Eaten only) (Eaten and Uneaten) Insects No. Tj No. Di E, Coleoptera 30 11.8 48 12.5 —0.03 Nematocerous Diptera 16 6.3 91 23.6 —0.58 Non-nematocerous Diptera 27 10.6 31 8.0 +0.14 Ants 146 SP 170 44.1 +0.13 Parasitoid Hymenoptera 26 10.2 31 8.0 +0.12 Others 10* 3.9 14** 3.6 _ * Others include: Lepidoptera (2), Aculeate Hymenoptera (4), Homoptera (4). ** Others include: Lepidoptera (4), Aculeate Hymenoptera (5), Homoptera (5). potential biases could not be adjusted with correction factors (e.g., Taylor, 1962). As aresult, these effects will inevitably be included in any analysis of prey selection. This notwithstanding, the present findings are believed to at least highlight some major features of the predatory behavior of M. schreibersi. These features were: (1) Micrathena schreibersi generally remained at a particular web-site for several weeks. Interestingly, 4 of the 5 individuals that abandoned a web-site did so within the first 2 days of observation. While not conclusive, this finding suggests that these spiders had only recently selected web-sites, ‘“‘sampled” them for | or 2 days, and then abandoned them as unfavorable. The fact that no movements were noted after Day 6 further suggests that females, once having found a suitable site, tend to remain at that site. While this interpretation is consistent with Janetos’ (1982) decision rule hypothesis for web-site tenacity, residency periods noted here were much longer than those recorded for the temperate species he studied. Work- ing with 12 orb-weaving species, Janetos (1982) found the majority of inter- movement intervals to be less than | day. Based largely on this finding, Janetos (1982) proposes that orb-weavers as a whole be considered active foragers which, because of low web construction costs, frequently abandon sites in search of prey ‘hot spots.” The high site fidelity of M. schreibersi, however, seriously challenges the validity of this generalization. (2) Most M. schreibersi did not construct their webs at heights where total prey abundance was greatest. Since the taxonomic and size composition of the flying insect fauna varied only slightly with height, M. schreibersi was apparently not responding to the vertical distribution of a particular type (at least at the ordinal level) or size of prey. Since a wide range of supports was used, it appears unlikely that the observed distribution reflected the distribution of a limited number of suitable web-sites. Moreover, it is unlikely that spiders near the ground were overlooked, since individuals are large and brightly colored and easily spotted in the field. Interspecific competition did not obviously inhibit use of lower web- sites, since no other species of similar size constructed webs closer to the ground (Shelly, per. obs.). High web-sites, however, may reduce risks of predation by ground-dwelling predators. (3) Webs displayed positive selectivity for ants and negative selectivity for non- nematocerous Diptera. This result may reflect (1) the relative abilities of these prey types to avoid and/or escape webs and/or (2) placement of webs in areas VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 501 having high ant and low non-nematocerous Diptera abundances. While a rigorous assessment of these explanations is not possible, two observations suggest the former explanation to be more likely. First, I carefully searched the area (3-4 m radius) around 41 webs and never found an active ant’s nest. Second, ants appeared to be less capable of escape than flies of similar size. I threw an ant (n = 15; body lengths 5—7 mm) or a horse fly (n = 15; body lengths 6.5—8 mm) into 30 different webs from which spiders had been removed. I then recorded whether or not the insect escaped within two minutes. A significantly (¢ = 4.2, P < .001; Sokal and Rohlf, 1969: 607) greater proportion of horse flies (47%) escaped than ants (13%). (4) Among web-caught items, M. schreibersi was more likely to attack larger prey. Numerous studies (e.g., Robinson and Robinson, 1970, 1973; Riechert and Tracy, 1975; Turnbull, 1960) note rejected prey, but few studies quantify attack vs. ignore probabilities for different prey. Here, the tendency of MW. schreibersi to ignore small ants and most nematocerous Diptera probably does not reflect avoid- ance but rather the inability of these small, weak-flying insects to escape or damage the web. Thus, M. schreibersi may have ignored these weak prey only to consume them with their web in the evening. Interestingly, the mean body length of nem- atocerans being consumed was approximately twice that of nematocerans caught in the web but ignored. Similar selection for larger prey has also been demonstrated for the congener ™. gracilis (Uetz and Biere, 1980). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank M. Robinson for identifying the species and D. Weinberger for kindly helping process the sticky trap samples. This research was supported in part by funds from Sigma Xi, the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Fund of the American Museum of Natural History and the University of California. The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute provided logistical support. LITERATURE CITED Bilsing, S. W. 1920. Quantitative studies in the food of spiders. Ohio J. Sci. 20: 215-260. Bristowe, W.S. 1941. The comity of spiders. Vol. 2. Ray Society, London. 560 pp. Brown, K. 1981. Foraging ecology and niche partitioning in orb-weaving spiders. Oecologia 50: 380- 385. Chickering, A. M. 1961. The genus Micrathena (Araneae, Argiopidae) in Central America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 125: 391-470. Croat, T. B. 1978. Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford. 943 pp. Eisner, T., R. Alsop, and G. Ettershank. 1964. Adhesiveness of spider silk. Science 164: 1058-1061. Enders, F. 1976. Effects of prey capture, web destruction, and habitat physiognomy on web-site tenacity of Argiope spiders (Araneidae). J. Arachnol. 3: 75-82. Harwood, R. H. 1974. Predatory behavior of Argiope aurantia (Lucas). Am. Midl. Nat. 91: 130- 139. Hobby, B. M. 1930. Spiders and their insect prey. Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 5: 107-110. 1940. Spiders and their prey. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 76: 258-259. Holdridge, L. R., W. C. Grenke, W. H. Hatheway, T. Liang, and J. A. Tosi, Jr. 1971. Forest environments in tropical life zones: a pilot study. Pergamon Press, San Francisco. 747 pp. Ivlev, V.S. 1961. Experimental ecology of the feeding of fishes. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven. 302 pp. Janetos, A.C. 1982. Foraging tactics of two guilds of web-spinning spiders. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 10: 19-27. Kajak, A. 1965. An analysis of food relations between the spiders—Araneus cornutus—Clerck and Araneus quadratus Clerck—and their prey in meadows. Ekol. Polska (A) 13: 717-768. 502 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Lubin, Y. D. 1978. Seasonal abundance and diversity of web-building spiders in relation to habitat structure on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. J. Arachnol. 6: 31-51. Olive, C. W. 1980. Foraging specializations in orb-weaving spiders. Ecology 61: 1133-1144. Parmenter, L. 1953. Some spiders and their prey. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 89: 135. Riechert, S. E. and C. R. Tracy. 1975. Thermal balance and prey availability: bases for a model relating web-site characteristics to spider reproductive success. Ecology 56: 265-284. Robinson, M. H. 1969. Predatory behavior of Argiope argentata (Fabricius). Am. Zool. 9: 161-173. Robinson, M. H. and B. Robinson. 1970. Prey caught by a sample population of the spider Argiope argentata (Araneae: Araneidae) in Panama: a year’s census data. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 49: 345- B57: Robinson, M. H. and B. Robinson. 1973. Ecology and behavior of the giant wood spider Nephila maculata (Fabricius) in New Guinea. Smithson. Contrib. Zool. No. 149. 76 pp. Taylor, L. R. 1962. The efficiency of cylindrical sticky traps and suspended nets. Ann. appl. Biol. 50: 681-685. Turnbull, A. L. 1960. The prey of the spider Linyphia triangularis (Clerck) (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Can. J. Zool. 38: 859-873. Turnbull, A. L. 1964. The search for prey by a web-building spider Achaearanea tepidariorum (C.L. Koch) (Araneae, Theridiidae). Can. Entomol. 96: 568-579. Uetz, G. W., A. D. Johnson, and D. W. Schemske. 1978. Web placement, web structure, and prey capture in orb-weaving spiders. Bull. Br. Arachnol. Soc. 4: 141-148. Uetz, G. W. and J. M. Biere. 1980. Prey of Micrathena gracilis (Walckenaer) (Araneae: Araneidae) in comparison with artificial webs and other trapping devices. Bull. Br. Arachnol. Soc. 5: 101- 107. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 503-518 MECHANISM OF POLLINATION BY PHORIDAE (DIPTERA) IN SOME HERRANIA SPECIES (STERCULIACEAE) IN COSTA RICA ALLEN M. YOUNG Invertebrate Zoology Section, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wis- consin 53233. Abstract.—The mechanism of pollination of Herrania flowers (Sterculiaceae) by phorid flies (Diptera: Phoridae) in Costa Rica is described in detail for the first time. Two undescribed phorid species, Megaselia sp. and Dohrniphora sp., are frequent visitors to the red or purple flowers of H. purpurea and H. nitida, and to the smaller, white flowers of H. albiflora. The flowers of all species are highly specialized for visitation and pollination by small-sized insects such as phorids. The behavior of the flies at the freshly-opened flowers indicates that they follow nectary cues and appear at flowers only at dawn and dusk when flowers exude a strong, musty (aminoid) scent and are most receptive for pollination. There ap- pears to be some degree of coadaptation of flower morphology and phorid behavior suggesting phorids to be important pollinators of Herrania. Phorids land either upon the petaloid staminodes that form a barrier between the style and concealed anthers (in petal hoods or pouches) or on the long, dangling petal ligules of the hermaphroditic flowers. These insects enter the petal hoods, probably guided by stomate-type nectaries inside, and pick up large quantities of pollen on notal and head areas. Pollen-laden phorids often crawl through the central area of a flower, brushing the stigma and style and thereby causing pollination. Phorids may orient themselves towards the pistil area by elaboration of a scent from specialized trichomes or elaiophores on the ovary and basal area of the flower. The purpose of this paper is to report for the first time the mechanism of effective pollination of Herrania purpurea (Pittier) R. E. Schultes, H. albiflora Goudot, and H. nitida (Poepp.) (Sterculiaceae, tribe Byttneriereae) by phorid flies (Diptera: Phoridae) in Costa Rica. Posnette (1944) observed phorids on Herrania flowers in Trinidad and suspected them to be pollinators. Cuatrecasas (1964) has summarized the floral, fruit, and vegetative characters that closely unite Herrania and Theobroma within the Byttneriereae. Although there has been considerable study of insect-mediated pollination in 7. cacao L. (““cacao,”’ ““cocoa’’) for obvious economic reasons (e.g., Billes, 1941; Posnette, 1944; Soetardi, 1950; Glendinning, 1962; Hernandez, 1965, and many other papers), far less is known about the pollinators and pollination mechanisms of other Theobroma species and Herrania species. Given the great divergence in the size, coloration, and fragrance properties of flowers in both genera, it is most likely that very different groups of primary pollinators are involved. Various authors (e.g., Entwistle, 1972 and Bystrak and Wirth, 1978 give good reviews) have discussed the evidence favoring insect- 504 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON mediated pollination in 7. cacao, in which the primary pollinators are believed to be certain genera and species of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera), based largely upon daytime studies in cacao plantations. In the present paper I describe the behavior of phorids that results in the pollination of Herrania, but do not rule out the possibility of other types of pollinating animals also being capable of such a process. Although phorid flies are known to be frequent visitors at many different flower species in the British Isles (Disney, 1980), little if anything has been de- termined as to their role as effective pollinators. METHODS AND MATERIALS All of my observations on the three species of Herrania were carried out in a ‘“‘sarden”’ plot of these trees (Fig. 1) situated at ““Finca Experimental La Lola,” near Siquirres (10°06'N, 83°30'W), Limon Province, Costa Rica, a region of low- land tropical rain forest. The plot of Herrania (Fig. 1) was originally established about 25 years ago, amidst the cacao plantation of this locality. In two species, H. purpurea and H. nitida, both with showy blood-red to purplish flowers, inflo- rescences exude a distinctive musty scent which is even noticeable in withered, fallen flowers. The third species, H. albiflora, with smaller white flowers (Fig. 2), has no noticeable fragrance (when checked over a 24-hour period). There is a total of 20 H. purpurea trees (D.B.H. range of 3.0—5.0 cm and height range of 1.8 to 4.5 meters) in the garden, 5 H. albiflora (D.B.H. range of 3.0—4.5 cm and height range of 2.4 to 4.0 meters) and 2 H. nitida (D.B.H. of 3.0 and 3.5 cm and heights of 3.2 and 4.0 meters), and all of these trees are arranged in rows. The area is either grazed by horses or cleared by periodic cutting (Fig. 1). Observations on the abundance of new flower buds and open flowers on all of the Herrania trees in the garden area were made on the following dates: 21—22 July 1982, 8-10 December 1982, 25-27 February 1983 and 12-16 March 1983. February and March are relatively drier months at ““La Lola” than are most other months, although daily light showers occur during these periods. From one to three days were spent during each of three periods (July and December 1982 and February—March 1983) making around-the-clock observations on the activity of insects at freshly-opened flowers of those species in bloom at the time. Night- time observations, usually from 1900 to 2100 hours, were made with the use of red cellophane over a small flashlight. In addition to daytime observations, dawn- dusk observations consisted of observing flowers from about 0530 to 0800 hours and 1600 to 1830 hours. When insects were seen on the flowers, further obser- vations were made on how they moved into the flower and exited from it. Care was taken to note the presence of pollen on the bodies of insects seen exiting from the flowers, and voucher collections were made for all insects found in the flowers. The observations allowed me to determine at what times of the day insects were most active at the flowers. Insects bearing pollen were examined carefully with a binocular dissecting microscope to determine if the pollen carried was that of Herrania. Samples of Herrania pollen were taken directly from flowers, although, since the pollen of related species of this genus are very similar (Taylor, 1965), I was unable to associate pollen on insects with each species of Herrania being studied. Anthesis, pollen liberation, and periods of peak fragrance-release were examined by observing marked (with small color-capped pins) flowers of H. purpurea at VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 505 Fig. 1. The Herrania “garden” at Finca Experimental La Lola, near Siquirres, Limon Province, Costa Rica (top) showing the trees studied for phorid pollination, and satyrid butterflies feeding on fluids exuded from rotting H. purpurea flower fallen on a Heliconia leaf (below). Note the very elongate petal ligules of the dead flower. various times of the day and night. The flowers were also checked at various times over a 24-hour period to determine if liberal amounts of nectar could be seen in them, and if so, the locations. Finally, I collected several specimens of H. purpurea for preliminary scanning electron microscopy: an examination was made of floral parts, including: pistil and ovary, petaloid staminodes, ligules associated with 506 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON petals, stamens and anthers. Emphasis was placed on detecting possible nectaries and glandular hairs (trichomes) responsible for fragrances. The electron micros- copy was carried out at the Great Lakes Center associated with the University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, and details of the methods used are summarized elsewhere (Young et al., 1984). An examination of pollen and location of pollen grains was also made. General observations on the condition of flowers at various times of the day were also made, with an emphasis on comparing activity of pollinators at flowers in drier and wetter periods. RESULTS Phenological notes.— During July 1982, intense flowering was noted in H. pur- purea, and to a lesser extent in H. albiflora. Fifteen of 20 H. purpurea had full- sized floral buds and open flowers at that time. A pronounced difference in the abundance of flowers on trees of both species was found between late rainy season (December 1982) and mid-dry season (February 1983) censuses, with a sizable reduction in flowering in the latter period (Table 1). Although these samples were limited to rather short census periods, I believe that they represent real biological differences in flowering patterns, judging also from the presence or absence of smaller flower buds and fruits (to be summarized in a later paper). For the purposes of the present paper, I assume that the observed differences are representative of temporal changes in flowering intensity in both species, and particularly for H. purpurea, which provided the largest sample. Additionally, one of the two H. nitida trees had 106 buds (in various stages of development as judged by size differences) and two freshly-opened flowers on 13 March 1983. As noted in Table 1, there is considerable variation in the numbers of flowers on individual trees, but during both census periods, flower buds were more numerous than open flowers. Development of new buds may be rapid, since one H. nitida tree on 26 February 1983 had 40 buds and no open flowers, and about two weeks later (13 March) the number of buds had more than doubled. Daily output of freshly- opened flowers on Herrania trees is very low, ranging from one to five in most cases. During the dry period, successful rainy days precede “‘bursts”’ of flowering in H. purpurea. For example, following three days in which there was moderate rainfall for two to six hours each day, three of the 20 trees had a combined total of 40 new buds and four freshly-opened flowers. Prior to this, all of these trees had practically no large buds and open flowers. A phenological pattern for adult Herrania trees at this locality can be tentatively derived from the most extensive data set available, that of H. purpurea. During the rainy season there is a very high abundance of new flower buds and with a daily output of a few open flowers in each inflorescence on each tree. Flowering, as suggested by casual observations in July 1982, most likely “peaks” during the middle of the rainy season, but there is some flowering throughout the year on many individual trees. A greater percentage of trees are in flower during the rainy season than in the drier period. During the drier period (‘‘veranillo”) flowering is greatly reduced, but small bursts occur when there are several successive days of moderate rainfall. I view month-to-month flowering in these trees to be a very fluid phenomenon, governed largely by influence of rainfall and other environ- mental factors on internal physiological systems related to fruit development and VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 507 Table 1. Abundance of flower buds and open flowers on two species of Herrania (Sterculiaceae) at different times of the year at “Finca Experimental La Lola,” near Siquirres, Limon Province, Costa Rica. Numbers of Flowers on Herrania Trees H. purpurea (n = 20 trees) H. albiflora (n = 5 trees) Total Total Open Open Census Flow- Total Flow- Total Period Season ers * = SD Buds oF a= (JD) ers x SD Buds et SD 10 Dec. Late 7 eM ae syAl aile) ibys) se 27 tO) ae ILS Lehi ae ©) 1982 rainy 26 Feb. 1 = 38 EOS = 3574 0 _ 9 SOE 2 1983 Dry The range in numbers of flower buds and open flowers on H. purpurea trees was 0-64 and 0-12 respectively during the late rainy season census, and 1-5 for buds during the subsequent dry season census. During the late rainy season the height range for flowers was 0.24 to 4.80 meters while during the dry season it was 0.1 to 2.1 meters on these 3-4 meter tall trees. For H. albiflora during the late rainy season there was a range of 12—20 buds per tree and during both seasons flowers were 0.1 to 2.0 meters on trunks 2 to 3 meters high. Following a few rainy days in March 1983, 3 trees of H. purpurea had a combined total of 40 buds and 4 open flowers, one H. albiflora had 3 buds and 2 open flowers, and one of 2 H. nitida had 107 buds and 2 open flowers. maturation. During the dry season, for example, H. purpurea trees are loaded with very high numbers of mature fruit (A. M. Young, unpublished observations), a time of relatively low flowering. Less extensive data from other Herrania at this locality suggest similar phenological patterns. Diurnal flowering pattern.—In all three species, full-sized flower buds begin to split open usually after dark but before 2000 hours, and flowers are fully open by 0600 to 0800 hours the following day. During the rainy season, buds sometimes begin splitting open between 1600 and 1800 hours. These conclusions are drawn from (1) following the opening patterns of a total of 32 H. purpurea flowers (27 in December 1982 and 5 in March 1983) and four H. nitida flowers (March 1983), and (2) casual observations at various times of the day and night on flowers of all three species. If flowers are not pollinated on the day of opening, they often wither and fall off by the following evening, and during the dry season flower drop even occurs in the afternoon hours in hot, dry weather. Freshly-opened flowers have maximal fragrance from about 0600 to 0900 hours, and during the rainy season, if they are still on trees, a second period of fragrance from about 1600 to 1900 hours. Anthers fully dehisce during the morning and afternoon hours in the rainy season. But during the dry season, anthers of all three species fully dehisce much earlier in the morning, very soon after flowers are fully open. Freshly open flowers have no signs of copious nectar flow at any time of the day, nor is there a noticeable crepuscular cycle of generous nectar production. During the daytime, the inner surfaces of petal hoods of H. purpurea, particularly in the rainy season, are often coated with patches of liberated pollen, easily spotted by the creamy white to yellow color of pollen against the dark red or purplish tissue. Evidence of phorid pollination.— During the rainy season in particular, fallen withered flowers of H. purpurea attract a variety of juice-feeding insects, including 508 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON satyrid butterflies (Fig. 1), presumably lured by the strong musty scent which is associated with both fresh and withered flowers. Occasionally cecidomyiid midges are seen resting on exposed floral parts of H. purpurea during the rainy season, but their numbers are very low and visitations number only four out of approx- imately 65 insect-flower observations. In spite of lengthy observations when these insects were found on flowers, these midges were never seen to enter into the central style area or peripheral petal hoods. Leaf cutter ants, Atta spp., are frequent severe defoliators of the leaves and flowers of Herrania at this locality. At least three species of ants occasionally visit the flowers. Other dipterans observed occasionally at open flowers include Bradysia (Sciaridae). None of these organ- isms, however, exhibit the regular behavior of visiting open flowers in high fre- quency and in the numbers observed for phorids. No bees were seen on flowers of any Herrania species at this locality, and observations were made at various times of the day and night, including the 0400 to 0700 hours when certain groups of pre-dawn bees (e.g., Ptiloglossa-Colletidae and some Halictidae) are active. By far the most abundant insect on the flowers of all three species during both rainy and dry seasons were flies (body length 4-7 mm) of the family Phoridae. Two undescribed species from genera, Megaselia and Dohrniphora, were recorded from Herrania flowers. Unfortunately it was not possible to determine species for the phorid genera collected from Herrania, largely because all specimens were female and it is virtually impossible to make species determinations with females (e.g., Disney, 1981). During the rainy season (July and December 1982 periods), from one to six phorids were observed simultaneously on a single flower of H. purpurea. Indi- viduals of both genera were only observed at the flowers during the early morning period (0600 to 0730 hours) and late afternoon to dusk (1650 to 1800 hours), suggesting a strongly crepuscular activity pattern associated with flowering activity H. purpurea. During the dry season observations (March 1983) several phorids were found on the few H. nitidac flowers and H. albiflora flowers, but only during the early morning hours (0600 to 0730 hours). Whereas during the rainy season the flies were regular visitors to freshly-opened and roughly 8-hour-old flowers on a daily basis, during the dry season there was considerable day-to-day variation in their occurrence, and on mornings, they are totally absent. Although another phorid genus, Chonocephalus, was found breeding in rotting cacao pods very close to the garden near the end of the dry season in 1982 (late March and early April), none of these were found on Herrania flowers. Judging from voucher samples collected from flowers, the abundance of Megaselia and Dohrniphora species was very similar. Each genus was represented by one undescribed species. Pollinating activity of these phorids was indicated by the repeated observation of individual flies entering petal hoods without pollen on their bodies, and then exiting, usually from 4 to 15 seconds later, with generous amounts of pollen on the notum and head. The pollen was visible against the dark background color of these bristle-covered flies. Upon exiting from a flower in this manner, a phorid would fly to another flower on the same inflorescence, or, more frequently, leave the observation site. Several observations were made of phorids, laden with pollen, moving through the central area of the flower, brushing against the style and then either (a) flying away, or (b) squeezing between the petaloid staminodes and re- entering a petal hood. Two approach patterns to open flowers were repeatedly VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 509 Fig. 2. Top, left to right: inflorescence of H. purpurea showing open flowers and large (full-size) floral buds (left) and view of a freshly-opened flower showing the petaloid staminodes and proximal sections of petal ligules. Below, left to right: H. purpurea with petal hoods held open to expose the light-colored anthers and pollen; freshly-opened flowers of H. albiflora. observed: (a) most frequently, phorids would alight on the elongate, suspended ligules and rapidly crawl up to the flower and enter it; (b) phorids would land directly on a petaloid staminode and enter the flower. All movements were rapid, characterized by a typical “‘jerky”’ walking pattern common to phorids. On several 510 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 3. Scanning electron microscope photographs of the petal ligule and petal hood floral parts in H. purpurea. Top, left to right: ridge of intertwining bulbous cells forming a pronounced ridge on concave (adaxial) surface (left) (180), and H. purpurea pollen grain (1800 x) lodged between sulci of convex (abaxial) surface. Below, left to right: inner surface of petal hood (27 x) in vicinity of anther sacs, and showing distinct ridges of bulbous cells, possibly nectar guides; a stomate-type nectary (630 x) opening between bulbous cells of previous photograph. occasions, phorids would land on ligules and then fly away, without entering the flower. Phorids did not alight on closed buds in inflorescences or on adjacent bark or moss. Frequently, several phorids would show up at a flower at about the same time, and depart in the same manner. A total of eight phorids were collected from VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 511 Fig. 4. Suspected elaiophores or oil (fragrance)-secreting trichomes on the surface of the ovary in H. purpurea. Top, left to right: short, bulbous elaiophore or trichome (2520), possibly a young developmental stage, and elongate elaiophore or secretory structure (1800 x) with convoluted surface. Lower: basal area of possibly chewed- or broken-off elaiophore or secretory trichome (252 x). Herrania flowers, although many more were observed, and of these, all were female and six had pollen on their bodies. Pollen deposition on the stigma and style of H. purpurea is of the scattered or “‘smear”’ type (Fig. 3), and involves the placement of many pollen grains (range of 15-95) by a single phorid on one visit to the style area. Germination of pollen on the style, in addition to the stigma, is common in all three species of Herrania studied (Fig. 3). Fully-dehisced anther sacs (Fig. 3) characterize virtually all open flowers by 1500 hours on the day they open. The highly convoluted surfaces of the ligules of H. purpurea (Fig. 4) are probably glandular. Pollen grains (Fig. 4) are lodged on the ligule surface, presumably by phorids exiting petal hoods after brushing against dehisced anthers, and grains 512 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON are also scattered on the inner surface of the petal hoods (Fig. 4), the site of stomate-type nectaries (Fig. 4). The range in number of pollen grains found ad- hering to the inner surface of petal hoods following a peak period of anther dehiscence is 58 to 430 for a total of n = 25 petal hoods examined. The exine of H. purpurea pollen grains is moderately sculptured (Fig. 4), a condition related to the ability of grains to lodge both on the sides of petal hoods and in the bristles of phorids and other insects. The surface of the ovary and basal area of the flower of H. purpurea has many peg-like rounded projections, presumably glandular trichomes or elaiophores producing fragrance compounds or nutritive substances attractive to insects (Fig. 5). These structures include both small, almost bulb- like projections with smooth surface as well as elongate ones with convoluted surface (Fig. 5). It is frequently found that the ovary surface has “‘bare’’ patches where some of these structures appear to have been broken off or chewed off (Fig. 5). When phorids come into contact with the style, they sometimes orient head- downwards towards these structures on the ovary surface. Movements of phorids in the flowers are so rapid that I was unable to determine if they had contact with these structures. DISCUSSION The results reported in this paper suggest the following pollination mechanism in Herrania species at ““La Lola” in Costa Rica. Flowers open primarily just before dawn and anthers dehisce shortly thereafter. At the time of opening flowers exude a strong musty (aminoid) scent that attracts large numbers of phorid flies (Mega- selia and Dohrniphora species), all females. As noted by Percival (1965) for other fly-pollinated plants, the phorids are attracted to the dangling, elongate petal ligules, which initially function as a landing site for pollinators. Pollination then takes place in the manner described above. Pollination in both Theobroma and Herrania can result from pollen grains being deposited in this manner (Cuatre- casas, 1964). Orientation of phorids to the style area may be enhanced by the liberation of suspected fragrance compounds or nutrients associated with the glandular trichomes or elaiophores (see Simpson and Neff, 1981) coating the ovary and basal area of the flower. During the mid-morning and afternoon hours, phorids are absent from the flowers. During the rainy season, flowers often remain fresh in appearance by dusk of the same day of opening, and fragrance is again detected at this time of the day. There is a second pulse of phorid activity at these flowers, and additional pollination may occur. Dusk visitation may allow phorids to pick up payloads of pollen which are then used to pollinate freshly-opened flowers the following day. If this is the case, Herrania flowers may exhibit, particularly during the rainy season, overlapping pistillate and staminate phases (e.g., Baskin et al., 1981; Bawa and Beach, 1981), although confirmation of such patterns awaits further study. The closely related Bombacaceae often have tufts of nectaries at the base of the sepals and are bat-pollinated (Cronquist, 1981). Pollination systems involving flies may also involve the positioning of a floral reward system at the base of the flower (e.g., Philbrick, 1983). Simpson and Neff (1981) describe the nutritive oils secreted by specialized glandular tissue in the Solanaceae, which provide a lipid- rich reward for bees to feed to their young. Stomate-type nectaries, of the kind found on the inner surface of the petal hoods, are known from a variety of plants VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 Sls: Fig. 5. Pollen distribution and pollen tube growth on the style of H. purpurea and dehisced anthers. Top, left to right: natural distribution of pollen grains, presumably a “smear” from one or more phorids (Diptera) along the style (left, 50 x) and closeup of lodged pollen grains (right, 630 x). Note sculptured exine of pollen grains, also seen in Fig. 3. Below: germination of a pollen grain on the style (1440 x) and dehisced anthers with all but a few pollen grains liberated (45 x). (e.g., Fahn, 1979). Kevan and Baker (1983) mention that the short proboscis of dipterans is adapted to getting nectar from shallow areas on floral parts. Phorids may extend their probosci into the stomate-type nectaries for feeding. In a related study (Young et al., 1984), stomate-type nectaries were found inTheobroma species 514 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON as well, not only on the petal hoods but also on the petal ligules. Further studies will focus upon the determination of the secretory functions of these structures in both genera. Tentatively I assume that the available data indicate a pollinator- reward system located primarily in two areas of Herrania flowers: (a) nectaries scattered on the inside of the petal hood, and (b) secretory structures located on the ovary and also in the basal area. The behavior of phorid flies in Herrania flowers is such that they come into contact with these areas of the flower, and in doing so, (a) pick up pollen and (b) smear pollen on the stigma and style. To what extent any of the Herrania species are self-compatible awaits an experimental approach. But some indirect data suggest that self-compatibility might exist: (a) there is very high fruit set on individual trees, as noted primarily for H. purpurea, (b) most trees bear fruit, and (c) in instances in which only one individual has flowers (such as seen in H. albiflora) this tree subsequently has fruit. Such obser- vations cannot rule out the possibility of pollen being obtained from trees outside the garden area (which is highly unlikely, since all of the trees at ““La Lola’’ are planted, i.e., introduced), and that there is some inter-tree transfer of pollen within the garden plot. Although both in wild and cultivated Theobroma cacao fruit set on a per tree basis is often low, lowest yields are typical of self-incompatible varieties. The markedly crepuscular activity of phorids at Herrania flowers is most likely related to (a) the synchronization of anthesis with pollinator activity, and (b) ecological constraints for small-bodied, dark-colored flies to be active during the hottest hours of the day. Dusk pollination systems in the tropics involving small insects may be more frequent than previously believed (e.g., Gibbs et al., 1977), and it is physiologically less stressful for small dark-colored flies to be active early and late in the day (Willmer, 1982). To what extent discovery of receptive Her- rania flowers at dawn and dusk is related to how phorids perceive color remains unknown, although certainly the strong scent of H. purpurea and H. nitida play major roles. Percival (1965) reports that flowers with full-red or purple colors and aminoid scents are usually fly-pollinated, although such adaptations, in conjunc- tion with other floral features, are also found in bat-pollinated plants in the tropics (e.g., Steiner, 1983). The moderately-sculptured exine of Herrania pollen is con- sistent with insect-mediated pollination, particularly when contrasted to the very smooth-surfaced pollen grains of a wind-pollinated rain forest understory tree in Costa Rica (see Bawa and Crisp, 1980). Herrania pollen falls into the type adapted for insect vectors (Heslop-Harrison, 1979). The presence of what appear to be nectaries and other glandular structures, and a strong scent in at least two of the species studied, all point to a pollination system involving animals. Posnette (1944) called attention to the probable role of phorids in Herrania pollination, and noted that at least some Theobroma species had very different dipteran pollinators (namely Ceratopogonidae). Phorids such as Megaselia are known to breed in various kinds of plant and animal debris (e.g., Disney and Evans, 1982; Villa, 1980; A. M. Young, unpublished field data) as well as in fungi and other microhabitats (Disney, 1982a, b). Similar to what Villa (1980) found for M. scalaris (Loew) feeding in the larval stage upon rotting amphibian eggs in Nicaragua, I have found larvae of this species in rotting larvae of the social paper wasp Polybia simillima Smith in Costa Rican rain forest. Phorids such as M. scalaris and other Megaselia species that undergo their life cycles in carrion (e.g., YOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 SHS Kneidel, 1983) might be attracted to flowers with strong aminoid or carrion-like fragrances (e.g., Herrania). In general, phorids associated with Herrania flowers most likely breed in the damp, shaded understory of rain forest and some kinds of agricultural habitats such as well-shaded cacao. Herrania very likely evolved along streams in lowland Neotropical rain forests (e.g., Cuatrecasas, 1964; J. Leon, unpublished manuscript) in partially-shaded habitats, and such habitats may also have been suitable for pollinators such as the Phoridae. When Herrania is grown in an open garden plot situation as seen at “La Lola,” influences of the dry season may be greater than would be expected in the natural habitat, and one manifes- tation is the rapid wilting of flowers prior to dusk on the day they open. My preliminary data suggest that Herrania species are pollinated principally by phorids. The observed phenological patterns of flowering would suggest that the interaction is highly unspecialized, since phorids would not have sufficient floral resources available throughout the year. In natural habitats however, the association might be more stable throughout the year, particularly in rain forests where understory trees might not experience the effects of dry periods as much as canopy species. As a basis for further experimental studies, the following dis- cussion is therefore offered. Some dipterans have specialized pollination associations with plants (e.g., Warmke, 1952; Percival, 1965; Kevan and Baker, 1983). The floral structure of Herrania, in which both pollen and presumed floral rewards are highly concealed within the flower, warrants a specialized pollinator, and the behavior of phorids in the flowers suggests such an association. Yet to what extent phorids are spe- cialized to be Herrania pollinators is not known. Nectar, presumably present in only small amounts, and pollen are not readily accessible to insect visitors in the manner noted for bat-pollinated plants (Steiner, 1983). Phorids most likely forage opportunistically on a broad range of nutritive resources associated with the lowland tropical rain forest habitat. Some recent studies have shown, however, that relatively unspecialized dipteran pollinators can sustain high levels of fruit set in plant populations through their high numerical abundance, ability to thrive well under cool moist forest conditions, and relatively low energy demands (Mesler et al., 1980; Levesque and Burger, 1982). In the natural habitat of Herrania, phorids, rather than bees, would be the most effective pollinators due to their affinity for moist, shaded forest conditions, relatively low energy needs (relative to bees), and attraction to the aminoid scent of the flowers. Although bee polli- nation cannot be ruled out by this study, it seems that the elaborate pollination mechanism of Herrania is adapted principally to phorids as pollen vectors. Heavi- ly-shaded forest understories are not conducive to bee pollination (e.g., Anderson and Beare, 1983). Yet some plant species have both “‘major” and “‘minor’’ pol- linators (Lewis and Zenger, 1983) and the combined effects of both groups de- termine fruit set patterns. Phorids may be part of a primary group of insect pollinators associated with forests (Baumann, 1978). It is difficult, however, to conclude that the extant floral structure and physiology are adaptations to the extant pollinators, since other types of pollinators, no longer extant, might have been part of the original selection pressure underlying the coevolved association (Janzen, 1980). In both Theobroma and Herrania the basic floral design is the same: the flower is hermaphroditic with a concave petal base and anthers alternating with stami- 516 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON nodes (see Cuatrecasas, 1964). Behaviorally, both the flowers of 7. cacao and the Herrania species studied here follow similar diurnal cycles of anthesis and design of the floral reward system (e.g., Walker, 1959; Gorrez, 1962; Sampayan, 1966; Stejskal, 1969; Young et al., 1984). The inference in floral design for 7. cacao, and presumably for other Theobroma species, has been selection away from selfing with stout staminodes preventing the transfer of pollen to the stigma and style of the same flower (see the review of Bystrak and Wirth, 1978). Extending such reasoning to Herrania, a closely allied genus, the possibility exists that most or all species are also self-incompatible. If this is the case, then the observed high abundance of fruit (relative to cacao) on species such as H. purpurea indicates that an apparently high abundance of phorids results in considerable transfer of pollen among different trees in the somewhat artificial setting typified by the “La Lola” garden. Experiments are underway to determine whether or not H. purpurea is self-incompatible, and to what degree are phorids capable of transferring pollen between trees at this locality. These studies will be conducted principally during the lengthy rainy season at “La Lola”’ since the dry season is a time of greatly reduced flowering in Herrania at this locality. The timing of flowering in tropical trees relative to prevailing rainfall patterns varies greatly in different climatic zones of Costa Rica (e.g., Opler et al., 1976), and the drier periods at “La Lola” appear to be more stressful to Herrania in terms of flowering. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was funded by the American Cocoa Research Institute. I thank Gordon R. Patterson, Glenn Trout, Gustavo Enriquez, J. Robert Hunter, Joseph Saunders, and Russell E. Larson for their interest, support, and fruitful discussions. Willis W. Wirth of the Systematic Entomology Laboratory of the Agricultural Research Service, USDA, provided the determinations of the Phoridae, and Rob- ert L. Jeanne (University of Wisconsin) provided the determination of the paper wasp. Marilyn Schaller and Melanie Strand of the Department of Zoology, Uni- versity of Wisconsin—Milwaukee provided technical assistance with the scanning electron microscope studies. The comments of Robert L. Mangan, Screwworm Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Mission, Texas, as a reviewer of this paper, were most helpful in the preparation of the revised manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Anderson, R. C. and M. H. Beare. 1983. Breeding system and pollination ecology of Trientalis borealis (Primulaceae). Am. J. Bot. 70: 408-415. Baskin, J. M., P. F. Threadgill, and C. C. Baskin. 1981. The floral ecology of Frasera caroliniensis (Gentianaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 108: 25-33. Baumann, E. 1978. Rennifliegen (Diptera: Phoridae) als Blutenbesucher Kritische Sichtung der Literatur. Flora 167: 301-314. Bawa, K. S. and J. E. Crisp. 1980. Wind-pollination in the understory of a rain forest in Costa Rica. J. Ecol. 68: 871-876. Bawa, K. S. and J. H. Beach. 1981. Evolution of sexual systems in flowering plants. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gar. 68: 254-274. Billes, D. J. 1941. Pollination of Theobroma cacao L. in Trinidad, B.W.I. Tropical Agricult. (Trin- idad) 18: 151-156. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 Sil 7/ Bystrak, P. G. and W. W. Wirth. 1978. The North American species of Forcipomyia, subgenus Euprojoannisia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). U.S.D.A. Tech. Bull. No. 1591. 51 pp. Cronquist, A. 1981. An Integrated System Of Classification of Flowering Plants. New York: Columbia Univ. Press. Cuatrecasas, J. 1964. Cacao and its allies, a taxonomic revision of the genus Theobroma. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Mus. 35: 379-614. Disney, R. H. L. 1980. Records of flower visiting by scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) in the British Isles. Ir. Nat. J. 105: 45-50. 1981. A curious new species of Megaselia from Brazil (Diptera: Phoridae). Z. Angew. Zool. 68: 415-418. —. 1982a. Megaselia argiopephaga n.sp. (Diptera: Phoridae), Oriental Scuttlefly whose larvae feed on spider eggs. Entomol. Scand. 13: 321-324. 1982b. A new species of Megaselia from Nepenthes in Hong Kong, with re-evaluation of genus Endopenthia (Diptera: Phoridae). Orient. Insects 15: 201-206. Disney, R. H. L. and R. E. Evans. 1982. Records of Phoridae (Diptera) reared fungi. Entomol. Rec. J. Var. 94: 104-105. Entwistle, P. F. 1972. Pests of Cocoa. London: Longman Group. 779 pp. Fahn, A. 1979. Secretory Tissues In Plants. New York: Academic Press. Gibbs, P. E., J. Semir, and N. Diniz da Cruz. 1977. Floral biology of Talauma ovata St. Hil. (Magnolicaeae). Ciencia e cult. 29: 1436-1441. Glendinning, D. R. 1962. Natural pollination of cocoa. Nature (London) 193: 1305. Gorrez, D. D. 1962. The flower biology, morphology, and pollinating and crossing habits of cacao. Philipp. Agric. 46: 288-302. Hernandez, J. 1965. Insect pollination of cacao in Costa Rica. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison. 167 pp. Heslop-Harrison, J. 1979. Pollen walls as adaptive systems. Ann. Missour. Bot. Gard. 66: 813-829. Janzen, D. H. 1980. When is it coevolution? Evolution 34: 611-612. Kevan, P. G. and H. G. Baker. 1983. Insects as flower visitors and pollinators. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 28: 407-453. Kneidel, K. A. 1983. Fugitive species and priority during colonization in carrion-breeding Diptera communities. Ecol. Entomol. 8: 163-169. Levesque, C. M. and J. F. Burger. 1982. Insects (Diptera, Hymenoptera) associated with Minuartia groenlandica (Caryophyllaceae) on Mount Washington, New Hampshire, U.S.A., and their possible role as pollinators. Arct. Alp. Res. 14: 117-124. Lewis, W. H. and V. E. Zenger. 1983. Breeding systems and fecundity in the American ginseng, Panax quinquefolium (Araliaceae). Am. J. Bot. 70: 466-468. Mesler, M. R., J. D. Ackerman, and K. L. Lu. 1980. The effectiveness of fungus gnats as pollinators. Am. J. Bot. 67: 564-567. Opler, P. A., G. W. Frankie, and H. G. Baker. 1976. Rainfall as a factor in the release, timing, and synchronization of anthesis by tropical trees and shrubs. J. Biogeogr. 3: 231-236. Percival, M. 1965. Floral Biology. London: Pergamon Press. Philbrick, C. T. 1983. Contributions to the reproductive biology of Panax trifolium (Araliaceae). Rhodora 85: 97-113. Posnette, A. F. 1944. Pollination of cacao in Trinidad. Trop. Agricult. (Trinidad) 21: 115-118. Sampayan, T.S. 1966. Flower biology, fruiting habit and compatibility relationship in cacao. Philipp. J. Plant Ind. 31: 193-201. Simpson, B. B. and J. L. Neff. 1981. Floral rewards: alternatives to pollen and nectar. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 68: 301-322. Soetardi, R. G. 1950. De be tekenis van insecten bij de bestuiving Theobroma cacao L. Arch. v. Koffiecult. (Bogor, Indonesia) 17: 1-31. Steiner, K. E. 1983. Pollination of Mabea occidentalis (Euphorbiaceae) in Panama. Syst. Bot. 8: 105-117. Stejskal M. 1969. Nectar y aroma de las flores del cacao. Oriente Agropeuc. 1: 75-92. Taylor, A.S. 1965. Studies in the pollen morphology of Theobroma and Herrania. Cacao (Turrialba, Costa Rica) 10: 1-9. Villa, J. 1980. ‘‘Frogflies’ from Central and South America with notes on other organisms of the amphibian egg microhabitat. Brenesia (San Jose, Costa Rica) 17: 49-68. 318 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Walker, C. 1959. Notes on the botany of cocoa. Agricult. J. (Fiji) 29: 56-61. Warmke, H. E. 1952. Studies on natural pollination of Hevea brasiliensis in Brazil. Science 116: 474-475. Willmer, P. G. 1982. Hygrothermal determinants of insect activity patterns: the Diptera of water- lily leaves. Ecol. Entomol. 7: 221-231. Young, A. M., M. Schaller, and M. Strand. 1984. Floral nectaries and trichomes in relation to physiological and behavioral events associated with anthesis and pollination in some species of Theobroma and Herrania (Sterculiaceae). Am. J. Bot. 71: 466-480. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 519-520 NEW UNITED STATES RECORDS FOR TWO HETEROPTERA: PELLAEA STICTICA (PENTATOMIDAE) AND RHINACLOA PALLIDIPES (MIRIDAE) THOMAS J. HENRY Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, % U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560. Abstract.—Pellaea stictica (Dallas), a widespread Neotropical pentatomid, is reported for the first time from Texas, and Rhinacloa pallidipes Maldonado, a mirid known formerly only from Puerto Rico, is reported from Florida. A brief taxonomic review and diagnostic characters are given to help distinguish these species from the related U.S. fauna. This paper is provided to make available the records of two Heteroptera pre- viously not known to occur in the United States. Reported are the pentatomid Pellaea stictica from Texas and the mirid Rhinacloa pallidipes from Florida. Pertinent literature and diagnostic information are provided. Pellaea stictica (Dallas) Pellaea stictica, originally described in the genus Rhaphigaster (Dallas, 1851), is a Neotropical stinkbug known from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Mexico (Oaxaca and Yucatan) and Panama (Kirkaldy, 1909). Rolston (1976) confirmed that Pel/aea was the correct generic placement for the species, and Rolston and McDonald (1981) later included Pe//aea in section 2 of a 3 part key to the Pentatomini of the Western Hemisphere. Distant (1891) provided a color figure of the adult. The host of this species is unknown. This new U.S. record is based on a male and female (U.S. National Museum of Natural History [USNM)]) taken alive on citrus at Weslaco, Hidalgo Co., Texas, 14 Oct. 1983, on the grounds of the Texas A. & I. Citrus Center, by J. V. French. In addition to the above records, there are specimens in the USNM collection from Costa Rica, Mexico (Jalisco), Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela. Pellaea stictica is easily distinguished from all other pentatomids in the U.S. by the dark reddish-brown dorsum spotted and marbled with yellowish orange, the pale undersurface of the body with blue-black to black spots (including spi- racular openings), and pale legs with 2 blackish stripes on each tibia and femur. Rhinacloa pallidipes Maldonado Recently, F. W. Mead (Fla. Dept. Agric., Gainesville) sent to me an adult female plant bug (USNM) collected alive on Brazilian pepper, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, at Hollywood, Broward Co., Florida, 27 Oct. 1983, by L. J. Daigle. I identified the specimen as Rhinacloa pallidipes by using Maldonado’s (1969) key 520 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON to the Puerto Rican species of Rhinacloa and comparing it to types housed in the USNM. This is the first report of the species in the United States and the only record since its original description from Puerto Rico (Maldonado, 1969). Rhinacloa pallidipes is very close to R. punctipes Maldonado, also previously known only from Puerto Rico. The two species can be distinguished only by a slight variation in the degree of darkness of the spots on the pale hindfemora. It is my opinion that this small difference is only infraspecific variation and that upon study of additional material the species will prove to be conspecific. In the U.S. fauna, Rhinacloa pallidipes is most similar to R. forticornis (Reuter) in the general dark coloration of the dorsum and antennae, but it can be separated from forticornis by the yellowish-brown, dark-spotted femora and the dark, satinlike patch on the anterior part of the propleura immediately behind the eyes. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS R. C. Froeschner (USNM) and A. G. Wheeler, Jr. (Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg) kindly reviewed the manu- script. LITERATURE CITED Dallas, W. S. 1851. List of the specimens of hemipterous insects in the collections of the British Museum. Part I. London. 368 pp. Distant, W. L. 1880-1893. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heter- optera. Vol. I. pp. 1-302 (1880-1884); Suppl. pp. 304-462 (1884-1893). London. Kirkaldy, G. W. 1909. Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera). Vol. I. Cimicidae. F. L. Dames, Publ., Berlin. 392 pp. Maldonado-C., J. 1969. The Miridae of Puerto Rico (Insecta, Hemiptera). Univ. Puerto Rico, Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Pap. 45. 133 pp. Rolston, L. H. 1976. An evaluation of the generic assignment of some American Pentatomini (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 84: 1-8. Rolston, L. H. and F. J. D. McDonald. 1981. Conspectus of Pentatomini genera of the Western Hemisphere. Part 2 (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 88: 257-272. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 521-542 CULEX (CULEX) MOLESTUS FORSKAL (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE): NEOTYPE DESIGNATION, DESCRIPTION, VARIATION, AND TAXONOMIC STATUS! RALPH E. HARBACH, BRUCE A. HARRISON, AND ADEL M. GAD (REH, BAH) Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, NHB-165, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA; (AMG) Research and Training Center on Vectors of Diseases, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. Abstract.—A neotype male and alloneotype female from Rosetta, Egypt, are designated and described for Culex molestus Forskal, 1775. The male, female, pupa, and larva are described and illustrated. Variation encountered in the adult, pupal, larval, and egg stages is discussed. The taxonomic status of molestus is discussed and evaluated in light of morphological, behavioral/physiological and crossing variations. A decision is made regarding the status of mo/estus that will help stabilize the nomenclature of the pipiens complex. The species, subspecies, and infraspecific forms that have been and still are attributed to the pipiens complex of Culex (Culex) represent one of the major outstanding problems in mosquito taxonomy. This problem has persisted for decades because of interpretational difficulties and controversy associated with a number of perplexing biological issues: autogeny/anautogeny, stenogamy/euryg- amy, anthropophily/zoophily/ornithophily, homodynamy/heterodynamy, mor- phology (including DV/D and D/V ratios, and siphon indices), taxonomy (absence of type-specimens and misidentifications), distributions (confounded by intro- ductions) and hybridization (hybrid swarms, and crossing studies confused by rickettsial symbionts). A world-wide study of these issues is desirable; unfortu- nately a comprehensive undertaking is beyond the scope of this study. However, for nomenclatural purposes, problems such as the absence of type-specimens can be resolved, and certainly should be, because the delimitation and fixation of names form the basis for taxonomic concepts. During the past four years the senior author has been working on the taxonomy of the pipiens complex in the Middle East, and more recently on a revision of the Culex (Culex) of northern Africa and southwestern Asia. These efforts have high- lighted the taxonomic instability and misunderstanding surrounding the identi- fication of members of the pipiens complex in this region. Marshall and Staley (1937), Jobling (1938), Marshall (1944), Knight (1951), and Christophers (1951) attempted to outline stable morphological characters for Cx. molestus Forskal, ' The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the supporting agencies. 522 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON and other members of the pipiens complex. However, since the 1950’s it has become more apropos to define mo/estus on the basis of behavioral and phys- iological traits. Culex molestus was recently elevated to specific status on the basis of premating isolation behavior (Miles 1977a, Knight 1978) between members of the pipiens complex in Australia. Unfortunately, no attempt has been made to define molestus morphologically, as originally described by Forskal prior to the use of behavioral and physiological traits. Recently, Belkin (1977) firmly established the priority of Cx. quinquefasciatus Say over Cx. fatigans Wiedemann, and Sirivanakarn and White (1978) designated a neotype to fix the identity of quinquefasciatus. We feel that similar stabilization is badly needed for molestus and other nominal forms, and is essential for resolving the taxonomy of the pipiens complex. BACKGROUND AND METHODS Past efforts to resolve the taxonomic status of molestus were hampered because of uncertainty about the location of Forskal’s type-specimens. For this reason, there have been no prior attempts to designate a neotype for this species. However, we believe that the original specimens of molestus are non-extant and that a neotype should be designated. According to Zimsen (1964) and Knight (1972), Petrus (Peter) Forskal died 12 years before the description of molestus was published posthumously by Carsten Niebuhr (Forskal, 1775). Forskal succumbed, presumably to malaria, during the ‘**Arabian Journey,” a scientific expedition to Egypt and other Arab countries that was supported by the Danish Government. Before his death, Forskal sent collec- tions of natural history specimens home, but some of these were lost en route. Specimens of molestus, if they were ever sent, may have been part of the collections which never reached their destination. All attempts to locate Forskal’s specimens of molestus have failed. Stone et al. (1959:256) and Knight and Stone (1977:219) indicate that the location of type-material is unknown. In fact, there are hand- written notes in the Stone/Knight files in the NMNH indicating there is “‘negative evidence”’ for the existence of type-specimens for mo/estus. Although Linnaeus received Egyptian and Arabian specimens from Forskal, there is no evidence that mosquitoes were included (Jackson, 1913). Zimsen (1964) mentions that a number of insect species described by Fabricius came from the Forskal collections; how- ever, none of the mosquitoes described by Fabricius came from Egypt or Arabia. Furthermore, a recent check of the Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copen- hagen, revealed there are no specimens of molestus associated with the Fabricius Collection (L. Lyneborg, personal communication). We made extensive collections of immature mosquitoes in Egypt between 15 March and 13 May, 1983. Areas surveyed in the south included Abu Simbel near the Sudanese border, the Nile Valley from the Aswan High Dam north to Idfu, and the Red Sea coast between Qusier and Bernice. Areas surveyed in the north were Siwa Oasis, El-Faiyum, the Red Sea coast from Suez to Ras Shukheir, and the Nile Delta. While working in the Nile Delta we made collections in Rosetta, Cairo, and Alexandria, the three specific type-localities for molestus. Adults matching Forskal’s description of mo/estus were reared from all the areas collected. A neotype (specific information is provided with the designation below) and alloneotype were selected from material collected at Rosetta. Specimens reared VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 523 with the neotype and alloneotype include 14 adults (3 males with pupal exuviae; 3 males and 8 females with both larval and pupal exuviae) and 16 fourth-instar larvae. Material collected in Rosetta was also colonized for behavioral/physio- logical studies. About 380 specimens were obtained from Cairo and Alexandria: some 64 males, 87 females, 151 pupal exuviae, 60 larval exuviae, and 20 fourth- instar larvae. In all, more than 1500 adults, approximately 90% with larval and/ or pupal exuviae, and hundreds of fourth-instar larvae were obtained from 87 of 175 collections made in Egypt. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of the adult, pupal, and larval stages of the neotype are provided. Characters which differ in the alloneotype are described, and some important adult sexual differences are illustrated. A description of diagnostic and variable characters for each life stage based on associated specimens is also included. Character measurements, setal counts, and setal branching counts were made on the neotype and alloneotype, and 10 specimens collected with them. The morphological terminology follows Harbach and Knight (1980), except that siphon indices were calculated using the basal width of the siphon rather than the width measured at midlength. A translation of Forskal’s original Latin description of molestus precedes the description of the neotype. It is included to show that the neotype and associated material conform to Forskal’s concept of mo/estus. Additional evidence for this conformity is given in the discussion. Culex (Culex) molestus Forskal Culex molestus Forskal 1775: 85. “CULEX molestus; antennae with whorls of pile; proboscis ash-colored, apex black, rather thick; dorsum dark, with six pale bands. ““Descr. Size and appearance of the common Culex pipiens [or perhaps, “‘com- mon twittering Culex’’]. Eyes greenish, consisting of numerous little globules. Front dark as well as the Thorax. Proboscis subclavate, that is thicker toward the apex and black; lower part ash-colored. Antennae setaceous, somewhat shorter than proboscis, furnished with large pilose whorls, about 13, as I would see them, base with a single segment. Bare indeed as perceived by the eyes, but poorly; because between them [pedicels?] are dense, erect, small hairs; one must use a microscope. Lower thorax and abdomen ashy-white. Dorsum dark, suture of segments 6 and 7 pale. Whole body and Legs pilose: femora ash-colored: tibiae dark. Wings dark, posterior margin ciliate. Ha/teres ash-colored, knob dark. “Rosetta, Cairo and Alexandria tremendously abundant, bothers sleepers at night and difficult to avoid them unless with well-closed curtains.” Neotype (hereby designated): ¢ (173-4) with associated larval and pupal exuviae and genitalia on slides, Rosetta (= Rashid), Buhayrah Gov., Egypt, 6 May 83, ground pool with organic pollutants 2-3 m from open cesspit, Coll. Harbach/ Gad. Deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., Type No. 101367. Male (neotype) (Figs. 1, 2).—A medium-sized mosquito without striking fea- tures and special ornamentation. Head: Length of antennal flagellum 1.4 mm; flagellomeres 1-12 pale between whorls; flagellomeres 13 and 14 dark, length about 0.6 mm, approximately 0.4 of flagellum length; pedicel dark, paler laterally. 524 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Proboscis without ventral cluster of setae near false joint; mainly black-scaled, with ventral patch of cream-colored scales 0.5-0.7 from base; length 2.1 mm, false joint 1.3 mm from base; labella yellowish. Length of maxillary palpus 2.5 mm, 1.2 of proboscis length, extending beyond tip of proboscis by nearly length of palpomere 5; palpus mainly dark-scaled, integument between palpomeres 2 and 3 pale; lateral surface of palpomere 3 with subtle stripe of creamy-white scales in middle, stripe bordered ventrally by row of long dark setae on distal 0.5 of palpomere, with ventromesal row of small antrorsely-curved pale setae along most of length; palpomere 4 with nearly complete ventral stripe of white scales tapering distally; base of palpomere 5 with small ventral patch of white scales; long lateral setae of palpomeres 4 and 5 longest at base of 4, gradually shortening to apex of 5. Forked scales of vertex rather short, dark, some paler medially; falcate scales narrow, pale yellow, paler laterally; lateral spatulate scales creamy white. Ocular setae dark reddish brown, curved anteriorly. Interocular space narrow, with few pale falcate scales continuous with those of vertex and 2 large, golden setae pro- jecting ventrally over clypeus. Thorax (Fig. 1A, B): Pleural integument faded yellowish brown; scutal integument brown, paler laterally. Scutal scales fine, gold- en brown with slight reddish tint; scales finer on fossae and supraalar areas; integument and scales between supraalar and posterior dorsocentral setae notice- ably darker, evident as pair of ovoid spots, particularly when viewed in dorsal aspect; pale yellow scales on margin of prescutellar area. Scutal setae dark reddish brown, prominent. Scutellum with narrow, pale yellow falcate scales; 5 large setae on each lateral lobe, 7 on median lobe. Antepronotum with pale yellow falcate scales and dark setae. Postpronotum with golden-brown falcate scales, paler pos- teriorly; with 6 dark setae on posterodorsal margin, longer posteriorly. Pleural setae golden brown, numbers on left side as follows: 13 upper proepisternal in more or less double row, 10 prealar, 4 upper mesokatepisternal, 6 lower meso- katepisternal, 6 upper mesepimeral and | lower mesepimeral. Pleural spatulate scales nearly white: few below upper proepisternal setae, patches on upper corner and lower posterior border of mesokatepisternum, anterior patch on mesepimeron at level of upper mesokatepisternal patch, and small patch before upper mesepi- meral setae; without prealar and postspiracular scales. Wing: Length 3.1 mm; cell R, 2.4 of R,, 3; subcosta intersects costa before furcation of R,,;; cell M, 0.7 of cell R,; scales entirely dark. Dorsal scaling: squame scales on costa, subcosta, R, R,, Rais, M3,4, mcu and CuA; plume scales on R,, R5,3;, R>, R3, M, M,4, and distally on 1A; near-linear decumbent scales on M,, M, and proximally on 1A; remigium with 2 distinct rows of scales, and 3 setae distally. Ventral scaling: squame scales on costa, subcosta, base of R,, R,, R53, bases of R, and R;, M, M,,,. and bases of M, and M.,; plume scales on other veins and parts of veins except CuA before mcu and proximal 0.75 of 1A which are without scales. Halter: Scabellum and pedicel yellowish brown, capitellum with black scales. Legs (Fig. 1E): Anterior surface of forecoxa mainly black-scaled, with small basal patch of yellowish scales, anterior surface also with many long, brown, ventrally-curved setae, apex with 3 shorter setae on posterior margin, most proximal seta more or less perpendicular to surface, others project ventrally; midcoxa with midlateral longitudinal row of 4 well-developed golden-brown setae and longitudinal patch of creamy-white spatulate scales on anterior side of setae, anterior surface with few black scales and several short ventrally-projecting setae at apex; posterolateral VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 525 surface of hindcoxa with 7 golden-brown setae, anterolateral surface with narrow longitudinal row of creamy-white spatulate scales and 4 short ventrally-projecting setae at apex, mesal surface with 2 dark setae at apex. Trochanters with nearly white spatulate scales on posteroventral surface, anteroventral surface of fore- and midtrochanters with some black spatulate scales. Anterior surface of forefemur with black scales, posterior surface with off-white scales, apex with subtle narrow border of pale yellow scales dorsally; midfemur like forefemur but black scaling extended over dorsal surface distally; hindfemur with complete anterodorsal stripe of black scales, stripe gradually expanded distally onto anterior and posterior surfaces, apex with narrow border of pale yellow scales dorsally. Foretibia with black scales dorsally, gray scales ventrally; midtibia with black scales anteriorly, off-white scales posteriorly; hindtibia mainly with black scales, posteroventral surface with gray scales, anterodorsal surface with subtle spot of grayish-white scales at apex. Tarsi black-scaled, scales slightly paler ventrally, particularly on tarsomere 1. Pulvilli pale. Ungues black; anterior foreunguis longer than posterior one, both stout, anterior one with small ventral tooth near midlength, posterior one with small tooth nearer base; anterior midunguis like that of foreleg, posterior midunguis smaller, more slender, with tiny ventral tooth near midlength; hind- ungues very small, simple. Abdomen (Fig. 1G): Terga mainly black-scaled; tergum I golden setose, with some median black scales on posterior border; posterior margins of terga II-VII with row of golden setae, median setae nearly length of basal band of next tergum, lateral setae longer, about 0.75 of tergum length; lateral scale-free areas of terga II-VII with long laterally-projecting golden setae; tergum II with basomedian yellowish spot; terga III-VII with basal yellowish bands 0.4 of tergum length, bands produced posteriorly along lateral scale-free areas, par- ticularly on terga V-VII, giving them a concave appearance; tergum VIII (ventral in position) with golden setae and yellowish scales, posterior margin slightly emarginate in middle with row of rather short setae on either side of emargination. Sterna II-VII pale (same color as basal bands of terga) with few median black scales; sternum VIII (dorsal in position) with dingy white scales; all sterna golden setose. Genitalia (Fig. 2C—H): Ninth tergal lobes small, with 8 and 10 unevenly- spaced setae on left and right lobes, respectively. Gonocoxite normal, ventrolateral setae strongly developed, these longer and stouter than lateral setae, mesal surface with 5 rows of small setae extending from base to level of subapical lobe; subapical lobe undivided, setae a—fin more or less straight row with gap between c and d, seta g immediately lateral to d-f seta h lateral to g,; a—c nearly straight, a and b stout, c more slender, apex of a blunt, apex of b and c hooked and pointed; d-f shorter than a—c, hooked apically, d and e slender, f laterally flattened and ap- pearing broad in lateral view; g foliform, evenly rounded distally; / slender, bent distally. Gonostylus stout, curved and tapered distally, with 2 small, slender setae on distal 0.3 of slightly concave dorsal surface; gonostylar claw short, broadest apically, troughlike. Phallosome longer than broad with lateral plates and aedeagus of nearly equal length; lateral plate with definite dorsal, lateral and ventral arms, dorsal arm broad, apex nearly truncate, slightly sinuous in lateral aspect and diverging from its mate of the opposite side; lateral arm broad in lateral view, its posterior margin more or less trilobed, the ventral lobe more prominent than the others and bent ventrolaterally, base of lateral arm with thumblike dorsal process, base of this process continuous mesally with dorsal aedeagal bridge; ventral arm 526 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Se wo i We NASHUA BANA MRAM VoD (02 ALCS neotype 173-4 alloneotype 173-2 | 2.0 1 neotype ul Li neotype alloneotype VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 527 narrow and curved with apex directed laterally. Aedeagus subcylindrical, narrowed distally; ventral aedeagal bridge relatively wide, joining aedeagal sclerites just beyond midlength. Proctiger without distinctive features; paraproct with small, conical basal lateral arm, crown dark with numerous short, spinelike spicules. Cercal sclerite elongate, irregularly shaped; 4 and 3 cercal setae on left and right sides, respectively. Tergum X rectangular, adjoining paraproct below basal lateral arm. Alloneotype: 2 (173-2) with associated larval and pupal exuviae and same data as neotype. Female (Alloneotype).— Like neotype except as follows. Head: Length of an- tennal flagellum 1.9 mm, entirely dark, pedicel and flagellomere 1 with tiny white scales on mesal surface, mesal surface of pedicel also with tiny setae. Proboscis length 2 mm; proximal 0.7 of ventral surface with cream-colored scales. Maxillary palpus entirely black-scaled; length 0.4 mm, about 0.2 of proboscis length. Forked scales of vertex more numerous, entirely dark. Cibarial armature (Fig. 1D, de- scribed and illustrated from specimens collected with the alloneotype): Cibarial crest concave, slightly produced in middle; with about 25 short, blunt teeth, several teeth in middle narrower and longer. Cibarial dome nearly elliptical in dorsal outline, slightly produced anteriorly in middle; surface with imbrication of pointed scalelike markings. Thorax: Scutal and pleural scales and setae same as neotype except ovoid spots between supraalar and posterior dorsocentral setae indistinct; numbers of some pleural setae on left side differ as follows: 8 upper proepisternal, 8 lower mesokatepisternal and 7 upper mesepimeral. Wing (Fig. 1F): Length 3.7 mm; cell R, 4.8 of R,,3; subcosta intersects costa beyond furcation of R,,;; cell M, 0.8 of cell R,; remigium with 3 setae on left wing, 2 on right wing. Legs: Like neotype except midcoxa with 5 setae in midlateral row; hindcoxa with 8 setae on posterolateral surface. Ungues very small, simple. Abdomen (Fig. 1H, I): Tergum I with median posterior pair of black scale-patches; tergum II with basomedian spot of yellowish scales and lateral patches of white scales; terga HI-VII with basal bands of yellowish scales and rather large basolateral spots of white scales, bands 0.25 of tergum length, slightly convex on terga III and IV and not reaching spots, straight on terga V—VII and contiguous with spots; tergum VIII white- scaled. Sterna II-VII with yellowish scales, with few subtle dark scales in middle; sternum VIII with whitish scales on lateral margins, broad median area devoid of scales. Genitalia (Fig. 1C, described and illustrated from specimens collected with the alloneotype): Sternum VIII with rounded median posterior emargination. Tergum IX narrow, posterolateral margin of either side with irregular row of 7— 13 setae. Upper vaginal lip narrow, distinct; lower vaginal lip and insula indistinct; 8-12 insular setae in dense transverse row. Upper vaginal sclerite distinct; U-shaped. Postgenital lobe short, apex slightly concave to rounded, row of 6-8 setae on either side of midline extending from dorsal to ventral surface over apex. Cercus — Fig. 1. Culex (Culex) molestus Forskal. A, Scutum of neotype male. B, Thorax of neotype male (left side). C, Female genitalia. D, Female cibarial armature. E, Legs of neotype male (anterior aspect of left legs). F, Right wing of alloneotype female (dorsal). G, Abdomen of neotype male (dorsal). H, I, Abdomen of alloneotype female (H, dorsal; I, left side). Scales in mm. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Culex (Culex) molestus neotype VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 529 short, laterally compressed, broad in lateral view, apex bluntly rounded, lateral and ventral surfaces setose; cercus/dorsal postgenital lobe index 2.80-3.10. The following variation was observed in specimens collected with the type- specimens. Head: Proboscis length 1.9-2.1 mm, mean 2.0 mm; length of maxillary palpus 0.4 mm in females (proboscis/palpus 5.0—5.3), 2.2-2.5 mm in males, mean 2.3 mm (palpus/proboscis |.10—1.26, mean 1.18). Thorax: Ovoid spots of scutum often indistinct in females, when distinct, acrostichal and fossal scales sometimes equally dark and distinct; ovoid spots usually distinct in males. Postpronotum usually with 6 setae (5, 6); pleural setae: usually 8 or 9 upper proepisternal (7- 15), 5-11 prealar, usually 4 upper mesokatepisternal (3-5), 5—8 lower mesokatepi- sternal, 4—9 upper mesepimeral. Wing: Length 3.6-—3.7 mm in females, 2.8-3.1 mm in males; cell R,/R>,;4.6—6.0 in females, 2.4—3.3 in males; subcosta intersects costa beyond furcation of R,,,; in females, at or before furcation in males; cell M,/cell R, 0.7—0.8. Abdomen: Basal bands of terga always yellowish, shape vari- able; basomedian spot of tergum I sometimes nearly or entirely lost; basal bands of terga III-VII either convex, straight or concave, bands of terga III and VII sometimes nearly or entirely lost in females; basal bands usually 0.20-0.25 length of terga in females, 0.25—0.30 in males. Sterna usually entirely pale-scaled. Pupa (Neotype) (Fig. 2A, B).—Character and arrangement of setae as figured. Cephalothorax: Lightly tanned, legs and metathorax darker. Trumpet: Moderately tanned, almost cylindrical, gradually widened distally, index 5.0; tracheoid area darkened, extending 0.33 from base; pinna oblique, about length of tracheoid area. Abdomen: Lightly tanned, terga I-V darker in middle; length 3.2 mm. Genital lobe: Lightly tanned; length 0.4 mm. Paddle: Lightly tanned, midrib and buttress darker; midrib distinct except at apex; length 0.8 mm, width 0.6 mm, index 1.3. The alloneotype resembles the neotype except as follows: trumpet index 6.2; abdominal length 3.3 mm; genital lobe length 0.2 mm; paddle 0.9 x 0.7 mm with same index. Table | lists the range and modal number of branches for pupal setae observed in the types and associated specimens. Diagnostic and variable characters include the following. Cephalothorax: Seta 1-CT with 3 or 4 branches; 2-CT with 4 or 5 branches; 3, 4-CT usually with 3 branches (2-4); 6, 7, 9, 11-CT usually double; 10-CT with 5-13 branches, often with about 8. Trumpet: Index 4.9-6.2, mean 5.4. Abdomen: Setae 6-I, II single; 7-I, II usually double; 1-II multiple (14-24); 1-III—-V frequently with at least 6 branches; 2-II, VII lateral to seta 1, 2-III-VI mesal to seta 1; 5-IV often with 4 branches, rarely double (2-5); 5-V, VI usually double; 6-III—VI usually with 3 or 4 branches. Paddle: Index 1.2—1.4, mean 1.3. Larva (Neotype) (Fig. 3).—Placement and attributes of setae as figured. Head: Length 0.8 mm, width 1.1 mm; mainly lightly tanned, labiogula, posterior 0.5 of lateralia and posterior border of dorsal apotome moderately tanned; dorsal apo- ae Fig. 2. Culex (Culex) molestus Forskal, neotype male. A, B, Pupa (A, dorsolateral aspect of ceph- alothorax (left side); B, dorsal and ventral aspects of left side of metathorax and abdomen). C-H, Genitalia, aspects as indicated (C, gonocoxite; D, phallosome; E, F, lateral plate and aedeagal sclerite; G, tergum IX; H, proctiger). Scales in mm. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 530 “SuOUIIOSdS Z UI [J-O] BIOS YIM BULLINIIO » “suoumloods J9y10 Z Ul pue ‘adAJOOUO]][e 94} UI Opis 9UO UO BULLINIIO p “ATUO SNOOATY > ‘(apoul) o8uey 4 “sugurtoads-adA} 9y1 YIM po1d9]]09 susutoeds Q] pue ‘adAjoouoTye ‘adAjoou ay] UO apeu sJUNOD UO paseg e a == Cal I I I I I = = = vl = = = = ae = = = = 3 = €1 a a= = a = = = = <= = (€) p-Z rea — = = Miva (re =1 Oe 1 I I a “€ CDcaeal (C)ieo II = = — I Gal I (6 (eZ AZ) € “7 2 (8) €I-S OI = = (L) 11-9 (S$) 9-b I I I I I Cia Wie 1 6 = == = (p) S-Z (€) p-Z (v) p-Z (g) v ‘€ (ic=e = = (p) L-v 8 = = = I I (S) 9-€ (€) S-€ (S) 8-P CZHEXC (Z) p-Z (Zig sc Ii = =a = (S) OI-v (bp) 9-€ (pb) 9-€ (€) $-Z (€) -Z I I (SSI 9 = = i (ais Oe I (CAS. (6 (pb) 9-7 (S) OI-r (S$) 9-b (S) 8-P (9) L-€ ¢ = = (Z) €-1 (NGA! (€) 9-7 (pb) 9-€ (Z) S-7 (pb) 8-b (p) L-7 (a7 (€) p-Z v = = = (Z) €-1 (@'t=Z Mis G (S) S-€ (IE i 6 (ie G () tae € I = = Mig I I I I I (1) b-1 (pb) S ‘bp iG Coram | I = (S) S-€ (pb) L-€ (9) L-P (9) 6-S (6) 6-S (61) p7-F1 (79) SL-9€ ab) b “€ I = = I I I I I (Die 1 I = = 0 d XI IIIA IIA IA A Al Ill Il I 19) Jaquinyy 21PPped xeioylojeyday B19S s]UdWIdag [eUIWIOpgy (SS SSS SSS SSS SK e [RYSIOT snjsajow (xajnD) xajnZ Jo oejas [ednd 10} soyoueig Jo JaqUINN ‘| IqQeL VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 531 tome with moderately tanned spots as follows: crescentic spot just anterior to each seta 8-C, small median spot immediately posterior to bases of seta 5-C, median transverse oval spot midway between bases of seta 5-C and posterior margin of head, latter with small spot on either side laterally. Median labral plate narrow but distinct, anterior margin slightly emarginate between insertions of seta 1-C. Labiogula longer than broad, broader posteriorly; hypostomal suture com- plete, extended posterolaterally from posterior tentorial pit to near collar. Collar moderately developed along lateralia, heavily tanned. Mouthparts developed for filter-feeding. Dorsomentum with 12 teeth on either side of median tooth. An- tenna: Length 0.4 mm, 0.5 length of head; moderately tanned, mesal surface with dark spot at base; part proximal to seta 1-A with strongly-developed aciculae, distal part slender and smooth; seta 1-A 0.7 from base. Thorax: Integument hyaline, tubercles of all large setae moderately tanned; setae 1-3-P and 9-12-P, M, T on common tubercles. Abdomen: Integument hyaline, tubercles of setae 7-I, 6-I-VI and 1, 3, 5- VIII moderately tanned, tubercle of setae 2, 3-X heavily tanned. Segment VIII: Comb with 48 and 40 scales on left and right sides, respectively; scales short, evenly fringed on sides and apex, arranged in 4 irregular rows. Siphon: Index 3.35; imperceptibly sigmoid in lateral view, broadest at base; moderately tanned, darker at base and apex; acus attached, longer on posterior side of at- tachment. Pecten of either side with 14 spines, spines rather short, larger spines with 3 or 4 long basal denticles. Seta 1-S in 4 pairs, 1c-S almost directly anterior of 1b-S. Segment X: Saddle complete; moderately tanned, darker dorsally; pos- terodorsal area with minute spicules; length 0.3 mm, saddle/siphon index 3.60. 4-X with 1 unpaired and 6 paired setae, each seta arising from the grid. Anal papillae elongate, subacutely tapered; dorsal and ventral pairs of equal length, about length of saddle. The alloneotype resembles the neotype except for the following principal dif- ferences: length of head 0.9 mm, width 1.2 mm; dorsal apotome moderately tanned, darker posteriorly, spots less distinct; length of antenna nearly 0.5 mm; comb with 43 and 46 scales on left and right sides, respectively; siphon index 3.65, pecten with 11 and 13 spines on left and right sides, respectively; length of saddle 0.4 mm, saddle/siphon index 3.53. The range and modal number of branches of larval setae determined from the types and associated specimens are given in Table 2. A description of diagnostic and variable characters follows. Head: Seta 1-C slender, tapered distally, slightly bent mesad; 3-C distinct, 2-C absent; 4-C single, rather long; 5-C usually with 5 branches (4-7); 6-C commonly with 4 or 5 branches (3-6), more frequently with 4; 7-C resembles 5, 6-C, most often with 10 branches (8-13); 8-C usually double (2, 3); 10-C double; 11-13-C double or triple, more frequently double; dorso- mentum frequently with 12 teeth (10-13) on either side of median tooth. Thorax: Setae 1-3-P all single, nearly of equal length; 4, 7, 8-P usually double, 4-P with 3 branches on right side of neotype only, 7-P with 3 branches on left side of neotype and in one other specimen examined, 8-P with 3 branches on left side of alloneotype only; 11-P usually with 4 or 5 branches (3-6). Seta 1-M single, about 0.5 of 3-M; 3-M single; 4-M double, single in alloneotype only. Seta 1-T short, 0.5 or less length of 2-T. Abdomen: Seta 3-I, VII usually single, occasionally double; seta 6-I-VI long, 6-I, II normally with 3 or 4 branches, 6-II double in one specimen examined, 6-III—VI usually double; 7-I usually double; 1-III-VI 532 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON = Culex (Culex) mo/estus neotype VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 533 usually double, one branch longer than the other. Segment VIII: Comb with 38- 53 scales, mean 45; seta 3-VIII usually with 8 branches (7-9); seta 5-VIII usually with 4 branches (3-5). Siphon: Slightly S-shaped in lateral view; index 3.01—5.77, mean 3.96 (for 77 specimens from Rosetta, Alexandria, and Cairo); pecten with 11-18 spines, mean 14. Segment X: Saddle/siphon index 2.97—4.16, mean 3.54; seta I-X usually single (1, 2); 4-X with 6 paired setae, sometimes with an additional unpaired seta. Behavior/physiology (observations by AMG).—Approximately 80% of the F, females obtained from specimens collected at Rosetta laid fertile autogenous eggs in the laboratory. Individuals mated freely in 30 x 30 x 30 cm cages and in glass cylinders 20 cm long and 10 cm in diameter. Most autogenous rafts were laid three days after the females had emerged, but some were laid up to two weeks after emergence. Females fed aggressively on the arm of a human following de- position of autogenous rafts. DISCUSSION There is no doubt that the neotype, alloneotype, and associated specimens are conspecific with the mosquito Forskal (1775) described and named Culex mo- lestus. Forskal’s diagnosis, description, and comments contain several critical clues that, when combined, eliminate the other species found in the type-localities of Rosetta, Cairo, and Alexandria. The clues are: (1) proboscis dark above, ash- colored below; (2) dorsum [abdomen] dark, with 6 pale bands; (3) size and ap- pearance like Cx. pipiens Linnaeus; (4) tibiae dark; (5) wings dark; (6) tremen- dously abundant in all three type-localities; (7) bothers sleepers at night [1.e., bites man]; and (8) difficult to avoid unless with well closed curtains [i.e., inside homes]. Of 25 mosquito species confirmed from Egypt west of the Gulf of Suez, there are 13 (other than molestus) that could have been collected by Forskal which we must compare with the clues listed above. Two Aedes species can be eliminated quickly. Aedes (Ochlerotatus) caspius (Pallas) and Ae. (Och.) detritus (Haliday) have extensive pale scales on the proboscis, legs, wings, and abdomen. Further- more, 4e. caspius has distinct pale tarsal bands and detritus has never been collected near Cairo. Culiseta (Allotheobaldia) longiareolata (Macquart) is very abundant in all three type-localities, but is very large, has pale scales on the wings, pale longitudinal stripes on the legs and does not bite man. Culex (Lasiosiphon) adairi Kirkpatrick and Cx. (Neoculex) deserticola Kirkpatrick are small pale species only collected infrequently in desert rock pools/wells, and never recorded biting man or from the Nile Delta. Culex (Barraudius) pusillus Macquart is a small dark species without pale bands on the abdomen, having only pale lateral patches. Apparently, Cx. pusillus is entirely autogenous, as it has not been observed feeding and could not be induced to bite (Kirkpatrick, 1925). Culex (Cux.) mimeticus Noé, Cx. (Cux.) poicilipes (Theobald), and Cx. (Cux.) tritaeniorhynchus Giles all possess a very distinct pale band on the proboscis, besides, only poicilipes has — Fig. 3. Culex (Culex) molestus Forskal, neotype male, larva. A, Head (dorsal and ventral aspects of left side). B, Thorax and abdominal segments I-VI (dorsal and ventral aspects of left side). C, Dorsomentum. D, Abdominal segments VII—X (left side). E, Pecten spine. F, Comb scale. Scales in mm. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 534 ‘(opow) sduey ‘susuitoads-ad4} ay} YIM pajoa][oo suaurioads Q] pue ‘adAjoouol[e ‘adAjoou ay} UO ape s}UNOD UO poseg » = a = = = = = = = = = = (es Si = I I I I I = = —= (02) 97-41 (Dal [mata = (Ei Gan SOR ce US)iSace (ee ~ eir—c, GI)ieceon (Z) €-1 (pb) 9-p (€Z) LZ-SI = (C) Gee Bel = I I fe CDC Tt SCOie= 1 (ie I ()'e-1 I I I eG tel = (Z) p-Z ()itecs weve U(syecc SO (GO)S=6 (S) OI-€ (Z) €-I OnaG (pb) 9-€ (Ce ae ell = I I I I I I I I I I G SOl = (€) 8-€ I I I I I (CV S=K (L) 6-S (9) 8-¢ I (ieee a6 = (p) S-Z (S) C= UDC I I I = (Gpsie6 (L) 6-S Ge ™% (iS ze Ss = I i WARE WOO ONS (pb) S-€ (ie Ge ODIONS! I @icae (Ol) Gi Shae. = (CDIEI-Ol Z Z G EOexe (€) p-Z (€) p “€ I I I (p)9-€ 9 = (2) E=1 (Sh GMS GG Th UO) (Bre “Ul )il=Z I I I (Sie Ss (9) OI-S I Oey “ere ih yt Wi-s “WD ces (b) p-Z (ORG 1 (GS 76 I I (se I I Is CCl I MG 4! CG 1 (bp) S-€ I I it “E Z I CG I I I I I I (Z) €-I (€) S-Z I = 0 CL al (€) b “€ j (er (Ge Mao (Z) €-I (bp) S-€ (€) p-Z I I 1, Sal = I I I I I I I = = = a(91) 61-6 ji 0) > IIIA IIA IA A Al Ill II I Ab W d oO) 49q a a peoH -UWnN S1USWIZag [eUIWIOpgy xeloy B19 e [RYSIO Snjsajou (XajnD) XajND JO BAIL] Je{SUI-YLINOJ dy) JO IeIIS JOJ S9yoUBIG JO JOQUINNY °*Z JIQeL VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 535 been collected (infrequently) in the Delta of Egypt. Culex mimeticus has distinct pale scaling on the wings and is known in Egypt only from the far western oases, while tritaeniorhynchus is known only from the southwestern oases. Culex (Cux.) perexiguus Theobald is somewhat similar to molestus and seasonally common in the Delta, but is darker, has a pale stripe on the hindtibia, and normally feeds on birds. Culex (Cux.) theileri Theobald is a large pale species that is not very common in the Delta and has pale longitudinal stripes on the femora, tibiae, and first tarsomeres. Culex (Cux.) laticinctus Edwards is morphologically similar to molestus except for much broader pale bands on the abdomen. However, Cx. laticinctus is not known to bite man or enter houses and is uncommon in the Delta. We did not find this species during 30 days of collecting all over the Delta, but did see several specimens in collections that were made near Alexandria in the 1920’s. Next to molestus, Cx. (Cux.) antennatus (Becker) was the most com- mon Cu/ex encountered in the Delta. This species bites man, but prefers large domestic animals. It is exophilic and easily separated from molestus by the absence of pale abdominal bands and the presence of pale lateral patches on only the more posterior terga. As seen from the above, only one species presently occurs in the Nile Delta of Egypt and in the three type-localities that conforms to Forskal’s description. This is the species called pipiens by Kirkpatrick (1925) and Knight and Abdel Malek (1951). It is the most abundant mosquito in the three type-localities, it avidly bites man and is difficult to keep out of houses and even hotels. This is the species we collected, reared, and selected to serve as the neotype, alloneotype, and as- sociated specimens of Culex molestus. Morphological variation.— Culex molestus Forskal was regarded as a junior synonym of Culex pipiens Linnaeus until Marshall and Staley (1937) revived the name for strains exhibiting autogeny, anthropophily, and stenogamy. Subsequent- ly, specimens looking like pipiens, but exhibiting these behavioral/physiological traits, especially autogeny, have been treated under the name of molestus, either as a species, subspecies, or infraspecific form. Morphological differences between man-biting and man-ignoring forms of pip- lens were first noted by Ficalbi (1890) who observed that adults of the former were lighter in general coloration and lacked prominent pale spots at the apices of the femora and hindtibia. In 1896, Ficalbi noted differences in the length of the maxillary palpi of males as compared to the length of the proboscis. Much later, Marshall and Staley (1935a, b, 1937), Jobling (1938), and Christophers (1951) described additional adult characters, and a number of egg and larval characters, by which the autogenous form (mo/estus) could be distinguished from the anautogenous one (pipiens). These characters have proven to be so variable that most workers are unwilling to regard these forms as distinct species, or even subspecies. In fact, we made detailed comparisons between Egyptian specimens and a significant number of specimens of Cx. pipiens reared from larvae collected in a rural area near Veberéd, Sweden, and were unable to detect any constant morphological differences. Reference is made to this comparison in the paragraphs which follow. Specimens conforming to the neotype of mo/estus were reared from larvae collected in all of the areas surveyed in Egypt. However, a small number of relatively dark adults were obtained from larvae collected in more or less rural 536 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON areas. These specimens, mostly females, are characterized by having the basal bands of the abdominal terga reduced and/or indistinct, but are otherwise indis- tinguishable from the typical form. We also collected a small number of larvae in which the head and siphon were darker than usual. These were always collected with typical larvae from which they differed only in their more swarthy appear- ance. Some of the dark larvae developed into dark adults. We found neither dark larvae nor dark adults in the urban areas that were surveyed—including Aswan, Cairo, Alexandria, Rosetta, Port Said, and Suez. Knight and Abdel Malek (1951) also did not find dark adults in the Cairo area. The examination of hundreds of specimens resembling the neotype has shown that morphological variation is fairly constant and random for this form in Egypt. For this reason, the dark specimens appear to be nothing more than sporadic variants. In general, adults examined from Egypt were scarcely paler than specimens from Sweden. Similarly, Lewis (1945) reported that individuals of molestus oc- curring between Khartoum and the Egyptian frontier were not appreciably paler than specimens of pipiens from Ethiopia and Sudan. Pale spots were always seen at the apices of the femora and the hindtibia, but varied considerably in distinct- ness. Knee spots are apparently weakly developed and normally cannot be seen with the unaided eye in specimens from purely autogenous strains (cf. Marshall and Staley, 1937; Jobling, 1938; and Christophers, 1951). The abdominal sterna of specimens traditionally identified as pipiens usually, but not always, have prominent median patches of dark scales. This is true of specimens examined from Sweden. On the other hand, in specimens commonly recognized as mo/lestus, the sterna are usually entirely pale or have a few indistinct dark scales in the middle. This is the case with specimens from Egypt. Overall, the sternal scaling is not too variable: the dark scales are usually either present or entirely absent, or nearly so, with few specimens exhibiting an intermediate condition. There appears to be a definite selection for entirely pale sterna in autogenous strains and populations occurring in arid areas. Various authors maintain that the most reliable distinction between adults of molestus (autogenous strains) and pipiens (anautogenous strains) is the length of the maxillary palpi relative to the length of the proboscis in males. In pipiens, palpomeres 1-4 are said to be longer than the proboscis, and in molestus they are supposedly shorter than the proboscis. Christophers (1951) attributed this difference to the greater length of palpomere 4 in pipiens. He found that the length of palpomere 4 relative to that of palpomeres 1-3 was 2.71 in specimens he recognized as pipiens and 3.21 in specimens he called molestus. The variability of this character, however, is clearly evident in specimens from Egypt and Sweden. In males from Cairo, palpomeres 1-3 were found to be 2.75 to 3.87 times the length of palpomere 4 (Knight and Abdel Malek, 1951), while the palpi of males from Sweden often extend beyond the tip of the proboscis by less than the length of palpomere 5. Service (1968) found palpomere 4 was 2.95 + 0.38 times as long as palpomeres 1-3 in British pipiens. According to Vinogradova and Fomenko (1968), this character is unreliable for separating specimens from Uzbekistan, USSR, and pointed out that it was useful “‘only in combination with biological criteria.” Jobling (1938) noted another difference in the maxillary palpi of males. He described palpomere 3 as being “‘almost straight” in pipiens and “‘usually curved” VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 I9y/ in molestus. We have examined numerous specimens from many localities in northern Africa, southwestern Asia, and Europe, and have found that palpomere 3 is usually straight or only slightly curved in lateral view. Marshall and Staley (1938) and Marshall (1938, 1944) characterized the basal pale bands of the abdominal terga as being convex or bilobed in anautogenous females (pipiens) and straight in autogenous ones (molestus). Christophers (1951) remarked that the bands “strikingly differentiate the forms,’ but did not describe their appearance. Jobling (1938) also compared the tergal bands in autogenous and anautogenous females and found that they were of no diagnostic value. We have noted that the bands are always yellowish in color, but vary considerably in size and shape, sometimes also from terga to terga in a single specimen. Neither the male nor female genitalia offer characters for the separation of individuals from autogenous and anautogenous strains. Differences have been noted in the number of setae on the ninth tergum in both sexes, but this character is too inconstant to be of diagnostic value (cf. Marshall and Staley, 1935b, 1937; Jobling, 1938; Christophers, 1951; and Knight and Abdel Malek, 1951). Chris- tophers (1951) indicated that the dorsal arms of the male phallosome may possibly be more truncate in pipiens than molestus. The tips of the dorsal arms, however, frequently exhibit minor structural differences, although they are always blunt, and their appearance is easily influenced by positioning and the posture of the phallosome. Measurements of DV/D (Sundararaman, 1949) have not been studied in males from purely autogenous and anautogenous strains. Knight and Abdel Malek (1951) found DV/D ratios to vary from —0.14 to +0.02 (mean —0.07) in specimens from Cairo, while Service (1968) obtained a mean ratio of —0.10 + 0.02 in males from Brownsea Island and elsewhere in Britain. Using the method of Barr (1957), we obtained DV/D ratios ranging from —0.19 to zero (mean —0.09) for males from Sweden. Marshall (1944) stated that the pupae of pipiens are indistinguishable from those of molestus, but provided no comparative data. Apparently, little or no attention has been given to pupal characters. We were unable to find any mor- phological distinctions between pupae from Sweden and the type-locality of mo- lestus. The chaetotaxy and various character measurements were virtually iden- tical. Trumpet indices ranged from 4.9 to 6.2 (mean 5.4) in Egyptian specimens, and from 4.8 to 6.9 (mean 5.5) in pupae from Sweden. Paddle indices varied from 1.2 to 1.4 (mean 1.3) in the former, and from 1.2 to 1.6 (mean 1.4) in the latter. Egyptian specimens exhibited the greatest amount of variation in the length of the larval siphon. This is evident from the range of siphon indices calculated for specimens from the three type-localities listed by Forskal: 27 specimens from Rosetta yielded indices between 3.01 and 4.15 (mean 3.61), indices obtained from 24 specimens collected in Alexandria ranged from 3.80 to 5.07 (mean 4.50), and indices for 26 larvae from Cairo varied from 3.20 to 5.77 (mean 3.82). Overall, these values (3.01—5.77, mean 3.96) are higher than those previously obtained by Knight and Abdel Malek (1951) who found indices ranging from 2.7 to 4.7 (mean 3.7) in 98 specimens from the Cairo area. Kirkpatrick (1925) stated that the siphon index of Egyptian specimens was usually about 4.5 but varied from about 4.0 to about 5.2. Jobling (1938) and Lewis (1945) recorded indices varying from 3.5 to 4.7 (mean 3.9) and 3.5 to 5.3 (mean 4.3) in specimens from Palestine and the 538 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Sudan, respectively. For comparison, we measured the siphons of 106 pipiens larvae from the aforementioned Swedish population and obtained an average index of 4.99 with values ranging between 3.80 and 5.87. Simple f-test compar- isons showed that the means from the Egyptian and Swedish larvae were signif- icantly different (P < 0.005), yet there is considerable overlap in the range of indices. A large overlap was also observed for another index of siphon length, the saddle/siphon index, but a significant difference was likewise found between the means— Egyptian specimens showed a mean of 3.54 for indices ranging from 2.97 to 4.16, while specimens from Sweden had a mean of 4.04 with indices between 3.48 and 4.63. Despite the differences noted here, the character of the larval siphon is too inconstant over the whole range of pipiens to reflect specific or subspecific differences. Particularly illustrative of this is the mean siphon index of 4.06 + 0.24 and the mean saddle/siphon index of 3.27 + 0.18 that Service (1968) obtained from measurements made on larvae of pipiens from Britain. These values are undoubtedly significantly lower than those obtained from Swed- ish larvae, and the saddle/siphon index is considerably, if not significantly, lower than that obtained from the Egyptian specimens. Compare also the siphon indices obtained by Callot (1957) for specimens of pipiens and molestus (as autogenicus Roubaud) from France: mean of 3.8 for pipiens versus 3.2 for molestus. No other significant differences were found between the Egyptian and Swedish larvae. The chaetotaxy was found to be indistinguishable with many setae exhib- iting the same modal number of branches. Similarly, there was essentially no difference in the form or number of comb scales or pecten spines. The comb of Egyptian specimens frequently possessed 45 scales, but the number ranged from 38 to 53. Swedish specimens had 37 to 57 scales per comb with a modal number of 44. The modal number of pecten spines for both populations was 14 and the ranges were nearly identical, 11 to 18 for Egyptian larvae and 11 to 17 for those from Sweden. In 1951, Knight and Abdel Malek found almost exactly the same range and average number of pecten spines in specimens from Cairo: minimum 11, maximum 19 and 14.2 for the mean. Natvig (1948) recorded ranges of 28 to 60 (mean 41) and 12 to 18 (mean 15) for the number of comb scales and pecten spines, respectively, in specimens of pipiens examined from Scandinavia and Finland. Natvig, however, could not differentiate the larvae of pipiens and Cx. torrentium Martini and considered all larvae studied to be pipiens. Jobling (1938) noted slight differences in the number of dorsomental teeth in specimens he recognized as pipiens and molestus. He observed 14 to 24 teeth, with a mean of 18, in the former and 18 to 24 teeth with a mean of 21 in the latter. Comparison with specimens from Egypt and Sweden indicates that the number of dorsomental teeth is quite variable. Egyptian specimens examined by us had 20 to 26 teeth with a modal number of 24, while Knight and Abdel Malek (1951) reported that specimens from Cairo had between 16 and 26 teeth with an average of 20.4. In larvae from Sweden, the number of teeth varied from 16 to 22 and the mode was 20. Therefore, the Swedish specimens had slightly more teeth than the English larvae which Jobling (1938) treated under the name of pipiens, and more closely resembled his specimens of mo/estus with respect to this character. The number of branches for setae 1-S and 4-X, the length of the anal papillae, and the shape of the siphon, spiracular apodeme, and spiracular valves have been VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 539 used to distinguish larvae of mo/estus and pipiens, but all have been found to be much too variable for this purpose. No discrete or significant differences have been found in the size or structure of eggs obtained from autogenous and anautogenous strains (cf. Roubaud, 1935; Christophers, 1945; Cervone, 1957; Idris, 1960; Lincoln, 1965; and Hinton, 1968). Differences, however, have been reported in the size and shape of the egg rafts. Rafts obtained from anautogenous females are generally larger, usually containing 150-300 eggs, but the number of eggs varies considerably, e.g., Jobling (1938) examined rafts containing 77-505 eggs. Rafts deposited by autogenous females are generally smaller, containing 7-125 eggs (as reflected in the combined data of Marshall and Staley, 1935b and Jobling, 1938). Anautogenous rafts are usually elongate oval in shape (boat-shaped). Autogenous rafts are commonly oval, but may assume a variety of shapes: circular, oblong, square, rectangular, triangular, ribbonlike, or irregular. For comparison, studies on the Cairo population (Knight and Abdel Malek, 1951) revealed that over 40% of the rafts obtained from either autogenous or anautogenous females were boat-shaped. Furthermore, rafts ob- tained from blooded females contained 5—162 eggs (5-148 with human blood; 20-162 with pigeon blood), while those obtained from unfed females contained only 12-85 eggs. Considering that only a very small percentage of the females from the Cairo population lay autogenous rafts (0—4% depending on the collection site, mean 1.1%), the size of rafts obtained from blooded females is small when compared to the size of those reported for anautogenous populations from Europe. Taxonomic status.—The current status of mo/estus as a species is based on Knight (1978), who elevated the name because of evidence for premating behav- ioral isolation in attempted crosses between molestus and quinquefasciatus (as Cx. fatigans Wiedemann) in Australia (Miles, 1977a, b). Miles followed Drum- mond (1951) in ascribing the name molestus to a member of the pipiens complex in Australia that exhibited autogeny, stenogamy, and anthropophily. He also assumed that the morphological differences described by Marshall and Staley (1937) to differentiate molestus from pipiens were decisive. These morphological ‘differences’ are no longer recognized as valid for many populations of molestus and pipiens. Furthermore, autogeny and stenogamy are now recognized as genetic traits (Roubaud, 1929; Knight, 1951; Spielman, 1957; Aslamkham and Laven, 1970). In fact, autogeny is known to occur in many mosquito species that also exhibit anautogeny (Rioux et al., 1975). Such behavioral/physiological traits can be very useful in defining populations within species, or occasional sibling species; however, they should not be used as carte blanche criteria for differentiating species. We feel the use of the name molestus by Miles (1977a, b), and Miles and Paterson (1979) for the aforementioned Australian population was unwarranted because an autogenous, stenogamous, and anthropophilic population is nothing more than a behavioral/physiological variant of pipiens. Accordingly, the crosses conducted by Miles (1977a, b) were between pipiens and quinquefasciatus and the premating isolation barrier he detected lends no support to the name molestus, but does support the elevation of quinquefasciatus to species status by Sirivanakarn (1976). Past crosses between members of populations called molestus and pipiens on the basis of behavioral/physiological criteria usually resulted in interfertility (Knight, 1951), with infrequent reports of non-fertility (Marshall and Staley, 1937; Spiel- 540 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON man, 1967). Most of the negative crosses are now attributable to incompatibility between strains of the rickettsial symbiont, Walbachia pipientis Hertig, or an absence of the symbiont in one side of the cross (Yen and Barr, 1973), which may be influenced further by environmental pressure during colonization or mainte- nance in the laboratory (Irving-Bell, 1983). Other negative crosses may reflect genetic premating barriers which are more pronounced in certain isolated pop- ulations, but are incomplete in others (Spielman, 1979; Bullini, 1982). Even populations having fairly pronounced genetic premating barriers do not exhibit the Nei’s genetic distances that typify mosquito sibling species (Bullini, 1982). Accordingly, we cannot accept species status for mo/lestus, or even subspecies status, since as pointed out by Barr (1981) autogenous-stenogamous populations and anautogenous-eurygamous populations that are sympatric and called sub- species do not agree with Mayr’s (1963) definition of subspecies. Autogenous, stenogamous, and anthropophilic populations or individuals should be identified as behavioral/physiological variants of pipiens, without using another name. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study would not have been possible without the generous support and assistance provided by numerous colleagues and friends of the Research and Training Center on Vectors of Diseases, Ain Shams University, Cairo, during field studies in Egypt. We are particularly grateful to Sherif El Said who pains- takingly coordinated all interagency activities, obtained necessary security clear- ances, arranged extensive in-country transportation, and purveyed the required laboratory space. The laudable efforts of Mohamed A. Kenawy, Zakariya Sabry, Gamal A. El-Kady, Ali Nasser Hassan, and Belal A. Soliman, who assisted in all aspects of laboratory and field work, also contributed significantly to the success of our field studies. We appreciate the approval and provision of funds for these studies by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command. Some equipment, vehicles, and partial funding were provided by the NIAID/NIH- USAID regional project (Contract No. NO1 AI 22667) entitled “Epidemiology and Control of Arthropod-Borne Diseases in Egypt.” Sincerest thanks are expressed to Kenneth L. Knight, Emeritus Professor, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, and E. L. Peyton and Ronald A. Ward, De- partment of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C., for critically reviewing and commenting on the manuscript. We are indebted to Christine Dahl, Department of Entomology, University of Uppsala, Sweden, for providing live larvae of Cx. pipiens, and to George C. Steyskal, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washington, D.C., for translating the original description of Cx. molestus. Appreciation is also expressed to Taina Litwak who skillfully produced the illustrations, and to Olimpia Areizaga who patiently pre- pared the drafts of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Aslamkham, M. and H. Laven. 1970. Inheritance of autogeny in the Culex pipiens Complex. Pak. J. Zool. 2: 121-147. Barr, A. R. 1957. The distribution of Culex p. pipiens and C. p. quinquefasciatus in North America. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 6: 153-165. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 541 —. 1981. The Culex pipiens Complex, pp. 123-136. Jn R. Pal, J. B. Kitzmiller and T. Kanda, eds. Cytogenetics and genetics of vectors. Elsevier Biomedical Press, New York. 265 pp. Belkin, J. N. 1977. Quinquefasciatus or fatigans for the tropical (southern) house mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 79: 45-52. Bullini, L. 1982. Genetic, ecological, and ethological aspects of the speciation process, pp. 241-264. In C. Barigozzi, ed. Mechanisms of speciation. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 96: 1-546. Callot, J. 1957. Sur Culex torrentium Martini. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 32: 438-442. Cervone, L. 1957. Sulla struttura perimicropilare dell’uovo in Culex autogenicus dell’ Agro Pontino. Ric. Clin. Ist. Sup. Sanita (Rome) 20: 695-701. Christophers, S. R. 1945. Structure of the Culex egg and egg-raft in relation to function (Diptera). Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 95: 25-34, 4 pls. . 1951. Note on morphological characters differentiating Culex pipiens L. from Culex molestus Forskal and the status of these forms. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 102: 372-379. Drummond, F. H. 1951. The Culex pipiens Complex in Australia. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 102: 369-371. Ficalbi, E. 1890. Notizie preventive sulle zanzare italiane. VI*. Nota preventiva. Quistioni zoologiche intorno al Culex pipiens e descrizione di una specie nuova (Culex phytophagus). Boll. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 21: 124-131. 1896. Revisione sistematica delle specie europe della famiglia delle Culicidae. Boll. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 28: 108-312. Forskal, P. 1775. Descriptiones animalium, avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium, quae in itinere orientali observavit. M6lleri, Hauniae. 164 pp. Harbach, R. E. and K. L. Knight. 1980. Taxonomists’ glossary of mosquito anatomy. Plexus Pub- lishing, Inc., Marlton, New Jersey. xi + 415 pp. Hinton, H. E. 1968. Structure and protective devices of the egg of the mosquito Culex pipiens. J. Insect Physiol. 14: 145-161. Idris, B. E. M. 1960. Die Entwicklung im normalen Ei von Culex pipiens L. (Diptera). Z. Morphol. Oekol. Tiere 49: 387-429. Irving-Bell, R. J. 1983. Cytoplasmic incompatibility within and between Culex molestus and Cx. quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 40: 44-48. Jackson, B. D. 1913. Catalogue of the Linnean specimens of Amphibia, Insecta, and Testacea, noted by Carl von Linné. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Suppl.) 1912-1913: 1-48. Jobling, B. 1938. On two subspecies of Culex pipiens L. (Diptera). Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 87: 193-216. Kirkpatrick, T. W. 1925. The mosquitoes of Egypt. Government Press, Cairo. 224 pp. Knight, K.L. 1951. A review of the Culex pipiens Complex in the Mediterranean subregion (Diptera, Culicidae). Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 102: 354-364. —. 1972. History of mosquito systematics Part I. Eighteenth Century. Mosq. Syst. 4: 10-15. 1978. Supplement to a catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae). Thomas Say Found. 6 (Suppl.): 1-107. Knight, K. L. and A. A. Abdel Malek. 1951. A morphological and biological study of Culex pipiens in the Cairo area of Egypt. Bull. Soc. Fouad Entomol. 35: 175-185. Knight, K. L. and A. Stone. 1977. A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae). 2nd Edition. Thomas Say Found. 6: 1-611. Lewis, D. J. 1945. Observations on the distribution and taxonomy of Culicidae (Diptera) in the Sudan. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 95: 1-24, 2 maps. Lincoln, D.C. R. 1965. Structure of the egg-shell of Culex pipiens and Mansonia africana (Culicidae, Diptera). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 145: 9-17. Marshall, J. F. 1938. The British mosquitoes. British Museum (Natural History), London. xi + 341 pp. and 20 pls. . 1944. The morphology and biology of Culex molestus: observational notes for investigators. British Mosquito Control Institute. Pamphlet No. 34. iv + 15 pp. Marshall, J. F. and J. Staley. 1935a. ‘Autogenous’ strains of ‘Culex pipiens’ (Diptera, Culicidae). Nature (Lond.) 136: 641. 1935b. Some adult and larval characteristics of a British “autogenous” strain of Culex pipiens L. Parasitology 27: 501-506. 542 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON . 1937. Some notes regarding the morphological and biological differentiation of Culex pipiens Linnaeus and Culex molestus Forskal (Diptera, Culicidae). Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. Ser. A Gen. Entomol. 12: 17-26. Mayr, E. 1963. Animal species and evolution. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. xiv + 797 pp. Miles, S. J. 1977a. Laboratory evidence for mate recognition behavior in a member of the Culex pipiens Complex (Diptera: Culicidae). Aust. J. Zool. 25: 491-498. 1977b. Assortative mating between Culex fatigans and C. molestus (Diptera, Culicidae) under simulated field conditions. J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 16: 389-392. Miles, S. J. and H. E. Paterson. 1979. Protein variation and systematics in the Culex pipiens group of species. Mosq. Syst. 11: 187-202. Natvig, L.R. 1948. Contributions to the knowledge of the Danish and Fennoscandian mosquitoes— Culicini. Nor. Entomol. Tidsskr. (Suppl. I). xxiii + 567 pp., 12 pls., 1 map. Rioux, J.-A., H. Croset, J. Pech-Périeres, E. Guilvard and A. Belmonte. 1975. L’autogenese chez les Dipteres Culicides. Tableau synoptique des espéces autogénes (1). Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 50: 134-140. Roubaud, E. 1929. Cycle autogéne d’attente et générations hivernales suractives inapparentes chez le moustique commun, Culex pipiens L. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 188: 735-738. —. 1935. La microstructure du fletteur de l’oeuf dans les races biologiques de Culex pipiens. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 28: 443-445. Service, M. W. 1968. The taxonomy and biology of two sympatric sibling species of Culex, C. pipiens and C. torrentium (Diptera, Culicidae). J. Zool. (Lond.) 156: 313-323. Sirivanakarn, S. 1976. Medical entomology studies—III. A revision of the subgenus Cu/ex in the Oriental Region (Diptera: Culicidae). Contrib. Am. Entomol. Inst. (Ann Arbor) 12(2): 1-272. Sirivanakarn, S. and G. B. White. 1978. Neotype designation of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 80: 360-372. Spielman, A. 1957. The inheritance of autogeny in the Culex pipiens Complex of mosquitoes. Am. J. Hyg. 65: 404-425. —. 1967. Population structure in the Culex pipiens Complex of mosquitoes. Bull. W.H.O. 37: 271-276. . 1979. Autogeny in Culex pipiens populations in nature: effects of inbreeding. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 72: 826-828. Stone, A., K. L. Knight and H. Starcke. 1959. A synoptic catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera, Culicidae). Thomas Say Found. 6: 1-358. Sundararaman, S. 1949. Biometrical studies on intergradation in the genitalia of certain populations of Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefasciatus in the United States. Am. J. Hyg. 50: 307-314. Vinogradova, Ye. B. and R. B. Fomenko. 1968. Morphology and biology of Culex pipiens L. (Diptera, Culicidae) in Uzbekistan. Entomol. Rev. (Eng. Transl. Entomol. Obozr.) 47: 1-4. Yen, J. H. and A. R. Barr. 1973. The etiological agent of cytoplasmic incompatibility in Culex pipiens. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 22: 242-250. Zimsen, E. 1964. The type material of I. C. Fabricius. Munksgaard, Copenhagen. 656 pp. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 543-549 TWO NEW SPECIES OF CECIDOMYIIDAE (DIPTERA) FROM HONEYLOCUST, GLEDITSIA TRIACANTHOS L. (FABACEAE), IN EASTERN UNITED STATES RAYMOND J. GAGNE AND KARL VALLEY (RJG) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agricultural Research Ser- vice, USDA, % U.S. National Museum of Natural History, NHB 168, Washington D.C. 20560; (KV) Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agri- culture, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17110. Abstract.— Two new species of Cecidomyiidae (Cecidomylinae: supertribe Lasi- opteridi) on honeylocust, Gleditsia triacanthos L. (Fabaceae), in eastern United States are described: Meunieriella aquilonia Gagné from spot galls on leaflets and Neolasioptera brevis Gagné from swollen twigs. Biological observations on both species are reported. M. aquilonia is the first record of its genus north of El Salvador. Arthropods in increasing variety are being shown to damage honeylocust, G/e- ditsia triacanthos L. (Fabaceae), a tree species once considered relatively pest free. The mimosa webworm (Webster and St. George, 1947), the honeylocust pod gall midge (Schread, 1959), a honeylocust spider mite (English and Snetsinger, 1957), and the honeylocust plant bug (Wheeler and Henry, 1976) cause heavy damage. In 1982-83 two new species of Cecidomylidae (Cecidomyliinae: supertribe Lasiop- teridi: subtribe Alycaulina) were collected and reared from native and or- namental honeylocust in Pennsylvania, bringing to three, with Dasineura gleditch- iae (Osten Sacken), the number of gall midges associated with the tree. The two new species of Cecidomyiidae are described in this paper. One of them, Neolasioptera brevis Gagné, was noticed previously but was listed only as an undescribed species of Neolasioptera (Felt 1911, 1940). It causes twig swellings and usually prevents further growth beyond the galls. This species is univoltine, and adults emerge in early spring from the previous year’s galls. We have no data to indicate its effect on honeylocust, but a heavy infestation could result in terminal dieback and affect the appearance of a tree. The other new species, Meunieriella aquilonia Gagné, forms a spot gall on leaflets and is especially interesting because it is the first species of the large genus Meunieriella reported north of El Salvador. Further, unlike all its congeners which live as inquilines in galls formed by other cecidomylids, this species forms its own galls. Meunieriella aquilonia appears at least by late spring and is multivol- tine. We are uncertain of its economic status, largely because we became aware of this species only in 1982. The sudden and widespread appearance of this gall midge in central Pennsylvania is rather interesting considering that Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture (PDA) plant inspectors examine nursery stock annually 544 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON in the State and that PDA entomologists have collected extensively on honeylocust since 1975. Leaf drop resulting from this fly appears negligible. Most spot galls are small and the necrosis produced remains confined to the gall and its perimeter. Neolasioptera brevis Gagne, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1-5 Scale color pattern of dried specimens.—Dorsoposterior surface of head dirty white; anterior corners of scutum, hind edge of scutellum, and pleura white; remainder of scutum and scutellum dirty white; leading edge of wing dark brown except white at base of C and at juncture of C and RS; legs dark except white on coxae and apices of femora and tibiae; abdominal tergum 1 white, terga 3-6 mostly black with white apically, pleura black, sterna white. Head.—Eye bridge about 6 facets long. Antennae: those of 4 lost; 2 with 23-26 flagellomeres, each slightly wider than long. Frontoclypeus with mixed setae and scales. Palpi 4-segmented. Labella hemispherical in frontal view. Thorax.—Scutum with scales covering surface except anterolaterally between lateral and dorsocentral setal rows, posteriorly just lateral to dorsocentral setal row, and anteromesally and posteromesally. Anepisternum with scales on top half only. Anepimeron with vertical row of setae and a few intermixed scales. Kat- episternum with a few scales ventrally. Wing: 6, 2.0 mm; ?, 2.0 mm; R5 attaining 0.55 length wing. Male abdomen (Figs. 1—2).—Tergites 1-6 rectangular, very wide, with | row of caudal setae, O lateral setae, a basal pair of trichoid sensilla on cephalic margin (except on tergite 6 on which they are placed just anterior to margin), and elsewhere covered with scales. Tergite 7 less than half as long as preceding, vestiture as for tergite 6 except pair of trichoid sensilla much anterior to sclerite. Tergite 8 not evident except for trichoid sensilla. Sternites 2—6 square, less strongly sclerotized in center than elsewhere, with about 2 rows of caudal setae, a horizontal group of setae at midlength, 1 or 2 basal trichoid sensilla (closely approximated if 2), and elsewhere covered with scales. Sternite 7 very short, with 2 rows of caudal setae and several scales, and | trichoid sensillum somewhat cephalad of sclerite. Sternite 8 very short, with 2 rows of caudal setae, trichoid sensilla not evident. Terminalia as in Fig. 2. Female abdomen (Fig. 3).—Tergites 1-6 and sternites 2-6 as for male, but tergite 6 with trichoid sensilla situated on sclerite and all sternites with 2 trichoid sensilla. Tergite 7 much narrower and shorter than tergite 6, with vestiture only on posterior ' except for 2 basal, trichoid sensilla. Tergite 9 weakly divided into 2 long tergites, with 2—4, short, caudal setae and subbasal pair of trichoid sensilla. Sternite 7 as for 6. Sternite 8 shorter than sternite 7, vestiture on posterior 7 except for basal trichoid sensilla. Length of tergites 6-8 (from trichoid sensilla to posteriormost setae) and distal half ovipositor as 32-18-20-82. Cerci ovoid. Larva (Figs. 4-5). — Length, 3.0—3.5 mm. Spatula robust, tridentate. Integument pebbled. Full complement of Alycaulina papillae present except for loss of 2 terminal papillae. Holotype, 2, ex twig gall on ‘Sunburst’ honeylocust, Gleditsia triacanthos L., coll. 30-III-1983, emerged 12-IV-1983, E. Harrisburg Cemetery, Harrisburg, Dau- phin Co., Pa., K. R. Valley, deposited in U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Paratypes (all ex twig galls on native Gleditsia tria- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 545 Figs. 1-5. Neolasioptera brevis. 1, Male abdominal segments 6-8 (ventrolateral). 2, Male terminalia. 3, Female postabdomen. 4, Larva, anterior (ventral). 5, Larva, posterior (dorsal. canthos; one 2 and one é deposited in the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Collection, Harrisburg, the remainder in USNMNH): 2 larvae, collected 14 March 1983, and 4, 2, emerged 25 and 28 March 1983, respectively, Mid. Paxton Town- ship, Rt. 225, 0.4 mi N. Clark Creek, Dauphin Co., Pa.; 2, same data except emerged 4 May 1983 from galls collected 29 April 1983; 6, 5 2, emerged 6 April 1976, Warren Co., Ohio, R. L. Powell and K. Roach. Other specimens in poor 546 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON condition: 3 2, em 22-IV-1882, Kirkwood, Mo. These last were probably the basis for the records in Felt (1911, 1940). Neolasioptera brevis somewhat resembles but is distinct from Neolasioptera cassiae (Felt), also reared from a caesalpinaceous plant, Cassia nictitans L. (Fa- baceae), in Arizona. The female could be mistaken for N. brevis, except that the ovipositor is slightly shorter. The males of the 2 species are distinct: tergites 6 and 7 of brevis are very different in size; those of cassiae are of equal length and breadth. Also, male cassiae have longer gonostyli and a bilobed instead of simple hypoproct. The new species is named brevis for the shortened sclerites of male abdominal segments 7 and 8. Irregular twig swellings of about twice the normal diameter were first noticed by one of us (KV) on 2-VIII-1982 in Dauphin Co., Pa. Galls then contained second instars of cecidomyiid larvae assumed to belong to Neolasioptera. Because most neolasiopteras are univoltine and overwinter in the galls, the remaining galls were left on the trees until mid-March, 1983. Galls were found on ornamental ‘Sunburst’ honeylocust and on wild specimens. Inside the galls were short tunnels about 6 mm long, each usually aligned with the long axis of the twig, but curved slightly at the exit, which was covered either by a thin outermost layer of plant epidermis or particulate matter that appeared to be stuck together by webbing. The latter tunnels produced N. brevis adults and parasitic wasps; the tunnels with ends covered by the thin layer of epidermal tissue produced only wasps. In mid- March the tunnels contained full grown cecidomyiid larvae or hymenopterous larvae, or were apparently empty. A dead, shriveled second instar of N. brevis was found in one of the apparently empty but closed tunnels. Several adult N. brevis were reared in March and April as were many parasitic Hymenoptera belonging to 3 species: a Platygaster sp. (Platygastridae), evidently an internal parasite of N. brevis because it emerged from tunnels containing empty but still inflated N. brevis larval skins; a Eurytoma sp. (Eurytomidae), from tunnels with deflated, crumpled N. brevis skins; and a Pediobius sp. (Eulophidae). Meunieriella aquilonia Gagne, NEW SPECIES Figs. 6-12 Scale color pattern of dried specimens.—Dorsoposterior surface of head and thorax golden brown, lateroposterior surface of head white, leading edge of wing all dark brown, legs yellow except for brown tarsi, abdomen brown. Head.—Eye bridge about 6 facets long. Antennae: 6 with 20 flagellomeres, each about as wide as long; 2 with 21-23 flagellomeres, each slightly wider than long. Frontoclypeus with mixed setae and scales. Palpi 4-segmented. Labella short, hemispherical in frontal view. Thorax.—Scutum with scales covering surface except anterolaterally between the lateral and dorsocentral setal rows, posteriorly just laterad of dorsocentral setal row, and anteromesally and posteromesally. Anepisternum with scales on top half only. Anepimeron with vertical row of setae and 0 scales. Katepisternum bare. Wing: 6, 1.3 mm; 2, 1.2—1.3 mm; R5 attaining 0.50 length wing. Male abdomen (Figs. 6—7).— Tergites 1—5 rectangular with a single row of caudal setae, 0 lateral setae, 2 basal trichoid sensilla, and covered elsewhere with scales. Sternites 2—5 rectangular, with a single row of caudal setae on sternites 2—4, and a double row on sternite 5, these sternites with a discontinuous horizontal row VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 547 )// VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 / Why iN Leh 558 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 4-7. Stigmal region of fore wings of Azotus. 4, Azotus marchali, holotype male. 5, Azotus perspeciosus, lectotype female. 6, Azotus dozieri (= americanus Dozier), holotype female. 7, Azotus americanus, holotype female. Scale line = 0.01 mm. (p. 27). Ashmead’s reported host, however, was corroborated by Williams (1916). He carefully removed Malacosoma egg masses from twigs in order to avoid possible contamination of the sample with scale insects. Porter (1917) also ex- cluded scales and recovered Ablerus from Malacosoma eggs. More recent studies have reported 4. clisiocampae in rearings of armored scales (Diaspididae) (Baker, 1933; Muma, 1959; Hughes, 1960). Peck (1951) listed both homopteran and lepidopteran hosts. Later (1963), he expressed doubt concerning the earlier Mal- acosoma records. In the most recent edition of the Catalog of Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico (Gordh, 1979) all reference to Malacosoma eggs as a host of Ablerus clisiocampae were deleted. We have reared specimens of both sexes of Ablerus clisiocampae from the eggs of Malacosoma americanum (Darling and Johnson, 1982). We are confident that the specimens emerged from eggs and not from scale contaminants because each individual wasp was associated with a moth egg containing a larval parasitoid meconium. We have also examined Ashmead’s syntypes of Centrodora clisio- campae (the series was not lost as reported in Peck, 1963). We have compared the types with both our reared material and specimens reared from the armored scales Chionaspis furfura and Melanaspis obscura (Comstock) (specimens from the collection of the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington). We conclude that the lepidopteran and homopteran forms represent a single species, Ablerus clisiocampae. However, the Aphelinidae are known for the common occurrence of sibling species (see, e.g., Rosen, 1978; Rosen and DeBach, 1979). VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 559 Only detailed biological studies can determine whether this is a single polyphagous species, or two species attacking different host orders and life stages. The wide host range for Ablerus clisiocampae is not unique. A comparable shift between Homoptera and insect eggs has also been reported in Azotus (Yasnosh, 1979). Kozlov (1972) has cited this as an example of morphotypical specialization, i.e., cases in which host range of a parasitoid is determined by general morpho- logical similarities of potential hosts rather than, for example, specialization on a phylogenetic group. The shift of generations or individuals of Ablerus clisio- campae from one host order to the other has not been observed. The conclusion that they do is based upon a morphological comparison of adult wasps reared from the different hosts. NEARCTIC SPECIES OF AZOTUS Azotus Howard, 1898: 138. Type species: Azotus marchali Howard, by monotypy. Dimacrocerus Bréthes, 1914: 4. Type species: D. platensis Bréthes by monotypy and original designation. Synonymized by Mercet (1922: 197). [?] 1. Azotus atomon (Walker) Encyrtus atomon Walker, 1847: 229. Type locality: Kollar, Austria. Host: un- known. Azotus marchali Howard, 1898: 139, fig. 11. Type locality: uncertain. Host: Dias- pis osteaeformis Signoret (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on pear. Azotus pinifoliae Mercet, 1912: 141. Type locality: Madrid, Spain. Host: Chio- naspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on Pinus austriaca. Azotus mokrzeckii Nowicki, 1926: 108. Type locality: Bobrowa, Poland. Host: unknown. Azotus marchali: Peck, 1951: 436. [?|Azotus marchali: Peck, 1963: 271. Azotus atomon: Ferriére, 1965: 105. Azotus atomon: Nikol’skaya and Yasnosh, 1966: 237. Azotus marchali: Gordh, 1979: 900. Azotus atomon: Yasnosh, 1979: 494. We have examined the type material of Azotus marchali, USNM No. 3647 (Figs. 1, 4). The material is slide mounted along with the type material of Ar- chenomus bicolor Howard. Only a single specimen of Azofus is on the slide, the holotype male. We have indicated this specimen with an arrow (note: a specimen of A. bicolor is circled on the same slide). The presence of Azotus atomon in North America is uncertain. There are no specimens of this species in the USNM that have been collected in North America, although the Hymenoptera Catalogs (Peck, 1951, Gordh, 1979) record it from the District of Columbia, Maryland and Virginia. 2. Azotus perspeciosus (Girault) Fig. 5 Ablerus perspeciosus Girault, 1916a: 292. Type locality: Nishigahara, Japan. Host: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.-Tozz.) (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Azotus silvestrii Compere, 1926: 9, fig. 3. Type locality: Shanghai, China. Host: 560 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linn.) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), on Aucuba japon- ica Thunberg (Cornaceae). Synonymized by Gahan (1942: 47). Ablerus perspeciosus: Peck, 1951: 436. Azotus perspeciosus: DeSantis, 1953: 74. Azotus perspeciosus: Tachikawa, 1958: 62. Ablerus perspeciosus: Peck, 1963: 271. Azotus perspeciosus: Ferriére, 1965: 108, fig. 45. Azotus perspeciosus: Nikol’skaya and Yasnosh, 1966: 236. Ablerus perspeciosus: Gordh, 1979: 899. The type material of A. perspeciosus is housed in the USNM: four females mounted on a slide, USNM No. 19930. LECTOTYPE (here designated): female, circled specimen in upper half of slide, centrally located (Fig. 5). Specimens from Washington, D.C. [USNM] reared from P. pentagona and Melanaspis obscura (Comstock) closely agree with the type material and probably belong to this species. 3. Azotus americanus (Girault), NEW COMBINATION Fig. 7 Ablerus americanus Girault, 1916b: 44. Type locality: Washington, D.C. Host: Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on grape. Ablerus americanus: Peck, 1951: 435. Ablerus americanus: Peck, 1963: 269. Ablerus americanus: Gordh, 1979: 899. The type material consists of a single female specimen, slide mounted, in ex- cellent condition (USNM No. 20004). This species is referred to Azotus on the basis of the rounded stigmal vein and the differentiated discal setae on the fore wing (Fig. 7). 4. Azotus dozieri Darling and Johnson, NEw NAME Fig. 6 Azotus americanus Dozier, 1928: 36, fig. 1. Secondary homonym, preoccupied by Azotus americanus (Girault), 1916. Type locality: Newark, Delaware. Host: Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on Sorbaria stellipila (Rosaceae). Azotus americanus: Peck, 1951: 436. Azotus americanus: Peck, 1963: 271. Azotus americanus: Gordh, 1979: 900. This species is very similar to A. atomon, but has narrower wings. The marginal setae of the fore wing are not lengthened along the outer, lower margin as in the original description and figure. Dozier (1928) suggested that this species is a secondary parasite attacking Prospaltella perniciosi Tower (Aphelinidae). LITERATURE CITED Ashmead, W. H. 1894. Notes on the genus Centrodora. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 3: 9-10. Baker, H. 1933. The obscure scale on the pecan and its control. U.S. Dept. Agric. Circ. 295. 19 pp. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 561 Bréthes, J. 1914. Nunquam otiosus I. Les ennemis de la “‘Diaspis pentagona” dans la république Argentine. Buenos Aires, 16 pp. Compere, H. 1926. Descriptions of new Coccid-inhabiting Chalcidoid parasites (Hymenoptera). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 4: 1-31. Darling, D. C. and N. F. Johnson. 1982. Egg mortality in the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae): the role of accessory gland secretions and egg mass shape. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84: 448-460. DeSantis, L. 1953. Adiciones a la fauna argentina de Afelinidos. II. (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Rev. Fac. Agron. 29: 73-84. 1979. Catalogo de los himendpteros de America al sur de los Estados Unidos. Publicaci6n Especial, Comision de Investigaciones Cientificas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. 488 pp. Dozier, H. L. 1928. Two undescribed aphelinid parasites from Delaware (Aphelinidae: Hymenop- tera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 30: 35-38. Ferriére, C. 1965. Faune de l’Europe et du bassin mediterranéen: 1. Hymenoptera Aphelinidae. Paris, Masson et Cie, Edit. 206 pp. Gahan, A. B. 1942. Descriptions of five new species of Chalcidoidea, with notes on a few described species (Hymenoptera). Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92: 41-51. Girault, A. A. 1907. Hosts of insect egg-parasites in North and South America. Psyche 14: 27-39. 1916a. New miscellaneous chalcidoid Hymenoptera, with notes on described species. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 9: 291-308. —. 1916b. Notes on described Chalcidoid Hymenoptera with new genera and species. Soc. Entomol. 31: 42-44. Gordh, G. 1979. Encyrtidae, pp. 890-967. In K. V. Krombein, P. D. Hurd, Jr., D. R. Smith, and B. D. Burks, eds., Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 1198 pp. Hayat, M. 1983. The genera of Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera) of the world. Syst. Entomol. 8: 63-102. Howard, L. O. 1894. Two parasites of important scale-insects. Insect Life 7: 5-8. 1898. On some parasites of Coccidae, with descriptions of two new genera of Aphelinidae. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 4: 133-139. Hughes, I. W. 1960. Some natural enemies of the white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni) (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in Florida. Fla. Entomol. 43: 90-92. Kozlov, M. A. 1972. [The main types of host-specificity in parasitic Hymenoptera.], pp. 5-17. Jn Host-parasite Relationships of Insects. Publishing House “‘Nauka,”’ Leningrad. Mercet, R.G. 1912. Los enemigos de los parasitos de las plantes. Los Afelinidos. Trab. Mus. Ciencias Nat. Serie Zool. 6. 306 pp. 1922. El género Azotus Howard. Bol. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 22: 196-200. Muma, M. H. 1959. Natural control of Florida red scale on citrus in Florida by predators and parasites. J. Econ. Entomol. 52: 577-586. Nikol’skaya, M. N. and V. A. Yasnosh. 1966. [Aphelinidae of the European part of the USSR and Caucasus (Chalcidoidea, Aphelinidae).] Opred. Faune SSSR 91: 3-295. Nowicki, S. 1926. Specei novae polonicae Azotus mokrzeckii descriptio cum oecologiae observa- tionibus. Polsk. Pismo Entomol. 5: 104-113. Peck, O. 1951. Superfamily Chalcidoidea, pp. 410-594. In C. F. W. Muesebeck and K. V. Krombein, eds., Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico—a Synoptic Catalog. 1420 pp. ——. 1963. A catalogue of the Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Can. Entomol. Suppl. 30. 1092 pp. Porter, B. A. 1917. The host of Ablerus clisiocampae Ash. (Hym.). Entomol. News 28: 186. Rosen, D. 1978. The importance of cryptic species and specific identifications as related to biological control, pp. 23-35. In J. A. Romberger, ed., Biosystematics in Agriculture. Allanheld, Osmun & Co. Publishers Inc., Montclair, New Jersey. 340 pp. Rosen, D. and P. DeBach. 1979. Species of Aphytis of the world (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae). W. Junk, Boston. 801 pp. Tachikawa, T. 1958. [On the genus Azotus Howard (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae), and a correction of Azotus-species name given in my previous paper.] Jap. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 2: 61-62. Walker, F. 1847. Notes on some Chalcidites and Cynipites in the collection of the Rev. F. W. Hope. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19: 227-231. 562 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Williams, L. T. 1916. Notes on the egg-parasites of the apple-tree tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum). Psyche 23: 149-153. Yasnosh, V. A. 1973. [The importance of biosystematic study for the taxonomy and practical use of aphelinids (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae).] Zool. Zh. 61: 1193-1200. _ 1976. [Classification of the parasitic Hymenoptera of the family Aphelinidae (Chalcidoidea).] Entomol. Obozr. 55: 159-168. ———.. 1978. [Fam. Aphelinidae.], pp. 469-501. In G. S. Medvedev, ed., Determination of Insects of the European Part of the USSR, Vol. 3, part 2. 760 pp. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 563-571 A NEW SPECIES OF HYALOMYZUS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) FROM HYPERICUM PROLIFICUM IN ILLINOIS DAVID VOEGTLIN State Natural History Survey, Illinois Institute of Natural Resources, Natural Resources Building, 607 E. Peabody, Champaign, Illinois 61820. Abstract.—The five morphs of Hyalomyzus triangulatus new species are de- scribed. Host records for all species of Hya/lomyzus are given and the life cycle patterns within the genus are discussed. Hyalomyzus mitchellensis Smith recently was described from Hypericum mitch- ellianum on Mt. Mitchell in North Carolina (Smith, 1982). At first it appeared that a previously unnamed species of Hya/omyzus collected in southern Illinois now had a name. However, closer examination of the specimens revealed distinct differences between the Illinois material and H. mitchellensis. Descriptions of the various morphs of this new species from Illinois are presented below with a review of some interesting biological aspects of Hyalomyzus. Measurements for all morphs are given in Table 1. Measurements in the text and Table | are in mm. Hyalomyzus triangulatus Voegtlin, NEw SPECIES Fundatrices.—Color in life: Pale yellow to green yellow throughout. Eyes and distal half of second tarsal segments dark. Eyes of embryos visible as red dots through abdominal dorsum. Cleared specimens (Fig. 1): Very little sclerotization with distal half of antennal segment IV, segment V, tarsal segments I and II, siphunculi and cauda slightly darker than body. Subgenital plate pale and difficult to delineate. Morphology: Front W-shaped, rugose, with median frontal tubercle shorter than the diverging lateral frontal tubercles. Vertex with irregular ridges. Antennal seg- ment I scabrose on median surface, segment II smooth, segments III-V becoming increasingly imbricated distad. Rostrum short, reaching second coxae. Dorsum of abdomen faintly sculptured, appearing wrinkled at 250. Siphunculi lightly sculptured on proximal 3 with distal % reticulate dorsally and imbricated ven- trally, swelling asymmetrically over basal 73 then tapering rapidly to a narrowed tip with slight flange, lateral margin as observed in slide preparations almost straight, the swelling a function of the curved median margin, angled toward median line. Stigmal pori of abdominal segments VI and VII with large, nodulose operculum, much larger than those on segments I-V. Cauda almost parallel sided on basal 73 then tapering rapidly to tip. Setation: Body, vertex and antennae with few very short setae (<.006). Legs with longer setae (.006—-.009). Subgenital plate with 8—10 setae on posterior margin 564 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 1-4. Hyalomyzus triangulatus. 1, Fundatrix, slide 80-3-3. 2, Apterous vivipara, holotype, slide 82-216-4. 3, Ovipara, slide 82-216-1. 4, Abdomen of apterous viviparous female showing elongate siphunculi forming triangle, slide 82-31-3. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 565 and one pair near median line on anterior margin. Last rostral segment with no accessory setae. First tarsi all with 3 setae. Cauda with 5 setae. Material examined: Two fundatrices, on Hypericum prolificum, 4 km S.E. of Eddyville, Pope Co., Illinois, 3-V-80. Apterous viviparae.—Color in life: Spring and early summer specimens much like the fundatrices. Fall specimens with darker yellow-green abdomen and yellow head and thorax. Appendages pale yellow. Cleared specimens (Fig. 2): As in fundatrices. Some specimens almost trans- parent, others with sclerotized area considerably darkened. Subgenital plate lightly sclerotized and distinctly visible. Morphology: Front and frontal tubercles rough, nodulose, lateral frontal tuber- cles with parallel to converging inner margins, exceeding median frontal tubercle. Vertex irregularly ridged. Antennal segment I scabrose on inner margin, segment II smooth, segments III—VI increasingly imbricated distad. Antennae of 5 or 6 segments. Dorsum of thorax and abdomen often strongly rugose, intensity of roughness varies but always distinctly more visible than in fundatrices and alatae. Siphunculi lightly sculptured on upper surface, lower, medial and lateral surface coarsely imbricated, swelling asymmetrically as in fundatrices and usually longer, angled toward median line, in life appearing to touch posterior to cauda. Stigmal pori on abdominal segments VI and VII with large nodulose operculum. Subgenital plate oval. Cauda evenly tapered from base to tip. Setation: Body, vertex and antennae with few short setae (<.006). Legs, front and frontal tubercles with longer setae (.006—.016.). Last rostral segment without accessory setae. Abdominal tergum VIII with 2—4 setae. Subgenital plate with 5— 9 setae on posterior margin and 2—5 on anterior margin. First tarsi all with 3 setae. Cauda with 4 setae. Material examined: 46 specimens, all taken on, or progeny of specimens from, Hypericum prolificum, 4 km S.E. of Eddyville, Pope Co., Illinois. Field collection dates: 3-V-1980, 16-V-1982, 25-V-1980, 12-X-1982. Lab reared collection dates: 23-VI-1982, 10-XI-1982, 18-XI-1982, 20-XII-1982. Alate viviparae.—Color in life: Yellow to greenish yellow. Darker green areas include head, pterothorax and antennae beyond base of segment III. Antennal I, II and base of III greenish yellow. Siphunculi darkening distad. Cauda deeper yellow than abdomen. Femora with basal 2 pale; distal '2 of femora, all tibiae and tarsi evenly dark green. Cleared specimens (Fig. 5): Sclerotization pattern corresponds to dark areas indicated in living specimens. All sclerotized areas equally dark. Subgenital plate indistinct. Anal vein in forewings often lightly bordered on proximal edge. Other veins not bordered. Morphology. Vertex and front relatively smooth, frontal tubercles slightly rugose with median frontal tubercle subequal to the diverging lateral frontal tubercles. Antennal I and II scabrose on inner margin, segments III—-VI evenly imbricated, segments III—-V with secondary sensoria. Dorsum of abdomen smooth. Siphunculi smooth to maximally swollen region then slightly imbricated, swelling and distal taper not as pronounced as in apterous forms. Stigmal pori on abdominal segments Vi and VII with nodulose operculum, not as large or nodulose as in apterae. Cauda tapering evenly from base to tip. 566 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 1. Measurements for the five morphs of Hyalomyzus triangulatus. All measurements are in mm. The symbol * refers to specimens having five antennal segments, in this case the third segment is considered to be a combination of antennal segments three and four. The abbreviation n.m. means the character could not be measured. For fundatrices and oviparae the last two segments are under columns V and VI even though they are segments IV and V. This allows the last antennal segment base and process terminalis to remain in line on the table. antennal segments length of specimen # body length of secondary sensorla number of length on last rostral hind hind setae on Hl lV V Vib VI pt Il lV V segment tiblae tarsal || sl phuncul I cauda cauda Fundatrices 80-3-3 1.54 =H. 1166) — .090 .077 .051 = = > -064 +435 -096 -520 +130 5 80-3-1 1.32 =*.154 - 2077 085) 4051 = = = -058 -367 +096 -320 -122 = Apterous Viviparae 80-3-4 1.47 =*.237 = 115 .086 .085 = = - 064 448 109 384 130 = 80-3-2b 1.10 115 .096 .102 .096 .090 = = = 064 467 105 358 115 4 80-3-2t eo? si Z6 15 1/09 09) O96 090. = = = +065 +480 -109 -384 ~134 4 80-1 4-R3 1.25 =*.160 - -096 .090 .086 = = = 058 384 - 083 301 102 4 80-14-R1 1.47 oiey cilteley AME: oil? alolels = - = 064 474 .109 371 118 4 82-31-11 1.76 si22 e109) S115) 1025 090 a = = 064 480 -102 403 141 4 62-31-16 1.32 =*,173 - .090 .080 .077 > = = 058 410 - 096 339 115 4 82-31-21 1.61 154), alz2 115 .096 .090 - = = 064 493 109 358 134 4 82-31-2r 1.41 .109 .090 .102 .096 .093 = = = 058 422 -096 352 122 4 82-31-31 1.61 =*.224 - B20") teillO2 090 = = = 064 506 +102 390 141 4 82-31-3r 1.38 =115 096 .1/09' .090) .090 = = = 064 435 -096 352 115 4 82-31-41 1.43 = ai (2I} = -102 .096 .083 = = = 058 422 -102 416 115 4 82-31-4r 1.30 -*.166 - 090 .090 .077 = = = 058 384 -090 339 nem 4 82-216-2b 1.43 voll = .096 .090 .083 = = = 064 397 096 288 nm 4 82-216-3 1.45 =O Gn— slO2) 093) 5077: - = = 064 378 - 086 301 110 4 82-216-4 1.51 =* 2198) — +109 .096 .083 = = = 064 403 086 320 128 4 82-216-5 1.51 =* "186 — -096 .100 .083 = = = 064 422 090 320 122 4 82-196-1 1.14 Seo (]2V:1 = -077 .080 .073 = = = +058 2314 -077 - 269 -102 4 82-222-7t 1.34 =. 2 05) — 22) 51109) (096 = = = 064 467 +096 346 14st ae 4 2-222-7m 1.36 =H 192 — sion 096) 5.095 = = = 064 416 -090 307 nm 4 82-78-1t azih Suit bil -090 .083 .077 = = = -058 -346 -077 2275 - 096 4 82-78-1m as) == (610) = -096 .093 .093 = - = +058 -584 . 083 -320 -102 4 82-78-1b 1.30 Sa ISU) = -083 .096 .083 = = = 055 333 +077 -275 +109 4? Alate Vivlparae 80-1 4-3t 1.43 2269) OE OOM lilinns i109) 17 10) 46 061 627 -102 275 134 4 80-1 4-3b 1.38 -282 .166 .134 .102 .102 7 G3) 062 602 109 275 128 4 80-14-1 1.56 SO 75) eli4t 09) = 1109 19 10 4 064 ~652 -109 301 141 4 80-14-2t 1.36 +282 166) SAT 1102) 21:09 16 Cy i 064 614 105 275 122 4 80-1 4-2b 1,52 alee aiitele) ailb¥! sities 17 / 3) 061 614 102 275 131 4 80-1 4-R3 1.16 3245 147 wild) 090) 5096: im} 10 4 054 493 -090 211 115 4 82-31-1 1.61 Sasheh) = 141.109 .104 —*265 0 060 621 - 106 275 nm 4 82-31-2 1.34 290) . N76 31154 3090) =1/09 18 7 3 - 061 +582 -100 -256 nem. 4 82-31-3 1.54 7288) 73179) “s154) 3090) 7090 18 856 064 621 109 282 128 4 82-31-4 1.41 oruieh alley.) eleva ihe ile 18 oS 060 595 105 269 nem 4 82-31-5 1.47 -269 .160 .141 .102 .090 16 8 4 -061 582 +096 -262 +109 4 82-31-6 1.12 eZOZE lA Ti Zeer Ol7, me OTS 17 6 3) -058 2544 +096 -250 -109 4 Ovipara 82-216-1 1.35 S92) = -102 .102 .083 = = = 067 410 090 -320 141 4 82-216-2 1.45 fA \72 102 .109 .070 = = = 064 416 090 -320 128 4 82-216-3 1.54 Hin i ehsh = eNOZ > 102 077 = = = 064 410 096 -358 109 5 82-216-6 1,33 -*, 166 — -096 .096 .083 = = = 064 358 083 - 262 102 4 82-222-6 Wess =*,179 - SLO ZG OZ rus? = = = 064 397 090 ~294 115 6 82-224-2 1.48 =n iis = -096 .093 .070 = = = 061 365 -090 282 128 4 82-224-3 1.41 Seale = SOS e702) 9 08 = = = 064 390 -090 282 128 4 82-224-4 1.41 -*.179 - ~102 102 .083 = = = 068 403 -093 275 122 4 82-224-6 1.36 Sein Bhs -109 .099 .083 = = = 064 403 090 320 115 5 82-224-10 152 SSUES 31109) 31102" 07/7, = = = 068 410 090 282 131 5 Males 82-196-2 1.18 BeNOR! calgheh males Sealed eile 17 10 4 -070 .506 -090 -198 -096 4 82-196-1 1.21 2269) 165) 3158) 31/22) 1109 15 9 4 - 064 ~493 -090 -192 - 083 4 Setation: Body, vertex and antennae with few short setae (<.006). Setae on frontal tubercles and mid dorsal region of tibiae longer (.006-.009). Setae on ventral region of tibiae approximately twice as long as that on dorsal region. Last rostral segment without accessory setae. Subgenital plate with 8-10 setae along posterior margin and 4-7 scattered near anterior margin. Abdominal tergum VIII with 4 setae. First tarsi all with 3 setae. Cauda with 4 setae. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 567 Figs. 5-6. Hyalomyzus triangulatus. 5, Alate viviparous female, slide 80-14-2a. 6, Male, slide 82- 196-2. Material examined: 11 specimens, all taken on Hypericum prolificum, 4 km S.E. of Eddyville, Pope Co., Illinois. Collection dates: 14-V-1980, 16-V-1982. Oviparae.— Color in life: Head and thorax yellow as in apterae and fundatrices, abdomen dark yellow to green. Frontal tubercles dark on inner margin. Append- ages pale yellow, except for proximal * of hind tibiae which are dark yellow green. Cleared specimens (Fig. 3): Body pale throughout, siphunculi and proximal 7 of hind tibiae darker. The darker region of the hind tibiae contains the pseudo- sensoria. Morphology: Front and frontal tubercles rough, nodulose, lateral frontal tuber- cles with approximately parallel inner margins, median frontal tubercle small. Vertex moderately rugose. Antennal segment I nodulose on inner margin, segment II smooth, segments III-V increasingly imbricated distad. Dorsum of thorax and abdomen through tergum V heavily rugose, terga VI-VIII smooth to lightly rugose. Siphunculi as in apterae. Cauda tapering evenly from base to tip. Stigmal pori on abdominal segments VI and VII with large nodulose operculum. Hind tibiae with pseudosensoria confined mostly to ventral half on proximal 7. Setation: Body, vertex and antennae with few short setae (<.007). Legs and front with longer setae (.006—.016). Abdominal tergum VIII with 6 setae. Subgen- ital plate with 10—12 setae along posterior margin and 10-12 scattered on anterior half. Last rostral segment without accessory setae. First tarsi all with 3 setae. Cauda with 4-6 setae. Material examined: 25 specimens, all progeny of specimens taken on Hypericum prolificum, 4 km S.E. of Eddyville, Pope Co., Illinois. Lab reared collections: 10- XI-1982, 18-XI-82, 20-XII-82. Males.— Color in life: Head medium green. Thorax lighter than head but darker than the pale yellow green abdomen. Distal *4 of femora, distal “4 of tibiae, tarsi, antennal segments I and II concolorous with head. Antennal segments III—VI and tip of siphunculi dark green. Cleared specimens (Fig. 6): Sclerotization pattern follows dark areas of living specimens. Antennal segments III-VI darker than all other areas, cauda and siphunculi pale. Wing veins dark not bordered. Abdomen transparent. Morphology: Vertex and front smooth. Inner margin of frontal tubercles slightly scabrose, median frontal tubercle subequal to lateral frontal tubercles. Antennal segment I slightly scabrose on inner margin, segment II smooth, segments III-VI increasingly imbricated distad, segments III—-V with secondary sensoria. Abdom- 568 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 7. Antennae of the five morphs of Hyalomyzus triangulatus. A, Fundatrix, slide 80-3-1. B, Apterous vivipara, slide 80-14-R1; C, Alate vivipara, slide 80-14-3b. D, Ovipara, slide 82-16-6. E, Male, slide 82-196-2. All drawn to the same scale using a camera lucida. inal terga smooth. Distal tapered area of siphunculi with scattered fine imbrica- tions, not as strongly swollen as in apterae, with small flange. Operculum on stigmal pori of segments VI and VII not as large or nodulose as in other forms. Setation: As in all other forms, with few short setae (<.006) everywhere except on legs, front and cauda. Abdominal tergum VIII with 4 setae. Setae on tibiae shorter on dorsal surface as in alatae. First tarsi all with 3 setae. Last rostral segment without accessory setae. Cauda with 4 setae. Material examined: 2 specimens, both reared from 4th instar alatoid nymphs taken on Hypericum prolificum, 4 km S.E. of Eddyville, Pope Co., Illinois. 12- X-1982. Type locality.— All field collected specimens taken 4 km S.E. of Eddyville, Pope Co., Illinois. Types.— Holotype apterous vivipara on slide 82-216-4, progeny of specimen taken on Hypericum prolificum, 4 km S.E. of Eddyville, Pope Co., Illinois 10-XI- 1982, David Voegtlin. Deposited at the Illinois Natural History Survey. Paratypes deposited in the United States National Museum, the British Museum of Natural History, the Canadian National Collection and with D. Hille Ris Lambers. All other paratypes deposited at the Illinois Natural History Survey. Diagnosis. — Hyalomyzus triangulatus can be separated from all other species of Hyalomyzus by the very short process terminalis (Fig. 7) (<1.1 x base of last antennal segment) and in the apterous morphs by the siphunculi extending beyond VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 569 Table 2. The species of Hyalomyzus are shown with their primary and secondary hosts as given in the literature. Placement of species known from only one host species or genus is under the secondary host column to show the similarity of the hosts of these species to the secondary hosts of the species with host alternation. Citations for the host records are shown below the hosts for each species. Spectes Primary Host Secondary Host erlobotryae (TIssot) Erfobotrya japonica Lycopus virginicus Pyrus malus (Lablatae) Crataegus uniflora (Smith, 1960) (Rosaceae) (Tissot, 1935) Coll insonta canadensis (Lablatae) (Pepper, 1950) collinsontae (Pepper ) Pyrus augustifollae (Rosaceae) (Smith, 1982) monardae (Davis) Monardg fistulosa Monarda sp. (Labl atae) (Davis, 1911) (Mason, 1940) tissot! Nfelsson & Habeck Drosera capiilaris Drosera sp. (Labfatae) Isnardia [Intermedia (Onagraceae) (Nfelsson & Habeck, 1971) Crataegus yicana Crataegus praeformosa (Rosaceae) Jusstaea angustifolla (Onagraceae) (Smith, 1960) jusstaeae Smith sensorlatus (Mason) mitchellens{s Smith Crataegus crusgall] (Rosaceae) (Mason, 1940) Hyperfcum sp. (GuttI ferae) (Nlelsson & Habeck, 1971) Hyperftcum mitchell fanum (Guttiferae) (Smith, 1982) Hyperftcum prollificum (GuttI ferae) trtiangulatus VoegtlIn and nearly touching distad of cauda (Fig. 4). The following couplet will separate H. triangulatus from all other species in the genus and can be used in conjunction with the keys to apterous and alate viviparae prepared by Smith (1982). — Process terminalis <1.1 Xx base of last antennal segment. On Hypericum prolificum. Siphunculi in apterous morphs extending beyond tip of cauda, almost touching inumounted specimens and in lifes es ee 1 ele Re Bo RO oo Re eT Te oe ee ee Hyalomyzus triangulatus V oegtlin — Process terminalis >1.6 x base of last antennal segment. Not found on Hypericum prolificum. Siphunculi in apterous morphs not often exceeding Candatonr TOUCHING OM) MIG MIME. cic. o sw sya tors a eae other Hyalomyzus spp. Etymology.—The trivial name is taken from the triangle formed by the si- phunculi in the apterous morphs, which when viewed dorsally encloses the cauda and posterior abdominal segments (Fig. 4). 570 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Biology. — Hyalomyzus triangulatus was never found to be abundant in the field. Specimens can be found in the leaf axils of Hypericum prolificum L. (sensu Sven- son, 1952), a small shrub often found in abundance in abandoned fields in southern Illinois. This is considered to be the only host of H. triangulatus since both Oviparae and males developed on it. Alate viviparae were collected only in the spring, a similar pattern to that observed for H. mitchellensis (Smith, 1982). Although I have collected this species in only one locality, I expect that it will have a wide distribution given the extensive distribution of its host plant (Utech and IItis, 1970). BIOLOGY OF HYALOMYZUS Smith (1982) lists seven species of Hyalomyzus. These species and their host plants, as given in the literature, are listed in Table 2. Nielsson and Habeck (1971) synonymized H. collinsoniae with H. eriobotryae, but this was not accepted by Eastop and Hille Ris Lambers (1976), and Smith (1982) separated them in his keys. Published collection dates for these two species are as follows; H. eriobotryae has been collected in December, February and April in Florida (Tissot, 1935) and in May and June in Pennsylvania (Pepper, 1965); whereas H. collinsoniae has been collected in August in Florida (Pepper, 1950) and August and September in Pennsylvania (Pepper, 1965). Unpublished records on slides in the United States National Museum have H. collinsoniae collected in August and September and H. eriobotryae collected in April, May, June, November and December. These collection dates seem to support the conclusion of Nielsson and Habeck that collinsoniae is the summer form of eriobotryae. One of the characters used by Smith (1982) to separate the alatae of these two species 1s the presence or absence of a distinct bordering of the anal vein of the forewing, this being absent in eriobotryae. | examined two paratypes of this species and found the anal vein bordered in both. The holotype, an alate vivipara, however, does not show this distinct fuscos bordering of the anal vein. Tissot (1935) in the original description of eriobotryae stated ‘‘the anal and basal portion of the cubitus narrowly bordered with brown shading.” These two species, if not synonymous, are obviously very closely related biologically as well as being morphologically similar. Table 2 presents the host plants known for this genus, under the headings primary and secondary hosts. There is no indication in the literature that any of the species shown to have primary and secondary hosts actually had been trans- ferred experimentally. These published host alternation patterns are apparently based on morphological similarities between specimens found on different hosts. Host transfer tests would resolve the taxonomic status of collinsoniae as well as verify the other life cycles. The sequence in Table 2 is to show common host plant affinities. The first four species are associated with rosaceous shrubs as primary hosts with plants in the Labiatae or Onagraceae as secondary or only hosts. The next species is known only from Onagraceae and exists anholocyclicly in Puerto Rico. The last three are associated with Hypericum as the only or secondary host, and one has a rosaceous shrub as its primary host. If we assume these life cycles are correct, they show some interesting evolu- tionary patterns within Hya/omyzus. H. tissoti can spend its entire life on the primary host (Nielsson and Habeck, 1971), while at the other extreme, H. mitch- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 5)7/1 ellensis has apparently transferred its entire life cycle to Hypericum, a secondary host for this genus, and has developed wingless males, effectively eliminating the possibility of host alternation. Hyalomyzus monardae has been collected only from Labiatae. However, collection records from specimens in the United States National Museum and the Illinois Natural History Survey are all from June and July. Palmer (1952) recorded collections from May through early November, but fundatrices, oviparae or males are not indicated. The type of H. monardae was collected on May 24 and is an alate vivipara accompanied by nymphs. This suggests that H. monardae may alternate hosts. I suspect that host transfer tests will confirm these proposed life cycles. Hopefully someone, in the geographic region of the species in question, will undertake the experimental work necessary to prove them. LITERATURE CITED Davis, J. J. 1911. Williams’ “The Aphididae of Nebraska;”’ a critical review. Univ. Stud. (Nebraska) 11: 253-291. Eastop, V. F. and D. Hille Ris Lambers. 1976. Survey of the World’s Aphids. Dr. W. Junk b.v., The Hague. 573 pp. Mason, P. W. 1940. A revision of the North American aphids of the genus Myzus. U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Pub. 371: 1-30. Nielsson, R. J. and D. H. Habeck. 1971. The genus Hyalomyzus (Homoptera: Aphididae), with the description of a new species. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 64: 883-887. Palmer, M. 1952. Aphids of the Rocky Mountain Region. The Thomas Say Foundation 5: 1-452; Pls. I-VIII. Pepper, J.O. 1950. Six new aphids from Pennsylvania. Fla. Entomol. 33: 3-15. 1965. A list of the Pennsylvania Aphididae and their host plants (Homoptera). Trans. Am. Ent. Soc: 91: 131=231- Smith, C. F. 1960. New species of Aphidae: Homoptera from Puerto Rico. J. Agric. Univ. P. R. 44: 157-162. . 1982. A key to the species of Hyalomyzus (Homoptera: Aphididae) in North America, with the description of a new species. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84: 325-331. Svenson, H. K. 1952. What is Hypericum prolificum? Rhodora 54: 205-207. Tissot, A. N. 1935. A new Myzus from Florida. Fla. Entomol. 18: 49-52. Utech, F. H. and H. H. Iltis. 1970. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 61. Hyperi- caceae—St. John’s-Wort family. Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters. 58: 325-351. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 572-577 NEW SPECIES OF HYDROPTILIDAE (TRICHOPTERA) FROM ALABAMA S. C. HARRIS AND R. W. KELLEY (SCH) Environmental Division, Geological Survey of Alabama, P.O. Drawer O, University, Alabama 35486; (RWK) P.O. Box 522, Clemson, South Carolina 29633. Abstract.—Three new species of Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) from Alabama, Hydroptila alabama, Hydroptila recurvata, and Ochrotrichia tuscaloosa are de- scribed and illustrated. In the course of a premining assessment study of Tyro Creek and two of its tributaries (Harris et al., 1983), several undescribed species of Trichoptera were collected with black light traps. Tyro Creek is a small, rocky stream located in the Cumberland Plateau in north Tuscaloosa County, Alabama. Two of the species are possibly restricted to the Black Warrior basin, of which the Tyro Creek drainage is a part, but the third species was subsequently collected throughout Alabama. These new species are described below and their affinities noted. Hydroptila alabama Harris and Kelley, NEw SPECIES Fig. | This species is a member of the tineoides group (Marshall, 1979) most closely resembling H. wyomia (Denning). The species differs from H. wyomia and other members of the group in the structure of the aedeagus. In H. wyomia the bulbous portion of the aedeagus narrows to a beak-shaped apex, while in H. alabama it narrows to a thin, sharply angled apex (Fig. 1). When the bulbous portion of the aedeagus does not protrude beyond the tenth tergite, the new species is easily confused with H. hamata (Morton). Male.— Antennae 29-segmented. Length 2.0—3.0 mm. Color brown in alcohol. Seventh sternum with a long apicomesal process extending beyond margin of eighth sternite. Lateral lobe of ninth segment slender with both dorsal and ventral setal clusters; internally ninth segment bearing a lightly sclerotized forked structure (the bilobed process of Marshall, 1979) tipped with stout setae at apices. Claspers short, sharply curved ventrad in lateral view, apices heavily sclerotized and con- tigious along meson in ventral view; midlaterally on each clasper arises a tubular process curved dorso-anteriorally bearing a prominent setae at apex. Tenth tergite lightly sclerotized, posterior portion slightly emarginate in dorsal view, in lateral view anterior portion domed, sloping to a blunt apex. Aedeagus long, tubular, nearly straight with only a narrow neck, lacking titillator; near base of apical portion arises a slender acuminate filament; distal portion bulbous then narrowing to an apex which is sharply bent at a right angle; straight process of ejaculatory duct also arising from bulbous portion. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 5/3 Fig. 1. Hydroptila alabama n.sp., male genitalia. 1A, lateral view. 1B, ventral view. 1C, dorsal view. 1D aedeagus. 1E, distal portion of aedeagus. 1F, Hydroptila wyomia Denning, distal portion of aedeagus (redrawn from paratype). Female.— Unknown. Holotype, male. —ALABAMA, Escambia County, Little Escambia Creek at Hwy. 31, 6 Aug. 1982, O’Neil. The holotype is deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Paratypes. ALABAMA, Baldwin County, Turkey Creek at Hwy. 59, 11 May 1982, 1 6, Harris and McCullough; Bibb County, Six Mile Creek at Hwy. 25, 13 May 1982, 3 6, Harris and O’Neil; Schultz Creek, 4 miles north of Centreville, 25 Aug. 1981, 1 6, Harris and O’Neil; Butler County, Pigeon Creek at Hwy. 110, 4 Sept. 1982, 1 6, Harris; Calhoun County, Nances Creek at Piedmont, 6 Sept. 1981, 2 6, Harris and Handley; Tallassehattchee Creek, 1.5 miles northwest of Jacksonville, 7 Sept. 1981, 1 6, Harris and Handley; Choctaw County, Middle Tallawampa Creek at Co. Hwy. 23, 16 May 1982, 5 4, Harris; Tallawampa Creek 574 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON at Co. Hwy. 23, 16 May 1982, 5 6, Harris; Cleburne County, Chulafinnee Creek at Co. Hwy. 24, 1 mile east of Abel, 22 May 1981, 2 6, Harris and O’Neil; Shoal Creek at Shoal Creek Campground, Talladega National Forest, 6 Sept. 1981, 9 4, Harris and Handley; Covington County, Yellow Creek at Co. Hwy. 4, 12 June 1982, 2 6, Harris; DeKalb County, Mush Creek at Porterville Gap, 8 miles south of Fort Payne, 22 June 1981, 1 6, Harris; Escambia County, Burnt Corn Creek, 5 miles northwest of Brewton, 13 June 1982, 46 6, Harris; Etowah County, Little Wills Creek at Hwy. 227, 17 July 1982, 2 6, Harris; Fayette County, Tyro Creek, 2.5 miles southeast of Berry, 18 May 1982, 3 6, Harris and O’Neil; Jefferson County, Cahaba River at Camp Coleman, 24 May 1981, 1 6, Harris and O’Neil; Mobile County, Little Creek, 4 miles southeast of Citronelle, 4 Aug. 1982, 1 4, Harris and O’Neil; Monroe County, Beaver Creek at Hwy. 41, 15 May 1982, 13 $, Harris; Tuscaloosa County, Tyro Creek, 4.5 miles east of New Lexington, 21 July 1981, 31 6, Harris and O’Neil; Tyro Creek, 3.5 miles south of Berry, 18 May 1982, 9 6, Harris and O’Neil; Wallace Branch, 5 miles southeast of Berry, 18 May 1982, 5 6, Harris and O’Neil; Big Sandy Creek, 4 miles south of Coaling, 9 June 1982, 1 6, Harris; Washington County, Bates Creek at Hwy. 43, 4 Aug. 1982, 1 6, Harris and O’Neil. Two paratype series are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History; the remaining paratypes are deposited at the Illinois Natural History Survey, Clemson University, Royal Ontario Museum, Geological Survey of Alabama, and collections of the authors. Hydroptila recurvata Harris and Kelley, NEw SPECIES Fig. 2 This species can be placed in the waubesiana group (Marshall, 1979) on the basis of the long forked tenth tergum, and is closely related to H. waubesiana Betten. It differs primarily in the structure of the claspers which are long and sharply recurved. Male.— Antennae 24-segmented. Length 2.4 mm. Color brown in alcohol. Sev- enth sternum with short apicomesal process. Eighth segment with numerous, long, heavily sclerotized spines on ventral and apico-lateral surface. Ninth segment retracted into eighth and posterior portion of seventh segment. Tenth tergum arises from ninth segment as a narrow, parallel-sided, lightly sclerotized process; forking near apex, each fork ending in a prominent spine. Claspers converging in ventral view, sharply bending anterio-laterally near apex and narrowing; with a heavily sclerotized projection near midlength; rounded at base with a pair of slender spines on apico-lateral margin. Aedeagus narrowly constricted at mid- length and apex; titillator slender, arising near neck, spiraling anteriorly one rev- olution; ejaculatory duct arising near basal constriction and protruding at apex. Female. — Unknown. Etymology.— Latin: “bent back’’ referring to the distinctive claspers. Holotype, male. —ALABAMA, Tuscaloosa County, Wallace Branch, 5 miles southeast of Berry, 15 June 1982, Harris and O’Neil. The holotype is deposited in the National Museum of Natural History. Paratypes.—ALABAMA, same as above, but 25 July 1983, 1 6. Tuscaloosa County, Tyro Creek, 4 miles southeast of Berry, 23 Aug. 1983, 1 6, Harris and O’Neil; Fayette County, Tyro Creek, 2.5 miles southeast of Berry, 25 July 1983, VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 aS Hydroptila recurvata pe aa 2D Fig. 2. Hydroptila recurvata n.sp., male genitalia. 2A, lateral view. 2B, ventral view. 2C, dorsal view. 2D, aedeagus. 1 6, Harris and O’Neil. Paratypes are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History and the Illinois Natural History Survey. Ochrotrichia tuscaloosa Harris and Kelley, NEw SPECIES Fig. 3 This species appears to be a member of the shawnee group of Blickle (1979) with affinities to both O. denningi (Blickle and Morse) and O. contorta (Ross). It can be distinguished from other species in the group on the basis of the sclerite configuration of the tenth tergum. Male.— Antennae 31-segmented. Length 3.0—3.5 mm. Color brown in alcohol. Ninth segment annular, with dorsum incised on meson to accommodate tenth tergum. Tenth tergum divided into several sclerotized processes (designated after Ross, 1944). Sclerite F coiled near apex, forming a spring-like structure; sclerite C slender, angled at base extending to midlength of sclerite D; sclerite D slender, 576 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 3C Fig. 3. Ochrotrichia tuscaloosa n.sp., male genitalia and female terminalia. 3A, lateral view, 6. 3B, ventral view of claspers. 3C, tenth tergite, dorsal view, 6. 3D, aedeagus. 3E, dorsal view, 2. reaching to near base of spiral of sclerite F, but separated at least by width of sclerite; sclerite E sharply angled and sclerotized at apex, shouldered near base. Pair of sclerotized denticles at base of tenth tergum. Claspers in lateral view similar in shape to O. felipe Ross; parallel-sided in ventral and dorsal views with peg- like denticles on the ventral-mesal surface. Aedeagus simple and tubular, typical for genus. Female.—Identical to male in general appearance. Antennae 25-segmented. Length 3.1-3.3 mm. Seventh and eighth segments fused. Eighth tergum with deep, posteromedian emargination. Eighth segment with lateral apodemes extending into fifth segment. Ninth segment, membranous and extensile, with two apodemes extending anteriorly into posterior portion of fifth segment, apodemes connected by sclerotized arch at base and apex of the segment. Tenth segment short and conical, with pair of internal rods, lacking cerci. Internal apparatus with sper- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 577 mathecal sclerite protruded anteriorly; a pair of serrate, sclerotized rods poste- riorly. Etymology.— Tuscaloosa is the Choctaw word for “‘black warrior,” the river basin in which the species was collected. Holotype, male, and allotype. -ALABAMA, Tuscaloosa County, Tyro Creek, 4 miles southeast of Berry, 18 May 1982, Harris and O’Neil. The holotype and allotype are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History. Paratypes. ALABAMA, Tuscaloosa County, Tyro Creek, 4.5 miles east of New Lexington, 18 May 1982, 2 6, 1 2, Harris and O’Neil; Tyro Creek as above, but 14 June 1982, | 6, Harris and O’Neil; Wallace Branch, 5 miles southeast of Berry, 18 May 1982, 2 6, Harris and O’Neil. Paratypes are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, the Illinois Natural History Survey, and Clemson University. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Patrick O’Neil of the Geological Survey of Alabama for assistance in the field collections; Dr. Donald Denning, Moraga, California, for the loan of paratypes of Hydroptila wyomia; and Sabra Rager for typing the manuscript. The study was supported in part by a grant (no. AA851-CT1-49) from the U.S. De- partment of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. LITERATURE CITED Blickle, R. L. 1979. Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) of America north of Mexico. Bull. N. H. Agric. Exp. Stn. 509: 1—97. Harris, S. C., P. E. O’Neil, M. F. Mettee, and R. V. Chandler. 1983. Biological and hydrological impacts of surface mining for federal minerals on the Tyro Creek watershed. Phase I. Premining- Aquatic baseline information. Bull. Geol. Surv. Ala. 116: 1-98. Marshall, J. E. 1979. A review of the genera of the Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera). Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.) 39: 135-239. Ross, H. H. 1944. The caddis flies, or Trichoptera of Illinois. Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. 21: 101- 183. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 578-581 A NEW SPECIES OF NEMOURIDAE (PLECOPTERA) FROM THE GREAT DISMAL SWAMP, VIRGINIA, USA BorRIs C. KONDRATIEFF AND RALPH F. KIRCHNER! (BCK) 422 Florida Ave., New Ellenton, South Carolina 29809; (RFK) De- partment of the Army, Huntington District Corps of Engineers, Water Quality Section, 502 Eighth Street, Huntington, West Virginia 25701. Abstract.—A new species of Nearctic Nemouridae, Prostoia hallasi n. sp. is described and figured from specimens collected from the Great Dismal Swamp in southeastern Virginia. Characters separating this species from other Prostoia are illustrated by drawings and scanning electron micrographs. Other Nemouridae associated with the new species are reported and comments are made on its atypical habitat. The Great Dismal Swamp is situated in the Coastal Plain Physiographic prov- ince in southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina. Very few points of the Swamp rise above 8 m in relief. Lake Drummond, a 1287 ha freshwater lake is located almost centrally in the Swamp. The predominant vegetation is mixed hardwoods. Matta (1979) recently listed the aquatic insects known from the Dismal Swamp. He recorded seven orders: Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera; absent were the Plecoptera. Matta (1973) reviewed the aquatic habitats of the Dismal Swamp. The “‘ditches”’ or canals and their feeding streams apparently provide the only suitable habitats for stonefly immatures. The ditches were built by land companies for drainage and trans- porting lumber from the Dismal Swamp. The Washington Ditch (built in the late 1700’s) was named after its presumed surveyor, George Washington. However, many of the ditches (i.e., Jericho, Lynn) have a low pH (3.5—S.5) that limits aquatic life. As Matta (1973) pointed out, ditches which have their primary drain- age from the Suffolk Escarpment, such as Washington Ditch are much less acidic (pH 6-7) and have good diversity of aquatic insects. We made several collecting trips into the Dismal Swamp and collected three species of Nemouridae, including a new species of the Nearctic genus Prostoia Ricker. The taxonomy of this genus has been well reviewed by Ricker (1952) and Baumann (1975). Prostoia presently includes three common species (Baumann, 1975). The western P. besametsa (Ricker) is an early spring stonefly of creeks and smaller rivers of the Coast, Cascade, Rocky and Sierra Nevada Mountains (Bau- mann et al., 1977, Ricker, 1964). The eastern species, Prostoia completa (Walker) ' The views of the author do not purport to reflect the position of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 S19 Ree WN: fears Figs. 1-5. Prostoia hallasi. 1, Male terminalia, lateral. 2, Adult head and pronotum. 3, Female terminalia, ventral. and P. similis (Hagen) emerge during late winter or early spring and occur in small streams to large rivers. Morphological terms of the description follow Baumann (1975). Prostoia hallasi Kondratieff and Kirchner NEw SPECIES Figs. 1-6 Adult.— Length of body 5-7 mm. Macropterous, length of forewings 6-7 mm, venation typical for genus; wings hyaline with fumose stripe downward from cord. Head light brown with rugosities darker brown (Fig. 2); body brown, legs yellow- ish-brown; abdomen with a reddish-brown tinge. Male: Hypoproct sclerotized, broad at base, tapering to narrow apex, extending to and covering part of base of epiproct; vesicle present; paraprocts unmodified. Epiproct completely sclerotized, ventral sclerite directed upward and recurved dorsally, narrow, with sides almost parallel with stout marginal and submarginal spines dorsally and ventrally, with middorsal groove (Figs. 1, 4 and 5), apex terminating in club-like process, apex also with pair of dorsally and ventrally directed processes (Figs. 1, 4 and 6); club-like process with an opening ventrally. Dorsal sclerite without well-developed lateral arms (Figs. 1 and 5). Tenth tergum with trough-like depression beneath ventral sclerite. Female: Seventh and eighth sterna appearing fused at midline. Subgenital plate with a small median lightly sclerotized area and notch (Fig. 3). Nymph: Typical for the genus as described by Baumann (1975) and no reliable characters were found to consistently separate the nymph from the other two eastern species. Specimens examined.— Holotype, allotype, 25 paratype males, 28 paratype fe- males, Virginia: City of Suffolk, Washington Ditch, Washington Ditch Road, March 2, 1983, B. C. Kondratieff. Additional paratypes: 4 males, 2 females, same location, nymphs collected 8 February 1983 emerged 12-18 February 1983, R. F. Kirchner and B. C. Kondratieff; 2 females, same location, 17 April 1983, B. 580 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 4-9. Scanning electron micrographs. 4, Prostoia hallasi, epiproct, dorsal aspect. 5, Prostoia hallasi, epiproct, basal view. 6, Prostoia hallasi, epiproct, apex. 7, Prostoia completa, epiproct, dorsal aspect. 8, Prostoia completa, epiproct, posterior view. 9, Prostoia similis, epiproct, dorsal aspect. All scale lines are 100 micrometers long. C. Kondratieff and R. F. Kirchner; 1 male, Washington Ditch between Lynn and Jericho Ditches, 17 April 1983, B. C. Kondratieff and R. F. Kirchner. Holotype (USNM TYPE #101149), allotype and several paratypes deposited in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History. Other paratypes deposited in the collections of R. W. Baumann, Brigham Young University, R. F. Kirchner, C. H. Nelson, University of Tennessee-Chattanooga, B. P. Stark, Mississippi College, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Etymology.— The specific name honors Dr. Laurence E. Hallas, Monsanto Ag- ricultural Products Co., St. Louis, Missouri, a life-long friend and supporter of the senior author. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 581 Diagnosis. —Prostoia hallasi is easily distinguished from all other Prostoia by the following characters: (1) the shape of the ventral sclerite and ornamented apex of the epiproct, (2) the lack of well-developed lateral arms of the dorsal sclerite, (3) the shape of the hypoproct, and (4) the subgenital plate of the female. Prostoia similis has long and slender lateral arms of the dorsal sclerite of the epiproct (Fig. 9) and lacks the ornamented apex of the epiproct. Prostoia completa and P. besametsa have a simple glabrous ventral sclerite and the lateral arms of their dorsal sclerites are represented by small curved processes (Figs. 7 and 8). Ecological notes.— Prostoia hallasi was collected along the Washington Ditch to just beyond the intersection of Lynn Ditch (see Matta (1973) Fig. 1). Other species of Nemouridae occurring commonly with P. hallasi were Shipsa rotunda Claassen and Amphinemura nigritta (Provancher). Two caddisflies, Polycentropus crassicornis Walker (Polycentropodidae) and Rhyacophila sp. near ledra Ross (Rhyacophilidae) were also abundant. The immatures of these taxa were found among leaf packs, debris and aquatic moss in Washington Ditch. Adults of Ne- mouridae were commonly collected on bald cypress knees and other tree trunks in the early morning. All these taxa apparently emerge very early in the year (February—April) taking advantage of seasonal cool water and air temperatures and much higher, sustained stream flows. Water quality and flow of Washington Ditch deteriorates rapidly during the summer, factors that probably eliminate additional taxa. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the personnel of the Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, especially the Refuge Biologist, Mary Keith Garrett, and Cherly Briley for their kind assistance; Dr. Oliver S. Flint, Jr., U.S. National Museum for examining the caddisflies; Penny F. Kondratieff for the illustrations; and Lily K. Fainter, College of Veterinary Medicine, VPI & SU for helping with the scanning electron micro- graphs. LITERATURE CITED Baumann, R. W. 1975. Revision of the stonefly Family Nemouridae (Plecoptera): A study of the World Fauna at the generic level. Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 211: 1-74. Baumann, R. W., A. R. Gaufin, and R. F. Surdick. 1977. The stoneflies (Plecoptera) of the Rocky Mountains. Mem. Am. Entomol. Soc. 31: 1-208. Matta, J. F. 1973. The aquatic Coleoptera of the Dismal Swamp. Va. J. Sci. 24: 199-205. . 1979. Aquatic insects of the Dismal Swamp, pp. 200-222. Jn P. W. Kirk, Jr. ed. The Great Disinal Swamp. Univ. Press Virginia, Charlottesville. Ricker, W. E. 1952. Systematic studies in Plecoptera. Indiana Univ. Publ. Sci. Ser. 18: 1-200. . 1364. Distribution of Canadian stoneflies. Gew. Abw. 34/35: 50-71. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 582-598 A SYNOPTIC REVISION OF THE GENUS ACIURINA CURRAN, 1932 (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) GEORGE C. STEYSKAL Cooperating Scientist, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, % U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Wash- ington, D.C. 20560. Abstract.—The genus Aciurina is concisely defined, reasons for separating it from Tephrella are cited, the host plants of the species are concisely cited, and one new species, Aciurina idahoensis, is described from Idaho. The following are cited as new synonyms of Aciurina bigeloviae (Cockerell), 1890: Trypeta bigeloviae var. disrupta Cockerell, 1890; Tephrella semilucida Bates, 1935; Aciurina trixa Curran, 1932. Among North American genera of Tephritidae, Aciurina may be recognized by the following combination of characters: Humeral, dorsocentral, and scutellar setae present; apex of cell bcu (former anal cell) closed by inwardly bent Cu2 causing lower apex of bcu to be acute; dorsocentral seta anterior to halfway point between supra-alar and acrostichal setae; scutellum neither inflated nor polished; posterior upper frontorbital seta reclinate or absent; width of front greater than that of one eye; only one pair of scutellar setae present; cell r5 of wing with bulla; abdomen polished; tip of wing in cell r5 not hyaline with V-shaped dark mark, but wholly dark or with narrow apical dark seam in full width of cell; occipital setae stubby, whitish. Hering (1947) has distinguished a tribe Tephrellini apart from Aciurini under a subfamily Aciurinae by the possession of stubby pale occipital setae, but Hardy (1974, p. 228-229) states, “‘I do not see justification for treating Aciurinae as a subfamily and am treating Tephrellini as a tribe under the subfamily Tephritinae on the basis of the head bristles and by having the 6th abdominal tergum of ? slightly longer than 5th.”’ This latter character was introduced by Hering (1947) as a primary character separating the subfamily Tephritinae from the Trypetinae, which have sharply pointed black occipital setae. This has been accepted by most workers on Tephritidae. The genus Aciurina consequently, as Hardy states, is tephritine, while Aciura is trypetine. A satisfactory division of these two subfam- ilies into tribes has not yet been proposed and a sharp distinction of the greater part of the family into these two subfamilies alone on a worldwide basis may not be feasible. The species of Aciurina have been reported outside of the continental United States only from Mexico (see 4A. mexicana). All Aciurina species whose biology is known are gall-formers on plants of the family Asteraceae (Compositae). These host plants have been listed by Wasbauer VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 583 (1972), the relationships of gall-form on Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pall.) Britt. to the taxonomy of the plants has been discussed by McArthur et al. (1979), and Wangberg (1981) discussed the species of Aciurina relative to the galls they form on Chrysothamnus species. However, the relationship of species of Aciurina and their specific or subspecific taxonomy to that of the host plants is not yet clear. It is hoped that this paper will provide a firmer basis for such study than has been so far available. ACIURINA SPECIES AND THEIR Host PLANTS The recorded host plants of Aciurina species, as far as is known at present, are tabulated below. Some additional detail is to be found in Wasbauer (1972) and in this paper under the various species. The plant names have been checked by Harold E. Robinson, Department of Botany, U.S. National Museum of Natural History. The taxonomy of plants below the rank of species in several of the listed genera 1s apparently somewhat unsettled, and is not considered in this list. It may be noted that the hosts of Aciurina species include genera of four tribes of Asteraceae: Artemisia of Anthemideae; Baccharis, Chrysothamnus, Gutierrezia, Haplopappus, and Solidago of Astereae; Bebbia of Heliantheae; and Senecio of Senecioneae. Aciurina aplopappi (Coq.)—Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby; Hap- lopappus pinifolius Gray. A. bigeloviae (Cockerell)—Artemisia tridentata Nutt.; Bebbia juncea (Benth.) Greene; Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pall.) Britt.; C. parryi (Gray) Greene; C. viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt. Syn. A. semilucida—Artemisia sp.; Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pall.) Britt. Syn. A. trixa— Artemisia tridentata Nutt.; Chrysotham- nus nauseosus (Pall.) Britt. C. parryi (Gray) Greene; C. viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt. A. ferruginea (Doane)—Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pall.) Britt.; C. viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt.; Haplopappus bloomeri Gray; Solidago sp. A. idahoensis, n. sp.—Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt. A. lutea (Coq.)—Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt. A. maculata (Cole)—? Amelanchier sp.; Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pall.) Britt.; Senecio douglasii DC. A. mexicana (Aczél)— Baccharis sarothroides Gray. A. notata (Coq.)—Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pall.) Britt. A. opaca Curran—Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pall.) Britt. A. thoracica Curran—Baccharis emoryi Gray; B. pilularis DC: B. sarothroides Gray. A. trilitura Blanc & Foote—Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pall.) Britt. Host PLANTS OF ACIURINA SPECIES All are Asteraceae (Compositae), except the questionable record of Amelanchier (Rosaceae). ? Amelanchier sp.—Aciurina maculata (Cole). Artemisia tridentata Nutt.—A. bigeloviae (Cockerell). Baccharis emoryi Gray—A. thoracica Curran. B. pilularis DC.—A. thoracica Curran. 584 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON B. sarothroides Gray—A. mexicana (Aczél); A. thoracica Curran. Bebbia juncea (Benth.) Greene—4A. bigeloviae (Cockerell). Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pall.) Britt., and subtaxa—A. bigeloviae (Cockerell); A. maculata (Cole); A. notata (Coq.); A. opaca (Coq.); A. trilitura Blanc & Foote. C. parryi (Gray) Greene—A. bigeloviae (Cockerell). C. viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt., and subtaxa—A. bigeloviae (Cockerell); A. ferruginea (Doane); A. idahoensis, n. sp.; A. lutea (Coq.). Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby—4A. aplopappi (Coq.). Haplopappus bloomeri Gray —A. ferruginea (Doane). H. pinifolius Gray—A. aplopappi (Coq.). Senecio douglasii DC.—A. maculata (Cole). Solidago sp.—A. ferruginea (Doane). TERMINOLOGY OF WING VENATION Inasmuch as the terminology of the wing venation used here differs somewhat from that used in most current work on the family, some explanation is called for. The venation of the higher Diptera, roughly about half of the species of the Order, is a consistent reduction of the pattern found in the lower Diptera, and is quite uniform from family to family and in the Dolichopodidae, a large brachyc- eran (lower) family, as well. A more detailed explanation is planned, but it should suffice to state here that I am in agreement with McAlpine (1981) in recognizing that the name of the old “‘anal” cell is inconsistent with that of the other cells. I cannot, however, call it cell cup (posterior cubital) because I am convinced that vein Cup is not actually a vein, but, like the spurious vein of the Syrphidae, it is no more than a furrow and therefore a part of the system of convex and concave furrows of the wing. The furrow is never fully developed in the Diptera, and in the higher Diptera is is greatly reduced or even wholly lacking. Vein CuP is therefore considered to be the claval furrow, some trace of which is found in most insect wings, and should not be considered the posterior cubital vein. Abbrevi- ations are used for compound veins, such as R; for R,_;. ““Basal cubital cell” (bcu) is adopted for the old anal cell in line with McAlIpine’s use of basal radial and basal medial for the cells costad of those veins. KEY TO SPECIES OF ACIURINA 1 (2). Wing as in Fig. 2, with complete dark crossband through 7a, bifurcate between R, and C, one branch running to pterostigma, the other to C. apicad of R,; complete crossband also through 7p; cell 2c with broadimedian dark areay.. =. ee A. idahoensis, new species 2 (1). With such crossbands, if almost so (as in some specimens of A. bigeloviae with reduced pattern), then dark mark in cell 2c narrow or lacking. 3 (4). Wing as in Fig. 3, cell r,; with 3 hyaline spots along C, the apical one just before end of R;; cell r; uniformly dark brown, except for small roundish hyaline spot adjacent to vein M close to apical one of 3 separate hyaline spots in cell am; bulla large, last section of R; strong- ly bowed costad; abdomen wholly shining black ................ ai oi 58 ea Nae is ee ext goth i ca leepeal ty a A. trilitura Blanc and Foote VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 585 pterostigma Fig. 1. Terminology of wing veins and cells in Tephritidae. Abbreviations of veins in capital and lower case letters, those of cells with all lower case letters, and all in italics. Names and equivalents in other systems: 4,— Ist anal vein, anal vein, 1A + CuA,; a—anal cell (undifferentiated cell a, and a,), 4th posterior cell; acu—apical cubital cell, 3rd posterior cell, CuA,; am—apical medial cell, 2nd posterior cell, m, 2nd m,; bcu—basal cubital cell, anal cell, cup, medial cell; b—basal medial cell, 2nd basal cell, radial cell; br—basal radial cell, 1st basal cell; C—costal vein, costa; Jc— 1st costal cell, basal costal cell; 2c—2nd costal cell, costal cell; Cu—cubital vein (Cu,), cubitus, CuA, 5th vein, M, + Cu,; Cu,—branch of cubitus, CuA,, basal crossvein; dc—discal cell, cell dam, Ist m,; H— humeral crossvein; //—medial vein, medius, 4th vein, M,,,; R,—I1st radial vein, lst vein; r,— Ist radial cell marginal cell; R;—vein R,,;, 2nd vein; r,;—cell r; (r,,;), submarginal cell; R;—vein R4,;, 3rd vein; r;—cell r, (14,5), 1st posterior cell; Sc—subcostal vein, subcosta; 7a—anterior crossvein, r-m; 7p—posterior crossvein, dm-cu, im, M; 7b—basal crossvein, M,;, bm-cu. 4 (3). Cell r, with only 2 hyaline spots along C or with markings in cells r; and am otherwise. 5 (14). Wing (Figs. 4 to 8) with cell /c dark brown, similar to dark areas of other parts of wing. 6 (7). Wing as in Fig. 4, with cell r; crossed gby obliquely transverse preapical hyaline band; cell am with small subapical and large sub- basal hyaline indentations, latter sometimes V-shaped by presence Ol Marecinalibrown-SpoOt ws F 2 s 9 S o oO ie bigeloviae PER, SG snqnjyisodiao 14 bigeloviae JO}WSOAIAO bigeloviae Life Figs. 11-17. Aciurina species, wings and (17) female postabdomen. 11-12, A. notata (Coquillett). 14-16, A. bigeloviae (Cockerell), illustrating variation (Fig. 16 copied from Bates, 1935, semilucida). 17, A. ferruginea (Doane), extended postabdomen, diagrammatic. Ovipositor as in Fig. 23F, rasper teeth acute, largest at midlength of oviposi- tubus. This species differs externally from the 2 other members of the group, as shown in the key, only in details of the wing pattern. The food plants, Haplopappus pinifolius and Gutierrezia sarothrae, as known so far, are different from the other species of the group, which feed on Baccharis species. Specimens have been examined only from California (Los Angeles County: ““Los Angeles County” and 590 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 18 Figs. 18-22. Aciurina species, various details. 18, A. bigeloviae (Cockerell) 6, postabdomen, dia- grammatic: A-C, profile and posterior views of outer parts to illustrate variation. 19, A. idahoensis Steyskal, n. sp.: A, profile and B, posterior view of 6 postabdomen; C, glans of aedeagus; D, spermatheca. 20, A. notata (Coquillet), micropilar end of egg. 21, same, profile of tip of ovipositor. 22, A. bigeloviae (Cockerell), micropilar end of egg. Claremont; Riverside County: Blythe and Riverside; Santa Clara County). A male from ‘“‘Los Angeles Co.” in USNM is herewith designated lectotype. The few dates associated with these specimens indicate that adults appear in March and April. Aciurina mexicana (Aczel) Figs. 8, 23G Tephrella mexicana Aczél, 1953: 194. Aciurina mexicana (Aczél) Foote and Blanc, 1979: 161. The ovipositor and associated structures are virtually the same as those of A. aplopappi. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 591 I SD maculata lutea idahoensis G aplopappi mexicana thoracica ttrilitura ferruginea Fig. 23. Aciurina species, ventral views of ovipositors with more enlarged view of typical larger rasper tooth (all at same magnification for size comparison. A, A. bigeloviae (Cockerell). B, A. maculata (Cole). C, A. opaca (Coquillett). D, A. bigeloviae (Coquillett). E, A. idahoensis Steyskal, n. sp. (somewhat lateral). F, A. aplopappi (Coquillett). G, A. mexicana (Azcél). H, A. thoracica Curran. I, A. trilitura Blanc and Foote. J, A. ferruginea (Doane). 592 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON This species was described from Nogales, Veracruz, Mexico. Foote and Blanc recorded it from Phoenix and Catalina Mountains, Arizona. I have seen the type specimens and those reported from the Catalina Mountains, as well as others from Nogales, Arizona; Santa Maria, Santa Barbara County, California; and Can- tillas Canyon, Sierra Juarez, Baja California (Norte). Adults have been found from the latter half of April to the first half of June. Aciurina thoracica Curran Figs. 7, 23H Aciurina thoracica Curran, 1932: 11. The ovipositor (Fig. 23H) with preapical sides more rounded; rasper teeth semi- acute, largest ones at about basal '4 of ovipositubus. This species was described from San Diego County, California. I have seen it from several localities in California (Cajon, Martinez, Otay, Stanford University, and Truckee), as well as from Bernalillo County, New Mexico, and Rockwell, Utah. Foote (1965: 670) recorded the species from Arizona; he informs me that the record is based upon a specimen from Scottsdale determined by him. That specimen was taken on February 22, which is the earliest date of occurrence; other dates extend from 9 April to 3 August. REMAINDER OF GENUS The remaining species of Aciurina, exclusive of the Aplopappi Group, may eventually be divided into further species groups, but they do not seem as distinct as the Aplopappi Group, and all are known to feed upon plants of the genus Chrysothamnus, as well as a few other genera, but not upon Baccharis species. Nor is any other species than 4. aplopappi known to feed upon Gutierrezia and only A. ferruginea besides A. aplopappi is known to feed upon a species of Hap- lopappus. The remainder of the genus may therefore be considered as a single, typical group. Aciurina bigeloviae (Cockerell) Figs: isi to 16422523 Trypeta bigeloviae Cockerell, 1890a: 75 (March, gall only); 1890b: 324 (December, adult) (cf. Sabrosky, C. W., 1971, Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 17: 85). Trypeta b. var disrupta Cockerell, 1890b: 324. N. SYN. Eurosta (Trypeta) bigeloviae Townsend, 1893: 49-52. Synonymy stated in foot- note, p. 52. Aciurina trixa Curran, 1932: 11. N. SYN. Tephrella semilucida Bates, 1935: 111. N. SYN. Aciurina bigeloviae (Cockerell) Foote and Blanc, 1963: 8. The ovipositor (Fig. 23A) is rather short, 0.70 to 0.86 mm long; flaps finely erose along mesal edges, at each side of which are numerous short rows of minute denticles, the most apical of which are closer to extreme tip of ovipositor than in other species; rasper teeth small, semicircular; ventrobasal taeniae well separated at base, converging apicad and usually more or less fusing, extending almost half of length of ovipositubus. An egg found in the abdomen of a specimen whose ovipositor was being pre- pared is cancellate at and near micropilar end (Fig. 22). VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 595 The only statements, although validly establishing the species-name, in the original description are: “... the white, woolly, conspicuous galls of Trypeta bigeloviae, n. sp., produced in abundance at West Cliff, Colorado, on Bigelovia, and yet apparently not injuring the plant seriously at all.”’ West Cliff, Colorado, is in Custer County and the paper by Cockerell is dated January 12, 1980. It is not known whether Cockerell preserved any of these galls. If he did, one of them must be designated as lectotype, with or without the maker of the gall inside it. If he did not preserve galls on which the description was based, a neotype would have to be selected from material collected from the proper plant at the type locality, now known as Westcliffe. Two of the named forms listed above as synonyms are founded upon minor variations in the wing pattern. The variety disrupta is characterized by having ‘the V-shaped hyaline mark divided into two by the obliteration of its apex.” The mark (in cell am) has been found to be highly variable. As Cockerell stated, it is sometimes divided by the extension of the mark making it V-shaped, but that mark may also be entirely reduced, leaving a triangular hyaline space instead of a V-mark. This latter condition is present in the form Curran called Aciurina trixa in a paper in which no mention was made of 4. bigeloviae. Many populations have been seen in which the wing pattern is further reduced to various degrees; I believe that Zephrella semilucida Bates is no more than A. bigeloviae with strongly reduced wing pattern. A. bigeloviae is the most widely distributed and most variable of all the Chrys- othamnus-feeding species, that is, the typical group of Aciurina. As noted above, the type (as well as the var. disrupta) is from Custer County Colorado. The type locality of Tephrella semilucida is Riparia, Whitman County, Washington, and that of Aciurina trixa is Stansbury Island, Great Salt Lake, Utah; this latter is no longer an island but a part of Tooele County near the edge of the lake. I have seen specimens from the eastern half of Washington, eastern 73 of Oregon, southern half of California, all parts of Idaho except the northernmost 5 counties, Nevada (Humboldt, Lander, and Washoe Counties), all parts of Utah, western *4 of Col- orado, Arizona (Apache, Cocino, and Yavapai Counties), New Mexico (Bernalillo, Otero, Rio Arriba, and Taos Counties), Wyoming (Albany County), and North Dakota (Billings County). It will probably be found wherever its chief host, Chrys- othamnus nauseosus, occurs. Adults have been taken from the last week of March until the middle of Sep- tember, but the great majority of them appear in May and June. Aciurina ferruginea (Doane) Figs. 95317, 235 Aciura ferruginea Doane, 1899: 182. Aciurina ferruginea (Doane) Curran, 1932: 10. The ovipositor is as in Figs. 17, 12J, the flaps with zones of mesally directed teeth, very acutely tipped, broadly based, and with concave sides, roughly tri- angular, area of occurrence rather short and well behind extreme tip of ovipositor; Ovipositubus with dorsobasal taeniae only about '4 of total length of tubus and near base separated by about 2.5 times their width; rasper teeth acutely triangular, largest ones a little basad of middle of tubus and larger than in other species, teeth lacking for considerable distance at each end of tubus. 594 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON The type is from “Washington.” I have seen specimens from Washington (Adams, Benton, Grant, and Yakima Counties), Oregon (Crook, Deschutes, and Malheur Counties), California (Inyo and Mono Counties), Nevada (Ormsby County, now Carson City), Idaho (Cassia, Franklin, Idaho, Oneida, and Twin Falls Counties), Utah (Grand, Salt Lake, Summit, Uintah, and Weber Counties), Wyoming (Sweet- water County), Colorado (Summit County) and New Mexico (McKinley County). Available dates of capture of adults run from 7 July to 21 September, indicating a season somewhat later than that of some other species. Aciurina idahoensis Steyskal, NEW SPECIES Bigs:2 3192 23 The very characteristic pattern of the wing, as described below and in the key and shown in Fig. 2, readily distinguishes this species from any other. The strongly scaphoid ovipositor 1s reminiscent only of that of A. notata, a species with quite different and very reduced wing pattern. Male.—Length of wing 2.8-3.5 mm, average 3.07 mm. Color of body largely yellowish, following parts blackish to piceous: central part of occiput (usually hidden); dorsum of thorax (exclusive of humeri, notopleura, and more or less of margin of scutellum); postscutellum and metanotum; variable amount of parts of posterior pleura (broad dorsal border of sternopleuron usually yellowish); most of abdominal tergites, including epandrium (paler specimens may have more or less of tergites yellowish starting at posterior margin and in palest specimens leaving only pairs of mesally pointed wedges of dark color). Head and legs wholly yellowish. Wing with venation and dark brown pattern as in Fig. 2, but with apicocostal band usually separated from transverse band through fp. All setae and hairs yellowish to whitish. Integument subshining, lightly tomentose, to shining in a few places. Antenna with 3rd segment 1.6 to 1.8 times as long as basal width. Upper front half total width of head. Cheek (lower edge of eye to oral margin) 0.153 to 0.18 of height of eye. Genitalia as in Fig. 19A—C; epandrium black, shining, remainder yellowish; prensisetae black. Female.—Length of wing 3.1 to 3.7 mm, average 3.45. Similar to mate in coloration, but black usually less extensive; abdominal tergites mostly yellowish, usually with black wedges or lateral spots and o-2 disjunct piceous spots; basal tergite usually mostly black; ovipositor sheath wholly black; mesonotum some- times with 4 longitudinal black stripes, mesal pair discontinued well before scu- tellum, which then is wholly yellowish dorsally. Wing as in Fig. 2, apicocostal band always broadly connected with transverse band through tp; one specimen has been seen with latter band connected along vein Cu and posteriorly to wing margin with band through fa. Ovipositor (Fig. 23E) from 0.75 to 0.85 mm long; strongly scaphoid, convex above, flat to concave below; small area above flaps with minutely crenulate oblique ridges well before acute tip; dorsobasal taeniae narrow, about '4 length of ovipositubus; rasper teeth small, about 0.025 mm wide, fingernaillike, absent for short distance at each end of ovipositubus. Holotype 4, allotype 2, and 9 6 and 11 2 paratypes, IDAHO, Murphy, Owyhee County, 8.VI.1967, 241-23A (E. J. Allen), ex pine-cone-like bud galls on Chrys- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 595 othamnus viscidiflorus (in USNM). Other paratypes (all from Idaho and in the University of Idaho Collections): 3 2 10 miS Gilmore, Lemhi County, 24.VII.1959 (H. C. Manis), Chrysothamnus; | 2, 6 mi SE Malta, 16.V1I.1973 (J. K. Wangberg); 1 pair, 8.3 mi NW Mackay, Custer County, 21.V.1973 (J. K. Wangberg); 1 3, 20 mi NE Howe, Butte County, 29.V.1973 (J. K. Wangberg); 1 6, 7 mi E Howe, Butte County, 20.VI.1973 (J. K. Wangberg); 1 2, 2 mi W Carey, Blaine County, 22.V.1973 (J. K. Wangberg). Note: Both Sp. A and Sp. B of Wangberg (1981) are likely A. idahoensis. Aciurina lutea (Coquillett) Figs. 5, 23D Aciura lutea Coquillett. 1899: 264. Aciurina lutea (Coquillett) Curran, 1932: 10. Ovipositor (holotype) Length 10.05 mm; dorsal taeniae about 0.4 of length of tubus, separated by about their width; largest rasper teeth just basad of midlength of tubus, small, acute; flaps without specialization, pointed, ending well basad of tip. The type is from Pareah, Utah. This locality does not appear on many modern maps, but it is on the Southwest section of the National Geographic Society’s series entitled Close-Up: U.S.A. (October, 1977) and on some of the more recent official maps of the State of Utah as ““Old Paria.” I first found it in the Atlas section, volume X, of the Century Dictionary and Encyclopedia (1898) as Pareah. It is in Kane County 35 mi ENE of Kanab and on the Paria River. The species is scarce; the only records besides that of the type are from Idaho (Blaine County, Carey; Jefferson County, Terreton; Oneida County, Holbrook, 17.VI.1973; allin University of Idaho), Nevada (Ormsby County, July 6, collected by Baker, with 3 smooth stem galls, in USNM), and New Mexico (Bernalillo County, 4 mi N San Isidro, 29.III.1981, collected by Gary Dodson, from “‘woolly”’ galls on Chrysothamnus sp. The Idaho specimens were reared from Chrysotham- nus viscidiflorus and the smooth galls were described and figured by Wangberg (1981). It is unfortunate that the species of Chrysothamnus on which the “woolly” galls were formed is unknown. Aciurina maculata (Cole) Figs. 4, 23B Aciura maculata Cole, in Cole and Lovett 1919: 252. Aciurina maculata (Cole) Curran, 1932: 10. Aciurina pacifica Curran, 1932: 10; synonymy by Bates, 1935: 108. Ovipositor Length 0.95 to 1.0 mm; taeniae nearly half length of tubus; rasper teeth relatively large, acute, largest teeth about at midlength of tubus; broad basal zone bare, but small teeth extend to ovipositor; flaps on mesal margins with series of scalelike projections, each with 3 sharp apical teeth; similar projections on surface for some distance each side of mesal margin, but with fewer teeth. The holotype of A. maculata is from Jackson County, Oregon and that of A. pacifica is from Yakima, Washington. I have determined material as this species from California (Yosemite Park, Mariposa County), Oregon (Jackson and Malheur Counties), Washington (Yakima County), Idaho (Blaine, Butte, Custer, Elmore, 596 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON and Owyhee Counties), and Nevada (Glenbrook, Douglas County). Dates are from 16 March (Idaho) to 7 July (Oregon). Aciurina notata (Coquillett) Bigs: (i, 125,202 21 Trypeta notata Coquillett, 1899: 262. Aciurina notata (Coquillett) Foote, 1960: 254. As shown in the foregoing key, the wing pattern and most characters are very like those of A. bigeloviae with strongly reduced wing pattern. The pterostigma, however, is much smaller than in A. bigeloviae. The ovipositor (Fig. 21) is almost round in section and gently curving to the tip; a preparation showing a ventral view was not feasible with the available material; length 0.7 mm; flaps with a few triangular teeth on surface; tubus shorter than ovipositor; taeniae about half as long as tubus; rasper teeth largest at midlength of tubus, paraboloid, largest about 0.018 mm wide; tubus bare between most of taeniae. An egg, recovered from the abdomen of the specimen from which Fig. 21 was made, shows numerous minute appendages at the corners of the reticulations at the micropilar end (Fig. 20). The type is from Albuquerque, Bernalillo County, New Mexico, in USNM. The only other records are from Sante Fe, Sante Fe County, New Mexico, in USNM; a rearing from Chrysothamnus sp. in Bernalillo County, New Mexico, 3-11 May, by Gary Dodson; and one of caught specimens in that same county on 29 April. Aciurina opaca (Coquillett) Figs. 4, 23B Aciura opaca Coquillett, 1899: 263. Aciurina opaca (Coquillett) Curran, 1932: 10. Acidia johnsoni Thomas, 1914; synonymy by Foote, 1965: 670. The very unusual ovipositor, with smoothly and roundly rounded tip, suggests habits considerably different from other species of the genus. Neither R. H. Foote nor I am aware of any other American Tephritidae with such a blunt ovipositor but Hardy (1973) figures a few with quite bluntly tipped ovipositors; however little to indicate details of their habits is associated with those species. Ovipositor length 0.55 mm; tip rounded; flaps widely separated, without obvious surface modification; tubus nearly 1.5 times as long as ovipositor; taeniae widely separated at base, bearing a few large, clawed, dark rasper teeth at their apices; membrane of tubus bare between taeniae, elsewhere covered with small, pale scalelike teeth. The type of A. opaca is from Elko, Nevada and that of Acidia johnsoni is from “Colo.” Only a few additional records are available: Arizona (White Mountains, collected by Parker, in USNM; Idaho (Fremont and Oneida Counties, 18 March to 27 May, in University of Idaho); and Utah (Paiute and Panguitch Counties), 1-19 June, in University of Utah). The host of A. opaca is cited as Chrysothamnus nauseosus by Wangberg (1981). Aciurina trilitura Blanc and Foote Figs. 3, 231 Aciurina trilitura Blanc and Foote, 1961: 73; Foote and Blanc, 1963: 10. Ovipositor length 1.0 mm; taeniae narrow, dorsal ones only about their width apart and only about % length of tubus; rapser teeth very small, semicircular, VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 597 absent in most of basal intertaenial space, but becoming very small apically and extending to ovipositor; mesal parts of flaps very finely obliquely wrinkled, but with small, shallow mesal emargination. The type is from San Bernardino County, California. Several additional Cali- fornia records were cited by Foote and Blanc (1963), including Inyo, Kern, Los Angeles, and San Bernardino Counties. Since that time the following extra-Cal- ifornian records have accumulated: Idaho (Holbrook, Oneida County, 6.VI.1974, in University of Idaho); Utah (Bear Valley, Iron County, 9.VI.1966, and Ogden, Weber County, 10.VI.1965, in University of Utah). Capture of adults in California extends from 26 April to 26 June. The species is distinctive in both wing pattern and ovipositor characters. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Among many who have been of highly appreciated assistance, I would like especially to acknowledge William F. Barr, Edward J. Allen, James K. Wangberg, and F. L. Blanc. LITERATURE CITED Aczél, M. L. 1953. La familia Tephritidae en la region neotropical. I. (Trypetidae, Diptera). Acta Zool. Lilloana 13: 97-199, pls. I-VIII. Bates, M. 1935. Notes on American Trypetidae (Diptera). II]. The genus Tephrella. Pan-Pac. Ento- mol. 11: 103-114. Bezzi, M. 1913. Indian trypaneids (fruit-flies) in the collection of the Indian Museum. Mem. Ind. Mus. 3: 53-175, pls. VIII-X. Blanc, F. L. and R. H. Foote. 1961. A new genus and five new species of California Tephritidae. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 37: 73-83. Cockerell, T. D. A. 1890a. The evolution of insect galls. The Entomologist 23: 73-76. 1890b. Trypeta bigeloviae, n. sp. Entomol. Monthly. Mag. 26: 324. Cole, F. R. and A. L. Lovett. 1919. New Oregon Diptera. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4th ser.) 9: 221- 255, pls. 14-19. Coquillett, D. W. 1894. New North American Trypetidae. Can. Entomol. 26: 71-75. 1899. Notes and descriptions of Trypetidae. J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 7: 218-222. Curran, C. H. 1932. New species of Trypaneidae, with a key to the North American genera. Am. Mus. Novit. 556: 1-19. Doane, R. W. 1899. Notes on Trypetidae with descriptions of new species. J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 7: 177-193, pls. 3-4. Foote, R. H. 1960. The genus 7rypeta Meigen in America north of Mexico (Diptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 53: 235-260. 1965. Family Tephritidae. Jn Stone, A. et al., A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. U.S. Dep. Agric., Agric. Handbook no. 276. iv, 1696 p. (ref. on p. 658-678). Foote, R. H. and F. L. Blanc. 1963. The fruit flies of Tephritidae of California. Bull. Calif. Ins. Surv. 7: frsp., (G11), 1-117. Hardy, D. E. 1970. Tephritidae (Diptera) collected by the Noona Dan Expedition in the Philippine and Bismarck Islands. Entomol. Medd. 38: 71-136. 1973. The Fruit Flies (Tephritidae-Diptera) of Thailand and bordering countries. Pacific Insects Monograph 31 (Bernice P. Bishop Museum): 1-353. 1974. The Fruit Flies of the Philippines (Diptera: Tephritidae). Pacific Insects Monograph 32 (Bernice P. Bishop Mus.): 1—266, pls. 1-6. Hering, E. M. 1947. Neue Gattungen und Arten der Fruchtfliegen. Siruna Seva, Folge 6: 1-16. McAlpine, J. F. et al., eds. 1981. Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 1. Res. Branch Agr. Can., Monogr. No. 27. vi. 674 p. McArthur, E. E., C. F. Tiernan, and B. I. Welch. 1979. Subspecies specificity of gall forms on Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Great Basin Nat. 39: 81-87. Sabrosky, C. W. 1971. Additional corrections to A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 17: 83-88. 598 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Thomas, F. L. 1914. Three new species of Trypetidae from Colorado. Can. Entomol. 46: 425-429. Wangberg, J. K. 1981. Gall-forming habits of Aciurina species (Diptera: Tephritidae) on rabbitbrush (Compositae: Chrysothamnus spp.) in Idaho. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 54: 711-732. Wasbauer, M. S. 1972. An annotated host catalog of the fruit flies of America north of Mexico (Diptera: Tephritidae). Occas. Pap. Bur. Entomol. Calif. Dep. Agr. no. 19: 1-273. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 599-601 A NEW SPECIES OF PHERBELLIA FROM MONTANA (DIPTERA: SCIOMYZIDAE) R. E. ORTH Department of Entomology, Division of Biological Control, University of Cal- ifornia, Riverside, California 92521. Abstract.—Pherbellia spectabilis, n. sp. is described from northwestern Mon- tana. Illustrations of the head and terminalia are included. The species described below, Pherbellia spectabilis, is known only from 5 miles W of Browning, Montana. Browning is located in the northwestern part of the state just east of the continental divide. The holotype is the only identified spec- imen of this species. Pherbellia spectabilis Orth, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1-4 Holotype male.— Height of head % width. Medifacies, parafacies, and cheeks whitish tomentose with a tinge of yellow. Frons yellowish, lighter anteriorly. Midfrontal stripe poorly defined, extending approximately '2 distance from an- terior ocellus to anterior margin of frons. Ocellar triangle and orbital plates brown- ish tomentose. Orbital plates tapered anteriorly, extending beyond midfrontal stripe. Orbito-antennal spot lacking; narrow strip of whitish tomentum along upper orbital margin. Two pairs of fronto-orbital bristles, anterior pair nearly as long as posterior pair; ocellar, postocellar, and inner and outer vertical bristles well developed. Occiput tannish, tomentose. Short black setae on lower 2 of cheeks and parafacies, on anterior area of frons, between ocellar and postocellar bristles, along outer parts of orbital plates, and in midcervical patch. Lateral occipital margins with stronger setae and bristles. Antennae testaceous, segment 3 elongate oval. Arista blackish with relatively short hairs. Palpi yellowish, labium and labella yellowish brown. Thorax tannish brown, tomentose, with indistinct blackish longitudinal stripes. Pleura brownish, tomentose. Mesopleuron bare. Pteropleuron on left side with cluster of 5 bristles situated below and anterior to the vallar ridge. In this specimen, only | bristle complete; bases of all 5 approximately same size. Pteropleuron on right side covered by point-mount. Sternopleuron with fine bristles or setae over dorsal and central surface, well-developed bristles ventrally. Prosternum bare. Coxae yellowish white, tomentose. Legs yellowish, except distal 3 of forefemur, distal 4 of foretibia, and foretarsus, which are infuscated. Wing length 3.6 mm. Membrane greyish yellow, hyaline; costal margin and wing veins yellowish, area around crossveins not clouded. No stump veins; an- terior crossvein slightly oblique, first vein not surpassing level of anterior cross- 600 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON SSE ee Se) 0.3 mm Figs. 1-4. Pherbellia spectabilis. 1, Head. 2, Terminalia, ventral view. 3, Terminalia, sinistral view. 4, Anterior surstylus, viewed in broadest aspect. 2-4, Same scale. vein; anal vein reaching wing margin. Halter, squama, and squamal ciliae yel- lowish. Abdominal segments dorsally infuscated; light brown ventrally. Terminalia as in Figs. 2-4. Female.— Not known. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 601 Holotype.— USA, Montana, Glacier Co., 5 mi W of Browning, 19 July 1967 (S. Whitney). Deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. The type was from the B. A. Foote collection, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio prior to my receipt of it in 1981. At that time I acquired it and a few additional male Pherbellia from Foote that he felt were new species. He said in litt. ““Please feel free to do whatever you wish with these specimens, including using them in new species’ descriptions if they are truly new.” I here acknowledge thanks to Ben A. Foote for graciously allowing me to describe this species. Etymology.—The species name spectabilis is an adjective of Latin derivation and means worth seeing or notable. Diagnosis. — Externally this small Pherbellia keys most closely to P. aloea Orth and members of the P. propages group. Common diagnostic characters shared by the above species and P. spectabilis are: (1) frons with median stripe less than *5 as long as distance from ocellus to frontal margin; (2) mesopleuron entirely bare; (3) wings not patterned; (4) halteres yellowish or whitish; (5) first vein not sur- passing level of anterior crossvein. Apart from some color differences P. spectabilis differs from P. aloea in the following features: (1) arista with relatively short hairs in P. spectabilis (arista bare in P. aloea); (2) first vein at the level of or just short of anterior crossvein in P. spectabilis (first vein distinctly surpassing level of anterior crossvein in P. aloea); (3) Pherbellia spectabilis is also slightly smaller than P. aloea. Members of the P. propages group exhibit some color differences as well as being smaller than P. spectabilis. Pherbellia spectabilis further differs from P. propages group as follows: (1) sternopleuron with only fine dorsal setae in P. spectabilis (sternopleuron with fine setae and 2 well developed bristles dor- sally in P. propages group); (2) anterior and posterior fronto-orbital bristles ap- proximately the same length in P. spectabilis (anterior fronto-orbital bristle '2 length of posterior fronto-orbital bristle in P. propages group). The terminalia of P. spectabilis do not resemble those of either P. aloea or P. propages group as illustrated by Orth (1982, 1983); they are distinct from any described species of Pherbellia. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I extend my thanks to the following people for their assistance in this study: T. W. Fisher, University of California at Riverside; L. Knutson, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute (IIBIII), USDA, Beltsville, Maryland; and G. C. Steyskal, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, USDA, Wash- ington, D.C. LITERATURE CITED Orth, R. E. 1982. Five new species of Pherbellia Robineau-Desvoidy. Subgenus Oxytaenia Sack, from North America (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84: 23-37. 1983. Two new species of Pherbellia from North America (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 85: 537-542. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 602-607 THE NYMPHS OF CALOPTERYX AMATA AND C. ANGUSTIPENNIS (ODONATA: CALOPTERYGIDAE) K. J. TENNESSEN 1949 Hickory Ave., Florence, Alabama 35630. Abstract.—Reared specimens of Calopteryx angustipennis (Selys) prove Need- ham’s early supposition (1911) of its nymph was correct. The nymph of C. amata Hagen is described for the first time, from reared specimens. A key to the nymphs of the five Nearctic species of Calopteryx is given. Calopteryx nymphs are unique in the North American zygopteran fauna with the combination of antennal segment | longer than the remaining 6 segments, triquetral lateral gills, prementum cleft about halfway to base, and lateral carinae of abdominal segments 9 and 10 without a terminal spine. They are restricted to lotic waters ranging from first-order tributaries to medium-sized rivers. Though adults of the five North American species are readily distinguished (Johnson, 1974), nymphs are very similar morphologically. Nymphs of three species are known with certainty, viz. maculata (Beauvois), aequabilis Say (see Needham, 1903), and dimidiata Burmeister (see Wright, 1946—supposition, but subse- quently confirmed by several workers). Martin (1939) gave additional differences between maculata and aequabilis. Needham (1911) described a single immature nymph from Kentucky as angustipennis (Selys) by supposition. The nymph of amata Hagen has remained unknown. The purposes of this paper are to show that Needham’s supposition of the nymph of angustipennis was correct, to describe the nymph of amata from reared specimens, and to give characteristics by which the nymphs of the five species may be distinguished. Nymph of Calopteryx angustipennis (Selys) The median gill and the ratio of antennal segment 1 : head width shown by Needham (1911) for his nymph match characteristics of angustipennis nymphs I reared in Alabama and Tennessee. Measurements from 18 final instar nymphs are given to supplement Needham’s description: total length 24.5—32.0 mm, head width 4.03-—4.35 mm, abdomen length (excluding gills) 16-22 mm, hind femora length 8.7-11.2 mm, median gill length 8.4—10.9 mm, antennal segment | length 3.85-—4.90 mm. The ratio of the length of antennal segment 2 to segment | ranged from 0.21 to 0.23. The shape of the median gill appears to be the most distin- guishing characteristic of this species. This gill is widened abruptly beyond the basal third (Fig. 1), and in final instars is 0.6 to 0.7 times the length of the lateral gills; its width is ca. 4 its length. The dorsal and ventral margins have prominent, VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 603 Figs. 1-2. Median gills with detail of marginal spines and setae. 1, C. angustipennis. 2, C. amata. stout, curved spines their entire length (Fig. 1). Immediately posterior to each spine is a slender, pale seta; each margin has 4 to 6 much longer hairlike setae beyond midlength. The ventral margin is straight until curved dorsally to the tip. The triquetral lateral gills also have spines along the three margins. The median gill has 3 pale transverse bands, the basal band most evident, the apical band very narrow (Fig. 1). Material examined.— ALABAMA: Lauderdale Co., Butler Creek, 14 April 1978, KJT, 5 nymphs (2 reared); Winston Co., Sipsey Fork, Bankhead National Forest, 24 April 1981, KJT, 1 nymph. SOUTH CAROLINA: Laurens Co., Durbin Creek, 5 May 1980, KJT, 1 nymph. TENNESSEE: Marshall Co., Duck River, 29 April 1980, KJT, 1 nymph (reared); Maury Co., Duck River, 9-14 May 1980, 5 May 1981, KJT, 8 nymphs (1 reared). WEST VIRGINIA: Mineral Co., Patterson Creek, Burlington, 26 May 1973, P. D. Harwood, | nymph (reared); Hampshire Co., Ice Mountain, Slanesville, 26 May 1973, P. D. Harwood, 1 nymph. The West Virginia specimens are in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods. Five of the C. angustipennis nymphs from Duck River, Maury Co., TENN., had 1-9 larvae of Rheotanytarsus (Chironomidae) on the exoskeleton. Larval cases were attached to the gills, wing pads, dorsum of abdominal segment 2, femora, dorsum of head, venter of neck, and antennae. These attachments prob- ably are phoretic in nature, as no damage or sign of feeding on the nymphs could be discerned. Very few such examples of a relationship between chironomids and odonates have been reported (see White and Fox, 1979). 604 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 5 6 7 Figs. 3-4. Lateral view of head of nymphs. 3, C. dimidiata. 4, C. amata. Figs. 5-7. Marginal setae and spines of median gills. 5, C. dimidiata. 6, C. maculata. 7, C. aequabilis. Nymph of Calopteryx amata Hagen Total length 30.5-33 mm, head width 4.18—4.26 mm, abdomen length (ex- cluding gills) 21-23 mm, hind femora length 10.1—11.6 mm, median gill length 11.3-12.4 mm, antennal segment | length 4.6-5.2 mm. General body color light brown, dorsolateral margins of thorax darker brown. Antennal segment | length 1.1 to 1.2 times width of head across eyes; segment 2 length 0.23 to 0.26 times the length of segment 1; segments | and 2 light brown, apical 3 or % of segment 2 darker brown, remaining segments yellowish-tan to yellow. Tubercle posterior to each eye not elevated above eye level. Prementum similar to angustipennis, but each slender lobe with 2 prominent setae, the distal seta smaller. Tips of wing pads extended to posterior of abdominal segment 4 in last instar. Apical and preapical brown band on legs separated by pale band. Lateral margins of abdominal segments 9 and 10 with ca. 10-14 small, stout, dark brown spines posteriorly, among which are numerous longer and thinner curved yellow setae. Median gill of nearly equal width along entire length, ca. % as wide as long; dorsal and ventral margins upcurved slightly, with slender spines and setae interspersed in posterior third by 6 to 10 long hairlike setae (Fig. 2); general color light brown with dark brown spots, a pale area near midlength and at apex. Median gill 0.7 to 0.8 times the length of the lateral gills. Coloration and marginal setae of lateral gills similar to median gill. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 605 14 15 Figs. 8-15. Photographs of median gills. 8 & 9, C. angustipennis. 10 & 11, C. amata. 12, C. aequabilis. 13, C. dimidiata. 14 & 15, C. maculata. Material examined.— PENNSYLVANIA: Huntingdon Co., Laurel Run, Whip- ple Dam State Park, 1 May 1960, G. H. & A. F. Beatty, 2 nymphs (reared). WEST VIRGINIA: Randolph Co., Cheat Bridge, Shavers Fork, 22 May 1972, P. D. Harwood, 3 nymphs (1 reared); Tucker Co., Sinks of Gandy, 14 Oct. 1975, P. D. Harwood, 1 nymph. All specimens deposited in Florida State Collection of Ar- thropods. KEY TO NEARCTIC CALOPTERYX FINAL INSTAR NYMPHS 1. Tubercles behind eyes prominent and acute, raised above level of eyes (Fig. 3); antennal segment | length 0.8—0.85 times maximum width of headsacnossievesy hind femora 725 mimMOr 1ESSi as 986 See ober oc tres Soc 2 — Tubercles behind eyes low and rounded, not raised above level of eyes 606 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON (Fig. 4); antennal segment | length 0.95-1.22 times maximum width of head/across eyes; hind femora $:2 mimivor more> eee eee 3 2. Stout, dark spines on posterior portion of lateral carinae of abdominal segments 9 and 10; margins of median gill with stout spines and many long, hairlike setae (Fig. 5); each premental lobe with one stout seta ed er Penner ee CM AL Poy oR oie ca ple oo coo dimidiata — Nostout spines on lateral carinae of abdominal segments 9 and 10; margins of median gill with thin, short setae, few long hairlike setae, and no stout spines (Fig. 6); each premental lobe with 2 stout setae ........... maculata 3. Length of median gill 3 to 3.5 times width, at most; margins of gills with large stout spines (Fig. 1); antennal segment 2 length 0.21-0.23 times antennal segment Ulength); Sassen. ee ee eee angustipennis — Length of median gill 5 to 6 times width; margins of gills with or without small stout spines; antennal segment 2 length 0.23—-0.26 times antennal seoment I length...) Soe oe eee en 4 4. Median gill about 5 times as long as wide, with small stout spines (only 3 or 4 times as long as basal width) and a few pale curved setae on dorsal and ventral margins (Fig. 7); hind femora 8.0-9.3 mm long ...... aequabilis — Median gill about 6 times as long as wide, with many curved setae (at least 10 times as long as wide) and no stout spines on margins (Fig. 2); hindifemoraslO;l—Il-6 anm-long. 2.02 wae amata DISCUSSION Photographs of the median gill of each species are shown in Figs. 8-15 to supplement the key. The amount of dark pigmentation varies within some species, especially maculata, more than is shown here. Regenerated gills can cause prob- lems in identification, but with experience such gills can be recognized by their shorter length and paler coloration. The couplets contain character states of other structures in case of missing or regenerated gills. The key to the nymphs does not reflect the same affinities as shown by Johnson (1974) in his keys to adult males and females. The shape of the median gill and the configuration of its marginal setae indicate that amata and aequabilis had a common ancestor, and that dimidiata may be more closely related to angusti- pennis than would be surmised from adult appearance. Use of other characters, however, complicates these apparent relationships, and the combination of char- acters which best depicts the phylogeny of the group is unknown. Calopteryx amata and C. angustipennis appear to have different habitat re- quirements. C. amata has been found almost exclusively on rapidly flowing, smaller streams where large rocks predominate. C. angustipennis generally occurs at rifles of slower flowing, larger streams where gravel and sand predominate. The two species have been collected at two localities on Penns Creek in Penn- sylvania (in Centre County at Poe Paddy, and in Union County near Weikert) (Shiffer, personal communication). This stream has both types of habitat. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Clark Shiffer for distribution and habitat notes and for critically re- viewing the manuscript, Paul D. Harwood for generously allowing me to examine his reared material, and Minter J. Westfall, Jr. for loans of specimens. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 607 LITERATURE CITED Johnson, C. 1974. Taxonomic keys and distributional patterns for Nearctic species of Calopteryx damselflies. Fla. Entomol. 57: 231-248. Martin, R.D.C. 1939. Life histories of Agrion aequabile and Agrion maculatum (Agriidae: Odonata). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 32: 601-619. Needham, J.G. 1903. Aquatic insects in New York state. Part 3. Life histories of Odonata, suborder Zygoptera, damsel flies. N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 68: 218-279. 1911. Descriptions of dragonfly nymphs of the subfamily Calopteryginae (Odonata). Ento- mol. News 22: 145-154. White, T. R. and R. C. Fox. 1979. Chironomid (Diptera) larvae and hydroptilid (Trichoptera) pupae attached to a macromiid nymph (Anisoptera). Not. Odonatol. 1(4): 76. Wright, M. 1946. A description of the nymph of Agrion dimidiatum (Burmeister). J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 21: 336-338. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 608-613 HABITATS, DISTRIBUTIONAL RECORDS, SEASONAL ACTIVITY, ABUNDANCE, AND SEX RATIOS OF BOREIDAE AND MEROPEIDAE (MECOPTERA) COLLECTED IN NEW ENGLAND CHRIS T. MAIER Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06504-1106. Abstract.— Descriptions of habitats, new distributional records, seasonal activ- ity, abundance, and sex ratios are given for adults of Boreus brumalis Fitch and B. nivoriundus Fitch from Connecticut and Vermont and for adults of Merope tuber Newman from Connecticut. Sticky traps and Malaise traps were highly effective in capturing boreids and meropeids, respectively. Based on trapping in Connecticut, adults of Boreus spp. were active from November—April, and those of M. tuber were flying from June—October. Systematic sampling with a Malaise trap indicated that the abundance (or activity) of M. tuber fluctuated annually and monthly. The mecopteran sex ratios derived from collections were biased in all 3 species. There was a preponderance of males of B. brumalis and B. nivo- riundus in collections from moss and of females in collections from the snow surface. Females of M. tuber outnumbered males in Malaise traps and represented the majority of the individuals captured between August and October. The boreids Boreus brumalis Fitch and B. nivoriundus Fitch and the meropeid Merope tuber Newman are intriguing because their biology is not well known. In New England, these species are poorly represented in most insect collections even though their woodland habitats abound. The scarcity of boreid adults in collections can be attributed to their unusual winter activity and to a lesser extent to their small size and brachyptery. Unlike the predaceous adults of bittacids and pa- norpids, they consume mosses (e.g., Byers and Thornhill, 1983). The few records of M. tuber from New England reflect entomologists’ ignorance of its biology. Both the feeding habits and the immature stages await discovery. Distributional records summarized by Byers (1973) indicate the nocturnal adults of M. tuber tend to inhabit forests associated with a permanent stream or other water source. Recently, Sanborne (1982), Scarbrough (1980), and Thornhill and Johnson (1974) have reported large collections made with Malaise traps. Sanborne (1982) used live specimens obtained in a Malaise trap to describe the stridulatory behavior of adults. My principal objectives in this paper are to provide additional records of boreid and meropeid adults from New England and to demonstrate that these insects can be collected abundantly with specialized collecting equipment. The life history and the host plants of the 2 boreids will be presented in detail in a forthcoming paper. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 609 MATERIALS AND METHODS Boreid adults were collected by aspirating them from moss and snow and by trapping them on horizontal sticky plates on moss. Sticky traps, which were constructed of 2 x 12-cm pieces of tempered hardboard, were coated on the upper surface with Tack Trap®. To determine the period of seasonal activity of boreid adults, sticky traps were placed on various mosses in forests in Connecticut and were then checked weekly from September—May. In all, 25 sticky traps were used at Cockaponset St. Forest (Middlesex Co.) during 1979-1980, and 45 were used at Sleeping Giant St. Park (New Haven Co.) during 1980-1981 and at West Rock Park (New Haven Co.) during 1981-1982. The mean number per trap per day was calculated for the period from the first to the last capture of each species. This abundance measure was also calculated for another set of 25 traps at the above 3 sites and for 25 traps at Sharon (Litchfield Co.). These four sets of traps were monitored during two 1-3 week periods, one between December 1979 and January 1980 and one between March and April 1980. Most of the adults of M. tuber were captured in horizontal Malaise traps (D. Focks and Co., P.O. Box 12852, Gainesville, Florida 32608), which were each suspended between 2 trees in either a regrowth forest or an apple orchard from 1977-1982. The collection drums of the Malaise traps were charged with Vapona® or KCN. Between April and October of 1980-1982, one trap was operated in the same location in a regrowth forest and was emptied every two days. The mean number of adults captured per day (for the period from the first to last capture) was calculated for each of the three years. Voucher specimens of each species of Mecoptera will be deposited in collections at The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, the Illinois Natural History Survey, and the Peabody Museum of Yale University. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Description of collecting sites.— Boreids inhabited regrowth forests which had one or more of the mosses upon which they fed. Typically, adults of B. brumalis frequented Dicranella heteromalla (Hedw.) Schimp. and Atrichum spp. moss mats that grew on disturbed soil along woodland paths, at the base of fallen and standing trees, and on eroded hillsides. Adults of B. nivoriundus occurred on Atrichum spp. that grew in the aforementioned areas and on Polytrichum ohioense Ren. and Gord. and P. commune Hedw. that developed at the base of large, upright trees and along partially exposed rocky ledges (Maier, unpublished data). Both species of boreids occasionally visited other species of moss or crawled across snow. Dominant overstory trees at major sites were Quercus alba L. and Q. prinus L. (e.g., Cockaponset St. Forest and West Rock Park, Connecticut) or were Q. alba and Betula spp. (Ludlow, Vermont). Small stands of Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. were sometimes intermixed with the deciduous trees. In Edgewood Park, New Haven, Connecticut, B. brumalis developed in D. heteromalla at the bases of Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. and Q. rubra L. or under thickets of Kalmia latifolia L. near these trees. The principal collecting site for MM. tuber was a regrowth forest located at Lock- wood Farm in Mount Carmel, Connecticut. This forest (ca. 1 hectare in size) was bordered to the north by an old field, to the east by an apple orchard, to the south 610 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON TOLLAND CO. WINDHAM CO. HARTFORD CO. FAIRFIELD CO. Fig. 1. New distributional records for Boreus brumalis (solid circles), B. nivoriundus (hollow cir- cles), and Merope tuber (solid triangle) collected in Connecticut. More precise distributional data can be obtained from the author. by acorn field, and to the west by a wet area with trees and shrubs and by a Pinus resinosa Ait. plantation. Within 0.5 km of the woodlot was an extensive forest dominated by Quercus spp. Characteristic trees at the collecting site were Acer saccharum Marsh., Betula lenta L., Fraxinus americana L., Q. alba, and Q. rubra. According to records kept since 1950, the woodland has been periodically dis- turbed. In the 1950’s, many of the trees were removed or girdled to facilitate the growth of the Castanea spp. in an experimental plot. In the 1960’s, shrubby growth was reduced by cutting and use of chemicals. Old stumps in the forest had di- ameters ranging up to 80 cm. A Malaise trap was placed in the center of the woodlot in 1979 and between the same two trees in the southwestern corner of the woods from 1980-1982. The southwestern corner was dominated by 4. saccharum (up to 50 cm in diameter) and by F. americana (up to 40 cm in diameter). The elevation at this trapping site was 43 m. The soil had a texture of sandy clay loam and a pH of 5.3 at a depth of 15 cm. The ground sloped about 5 m from the eastern to western edge of the woodlot. An underground rivulet reached the soil surface directly under- neath the Malaise trap and flowed into the depression in the adjacent swampy area to the west. The water flow was greatest in winter and spring when a large pool covered about 75% of 0.3-hectare wet area. Several Q. bicolor Willd. trees (40-50 cm in diameter) formed a discontinuous canopy in the swampy area. Cornus spp., Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume, and Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Ktze. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 611 35 1980 i, wie a ae | : Vas : Oo. T T 71h T | = 34 1981 : Se Ne : MALES 1 1 . Naas NAN FEMALES ° 7 e) J : ff || : N SH i aa) Sys) Bhai 1982 \ \ 1 ‘\ N WS Ln AY eal (inal | RS BRUNE Ws Se JUNE JULY AUG. SEP. OGr Fig. 2. Seasonal distribution of adults of Merope tuber, which were captured between 1980 and 1982 in a horizontal Malaise trap located in a regrowth forest in Mount Carmel, Connecticut. formed a thicket in the understory. Numerous decaying logs occurred within 100 m of the spot where the rivulet surfaced. Distributional records.—Each species of Boreus was captured at one or more sites in 7 of 8 counties in Connecticut (Fig. 1) and at Ludlow, Windsor Co., Vermont. These collections represented new distributional records that were not included in recent monographs discussing boreids (Penny, 1977; Webb et al., 1975). The capture of M. tuber in New Haven Co. (Fig. 1) provided the second record of this species in Connecticut. Engelhardt (1915) previously collected 3 females at lights in Litchfield Co. Seasonal activity and abundance.—In Connecticut, the adult activity of B. brumalis and B. nivoriundus extended from November-—April. Webb et al. (1975) and Penny (1977) found that these boreids had a similar period of activity in other areas. Trapping with sticky plates was a successful new technique for capturing boreid adults. Overall, 77% of the adults of B. brumalis (n = 673) and 84% of those of B. nivoriundus (n = 839) were collected on sticky traps placed on various mosses. During three consecutive seasons of trapping between November and April, the mean number of adults per trap per day was 0.02 (range 0.01-0.02) for B. brumalis and 0.02 (range 0.01-0.03) for B. nivoriundus. At four trapping locations used during 1979-1980, the average number captured per trap per day increased from the first sampling period in December—January to the second one in March—April. In the first period, the mean values were 0.03 (range 0.01—0.05) for B. brumalis and 0.14 (range 0.04—0.38) for B. nivoriundus; in the second period, the means were 0.08 (range 0.04—0.11) and 0.26 (range 0.06—0.57) for these respective species. The increase from winter to spring was correlated with a rise in temperature and, therefore, in adult activity. Based on samples from a Malaise trap, the flight period of M. tuber lasted from June to October (Fig. 2). Although this flight period resembled that reported by Byers (1954), it is the longest recorded from one locale. Captures in the Malaise trap from June—October of 1980-1982 indicated that a disproportionate number 612 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON of adults were trapped each month. Monthly captures (represented as % of total caught) were 1.6% in June, 41% in July, 41% in August, 14.8% in September, and 1.6% in October. Caron (1967) made the only other capture in October (one female). My total catch of M. tuber (n = 69) between 1977 and 1982 ranked second to the phenomenal capture of more than 100 adults by Needham (Carpenter, 1932). Annual abundance measured at the same location between 1980 and 1982 varied considerably, being 13 (21.3% of 3-year total) in 1980, 33 (54.1%) in 1981, and 15 (24.6%) in 1982. Over these three years, the average number trapped per day was 0.26 (range 0.15-0.49). Data presented by Scarbrough (1980) also showed a fluctuation in annual abundance of M. tuber captured in a Malaise trap. Sex ratios.— Biased sex ratios characterized the entire collection of each me- copteran species. Males significantly outnumbered females in B. brumalis (465 6, 208 2; P < 0.001, chi-square analysis) and in B. nivoriundus (608 6, 231 2; P < 0.001). Although males predominated in the whole collection aspirated from moss (51 8, 202 B. brumalis; 77 8, 30 2 B. nivoriundus; both P’s < 0.001) and trapped on sticky plates on moss (378 6, 138 2 B. brumalis; 518 6, 177 2 B. nivoriundus; both P’s < 0.001), females exceeded males in number on the surface of the snow (36 4, 50 2 B. brumalis, P < 0.25; 13 6, 24 2 B. nivoriundus, P < 0.10). Cooper (1974) found that the sex ratio of pupae of B. brumalis and B. nivoriundus did not depart significantly from equality. However, Cooper (1974) and Shorthouse (1979) collected more males than females in the field. A review of the sex ratios observed in Boreidae (see Cooper, 1974) showed that males do not consistently outnumber females in collections. Certainly, the sex ratio could be influenced by the collecting technique and time and by the sexual difference in boreid behavior. For the entire collection of M. tuber, females outnumbered males (26 4, 43 2; P < 0.05). Systematic sampling with the Malaise trap between 1980 and 1982 did exhibit a preponderance of females (23 4, 38 2) although the departure from a 1:1 sex ratio was not significant (P < 0.10). Female-biased sex ratios also char- acterized the collections that Scarbrough (1980) and Sanborne (1982) made with Malaise traps. Comparison of monthly captures from 1980-1982 indicated males dominated in June (1 8) and July (15 4, 10 2) and females dominated in August (5 6, 20 2), September (2 6, 7 2), and October (1 2). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Lewis J. Stannard, Jr. (retired) and Donald W. Webb (Section of Fau- nistic Surveys and Insect Identification, Illinois Natural History Survey) for in- troducing me to the study of boreids and meropeids. David Wagner assisted with many of the field collections. Harold Robinson (Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution) identified a reference col- lection of mosses. Richard Jaynes (Department of Forestry and Horticulture, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station) provided valuable details about the principal collecting site for M. tuber. LITERATURE CITED Byers, G. W. 1954. Notes on North American Mecoptera. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 47: 484-510. . 1973. Zoogeography of the Meropeidae (Mecoptera). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 46: 511-516. Byers, G. W. and R. Thornhill. 1983. Biology of the Mecoptera. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 28: 203-228. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 613 Caron, D. M. 1967. Habitat and distribution of Mecoptera in East Tennessee. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 42: 73-77. Carpenter, F. M. 1932. Additional notes on Nearctic Mecoptera. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 27: 149-151. Cooper, K. W. 1974. Sexual biology, chromosomes, development, life histories and parasites of Boreus, especially of B. notoperates. A southern California Boreus. I]. (Mecoptera: Boreidae). Psyche 81: 84-120. Engelhardt, G. P. 1915. Mecoptera of the northeastern United States. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 10: 106—112. Penny, N. D. 1977. A systematic study of the family Boreidae (Mecoptera). Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 51: 141-217. Sanborne, P. M. 1982. Stridulation in Merope tuber (Mecoptera: Meropeidae). Can. Entomol. 114: 177-180. Scarbrough, A. G. 1980. Recent collection records of Merope tuber Newman (Mecoptera: Mero- peidae) in Maryland. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 82: 153-154. Shorthouse, J. D. 1979. Observations on the snow scorpionfly Boreus brumalis Fitch (Boreidae: Mecoptera) in Sudbury, Ontario. Quaest. Entomol. 15: 341-344. Thornhill, A. R. and J. B. Johnson. 1974. The Mecoptera of Michigan. Great Lakes Entomol. 7: 33-53. Webb, D. W., N. D. Penny, and J. C. Marlin. 1975. The Mecoptera, or scorpionflies, of Illinois. Bull. Il. Nat. Hist. Surv. 31: 251-316. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 614-618 A NEW CAUTETHIA FROM THE BAHAMAS (LEPIDOPTERA: SPHINGIDAE) Tim L. MCCABE New York State Museum, Cultural Education Center, Albany, New York 12230. Abstract.— Cautethia exuma n.sp. is described and illustrated. It is closely related to C. grotei Henry Edwards. The caterpillar is described and illustrated. The known host plant is Erithalis fruticosa (Linnaeus) (Rubiaceae). When Grote (1867) proposed Cautethia as a replacement name for Oenasanda Walker (1856b) (preoccupied by Oenasanda Walker, 1856a) he included only one species from Cuba, which he identified as C. noctuiformis Walker (1856b). Henry Edwards (1882) pointed out that the Cautethia species that Grote had from Cuba was actually C. grotei Henry Edwards. Jordan (1940) also made note of the misidentified Cuban species when he described two new races of C. grotei from the Cayman Islands. The genus Cautethia includes six species of small-sized moths. Cautethia grotei occurs in Cuba, the Cayman Islands, and the Bahamas. Cautethia noctuiformis is found in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and a few of the Lesser Antilles, and Cary (1971) recently described a race from Antigua (Fig. 2). The remaining species of Cautethia are: C. spuria Boisduval (1875) (Mexico) (male genitalia figured in Hodges, 1971), C. simitia Schaus (1932) (Columbia) and C. yucatana Clark (1919) (Mexico). The species described herein is, at present, known only from Great Exuma in the Bahamas. Cautethia exuma McCabe, NEw SPECIES Adult.— Wingspan 27-32 mm; forewing light-gray irrorated with dark gray or black scales; AM line, when traceable, strongly angled at cubitus, then directed basally to anal vein, then even more steeply angled basally to inner margin; reniform diffuse, with white scaling proximally and diffuse black patch distally; PM double and shallowly scalloped on veins, slightly darker in anal area; terminal line diffuse; forewing ventrally uniform gray; hindwing yellow brown in basal “ths and brownish-black in distal ths; hindwing ventrally with basal yellow-brown restricted to base of anal area. Thorax and abdomen same shade of light gray as forewing; abdomen with weak tufts on abdominal segments 2, 3, 4, & 5. Male and female similar. Male genitalia (Fig. 11). Gnathos straight, broad, and heavily chitinized at apex; uncus large, straight and blunt tipped; valves broad and upturned, with undiffer- entiated cucullus; process present at base of valve, 14 length of valve; aedeagus (Fig. 12) with simple vesica marked by right-angle bend. Female genitalia (Fig. 15). Bursa copulatrix very long-stalked and bulbous at VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 615 Figs. 1-8. 1, Cautethia yucatana male. 2, Cautethia noctuiformis bredini Cary (Holotype). 3, Cautethia grotei male. 4, Cautethia grotei female. 5, Cautethia exuma male (Holotype). 6, Cautethia exuma male (Paratype). 7, Cautethia exuma female (Paratype). 8, Cautethia exuma ultimate instar larva at rest on host, Erithalis fruticosa (L.). anterior end, without signa, but with large appendix bursa subequal in size to bulbous portion of bursa copulatrix. Full grown larva. Length 36 mm; head green with pair of faint longitudinal greenish-white stripes; body green with subdorsal white stripe running length of 616 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 13 7 14 Figs. 9-14. 9, Cautethia noctuiformis bredini valves. 10, Cautethia yucatana valves. 11, Cautethia exuma (Holotype) valves. 12, Cautethia exuma (Holotype) vesica. 13, Cautethia grotei valves. 14, Cautethia grotei vesica. body to base of horn; no dorsal line or pattern; dorsum slightly darker green than sides, both with raised white rugosities; spiracles yellow; yellow subspiracular line present from anal proleg forward to last abdominal proleg, then fading to white and not traceable anterior to abdominal prolegs; horn green, apex pale, projecting from an enlarged base; anterior end of body and thoracic legs raised at rest; thoracic legs held parallel (directed forward) to body when at rest; head retractable; body somewhat swollen anteriorly. The larva of Cautethia exuma differs from Dyar’s (1896) description of C. grotei in several respects: Abdominal prolegs 3 & 4 are not used when at rest in C. grotei; in C. exuma all prolegs are used when at rest; geminate dorsal line VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 617 Figs. 15-16. 15, Cautethia exuma female genitalia. 16, Cautethia grotei female genitalia. present in C. grotei, dorsal line absent in C. exuma; subdorsal line pale yellow at upper border in C. grotei, that of C. exuma is white; spiracles white with median red band, that of C. exuma yellow with median reddish band; sides marked by dark green chevrons in C. grotei, that of C. exuma uniform light green and unmarked; subspiracular line white, yellow, and marked with pink in C. grotei, that of C. exuma is yellow and white, no pink. Holotype ¢ (Figs. 5 & 11).—Bahamas, Great Exuma, Simon’s Point, 23.31.50N 75.47.30W, 11 January 1980, deposited in New York State Museum. Paratypes.—1 9, 30 6. All with the same data as holotype except dates range from 26 December to 22 January. Paratypes are to be distributed among the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, American Museum of Natural History, Cornell University Insect Collection, Canadian National Collections, British Mu- seum of Natural History, Museum fiir Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universitat, New York State Museum, and various other collections. DIAGNOSIS Cautethia exuma males differ from the males of all other known Cautethia species in lacking a dark patch of scales in the tornus of the forewing; Cautethia 618 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON exuma lack the sexual dimorphism of the other Cautethia species. Cautethia grotei is larger, has a deeply scalloped postmedial line, more extensive and brighter basal orange on the hindwing, differing gnathos (compare Fig. 11 to Fig. 13) and female genitalia with an appendix bursa larger than the bursa copulatrix (subequal in C. exuma, see Figs. 15 & 16). Cautethia simitia (type in USNM) has been examined, but not dissected. It is very similar to C. grotei as well as to C. yucatana and might prove conspecific with the latter. The species described in this paper has been named after the island of Great Exuma. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition. BIOLOGY Knowing that the related C. grotei feeds on Chiocca alba (L.) A. Hitch. (Ru- biaceae), I conducted an intensive search for sphinx larvae on the most abundant rubiaceous plant on Exuma, Erithalis fruticosa (Linnaeus) and discovered the larva of C. exuma. The single larva pupated, but the fully formed moth died within the pupal shell. Color photographs were taken of the larva and the black and white figure is reproduced from one of them (Fig. 8). All adult specimens were collected at a 15 watt ultra-violet light. One adult was observed feeding at the blossoms of Strongback, Bourreria ovata Miers (Boraginaceae), at dusk. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Sidney Russell of the Bahamian Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries for granting permission to collect Lepidoptera on Exuma. Assistance from curators R. W. Hodges and R. W. Poole, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, and M. Honey and A. Watson, British Museum, was most appreciated. J. Barnes kindly reviewed the manuscript. My sincerest thanks to Margaret Stedman for providing lodging on Exuma. LITERATURE CITED Boisduval, J. A. 1874 (1875). Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species General des Lepidoptéres Heterocéres, |: 319. Cary, C. R. 1970. A new sphinx moth from the West Indies (Sphingidae). J. Lep. Soc. 24: 267-270. Clark, B. P. 1919. Some undescribed Sphingidae. Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Club 6: 107. Dyar, H. G. 1896. The larva of Cautethia grotei Hy. Edw. Psyche 7: 385-386. Grote, A.R. 1867. Remarks on the Sphingidae of Cuba, and descriptions of a new species of Ambulyx from Brazil. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 8: 202. Edwards, Hy. 1882. New species of Heterocera. Papilio 2: 10. Hodges, R. W. 1971. Sphingoidea Hawkmoths. Jn Dominick, R. B. et al. The moths of America north of Mexico including Greenland, Fasc. 21. London, E. W. Classey and R. B. D. Publications Inc. Pp. 1-158, pls. 1-14. Jordan, K. 1940. Results of the Oxford University Biological Expedition to the Cayman Island, 1938. (Sphingidae (Lep.)) Entomol. Mon. Mag. 74: 275-277. Schaus, W. 1932. New species of Sphingidae and Saturniidae in the U.S. National Museum. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 22: 143. Walker, F. 1856a. List of the specimens of Lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. 7: 1713. 1856b. Ibid. 8: 231. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 619-629 FOUR SPECIES OF OMMATIUS WIEDEMANN (DIPTERA: ASILIDAE) FROM PUERTO RICO AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS A. G. SCARBROUGH Department of Biological Sciences, Towson State University, Baltimore, Mary- land 21204. Abstract.— Four species of Ommatius Wiedemann, O. vitreus Bigot, O. monensis Scarbrough new species, O. falcatus Scarbrough new species, and O. marginellus (Fabricius), are reported from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. The last 3 species are described and illustrated. A key to the species is also included, and O. tibialis Say is removed from the list of Caribbean Asilidae. Presently Ommatius marginellus (Fabricius) is listed from Cuba, southward through the Lesser Antilles, from eastern South America (Martin and Papavero, 1970), and from the Galapagos Islands (Linsley and Usinger, 1966). However, a re-evaluation of the species suggests a more restricted distribution to the middle Caribbean Islands. Farr (1965) found in museums at least three different species labeled O. marginellus. Upon examination of over 100 museum specimens labeled O. marginellus, | also found numerous errors in the identification of the species. The problems in identification apparently originate from the brief original de- scription (Fabricius, 1781) of the species and recent references (Curran, 1928; Bromley, 1929) to the presence of marginal scutellar bristles. Until recently (Farr, 1965; Scarbrough, in press), O. marginellus was the only species in the Caribbean region stated to have marginal scutellar bristles. It seems likely then that any species with this character was immediately identified and labeled as such. Through a loan from the Universitetet Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Den- mark, I was able to examine the male holotype of O. marginellus. The type is in poor condition, and consists of only the thorax, wings and parts of the foreleg. The scutellum is without marginal bristles or any evidence (scars or basal sockets) that they were present earlier. Unfortunately, the original description and later modifications of it (Fabricius, 1781; 1787; 1805) do not refer to this character. In order to clarify the confusion of the identity of O. marginellus, I have selected specimens (6, 2 homotypes) from a series collected in the Virgin Islands (type locality) that closely resemble the holotype to construct a more thorough descrip- tion of the species. Two undescribed species of Ommatius from Puerto Rico are also described and illustrated, and a third species (O. vitreus Bigot) is reported from Mona Island, Puerto Rico, for the first time. KEY TO SPECIES FROM PUERTO RICO AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS ie Penioraswholly. (darks U8 OS on Be) Bi, ell ek ee ee PRS: 2 Anemos Gark inspartsOnly <2 2h. Pa Py a ey I 3 620 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 2. Small slender specimen (11.0—14.0 mm); forecoxal bristles wholly white to pale yellow; epandrium deeply divided apically; costal margin straight (Mona: Island’ S: Hispaniola). {ssc anabee eee ace ee oe O. vitreus Bigot — Large robust species (13.0-18.0 mm); most forecoxal bristles black; epan- drium not divided apically; (Fig. 5); costal margin noticeably protruding (Mona:-Island) >...c.5 ek ae ee O. monensis new species 3. Epandrium with apical '4 slender and sickle-shaped (Fig. 6); marginal and submarginal cells and halter yellowish (Puerto Rico) ................. PPC oie tiah eco i058 PSs Subs AGA Ie Tae O. falcatus new species — Epandrium with apical 4 broad and more angular below; apical margin somewhat subtruncate (Fig. 3); marginal and submarginal cells clear; halter yellowish brown to brown (Puerto Rico & Virgin Islands) ............ A aa SN Sette CR Race AA keels (otk Re tee oc O. marginellus (Fabr.) Ommatius marginellus (Fabricius) Figs. 1-4 Asilus marginellus Fabricius, 1781: 464; 1787: 178. Type locality Virgin Islands, St. Croix. Dasyopogon marginellus: Wiedemann, 1821: 213. Ommatius marginellus: Coquillett, 1910: 579. Type species designated; Wolcott, 1948: 453; Hull, 1962: 434-436. Male (Fig. 1).—Length 14.0 mm. Head dark brown; face and front grayish yellow tomentose, tomentum of occiput yellowish white. Bristles of face and front yellow to orangish, beard white; 2 long ocellar and several postocular bristles brown, the latter slightly curved forward near tips. Antennal segments each about same length, style almost twice length of 3 segments combined; 3rd segment ovate with style inserted slightly above middle and 1-3 short hairs dorsally; bristles of antennal segments mostly short and dark, those below on Ist segment pale yellow. Thorax brown to dark brown. Scutum with yellowish to brownish white pollen in grooves along lateral margins, on prescutellar region and scutellum; pollen lightest in color in prescutellar region, golden to brownish yellow behind humeral callus. Pleural pollinosity yellowish with brown on upper half. Chaetotaxy: 2 notopleurals, | supraalar and | postalar; 2-3 weak, pale prescutellar dorsocentral hairs; pleural row of bristles pale yellow. Thoracic pile pale and weak, most abundant on prothorax, humeral callus and scutellum, sparse elsewhere. Strong marginal scutellar bristles absent. Halter yellowish brown to orangish. Wings hyaline, costal margin moderately bulging, anterior cells with slight brownish tint. Veins dark brown apically, lighter basally. R-m crossvein before middle of discal cell. Second posterior cell somewhat constricted beyond its mid- dle. Legs (Fig. 2a—c) mostly orangish yellow; black on apical %4 to '/; anteriorly on fore- and midfemora; black band on apical '4 of hindfemur and hind tibia; bases of basal tarsomeres of tarsi yellow to yellowish brown, the remaining segments brown. Coxae yellowish gray pollinose with yellowish bristles and pile. Bristles of femora and tibiae primarily yellow to orangish, black at apices of tibiae with 3—4 additional ones on mid- and hindtibiae; midfemur with 4 black bristles on anterior surface (2 anteroventral, 2 more apical and slightly above the forr-er) and | posteroapical; hindfemur with 6 black bristles in posteroventral row. Fore- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 621 Zp SZ = ss Figs. 1-4. Ommatius marginellus (Fabricius). 1, Head, lateral view. 2, Typical leg chaetotaxy and color patterns: (a) male midleg, front view; (b) male left hindfemur, front view; (c) male left hindfemur, posterior view; (d) female left hindleg, front view. (Horizontal bar = 1.0 mm.) tarsi with 4 pale yellow bristles, the remaining ones black. Legs with primarily yellowish pile, black in dark areas; tibiae with black setulae and a few long, thin black hairs ventrally on foretibia. Abdomen brown with yellow pollen and appressed setae; pile pale yellowish. Swellings of tergite | with 4—5 pale orangish bristles and numerous slender hairs. Tergites 7-8 somewhat shiny, the latter and much of tergite 6 with brown hairs; apical corners of tergites 3—6 with 1-2 short, bristly, pale yellowish hairs. Terminalia (Fig. 3) primarily dark brown; lower surface, cercus and apical tips of epandrium orangish to reddish. Pile and hairs of lighter areas yellowish, some dark brown to black pile in dark areas. Epandrium swollen on basal 73 or more, flattened and abruptly narrowed near apex; apical margin slightly projecting dor- sally, somewhat angular or subtruncate below. Hypandrium somewhat inflated. Dististylus slender, slightly curved forward, gently tapered to apex. Basistylus with a spinelike projection and a thin basal flange. Cercus short, about '4 length of epandrium; fused plates below cercus with 2 apical swellings and long, pale pile. Female (Figs. 2d, 4).— Other than sexual differences, the female closely resem- bles the male. Length 14.0 mm. Wings without costal bulge, r-m crossvein beyond middle of discal cell, constriction of second posterior cell less apparent than in male; halter reddish. Legs darker orange with more black at apices. Leg bristles 622 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON AEE /; fei aja) a) Fes 4c Figs. 3-4. Ommatius marginellus (Fabricius). 3, Male terminalia: (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, (c) apical views; (d) left dististylus. 4, Female terminalia: (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, and (c) ventral views. Abbre- viations: Ce = cercus, Ep = epandrium, Di = dististylus, Ba = basistylus, Hy = hypandrium, T = ter- gite, S = sternite, Sp = spine of basistylus, Fl = flange, Vp = ventral plates. Horizontal bar = 0.5 mm. orange except for 4 black ones on midfemur, 1 on fore- and 5 on mid-tibiae. Bases of basal tarsomeres of mid- and hindtarsi light brown; | orangish foretarsal bristle. Abdominal segment 7 with mostly yellow setae and hairs, some dark setae above and | long, bristly, brown hair in apical corners. Segment 8 and tergite 9 short, retracted into segment 7. Sternite 8 with numerous brown hairs and a small, median, subapical point with a shallow depression to each side; apical margin without protuberances. Apical corners of tergite 9 slightly projecting posteriorly and wrapping around base of cercus, almost touching below. Variation.— Length 10.0-15.5 mm. Tomentum, pollen and chaetotaxy are typ- ically more yellowish to yellow in males, especially in males from the Virgin VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 623 Islands. Darker specimens have 1-3 additional black leg and tarsal bristles than lighter specimens. Puerto Rican specimens have darker legs than those from the Virgin Islands, with darker orange and more extensive black markings. For ex- ample, black extends the full length and width of the anterior surface of the forefemur, the apical '2 or more of the anterior surface of the midfemur, and the apical 4 to % of the hindfemur. In addition, the black apical bands are present on the mid- (narrow) and hindtibiae (apical 4 to 2) and the basal tarsomeres are sometimes light brown, usually dark brown. Specimens from the Virgin Islands have black markings rarely (1 male) extending beyond the apical '2 of the fore- femur; apical bands on the tibiae are either absent (fore) or occur as a narrow clouded band (middle); the basal '2 of the basal tarsomeres of the posterior 2 tarsi are usually yellowish brown. Material examined.—é holotype, VI; ¢ homotype 6 Aug. 1980, Brewers Bay, St. Thomas, VI (M. A. Ivie): 2 homotype 25 Jul. 1979, Perserverance Bay, St. Thomas, VI (M. A. Ivie). VIRGIN ISLANDS (St. Thomas & St. Johns Islands) 66, 22; PUERTO RICO 18 4,8 9. The holotype male is in the collection of the Universitetet Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. The homotypes are deposited in the USNM, Washington, D.C.; additional specimens are located in the USNM; MCZ, Cambridge Univer- sity, AMNH, New York; Museum of University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez; Univ- ersitetet Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Museum of Ento- mology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras; the collections of Mike Ivie, Ohio State University, Columbus, and the author. Discussion. — Ommatius marginellus is recognized by yellow to orangish facial bristles and hairs; yellow abdominal pollen; an absence of marginal scutellar bristles; tibiae and femora primarily orangish yellow to orange with black apically; epandrium with apical margin slightly projecting dorsally, subtruncate apically and angular below; basistylus with a single leglike process and basal flange; dis- tistylus only slightly curved forward. In Farr’s key (1965), O. marginellus runs to O. jamaiciensis Farr but differs from that species by the absence of white facial and pale brown leg bristles and brown tibiae, and the presence of yellow abdominal pollen, a yellowish orange halter and a slightly curved dististylus. Ommatius monensis Scarbrough, NEW SPECIES Fig. Male.— Length 18.0 mm. Head black with white to gray tomentum. Hairs and bristles of face and most of those of occiput white or whitish; ocellar and a few dorsal postocular bristles black. Mystax with abundant long and shorter hairs and bristles, hairs weaker and less abundant above. Most postocular bristles straight or nearly so, inner 2—3 strongly proclinate above eyes; 2 long ocellar bristles and 3—4 shorter ones. Antenna black, segments of about equal lengths; style slightly more than twice length of all segments; third segment slightly longer than wide; hairs primarily white on segment | with a few black ones above and all hairs black on segment 2. Thorax black. Scutum with a brown pollinose patch behind humeri; brownish or yellowish gray to gray pollen in grooves, on sides above wings and in prescutellar region; light brown pollen on postalar callus. Pleural pollinosity gray, upper half of anepisternum with some yellow or brown mixed with gray. Thoracic pile weak 624 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 5. Ommatius monensis n. sp., male terminalia: (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, and (c) apical views; (d) left dististylus. See Figures 1—4 for parts of terminalia. Horizontal bar = 0.5 mm. and whitish; pile most abundant on prothorax, humeral callus, anepisternum, katepisternum and laterotergite, sparse or absent on remaining pleurites. Chae- totaxy: 2 notopleurals, 1 supra-alar and | postalar; several pale, weak dorsocentrals in prescutellar region; pleural row of bristles white to pale brownish white. Scu- tellum with gray to yellowish gray pollen and long whitish pile; pile along margin not noticeably different from that on dorsum. Halter brown. Wings hyaline, veins reddish brown basally, dark brown apically, costal margin greatly swollen, marginal and submarginal cells with strong ripples and some brown adjacent veins; r-m crossvein before middle of discal cell. Legs.—Coxae black with gray pollen and whitish pile; forecoxa with several strong black bristles and | or 2 white ones; mid- and hindcoxae without black bristles. Femora swollen, shiny black with apical margins brownish; tibiae brown- ish orange, foretibia lightest; fore- and midtibia with a small brown apical spot; hintibia with a narrow apical brown band. Tarsi dark brown, basal segments light brownish to brownish orange. Femora pile generally white, sparse posteriorly on fore- and midfemora, abundant elsewhere; pile longer below and basally on all femora and posteriorly on hindfemur. Forefemur with whitish bristles, 2 on an- terior surface and a row of stiff bristles below, extending almost the full length of segment; midfemur with several whitish bristly hairs below and 5-6 bristles on anterior surface, 3—4 of latter bristles and | posteroapical bristle black. Hindfemur with anteroventral row and 3-4 bristles on anterior surface whitish, bristles of VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 625 posterior row and | anterior preapical bristle black. Tibiae with yellowish white pile and sparse black setulae; tibial and tarsal bristles black except 3 on foretarsus, 4 on foretibia and 1 on midtibia; foretibia with black bristles restricted to apex; fore- and midtibiae with long, thin black hairs in a row below. Abdomen dark brown to black, apical margins of segments slightly lighter; grayish pollen laterally on segments with traces of brown. Whitish pile on lighter areas of segments, long on basal 3 segments; dark short setae on dark areas of tergites; tergite 1, apical corners of sternite 8, tergites 7 and 8 with one or more pale or whitish bristly hairs or bristles. Terminalia (Fig. Sa—d) reddish brown to black with short black pile basally, longer pale pile and bristly hairs apically. Cercus dark brown; epandrium greatly swollen on basal *4 and black, tapered apically and reddish. Hypandrium and gonopod brown to reddish, the former slightly swollen, its apical margin almost straight in apical view; hypandrium with bristly pale hair and pile concentrated at middle of apical 3. Basistylus with a thick fold basally on each side and abundant pale bristly hair and pile; 4 long, slightly curved spines, 2 on each side of middle, inner one slightly longer and arising more basally. Dististylus reddish, slender, slightly curved forward. Apical lobes of plates below cercus slightly projecting. Female. — Unknown. Variation. — The specimens in the type series differ little, primarily in size (13.5— 18.0 mm) and by having | or 2 additional white bristles on the hindfemur. Holotype.—¢4 “‘lights,”» Camp Capresi, Mona Is., Puerto Rico, Oct. 1956 (W. H. Cross). The holotype is deposited in the USNM collection. Paratypes. 6 same data; 6 Mona Is., P.R. 17-28 Apr. 1954 (J. Maldonado Capriles), deposited in the USNM collection and that of the author. A male in poor condition is in the Museum of Entomology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras. The latter was previously listed as O. marginellus from Mona Island, P.R. (Ramos, 1946; Wol- cott, 1948). Discussion. — Ommatius monensis is recognized by the white to gray tomentum of the head; white facial hairs and bristles, 2—3 long black proclinate postocular bristles; a strong bulge in the costal margin of the wings of males; black femora, brownish tibiae; black forecoxal bristles; mostly whitish leg vestiture; hind femur with a posterior row of black bristles; basistylus with 4 long, slightly curved spines and an absence of scutellar bristles. Ommatius monensis is greatly different from the other reported species from the Caribbean area. Its black, robust body, black forecoxal bristles, strong costal bulge of the wing, whitish leg vestiture and terminalia readily separates this species from others. Etymology.— The species is named after the island on which it was found. Ommatius falcatus Scarbrough, NEW SPECIES Fig. 6 Male.— Length 16.5 mm. Head brown to dark brown; tomentum of face yellow to golden brown, front more brown, occiput light brownish white. Bristles and hairs of face pale yellow to brownish yellow, bristles darkest; proclinate postoc- ulars, ocellars and most antennal bristles brown, those of lower half of antennal segment | pale brown; beard and remaining occipital vestiture white. Postoculars straight or curve forward slightly near tips. Antennal segments about same length, 626 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 6. Ommatius falcatus n. sp., male terminalia: (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, and (c) apical views; (d) left dististylus. See Figures 1-4 for parts of terminalia. Horizontal bar = 0.5 mm. third slightly longer than wide, style slightly more than twice length of all segments combined. Thorax brown.—Scutum with brown pollen; grooves, sides, prescutellum and scutellum pollinosity yellow to brownish yellow. Pile of thorax pale yellowish to white, most abundant on prothorax and humeral callus, sparse on pleuron, be- tween dorsocentrals and on scutellum. Chaetotaxy: 2 notopleurals, | supraalar and 1 postalar; 2-3 pale, weak prescutellar dorsocentrals; row of pleural bristles pale brownish yellow. Marginal scutellar bristles absent. Halter yellow. Wings hyaline with a moderate costal bulge anteriorly. Marginal and submar- ginal cells brownish, costal and subcostal cells somewhat yellowish. Crossvein r- m before middle of discal cell; second posterior cell somewhat constricted beyond middle. Legs. —Coxae brown with yellowish pollen, pile, and bristles. Femora orangish yellow to orange with black as follows: apical halves along anterior and dorsal surfaces of fore- and midfemora, apical 2 of hindtibiae, apical % of hindfemur, and narrow apical band on midtibiae; tarsi mostly dark brown or black with basal VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 627 tarsomeres of fore- and midtarsi brownish yellow to orange. Bristles of femora and tibiae primarily orangish, slightly lighter on forelegs; tibial apices with black bristles, 3 additional black ones before apices on mid- and hindtibiae; midfemur with 4 black bristles on anterior surface and | on posteroapical surface; hindfemur with 3 black bristles in anteroventral row and 7-8 in posteroventral row. Tarsal bristles black except for 2—3 orangish ones on foretarsus. Legs with fine yellowish pile, some black in black areas; tibiae with short appressed black setulae and a few thin, long black hairs ventrally on foretibia. Abdomen brown, lightest along apical margins of segments, with brownish to yellow pollen, lightest pollen laterally and ventrally on segments. Bristles and pile primarily yellowish with a few pale brown bristles on tergite 1; brown setae and a few bristly hairs and several longer yellow hairs on apical corners of tergites 6— 8. Tergite 8 short, only partially exposed; sternite 8 concealed by sternite 7. Terminalia (Fig. 6) mostly dark brown with lower surface and apex of epandrium reddish. Epandrium greatly swollen on basal 73 or more, tapering abruptly and becoming sickle-like apically; the distal margin with long fine hairs along much of its length, stronger dark hairs basally. Hypandrium slightly swollen and with yellow hairs. Basistylus with a somewhat circular basal ridge, forming a sharp finger-like spine. Dististylus slender, slightly curved forward and narrowed toward tip; cercus brownish, short and with pale yellow pile. Female.— Unknown. Holotype.—é Maricao, Puerto Rico, Nov. ?. 1956 (C. Valarques). The type is deposited in the USNM collection, Washington, D.C. Discussion.— Ommiatius falcatus is recognized by the pale yellow to brownish yellow facial hairs and bristles, yellow to golden brown facial tomentum, a mod- erate costal bulge in the wing, brownish marginal and submarginal cells yellowish costal and subcostal cells, a slight constriction in the second posterior cell, an epandrium with apical 3 sickle-shaped, dististylus slightly curved forward, and the absence of scutellar marginal bristles. Ommatius falcatus is similar to the Puerto Rican O. marginellus but is easily recognized by a slightly larger body, yellow halter, yellowish costal and subcostal cells, and the sickle-shaped apical '4 of the epandrium. Etymology.— The species is named after the sickle-shaped apical portion of the epandrium. Ommatius vitreus Bigot Ommatius vitreus Bigot, 1895: 246, type locality: Haiti, Type 2; Martin and Papavero, 1970: 60, removed from synonymy. Ommatius marginellus: Hull, 1962: 435, listed O. vitreus as a synonym. Scarbrough (in press) redescribed the female lectotype and described the male. A single female specimen captured on Mona Island (Los Pinas 23 Oct. 1955, W. H. Cross) differs from specimens reported from Hispaniola in that the facial hairs are wholly white rather than 4—6 hairs being dark brown to black; the facial tomentum and abdominal pollen are white to gray rather than the typical yellowish white; hairs and bristles of the legs are white rather than yellowish. Ommatius tibialis Say Ommiatius tibialis Say, 1923: 49 (1859: 63), type locality: U.S.A. Pennsylvania, 6, 2; Martin and Papavero, 1970: 60. 628 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Although Martin and Papavero (1970) list this species from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, it is doubtful that it actually occurs there or elsewhere in the Caribbean. Its nearest reported locality is Florida (U.S.A.). Males of O. tibialis are easily recognized by having the epandrium excavated on the apical 3 to 2 of its dorsal surface and by an absence of marginal scutellar bristles. Unfortunately, the male terminalia were not used until recently to separate species in the Carib- bean. Furthermore, O. marginellus was the only species in the area thought to have marginal bristles, and thus specimens without this character were arbitrarily identified as O. tibialis. However, none of the specimens which I have examined from the middle Caribbean Islands or southward has an excavated epandrium or other diagnostic characters of O. tibialis. Thus I propose to remove O. tibialis from the list of Caribbean Asilidae. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank the following for the loan of specimens: Norman Woodley, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; Pedro Wygodzinsky, American Mu- seum of Natural History, New York; Lloyd Knutson and Raymond J. Gagné, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washington, D.C.; Leif Lyneborg, Universitetet Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark; Angel B. Ortiz and J. A. Ramos, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez; Rafael Ingles and Jorge Santigo Blay, Museum of Entomology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras. Thanks are also due to the staff of the Diptera section in the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA at the U.S. National Museum who so kindly assisted me with numerous helpful discussions and suggestions during this study; to D. M. Wood, Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, for making helpful sug- gestions on an early draft of the manuscript; and to the Towson State University Faculty Research Committee for support of this study. LITERATURE CITED Bromley, S. W. 1929. The Asilidae of Cuba (Diptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 22: 272-294. Bigot, J. M. F. 1875. Diptéres nouveaux ou peu connus. 4° partie V. Asilidae exotiques nouveaux. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 5: 237-248. Coquillett, D. W. 1910. The type species of the North American genera of Diptera. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 37: 499-647. Curran, C. H. 1928. New species of Ommatius from America, with key (Diptera: Asilidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 327: 1-6. Fabricius, J. C. 1781. Species insectorum exhibentes eorum differentias specificas, synonyma, auc- torum, locanatalia metamorphosin. IJ. Hamburgi et Kilonii 2: 464. 1787. Mantissa insectorum sisten species nuper detectas. II. Hafniae. 2: 178. 1805. Systema antliatorum secundum ordine, genera, species. Brunvigae, p. 170. Farr, T. H. 1965. The robber-flies of Jamaica (Diptera: Asilidae). Pt. 2. Bull. Inst. Jam. Sci. Ser. 13: 5-36. Hull, F.M. 1962. Robber flies of the world. The genera of the family Asilidae. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 224: 434-436. Linsley, E. G. and R. L. Usinger. 1966. Insects of the Galapagos Islands. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 33: 166. Martin, C. H. and N. Papavero. 1970. Family Asilidae, pp. 58-60. Jn Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. Mus. Zool. Univ. Sao Paulo. No. 35b, 139 pp. Ramos, J. A. 1946. The insects of Mona Island (W.I.). J. Agric. Univ. P.R. 30: 56. Say, T. 1823. Descriptions of dipterous insects of the United States. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 3: 49. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 629 1859. p. 63. In LeConte, J. L. The complete writings of Thomas Say on entomology of North America. New York. 412 pp. Scarbrough, A. G. Synopsis of Ommatius Wiedemann from Hispaniola. J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. In press. Wiedemann, C. R. W. 1821. Diptera exotica. Kiliae. 1: 213. Wolcott, G. N. 1948. The insects of Porto Rico. J. Agric. Univ. P.R. 32: 453. MEETING ANNOUNCEMENT ICSEB—III, Third International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology, 1985 The Congress will be held on 4—10 July 1985 at the University of Sussex, near Brighton, England. The following Congress Symposia are being organized: Symbiosis in Evolution Conservation of Tropical Ecosystems Biogeographic Evolution of the Malay Archipelago Adaptational Aspects of Physiological Processes Co-evolution in Ecosystems and the Red Queen Hypothesis Angiosperm Origins and the Biological Consequences The Measurement of Rates of Evolution Molecular Biology and Evolutionary Theory Co-evolution and Systematics Molecules vs. Morphology in Phylogency: Conflict or Compromise? Random and Directed Events in Evolution Biochemical Innovation in Microbial Communities There will also be Special Interest Symposia on other topics, as well as sessions for contributed papers, films and poster papers. For further information write to: Professor Barry Cox, ICSEB Congress Office, 130 Queen’s Road, Brighton, Sussex BN1 3WE, UK. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 630-634 A NEW SAND-DUNE-INHABITING NOVELSIS (COLEOPTERA: DERMESTIDAE) FROM CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA R. S. BEAL, JR. Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011. Abstract.— Adult and larval stages of Novelsis sabulorum, n. sp., from California and Nevada sand deserts are described. The fossorial adaptations of the species are unique among the Dermestidae. In the course of investigating beetles inhabiting California sand dunes, Fred G. Andrews of the Insect Taxonomy Laboratory of the California Department of Food and Agriculture found a new unusual larva by sifting sand at the Algodones Dunes near Glamis, Imperial County. The adult exhibits tibial structures appar- ently developed for digging in sand. Fossorial adaptations are unknown in any other Nearctic dermestid species. Andrews, Hardy and Giuliani (1979) speculated that this species is a sand obligate. This seems to be confirmed by the discovery of additional specimens in Nevada, all from sandy desert areas. The adult and mature larva of the species are described herewith. Novelsis sabulorum Beal, NEw SPECIES Adult male.—Integument of head dark brown; integument of pronotum me- dium brown; integument of elytra medium brown at basal 4 becoming light tan on apical %; ventral surfaces, legs and antennal club medium brown. Pubescence of head brownish black, subrecumbent. Pubescence of pronotum brownish black on disc, recumbent; pubescence on pronotal lobe, posterior margin and lateral margins pale golden white; hairs of margins projecting (although hairs of holotype somewhat unnaturally glued down by collecting fluid), long, some longer than length of front tibia. Pubescence of elytra of recumbent and suberect hairs; hairs on basal 4 subrecumbent, brownish black with some intermingled pale hairs; hairs on apical 4% mostly subrecumbent pale golden white with many fewer in- termingled subrecumbent and suberect brownish black hairs; some black hairs arranged in poorly defined rows; hairs on lateral margins all suberect, pale golden white, long at elytral base becoming shorter toward apex. Eye rounding and not emarginate above base of antenna but with very small emargination behind base of antenna. Antenna (Fig. 2) 11-segmented, extending in repose to about middle of abdominal segment 1; flagellar shaft 74 as long as segment | of club, '4 as long as total length of club; ratio of length of terminal segment to combined length of pronotum and elytra 1:3.6. Channel in front of eye for reception of flagellar shaft VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 631 very slightly concave; anterior margin forming short, low, threadlike carina not visibly projecting from side of head when seen from front; carina terminating before base of maxilla. Pronotum with lateral carina becoming evanescent around anterolateral angle; basal lobe very little produced and broadly and slightly emar- ginate at apex. Scutellum narrow, slightly prominent. Ventral surfaces covered with long, pale golden white hairs. Hypomeron slightly inflated, not contiguous with hind margin of lateral lobe of prosternum so that trochantin well exposed. Prosternum with posterior margin of lateral lobe slightly reflexed; posterior process extending posteriad almost to apex of front coxae when coxae in repose; apex of process not expanded; disc without longitudinal carina, without distinct lateral carina before anterior margin and without median anterior denticle. Epipleuron indistinctly formed, scarcely apparent beyond middle of lateral margin of meta- sternal episternum. Ventral plate of hind coxa not forming tooth but length of plate from point of insertion of trochanter diminishing more or less gradually for entire width; plate extending behind metasternal episternum but not quite attaining metasternal epimeron. Legs covered with long, pale golden white hairs; length of longest hairs 73 length of hindfemur. All tibiae with long outer and somewhat shorter inner apical spines; longer spine on front leg extending to apex of tarsal segment 2 (Fig. 3). Foretibia not carinate on dorsal margin. Midfemur with ventral surfaces somewhat flattened but without crural cavity. Length (of pronotum and elytra): 3.9 mm; width (across humeri): 1.8 mm. Adult female.— Unknown. Range of observed variations.—Elytra with or without darkly colored integu- ment at basal 4; pubescence of all pale hairs to almost equal number of dark and pale hairs. Length varying from 3.6 to 4.5 mm. Ratio of width to length varying mone 2 Oto; 122536. Mature larva. —Integument of head and dorsal surfaces yellowish; color of setae (based on appearance of exuviae) light golden. Head: Antenna (Fig. 4) with ratio of length of segment 3 to segment 2 1:2.3; ratio of length of segment 3 to segment | 1:3.2; accessory papilla entirely terminal, ’) as long as segment 3; segment 2 with numerous setae inserted from basal ' to apex; terminal seta about '2 as long as length of segment 3. Epipharynx with proximal series of 17 sensory pits, middle series of 6 sensory papillae and distal series of 2 widely separated sensory pits. Maxillary palpus with 4 setae inserted on segment 3. Labium with 11 simple setae inserted on dorsal surface of each lobe of ligula; palpus without setae on basal segment. Body setae: Margins of all setae smooth. Anterior part of terga with fine, simple setae varying in length from 4 to subequal to length of tergum. Terga without submarginal erect setae; disc rather densely clothed with long, fine setae, some 3 times length of tergum, and with numerous linear-lanceolate setae 2 to 73 as long as length of sclerotized area of tergum; linear-lanceolate setae faintly and minutely longitudinally ribbed with smooth margins; posterior margin of tergum with row of numerous linear-lanceolate setae. Sterna with long, simple setae on anterior part of each segment, intermingled simple and linear-lanceolate setae on disc and dense row of linear-lanceolate setae along posterior margin. Spiracle and associated structures: Spiracle closed behind by tergum; opening slit-like; anterior margin more or less straight; posterior margin somewhat thick- ened; slit connecting laterally with emargination formed in tergum for reception Antenna of adult male. 3, Front view of Spiracle and spiracular sclerite from abdominal b) : the size of the circle is roughly PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 632 7 Why, Ze y ge a Og ( Pate WS is te a A een Lh - = 8 be gene eS, = I SSE SSS aeALes INAS oS x ——~ Adult male habitus. 2 Figs. 1-5. Novelsis sabulorum. 1, left tibia and tarsus of adult male. 4, Antenna of larva. 5, segment 3 of larva. Circles represent points of insertion of setae proportional to the size of the seta. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 633 of spiracular sclerite. Spiracular sclerite ovate, not enclosed by tergum; 12 to 20 setae inserted in sclerite. Area of tergum in front of spiracular sclerite forming sclerotized ridge projecting somewhat laterad of tergum so that spiracular sclerite and ridge appear partially separated from tergum (Fig. 5). Terga and abdomen: All segments of body without antecostal suture. Abdom- inal tergum 9 about *% as long as tergum 8. Distinct sclerites not apparent in sternum of abdominal segment 9. Legs: Femur of foreleg about 2 times as long as wide. Two pair of longer stout setae on ventral side of tibia about 7% as long as length of pretarsal claw. Setae at base of pretarsus slender, subequal in width and length, extending to about middle of claw. Type specimens.— Holotype 6 and 2 6 paratypes, Blow Sand Mountains, T 15 N, R 20 E, Churchill County, Nevada, August 2, 1979 (R. C. Bechtel, L. M. Hanks, D. L. Horton, R. W. Rust). Additional paratypes as follows: 5 6, Indian Lake-sand, Churchill County, Nevada, “*VIII-23/11-13 1980” (J. B. Knight); 1 6 with 2 larval skin casts, Glamis, Imperial County, California, as larva April, 1968, reared August, 1969 (Fred G. Andrews). Holotype and | paratype deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Additional paratypes deposited in the collections of the Nevada Insect Survey, Nevada State Department of Agriculture, the National Museum of Natural History, and the author. Etymology. — Sabulorum is a Latin genitive plural neuter noun meaning “‘of the sands.” Diagnosis.— Adults of this species are distinguished from all other known At- tagenini by the long spine at the apex of each tibia, which on the forelegs extends to the apex of tarsal segment 2. An additional character, which separates N. sabulorum from other described species of Novelsis, is the exceptionally long setae of the body and legs, some hairs of the hind legs being 7 the length of the femur. In N. picta Casey, which bears longer hairs on the legs than any other previously described species, the longest hairs are no more than 1% the length of the hind femur. Larvae are easily distinguished from all other described larval Attagenini by the lack of an antecostal suture on all thoracic and abdominal segments. In the key to known mature larvae of Nearctic Attagenini published by Beal (1970), this character could be run in before the first couplet to separate N. sabulorum before considering other species. Additionally, this species has a large number of setae inserted on antennal segment 2, a character shared among known larvae of At- tagenini only by Attagenus fasciatus (Thunberg). Comments. —The systematic position of this species needs further investigation, a need that in this author’s opinion will be fully satisfied only with a world-wide generic revision of the tribe. Adults, at least superficially, seem to be close to other species of Novelsis. The elongated shape of the antennal club and the elongated shape of the body seem to place the species in the group that includes N. horni Jayne, N. andersoni Beal, N. picta Casey, and N. timia Beal. On the other hand, the exposed foretrochantin and lack of a tooth on the metacoxal plate associate the species with N. athlophora Beal and 4A. bicolor Harold. In contrast, larval characters point to a closer alignment with a group of species clustered around Attagenus pellio (L.), the type species for Attagenus. In common with 4A. pellio 634 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON the epipharynx possesses a distal set of 2 sensory cups, which are lacking in N. horni, N. andersoni and N. uteana Casey. The broad dorsal setae with smooth margins and numerous longitudinal ribs are more like those of 4. pellio than species of Novelsis. Conceivably the species might be removed to a separate genus along with A. bicolor and N. athlophora or even a new monotypical genus estab- lished for it. Andrews reared the larva he collected to maturity on a diet of dead mealworms, suggesting that the species is a scavenger on dried protein materials, as are other species of Novelsis for which the larval habitats are known (Beal, 1954). Beyond this, one can only speculate on the possible habitats of the larvae. It is possible they live in the nests of sand-burrowing wasps or bees. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I extend my best thanks to Fred G. Andrews, Systematic Entomologist, Division of Plant Industry, California Department of Food and Agriculture, and Robert C. Bechtel, Survey and Systematic Entomologist, Division of Plant Industry, Nevada Department of Agriculture, for the loan of specimens used in this study. I also thank Fred G. Andrews for a critical reading of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Andrews, F. G., A. R. Hardy, and D. Giuliani. 1979. The Coleopterous Fauna of Selected California Sand Dunes in Fulfillment of Bureau of Land Management Contract CA-960-1285-1225-DE00 (Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, Division of Plant Industry, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento), pp. 1 + 142. Beal, R. S., Jr. 1954. A revision of the species included in the genus Novelsis (Coleoptera: Der- mestidae). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 80: 73-90. . 1970. A taxonomic and biological study of species of Attagenini (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) in the United States and Canada. Entomol. Am. 45: 141-235. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 635-638 A NEW GENUS AND TWO NEW SPECIES OF BLENNOCAMPINAE (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE) FROM JAPAN AND TAIWAN ICHIJI TOGASHI Ishikawa Prefecture College of Agriculture, Suematsu, Nonoichi-machi, Ishi- kawa Prefecture, 921, Japan. Abstract.—A new genus, Esehabachia, with two new species, E. luteipes from Japan and E. satoi from Taiwan, are described. Recently, I found a few sawflies that belong to the subfamily Blennocampinae. After examination of these specimens and comparisons with the descriptions of the genera and species, I concluded that they belong to two new species for which a new genus must be erected. These are described in this paper. All type specimens are deposited in the National Science Museum (Natural History), Tokyo. Esehabachia Togashi, NEw GENUS Description.— Body rather slender. Labrum short and rounded; clypeus shal- lowly emarginate; malar space wide, about 1.5 x diameter of front ocellus; post- orbital groove absent; postgenal carina absent; antenna filiform, pedicel about 2 x longer than apical width, 3rd segment slightly longer than 4th, apical 3 segments with ventral pale areas; prepectus absent; posterior margin of propodeum trian- gularly emarginate; sawsheath broad in lateral view. First cubital crossvein of forewing absent; 3 cubital cells; stub of analis of forewing furcate at apex; hindwing without a middle cell. Inner spur of foretibia furcate at apex; claw with small tooth and basal lobe. Type-species. — Esehabachia luteipes sp. nov. Distribution. — Eastern Asia (Japan and Taiwan). Remarks.—This new genus is closely allied to the subgenus Veratra Smith of the genus Rhadinoceraea Konow from North America, but it is distinguished from the latter by the form of the claw (in Veratra, the claw is simple); by the clypeus (in Veratra, the front margin of the clypeus is truncate); and by the absence of the first cubital crossvein of the forewing (in Veratra, the first cubital crossvein of the forewing is present). From Habachia Takeuchi from Japan, it is separated by the small and short labrum (in Habachia, the labrum is large and long); by the stub of the analis of the forewing (in Habachia, the stub of the analis is straight); and by the absence of the postorbital groove (in Habachia, the postorbital groove is present). In Okutani’s (1972) key to Japanese Blennocampinae, Esehabachia keys to Periclista Konow, but in Periclista the stub of the analis of the forewing is curved up, the malar space is short, and the propodeum is not emarginate. The combination of the inner tooth and basal lobe of the tarsal claw, the furcate stub 636 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 9 Figs. 1-10. Esehabachia luteipes. 1, Head, dorsal view. 2, Head, front view. 3, Head in profile. 4, Antenna. 5, Pro- and mesonotum, lateral view. 6, Basal portion of forewing. 7, Inner spur of front tibia. 8, Claw. 9, Cenchri and propodeum. 10, Sawsheath, lateral view. of the analis and absence of the first cubital crossvein of the forewing, the absence of cell M in the hindwing, the long malar space, and the deeply emarginate propodeum will separate this genus from all other genera of Blennocampinae. Esehabachia luteipes Togashi, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1-10 Female.— Length 5 mm. Body black with the following parts pale yellow: inner and hind orbits, genae, face below frontal crest, supraclypeal area, clypeus, labrum, malar space, mandible except for reddish-orange apex, palpi, latero-posterior portion of pronotum, tegulae, parapteron, cenchri, cerci, and lower 73 of sawsheath. Antenna mostly black, venter brown. Wings slightly yellowish hyaline; costa and stigma of forewing pale yellow, other veins brown. Legs mostly pale yellow, basal portion of coxae dark brown. Head seen from above transverse, narrowing behind eyes; eyes large, about 4 x as long as temples in dorsal view; OOL: POL: OCL = 1.3:1.0:1.1; postocellar area transverse, gently convex; lateral furrows distinct and deep; postocellar furrow linear; interocellar furrow rather shallow; circumocellar furrow distinct; area just in front of front ocellus depressed and connected with the frontal portion of circumocellar furrow; frontal area gently elevated, nearly flattened; median fovea elongate and deep; lateral foveae large and deep, situated on lateral sides of frontal area; supraclypeal area slightly convex and surrounded by suture, but lower margin absent; malar space wide, about 1.5 X as wide as diameter of front ocellus; clypeus slightly convex, anterior margin slightly emarginate; labrum small, rounded api- cally. Antenna filiform, slightly shorter than costa of forewing (ratio between them about 0.9:1.0), relative lengths of segments about 0.9:1.0:2.4:1.9:1.8:1.5:0.9:0.9: 1.0; pedicel long, about twice as long as apical width. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 637 Figs. 11-16. Esehabachia satoi. 11, Dorsal view. 12, Head, front view. 13, Hind tarsus, lateral view. 14, Sawsheath, lateral view. 15, Male genitalia, left half. 16, Penis valve. Thorax: frontal portion of prescutum convex anteriorly in lateral view; me- soscutellum slightly convex. Wings: apex of costa of forewing dilated; anal cell of hindwing with long petiole. Legs: hindbasitarsus nearly as long as following seg- ments combined. Abdomen: sawsheath broad in lateral view; cerci broad in lateral view. Head minutely and densely punctured, rather opaque; mesonotum and meso- scutellum minutely and coarsely punctured, shining; posttergite, metascutellum and metanotum nearly impunctate, shining; under thorax covered with minute and scattered punctures, shining; abdominal tergites shagreened. Male. — Unknown. Distribution. — Japan (Honshu). Holotype.—2, Chugu Spa, foot of Mt. Hakusan, Ishikawa Prefecture, June 25, 1974, I. Togashi leg. Esehabachia satoi Togashi, NEW SPECIES Figs. 11-16 Female.— Length 5.4 mm. Head and thorax dark brown with following parts pale yellow: face below frontal crest, clypeus, labrum, malar space, mandible except for red apex, pronotum, tegulae, parapteron, and cenchri. Abdomen pale yellow with following parts brown to dark brown: propodeum, tergites 2 and 7-— 9, and sawsheath. Antenna dark brown though scape and venter of apical 3 segments pale reddish yellow. Wings slightly yellowish hyaline; stigma and veins brown. Legs entirely pale yellow. 638 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Head seen from above transverse, narrowing behind eyes; eyes large, about 2.8 x as long as temples in dorsal view; OOL: POL: OCL = 1.2:1.0:1.1; postocellar area transverse, nearly flattened; lateral furrows distinct and deep; postocellar furrow slightly depressed; interocellar furrow distinct but short; circumocellar furrow distinct; frontal area slightly convex; median fovea depressed; lateral foveae distinct, situated on lateral sides of face; supraclypeal area nearly flattened; frontal margin of clypeus slightly emarginate; malar space slightly longer than diameter of front ocellus. Antenna filiform, shorter than costa of forewing (ratio between them about 1.0:1.2), relative lengths of segments about 1.4:1.0:3.3:3.0:2.6:1.9: 1.3:1.0:1.4; pedicel about 2 x as long as apical width. Thorax and abdomen as in E. /uteipes. Head and thorax covered with minute and scattered punctures, shining; pro- podeum nearly impunctate, polished; tergites 2-9 nearly impunctate, shining. Male. — Length 5 mm. Coloration and structure similar to those of female except for sexual segments. Apical margin of subgenital plate nearly truncate. Genitalia as in Figs. 15 and 16. Distribution. — Taiwan. Holotype.—?, Mt. Arisan, May 27, 1929, K. Sato leg. Paratype.—1 6, same locality as holotype. Remarks.—This new species and EF. /uteipes are separated by the coloration of the abdomen (in /uteipes, the abdomen is black), by the punctuation of head (in luteipes, the head is covered with dense and minute punctures), and by the length of the malar space (in /uteipes, the length of the malar space is 1.5 as long as the diameter of front ocellus). The left wings of the holotype are missing. I believe the wings were removed by Mr. K. Sato himself for study, but they have not been found in his collection. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express my hearty thanks to Y. Kurosawa and M. Owada of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, for their fine cooperation in allowing me to study the Sato collection, and to David R. Smith, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washington, D.C., for his kind advice and review of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Okutani, T. 1972. A new genus and a key to Japanese genera of the subfamily Blennocampinae (Hym. Tenth.). Entomol. Rev. Japan 24: 57-61. Smith, D. R. 1969. Nearctic sawflies. I Blennocampinae: adults and larvae. U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 1397, 176 pp. Takeuchi, K. 1952. A generic classification of the Japanese Tenthredinidae. Kyoto. 90 pp. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 639-642 A NEW SPECIES OF TRIPUDIA GROTE (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) FROM WESTERN TEXAS ANDRE BLANCHARD AND EDWARD C. KNUDSON (AB) 3023 Underwood, Houston, Texas 77025; (ECK) 808 Woodstock, Bellaire, Texas 77401. Abstract.— Tripudia chihuahua is described. Male and female imagines, geni- talia, and male wing venation are figured. The species occurs in the Chihuahuan desert of western Texas. This new species is well known to the authors because it is not uncommon in the Chihuahuan desert habitat of west Texas, especially in Big Bend National Park. It has remained undescribed for many years, and in some collections was probably misidentified as Tripudia inquaesita (Barnes & Benjamin) due to su- perficial similarity to that species. Tripudia chihuahua A. Blanchard & E. Knudson, NEw SPECIES Figs. 1-9 Head.— Front rounded, slightly protruding, smooth scaled, cream color with a few blackish brown scales laterally. Vertex clothed with anteriorly directed rows of scales, slightly erect between antennal bases, cream color, with some blackish brown scales between antennal bases. Labial palpi upcurved to slightly above eye; cream color with some blackish brown scales on lateral surface. Ocelli present. Antennae simple, light brown dorso-laterally, minutely setose ventrally, scape whitish. Thorax.—Tegulae, patagia, and mesonotum cream color with variable irrora- tion of blackish brown. Posterior tuft light brown, relatively flattened and smooth. Legs with femora and tibiae mainly whitish, tarsi dark brown with whitish bands at the joints. Abdomen.—Cream color with brown bands at anterior margins of segments dorsally, entirely cream color ventrally. Small flat mid-dorsal tufts on Ist and 2nd segments; slightly larger raised dorsal tuft on 3rd segment. Forewings.— Multicolored in various shades of brown, gray, black, pink, and white. Antemedial band extending from costa at inner %, slightly outwardly angled below cell, joining dorsal margin at inner 3; outer line black, inner line medium brown, enclosing a pale center, which is pinkish near costa and light brown over median area to dorsal margin. Basad of the antemedial band, ground color is mainly brown, becoming darker toward costa, interrupted by a wavy basal half line, which is whitish, and 2 black spots below cell. Median area contrastingly dark brown, with patches of black scales between orbicular and reniform, and 640 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Bb 04 . ' ’ Figs. 1-7. Tripudia chihuahua. 1, Holotype male, Big Bend Nat’l. Park, Texas, Chihuahuan Desert near Nugent Mt., 8-X-69, A. & M. E. Blanchard coll. 2, Paratype female, same data as holotype. 3, Male genitalia of paratype, aedeagus removed, on slide ECK 755, Culberson Co., Texas, 10 miles N. of Van Horn, 2-IX-79, E. Knudson coll. 4, Aedeagus with manica intact, same specimen as Fig. 3. 5, Aedeagus with manica removed, from slide ECK 762, same locality as holotype, 13-IX-82, E. Knudson coll. 6, Sclerotizations of 8th abdominal segment of male, slide ECK 754, Culberson Co., Texas, 10 mi N. of Van Horn, 2-IX-79, E. Knudson coll. 7, Female genitalia of paratype, on slide ECK 657, same locality as holotype, 13-I[X-82, E. Knudson coll. The segment in Figs. 3, 4, 5, and 7 represents 1 mm, in Fig. 6, it represents 0.5 mm. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 641 Figs. 8-9. Wing venation of male. 8, Forewing venation of male, slide AB 2769, same locality as holotype, 10-IV-67, A. & M. E. Blanchard coll. 9, Hindwing venation of male, same specimen as Fig. 8. patch of steely gray scales near near dorsal margin. Orbicular ovoid, blackish, ringed with white. Reniform quadrangular, slightly constricted near middle, brown, spotted with black and ringed with white. Subreniform displaced inward, barely touching orbicular and similar to it in form and color, although smaller and paler. Postmedial band extending from costa at outer *4; outwardly rounded well beyond reniform and thence nearly vertical to dorsum at outer %; inner line black, outer line brown, enclosing a paler center, which is pinkish near costa and light brown over median portion to dorsum. Outer *% of wing mainly white, with a dark brown subapical wedge at costa, including three short white costal dashes, and merging with a variable patch of light brown and gray scales above and at tornus. Terminal line black, narrow, usually continuous. Fringe white speckled with brown and with a broad brownish inner band, which is usually interrupted by white scales at apex, near middle, and at tornus. Undersurface fuscous, except for costa, which is whitish, irrorated with fuscous. Postmedial line faint, dark fuscous, terminal line well defined, blackish. Hindwing pale fuscous, with darker median line faintly indicated or obsolete; terminal line blackish; fringe whitish. Undersurface whitish, irrorated with fus- cous, with faint darker medial line and dark terminal line. Venation (Figs. 8, 9).—Forewing: Accessory cell small; R, free, R, from near base of accessory cell; R3_, stalked for about 2 their length, arising near, but not connate with R,, at the apex of accessory cell. M, arising from near upper angle of cell. Hindwing: M, nearly as strong as M; and Cu,, arising from discocellular vein 4 the distance from lower angle; M,—Cu, very short stalked. Length of forewing. — Males: (N = 20) 8.5-6.8 mm, average 7.8 mm. Females: (N = 20) 8.7-6.8 mm, average 8.0 mm. Male genitalia (Figs. 3-6). — Fig. 3 is of genitalia with aedeagus removed. Uncus a long curved hook, not expanded at its apex. Valvae with well sclerotized costa basally only, lacking costal process. Sacculus short, moderately expanded, with clavus. Clasper present, with broad ampullary portion. Valvula unmodified, cu- cullus undifferentiated. Juxta fork-like, with lateral processes extending to near base of tegumen. Fig. 4 is of aedeagus with densely spined manica intact, vesica 642 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON partially extruded, showing S shaped cornutus. Fig. 5 is of aedeagus with manica removed, vesica not extruded. Fig. 6 is of 8th abdominal segment. Female genitalia (Fig. 7).—Papillae anales narrow, widely separated, lightly setose. Apophyses posteriores twice the length of apophyses anteriores. Sterigma with genital opening funnel shaped, membranous; ostial chamber constricted and densely scobinate posteriorly, partially sclerotized anteriorly. Ductus bursae 4 the length of corpus bursae, lightly scobinate. Corpus bursae with appendix bursae posteriorly, bearing ductus seminalis; globular anteriorly, membranous, except for signa, which consists of a small cluster of scobinations. Holotype (Fig. 1).—Male, Brewster Co., Texas, Big Bend Nat’l. Park, Chihua- huan desert near Nugent Mt., 8-X-69, collected by A. & M. E. Blanchard and deposited in the National Museum of Natural Histoy History, Washington, D.C. Paratypes.—Same data as holotype, 6 6, 7 2; same locality as holotype, 6-IV- 67, 1 6; 10-IV-67, 3 4, 2 2; 1-X-67, 3 6, 2 2; Big Bend Nat’l. Park, Oak Spring, 30-VI-65, 1 4, 1 2; Dugout Wells, 2-VII-65, 1 4; Presidio Co., Texas, Shafter, 9-IX-69, 2 6, all collected by A. & M.E. Blanchard. Same location as holotype, 28- IX-81, 1 6, 1 2; 13-IX-82, 2 3, 6 2; Big Bend Nat’l. Park, Dugout Wells, 13-IX- 82, 1 4, 2 9; Gov’t. Spring, 12-IX-82, 1 6; Terrel Co., Texas, Sanderson, 25-IV- 81, 2 2; Culberson Co., Texas, 10 miles N. of Van Horn, 2-IX-79, 3 4, all collected by E. Knudson. REMARKS This new species is placed in the genus 7ripudia Grote for several reasons. Although the male genitalia are unlike any of the seven North American species studied by the authors, the interspecific differences within Tripudia are no less than the differences between chihuahua and other Tripudia. The wing venation agrees with Tripudia, Cobubatha Walker, and some species of Ozarba Walker. The abdominal tufts are more like those of 7ripudia than either Cobubatha or Ozarba. The maculation of the adult is most similar to Tripudia inquaesita (B. & Benj.), from which it differs in several respects. In inquaesita, the antemedial band is less distinct, with little contrast between the median and basal areas of the wing; the orbicular and subreniform are absent; the subterminal area is not mainly whitish. The genitalia of inquaesita also differ greatly from chihuahua. Both species occur in Big Bend Nat'l. Park, but inquaesita is much less common. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are extremely grateful to J. G. Franclemont and R. W. Poole, for lending specimens for comparison and for reviewing the MS. We are also grateful to E. L. Todd for his prior examination of some of the specimens and his helpful comments and suggestions. Finally, we thank the U.S. National Park Service for providing access to collecting sites in Big Bend National Park. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 643-647 NOTES ON TABANIDAE (DIPTERA) OF THE ORIENTAL REGION II. DISTRIBUTION RECORDS OF SOME TABANIDAE FROM SOUTHEASTERN PAKISTAN AND A LIST OF SPECIES FROM PAKISTAN AND ADJACENT AREAS! JOHN F. BURGER Department of Entomology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824. Abstract.—A recent collection of horse flies from southern Pakistan indicates that this country is a complex transition area between Ethiopian-Eurasian arid- adapted species in the west and south, central Asian montane species in the north and Oriental species in the east. A list of species known to occur in or potentially occurring in Pakistan is given, based on studies in adjacent countries. Although Pakistan is nominally placed within the Oriental Region, a recent collection of horse flies from the southeastern part of that country indicates that it is, in fact, a complex transition zone between Oriental, southern Palearctic and Ethiopian-Arid Desert species ranges. Since virtually nothing is known of the horse fly fauna of Pakistan, some recent collection records are cited below and a list of species occurring or possibly occurring there is given to facilitate identifi- cation of specimens and to stimulate interest in this zoogeographically complex area. Specimens will be deposited in the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. and the collection of the author. Tabanus dorsilinea Wiedemann Tabanus dorsilinea (as T. macer Bigot) was recorded from Rawalpindi by Se- nior-White (1927), as well as from several areas in India. Burger (1981) discussed the distribtuion of this species in Sri Lanka and indicated that it is probably specifically distinct from specimens identified as dorsilinea by Burton (1978) from Thailand. Burton summarized the synonymy of this species. Tabanus dorsilinea is most common in the southern and western parts of India, probably reaching its limit of distribution in western Pakistan, and therefore is clearly part of the Oriental fauna. Material examined.—1 29, PAKISTAN: Sind Prov. Lake Haleji, near Thatta (Tatta), 22 Sept. 1976, G. F. Hevel & R. E. Dietz IV, Collectors. Tabanus laetitinctus Becker This species has not previously been reported from Pakistan. It is a southern Palearctic species characteristic of montane-steppe areas in the southern part of ' Scientific Contribution Number 1230 from the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station. 644 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON the Soviet Union (southern Turkmenia, Tadzhikstan, Uzbekistan and Kirghizia) (Olsufjev, 1977). It is also recorded from Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq and Turkey. Olsufjev (1977) stated that the larvae are found in irrigation ditches, springs and rivers, from data of Kadyrova (1972). The male from Pakistan is the paler nom- inative subspecies, 7. /aetitinctus laetitinctus as stated by Olsufjev (1977). Material examined.—1 6, PAKISTAN: Sind Prov., Miani Forest, near Hyder- abad, 24 September 1976, Coll. G. F. Hevel & R. E. Dietz IV. Tabanus sufis Jaennicke Tabanus sufis is widely distributed in the arid and semi-arid parts of northern and northeastern Africa through the Middle East to Pakistan, and appears to be well adapted to arid environments. Excellent taxonomic descriptions of this species are given by Oldroyd (1954) and Efflatoun Bey (1930) and the distribution of this species has been discussed for Africa (Oldroyd, 1954), Egypt (Efflatoun Bey, 1930) and Iran (Abbassian-Lintzen, 1961, 1964). Jezek (1980) has mapped its entire known range from Africa to Pakistan. Senior-White (1927) records a specimen from Punjab in the British Museum (Natural History) collection. Strictly speaking, this species should be considered southern Palearctic, but adventive into semi- arid parts of the Ethiopian Region. Material examined.—3 4, 1 29, PAKISTAN: Sind Prov., Miani Forest, near Hyderabad, 24 September 1976, Coll. G. F. Hevel & R. E. Dietz IV. DISCUSSION Pakistan can be considered a transition area for Tabanidae, with montane- steppe Palearctic species to the north, Ethiopian-Eurasian arid-adapted species to the west and widely distributed Oriental species to the east. Nothing is known of possible precinctive species in Pakistan. For biogeographic purposes, that part of Pakistan east of the Indus River can be considered part of the Oriental Region, where species from that Region would be expected to occur, with Palearctic adventive elements from the west and north also present. The area west of the Indus River and bordering Iran would support those arid-adapted species com- monly found in southeastern Iran. Northern areas adjacent to Afghanistan, the USSR, China and Kashmir are difficult to characterize accurately but species of Hybomitra and Tabanus known from Afghanistan, the southern USSR and west- ern China would be most likely to occur there. Based on collection records from areas adjacent to Pakistan, a list of species known to occur or possibly occurring in Pakistan is presented below for future reference. This list is based on records from Iran (Abbassian-Lintzen, 1961, 1964; Jezek, 1980, 1981b; Moucha, 1976), Afghanistan (Moucha & Chvala, 1961, 1963), the USSR (Olsufjev, 1977), India (Ricardo, 1911; Stone, 1975; Stone & Philip, 1974) and general biogeographic information on Palearctic species by Leclercq (1966). As pointed out by Jezek (1981a), it is difficult to ascertain the potential distribution of horse flies without information about the biology and habitat preferences of immature stages, since it is these stages that are most demanding of favorable habitat for development and most limited by arid environment. Until such information is available, only thorough collecting in all suitable biotopes will provide the data necessary to characterize accurately the biogeographic re- lationships of the horse fly fauna of Pakistan. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 List OF TABANIDAE OCCURRING IN OR EXPECTED TO OCCUR IN PAKISTAN Palearctic species. — Mediterranean-Arid Steppe species: Nemorius irritans (Ricardo) Chrysops flavipes askahabadensis Szilady Chrysops flavipes gedrosianus Abbassian-Lintzen Chrysops flavipes punctifer Loew Haematopota pallens Loew Atylotus pulchellus (Loew) Atylotus quadrifarius (Loew) Hybomitra acuminata (Loew) *Tabanus ansarii nigrinervis Abbassian-Lintzen Tabanus autumnalis brunnescens Szilady Tabanus canipalpis Bigot *Tabanus gedrosiae Abbassian-Lintzen *Tabanus hashemii Jezek Tabanus laetitinctus Becker Tabanus leclercqi Abbassian-Lintzen Tabanus leleani Austen *Tabanus mistschenkoi Olsufjev Tabanus mofidii mofidii Leclercq Tabanus regularis Jaennicke Tabanus sabuletorum Loew Tabanus semenovyi Olsufjev Tabanus tinctus Walker Tabanus unifasciatus Loew *Tabanus zeirii Jezek Tabanus zimini Olsufjev Boreal-Asian species: Hybomitra caucasica (Enderlein) Hybomitra hunnorum (Szilady) Hybomitra kuhlhorni Leclercq Hybomitra olsufjeviana olsufjeviana (Moucha & Chvala) Hybomitra olsufjeviana pseudozonata (Moucha & Chvala) Hybomitra paulisseni Leclercq Hybomitra peculiararis var. kashmirensis (Szilady) Ethiopian-Eurasian species: Tabanus gratus Loew Tabanus mordax boroumandi Jezek Tabanus sufis Jaennicke Oriental species. — /ndo-Malaysian and Widespread species: Chrysops dispar Fabricius Hippocentrodes striatipennis (Brunetti) Haematopota crossi Stone & Philip Haematopota fulvipes Stone & Philip Haematopota kashmirensis Stone & Philip 645 646 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Atylotus virgo (Wiedemann) Tabanus dorsilinea Wiedemann Tabanus flavimedius Schuurmans Stekhoven Tabanus jucundus Walker Tabanus nemocallosus Ricardo Tabanus orientis Walker Tabanus rubidus Wiedemann Tabanus striatus Fabricius *These species are quite local in distribution and would occur in Pakistan only if suitable larval breeding sites are available. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Paul Johnson and Donald Chandler, University of New Hampshire, for reviewing the manuscript and Jan Jezek, Museum of Natural History, Prague for reviewing the list of species and providing pertinent comments on their known distribution. LITERATURE CITED Abbassian-Lintzen, R. 1961. Tabanidae (Diptera) of Iran VI. Records of horse flies from southeast Iran (Iranian Baluchistan and the Jiroft Area). Description of Tabanus kermani n. sp. and Tabanus leclercqi n. sp. Bull. Soc, Path. Exot. 54: 128-147. ——. 1964. Tabanidae (Diptera) of Iran X. List, keys and distribution of species occurring in Iran. Ann. Parasitol. 39: 285-327. Burger, J. F. 1981. A review of the horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of Sri Lanka (Ceylon). Entomol. Scand. Suppl. 11: 81-123. Burton, J. J. S. 1978. Tabanini of Thailand above the Isthmus of Kra (Diptera: Tabanidae), Ento- mological Reprint Specialists, Los Angeles. 165 pp. Efflatoun Bey, H. C. 1930. A monograph of Egyptian Diptera. Part III], Family Tabanidae. Mem. Soc. R. Entomol. Egypt. 4(1): 1-114. Jezek, J. 1980. Zoogeography of some Iranian species of horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae). Acta Univ. Carolinae— Biol. 1977: 317-323. 198la. Results of the Czeckoslovak-Iranian entomological expeditions to Iran (Diptera: Tabanidae). Larvae and pupae of two Persian 7abanus species. Acta. Entomol. Mus. Nat. Prag. 40: 45-55. ——. 1981b. Results of the Czechoslovak-Iranian Entomological expeditions to Iran. Acta Ento- mol. Mus. Nat. Prag. 40: 57-74. Kadyrova, M. K. 1972. Family Tabanidae. /n Parasitic arthropods of the Fergana Basin, Tashkent, pp. 4-40. Leclereq, M. 1966. Revision systematique et biogeographique des Tabanidae (Diptera) Palearctiques. Vol. Il, Tabaninae. Mem. Inst. R. Sci. Nat. Belgique, 2nd Series, fascicle 80. 237 pp. Moucha, J. 1976. Horse flies (Diptera:Tabanidae) of the world. Synoptic catalog. Acta Entomol. Mus. Nat. Prag. Suppl. 7: 1-319. Moucha, J. and M. Chvala. 1961. Ergebnisse der Deutschen Afghanistan-Expedition 1956 des Lan- dessammlungen fur Naturkunde Karlsruhe. Beitr. Naturk. Forsch. Svedwestdtschl. 19: 313- Billo, ——. 1963. Tabanidae (Diptera) collected by Dr. K . K. Lindberg in Afghanistan. Acta Entomol. Mus. Nat. Prag. 35: 521-525. Oldroyd, H. 1954. The horse-flies (Diptera:Tabanidae) of the Ethiopian Region. Vol. Il. Tabanus and related genera. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.). 341 pp. Olsufjev, N. G. 1977. Fauna of the USSR. Order Diptera, Vol. 7, part 2, Family Tabanidae (In Russian). Zool. Inst., Acad. Sci. USSR, new series No. 113. 434 pp. Ricardo, G. 1911. A revision of the species of Tabanus from the Oriental Region, including notes on species from surrounding countries. Rec. Ind. Mus. 4: 111-258. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 647 Senior-White, R. 1927. Catalog of Indian insects. Tabanidae. 12: 1-69. Stone, A. 1975. Family Tabanidae. /n Delfinado, M. D. and D. E. Hardy, eds. A catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region. Vol. II, pp. 43-81. Stone, A. and Philip, C. B. 1974. The Oriental species of the tribe Haematopotini (Diptera:Ta- banidae). U.S.D.A. Tech. Bull. No. 1489. 240 pp. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, p. 647 NOTE Two name changes for Neotropical Streblidae (Diptera) In 1976 (Wenzel, R., Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 20(4): 1-177), I proposed the name Phalcophila for a new genus of batflies collected during a survey of Venezuelan mammals and ectoparasites (Smithsonian Venezuela Proj- ect). I thereby created a homonym, for, by a most unusual coincidence, Brennan and Reed (1973, J. Parasitol. 59: 706-710) had proposed the same generic name for a new chigger mite collected on that survey. A new name is proposed for the streblid taxon as follows: Phalconomus Wenzel, NEw NAME Phalcophila Wenzel, 1976: 15 (Type-species: Phalcophila puliciformis Wenzel, loc. cit., p. 16) not Phalcophila Brennan and Reed, 1973: 708 (type-species: Phalcophila antica Brennan and Reed, Joc. cit.). In my 1976 paper (p. 127), I also described a new species of Speiseria, which I named S. peytoni, for Patricia Peyton Johnson. I here emend the trivial name to peytonae to give the correct ending for this patronymic, which I had inadver- tently formed in the masculine gender. Rupert L. Wenzel, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 60605. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 648-652 A NEW DIPLOPERLA FROM WEST VIRGINIA (PLECOPTERA: PERLODIDAE) RALPH F. KIRCHNER! AND BorIs C. KONDRATIEFF (RFK) Department of the Army, Huntington District Corps of Engineers, Water Quality Section, 502 8th Street, Huntington, West Virginia 25701; (BCK) 422 Florida Ave., New Ellenton, South Carolina 29809. Abstract.—Diploperla kanawholensis, n. sp., is described from Braxton and Lewis Counties, West Virginia. The diagnostic features of the adult male and female, egg, and mature nymph are presented. Ecological notes, physical-chemical data, and other associated species of Perlodinae are also given. While preparing a manual on the stoneflies of Virginia we studied also those from the surrounding states. We collected and reared a new species in the family Perlodidae from the Little Kanawha River in West Virginia. The eastern Nearctic genus Diploperla Needham and Claassen has been re- viewed by Stark and Gaufin (1974) and Kondratieff et al. (1981). The new species described here is presently included in the genus Diploperla because (1) the pres- ence of well-defined lobes on both the seventh and eighth abdominal sterna of the adult male, and (2) the absence of a long setal fringe on the dorsum of the nymphal cerci. However, the male shares with the Nearctic genus Cultus an epiproct being nearly equal to or exceeding the lateral stylets in length. The egg is tortoise shaped as is typical for Diploperla and Cultus. Conclusive generic placement will have to await future studies on the phylogenetic relationshps among Diploperla, Cultus, and related perlodine genera. Diploperla kanawholensis Kirchner and Kondratieff NEw SPECIES Figs. 1-10 Adult.— Macropterous. Body length, male 15—16 mm; female 16-18 mm. Fore- wing length, male 14-15 mm; female 16-18 mm. General color yellow. Head yellow with dark brown markings in ocellar triangle, on clypeus, and behind compound eyes (Fig. 1). Antennae brown. Prothorax and sides of meso- and metapleura brown; prothorax with median yellow stripe. Wings hyaline, veins brown. Legs brown, distal apex of femora and tibiae yellow. Abdomen yellow, darker laterally. Cerci brown. Male: Seventh and eighth abdominal sterna with well-defined lobes (Fig. 5). 1 The views of the author do not purport to reflect the position of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 649 xk Figs. 1-5. Diploperla kanawholensis. 1, Adult head and pronotum. 2, Female subgenital plate, ventral. 3, Male epiproct: a. dorsal, b. ventral, c. lateral. 4, Male terminalia, dorsal (ep = epiproct; ls = lateral stylets). 5, Male terminalia, ventral. 650 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 6. Diploperla kanawholensis. Nymphal head and pronotum. Tenth tergum cleft behind with long, raised spinulose lobes. Lateral stylets shorter in length than epiproct, tips acute (Fig. 4). Epiproct sclerotized, prominent, long and slender in dorsal view (Fig. 3a); excavated ventrally enclosing an extrudable spinose membrane (Figs. 3b and 3c). Female: Subgenital plate dark brown, produced over most or all of ninth ster- num (Fig. 2), sides nearly parallel, apical margin broadly rounded to nearly trun- cate. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 651 Figs. 7-10. Diploperla kanawholensis, scanning electron photomicrographs. 7, Egg, dorsal, 200. 8, Egg, lateral, 260 x. 9, Egg, ventral, 200. 10, Mature nymph, left lacinia, 42 x. Egg. — General shape oval, cross section semicircular (Figs. 7-9). Chorion with visor-like extension covering collar (Figs. 7-9). Chorionic punctations in hexag- onal pattern ventrally and dorsally, visor coarsely punctate (Figs. 7 and 9). Lateral margin of chorion slightly thickened (Fig. 8). Nymph.—Length of mature nymph 14-18 mm. General body color yellow. Head with a transverse dark brown band enclosing ocellar triangle (Fig. 6). Base of lacinia rounded mesally with 1—4 small hairs (Fig. 10). Pronotum margined in dark brown. Femora with dark brown longitudinal streak. Anterior margin of abdominal terga dark brown. Cerci dark brown, without dorsal fringe of setae. Material. — Holotype male, allotype, and paratype male: West Virginia, Braxton County, Little Kanawha River, at Falls Mill, U.S. 19, 4 May 1982, R. F. Kirchner and J. I. Fox. Paratypes: same locality as holotype 1 male, 2 females, 7 May 1982, R. F. Kirchner; 6 females, 8 May 1981, R. F. Kirchner; Braxton-Lewis County Line, Little Kanawha River, | mi. SW of Wildcat, 13 males, 7 females, 29 April 1983, R. F. Kirchner and B. C. Kondratieff. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes will be deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. (Type number # 100888). Other paratypes will be deposited in the collections of the Illinois Natural History Survey, Cham- 652 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON paign; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg; B. P. Stark, Mississippi College, Clinton; C. H. Nelson, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga; P. P. Harper, University of Montreal; and R. F. Kirchner. Etymology.—The specific epithet, kKanawholensis, is a New Latin adjective meaning “found in the Little Kanawha River.’ The name is formed from the New Latin noun, Kanawhole (= Little Kanawhola = Little Kanawha) and the suffix, ensis. Diagnosis.— The adult male of D. kanawholensis is readily distinguished from all other species of Diploperla by the prominent epiproct and the long spinulose lobes of the tenth tergum. In D. duplicata (Banks), D. robusta Stark and Gaufin, and D. morgani Kondratieff and Voshell, the epiproct is greatly reduced and the spinulose lobes are short and rounded or blunt. The adult female of D. kana- wholensis is similar to D. morgani in general appearance, but is distinguished by the shape of the subgenital plate (see Kondratieff and Voshell, 1982, Fig. 35). Diploperla morgani has the plate evenly tapered and the apical margin usually emarginate medially whereas in D. kanawholensis, the plate is nearly parallel sided and the apical margin broadly rounded or truncate. The mature nymphs of D. kanawholensis, and D. morgani are very similar in morphology and color pattern and can not be separated satisfactorily at this time. Remarks.—The Little Kanawha River at the type locality is a fourth order stream with a width of 34 m and a gradient of 2.2 m/km. The substrate consists of pebble, cobble, large boulders, and scattered beds of water-willow, Justicia americana (L.) Vahl. (Acanthaceae). The following physical-chemical data for the stream were provided by the Army Corps of Engineers from their water quality monitoring station at Falls Mill: 1—-25°C; specific conductance, 3-49 wmho/cm; dissolved oxygen, 7-13 mg/l; pH, 5.6—7.4; alkalinity as CaCO,, 2-26 mg/I; and total hardness as CaCO,, 1-18 mg/l. Other Perlodinae associated with D. kan- awholensis include D. duplicata (Banks), Isogenoides hansoni (Ricker), and Hel- opicus subvarians (Banks). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Bill P. Stark, Mississippi College, Clinton, for examining specimens and providing suggestions and Penelope F. Kondratieff, VPI & SU, for assisting with the illustrations (Figs. 1, 2 and 6). Thomas O. MacAdoo, Department of Foreign Languages, VPI & SU, verified the etymology and construction of the specific epithet. LITERATURE CITED Kondratieff, B. C., R. F. Kirchner, and J. R. Voshell, Jr. 1981. Nymphs of Diploperla. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 74: 428-430. Kondratieff, B. C., and J. R. Voshell, Jr. 1982. The Perlodinae of Virginia, USA (Plecoptera: Per- lodidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84: 761-774. Stark, B. P.and A. R. Gaufin. 1974. The genus Diploperla (Plecoptera: Perlodidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 47: 433-436. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 653-657 A NEW SPECIES OF PYROTA FROM ARGENTINA (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE) ANTONIO MARTINEZ AND RICHARD B. SELANDER (AM) Investigador de Carrera, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas en INESALT, Rosario de Lerma, Salta, Argentina; (RBS) Professor, Departments of Genetics and Development and of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801. Abstract.—Pyrota horacioi, new species, is described from adults from Salta, Argentina. The species is structurally similar to P. muelleri Borchmann, presently known from the states of Pernambuco and Bahia, Brazil, but is easily distinguished from it and other species of Pyrota in possessing a quadrivittate elytral color pattern. Several years ago in the northwestern province of Salta, Argentina, Dr. Horacio Martinez collected at light three adult blister beetles which are structurally similar to adults of Pyrota muelleri Borchmann (1927) but distinctive in coloration. Pyrota muelleri was described from the state of Pernambuco on the northeastern coast of Brazil and, as far as we know, has since been taken only once, in the adjacent state of Bahia, Brazil (Selander, in preparation). Although the distance between Pernambuco/Bahia and Salta is about 3000 km, we do not discount the possibility that geographically intermediate populations exist and that Dr. Mar- tinez’ specimens may ultimately prove to represent a western race of P. muelleri. At the same time, in the absence of any indication of intergradation between the two known populations in available material (we have examined 11 specimens of P. muelleri), we are inclined to treat the Salta population as a separate species, which we have the pleasure of dedicating to its discoverer. Pyrota horacioi, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1-4 Adult.—Head, pronotum, and elytra largely bright medium orange. Front of head with heavy black streak on each side, distinctly separated from ocular margin, extending from level of middle of eye to frontoclypeal suture and then continuing onto sclerotized portion of clypeus, where it expands to cover lateral 1; vertex with large brown postocular spot on each side, reaching ocular margin and ex- tending more than halfway to dorsal margin of head; underside of head with smaller brown spot on anterior margin next to base of maxilla, this spot produced laterally as brown suffusion encompassing antennal socket. Labrum orange, var- iably marked laterally with dark brown. Antenna black with segments I-II or I- III bright orange; IV sometimes suffused with orange basally. Maxilla dark brown except palpal segment II orange. Labium orange with fine lateral margin of mentum 654 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON ’ 1 { Fig. 1. Pyrota horacioi, male. and entire palpal segment III dark brown. Pronotum with pair of elongate brown discal spots centered in apical ', these about 2 x as long as wide, tapered apically and basally, less than 2 as long as pronotum, separated from each other by about width of one spot, extending to basal 3 of pronotum. Elytron with four long, VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 655 Figs. 2—4. Pyrota horacioi, male. 2, Antenna. 3, Sixth (visible) abdominal sternum. 4, Genitalia (ventral and lateral views of gonoforceps and lateral view of aedeagus). narrow, brown vittae separated by costulae; space between lateralmost costula and lateral elytral margin lacking a vitta; inner pair of vittae arising from base of elytron, with innermost vitta weakened or broken near base; outer pair arising behind humerus; near apex of elytron, where costulae disappear, inner pair of vittae fuse together, as do lateral pair, without reaching apex (fusion of inner pair incomplete on one elytron in one specimen). Venter dark brown except for pro- sternum, which is yellow brown. Coxae dark brown. Trochanters orange, with black basal spot. Femora orange with apical 4 dark brown. Tibiae largely or entirely dark brown; midtibia may be lightened to chestnut medianly on posterior surface; hindtibia distinctly lightened medianly on posterior surface, just appre- ciably so on anterior surface. Tarsi dark brown. Setae of body golden yellow; setae of legs golden yellow on orange areas, piceous on brown areas. Length: 16 mm. Head, pronotum, and elytra smooth, waxy, very shiny, appearing impunctate (or nearly so) and glabrous under low magnification; venter of body and the legs finely punctate, conspicuously pubescent. Head with length (to base of labrum) 14. x width across eyes, which is nearly 22x interocular distance (ID); dorsal margin above eyes less evenly rounded than in P. muelleri, tempora weak but distinct; eye large, prominent, width about *4 length, nearly %, ID; front weakly convex between antennae, with deep lateral depression on each side between eyes, not reaching ocular margin; vertex with few scattered, very fine punctures, each bearing an extremely short seta, elsewhere 656 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON punctures a little denser and setae longer and more conspicuous. Labrum quadrate, with a shallow emargination on anterior margin. Mandible curved in apical third. Neck with rugose punctures and short, erect setae except for smooth, glabrous area ventromedianly. Pronotum narrow, 7 as wide as long; sides parallel for basal '2, then moderately convergent to apex; apical margin little more than 2 as wide as basal margin; anterior 2 of pronotum deeply depressed, evenly concave; disk with median impression at base; cuticle as on vertex. Elytra with humerus well marked but not prominent; apex well rounded; four costulae present, only weakly elevated but conspicuous because of color; surface between costulae flat, rather sparsely micropunctate and with evenly, very sparsely scattered, fine punctures, each bearing a minute erect seta. Venter of thorax with each puncture bearing a moderately long, conspicuous seta; abdominal sterna with fine punctures or fine transverse striae (transversely torn punctures) bearing setae like those of thoracic venter. Legs long, slender; midfemur 5 x as long as wide. Orange portions of femora very sparsely punctate and setate except for relatively densely punctate and setate area in posterior basal % of forefemur. Hindtibial spurs similar to each other in form, widened, obliquely truncate; truncature a little longer than wide, acute apically. Tarsi clothed ventrally with dark setae, lacking pads of pale setae. Male.— Antenna slender, reaching one segment beyond base of pronotum; seg- ments lacking ventral edge; segment I with length about *% ID, reaching about 4 across eye; II 2 as long as I; I1I—X each 4, as long as I, about 2 x as long as wide, moderately compressed, with anterior face flattened or slightly concave; XI slightly longer than I; VII, IX, and XI strongly produced anteroapically to distinct point; V swollen anteroapically but not drawn to point. Maxillary and labial palpi normal, not expanded or otherwise modified; maxillary palpal segment IV 3x as long as wide. Foretarsus normal, not expanded or distorted. Pygidium with posterior margin broadly curved, with small notch medianly. Fifth (visible) abdominal sternum feebly emarginate; sixth with deep V-shaped emargination, margin rather widely membranous, closely set with long setae, with some even longer setae on lateral apices. Genitalia with gonostylus (paramere) in ventral view relatively slender, expanded laterallly at apex to form large, fleshy “‘foot,’’ in ventral view rather thick, curved abruptly dorsad at apex, which is obtuse; surface of apical region of gonostylus densely microspinose dorsally, sparsely so laterally; distal separation of gonostyli narrow; gonocoxal (basal) piece with deep, V-shaped emar- gination that extends beyond middle, emarginate area partly filled by tongue-like extension of basal margin of fused gonostyli; aedeagus slender, straight except at base, with two well-develoepd ventral hooks of nearly equal size; dorsal hook strongly recurved, not spinose. Female.— Unknown. Type material.—Holotype male and two paratype males from Pichanal, De- partamento de Oran, Provincia de Salta, Argentina, March 1968, Horacio Mar- tinez. Holotype and one paratype in Martinez collection, Buenos Aires; one para- type in Selander collection, Urbana, Illinois. Discussion.— The species is immediately distinguished in the adult stage from all other species of Pyrota Dejean by its quadrivittate elytral color pattern. The metasternum is somewhat less densely punctate and setate than in Pyrota muel- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 657 leri, the membranous posterior marginal area of the male sixth abdominal sternum is wider and more densely setate, the gonostylus of the male genitalia is thicker in lateral view and more strongly curved dorsad apically, and the emargination of the gonocoxal piece is much deeper. Due, evidently, to the more quadrate form of the vertex of the head, the eye appears to be slightly smaller and less prominent. By actual measurement, however, the two species do not differ appreciably in our small samples in either the ratio of width of eye to ID or that of width of head across eyes to width just above eyes. Pyrota muelleri is more extensively melanistic on the head, pronotum, and legs, and the dark color is commonly more nearly black than brown. The head is entirely black except for a median orange spot of variable size on the vertex; antennal segments I-II or I-III are only suffused with orange, not a pure, bright orange; the labrum, maxilla, and labium are dark brown or black. The pronotal spots are black and extend to near the apical and basal margins; typically each has near the middle a lateral branch projecting onto the deflexed side. The elytron is a light brownish yellow, rather than orange, and lacks vittae, although there is usually a brown suffusion at the very base. The femoral orange area is limited to no more than the basal '2 of the segment, and there is no lightly colored area on either the mid- or hindtibia. LITERATURE CITED Borchmann, F. 1927. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Bearbeitung der Coleopteren-Sammlung von Franklin Miiller. II. Meloidae und Lagriidae. Entomol. Mittl. 16: 124-128. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 658-659 TEXAPONIUM, A NEW GENUS FOR CRYPTADIUS TRIPLEHORNI BERRY (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE) DONALD B. THOMAS, JR. U.S. Livestock Insects Laboratory, USDA, P.O. Box 232, Kerrville, Texas 78028. Abstract.—A new genus, Texaponium, is described for Cryptadius triplehorni Berry. The shape of the prosternum, scutellum, and lateral elytron provide the important distinguishing characters. In the course of a revisionary study of Cryptadius LeConte, it became apparent to me that C. triplehorni Berry differs from the other species in the genus to a degree that requires its elevation to a separate genus. Berry’s (1974) figures and original description of triplehorni accurately distinguish this unique species from the other forms of Cryptadius. These characters include the finely punctate, almost granular surface of the frontovertex and pronotal disc, vs the coarse punctation of the other species; the long dense epipleural setae, vs short and sparse or setae absent; the minute and sharply pointed scutellum, vs the larger and rounded scutellum (figures in Berry, 1974); and the overall small size (4.7—-5.4 mm length) and convexity of C. triplehorni. In addition, although Berry mentioned that the lateral elytra were markedly convex, he failed to emphasize the difference between this species and other Cryptadius. While the epipleural carina is present in all species, in Cryptadius the epipleural fold is strongly developed so that it divides the lateral elytra basally into distinctly dorsal and ventral surfaces. In triplehorni the epipleural fold is so weak that the elytra laterally are nearly continuously convex. Another important character unnoticed, or at least not mentioned by Berry, is that the prosternum is quite distinct in triplehorni. Behind the procoxae the prosternum is produced into a tumescent keel with an angular apex. In Cryp- tadius the prosternum is not produced but is strongly declivent behind the coxae, follows their contour, and has its apex broadly rounded. Based on these distinctive characters I erect a new genus, 7exaponium, for triplehorni, and provide the following diagnosis for its separation from the other genera in the tribe Eurymetopini. Texaponium, NEw GENUS Type species.— Cryptadius triplehorni Berry. Diagnosis.—A eurymetopine without hind wings; body strongly oval, convex. Protibiae strongly produced at apex. Supraorbital carina present. Scutellum mi- nute, triangular. Epipleural fold obsolescent basally, epipleural carina present at base but elytra nearly continuously convex laterally, not folded. Prosternum pro- duced behind coxae into tumescent, wedge-shaped keel with angular apex. Cryptadius spp. are found on the sandy coastal strands of California, the Baja California peninsula, and the gulf coast of Sonora. Their true affinities among the Eurymetopini seem to lie with Te/aponium and Stictodera, genera with which it VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 659 is sympatric on the Baja peninsula. Texaponium triplehorni was described from Big Bend National Park, Texas, and is so far known only from that locality. Berry (1974) gives further notes on the habitat. Cryptadius and Texaponium are fossorial and found in loose, sandy substrates. It is likely that the convexity of the body and the spatulate protibiae are adaptations to this habitat and may be convergent in character, rather than indicative of close relationship. The tribe Eurymetopini contains a group of tightly knit genera, some of which are distinguished by rather subtle characters (key in Arnett, 1971). In some cases the genera are separated by the relative lengths of the tarsomeres, or even the length of the tarsal setae. Texaponium and Cryptadius will key to couplet 5 in Arnett (1971) along with Telaponium. The shape of the prosternum will separate Texaponium from both genera. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank D. H. Kavanaugh of the California Academy of Science and R. L. Aalbu of Ohio State University for the loan of Cryptadius triplehorni types. I am also grateful to C. A. Triplehorn, R. L. Berry and R. L. Aalbu for reviewing the manuscript and for their advice on relationships in the Eurymetopini. LITERATURE CITED Arnett, R.H. 1971. The beetles of the United States, a manual for identification. American Entomol. Inst. Ann Arbor, MI. 1112 pp. Berry, R. L. 1974. New species of Cryptadius from Texas and Sonora. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 76: 172-177. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 660-663 THE PUPAL COCOON OF THE CAT FLEA, CTENOCEPHALIDES FELIS (BOUCHE) (SIPHONAPTERA: PULICIDAE): A BARRIER TO ANT PREDATION JULES SILVERMAN AND ARTHUR G. APPEL Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California O25 Zi. Abstract.—The pupal cocoon of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, serves as a protective barrier to predation by the Argentine ant, Iridomyrmex humilis. The ants readily foraged on exposed eggs, larvae and pupae. However, intact pupal cocoons constructed of sand, soil or cotton fibers provided protection from for- aging ants. The pupal cocoon itself is not air or water tight or repellent, indicating physical protection rather than a chemical barrier. Many holometabolous insects, including fleas, construct pupal cocoons that are thought to protect the pupae from natural enemies, temperature and moisture extremes, and physical damage (Chapman, 1982; Richards and Davies, 1977). Those functions, however, have not been supported by adequate data. The cocoons of Siphonaptera, constructed by the third-instar larvae, are typi- cally composed of silk and debris. Cocoons of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché), may be located in soil, on vegetation, under rocks and on a number of man-made substrates such as carpet, furniture fabrics, and animal bedding. The cocoon surrounds the third-instar larvae, prepupae, pupae and pre-emergent adult for up to 122 days (Silverman et al., 1981), but development can proceed without the cocoon (Silverman, 1981). The present study was initiated following observations of predation on eggs, larvae, and unenclosed pupae of C. felis by the Argentine ant, Jridomyrmex humilis (Mayr), in an outdoor test. Ant predation has been shown to cause sig- nificant reductions in prey populations including ticks (Harris and Burns, 1972; Butler et al., 1979), scale insects (Bartlett, 1961), houseflies (Pimentel, 1955), rootworm eggs (Risch, 1981), boll weevils (Sterling, 1978) and at least 32 other arthropod species (Risch and Carroll, 1982). Herein we document the protective function of the cat flea pupal cocoon against ant predation and examine some possible mechanisms to account for this phenomenon. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fleas were obtained from laboratory cultures maintained as described by Sil- verman et al. (1981). Eggs; second instar larvae; pupae dissected from their co- coons; pupae in partially opened cocoons; and pupae completely enclosed in cocoons composed of cotton fibers, sand or soil, were used in the experiments. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 661 Fleas, empty cocoons and cocoon-size cotton fiber, sand or soil models were presented to trailing /. humilis workers on or ca. 4 cm away from a main trail. The interval between the time when the flea or model was presented to the ants and when it was picked up was recorded. If the flea or model was not picked up or moved away from the trail within 15 min, it was scored as a non-response. The effectiveness of the cocoon in preventing ant predation by random foraging and subsequent worker recruitment was determined by presenting fleas near the ant nest. On each of 5 days over a 2 week period, 20 specimens of each flea stage were placed inside 6-cm-diam xX 2-cm tin containers 1.5 m from the entrance of an J. humilis colony. The number of specimens of each stage or variable remaining in each container after 24 hours was recorded. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Cat flea eggs, larvae and naked pupae were picked up along a foraging trail of I. humilis workers within one minute and taken into the ant colony (Table 1). Up to 6 ant workers required nearly 5 min to remove pupae from partially opened cocoons. None of the 3 types of cocoons (cotton, sand or soil) which contained pupae were picked up by the ants within 15 min. Similarly, ants ignored or discarded models the size and color of cocoons. All exposed stages placed 1.5 m from the ant nest entrance were removed by the ants on each of the 5 test days. No pupae in cocoons constructed of cotton fibers, sand or soil were removed during the first 3 test days, but on the last 2 days all sand cocoons were removed. We subsequently discovered that sand co- coons presented during the first 3 days were constructed exclusively of sand and silk while cocoons presented to the ants on days 4 and 5 were composed of sand and silk in addition to larval rearing media containing beef blood, Wheast” and dog chow. When the test was repeated comparing 100 cocoons constructed of sand or sand and media, 61% of the cocoons made of sand and media were removed while cocoons made with sand were left intact. Several mechanisms to explain the protection afforded by the cocoon were considered. Visual camouflage was probably not important since the color and form of the cocoon contrasted sharply with the substrate. Since ants aggregated around partially opened cocoons while attempting to remove pupae but ignored cocoons placed directly on a trail it is unlikely that the cocoon contained a chemical repellent. Silverman (1981) showed that the pupal cocoon of C. felis is permeable to air and water vapor suggesting that the cocoon does not mask possibly attractive odors of the enclosed pupae. Ants ignored or discarded intact cocoons and similar size cocoon models. Cocoons constructed of sand and larval media were removed because the ants perceived food incorporated into the case of the cocoon, not because of the presence of a pupa. Larval media particles the size of cocoons were removed from ant trails as rapidly as naked pupae. The cocoon of C. felis affords the pupae protection from /. humilis and possibly other ant predators. Whether the pupal cocoons of C. felis and other Siphonaptera evolved in response to attack by ants or other predators is unknown. Although ants and fleas often occur in the same location, the relationship between these two groups has received very little study. Fox and Garcia-Moll (1961) reported attack of adult and larval oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild), by the 662 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 1. Response of J. humilis workers to immature fleas and cocoon models placed on or near a foraging trail. Stage and Condition or Model No. Minutes (x + SD)* Until Removed by Ants Egg 0.5 + 0.3 Larva 0.6 + 0.2 Naked pupa 0.9 + 0.7 Pupa in partially opened cocoon 4.7 + 2.1 Pupa/cotton fiber cocoon Ignored or discarded? Pupa/sand cocoon Ignored or discarded Pupa/soil cocoon Ignored or discarded Cocoon size cotton, sand or soil model Ignored or discarded @ Mean and standard deviation based on n = 20. > Ignored for at least 15 min or removed up to 10 cm from the trail. crazy ant, Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille). They found P. longicornis in 43% of rat nests and speculated that ant predation might be partly responsible for periodic reductions in rat flea poulations in Puerto Rico and a concomitant re- duction in the incidence of murine typhus. When considering the adaptive significance of the cocoon relative to ant pre- dation, the location of the cocoon is critical. If pupation occurs in areas inaccessible to ants, then a cocoon providing defense from ants would be unnecessary. We found that of 93 third-instar larvae placed on 2.5-cm-diam plugs of hybrid ber- muda turf, 50 pupated on or between the blades above ground level (accessible to ants) while the remainder pupated in the soil between the roots. Every pupa was enclosed within a cocoon. Silverman et al. (1982) found the dauerlarvae of the soil-dwelling entomogenous nematode, Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser, readily penetrated C. felis cocoons and infected both prepupae and pupae placed in moist soil. Pupation in soil may therefore be more hazardous to the flea than pupation above ground where J. humilis workers normally forage. Although not necessary for the development of C. felis, the cocoon is an 1m- portant factor contributing to the survival of the cat flea and perhaps other flea species in at least two respects. The cocoon conceals its inhabitant from ants and possibly other macropredators, and by its protective nature allows for pupation in a number of locations not suitable for many micropredators. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Michael K. Rust, Donald A. Reierson and Weste L. A. Osbrink for their critical review of the manuscript. The services of Mr. Matthew Lombard are also gratefully acknowledged. LITERATURE CITED Bartlett, B.R. 1961. The influence of ants upon parasites, predators, and scale insects. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 54: 543-551. Butler, J. F..M. L. Camino, and T. O. Perez. 1979. Boophilus microplus and the fire ant Solenopsis geminata. Recent Adv. Acarol. 1: 469-472. Chapman, R. F. 1982. The insects’ structure and function. Third Ed. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 519 pp. Fox, I. and I. Garcia-Moll. 1961. Ants attacking fleas in Puerto Rico. J. Econ. Entomol. 54: 1065- 1066. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 663 Harris, W. G.and E.C. Burns. 1972. Predation on the lonestar tick by the imported fire ant. Environ. Entomol. 1: 362-365. Pimentel, D. 1955. Relationship of ants to fly control in Puerto Rico. J. Econ. Entomol. 48: 28-30. Richards, O. W. and R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms’ general textbook of entomology. Tenth Ed. Vol. I. Halsted Press, New York, New York. 418 pp. Risch, S. J. 1981. Ants as important predators of rootworm eggs in the neotropics. J. Econ. Entomol. 74: 88-90. Risch, S. J. and C. R. Carroll. 1982. Effect of a keystone predaceous ant, Solenopsis geminata, on arthropods in a tropical agroecosystem. Ecology 63: 1979-1983. Silverman, J. 1981. Environmental parameters affecting development and specialized adaptations for survival of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché). Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Riverside, Department of Entomology. Silverman, J., E. G. Platzer, and M. K. Rust. 1982. Infection of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché) by Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser. J. Nematol. 14: 394-397. Silverman, J., M. K. Rust and D. A. Reierson. 1981. Influence of temperature and humidity on survival and development of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 18: 78-83. Sterling, W. 1978. Fortuitous biological suppression of the boll weevil by the red imported fire ant. Environ. Entomol. 7: 564-568. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, p. 663 NOTE A new host for Perilampus hyalinus Say (Hymenoptera: Perilampidae) Perilampus hyalinus Say (det. E. E. Grissell, Systematic Entomology Labora- tory, USDA) was reared as a hyperparasite from puparia of Senotainia trilineata (Van der Wulp) and S. vigilans Allen (Diptera: Sarcophagidae:Miltogrammini) from cells of Tachysphex terminatus (Smith) and Tachytes validus Cresson (Hy- menoptera: Sphecidae) at two central New York sites in 1981 and 1982. P. hy- alinus, either as a primary or secondary parasite, may represent a species complex rather than a single species (Burks, in Krombein et al. 1979, Catalog of Hyme- noptera in America North of Mexico, Vol. 2 (Aculeata), Smithsonian Inst. Press: 768-835). Host records on Miltogrammini exist only for Perilampus sp. and P. hyalinus on S. trilineata (Frisch, J. G. 1936. Psyche 43: 84-85; Frisch, 1938. Am. Midl. Natur. 19: 673-677; Medler, J. F. 1965. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 58: 137- 142). Thus S. vigilans is a new secondary host for P. hyalinus. Margery G. Spofford and Frank E. Kurczewski, Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syr- acuse, New York 13210. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 664-668 AN INTERESTING NEW GALL-FORMING OPHIOMYIA SPECIES (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE) ON ATRIPLEX (CHENOPODIACEAE) IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA KENNETH A. SPENCER AND BRADFORD A. HAWKINS (KAS) Exwell Farm, Bray Shop, Callington PL17 8QJ, Cornwall, England; (BAH) Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex- as 77843-2475. Abstract.—Ophiomyia atriplicis new species (Diptera: Agromyzidae), which forms bud galls on Atriplex polycarpa (Chenopodiaceae), is described. The male genitalia are illustrated and an account is given of the fly’s biology. Ophiomyia is a relatively large, cosmopolitan genus of agromyzid flies, with over 150 described species. Twenty five species are now known from California (Spencer, 1981). The majority of species form stem mines, although a few mine leaves or feed on seeds. Several species are pests of economically important plants. Ecological studies by one of us (BAH) on the galls of Atriplex spp. have revealed an undescribed species of Ophiomyia forming bud galls on A. polycarpa (Torrey) Watson. In this paper the species is described and data are provided illustrating its development and the structure of its gall. Atriplex polycarpa is a woody, perennial shrub ca. | m tall that is widespread in the deserts of western North America. It is a component of several desert plant communities, e.g., Creosote Bush Scrub, Shadscale Scrub and Sagebrush Scrub, and is an indicator species of the Alkali Sink Scrub Community in which it is usually the dominant perennial (Munz and Keck, 1959). Ophiomyia atriplicis Spencer, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1-4 Head.—Frons broad, from 2 to almost 3 X eye width, distinctly projecting above eye in profile; orbital bristles conspicuously slender, somewhat irregular both in number and inclination, both upper and lower orbitals normally inclined and slightly reclinate, more rarely more proclinate, varying from 2 to 3 upper and 2 to 3 lower; orbital setulae numerous, arranged irregularly in 2 rows, all reclinate; orbits well differentiated from frons, slightly broader above and narrowing towards base of antennae; ocellar triangle varying from moderately to brilliantly shining, broad above but extending narrowly to level between lower orbitals; gena deepest in center below eye; 3rd antennal segment small, rounded, arista swollen at base, then finely tapering, only minutely pubescent, appearing bare; base of antenna divided by narrow raised keel, without any central furrow; vibrissal margin with up to 12 short bristles in both sexes, no trace of vibrissal fasciculus in male; inner and outer vertical bristles widely diverging, low; post ocellars distinctly proclinate. Legs.— No bristles on mid- or fore-tibiae. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 665 Figs. 1-4. Ophiomyia atriplicis. 1, Aedeagus, dorsal aspect. 2, Aedeagus, lateral aspect. 3, Sperm pump, drawn from paratype from Torres Martinez Ind. Res. 4, Larval cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Wing.—Length from 1.8 to 2.0 mm, female normally larger; C extending to apex of vein M, 5; last section of M;,, generally slightly longer than penultimate but varying from 1.06 to 1.50. Color.—Generally black; frons mat, contrasting with the orbits which are more shining adjoining eye margin and narrowly paler, almost brownish, towards frons; cheeks shining black, gena brownish black; scutum weakly shining black, abdomen more shining, with no trace of metallic coloration; wings pale, whitish, veins pale brown; squamae and fringe white, margin scarcely differentiated, at most pale brown; halteres black. Male genitalia. — Aedeagus (Figs. 1, 2) with very long basal sclerites which extend beyond base of distiphallus, this in the form ofa single weakly sclerotized ventrally 666 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 5. Ophiomyia atriplicis and its gall. (A), Gall. (B), Larva in central feeding chamber. (C), A pupa (Leaves have been removed to show gall shape. Adult will emerge through the pre-formed emergence window (arrow)). (D), Adult male. directed tubule; hypandrium elongate, side-arms narrow, with slightly extended apodeme; sperm pump minute, with asymmetrical blade (Fig. 3). Larva.— Length up to 3.4 mm, white, segment boundaries little differentiated; mouth hooks with 2 strong teeth, the upper larger (Fig. 4); anterior spiracles on short projections, each with an ellipse of minute pores, anal segment blunt, ex- tending beyond spiracles, these each with an ellipse of normally 3 pores; puparium pale brown. Holotype.— Male, California, Riverside Co., Mecca, 14/II/1983, B. A. Hawkins. Paratypes: Mecca, 3 4, 2 2, 14/III/1982; California, Riverside Co., Torres Martinez Ind. Res., 3 4, 1 2, 30/IIJ/1982. All material collected and reared from bud galls on Atriplex polycarpa by B. A. Hawkins. Holotype and paratypes deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. BIOLOGY Fig. 5 pictures the development of O. atriplicis. The mature gall is ca. 6 mm long and is covered with and hidden by a dense cluster of slightly elongated leaves (Fig. 5A). The leaves of A. polycarpa are clustered on axillary buds along the stems, and the adult female inserts a single egg into the stem at the base of a bud. Following eclosion the first instar occupies a small chamber formed in the stem beneath a bud until gall development begins. As the gall develops into its char- acteristic cone shape, the larva moves into the gall where it feeds and develops VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 667 in an elongate, central chamber which it excavates with its mouth hooks (Fig. 5B). As larval development proceeds, the gall changes from green and succulent to brown and woody. Prior to pupariation the mature larva scrapes a window near the distal end of the gall wall (Fig. SC). Pupariation occurs in the gall (Fig. 5C) with the head oriented distally. The adult (Fig. 5D) emerges from the puparium and leaves the gall through the pre-formed emergence window. The leaves on empty galls gradually die and turn brown. These empty galls may persist for several months, but are no longer present by the following season. Gall development may be initiated anytime from late fall to early spring. In 1980 and 1982, galls first appeared in early January, from which all adult flies had emerged by late March. Simultaneous with adult emergence from the first generation a second generation of galls appeared, the adults from which emerged in May. During the following season, however, galls were first observed in No- vember, 1982, resulting in 3 generations in the 1982-1983 season rather than the 2 generations observed the previous years. It is not known how or where O. atriplicis diapauses. Old galls do not support larvae or pupae over the summer, and no galls have been found on other plant species sympatric with 4. polycarpa. It is assumed that diapause occurs as eggs or first instars implanted in stem tissue at the base of buds, similar to that found by Silverman and Goeden (1980) with a gall-forming tephritid, Procecidochares n. sp., attacking Ambrosia dumosa (Gray) Payne (Asteraceae) in southern Cali- fornia. DISCUSSION This is the first known case of an Ophiomyia sp. forming bud galls. Only 2 other gall-forming species are known in the genus. Ophiomyia fici Spencer and Hill (1976) forms leaf galls on Ficus microcarpa L. (Moraceae) in Hong Kong, and a species which will be described shortly forms long stem mines with the formation of some gall tissue on Abutilon theophrasti Medic. (Malvaceae), known in the United States from Minnesota to Mississippi (Spencer and Steyskal, in press). This new species lacks the male vibrissal fasciculus which was originally con- sidered to be an essential generic character, but a number of such species are now known in the genus. The raised facial keel and especially the form of the posterior larval spiracles confirm the generic position in Ophiomyia. The male genitalia are unique within the genus, confirming the isolated position of this interesting species. In all of the genera normally included in the subfamily Agromyzinae, the larval cephalopharyngeal skeleton bears a double upper arm, each arm being distinctly and separately sclerotized. The only other case in which the double upper arm is more generally sclerotized, thus giving the appearance of a single broad arm, is in Melanagromyza paederiae Sasakawa from Japan (Sasakawa, 1954). Ophiomyia atriplicis can be included in the senior author’s key to California Ophiomyia species (Spencer, 1981) by the addition of the following couplet: couplet 3, first alternative, for 4 read 3A 5A(3) Squamae and fringe silvery white ........:...... atriplicis new species - Squamac and fringe dark, brown or black ........:.--%5.-.:.+-.- 4 668 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LITERATURE CITED Munz, P. A. and D. D. Keck. 1959. A California flora. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 1681 pp. Sasakawa, M. 1954. Neue Agromyzidae aus Japan V. Trans. Shikoku Entomol. Soc. 4: 35-49. Silverman, J. and R.D. Goeden. 1980. Life history ofa fruit fly, Procecidochares sp., on the ragweed, Ambrosia dumosa (Gray) Payne, in southern California (Diptera; Tephritidae). Pan-Pac. Ento- mol. 56: 283-288. Spencer, K. A. 1981. A revisionary study of the leaf-mining flies (Agromyzidae) of California. Univ. of California Special Publ. 3273; Berkeley. 489 pp. Spencer, K. A. and D. S. Hill. 1976. A new species of Ophiomyia (Diptera: Agromyzidae) causing leaf-galls on Ficus microcarpa in Hong Kong. Bull. Dept. Agric. Hong Kong 1: 419-423. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, p. 668 NOTE Lectotype designation for Rhamphomyia abdita Coquillett (Diptera: Empididae) In response to a request from Howard E. Evans, Colorado State University, for determination of a small series of an empidid fly, I was somewhat taken aback when the specimens arrived and they turned out to be a species of the huge genus Rhamphomyia. The latest comprehensive key to this genus is by Coquillett (1895, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 18: 387-440). Surprisingly enough, determinations may frequently still be made with this key if synonymy, etc., are checked in the latest catalog (Stone, A. et al., eds., 1965, Agr. Handbook No. 276). Evans’ specimens ran rather easily to R. abdita Coquillett (ibid, pp. 430), which is now cataloged as a synonym of R. sociabilis (Williston). Melander (1902, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 28: 195) stated the synonymy of these 2 species, both of which are based on specimens of the same series taken by C. V. Piper at Pullman, Washington. Although Coquillett in his description of R. abdita cited one male and 3 females as “types” with USNM nos. 3223 and 3224, no type labels remain with specimens now in the USNM collection. There is, however, one male specimen from the original Piper lot in good condition bearing a determination label ““Rhamphomyia abdita Coq.” in Coquillett’s handwriting. I have added thereunto a red label “Lectotype Rhamphomyia abdita Coq., G. Steyskal, 1984.’ Comparison of this specimen with numerous other Piper specimens determined as either R. abdita or R. sociabilis leaves no doubt that they are all of the same species first described as Empis sociabilis Williston. Complete references to descriptions, etc., may be found in Stone, A. et al., eds., 1965, A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico (reprinted by Smithsonian Press, 1983). George C. Steyskal, Cooperating Scientist, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBITI, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, % National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 669-672 PERISTENUS HENRYI (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE, EUPHORINAE), A NEW SPECIES PARASITIC ON THE HONEYLOCUST PLANT BUG, DIAPHNOCORIS CHLORIONIS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) A. G. WHEELER, JR. AND C. C. LOAN (AGW) Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17110; (CCL) Ottawa Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OC6. Abstract.—The euphorine braconid Peristenus henryi Loan, a parasite of the plant bug Diaphnocoris chlorionis (Say), is described as a new species from Penn- sylvania and compared with P. reidi Loan. Notes are given on parasite biology and on parasitism of honeylocust plant bug populations. The euphorine Leiophron maculipennis (Ashmead), also reared from D. chlorionis in Pennsylvania, is listed as a new state record. The honeylocust plant bug, Diaphnocoris chlorionis (Say), is a univoltine, or- thotyline mirid restricted to honeylocust, Gleditsia triacanthos L. Wheeler and Henry (1976) studied its life history in ornamental plantings and nurseries in southcentral Pennsylvania. Eggs overwinter in 2- or 3-year-old stems. Their hatch the following spring is well synchronized with leaf flush of host trees, beginning from early to late April in Pennsylvania. Nymphal development requires 4—5 weeks, with adults appearing as early as the second week of May. Peak numbers of adults occur from late May to early June; they usually die off by late June or early July. Plant bug feeding produces severe discoloration and distortion of leaflets, premature leaf fall and, in heavy infestations, defoliation. Wheeler and Henry (1976) reported large populations of the honeylocust plant bug during 1975-76 (as many as 2500 nymphs and adults on the terminal 36 cm of 4 branches on each of 2 trees). Parasitism was not mentioned in the paper, although a euphorine braconid found parasitizing nymphs of D. chlorionis in 1976 appeared responsible for the population crash observed the following year (Whee- ler and Henry, unpublished data). Until recently, problems in breaking diapause precluded the rearing and identification of the parasite,. The braconid was not identified until reared specimens were submitted to CCL, who found that the series contained not only Leiophron maculipennis (Ashmead), the only euphorine previously known to parasitize D. chlorionis (Loan 1974, 1980) but also an undescribed species of the related genus Peristenus Foerster. The new species, P. henryi, is described and illustrated here, and notes are given on its biology. 670 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 0-5 MM 2 Figs. 1-2. Peristenus henryi. 1, Antenna of female. 2, Forewing of female. Peristenus henryi Loan, NEw SPECIES Figs. 1-2 Female.— Holotype about 2.2 mm long. Reddish black. Clypeus, front legs light tawny, mid and hind legs dark testaceous. Head about as long as width of prono- tum, 1.3 times as wide as long. Eyes distinctly convergent on face, temple very weakly receding behind eye. Face in profile view even, without protuberance by clypeus, 0.8 times and temple 0.7 times as wide as eye. Lateral ocelli about in line with posterior margins of eye, POL (postocellar line) = OOL (ocular-ocellar line). Malar space not as long as basal width of mandible. Flagellum as long as head combined with pronotum, short and widened distally, 12—13 articles, with articles 8-12 subquadrate (Fig. 1). Frons finely punctate. Scutum with shallow punctures, moderately setose. Mesepisternum finely sculp- tured above and below, medially smooth and polished between front and rear margins. Forewing (Fig. 2): stigma deep with proximal margin a little longer than distal. Hindwing nervellus about as long as basal abscissa of basella. Tergite 1 with discrete, subparallel striae, nearly as long as midfemur, 0.6 times as long as hindtibia. Male.—Essentially as for female apart from secondary sexual characters. Fla- gellum with 14-16 articles. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 671 Table 1. Characters distinguishing Peristenus henryi from P. reidi. Peristenus henryi Peristenus reidi Flagellar articles 12-13 (9), 14-16 (6) Flagellar articles 13-14 (2), 15-17 (6) Face between eyes not as wide as eye (?) Face between eyes wider than eye (2) First abscissa of radius obsolete First abscissa of radius short but discrete Radial cell at wing margin about 0.5 times as Radial cell at wing margin 0.7-0.8 times as wide as length of stigma wide as length of stigma Fuscous habitus with face above clypeus usual- Testaceous habitus with face above clypeus ly dark and coxa III usually infuscated and coxa III light tawny Material examined.— Holotype: ?, USA, PA: York Co., Shiloh Nurs., Emigs- ville; ex Diaphnocoris chlorionis taken on Gleditsia triacanthos, deposited in Ca- nadian National Collection, Ottawa (CNC); mirid nymph coll. 5 June 1981, wasp emerged in lab. 30 Mar. 1982, J. F. Stimmel and A. G. Wheeler, Jr. collectors. Paratypes: (deposited in Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, and National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.): 3 2, 3 6, same data as holotype, adult wasps emerged 29 Mar.—2 Apr. 1982; 1 9, 26, PA: Dauphin Co., Harrisburg, East Hbg. Cemetery, 21-28 April 1976, K. Valley collector. Etymology.—The name henryi is a patronym to recognize and honor the mirid systematist Thomas J. Henry (Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Wash- ington, D.C.). Remarks.—The short flagellum with fewer than 15 articles separates both Peri- stenus reidi and P. henryi from other described Nearctic species. This genus is remarkably homogeneous, but the flagellum and other characters, especially ve- nation and landmarks of the face, eyes, and first tergite, permit identification. P. henryi differs from reidi by the characters listed in Table 1. Biological notes.— Three adults of Peristenus henryi were collected during stud- ies of the mirid complex of honeylocust (Wheeler and Henry, 1976); they were taken on 21-28 April 1976 when the population of D. ch/orionis consisted mainly of 2nd- and 3rd-instar nymphs. The braconid may have begun to emerge slightly earlier because Peristenus spp. parasitize lst or 2nd instars (Loan, 1974). By mid- to late May, parasitized 5th instars were common in samples. They were distinguishable externally by the distended, often distorted and discolored (dark brown) abdomens. When parasitized nymphs were dissected, the larva usu- ally was found coiled in the host abdomen, the U-shape taking somewhat different configurations. Of more than 400 nymphs dissected, only 1 contained 2 parasite larvae. Euphorine development is solitary with supernumerary eggs dying or Ist- instar larvae remaining moribund (Loan, 1974). In the laboratory, the mature larva emerged laterally from the abdomen of a 5th instar (no larvae were found in teneral adults), dropped to the substrate, and spun a cocoon a few cm deep in potting soil. A few cocoons were uncovered in mid-summer and observed to contain adult parasites. Because adults overwinter within cocoons, the rearing technique of Loan (1974) was used to break diapause and to obtain adults. Of the eight specimens that were reared, seven proved to be the new species P. henryi, whereas one represented Leiophron maculipennis, 672 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON known previously from Florida (type locality) and Belleville, Ontario (see Loan, 1974, 1980). Although P. henryi may have been the dominant parasite, the relative contribution of the two species cannot be separated in the discussion of parasitism that follows. An estimate that braconid parasitism of honeylocust plant bug was 75% or more in 1976 was based on field observations when adults outnumbered nymphs 3 or 4:1. Parasitized nymphs take longer to develop, and assessments of nymphal parasitism based on even large numbers of these “‘stragglers’’ will be biased. A more accurate estimate of parasitism was made using 4th and Sth instars collected before adults were present. In a sample chosen at random from the weekly col- lections for 12 May (see Wheeler and Henry, 1976 for details of the sampling technique), parasitism of 100 nymphs on each of two trees was 17 and 21%, respectively. Although numbers of the honeylocust plant bug were much lower the following year (unpublished data), the parasites’ contributions to mortality could not be evaluated. Observations made on native honeylocust suggest that parasitism may have considerable impact on plant bug populations. On heavily damaged trees at Emigs- ville (York Co.), Pennsylvania, on 5 June 1981, nearly all remaining late instars were parasitized. The following year, 100 late instars were collected at random from the same trees on 19 May before adults had appeared; 93 were parasitized. The honeylocust plant bug has 2 braconid parasites: Leiophron maculipennis and Peristenus henryi, described herein from Pennsylvania. These apparently species-specific euphorines at times are important natural enemies of D. chlorionis on ornamental honeylocust. Loan (1980) reported that L. maculipennis parasitized 65% of 81 nymphs collected 12 June 1970 at Belleville, Ontario. In one collection of 100 nymphs in Pennsylvania, P. henryi was responsible for an even higher rate of parasitism (93%). A thorough study of these parasites is needed to clarify details of the life history and the relationship of parasitism to host density. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank James F. Stimmel, Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Depart- ment of Agriculture, for helping rear the braconid, and Priscilla S. MacLean (BPI, PDA) for dissecting nymphs of the mirid. K. Valley (BPI, PDA) and G. Stuart Walley (Winding Way, Nepean, Ontario) kindly reviewed the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Loan, C. C. 1974. The North American species of Leiophron Nees, 1818 and Peristenus Foerster, 1862 (Hymenoptera:Braconidae, Euphorinae) including the description of 31 new species. Nat. Can. 101: 821-860. . 1980. Leiophron maculipennis (Hymenoptera:Braconidae, Euphorinae) a parasite of Diaph- nocoris chlorionis (Heteroptera: Miridae) in eastern Ontario. Nat. Can. 107: 49-50. Wheeler, A. G., Jr. and T. J. Henry. 1976. Biology of the honeylocust plant bug, Diaphnocoris chlorionis, and other mirids associated with ornamental honeylocust. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 69: 1095-1104. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 673-702 THE NEOTROPICAL PREDACEOUS MIDGES OF THE GENUS ALLUAUDOMYIA (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) GUSTAVO R. SPINELLI AND WILLIS W. WIRTH (GRS) Instituto de Limnologia, Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; (WWW) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. Res. Serv., USDA, % U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA. Abstract.— This study treats the 17 known Neotropical species of the predaceous midge genus 4//uaudomyia Kieffer. Fourteen new species are described and il- lustrated: amazonica, caribbeana, catarinensis, distispinulosa, estevezae, fittkauti, leei, nubeculosa, plaumanni, punctiradialis, sexpunctata, tenuiannulata, tripunc- tata, and youngi. A diagnosis is given for the genus and a key is presented for the recognition of species. New Neotropical distribution records are given for A. bella (Coquillett) and prima Clastrier. The small, pale, conspicuously marked, predaceous midges of the genus A/- luaudomyia Kieffer are well represented in all the major biogeographic regions of the world. There are 23 described Palearctic species, 9 Nearctic, 39 Afrotropical, 31 Oriental, and 27 Australasian species. By contrast, the Neotropical species have been neglected, and only two species have been previously described: 4. prima Clastrier (1976) and 4. schnacki Spinelli (in press). In this study we present descriptions of 14 new species and record the Nearctic species, 4. be//la (Coquillett), from Mexico and Grand Cayman, bringing the total number of Neotropical species ro: 17. This study is based primarily on the collections of the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, where the holotypes and allotypes of the new species are deposited. Paratypes as available will be deposited in the following collections: British Museum (Natural History), London; California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; Canadian National Collection, Agriculture Canada, Ot- tawa; Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil, and Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. The senior author acknowledges financial support from the Consejo Nacional de Investiga- ciones Cientificas y Técnicas de La Republica Argentina. For general terminology of the Ceratopogonidae see Wirth (1952a), Wirth et al. (1977), and Downes and Wirth (1981). The last 2 references contain keys to genera by which the genus may be identified. Genus Alluaudomyia Kieffer Alluaudomyia Kieffer, 1913: 12. Type-species, A//uaudomyia imparunguis Kieffer (monobasic). Neoceratopogon Malloch, 1915: 310. Type-species, Ceratopogon bellus Coquillett (original designation). Prionognathus Carter, Ingram, and Macfie, 1921: 309. Type-species, Priono- 674 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON gnathus marmoratus Carter, Ingram, and Macfie (original designation). Preocc. by LaFerte-Senectére, 1851. Thysanognathus Ingram and Macfie, 1922: 244. New name for Prionognathus Carter, Ingram, and Macfie. Isoecacta Garrett, 1925: 9. Type-species, I[soecacta poeyi Garrett (original des- ignation) = bella (Coquillett). Diagnosis (after Wirth, 1952b; Debenham, 1971; Wirth and Delfinado, 1974; Wirth and Grogan, 1981).—Small, moderately hairy midges with slender body. Eyes bare or hairy, contiguous or narrowly separated. Antenna 15-segmented; female with segments 3—10 long, 11-15 more so; male antenna with plume. Palpus 5-segmented; 3rd segment slender with small sensory pit. Wing with Ist radial cell obsolete, 2nd radial cell well developed; membrane without microtrichia, macrotrichia numerous on distal part of wing; usually 1 to 15—20 small dark spots present and sometimes with grayish streaks along veins. Legs slender, more or less hairy; female claws long, slightly unequal on fore and mid legs, very unequal on hind leg. Female with 1 or 2 spermathecae; genital segments with characteristic sclerotization for each species, an internal furca (9th sternite) usually present. Male terminalia highly modified; 9th tergite always long, usually with well-de- veloped apicolateral processes; gonocoxite and gonostylus simple; aedeagus arched with large distal process. Parameres separate, shape varying with species; slender anterolateral apodeme present. Immature stages.—Remm and Glukhova (1971) gave a good description and figures of the larva and pupa of A. pentaspila Remm and Glukhova; Glukhova (1977) figured the head, pharyngeal comb, and last body segment of the larva of A. quadripunctata (Goetghebuer). Grogan and Bystrak (1976) described the larva and pupa of A. parva Wirth; Grogan and Messersmith (1976) described the larva and pupa of A. paraspina Wirth; and Thomsen (1937) gave figures and a short description of the larva and pupa of A. bella (Coquillett) and A. needhami Thom- sen. Glukhova (1979) described and illustrated the larva of A. quadripunctata, A. pentaspila, and A. splendida (Winnertz) in the U.S.S.R. and gave a key for their recognition. Wirth and Grogan (1981) described the immature stages of A. bella, A. footei Wirth, A. megaparamera Williams, A. needhami, A. paraspina, and A. parva in Maryland, and gave notes on larval habits. The larvae of A. needhami were observed to be predators of the larvae of Atrichopogon spp. at the water line on the emergent stems of aquatic shrubs. Spinelli (in press) described and illus- trated the immature stages of A. schnacki Spinelli, and gave notes on the larval habits. KEY TO NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF ALLUAUDOMYIA I: Wing with only 2 large, distinct, black spots, one at r-m crossvein, the other at tip of costa (Fig. 2); faint distal or posterior markings may also-be* present: . 2...) Ses ee eee, A 2 ~ Wing with more than 2 large, distinct, black spots (Fig. 1, 5) ...... 11 De Wing with faint distal and posterior markings in addition to the 2 distinct black spots at r-m crossvein and tip of costa (Fig. 8) ...... 3 Wing without faint distal or posterior markings (Fig. 2) ........... 4 3: Wing with only 3 faint distal markings, in cells R5, M1, and M2 prima Clastrier VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 675 11(1). 2: 13: Wing with 10 faint distal and posterior markings, 1 at wing margin and a 2nd submarginally, in each of cells R5, M1, M2, M4, and anal Reel (sae) Ba athe hice Ee Bes oh past Pa pci Kant Opa Sashes c tak nubeculosa n. sp. Pattern of leg markings with many small brown rings and punctures; male genitalia elongate, distal portion of paramere with group of spi- reyes (CEN foee STC) ee Reed Sree gekee tear eN SE Uae Share aie SF Senate amo eee 5 Pattern of legs without these markings; male genitalia not elongated, distal portion of paramere without group of spinules ............. 6 Wing with small brown punctures along radius; bases of femora pale; caudal membrane of sternite 9 not spiculate (Fig. 10) ............. Ey Pe AY OS Ie hr EA Se arn Srah oryivs Neither sex was treated. 718 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON stain for research on the mating behavior of screwworms. This technique will be of immediate application to laboratory studies already in progress in our labo- ratory in Tuxtla Guiterrez and, at Fargo North Dakota, for assessing the mating behavior of both sterile and fertile screwworms. These include studies on mating aggressiveness versus time in colony, multiple matings and sperm displacement, and mating competitiveness of large versus small males. In recent years, some of our research in southern Mexico has focused on developing methodologies to enable us to improve studies on the bionomics and ecology of both sterile and fertile screwworms in the tropical Americas. Field studies conducted in 1982 (Brenner, 1984) demonstrated that sterile screwworms could be ground released in relatively small areas to test mating competence and to collect precise data on the dispersion of sterile flies within the test area. In 1983, this technique was used to compare the effectiveness of two strains of sterile flies in the same test site (Brenner and MacVean, in prep.). While this experimental design reduced or eliminated many of the variables discussed previously, a direct comparison of competitiveness was still not possible since release of the second strain was delayed by a period of four to six weeks in order for the native population to “‘recover’’ from the challenge of the first strain. Hence, both weather conditions and the age structure of the target population may have been different when the second strain was released. The problems inherent to a simultaneous release of 2 or more test strains may be resolved if AO can be shown to be stable and persistant in sterile released flies. A field study has already been designed to examine the limitations of using AO to directly compare the competitiveness of two sterile strains released simulta- neously and sympatrically. The results of feeding AO to larvae are encouraging and suggest that large numbers of screwworms can be easily and uniformly marked in this manner. Unfortunately, the existence of false positives will preclude a testing of the hypothesis that sterile females “trap” a significant amount of sperm from native males. Such information would be desirable in assessing the worth of a “‘males-only” rearing and release program. Ongoing laboratory studies will continue efforts to define the minimum dosage for maximum persistence, while monitoring any deleterious effects on the behavior of marked flies. Because the acridines bind generally to mitochondrial DNA, or DNA polymer- ase (Waring, 1968); Simpson et al., 1974; Morales et al., 1972), AO should have a broad applicability for behavioral research on other insects. The ease in marking large populations, in detecting fluorescence with relatively unspecialized portable equipment, the relatively low toxicity, apparent lack of mutagenicity and the ready availability of this inexpensive compound should encourage extensive use of this technology. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank the technicians, Ernesto Lée Bosque, Eric Rubén Suriano Guzman, and Sergio Zepeda Hernandez, for their competent assistance. I am most grateful to numerous ARS scientists at Tuxtla Gutierrez; Fargo, North Dakota; Kerrville, Texas: and Gainesville, Florida for their suggestions of candidate fluorescent compounds. I also thank O. H. Graham, J. D. Hoffman, R. L. Mangan, and L. G. Zarate for reviewing an earlier version of this manuscript. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 TAS: LITERATURE CITED Brenner, R. J. In press. Dispersal, mating and oviposition of the screwworm (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in southern Mexico. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. Brenner, R. J. and C. M. MacVean. In prep. A field comparison of 2 strains of sterile screwworms (Diptera: Calliphoridae) using ground release technology. Ephrussi, B. and G. W. Beadle. 1936. A technique of transplantation for Drosophila. Amer. Nat. 728: 218-225. Lowe, R. E., H. R. Ford, A. L. Cameron, B. J. Smittle, D. A. Dame, R. S. Patterson, and D. E. Weidhaas. 1974. Competitiveness of sterile male Culex pipiens quinquefaciatus Say released into a natural population. Mosq. News 34: 447-453. McInnis, D. O. 1984. A limited technique for distinguishing normal from irradiated sperm in screwworm flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae). J. Med. Entomol. 21: 116- Wi7/, Morales, N. M., F. W. Schaefer, III, S. J. Keller, and R. R. Meyer. 1972. Effects of ethidium bromide and several acridine dyes on the kinetoplast DNA of Leishmania tropica. J. Protozool. 19: 667-672. Moss, J. I. and R. A. Van Steenwyk. 1982. Marking pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) with cesium. Environ. Entomol. 11: 1264-1268. Simpson, L., A. M. Simpson, and R. D. Wesley. 1974. Replication of the kinetoplast DNA of Leishmania tarentolae and Crithidia fasciculata. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 349: 161-172. Waring, M. J. 1968. Drugs which affect the structure and function of DNA. Nature 219: 1320-1325. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 720-721 NOTE Notes on the Systematics and Natural History of Dielocerus fasciatus (Enderlein) and key to species of the genus (Hymenoptera: Argidae) Dielocerus fasciatus (Enderlein) (new combination) was recently collected from a central Amazonian inundation forest near Manaus, Brazil. Up to now, this species has been represented by only two females from Ecuador and Peru. Notes are here given on its systematic position and natural history. The taxonomic work was done by D. R. Smith, the field and laboratory work by J. Adis. Specimens are deposited in the Institute Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA), Man- aus, Brazil, and the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Systematics. — Dielocerus fasciatus was described by Enderlein (1919, Sber. Ge- sell. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, p. 117) as Eriglenum fasciatum from ‘“‘Eucador, Cuvaray.”” Though Malaise (1941. Ent. Tidskr. 62: 133) placed it in his genus Digelasinus, its correct placement was doubtful until DRS examined the type in 1977 through the courtesy of E. Kierych. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Warsaw. Other than the type and material obtained from the rearing reported here, DRS has seen only one other specimen, that being from Pucallpa, Peru, X-2-1954, E. I. Schlinger and E. S. Ross, collectors (in the California Acad- emy of Sciences, San Francisco). This rearing has provided associated males for the first time. Dielocerus is a small genus, now with three species. Both sexes of fasciatus are very similar in structure to formosus and diasi (see illustrations of ovipositors and male genitalia in Smith. 1975. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 77: 369-375), differing only by subtle differences in the shape of the genitalia of those species. The easiest way to separate fasciatus is by color as used in the following key to species. Larvae of all three are known to spin mass cocoons that are attached to the trunks of trees and shrubs, similar to that described by Dias (1976. Studia Entomol. 19: 461-501) for diasi. All distribution records given in the key are from specimens DRS has examined. KEY TO SPECIES OF DIELOCERUS i WA i. cyar8 Bde Secs wehbe cea wed Saget cee aie oes ae ee cee 4 2. Mesonotum black, rest of thorax orange; hindtibia and hindtarsus black; less than 10 mm long (costa black, intercostal area infuscated black; apical wing margin even, without apical notch)(Brazil: Amazonas; Ecuador; Peru) (on Sclerolobium paniculatum) + 4. ies. oe fasciatus (Enderlein) — Thorax orange; hindtibia and/or hindtarsus with orange; 12-15 mm long 3. Costa black; intercostal area usually black infuscated; apical wing margin even, without notch; apical 4 hindtarsal segments usually black (Brazil: Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Espirito Santo, Bahia) (on /nga sp.) : bes RN neh neces eM. RAM ea Bae Ark ho el gee Peek cee formosus (Klug) VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 721 — Costa white; intercostal area hyaline; notch on antero-apical margin of forewing near apex of radial cell (Fig. 1, Smith, 1975) (Brazil: Distrito Federal, Goias, Mato Grosso) (on Sclerolobium aureum) ...... diasi Smith 4. Head orange; mesoprescutum orange, rest of mesonotum black; costa THaiL DETTE ae 5 RIA aaa Fel ee i ae eee REL Soe PO a diasi Smith Head black above antennae; mesonotum black; costa black ........... 5 5. Apical 4 hindtarsal segments black; orange on hind orbits restricted to levers elange. 215 mmWlOne: |. 3 sere cuat Ser See tees formosus (Klug) — Hindtarsus orange; orange on hind orbits extends nearly to top of eye; Staal leSSathaneS MMT LOMG? oe. toa hy) aeons SEN aie aN fasciatus (Enderlein) Natural history.—Central Amazonian inundation forests along black-water rivers, e.g., the Rio Negro, are annually inundated for 5-6 months (March/April to August/September), up to several meters in height. Six cocoons containing prepupae of D. fasciatus were collected in July 1979 during the receding water phase in one of these forests at Taruma Mirim near Manaus (cf. Adis. 1981. Amazoniana 7(2): 87-173). They were found on tree trunks of Sclerolobium paniculatum (Leguminoseae, Caesalpinae) at about 2.5 m height. The cocoons had previously been flooded for 4—6 weeks, evident by the high-water mark on the trunks and by the brownish coating, which the receding waters left on the cocoons. Adults emerged in the laboratory in January and August 1981 as well asin January 1982. This is more than two years after cocoon formation. Dielocerus fasciatus apparently passes a diapause in the prepupal stage as already reported for D. diasi, a sawfly of the cerrado near Brasilia (Dias, 1976). The cells and silk web of the cocoon are impermeable to water, thus insensitive to flooding. Flood resistance is already known to occur in terricolous arthropods of black-water inundation forests, especially in small species, e.g., Acari (Rostrocoetes foveolatus Sellnick, Oribatidae; Beck. 1972. Pedobiologia 12: 133-148), Symphyla (Ribau- tiella amazonica Scheller, Scoloendrellidae; Scheller and Adis. Jn press. Ama- zoniana), and Diplopoda (Pyrogdesmidae; Adis, unpublished data), as well as in Coleoptera larvae (Sisenopiras gounellei Pic, Oedemeridae) found in decaying wood under water (Arnett and Adis, unpublished data). David R. Smith, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agricultural Re- search Service, USDA, % National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560, and Joachim Adis, Max-Planck-Institute for Limnology, Working Group: Tropical Ecology, Postfach 165, D-2320 Plon, in cooperation with Instituto Na- cional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA), c.p. 478, 69.000 Manaus/AM, Brazil (Convenio INPA/Max-Planck). PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 722-723 NOTE A Warningly Colored Fly, Stratiomys badius Walker (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), Uses its Scutellar Spines in Defense On two occasions adult males of Stratiomys badius Walker gave my thumb a painful prick with their sharp scutellar spines. In both instances I had grasped the fly with my thumb and index finger through the mesh of an aerial net, and I could feel it squirm slightly in my grasp as it drove the scutellar spine (s?) into the ball of my thumb. There was enough pain to make me withdraw my hand involun- tarily—about equivalent to the prick of a fine insect pin. The spines might well have had a similar effect if the fly had been held in the bill of a bird or in the jaws of some other vertebrate. The spines, sharp and about | mm long, jut up at an angle of about 60° from the caudal edge of the scutellum (Fig. 1). They occur in both sexes. I did not see the motion that drove the spine (s?) into my thumb, but it may have been a Fig. 1. Dorsal aspect of the head and thorax of Stratiomys badius showing the scutellar spines. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 723 squirming of the entire body or a flexing of the thorax on the abdomen. These observations were made in Emmet County, Michigan, on 20 and 22 July of 1982. Scutellar spines are not universally distributed in the Stratiomyidae, but they do occur commonly in members of the subfamily Stratiomyinae, mostly large and robust flies that are usually boldy marked with yellow or pale green stripes on a dark background. Not only boldy marked stratiomyids have scutellar spines but many of those that are would conventionally be considered generalized Bates- ian mimics of wasps. However, as indicated by the above observations, at least S. badius must be considered a Miillerian mimic of wasps and also of other Stratiomyinae if the latter also use their scutellar spines in defense. S. badius is not alone among insects in its use of spines in defense against vertebrates. Townes (1972. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 74: 85-86) reported that diopsids (Diptera: Diopsidae) can also prick with their sharp scutellar spines. Freed (1982. Oecologia 53: 20-26) found that tree frogs repeatedly rejected Eu- schistus sp. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) after the humeral spines on the prothorax lodged between their jaws. Rothschild et al. (1970. Toxicon 8: 293-299) reported that adult Acanthosphinx guessfeldtii (Dewitz) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) can ad- minister painful scratches with their tibial spurs. Smith (1884. Amer. Nat. 18: 727-728) described how a long-horned beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) of the New World tropics uses spines at the end of the antennae to deliver painful pricks when it is held in the fingers. I thank the staff of the University of Michigan Biological Station for the use of their facilities. Dr. Donald W. Webb identified the stratiomyid. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DEB 8202772. G. P. Waldbauer, Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, p. 724 BOoK REVIEW Notes on Neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera) XIX. The Tabanus lineola complex. By G. B. Fairchild. Miscellaneous Publications, Entomological Society of Amer- ica, No. 57, 52 pp. $7.50, ESA Members $4.50. This is a review of the species of the genus Tabanus that have banded eyes and striped abdomens commonly known as the “‘/ineola complex.” The group is re- defined to include ‘28’ valid species including two new species, 7. kwatta and T. wokei. Previous to this work, 60 specific names had been used in this complex of difficult to distinguish species. Six names are discarded as unrecognized or as applying to non American species. Tabanus wilkersoni is proposed as a new name for that of an Amazon basin species, 7. despectus Fairchild, that is preoccupied. A check list of names mentioned in the text, a synonymical list, and a table of frontal and divergence indices are given. The females and known males are keyed, and characters of the female antenna, palpus, frons, and eye pattern are figured for most of the species, as well as lateral views of the heads of certain males. Notes are given on each species that vary in extent from a few lines to more extensive presentations of supplemental information, to complete redescriptions of inadequately described species, to descriptions of two new species. A quick check of the female key (males are rarely received for identification) using four of the six North American representatives of the group, showed that the key was relatively easy to use. However, a key is always easier to use by the person who produced it than it is for others to use it. I was hard pressed to make the pale median abdominal stripe of NMNH specimens fit the descriptions of this character for similis and subsimilis. On the other hand, /ineola ran easily, as did specimens of colombensis. As a novice tabanidologist I shudder when characters such as frontal index and divergence index appear at the beginning of a couplet as they do at couplets 7, 20, 22, 25, and 31 of the female key, especially when the author states that these characters “*. . . are not usually, taken alone, of defin- itive value in characterizing species.’’ Such characters then, should be placed later in the couplet and not as the first or prime characters. One other inconvenience appears where one must turn to page 39 to find out what the figures are that are depicted on the plates. All caption material is better placed before the appropriate plate of figures. Despite these few minor criticisms, the paper generally is well written and should be useful to anyone who has to identify horseflies of the T. lineola complex. B. V. Peterson, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ITBIII, Agricultural Re- search Service, USDA, % National Museum of Natural History, NHB- 168, Wash- ington, D.C. 20560. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 725-728 Book REVIEW The Ultrastructure and Functioning of Insect Cells. Edited by H. Akai, R. C. King, and S. Morohoshi. The Society for Insect Cells Japan. Pp. x1i + 195. Cost: US $28. Available from Business Center for Academic Societies of Japan, 4-16, 2 Chome, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, 113 Tokyo. Insect Ultrastructure, Vol. 1. Edited by Robert C. King and Horomu Akai. New York, Plenum Press. Pp. xiii + 485. Cost: $55. The symposium the first book reports was held in Sapporo in August, 1982. Thirty of the 47 papers are by Japanese, and the senior editor writes that the purpose of the symposium was to present Japanese scientists ““with an opportunity to present their work in a congenial atmosphere, where they could acquire the feeling that they were members of a large international scientific community” (p. vii). The papers range in subject from the isolation and characterization of cell organelles and macromolecules, to accounts of cellular and multicellular structures (e.g., egg chorions); much of the work is descriptive, whether molecular or fine- structural, and not experimental. The papers range in depth from brief research reports with little or no discussion to brief reviews of rather narrow topics. In this respect the volume conforms to most published symposia: some progress reports, some finished work, and a few papers of broad interest. I find of particular interest the attempt by S. Morohoshi to review (in four scant pages [109-112] and several too-small diagrams) fifty years’ work on the control of molting and diapause in the silk worm. A complex interaction exists between secretions of the brain and the corpora cardiaca, and between the latter and subesophageal glands; the result of this interaction affects (and effects) diapause. A similar antagonistic interaction occurs between juvenile hormone and molting hormone, and determines if the larvae will grow (molt) or develop (metamor- phosis). These sets of interactions themselves interact, of course, and are under genetic control. Morohoshi presents the complexity of the system with remarkable clarity. An earlier paper, by R. C. King (pp. 5-8), considers the process by which a single germarial cell becomes an oGcyte and its attendant nurse cells, a clone of cell-division products joined to one another by cytoplasmic bridges. These bridges are the arrested cleavage furrows, and through them extend the cytoplasmic rem- nants of the spindle fibers. It appears that the amount of this material determines which of the cells becomes the oGcyte. Study of the system has been much helped by a mutant in Drosophila which produces ovarian tumors by causing cytokinesis to go to completion. The story is an elegant one, but again (as with the Morohoshi paper), more space and better (in this case, any) figures should have been used to tell it. In the second volume reviewed here, the story is presented again, more fully and better illustrated. Several other papers are as broadly interesting as these, and I single these out not as the best in this symposium, but as examples of the best. The book concludes with a list of authors, a list of participants in the symposium, 726 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON and five pages of (Japanese) advertisements from some of the companies thanked in the front of the book for financial support. It is because of this support that the cost of the book is relatively low. Overall, the volume shows us where the study of insect fine-structure mor- phology now stands. Function in these papers derives from structure. Little work appears to be done studying function directly, that is, experimentally. Whether at the molecular or at the anatomical level, one examines how the parts are put together and infers therefrom what they do individually and collectively. A list of the general topics covered follows: Odgenesis (5 papers, 20 pages) Insect Chromosomes (6 papers, 20 pages) Embryonic Development (7 papers, 28 pages) Differentiation of Cells and Tissues (7 papers, 30 pages) Structure and Function of Cells and Tissues (9 papers, 36 pages) Structure and Function of Silk Glands (5 papers, 22 pages) Defense Reactions of Cells and Tissues (6 papers, 24 pages) Technical Advances in Electron Microscopy (3 papers, 13 pages) The second volume reviewed here differs in several important ways. Although stimulated by discussions at the XVI International Congress of Entomology (Kyo- to, 1980), it is not a symposium. Rather, an array of authors has been given sufficient space to present data and discuss ideas adequately, which is to say at length and in depth. Much original work is presented, but not merely for the sake of its presentation. The discussion of subjects under active study requires that unpublished data be included. Again, most of the papers are descriptive, the results of fine-structural analysis of the cells of reproductive structures and of developing tissues. As in the first book, little truly experimental work is reported, and indeed most of the chapter titles mention ‘“‘structure and development”’ not “‘structure and function” (true also of the forthcoming second volume). But the book is not an atlas of electron micrographs. Text greatly predominates, describing, discussing, speculating on origin and function, and bringing the reader up to date on some of the most exciting areas of cell biology and entomology. The papers here are without ex- ception excellent. The authors present clearly sufficient detail to make their points, but not so much as to overwhelm the reader. Both entomologists and cell biologists can read the book with profit, and should do so. That two such different audiences can be well served by the same book, speaks well for the authors’ ability to express themselves, and the editors’ ability to enforce clarity (an editorial duty of the utmost importance, and one too often honored in the breach). A second volume of Jnsect Ultrastructure is promised for June, 1984 (R. C. King, pers. commun.), and should be a fitting companion to the first. The contents of both are listed here: Volume I I. The Ultrastructure of Gametes The formation of clones of interconnected cells during gametogenesis in insects. (R. C. King, J. D. Cassidy, and A. Rousset; 29 pp.) VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 727 Relationships between germ and somatic cells in the testes of locusts and moths. (A. Sz6ll6si; 29 pp.) The meiotic prophase in Bombyx mori. (S. W. Rasmussen and P. B. Holm; 25 pp.) Morphological manifestations of ribosomal DNA amplification during insect oogenesis. (M. D. Cave; 32 pp) The cell biology of vitellogenic follicles in Hyalophora and Rhodnius. (W. H. Telfer, E. Huebner, and D. S. Smith; 32 pp.) Order and defects in the silkmoth chorion, a biological analogue of a cho- lesteric liquid crystal. (G. D. Mazur, J. C. Regier, and F. C. Kafatos; 49 pp.) II. The Ultrastructure of Developing Cells The cytoplasmic architecture of the insect egg cell. (D. Zissler and K. Sander; 33 pp.) Morphological analysis of transcription in insect embryos. (V. Foe, H. For- rest, L. Wilkinson, and C. Laird; 25 pp.) The morphogenesis of imaginal discs in Drosophila. (D. K. Fristrom and W. L. Rickoll; 34 pp.) III. The Ultrastructure of the Development, Differentiation, and Functioning of Specialized Tissues and Organs Fine structure of the cuticle of insects and other arthropods. (B. K. Fisher; 32 pp.) The structure and development of insect connective tissues. (D. E. Ashhurst:; 38 pp.) The structure and development of the tracheal system. (C. Noirot and C. Noirot-Timothée; 31 pp.) Structural and functional analysis of Balbiani ring genes in the salivary giands of Chironomus tentans. (B. Daneholt; 20 pp.) Insect intercellular junctions: their structure and development. (N. J. Lane; 32 pp.) Selectivity in junctional coupling between cells of insect tissues. (S. Caveney and R. Berdan; 28 pp.) Volume II (N.b.: This list differs somewhat from that given in Vol. 1; several titles are modified, one chapter is omitted, and three others have been added. This list, dated June, 1983, was supplied me by R. C. King.) L II. The Ultrastructure of Developing Cells. The development and ultrastructure of the telotrophic ovary. (E. Huebner) Early embryogenesis of Bombyx mori. (K. Miza) Electron microscopic mapping and ultrastructure of Drosophilia polytene chromosomes. (V. Sorsa) The Ultrastructure of the Development, Differentiation, and Functioning of Specialized Tissues and Organs. The structure of insect muscles. (D. S. Smith) The structure and development of vacuoles in the fat body of insects. (M. Locke) 728 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON The ultrastructure of digestive and excretory organs. (M. Martoja and Ballan- Dufrancais) The ultrastructure of interacting endocrine and target cells. (B. J. Sedlak) The fine structure of insect glands secreting waxy substances. (Y. Waku and I. Foldi) The ultrastructure and functions of the silk gland cells of Bombyx mori. (H. Akai) The structure and development of male accessory glands in insects. (G. M. Happ) Insect photoreceptor cells. (S. D. Carlson, R. St. Marie, and C. Chi) The glial cells of insects. (R. St. Marie, S. D. Carlson, and C. Chi) Mechanosensitive and olfactory sensilla of insects. (T. P. Keil and P. Stein- brecht) III. The Ultrastructure of Cells in Pathological States. The comparative ultrastructure of wild-type and tumorous cells. (E. Gateff, R. Shrestha, and H. Akai) The cellular defense system in Drosophila melanogaster. T. M. Rizki and R. M. Rizki) The cytopathology of Baculovirus infections in insects. (Y. Tanada and R. T. Hess) Carl W. Schaefer, Biological Sciences Group, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 728-729 BooK REVIEW Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico. 1983. Edited by Ronald W. Hodges and others, E. W. Classey Limited and the Wedge Ento- mological Research Foundation, London. xxiv, 284 pp. Soft cover. Cost: $88.00. It is virtually superfluous to state that this publication fills a long standing need. It is a checklist in the strict sense, citing only a serial number, name, author, and year of publication of each valid name, followed by synonyms. The serial numbers run up to 11,233 on p. 159. The remainder of the book consists of an alphabetical index of all names. The physical quality of the book is excellent. As is a practical necessity at the present state of the systematics of such a large group of animals of such a large area, the authorship and editing are both co- operative. Hodges had 6 other outstanding lepidopterists working with him as editors. The following 16 authors contributed one or more families: F. Martin Brown; Charles V. Covell, Jr.; Donald R. Davis; W. Donald Duckworth; Douglas C. Ferguson; John G. Franclemont; John B. Heppner; Ronald W. Hodges; Alex- ander B. Klots; J. Donald Lafontaine; Lee D. Miller; Eugene Munroe; Jerry A. Powell; Eric L. Quinter; E. L. Todd; Christopher Wilkinson; Barry Wright. There VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 129 is also a 4 page bibliography (p. xxi-xxiv) of major revisionary works. Such a roster of authors and editors assures the high scientific quality of the work. There is only one feature of the work which I find disappointing, viz., names of the species group frequently do not follow the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in regard to gender concord with their genus names. The Code states in Art. 1 1.g.i1.1 that “ta species-group name ... must be or be treated as (1) an adjective in the nominative singular agreeing in gender with the generic name...” and that principle is also stated generally in Art. 30. I am told by several of the authors who contributed to this work that there was much discussion in editorial meetings concerning the belief of some workers that a species-group name should maintain the spelling given it when it was first proposed and that the gender-concord principle should be abrogated. Curtis W. Sabrosky, a long time member and Past President of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, tells me that the gender-concord principle will be main- tained with very little change in the forthcoming revision of the Code. My con- versations with a few members of the Commission, as well as other systematists, lead me to believe that world-wide movement toward the original-spelling prin- ciple is at present rather small and mostly among workers who have easy access to most of the old literature. No indication is given in the introduction to the Check List that any of the authors followed the principle of original spelling, nor is there any indication of the original generic combination of the names when the author’s name and date are in parentheses. One feature of names of Lepidoptera that has caused a large part of the difficulties, especially with ““micros,”’ was instigated by Linnaeus when he named many species with a formalized ending such as -e/l/a, -ana, and -aria, all of which form Latin words which most usually (except in diminutive nouns in -ellus, -ella, or -ellum) must agree in gender with the generic name. Most, if not all, lepidopterists associated with the U.S. National Museum have definitely tried to follow the principle of gender-concord, as for example in the case of Heliothis (p. 158), where the adjectival species-names are cited in the their masculine form rather than in the long-used incorrect feminine form. Names in -odes, -oides, etc., should be masculine according to the Code (Art. 30), but in the Check List at least the following genera are treated as feminine: Prolimacodes (p. 66, badia), Neoleucinodes (p. 72, prophetica), Steniodes (p. 73, mendica), Omiodes (p. 74, indicata), and Chesiadodes (p. 91, cinerea, morosata, fusca, curvata, longa). The generic names ending in -ma (usually neuter) are also frequently treated as feminine. George C. Steyskal, Cooperating Scientist, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBITI, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, % U.S. National Museum of Nat- ural History, Washington, D.C. 20560. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(3), 1984, pp. 730-732 INFORMATION FOR PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPTS GENERAL POLICY Publication in the Proceedings is generally reserved for members. Manuscripts should be in English and not be so lengthy that they would exceed 15 printed pages including illustrations (two typewritten pages are approximately equivalent to a printed page.) Manuscripts are reviewed before they are accepted. Acceptance of manuscripts is the responsibility of the Editor. Papers are published in the order they are received rather than in order of date of acceptance. This eliminates possible bias due to the varying length of time taken to review a paper. Notes and book reviews are published as space is available, usually in the next issue prepared. Immediate publication can be had for payment of full page charges, but this provision should be reserved for papers with some justification for expedited handling. These papers do not lengthen the waiting period of regular manuscripts because they are published in addition to the regularly budgeted number of pages. TYPING THE MANUSCRIPT Type manuscripts on bond paper with double-spacing and ample margins. Number pages consecutively beginning with the title page. Do not use all capitals for any purpose. Underscore only where italic type is intended in the body of the text. Type on separate pages the title page, abstract, literature cited, footnotes, tables, and figure legends. See Figs. 1-4 for proper format for most of those pages. SUBMITTAL OF THE MANUSCRIPT Submit the original manuscript and two copies (xerox or carbon) to the Editor. Photographs should be on glossy paper. Original drawings may be retained until the manuscript is accepted. NAMES OF ORGANISMS The first mention of a plant or animal should include the full scientific name with the author of a zoological name unabbreviated. Use only common names approved in Common Names of Insects and Related Organisms (1983 Revision) published by the Entomological Society of America. Do not abbreviate a generic name when it begins a sentence: e.g., use ““Xus albus is .. .” rather than “X. albus ise ILLUSTRATIONS No extra charge is made for line drawings or half tones. Authors should plan illustrations for reduction to the dimensions of the printed page and allow room for legends at the top and bottom. Do not make plates larger than 14 x 18”. Individual figures must be mounted on suitable board, and photographs should be trimmed, grouped together, and abutted when mounted; the printer will insert the hairlines. Arrange figures to use space efficiently. Include title of paper, author’s name and address, and illustration numbers on the back of each plate. Figures should be numbered consecutively. Plates will be returned only at the author’s request and expense. Illustrations not returned are discarded one year after pub- lication. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 3 Return Proof to: John R. Doe 315 State St. Meriden, CT 06420 (203) 555-1212 A new species of Xus (Order: Family) injurious to hollies, Ilex spp. (Aquifoliaceae) John R. Doe and John Smith (JRD) Resident Biologist, Connecticut 06420; 315 State St., Meriden, (JS) Entomologist, City Parks, Hartford, Connecticut 06540. Abstract.- Xus albus, a new species of ... is described, illustrated, and compared with ... Figure Legends Figs. 1-4. Xus albus. 1, Habitus. 2, Male genitalia (lateral view). 3, Larva. 4, Pupa. Fig. 5. Damage to holly leaves. Literature Cited J Doe, and J. Smith. 1970. Holly Insects. NY. 38pp. 5 Smith, and J. R. Doe. 1967. A list of insects injurious to (Ilex spp.). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Va. 38: 54-68. (The above citations are fictitious.) Jones and Case. New hollies Wn Figs. 1-4. Sample pages for submitted manuscripts. 1, Title page. The mailing address and phone number of the person(s) to whom the page proofs will be sent should be typed in the upper left hand corner. A proof can be sent to each author of a two- or multi-authored paper if they desire. Affiliation and full address are typed as a paragraph below the author name(s). Spell out the state name. 2, Abstract page. Note that “Abstract” begins the paragraph. 3, Figure legend page. Note punctuation. Start a new paragraph for legends describing each plate. 4, Literature Cited page. Note punctation and spacing. Authors with access to Serial Sources for the Biosis Data Base that is provided with Biological Abstracts are expected to use its journal title abbreviations. 732 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON TABLES Keep the number of tables to a minimum. Prepare them as a line drawing or type them on a separate page with the caption at the top and footnotes below. PROOFS AND REPRINTS Proofs and a reprint order will be sent to the author by the printer with explicit instructions for their return. Changes in proof, except for printer’s and editorial errors, will be charged to the author. CHARGES Authors will be assessed a page charge to cover editing and publication expenses. These charges are in addition to those for reprints and author’s correction in proof. Authors will be given an estimate of cost at the time of acceptance of their manuscripts. Charges are at a higher rate for an excess of printed pages over 15, papers by non-members, and papers for immediate publication. Member authors who are retired or not afhliated with an institution may request to have charges waived and should do so when the manuscript is submitted. Charges for author errors and/or changes in proof, for reprints if ordered, for immediate publication, and for non-members are not waived. Acceptance of papers is based only on their scientific merit without regard to the author’s financial support. (Continued from back seh Pisiiebel ols) cle (ep relia © pb e eisl sis @iaiialets ln Wiel wie lm ol v.iel wie wi ee le mis) s wos eye ee ea fe) lel p lel oisive loliv ee aie le lplie @) ails ie) eo wl evvip « pss is el ol's lv wiw & Bile old ba she is) a) @ ales isl diol e ies ee icfiels & CC ee ee ete cee rn) le od (ob [ns @ oil & ini elle pl ine le folie ee) les (68 le Be wie wiiells is (pd walle Bliele leis: 's 0. 8[m ple. clisig oo lela a) foliw Sy ids s) Bien) @ fo) bin B im © flee wells mite yb ie eh wim i a ee 668 722 647 724 hi26 CONTENTS (Continued fone front cover) MARTINEZ, A. and R. B. SELANDER—A new species oh Pyrota from Argentina (Coleopt by a: Meloidae) (Maskell), a a senior evant bf PMG T YE pidsas Essig, and a comparison with Pse dococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) ........ ue ‘8 i ORTH, R. E.—A new species of Pherbellia from Montana (Diptera: Scidenymdieh | ly POLHEMUS, D. A. and J.T. POLHEMUS— Ephedrodoma, a new genus of orthotyling M (Hemiptera) from western United States SCARBROUGH, A. G.—Four species of Ommatius Wikaesenn (Diptera: AMANGH from | Rico and the Virgin Islands . SELANDER, R. B.—On the bionomics, anatomy, and systematics of Wagneronota a {7 Meloidae) rates 4€ at , SILVERMAN, J. and A. G. APPEL—The a cocoon of the cat flea, Ctencphalies (Bouché) (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae): A barrier to ant predation (Dijstera! Apearmupeane on Atriplex (Chenopudldleden': in Ui hiend California . SPINELLI, G. R. and W. W. WIRTH—The Neotropical predaceous midges of the genus domyia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) i STEYSKAL, G. C.—A synoptic revision of the genus Aciurina Curran, 1932 Direra, THOMAS, D. B., JR.— Texaponium, a new genus for Green Rigs oktp Hy Berry c | Tenebrionidae) TOGASHI, I.—A new genus and two new species of Blennocampinae (Hymenoptera dinidae) from Japan and Taiwan VOEGTLIN, D. Varig new species of Hyalomyzus heer dln Aphididae) from Hypericw YOUNG, A. M.—Mechanism of pollination by Phoridae (Diniaray 4 in some ‘Herrania s . (Sterculiacede) in} Costa Rica ig is oe suk ana ie ane eg Ba neat OE BibT 7 NOTES | Sap Ny SABROSKY, C. W.—An overlooked generic name in Chloropidae (Diptera) .. SMITH, D. R. and J. ADIS—Notes on the systematics and natural history of Dilocers (Enderlein) and key to species of the genus (Hymenoptera: Argidae) .. 4 SPOFFORD, M. G. and F. E. KURCZEWSKI-- A new host for Perilampus hyalinus s menoptera: Perilampidae) STAINES, C. L., JR. — Distribution of X ylosandrus eunibiats (Blanton) (Coleoptera: dae) in chsh Like (Continued on inside back dewey OCTOBER 1984 ——— = ‘ : PROCEEDINGS tte hl Mp mi VOLUME CONTENTS 1A; H, R. E.—A new species of Toxomerus (Diptera, Syrphidae) from Brazil, with notes on Ite related species ........ BRMGTUP UES SATE CROCE Bue TAR BORO BE RS Ri ECE Ee Gee Be S,S. C.—Redescription of Agapetus avitus Edwards (Trichoptera: Gtessosomatiae) with i s 01 on morphological variation and distribution OPER RSet al Gt TO AOE SAP Orn A CREE iat c AE R. and A. G. WHEELER, JR. —Aethus nigritus (F.), a Palearctic PRDHRN Pre lished | in ert North America (Hemiptera- Heteroptera: Cydnidae) ............. L. " D. Ee Notiphila (Diptera: Ephydridae) from. the Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia i Le sae J. B. ‘STRIBLING— —Taxonomic. and|nomenclatorial notes on Caribbbean ‘Pacheco Coleoptera: Heteroceridae) POC E PL MROE RE MOREY BIE ALS ASR NE Aa Revision of hi Nearctic species of the Teibsolens flavipes group (Hyme- Seelionidae) POPULATE AE HIStnVneAyaRteeasthe cheek phe eshte ] PURRODEVE B | yi oe hs whl } BY inl PHAR Pint Ne) Bab ae hear Re PER Wa a) 4 eit ) (Continued on back cover) Hey lity FRDLACRAT aL We omed Beet Air pate RoE WP hy ay} OAM ii ‘ } 7 iam Bt NO. 4 hee secon $797) VAN {UB A ma RRAR: ES . : of the ay ced atte pane NTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ot WASHINGTON CENTENNIAL PUBLISHED QUARTERLY 971 898 930 177 169 840 745 738 942 946 797 = THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY _ OF WASHINGTON P ORGANIZED Marcu 12, 1884 OFFICERS FOR 1984 NEAL O. MorGAN, President tele JEFFREY R. ALDRICH, Praen DONALD M. ANDERSON, President-Elect _ GEOFFREY B. WHITE, Membershi, THOMAS E. WALLENMAIER, Recording Secretary Victor L. BLACKBUR} RICHARD G. RossBins, Corresponding Secretary MANYA B. STOETZEL, Delegate, W 1 THOMAS J. HENRY, Treasurer HELEN SOLLERS-RIEDEL, » ae | RAYMOND J. GAGNE, Editor : Publications Committee DAVID R. SMITH THEODORE J. SPILMAN Honorary President C. F. W. MUESEBECK Honorary Members FREDERICK W. Poos | ASHLEY B. GURNEY t : | All correspondence concerning Race business should be mailed to the appropriate off address: Entomological Society of Washington, c/o Department of Ter er NHB. las S tution, Washington, D.C. 20560. MEETINGS. — Regular meetings of the Society are heldi in the Natural History Building, Smiths on on the first Thursday of each month from DAFOE to June, inclusive, at 8 P. M. iby of meetin 1gs | regularly in the Proceedings. — in good ina te receive the Proceedings of the Entomological auciety of Washington. Nonmi are $25.00 per year, domestic, and $27.00 per year, foreign (U.S. currency), payable i in adve should be made payable to The Entomological Society of Washington, ah NP iy j The Society does not exchange its publications for those of ria societies. Pre RY Please see this issue for information regarding preparation uf manuscripts. at PT STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP _ PY Title of Publication: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Al My | i ik ‘ie i Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, J uly, October). | ih! Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher. and Owner: The Fn ington, c/o Department of Entomology, ssdaviat ope Institution, 10th and ie i _ ington, D.C. 20560. . Editor: Raymond J. Gagné, Systematic Entomitagy, Laboratory, c/o U. s. National Museum ington, D.C. 20560. Managing Editor and Known Brechin isis or other Security Holders: “none. ! 4 ; : 4 5 | ‘ ) : } i 1a9s. eS 1 aye : | | This is issue was mailed 30 0 Optober 1984 wie Chass westaee Paid al Washington, D. (i, and additional mailing office. hea PRINTED BY ALLEN PRESS. INC. LAWRENCE. KANSAS 66044, usa PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 733-737 IN DAYS OF YORE CURTIS W. SABROSKY Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, ARS, U.S. Department of Agri- culture, Washington, D.C. 20560. [Author’s note: This is the main part of the after-dinner address at the Centennial Banquet of the Entomological Society of Washington, March 12, 1984. In the delivery, occasional sentences or details were overlooked, or compressed, or rear- ranged, but the full text has been given here for the record.] I cannot imagine a worse situation for a speaker, after an evening of drinking and feasting, than to have to step forward and give a talk on history. Perhaps if it were a history of pornography or of presidential peccadillos, it could be lively and interesting. But the history of an entomological society? Well, this is my assignment, and I might as well get on with it. There are different kinds of history, one of dates and events, of facts and figures, of when and where and what. But history is also composed of people: of some who stand out from the crowd for what they were and what they did; of many who belonged and worked and served; of the long line that made the Entomological Society of Washington, which we honor here tonight. I shall try to do some justice to both kinds of history, to give you some facts and to tell you of some people, showing pictures of some, and reminiscing about some within my own memory. I first came to Washington, studying at the Museum, in 1935—almost a half century ago as I realize with a bit of shock —and many old timers were still working. But I am really a Johnny-come-lately on the history of the Society. I know of nine or ten histories, the most recent and one of the best by Ashley Gurney in 1976 at the time of the International Congress of Entomology here in Washington. I freely acknowledge my indebtedness to these. In particular, we are all indebted to Dr. L. O. Howard for four of these histories, in 1894, 1909, and 1934 on our 10th, 25th, and 50th birthdays, and in 1931. These are especially significant because Dr. Howard was one of the founders of the Society, and his memory of the birthpains and adolescence of the Society is the chief source of information about those early years. Tonight, as we celebrate the 100th birthday, we should realize that we are not the oldest entomological society by any means, not even in the United States. The oldest continuous entomological society in North America is the American Entomological Society at Philadelphia, which celebrated its 125th anniversary a month ago, on February 15th. Representatives of that Society are here tonight. There are also two other older societies in this country. But our own Society, founded in 1884, is at least one of the oldest, and certainly one of the most active and successful of the entomological societies in America. According to Howard, the idea for the Society was C. V. Riley’s. In 1881, Comstock had returned to Cornell, leaving Riley, Howard and E. A. Schwarz as lonely entomologists in the Philosophical Society of Washington and the Biological 734 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Society of Washington. Howard has written: ““We were lonely, we wanted to talk with people who understood us.” So these three put out a circular call for anyone interested in insects. The initial group met in Riley’s home at 1700 Thirteenth St. NW, on February 29, 1884. That was a leap year, too, but luckily they did not formally organize until a later meeting; otherwise, we would be celebrating only our 25th! Howard himself, in his first three histories, said variously that there were 9, or 10, or 11 persons present. Take a number. Suffice it to say that he actually named ten in his first history, so that is my choice. Those first interested parties wasted no time. By March 12th, when 16 were present, they had a con- stitution and formally adopted it, and we date the birth of the Society from that meeting. These 16 are the real founding fathers, although some signed soon after and are counted among the 25 charter members. Meetings. — After three preliminary meetings, all in Professor Riley’s house, the regular meetings began in the Council Room of the old National Museum of the Smithsonian. Successive meetings for years were held in the homes of members, including one in Baltimore at the home of the amateur hemipterist, Dr. Phillip Uhler, Librarian at the Peabody Institute. Home meetings worked very well as long as the Society was small. In his first history, Howard recalled that the average attendance was 11, varying from 4—probably a snowy night!—to 27 when the speaker was a famous entomologist from Oxford, England. You will have noted the early association with the National Museum, which has continued to the present time. For many years, the Society met in old Room 43, off the foyer of the Natural History Building, or on special occasions even in the Auditorium of that building. When I came in 1946, the headquarters of the USDA entomologists was in the South Building of Agriculture, and Room 43 was well filled at almost every meeting, often including the top brass, now very rarely seen. Long before that time, and before the present Natural History Building was built, the Society held its meetings in rented halls, entertained by individual entomologists assisted by an “Entertainment Fund.’ Many such meetings were held in the old Saen- gerbund Hall at 314 C Street NW. Some were held at the Cosmos Club and other places. Finally, about 1920, the meetings were moved to the new Natural History Building, at a nominal rental for guard service, and later even this charge was dropped. At the early meetings, there was a program for about an hour, followed by an hour or more of conversation and refreshment, which apparently consisted of beer in quantity. I recall a memorial meeting at which this was mentioned, and Dr. Blake, botanist from Beltsville and husband of coleopterist Doris Blake, remarked that it is said of many people that their names were writ in water but of those old entomologists it could be said that their names were writ in beer. There is some evidence that the custom has been revived, or perhaps it never really died out. May I quote a passage from Howard’s 1909 history, both for the flavor of the meetings in the early days and the flavor of the writings and speeches of L. O. Howard. After saying that ‘‘In those early days entomology and beer went to- gether,’ he pointed out the number of Germans in the Society, with names like Schwarz, Marx, Ulke, Heidemann, and others. And then this: “The after meetings of the Entomological Society were interesting: the conver- sation was good; the refreshments were unlimited in quantity but limited in VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 735 kind; you could have light beer or dark beer, and that was about the extent of the variation. It was my custom to order two cases of beer, each of 24 bottles, for an average attendance of 7 or 8, and I always made the arrangement with the grocer to return those bottles which were not empty, as well as the empty ones, but it soon became a standing joke between us that it was unnecessary to make any provision concerning the unempty bottles. I am not sure that this custom, which no longer holds, was a good one. I am not sure that it was a very bad one. So far as I know, it never seriously affected the health of any of the members, but on the whole perhaps it was unfortunate and I am inclined to believe that the present method is the best. I should dislike to see some of the younger members of the Society drink as much beer as some of us did at their ages, and, while I would not vote the prohibition ticket as Banks does, I believe that Banks was about right when the Society met at his house for the first time and he gave us hot lemonade and cold lemonade and some very excellent raisin cake. It is true that a few glasses of beer will make a stupid remark sound witty, but there was no necessity for any such stimulus to the imagination in the old days, because all of the remarks were witty.” There was another characteristic of the old-time meetings. The dipterist J. M. Aldrich described a Society meeting in someone’s apartment as “‘so full of tobacco smoke that at the conclusion of the meeting I was compelled to seek fresh air, without sharing the social air which was then an outstanding feature.” Officers. —A word about the officers. We are 100 years old, but there have been only 82 presidents, counting one who had been transferred—redeployed seems to be the currently popular word—to Florida and who came back and served for five minutes and then resigned. He did appoint a committee, which is about all some presidents accomplish anyway. For the first forty years, presidents usually served two terms, probably a tradition borrowed from the national scene. C. V. Riley served the first two years, declining a third term, although he did serve another two years after Howard, Schwarz, and George Marx (arachnologist) had their turns in office. Other than Riley, there have been no repeaters except when L. O. Howard was again honored in 1923, 36 years after his previous tour of duty. In the January issue of the Proceedings, Manya Stoetzel has gathered together pictures of all the presidents, a real effort, together with lists of the officers who served with them. I note that four women have been president, two of them, Louise Russell and Helen Sollers-Riedel, long before there was a campaign for ERA. Thirty-three of our 82 presidents are still alive; the earliest of these, Carl Muesebeck, was president in 1940. It would be easy to think of the Entomological Society of Washington as favoring taxonomists, especially because the Proceedings contain so many taxonomic papers. So I was interested to find that of the 74 presidents since 1900 there were 32 taxonomists and 42 non-taxonomists, 1.e., economic entomologists, physiologists, information specialists, regulatory ento- mologists. Riley and Howard loom large in the early history of the Society, but Howard has quoted with approbation a remark of one of the members that “‘The principal reason for the existence of the Entomological Society is E. A. Schwarz.’ Schwarz was a German, a coleopterist, and an early member of USDA’s Division of Entomology as assistant to Riley. Howard said this of him: ““There are volumes 736 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON upon volumes of entomological knowledge packed away in his brain, and with tables of contents and elaborate indices prepared for instant use.”” And apparently used with a most kindly spirit and delightful sense of humor. Perhaps to many of you the name means little, but I would remind you that he is responsible for that famous biological generalization called ‘“‘Schwarz’s Law.” During a survey of a crop plant—I believe it was on insects affecting corn—so many insects of no relevance whatever to corn were turned in for identification that Schwarz remarked in exasperation (underlined by his German accent) “Vell, they have to zit zome- where!”’? And thus Schwarz’s Law was born. Schwarz, who died in 1928 aged 84, served in USDA from 1878 to 1926, when he was retired for age and pensioned at the age of 82! Senator Pepper would have loved that. Membership. —I have mentioned that the Society started out with ten interested people, or 16 founding fathers, or 25 charter members, take whichever number you choose. At the close of the 100th year, there were 629 members. We are a mighty healthy centenarian. Proceedings.— There have been only 85 volumes, because early volumes cov- ered several years each. In these 85 volumes, over 27,000 pages have been pub- lished — 27,361 if you insist on details (if you don’t insist, you get them anyway). For most of the time, the volumes were less than 250 pages. Our first 300-page volume was in 1945. In 1969, a special number for Carl Muesebeck had 600 pages, and after that 400- and 500-page volumes were regular. But listen to this: The last three volumes, 1981-83, have averaged 860 pages each, in spite of higher costs of printing. Let me read a few titles to give you the flavor of the early years: Sleeping trees of Hymenoptera (by Schwarz, coleopterist) Some insects which brave the dangers of the pitcher plant The insect-catching grass of Cuba Some insects from the top of Pike’s Peak, found on snow How Lysiphlebus fastens its aphid host to the plant Luminous Collembola (by coleopterist H. S. Barber) Mosquitoes attacking a frog Migrating armies of myriapods (again by H. S. Barber) Dung-bearing weevil larvae (by Frederick Knab, a dipterist) Notes on the respiration of entomologists [Smoke-filled rooms in the old days] Remember that most of these were presented at the meetings, so it tells you the variety of papers and the keen observations by specialists of insects not in their specialty. And one can imagine the lively discussion that would follow. As I have looked through the pages of our Proceedings—and I would recommend this to anyone—I have been impressed by the amount of solid contributions, the impressive list of authoritative publications, by Snodgrass and Crampton on morphology, by Clausen and Harry Parker on biological control, by Dyar and Shannon on mosquitoes, and the outpouring of work on mosquitoes during and after World War II by Stone and Knight and Komp and many others, by B6ving on coleopterous larvae, and on and on. Our journal has indeed made an impressive contribution to the literature of entomology. In the early days, the Proceedings were handled by a Publications Committee of from 3 to 7 members, but in the 71 years and 71 volumes since the first elected VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 737 Editor, there have been only 14 editors, thanks to the dedication and durability of many of them, most notably W. R. Walton, who served for 16 years from 1927 through 1942. We who merely belong owe much to those who have served in this important but laborious office. If some of you wish fascinating reading, try the Editorials, which were published from 1923 through 1926, often but not always by the Editor. A sample: Walton, noting that C. H. T. Townsend had developed a system of abbreviations for the numerous bristles and areas of muscoid flies, commented that “Nothing [Dr. Townsend] has hitherto perpetrated on a long suffering scientific fraternity begins to approach in absurdity his most recent lapsus calami .... It amounts practically to a new, synthetic language which his prospective readers will be compelled to learn before they may be able to translate his recent paroxysms of taxonomy into the ‘king’s English.’ ... Dr. Townsend could not have adopted better means to limit his reading public had he written in the Eskimo language.” But the prize exchange was this one. In the December 1925 issue, editor Carl Heinrich commented on a paper on Lepidoptera that had appeared in the English journal, The Entomologists’ Record and Journal of Variation, as follows: ‘“‘With the freedom of an emancipated mind this author soars beyond the commonplace of facts, mounting from assumption to conclusion through the magic circles of hypothesis unto the dizzy empyrean of fiction pure and undefiled whence he views with clairvoyant eye the evolution of species, and reveals to us the meaning and the methods of their evolving.... From the illicit union of assumption and conclusion he litters a mongrel progeny of subspecies, races, varieties, forms and hybrids which he must needs legitimatize by nomenclatorial baptism, thus over- burdening more an already overburdened synonymy. We can only wish that one who seems so susceptible to modern vagaries would suffer that last infirmity of scientific minds—eugenics—and practice a little birth control.” If you think that was strong, even though deftly worded, here was the reply of the editor of the English journal: “One stands aghast at the apparent colossal ignorance of this American scientist. ... Our critic (sic) does not criticise, he vituperates, he absolutely ignores the latest discoveries. ... We are astonished that a worthy society allows its pages to be used to utter the low down scum of frothy journalism.” I can find no reply by Heinrich. What I did find is that he wrote no more editorials! In fact the practice of editorials ended suddenly that year, with a scattered exception or two. Being a taxonomist, I could not close this first part of my talk without com- menting on the many new genera and new species published in the Proceedings down through the years. I wonder how many there were? But who on earth would go through 85 volumes of Proceedings and count them? Well, an old taxonomist needing material for an after-dinner speech, that’s who! Totals: 6071 new species and subspecies, and 724 new genera and subgenera, plus assorted new families, new tribes, new varieties, new combinations galore, and keys and classifications, and, as the King of Siam said in a famous old movie, “Et cetera, et cetera, et cetera.’ Then he died, and it’s a good place for me to stop. [The second part of the talk consisted of slides, with personal reminiscences of some of the entomologists shown.] PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 738-744 AETHUS NIGRITUS (F.), A PALEARCTIC BURROWER BUG ESTABLISHED IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA (HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA: CYDNIDAE) E. RICHARD HOEBEKE AND A. G. WHEELER, JR. (ERH) Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; (AGW) Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Har- risburg, Pennsylvania 17110. Abstract.—Aethus nigritus (F.), a Eurasian burrower bug, was first collected in North America at single localities in Delaware in 1977 and in Connecticut in 1979; it is here reported from additional localities in Connecticut, and from New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania. This introduced cydnid is briefly described, and its dorsal habitus, diagnostic external characters, and male genitalia are il- lustrated. The habitat and associated host plants are given, and North American locality records are listed and mapped. Several selected keys to North American genera of Cydnidae are modified to include Aethus, an Old World genus. Aethus Dallas, an Old World genus comprised of at least 19 species (Stichel, 1961), is distributed throughout most of the Palearctic and a portion of the Oriental region. All North American species previously assigned to Aethus belong to the genus 7ominotus Mulsant and Rey (Froeschner, 1960). The burrower bug Aethus nigritus (F.) was detected recently in the Western Hemisphere (Hoebeke, 1978, 1980), based on specimens submitted (to ERH) for identification in support of the USDA-APHIS “High Hazard Pest Survey” pro- gram. A single adult male was taken in a soybean field at Townsend, Delaware (New Castle Co.), on 8 June 1977; a second male, from forage at Waterford, Connecticut (New London Co.), on 22 August 1979. In this paper we confirm the establishment of A. nigritus in the eastern United States, give additional locality records from New England and the Middle Atlantic states, map its distribution, and briefly describe its habitat and associated host plants. An adult diagnosis and photographs of the adult habitus and other distin- guishing adult characters are provided, and selected keys to North American Cydnidae (i.e., Froeschner, 1960; Slater and Baranowski, 1978; and McPherson, 1982) are modified to include A. nigritus. Aethus nigritus (F.) Aethus nigritus is a common Old World cydnid that ranges throughout most of Europe, the Soviet Union, and Asia (Stichel, 1961). Although its habits have not been well studied, this fossorial bug is generally found in sandy areas such as dunes and fields and is known to occur up to 15 cm deep (Otten, 1956) at the roots of weeds like Artemesia campestris L., Achillea, and Calluna (Stichel, 1925), VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 739 Fig. 1. Habitus of Aethus nigritus, dorsal aspect. Scale line = 1.0 mm. and grasses, particularly Corynephorus canescens (L.) Beauv. (Stichel, 1961). Kerzhner (1967) characterizes A. nigritus as a ““‘polyphagous” and “‘sometimes injurious” species. Adults overwinter about 5 cm deep in loose sand and become active on warm days in early spring (Schumacher, 1916). Mating occurs during April and May, and eggs are laid in loose clusters in the sand near their host plants (Hertzel, 1982). A. nigritus sometimes occurs in large numbers and occasionally injures crop plants, e.g., lupine, potatoes, and rye (Schumacher, 1916; Reclaire, 1936). Other Aethus species also cause sporadic crop damage—A. indicus (West- wood) to germinating corn in Indonesia (Kalshoven, 1950) and A. J/aticollis ori- entalis Ghauri to pearl millet, Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.), and to wheat in sandy areas in central India (Ghauri, 1975). Aethus nigritus is the only species of Aethus known to be established in the 740 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 2. Mesopleuron and metapleuron of Aethus nigritus, ventral aspect. A, photograph of area. B, line schematic of same, highlighting diagnostic structures. [ev, evaporatoria; pe, peritreme; la, lamella. Terminology after Froeschner, 1960.] Scale line = 1.0 mm. Western Hemisphere. During 1978-79, A. nigritus was intercepted from a ship- ment of roots of Glycyrrhiza sp. (Leguminosae) from China that was destined for Pennsylvania (USDA, 1981). In addition, at least two other species of Aethus have been intercepted at U.S. ports of entry since 1944. Aethus indicus, widespread in Eurasia, has been intercepted on numerous occasions in cargo destined prin- cipally for Hawaii, California, Washington, Alaska, and the eastern U.S. (including Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey and New York) (USDA, 1946-1981), and during 1971-72, A. pilosus H.-S. was found in soil in a shipment from the Soviet Union and destined for New York (USDA, 1974). Distribution and habits in North America.—In addition to the original collec- tion of A. nigritus in Townsend, DE and Waterford, CT, we provide the following localities in eastern North America (Fig. 5), based on the examination of museum specimens and our own collecting. Connecticut: New London Co., Stonington, Barn Island, 12 August 1976, Slater, Ford, and O’Donnell. Tolland Co., Storrs, 30 May 1977, D. Leston; Storrs, Univ. of Conn. campus, 29 May 1983, ERH and AGW;; Mansfield Center, 9 July 1979 and 25 April 1980, J. A. Slater. Middlesex Co., Old Saybrook, 28 May 1983, ERH and AGW. New Jersey: Burlington Co., Lebanon State Forest, 4 mi. N of Chatsworth, 11 May 1969, G. C. and K. Eickwort. New York: Nassau Co., Tobay Beach, 19 May 1975, G. C. Eickwort. Pennsylvania: Dauphin Co., Harrisburg, 2 June 1983, AGW. At a landfill at Old Saybrook, Connecticut, we collected more than 20 adults of A. nigritus under rocks of various sizes and in the gravelly, sandy soil up to several centimeters deep. Most of the cydnids were taken near roots of the dom- inant grasses present in the landfill, namely Festuca capillata Lam., Panicum lanuginosum EIll., and P. clandestinum L. Two adults ofa native cydnid, Amnestus spinifrons (Say), also were collected under rocks at the same site. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 741 Figs. 3-4. Aethus nigritus. Scale line = 0.25 mm. 3, Right clasper of male genitalia, mesal aspect. 4, Aedeagus of male genitalia, lateral aspect. On the campus of the University of Connecticut (Storrs) specimens of A. nigritus were collected under mats of grasses overlying the edge of a sidewalk and were observed crawling across the sidewalk. The one Pennsylvania specimen collected also was observed running across a sidewalk; Gulde (1933) mentions a similar habit (““Wege laufend’’) for A. nigritus in Europe. The single specimens known from New Jersey (Pine Barrens) and New York (Tobay Beach on Long Island) probably were collected in sandy areas that appear typical for the species in the Old World. Recognition.— Adults of A. nigritus (Fig. 1) closely resemble those of several native cydnids occurring in eastern North America (especially species of Micro- porus Uhler, Tominotus, and Melanaethus Uhler), but may be differentiated by the following diagnosis: Dark piceous-brown, with hemelytra often rufous-brown; body length 4.0—5.2 mm; anterior margin of head between eyes with a submarginal row of long setae and short, erect pegs (Fig. 1); peritreme of scent gland channel forming apically a large, nearly circular, partly polished loop (Fig. 2); metapleural evaporatorium (Fig. 2) extensive, occupying more than half of sclerite, and nearly reaching base of metapleural lamella posteriorly; and clasper and aedeagus of male genitalia as in Figs. 3 and 4. We have modified several selected keys to the North American Cydnidae to include A. nigritus. The two regional works chosen contain updated keys, are popular among users, and encompass the fauna of eastern North America. In addition, the key in a monograph of the cydnid fauna of the Western Hemisphere is modified to reflect the presence of a newly introduced taxon in the hemisphere. A key to the Cydnidae of the eastern United States by Slater and Baranowski (1978) has been modified, beginning with their couplet #6 (p. 36): 6. Scent gland channel forming a loop surrounding a ventrally visible pore, the outer end broadly rounded. Fig. 32, and Fig. 2 herein 742 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON p \ JEFFERSON ast | | i | \ —~ 4 ews | ae =} | MILTON | | We \ WARREN ae | OSWEGO = \ \_ + c “ pe | NIAGARA | ORLEANS | a WN. oneinan Se J | rs ay eal els yi pines SS ( FULTON \SARA - } \ < . . GENESEE 7 eto are ONONDAGA | = & ————Fl D | | [Le | = ONTARIO / x | manson | JRE oF) Ene oo fie {cavuGa —| Ss ( wroming | | &\ 2 RS 4 (YATES Nes : | = f — © |S lcnenan oy 5 ~ es lé ne IS eee ee re s | fe | CATTARAUGUS | ALLEGANY STEUBEN LL Sh i ees EURUIAU QO om TIOGA faRoome UL | | Re | | WARREN [ MCKEAN | 2 8 | | BRADFORD | SUSQUEHANNA) A sui ivan CRAWFORD | POTTER | pons | % te as [venmmes}—] oe Lo Go} weN ) 2 Hetanian| s LY jcumton \ . Here GC N oY < ( — aS \ | | \ o i y~7] ¥ CLEARFIELD 3 S i= HAN MERCER BUTLER | o }—<—_4 CENTRE & ‘ p BEDFORD / > ea \ SOMERSET | / %, WYCARROL Ye, 4 a5 x) ome ) FREoERICK» | Me % DERICK) { “A%o%o 70 GARRETT / \ 1 VF CHARLES \Y S| Sy =) Fig. 5. Distribution of Aethus nigritus in eastern United States. Map shows portions of New England, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland. 6a. Scent gland channel not forming a loop, but subacute at outer end, pore visible posteriorly, not ventrally..Fig., 33) i220)... ose eee Tominotus 7. Terminal process of scent gland channel flat, expanded posteriorly as a partially polished flap: Fig. 34= i432 Le See) ee ee Melanaethus 7a. Terminal process of scent gland channel neither expanded nor flat. Fig. agate ah cask are ys ah Sach edn sa ge eee Dallasiellus 8. Metapleural evaporatorium very limited, just outlining peritreme, not approaching metapleural lamella posteriorly ................ Microporus 8a. Metapleural evaporatorium more extensive, occupying more than half of sclerite, nearly reaching base of metapleural lamella posteriorly. Fig. Dihererm =) 2 At se) eee Ne ee tlk 2 ee ek SS eee Aethus McPherson’s (1982) key to the Cydninae of Northeastern North America, start- ing with his couplet #2 (p. 29), is modified as follows: 2. Metapleural evaporative area just outlining peritreme, not approaching metapleural lamella posteriorly -55...-...045- = Microporus Uhler (p. 30) | VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 743 2'. Metapleural evaporative area larger, occupying more than half of sup- porting plate and reaching metapleural lamella ..................... 2a. 2a. Head in front with submarginal row of long hairs and short, erect pegs (Vara ee ilo) Maat tee aan Ie ee er eee ae eee a eT ee ee weg Aethus Dallas 2a’. Head in front with submarginal row of widely spaced hairs only ..... Sik SRS Bt a MS REC eco ap alo f Melanaethus Uhler (p. 31) Finally, a key to the Cydnidae of the Western Hemisphere by Froeschner (1960) is altered to include Aethus; couplet #7 (p. 381) is modified to read: 7. Terminal process of peritreme scoop-shaped or auricular (Fig. 95), or Heh WaCINCUlATACEIG sell) xo .,25 sh4.nnhae Sree nite acu een US Seeds eee 7a — Terminal process of peritreme flat, simply expanded posteriorly as a more or less polished lobe (Figs. 96, 97), osteole opening posteriorly, not con- SWICUOUSAVC MULAN Yaa vcs oe SS encackc ok Mee Melanaethus Uhler (p. 421) 7a. Peritreme terminating apically in a free-edged, truncated auricle (Fig. 95), with osteole opening at its base ....:....2.. Onalips Signoret (p. 415) — Peritreme terminating in a large, differentiated, free-edged, circular loop (Fig. 2 herein), with osteole opening at its base ............ Aethus Dallas ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank James A. Slater (Univ. of Connecticut) for bringing to our attention specimens in the University of Connecticut collection, and for accompanying us on a collecting trip to portions of coastal Connecticut in search of this introduced cydnid. We also acknowledge Robert J. Hill (Penn. Dept. of Agric., Harrisburg, PA) for identifying the grass species present in the Old Saybrook, CT landfill, one of the localities where A. nigritus was found. LITERATURE CITED Froeschner, R.C. 1960. Cydnidae of the Western Hemisphere. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 111: 337-680. Ghauri, M. S. K. 1975. Ona new subspecies of Aethus laticollis Wagner (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cydnidae) as a serious pest of Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.) in India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 72: 226-229. Gulde, J. 1933. 3. Familie Cydnidae, II. Teil, pp. 49-73. Jn Die Wanzen Mitteleuropas. Hemiptera Heteroptera Mitteleuropas. Internationalen Entomologischen Vereins E. V., Frankfurtam Main. Hertzel, G. 1982. Beitrage zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Heteroptera-Plataspidae und Cydnidae (Insecta). Faun. Abh. Mus. Tierk. Dresden 10:114-123. Hoebeke, E. R. 1978. (Note). Jn U.S. Dept. Agric., Cooperative Plant Pest Report 3(29): 376. 1980. (Note). Jn U.S. Dept. Agric., Cooperative Plant Pest Report 5(36): 691. Kalshoven, L. G. E. 1950. De Plagen van de Cultuurgewassen in Indonesié. Vol. I. N. V. Uitgeverij W. Van Hoeve. ‘S-Gravenhage/Bandoeng. 512 pp. Kerzhner, I. M. 1967. Order Hemiptera (Heteroptera), pp. 851-1118. Jn Bei-Beinko, G. Ya., ed., Keys to the insects of the European USSR, Vol. 1. (Translated from Russian. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem.) McPherson, J. E. 1982. The Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera) of Northeastern North America with em- phasis on the fauna of Illinois. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville. 240 pp. Otten, E. 1956. Heteroptera, Wanzen, Halbfliigler, pp. 1-149. 7m Blunck, H., Tierische Schadlinge an Nutzpflanzen, 2. Teil. 3. Lieferung: Heteroptera, Homoptera I. Teil. P. Parey, Berlin and Hamburg. Reclaire, A. 1936. 2e Vervolg op de Naamlijst der in Nederland en het omliggend gebied waargen- omen wantsen (hemiptera-heteroptera). Entom. Ber., No. 210, deel IX (1936): 243-260. Schumacher, F. 1916. [Die faunistischen und biologischen Verhdltnisse der einheimischen Cydni- den]. Dtsch. Entomol. Z., 1916, pp. 210-213. 744 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Slater, J. A. and R. M. Baranowski. 1978. How to know the true bugs (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 256 pp. Stichel, W. 1925. Illustrierte Bestimmungstabellen der Deutschen Wanzen, Lieferung 1-3, pp. 1- 90. W. Stichel, Berlin-Hermsdorf. —. 1961. Pentatomorpha, Cydnidae (2) and Plataspididae, Vol. 4, 22 Heft, pp. 673-704. In Illustrierte Bestimmungstabellen der Deutschen Wanzen. II. Europa (Hemiptera-Heteroptera Europae). Martin-Luther, Berlin-Hermsdorf. USDA. 1946-81. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs. List of Intercepted Plant Pests, 1946, p. 7; 1960, p. 15; 1961, p. 14; 1962, p. 14; 1964; p: 15: 1965; p: 7; 1966) p: 11e 19672 p. LIS 19685 ps 7; 19695 ph 7 19716 pao S72 ap: 6; 1973, p. 6; 1974, p. 7; and 1981, p. 6. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, p. 744 NOTE Metrioptera roeseli (Hagenbach), a European Katydid Found for the First Time in Pennsylvania (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Decticinae) Metrioptera roeseli (Hagenbach, 1822) is a European decticine katydid acci- dently introduced into Canada sometime between 1945 and 1951. It was first reported in the vicinity of Montreal and Ville St. Laurent (Urquhart and Beaudry. 1953. Can. Entomol. 85: 78-9). Kevan et al. (Ann. Entomol. Soc. Quebec 7: 70- 86, 1963) documented its further spread through eastern Canada and reported capture of roeseli for the first time in the United States (New York: Harrigan’s Corners and Meacham Lake). Vickery (Ann. Entomol. Soc. Quebec 9: 165-71, 1965) mapped its distribution in Canada and the United States, and suggested that although collected only in New York State, M. roeseli probably would extend its range into Vermont and Pennsylvania. To date, however, no specimens have been reported from those states. This note documents the first capture of a single short-winged female in Pennsylvania. The specimen was collected in Wayne Co., 1.5 mi. N. of Newfoundland on VII-17-1982 by Gary Hevel and is in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Metrioptera roeseli is similar in form to Orchelimum species but is brown with black and green markings on the lateral lobe of the pronotum. It occurs in both macropterous and brachypterous forms (in which the tegmina are only half as long as the abdomen). It is graminivorous, feeding especially on both wild and cultivated timothy grass (Vickery et al. 1974. Lyman Entomol. Mus. Res. Lab. Memoir 1: 1-204.) but is unlikely to be economically important as a pest. David A. Nickle, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, ARS, USDA, % National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 745-748 REDESCRIPTION OF AGAPETUS AVITUS EDWARDS (TRICHOPTERA: GLOSSOSOMATIDAE) WITH NOTES ON MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION S. C. HARRIS Department of Biology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35486. Abstract.— Agapetus avitus Edwards is redescribed and illustrated. Morpholog- ical variation present in the genitalia and distribution of the species is summarized. In examining several collections of Agapetus (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) from northern Alabama, a number of specimens were tentatively identified as Agapetus avitus Edwards. These specimens could not be positively identified using Fig. 1. Agapetus avitus, male genitalia. a-d, Redrawn from holotype. a, Lateral view. b, Dorsal view. c, ventral view. d, Phallus. e-f, Variation in genitalia; specimens from north Alabama. e, Tenth tergum, dorsal view. f, Apical portion of tenth tergum, dorsal view. 746 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 2. Agapetus avitus, female terminalia. a-b, Redrawn from allotype. a, Lateral view. b, Dorsal view. c-d, Variation in terminalia, specimen from north Alabama. c, Lateral view. d, Dorsal view. the original species description and illustrations of Edwards (1956). A final iden- tification was made only after a comparison with the holotype and examining the extent of morphological variation in material from several locations in both Al- abama and Tennessee. The redescription of A. avitus from the holotype and allotype of Edwards and the discussion of morphological variation which follows should simplify future identifications. Agapetus avitus Edwards Figs. 1-2 Male (Fig. la—d).— Length 6 mm. Wings, legs, and abdominal segments brown; head and thorax dark brown. Antennal segments 28. Abdominal segment IX quadrate in lateral view, incised dorsally and continuous with tenth tergum. Pre- anal appendages (cerci) thin, in dorsal view gradually curving laterally, extending about half the length of segment X, fused basally with dorso-lateral edge of segment IX. Inferior appendages (claspers) in lateral view parallel sided basally, rounded distally; triangular ventrally with ventro-mesal edge bearing a heavily sclerotized spine apically and subapically. Tenth tergite elongate, wide basally tapering to apex; memvranous dorsally with pair of lobes distally, ventral portion divided into two sclerotized arms, each heavily sclerotized at ventro-lateral margin and VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 747 Fig. 3. Distribution of Agapetus avitus in the southeastern United States. terminating in a long, acute spine, with small spine subapically and broad spine near base. Phallus typical for genus, elongate, tapering distally, bulbous at apex. Female (Fig. 2a—b).—In general, appearance similar to male. Length 6 mm (pharate adult). Antennal segments 28. Abdominal segment VII quadrate and lightly sclerotized, ridged ventro-laterally, incised dorsally on distal margin; pair of apodemes extending from midsegment anteriorly to segment V. Segment VIII tubular, membranous, and often retracted into VII; pair of apodemes extending from distal portion of segment anteriorly to segment V margin. Segment IX rectangular, membranous, with lateral wing-like lobes; pair of sclerotic rods at dorso-lateral margin connected anteriorly by heavily sclerotized dorsal bridge. Segment X membranous, rounded distally with pair of two-segmented cerci. Morphological variation.—The species varies in size from 5.8-6.6 mm with males and females similarly sized. Coloration varies little in the species. Most of the variation in the 84 specimens examined from Tennessee and Alabama oc- curred in features of the genitalia. In the males, this variation appears restricted primarily to the shape and structure of the tenth tergum. In females, the appearance of abdominal segment IX is variable. In the holotype, the tenth tergum, in dorsal view, is wide at its base with the ventral arms possessing two pair of spines apically and another pair basally (Fig. 1b). In examined specimens, the tenth tergum is often narrow and parallel sided (Fig. le), although intermediates between the two extremes exist. The spinal 748 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON arrangement of the arms varies from 4 to 10 spines distally (Fig. le and If). The heavy spines present basally on the holotype were absent in all specimens I examined. Unfortunately, the paratype series denoted by Edwards (1956) was destroyed in an accident (S. Edwards, personal communication) making further analysis of this character impossible. In females, the membranous, wing-like lateral lobes of the ninth abdominal segment (as seen on the allotype (Fig. 2b)) are closely appressed in most specimens (Fig. 2c and 2d). The specimen designated as allotype by Edwards (1956) was a pharate adult. These laterally extended lobes were also present in other pharate females I examined. Evidently, the lobes become more laterally appressed as specimens mature. Distribution. —Agapetus avitus appears to be limited in range to a small portion of the southeastern United States in Tennessee and Alabama (Fig. 3). In Alabama, the species has been collected in Lauderdale County; in Tennessee records exist for Bedford, Coffee, Hardin, Perry, and Wayne counties. The species occurs in spring runs and in small, swift streams with rocky substrates. Adults have been collected from April through June. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My thanks to John Unzicker and David Etnier for the loan of Alabama and Tennessee specimens, respectively. Dr. Etnier also reviewed the manuscript and provided many records from Tennessee. Oliver S. Flint, Jr. provided the types of Agapetus avitus. I also thank Sabra Rager for typing the manuscript and Ruth Turner for producing the plates. LITERATURE CITED Edwards, S. W. 1956. The Trichoptera of Reelfoot Lake with descriptions of three new species. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 21: 7-19. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 749-759 SHORE FLY (DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE) COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN A XERIC GRASS HABITAT BRUCE A. STEINLY Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, 320 Morrill Hall, Urbana, Illinois 61801. Abstract.— Analysis of a xeric terrestrial grass shore fly population found the community composed of 17 species. In addition to the 14 species previously listed from southern Ohio terrestrial grass, Parydra breviceps Loew, Hyadina binotata (Cresson), and H. pruinosa (Cresson) were collected. Leptopsilopa atrimana (Loew) was dominant during the collection period. The consistent presence of L. atrimana adults and gravid females suggested the species has encountered physical and biological conditions satisfying minimum reproductive requirements. Quantita- tive parameters including species diversity (H’), evenness (J’), richness (s), and relative abundance (RA) were calculated for xeric terrestrial grass. A comparison of terrestrial quantitative parameters with aquatic grass shore and limnic wrack suggests fundamental differences in species composition. Also, low indices of similarity in addition to physical and biological observations substantiate the designation of xeric terrestrial grass as a new shore fly habitat. The Ephydridae are considered one of the most diverse families of cyclorraphous Diptera. Of the 404 Nearctic species (Deonier, 1979), most are semi-aquatic as adults and aquatic in the immature instars. Adults are frequently found in wetland habitats, and many species survive the rigors of thermal springs (Brues, 1932; Tuxen, 1944; Wirth and Mathis, 1979), alkaline springs (Brock and Brock, 1968; Lindroth, 1931; Wirth and Mathis, 1979), inland saline pools and lakes (Aldrich, 1912; Ping, 1921; Scheiring and Foote, 1973), coastal salt marshes (Dahl, 1959; Simpson, 1976a), crude oil pools (Crawford, 1912; Thorpe, 1930), and urine- soaked wood (Oldroyd, 1964). Additionally, several unusual larval microhabitats have been reported. Larvae have been collected under a human cadaver and pig droppings (Bohart and Gressitt, 1951), reared from decaying crayfish (Runyan and Deonier, 1979), and marine mussels (Steinly and Runyan, 1979), associated with decaying land snails (Berganstamm, 1864), reared from aquatic snails (Wirth, 1971), preying on the developing eggs of a marsh-inhabiting spider (Becker, 1926; Scheiring and Foote, 1973), developing frog eggs (Bokermann, 1957), and mining leaves (Meijere, 1947). Although these microhabitats were unusual, the shore flies were located in close proximity to aquatic or marine habitats. The first comprehensive ecological, distributional, and behavioral investigation of the Ephydridae was accomplished in Scandinavia (Dahl, 1959). Later, Deonier (1965) reported the results of his studies on the ecology and distribution of the Iowa fauna. Deonier (1965) collected more than 100 shore fly species from 12 750 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON aquatic habitats. Scheiring and Foote (1973) reported 68 species found in 12 aquatic habitat types located in northeastern Ohio. The Iowa and northeastern Ohio populations were later analyzed for spatial and temporal patterns in shore fly diversity (Scheiring, 1974; Scheiring and Deonier, 1979a). In southern Ohio, Regensburg (1976) investigated 12 wetland habitats from which were recorded 65 shore fly species (Deonier and Regensburg, 1978). The final phase of the Ohio study yielded 104 species of Ephydridae from 13 northern Ohio aquatic habitats (Steinly, 1979; Steinly and Deonier, 1980). Also, Zack (1979) reported 45 species from aquatic habitats in Mount Rainier National Park. The Nearctic investigations have focused extensively on the ecology and distribution of the ephydrids within aquatic habitats. These habitats in Iowa, Ohio, and Washington were characterized by vegetation types and/or substrate constitution in various physiographic regions. Several recent publications have focused on shore fly life cycle requirements and natural history. These studies have confirmed the aquatic or semi-aquatic nature of most ephydrid species (Eastin and Foote, 1971; Foote and Eastin, 1974; Simpson, 1975, 1976b; Busacca and Foote, 1978; Deonier and Regensburg, 1978; Zack and Foote, 1978; Runyan and Deonier, 1979; Deonier, Mathis and Re- gensburg, 1979; Thier and Foote, 1980; Foote, 1981la, b; Mathis and Simpson, 1981; Foote, 1982; Zack, 1983a, b). Although ephydrid association with aquatic habitats has been extensively doc- umented, only a few species have been reported from dry (xeric) habitats. One early reference to a distinctly xeric species described the dependence of Mosillus subsultans Fabricius on dry sand substrate into which the organism digs rapidly when shaded (Latreille, 1805; Schiner, 1863). Rapp (1942) identified three Pale- arctic shore fly species in dry habitats (biotopes). In a recent ecological investi- gation of moist, half dry, and dry grassland habitats, Bahrmann (1978) reported the largest numbers of 8 Palearctic ephydrid species from half dry to dry habitats dominated by grasses. These species were rarely collected in moist grassland habitats. In the Nearctic region, Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954) reported the collection of Nostima scutellaris Cresson, Hydrellia griseola (Fallén), Psilopa varipes Co- quillett, P. compta (Meigen), and Philygria (Hydrina) debilis (Loew) from a city lawn and garden. Additionally, H. griseola, a leaf miner, has been recorded from the leaves of oats, strawberries, sagebrush (Deonier, 1971) and late-sown barley (Lilljeborg, 1861; Grimshaw, 1925). In a discussion of the life history of Lepto- psilopa atrimana, Steinly and Runyan (1979) reported 14 shore fly species over a grass lawn located some distance from any typical freshwater habitat. Further- more, the authors suggested that terrestrial habitats may contain aquatic micro- habitats utilized by some ephydrids. During laboratory rearing, L. atrimana ap- peared to be consuming saprophytic microorganisms trapped in the surface film on decaying grass blades (Steinly and Runyan, 1979). Similarly, Scheiring and Foote (1973) suggested the abundant decaying organic matter of the limnic wrack habitat provided a suitable substrate for the proliferation of bacteria, yeast, and unicellular algae. Selection by shore flies of low humidity regions was experimentally verified by Dahl (1959). Also, Dahl maintained a few species at low humidity, and these species withstood desiccation. These xerophilists reached greatest predominance within the dry Hockenye and dune heath biotopes (Dahl, 1959). The dry Hockenye VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 Us)! and dune heath biotopes are transitional beach areas with distinctive vegetation communities and are not inundated by tides or storms. Drought and temperature resistance may enable certain Ephydridae to colonize terrestrial habitats having aquatic microhabitats. In this paper, I compare shore fly species diversity, evenness, and richness of selected aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Shore fly species temporal and abundance patterns are described for the Nearctic terrestrial habitat. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA On July 4, 1978, a shore fly community was discovered over a grass lawn and garden area. These collecting localities were located 4 km north of Oxford, Ohio. The habitats were not in close proximity to surface water and not subject to irrigation. The nearest permanent surface water, an abandoned gravel pit, was located 0.5 km to the west. No shore flies were associated with ephemeral wood- land seepage areas 150 m to the west. The grass lawn collecting site included substantial accumulations of mowed grass clippings in various stages of decomposition. The lawn was mowed infre- quently depending upon the growth rates of the vascular plant cover. Plant species commonly encountered in the lawn included: Festuca elatior Linnaeus (meadow fescue), Cyperus esculentis Linnaeus, Digitoria sanguinalis (Linnaeus) Scopoli (crabgrass), Setaria faberi Herrman (nodding foxtail), S. /utescens (Weigel) Hub- bard, Medicago lupulina Linnaeus (hop or black medick), Muhlenbergia schreberi J. Gmelin and Oxalis sp. Linnaeus (wood sorel). I located a garden area 100 m south of the grass lawn with a path, approximately 50 m long on the west side. The path was in frequent use and was characterized by intermittent hard packed barren soil areas and patches of Digitoria sanguinalis. Although the garden path was devoid of extensive vascular plant growth, the soil areas retained moisture during periods of low and high precipitation. Soil moisture was renewed by the heavy morning dew. The garden vegetation to the east and trees in close proximity to the west shaded the exposed soil during the major portion of the day. These areas of exposed soil were covered sparsely with dried plant debris. Adjacent vegetation included Setaria faberi, and cultivated garden varieties of Lycopersicon esculentum P. Miller (tomato), and Capsicum sp. Lin- naeus (bell pepper). These sites were situated on a ridge sheltered by a dense tree line to the west. The ridge area was well drained, since the slope prohibited surface accumulation of precipitation. METHODS AND MATERIALS Shore flies were collected with a modified aerial sweep net (Regensburg, 1977) from July 4 through November, 1978. Additional sampling was continued in February, 1979 through June, 1979 over the grass lawn. Although begun in Feb- ruary, 1979, collecting had to be terminated over the garden area in April, because the area was brought into cultivation. Sampling was done weekly over the mowed lawn and garden path. Adult Ephydridae were selectively aspirated from samples collected over both localities. These adults were isolated in 7 dram vials in the field. The remaining insects in the collecting bags, including specimens of Leptopsilopa atrimana, were 752 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON immediately killed with ethyl acetate at the site. Dead specimens of Leptopsilopa atrimana, Paralimna punctipennis Wiedemann, Philygria debilis, Nostima scu- tellaris, Hydrellia formosa Loew, and Hyadina albovenosa Coquillett were ex- amined to ascertain reproductive condition. The percent relative abundance of each species was calculated within the ter- restrial localities. The percentage ranges (Scheiring and Foote, 1973; Regensburg, 1976; Deonier and Regensburg, 1978; Steinly, 1979) were characterized as follows: 1-2% rare (r); 3—8% occasional (occ); 9-14% common (c); 15-25% abundant (a); and 26—100% very abundant (va). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) (Scheiring, 1974) was calculated be- cause it incorporates species richness (s) and evenness (J'). Diversity was calculated by: H’ = — =p, log,.Pi where p, is nj/N, n, is the number of individuals of the ith species of the habitat being considered, and N is the total number of individuals per habitat. Although Wilhm and Dorris (1968) and Olive and Dambach (1973) have stated that H’ is essentially dimensionless and not affected by sample size (N), Sanders (1968), Pielou (1969), Fager (1972), and Simberloff (1972) have shown that this index is sensitive to sample size in many instances. However, no mathematically or conceptually acceptable alternative has been proposed (Scheir- ing, 1974). Habitats were sampled for the same approximate amount of time and differences in sample size reflect biological differences among the habitats. Even- ness (J’) (Scheiring, 1974) was calculated by: J' = H’/log,, s where s is the species richness (species number) per habitat. H’, J’, and s values for the aquatic grass shore and limnic wrack habitats (Scheiring and Foote, 1973; Scheiring, 1974; Scheiring and Deonier, 1979b) were compared with calculated values for the terrestrial grass lawn and garden localities. The community composition of the infrequently mowed grass lawn was com- pared by means of the Sorenson index of similarity (I) with aquatic grass shore and limnic wrack data compiled by Regensburg (1976), Steinly (1979), and data reported by Scheiring and Foote (1973), Scheiring (1974), and Scheiring and Deonier (1979b). The similarity index was calculated with the formula I = 2C/ A + B where I is the index of similarity, C is the number of species shared, A is the number of species in habitat A, and B is the number of species in habitat B (Scheiring and Deonier, 1979b). The aquatic grass shore was compared with the terrestrial habitats, because these habitats were dominated by similar vascular vegetation. The limnic wrack was compared with terrestrial sites because these ephydrid populations appear to have similar larval food resources. Shore fly larvae seem to be feeding on microorganisms in terrestrial and limnic wrack habitats. The value of the Sorenson index ranges from 0 when there is no similarity (no species shared) between habitats to 1 when there is complete similarity (all species shared). RESULTS Relative abundance and community structure.—The dominant species of Ephydridae on the grass lawn were Leptopsilopa atrimana (va) and Hydrellia formosa (occ) (Table 1). L. atrimana was very abundant (Table 2) during all months of the investigation. L. atrimana accounted for 87.7% of the total pop- ulation (Table 3) over the grass lawn. Scheiring and Foote (1973) did not report L. atrimana from the grass shore habitat in northeastern Ohio, but found the VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 733 Table 1. Ephydridae (Diptera) found in xeric terrestrial habitats in southeastern Ohio. Grass Garden Relative Relative Number Abundance Number Abundance Species N R.A. R.A. Allotrichoma simplex 6 r = = Discocerina obscurella 14 r 11 oce Ditrichophora exigua 3 r 3 r Hyadina albovenosa 11 r = == H. binotata 2 r l H. pruinosa 2 r ] Hydrellia formosa 153 occ 18 occ H. griseola 7 r 1 H. ischiaca 4 r 1 r H. tibialis 4 r — == Leptopsilopa atrimana 1870 va 64 a Limnellia anna _ _ 1 ie Nostima scutellaris 16 r 14 occ Ochthera mantis _ — 1 ir Paralimna punctipennis 15 ic AMG va Parydra breviceps 1 r = — Philygria debilis 197 r 6 r Psilopa dupla 3 r _ = Trimerina madizans — = 1 it Typopsilopa atra 4 r — _ Total = Total = DB?) 340 species common (c) in the limnic wrack. Steinly (1979) and Regensburg (1976) did not encounter L. atrimana in the limnic wrack of northern and southern Ohio, but found the species rare (r) in the grass shore, marsh reeds, mud shore, sand shore, sedge meadow, and stagnant woodland pool habitats. Scheiring and Deonier (1979b) reported Hydrellia griseola and H. tibialis Cresson the dominant species from Iowa grass shore habitat while Discocerina obscurella (Fallén), H. griseola, and Notiphila scalaris Loew were dominant in northeastern Ohio. The most numerous species over the garden area included Paralimna puncti- pennis (va), Nostima scutellaris (occ), Discocerina obscurella (occ), and Hydrellia formosa (occ). P. punctipennis accounted for 63.8% of the total specimens collected at the garden locality. The remaining species at both terrestrial localities were rare (r) (Table 1). P. punctipennis specimens were rarely collected in southern Ohio floating algal mat, floating vegetation, freshet seep, periphytose stream rocks, sedge meadow, terrestrial shoreline vegetation, and occasionally (occ) in limnic wrack and mud shore habitats (Regensburg, 1976). A single specimen was collected in northern Ohio from floating vegetation habitat (Steinly, 1979). Previously, Par- ydra appendiculata Loew was reported from Iowa, and D. obscurella and Dichaeta caudata (Fallén) were reported from northeastern Ohio as the dominant shore flies in the limnic wrack (Scheiring and Deonier, 1979b). The limnic wrack, grass shore, and garden area shore fly populations were compared with the terrestrial grass species assemblage by means of the Sorenson 754 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 2. Temporal patterns of shore fly species in terrestrial grass and garden habitats. Species collected from both habitats (B), collected from grass lawn only (L), and collected from garden area only (P). Month— 1978 Month— 1979 Species “July Aug. Sept. Oct._—Nov. _ “Mar. Apr. May June _ Allotrichoma simplex L L II Discocerina obscurella 1 it B B II Ditrichophora exigua L B II Hyadina albovenosa 1 iL II H. binotata Po ok §& H. pruinosa IL B II Hydrellia formosa IL 1, B B L I iL, H. griseola L B II H. ischiaca I B II H. tibialis iL, L L II Leptopsilopa atrimana L IC B B TOT L L IL, Limnellia anna P II Nostima scutellaris B L B P II B Ochthera mantis II P Paralimna punctipennis P P B B P Il L Parydra breviceps L II Philygria debilis B L B B II B IL Psilopa dupla L II Trimerina madizans 1p II Typopsilopa atra IL IL, II index of similarity (Table 4). The garden path and grass lawn had the greatest index of similarity. The similarity values for northeastern, northern, and southern Ohio grass shore and limnic wrack habitats were low. The index values for the limnic wrack were generally lower than the values calculated for the aquatic grass shore. These values suggest a fundamental difference in the composition of the ephydrid communities, particularly in the limnic wrack habitat. Diversity.—The overall values for habitat diversity (H’), evenness (J’), and richness (s) are given in Table 5. The H’ and J’ were lowest for the terrestrial grass lawn due to the predominance of Leptopsilopa atrimana in the population. The aquatic habitats, including grass shore and limnic wrack, have relatively high H’, J', and s values (Scheiring and Deonier, 1979b). The only exceptions were the values for H’ in the Iowa grass shore and for s in the limnic wrack of northeastern Ohio (Scheiring and Deonier, 1979b). The consistent disparity between the aquatic and terrestrial H’, J’, and s values suggests a fundamental difference in shore fly community structures. In addition, the lack of J', low s and % relative abundance for the grass lawn suggests that L. atrimana is the only species in the population adapted to the terrestrial habitat. Seasonal distribution. — Leptopsilopa atrimana was collected consistently in large numbers during warmer months from the grass lawn. During November of 1978 and March and April of 1979, L. atrimana was not encountered in large numbers, but the species comprised the largest percentage of the shore flies collected (Table 3). The consistent abundance of L. atrimana suggests that the species was a relatively permanent inhabitant of the grass lawn. The examination and dissection VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 35 Table 3. Monthly percent relative abundance (R.A.) of Leptopsilopa atrimana on the grass lawn habitat. Total Number of Total Number of Month R.A. L. atrimana Shore Flies July, 1978 0.910 546 600 August 0.913 306 335 September 0.821 418 509 October 0.869 345 397 November 0.625 10 16 March, 1979 0.600 9 15 April 1.000 11 16 May 0.875 168 192 June 1.000 57 57 Total = 0.877 Total = 1870 Total = 2132 of L. atrimana, Philygria debilis, Nostima scutellaris, Paralimna punctipennis, Hyadina albovenosa, and Hydrellia formosa revealed gravid females. Gravid L. atrimana were encountered from April to mid September. All gravid species, except P. punctipennis, were associated with the grass lawn. The presence of gravid females suggests that the minimum reproductive requirements for the species were being satisfied in the terrestrial habitat. One L. atrimana larva was collected from grass clippings on the grass lawn. The presence of Leptopsilopa atrimana, Paralimna punctipennis, and Disco- cerina obscurella during September and October in lawn and garden may be attributed to immigration. Philygria debilis and Nostima scutellaris were collected often in both localities, suggesting that these species were residents and/or moved between habitats. Typospilopa atra Loew, Psilopa dupla, Parydra breviceps, Hy- drellia tibialis, Hyadina albovenosa, and Allotrichoma simplex (Loew) were col- lected only in the grass lawn habitat, while 7rimerina madizans (Fallén), Ochthera mantis (De Geer), and Limnellia anna Cresson were found exclusively associated with the garden path. Previously, Hyadina binotata, H. pruinosa, and Parydra breviceps were not reported from terrestrial grass habitat. DISCUSSION The seasonal persistence of ephydrids in large numbers in dry terrestrial grass, the dissimilarity of the comparative parameters, and the observed physical, bi- ological, and population differences all support the contention that grassland is a hitherto unreported habitat for ephydrids. Moreover, the collection of Palearctic shore fly species in xeric grassland biotopes (Bahrmann, 1978) suggests the pres- ence of the Ephydridae in a Nearctic dry terrestrial habitat is not a biological anomaly. Preliminary experimental evidence concerning drought and temperature resistance (Dahl, 1959) has substantiated the capacity of certain Ephydridae to withstand the physiological stresses associated with desiccation. The presence of a reproductive shore fly population over a dry terrestrial grass habitat has been confirmed in the Nearctic region. Leptopsilopa atrimana was the dominant ephydrid species and very abundant during all months. Although L. atrimana was collected on March 3, 1979, adult overwintering was not confirmed. 756 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 4. Similarity of shore-fly habitats to terrestrial grass. Habitat Index of Similarity (I) Garden area, Present Study 0.7097 Grass shore NE Ohio! (Scheiring and Foote, 1973) 0.3333 Limnic wrack! 0.3750 Grass shore northern Ohio? (Steinly, 1979) 0.4615 Limnic wrack? 0.2500 Grass shore southern Ohio? (Regensburg, 1976) 0.5581 Limnic wrack? 0.2632 Comparison of the quantitative parameters H’, J’, s, and I strongly indicate fundamental differences in the ephydrid populations associated with aquatic and terrestrial grass habitats. Low H’, J', and s values for the grass lawn, low indices of similarity, and high monthly relative abundance of Leptopsilopa atrimana supports the designation of a new terrestrial habitat for the Ephydridae. The low H’ and J’ for terrestrial grass suggests that L. atrimana has adapted to the intrinsic physical and biological conditions in the habitat. Even though the garden area quantitative parameters were not similar to the aquatic grass shore and limnic wrack, the designation of a new habitat (terrestrial soil) is not warranted. Although Paralimna punctipennis was dominant over the garden path, a relatively high similarity value suggests that the ephydrid community structure was comparable to the population within the terrestrial grass. The gross similarities in dominant vascular vegetation are not indicative of subtle biological and physical differences encountered in the aquatic grass shore and terrestrial grass habitats. In particular, vegetation growth rate and condition on the grass shore are often regulated and/or altered by one or more of the following: the length and number of times the habitat is submerged; the intensity of flushing and scouring; the amount of habitat area flooded and subjected to flushing; and the amount and type of sediment deposition. During laboratory rearing, Leptopsilopa atrimana larvae were unable to escape or survive entrapment in large areas of condensation on the vial walls (Steinly, unpubl.). Although larvae continually probed the internal condensation surface, individuals were not able to break the surface tension and expired in 4—6 hours. L. atrimana larval entrapment suggests the species is not well adapted to sub- mersion. Feeding observations suggested that Leptopsilopa atrimana larvae consume microorganisms on decaying vegetation surfaces (Steinly and Runyan, 1979). During flood, grass shore decaying vegetation was removed or coated with sedi- ment (Steinly, unpubl.). The terrestrial grass habitat was not subjected to flood. The terrestrial availability of microorganisms and ephydrid oviposition sites may facilitate habitat colonization by L. atrimana. Limnic wrack, composed of decaying organic matter, provides ample substrate for microorganism proliferation (Scheiring and Foote, 1973). The transient limnic wrack is subjected to physical stresses that include rapid desiccation (thermal and wind), periodic inundations, and severe wave action. These physical stresses and bird predation, in all probability, precluded the colonization and development of many ephydrid species. Leptopsilopa atrimana was reported common (c) from northeastern Ohio limnic wrack (Scheiring and Foote, 1973), but was encountered rarely (r) by Regensburg (1976) and Steinly (1979). Limnic wrack habitat disrup- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 UST Table 5. Diversity, evenness, and richness values for Ephydridae in Nearctic habitats. Diversity Evenness Richness Ephydrid Habitats (H’) (J’) (s) Terrestrial grass! (Present Study) 0.252 0.205 17 Garden area! 0.535 0.467 14 Grass shore NE Ohio? (Scheiring and Deonier, 1979b) 0.9 0.70 19 Grass shore, Iowa? 0.42 0.31 24 Limnic wrack, Ohio? 0.817 0.76 12 Limnic wrack, Iowa? 1.36 0.82 45 tion may interrupt the relatively long life cycle (1 7-27 days) of L. atrimana (Steinly and Runyan, 1979). Leptopsilopa atrimana utilization, colonization and oviposition of terrestrial habitats may depend on the stability of decaying vegetation. The stable terrestrial grass microhabitat (decaying vegetation) provides a substrate for microorganism proliferation (Steinly and Runyan, 1979). In terrestrial grass, L. atrimana is not subjected to the disruptive forces common in aquatic habitats. Although adults remain in the same general area of pupation, Scheiring (1974) was convinced that the species in a habitat were determined by larval adaptation. Deonier (1965) and Scheiring (1974) have suggested that most ephydrid larvae have more specialized habitat and food requirements than the adults. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express appreciation to D. Brandenburg for his botanical identifica- tions. D. L. Deonier reviewed early drafts while May Berenbaum provided in- valuable criticism of the final manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Aldrich, J. M. 1912. 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In Deonier, D. L., ed., First Symposium on the Systematics and Ecology of Ephydridae (Diptera). North Am. Benthol. Soc. Zack, R.S. 1979. Habitat distribution of the Ephydridae (Diptera) of Mount Rainier National Park (Washington State), pp. 81-98. Jn Deonier, D. L., ed., First Symposium on the Systematics and Ecology of Ephydridae (Diptera). North Am. Benthol. Soc. 1983a. Biology and immature stages of Paracoenia bisetosa (Coquillett) (Diptera:Ephydri- dae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 76: 487-497. . 1983b. Biology and immature stages of Setacera needhami Johannsen (Diptera:Ephydridae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 85: 10-25. Zack, R.S. and B. A. Foote. 1978. Utilization of algal monocultures by larvae of Scatella stagnalis. Environ. Entomol. 7: 509-511. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 760-768 DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA AND PUPA OF ARGYRIPA LANSBERGEI (SALLE) WITH NEW DISTRIBUTIONAL RECORDS FOR THE GENUS AND A KEY TO NEW WORLD GYMNETINI LARVAE (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: CETONIINAE) MIGUEL ANGEL MORON AND BRETT C. RATCLIFFE (MAM) Instituto de Ecologia, Apdo. Postal 18-845, México, D. F. 11800, MEXICO; (BCR) Systematics Research Collections, University of Nebraska State Museum, W436 Nebraska Hall, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588- 0514 U.S.A. Abstract.—The third instar larva and pupa of Argyripa lansbergei (Sallé) are described and illustrated based on specimens from Mexico. New records are given for A. anomala (Mexico), A. gloriosa (Ecuador), and A. lansbergei (Mexico). A key to the larvae of New World Gymnetini is provided. Ratcliffe (1978) revised and illustrated the four species of the cetoniine genus Argyripa which ranged from Chontales, Nicaragua, to Portoviejo, Ecuador. During recent collecting near the Tacana Volcano, Chiapas, Mexico, Moron found larvae that, after being laboratory reared, emerged as Argyripa lansbergei adults. In addition, Luis Gonzalez-Cota collected two adult specimens of A. anomala (Bates) in Veracruz and Oaxaca states, Mexico. Lastly, Ratcliffe found additional Mexican specimens of both of these species in the collections of the Museum fiir Naturkunde in Berlin. These new records clearly indicate the presence of this Neotropical genus in Mexico, about 1200 km to the NW of its previously known occurrence. DESCRIPTIONS Six larvae of A. /Jansbergei were preserved in the field upon collection in March 1982. The remaining ten specimens were placed in individual plastic containers with 250 grams of organic bedding composed of equal portions of black soil, milled rotten wood, and pulverized dry cow dung. The rearing containers con- taining larvae were maintained at 20 + 3° C for seven months until all the adults had emerged. One third instar larva collected on 9 March reached the adult stage on 3 May. The remaining eight larvae formed pupal cells from 30 June to 11 September. One specimen died. The egg-shaped pupation cells constructed by the larvae remained intact for 60-105 days after which the adults began to emerge (Fig. 14). From lab reared, third stage larvae, adults were recovered in May (one specimen), August (one specimen), September (one specimen), and October (four specimens). Technical terms and abbreviations used in the text and figures are those of VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 761 Ritcher (1966). The larvae and adults studied in this project are deposited in the M. A. Moron Collection/Museo de Historia Natural de la Ciudad de México, and in the B. C. Ratcliffe Collection. Argyripa lansbergei (Salle) Figs. 1-13 Third instar larva.—This description is based on the following material: six third instar larvae, two cast skins of third instar larvae reared to the pupal stage, and seven cast skins of third instar larvae reared to the adult stage. All 15 larvae collected in MEXICO: State of Chiapas, Cacaohatan Municipality, Finca San José de la Victoria, 9-III-1982, M. A. Moron & R. Terr6n, in rich organic soil under rotten log of Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. (coffee-cacao plantation surrounded by tropical rain forest, 430 m altitude). Head (Fig. 1): Maximum width of head capsule 4.0—4.3 mm. Surface of cranium smooth to slightly roughened, yellowish. Frons with one posterior frontal seta, one exterior frontal seta, one anterior frontal seta, and one anterior angle seta on each side. Dorsoepicranial seta consisting of 2 large and 1—4 small setae on each side. Clypeus with one posterior clypeal seta and 2—4 exterior clypeal setae on each side. Labrum (Fig. 2) trilobed, with 8-11 large setae on each side; clithra present. Haptomeral region of epipharynx with transverse row of 7-8 conical setae below haptomeral transverse process. Right chaetoparia with 15-18 large median setae and 30-36 slender external setae. Left chaetoparia with 12-15 large median setae and 21-25 slender external setae. Pedium with 8-12 sensilla and 4-7 conical setae. Left acanthoparia with 9-10 conical setae. Right acanthoparia with 8-9 conical setae. Acroparia with 5—7 long stout setae on each side. Each mandible (Figs. 3—4) with 3 scissorial teeth, bilobed molar areas well developed, and small oval stridulatory areas poorly marked by very fine ridges. Maxillary stridulatory area (Fig. 5) consisting of a row of 5 curved teeth with anteriorly projecting points and an anterior truncate process. Lacinia of maxilla (Fig. 6) with 2 terminal unci fused basally, dorsal uncus much larger, dorsobasal expansion with a conical seta that often appears as third uncus (Fig. 6). Galea with large, terminal uncus. Hy- popharyngeal sclerome (Fig. 7) heavily sclerotized, with right process moderately developed. Last antennal segment (Fig. 8) with 10-15 dorsal sensory spots. Thorax: Spiracles (Fig. 9) 0.51—0.56 mm long, 0.29-0.37 mm wide. Respiratory plate with maximum of 36 very small, externally irregular, internally slit-shaped “holes” along any diameter; holes not in definite rows. Distance between two lobes of respiratory plate slightly less than dorsoventral diameter of bulla. Abdomen: Spiracles 1-8 similar in size. Dorsum of abdominal tergum 7 divided into 3 annulets; dorsum of tergum 8 with 2 annulets. Each annulet covered with short, stiff setae and fringed posteriorly with long setae. Segments 9-10 fused dorsally, covered with short, stiff setae and long setae mixed (fused tergum 9 with 2-3 transverse rows of long setae clearly defined). Venter of tenth abdominal segment (Fig. 10) posteriorly with paired palidia and tegilla. Each palidium with 23-26 stout, moderately long, somewhat compressed pali in a single, slightly irregular, longitudinal curved row. Pali separated from each other by space equal to or less than width of palus at its base. Septula elongated, occasionally open posteriorly, always closed anteriorly. Lower anal lip with 10-12 long setae. 762 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 1-6. Argyripa lansbergei. 1, Frontal view of head of third instar larva (AA—anterior angle seta; AFS—anterior frontal seta, DES—dorsoepicranial seta; ECS—exterior clypeal setae; EFS—ex- terior frontal seta; L—labrum; PCS— posterior clypeal seta; PFS — posterior frontal seta). 2, Epipharynx (ACP—acanthoparia; CLI—clithrum; CPA —chaetoparia; H—haptomerum; PE—pedium). 3-4, Ven- tral aspect of right and left mandibles, respectively (M—molar lobes; SA—stridulatory area: Si3a— scissorial teeth). 5, Dorsal aspect of right maxilla (GU—uncus of galea; LA—lacinia; LU—unci of lacinia; MP—maxillary palpus,; SA—stridulatory area). 6, Unci of right lacinia, enlarged. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 763 HSC ww cs: Seietiee GON thd Lib’ Figs. 7-11. Argyripa lansbergei. 7, Ventral view of labium and hypopharyngeal sclerome (HSC— hypopharyngeal sclerome; LP—labial palpus). 8, Right antenna, dorsal view (DSS—dorsal sensory spots). 9, Left thoracic spiracle (BU —bulla: RSP—respiratory plate). 10, Venter of tenth abdominal segment (PLA —palidia; S—septula). 11, Lateral view of claw of metathoracic leg. Claws (Fig. 11) cylindrical, rounded apically, bearing 8-9 long setae. Approximate body length: 23 to 39 mm. Remarks.— The dorsum of abdominal segment seven with three annulets, the monostichous elliptical palidia combined with the 10-15 dorsal sensory spots on the last antennal segment, and the presence of a haptomeral transverse process 764 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 12-13. Argyripa lansbergei, ventral and dorsal view, respectively, of pupa. on the epipharynx will serve to separate Argyripa larvae from those of Cotinis mutabilis (G. & P.), Cotinis nitida (L.), Gymnetina cretacea (LeC.), and Gymnetis flavomarginata sallei Schaum. Pupa.—The following description is based on one pupa and one advanced prepupa reared from third stage larvae collected in the same location and date cited in the larval description. Length 18.0—23.6 mm. Shape subovate, stout, exarate. Color cream-white to yellowish; color becoming reddish as eclosion approaches. Head glabrous, bent downward, mouthparts directed downward. Eyes, antennae, mandibles, and palps clearly discernible; clypeus large, apex broadly rounded. Surface of frons with slight depressions, slightly swollen at vertex. Pronotum glabrous, subheptagonal in shape, widest posteriorly, basal margin distinctly bisinuated, center base projecting posteriorly as in adult. Pronotal disc slightly convex, much swollen at basal angles, weakly depressed at anterior angles. A narrow, median, longitudinal sulcus extending from apex to near base. Meso- and metascutella acute, projecting posteriorly. Mesosternal process clearly dis- cernible. Elytra closely appressed, curved ventrally around body, extending pos- teriorly to third abdominal segment, surface with 4 longitudinal sulci. Abdominal spiracles clearly exposed, last pair situated on rounded tubercles. Each abdominal tergum at side with a distinct, rounded tubercle, most developed on visible terga 3-6. Legs glabrous. Fore- and mesofemora extend at approximately 70°-90° from longitudinal axis of body; metafemora covered by elytra and wings. Tarsomeres and pretarsus distinct. Remarks. — The pupa is remarkable because of the presence of pronotal swellings and dorsolateral tubercles on the abdominal segments. The abdominal tubercles VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 765 Figs. 14-16. 14, Argyripa lansbergei, adult female emerging from pupal cell. 15, Argyripa lans- bergei, adult male from Chiapas, Mexico. 16, Argyripa anomala, adult male from Oaxaca, Mexico. are particularly interesting because they have not been previously reported in New World Gymnetini. The swellings and/or tubercles may serve to support the pupa within the pupal chamber as has been noted for some Onthophagus, Copris, Liatongus, and Coprophanaeus (Edmonds and Halffter, 1978), Termitodius arau- joi Reyes-Castillo and Martinez (Reyes-Castillo and Martinez, 1979), and Trich- illum adisi Ratcliffe (Ratcliffe, 1980). 766 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON -anomala .gloriosa .ansbergei subfasciata Fig. 17. Distribution of the species of Argyripa. NEw DISTRIBUTION RECORDS AND BIOGEOGRAPHICAL NOTES The revised and expanded distribution for the species of Argyripa is shown in Fig. 17. This pattern of distribution is characteristic of Halffter’s (1976) “‘typical Neotropical dispersal pattern’’ wherein South American taxa have recently (post- Pliocene, less than 5.7 million years before the present) penetrated into the Mex- ican Transition Zone via Central America. Dispersal northward by tropical taxa into Mexico has been limited largely, though not exclusively, to areas of humid forests (100-2000 meters in elevation) south of the Transverse Volcanic System (approx. 18—19°N latitude) and in the coastal plains of both Mexican coastlines. Rain forests of tropical Mexico contain a low percentage of endemic taxa, and the majority of these are of Central American origin (Rzedowsky, 1962 in Toledo (1982)). Argyripa lansbergei (Salle) Argyripa lansbergei was previously known only from Colombia and Ecuador (Ratcliffe, 1978). It is here reported from Mexico for the first time. These new records are: ““MEXICO: Chiapas, Cacaohatan, Finca San José de la Victoria, III- 9-1982, M. Moron & R. Terr6n.”’ Fifteen specimens in the collections of Miguel Moron, Brett C. Ratcliffe, and the Museo de Historia Natural de la Ciudad de México. “MEXICO: Chiapas, Hidalgo San Antonio.”’ One specimen in the col- lections of the Museum fiir Naturkunde, Berlin. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 767 The Mexican occurrence of Argyripa lansbergei places this species in Mesoamer- ica and represents a considerable disjunction in range from its previously known occurrence in NW South America. This discovery is even more surprising when one considers that much of Central America has been intensively, albeit selec- tively, collected over the past half century. We believe that, in view of the current data, it is not unreasonable to expect new records for this taxon in other areas of Central America where suitable habitat still exists. Alternatively, the Chiapas specimens may be indicative of a relictual distribution resulting from Pleistocene forest refugia in Mexico. Toledo (1982) has found two such presumed refugia in Chiapas based on phytogeographic evidence. Further data are needed to corrob- orate such a hypothesis. Argyripa anomala (Bates) This species is known from Panama, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua (Ratcliffe, 1978). We report its occurrence in Mexico: ““MEXICO: Veracruz, Santiago Tuxtla, Cerro El Vigia, IX-17-1982, 400 m, L. Gonzalez-Cota.’’ One specimen in the collection of B. Ratcliffe. “MEXICO: Oaxaca, Chiltepec, El Naranjal, VI-21-1982, 105 m, L. Gonzalez-Cota.’’ One specimen in the collection of M. Moron. ““MEX- ICO: Chiapas, Tumbala.”’ One specimen in the collections of the Museum fiir Naturkunde, Berlin. “MEXICO: Chiapas, Ocosingo, VII-IX-1947, 1200 m, M. del Toro.”’ One specimen in the collection of Antonio Martinez. As with A. lansbergei, the Mexican records represent a large range expansion for this species. It seems likely that 4. anomala may also occur in suitable areas of Central America between Mexico and Nicaragua. Argyripa gloriosa Ratcliffe Argyripa gloriosa was described from Colombia. We record it from Ecuador for the first time. Two specimens, lacking any further data than ‘‘Ecuador,”’ are in the Francisco Campos collection in the Museum of Natural History, Quito, and in the Phillip Marshall collection in Cave Creek, Arizona. This species remains tantalizingly obscure. Only four specimens are known (despite its vivid metallic coloration), and all of these are females. The male is yet to be described. KEY TO THE KNOWN THIRD STAGE LARVAE OF NEW WORLD GYMNETINI (Adapted from Ritcher, 1966 and Monné, 1969) Sete ANISABOTESCINt LW RAE ercle Bice Lied atid As AAR a eee ee 3 SANA ADSENty.0. Pee eres Cae Le. Soke Gymnetina cretacea (LeC.) 2. Raster with each palidium consisting of 2 or more irregular rows of pali. Last antennal segment with 3-7 dorsal sensory spots. Haptomeral process DOSE Mts Hoey Lt Tey er eh ee err ee mn ee SH Sl Ue eS Cotinis 3 — Palidia monostichous. Other characters not as above ................. 4 3. Raster with inner row of each palidium set with pali only slightly larger TATE OSeH EO Ie TOW. mite ict. 320.) 4.06 aa aa cere ein cea C. nitida (L.) — Raster with inner row of each palidium having 7-10 pali much stouter AnGudrgerithantotmerpall +..00)). 7.2 lee. ek. 6 ALS C. mutabilis (G. & P.) 4. Dorsum of abdominal segment 7 with 2 annulets. Haptomeral process absent. Last antennal segment with 2-6 dorsal sensory spots .......... 5 768 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON — Dorsum of abdominal segment 7 with 3 annulets. Transverse haptomeral process present. Last antennal segment with 10-15 dorsal sensory spots BORIS SS. DAN RE RES Sia. ener Argyripa lansbergei (Sallé) 5. Maxillary stridulatory area with a row of 3-5 teeth. Claws bearing 10-12 Seta? i202 Me Tae Pe Gymnetis flavomarginata sallei Schaum — Maxillary stridulatory area with 6 or more teeth. Claws with less than 10 sétae scceed. of Pe a es A 2 A A SO 6 6. Maxillary stridulatory area with a row of 7 teeth. Claws bearing 6-7 setae MAG LTY Og ee OA, ONE EO BR ON AP ROE ENED Blaesia atra Burm. — Maxillary stridulatory area with a row of 9 teeth. Claws bearing 5-6 setae 5 ge BBS ip RECS ead 7 RCE CL are Marmarina tigrina (G. & P.) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This is a contribution to the project, ““Biosystematics, Ecology and Biogeog- raphy of Diverse Groups of Insects,’ and Paper No. 7, project ““Animal Ecology and Behavior,” supported by Direccion Adjunta de Desarrollo Cientifico, CON- ACYT, Mexico (PCC-BCNA-020115). We are grateful to Luis Gonzalez-Cota (Mexico, D.F.) for the donation of Argyripa specimens and to Roberto Terron for his assistance during collecting trips with Moron in Chiapas, Mexico. Giovanni Onore (Quito, Ecuador) and Phillip Marshall (Cave Creek, Arizona) made avail- able for study the new specimens of A. gloriosa. The National Academies of Science of the United States and the German Democratic Republic are gratefully acknowledged for enabling Ratcliffe to study the collections in the Museum fiir Naturkunde in Berlin. LITERATURE CITED Edmonds, W. D. and G. Halffter. 1978. Taxonomic review of immature dung beetles of the subfamily Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Syst. Entomol. 3: 307-331. Halffter, G. 1976. Distribuci6n de los insectos en la zona de Transicién Mexicana. Relaciones con la entomofauna de Norteamerica. Folia Entomol. Mex. No. 35: 5-64. Monné, M. A. 1969. Descripcidén del iltimo estadio larval de Macraspis dichroa cribata Wateth., Blaesia atra Burm. y Marmarina tigrina (Gory & Perch.) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Rev. Bras. Biol. 29: 367-376. Ratcliffe, B.C. 1978. A review of the genus Argyripa (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Syst. Entomol. 3: 371-378. . 1980. New species of Coprini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) taken from the pelage of three toed sloths (Bradypus tridactylus L.) (Edentata: Bradypodidae) in central Amazonia with a brief commentary on scarab-sloth relationships. Coleop. Bull. 34: 337-350. Reyes-Castillo, P. and A. Martinez. 1979. Nuevos Rhyparini neotropicales, con notas sobre su biologia (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Aphodiinae). Folia Entomol. Mex. No. 41: 115-133. Ritcher, P.O. 1966. White grubs and their allies. Oregon St. Univ. Press, Corvallis. 219 pp. Rzedowski, J. 1962. Contribuciones a la fitogeografia floristica e historica de Mexico. Bol. Soc. Bot. Mex. 27: 52-65. Toledo, V. M. 1982. Pleistocene changes of vegetation in tropical Mexico, pp. 93-111. Jn Prance, G. (ed.), Biological Diversification in the Tropics, Columbia Univ. Press, New York. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 769-772 A NEW SPECIES OF NEODAVISIA BARNES AND McDUNNOUGH (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS DOUGLAS C. FERGUSON, ANDRE BLANCHARD, AND EDWARD C. KNUDSON (DCF) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII], USDA, % U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560; (AB) 3023 Underwood, Houston, Texas 77025; (ECK) 808 Woodstock, Bellaire, Texas 77401. Abstract.—A new species of pyralid moth from southern Texas is assigned to the subfamily Pyralinae, tribe Endotrichini, and described as Neodavisia melusina. It is the second known species of this genus. The adult, genitalia, and wing venation are illustrated. This new pyralid is described from specimens collected by the two junior authors in extreme south Texas and from additional examples collected by Dr. James E. Gillaspy at Kingsville, Texas. Its assignment to the correct subfamily, tribe, and genus presented problems because it belongs to a group that is poorly represented and poorly known in the Western Hemisphere. The distinctive hindwing venation and typically pyraline male genitalia show that it belongs somewhere in the Pyr- alinae. The presence of chaetosemata, even if poorly developed, the obsolescence of Rs where it closely approximates Sc in the basal half of the hindwing, and well- developed maxillary palpi preclude association with the Chrysauginae, which are the next most closely related subfamily. The male genitalia hardly differ from those of Pyralis L., Herculia Walker, and Aglossa Latreille, except that these genera of the tribe Pyralini always seem to have a single large cornutus in the vesica. With some reservation, we assign the new species to the tribe Endotrichin1. The Endotrichini are characterized by a well-developed tongue, the presence of maxillary palpi and chaetosemata, forewing venation with R, stalked with R, and R;, and hindwing venation with Rs anastomosing with Sc + R (Whalley, 1961: 733), a combination with which this species seems to agree fairly well. However, R, of the forewing is lost, or rather fully united with R, so that the radius is 4-branched, unlike the 5-branched radius of most other Endotrichin1. Also, Rs of the hindwing appears to be free but largely obsolescent, rather than anastomosed with Sc where they are closely parallel. The two described American genera to which the new species is most closely related are Neodavisia Barnes and McDunnough (1914: 31) and Taboga Dyar (1914: 321), both of which are monotypic. The male genitalia of all are so alike that on that basis the three species might be regarded as congeneric. Neodavisia singularis (Barnes and McDunnough, 1913: 179, fig. 5) has a normal, 5-branched radius. Taboga inis Dyar (1914: 321) has a 4-branched radius, but a very different hindwing venation in which R and Sc meet and coalesce for a short distance beyond the cell (as in the Pyralini). The chaetosema is small but clearly apparent 770 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 1-2. Neodavisia melusina. 1, Holotype male, Roma, Starr Co., Texas, 4-IV-78, A. & M. E. Blanchard. 2, Male genitalia of holotype, slide A. B. 4667, USNM slide 56,612. Line in Fig. 2 represents 1 mm. in Taboga inis and Neodavisia singularis and has about 18 bristles. That of the new species appears to be further reduced, having no more than 7-8 bristles. The new species has one unique feature that we have not seen elsewhere. The antennae of both sexes, in addition to being scaled above and ciliate beneath in the usual way, have conspicuous transverse bands of scales on the ciliate surfaces between the segments, repeated intersegmentally for most of the antennal length. These scales appear to be attached at the distal margin of each antennal segment and to overlap the base of the next segment. Rather than propose a new genus based on differences of uncertain significance, we think it best for the present to assign the new species to what seems the most appropriate existing genus. Despite the curious antennae and union of R; and Rg, it fits best in Neodavisia. The pattern and color are similar except for the presence of an angled, whitish antemedial band that is lacking in N. singularis, and a more outwardly convex postmedial band. 7aboga inis is more gray than reddish brown, has less regular bands, and a less acute forewing. Parachmidia fervidalis (Walker), from the island of Hispaniola, is possibly in this group, but according to Hamp- son’s description of the genus (1896: 495), its venation is different. No other closely related New World species have been described, but the collection of the U.S. National Museum contains old material of at least two undescribed neo- tropical species that may be related. The few Endotrichini that occur in the Western Hemisphere and those Pyralini that resemble them need proper revision, based on adequate material, but these moths are very rare in collections. For example, N. singularis was described from Florida in 1913 but is still known from no more than 10 specimens, as far as we are aware. Neodavisia melusina Ferguson, Blanchard, & Knudson, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1-4 Head.—Front flat, smooth scaled, reddish brown. Vertex reddish brown, rough scaled with median dorsal crest or tuft of scales. Labial palpi exceeding front by 1 eye diameter, 2nd segment 12 times length of 3rd segment, with short ventral brush. Both 2nd and 3rd segments ochreous with brownish scales laterally. First VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 ial 3 Figs. 3-4. Neodavisia melusina. 3, Forewing venation of paratype, slide ECK 791 (drawing by Blanchard), Santa Ana Natl. Wildlife Refuge, Hidalgo Co., Texas, 5-IV-80, E. C. Knudson. 4, Hindwing venation of paratype, same specimen and data as for Fig. 3. segment whitish. Maxillary palpi filiform, exceeding front by '2 eye diameter, ochreous brown. Tongue well developed. Small chaetosemata present. Antennae with basal tuft of ochreous and reddish-brown scales; shaft compressed, scaled above and finely ciliate beneath, with unusual bands of scales intersegmentally on ciliate surfaces as discussed above. Collar whitish. Thorax.— Brownish, clothed with ochreous scales having dark-brown apices. Abdomen.—Ochreous brown dorsally with segments 3 and 4 darker. Laterally, segments 2, 3, and 4 are dark brown with row of white scales on posterior margins. Segments 5, 6, and 7 orange brown with white posterior margins. Terminal tuft pale orange. Wings. — Forewing smooth scaled. Most conspicuous feature is a nearly straight, oblique line just before middle of wing, running from inner margin at 4 distance from base to near middle of costa, and sharply dividing median space into darker brown proximal part and light-brown distal part. Forewing also with thin, white, well-defined antemedial and postmedial bands, the former acutely angled at Ist anal fold, the latter deflected outwardly opposite discal cell in a rounded convexity that almost reaches outer margin. Basal area buff to orange brown except for a few scattered dark scales and a dark-brown area between radial stem and costa, separated from paler basal area by thin, longitudinal whitish bar on radial stem; thin, whitish, basal band present but only near costa. Median space traversed by oblique, dark-brown/pale-brown interface mentioned above and marked by a small, double, dark discal spot halfway between interface and postmedial band; also shaded with dusky to reddish-brown scaling that intensifies distally toward postmedial band, beyond which wing is variably shaded with dark-brown to reddish-brown scales. First anal fold from base to apex marked by a vague, diffuse, pale orange-brown streak. Terminal line represented by an incomplete band of dark-brown scales. Hindwing a nearly uniform dusky brown except for traces of a diffuse, whitish postmedial band near and parallel to outer margin and, in female, a dash of orange in Ist anal fold just before postmedial band. Fringes of both wings light yellowish to gray brown or whitish. Underside dusky brown, faintly flushed at costa of both wings with buff in male, more extensively with red in female, and unmarked except for traces of pale postmedial bands. Venation (Figs. 3—4).— Forewing with 4 radial veins. Sc free; R, from before anterior outer angle of cell; R; + R, completely fused; R; stalked with R; + R, for half its length; 1st A absent. Hindwing with Sc free from base; Rs in basal 772 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON half of hindwing apparently not fused with Sc but obsolescent; Rs and M, diverging from common point at anterior outer angle of cell; M, and M; arising separately from outer end of cell. Length of forewing.— Males (N = 5): 4.8-5.6 mm; average, 5.1 mm. Female (N = 1): 5.8 mm. Male genitalia (Fig. 2).—These differ from male genitalia of N. singularis in having shorter uncus, shorter process on gnathos, and much shorter aedeagus, which is decidedly shorter than distance from end of saccus to tip of uncus; aedeagus with numerous small cornuti near distal end; valve tapered to rounded end. In N. singularis, aedeagus is long and slender, at least as long as distance from end of saccus to tip of uncus, lacks the cornuti, and valve is not tapered, being about as wide toward end as near base. Taboga inis differs from both in having an expanded uncus, slightly constricted near its base, and a short but slender aedeagus (without cornuti). Its valve is tapered like that of melusina. Female genitalia.—Papillae anales narrow, well separated, lightly setose; pos- terior apophyses slightly shorter than anterior apophyses; ostium bursae elongate, tubular, sclerotized; bursa copulatrix membranous, without signum. Types. — Holotype é (Figs. 1, 2), Roma, Starr County, Texas, 4 April 1978, A. & M. E. Blanchard, genitalia slide AB 4667. Paratypes: 1 6, Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge, Hidalgo County, Texas, 5 April 1980, E. Knudson; | 4, Kingsville, Kleberg County, Texas, 9 September 1976, J. E. Gillaspy; 1 6, same locality and collector, 4 July 1980, genitalia slide ECK 809; 1 3, same locality and collector, 13 June 1980; 1 2, same locality and collector, 18 June 1978, genitalia slide ECK 807. Holotype in collection of U.S. National Museum of Natural History; para- types retained by collectors. LITERATURE CITED Barnes, W. and J. H. McDunnough. 1913. Some apparently new Lepidoptera from southern Florida. Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Amer. 2: 166-195. . 1914. On the synonymy of certain Florida Lepidoptera. Canad. Entomol. 46: 27-31. Dyar, H.G. 1914. Report on the Lepidoptera of the Smithsonian Biological Survey of the Panama Canal Zone. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 47: 139-350. Hampson, G. F. 1896. On the classification of three subfamilies of Moths of the family Pyralidae: the Epipaschiinae, Endotrichinae, and Pyralinae. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1896: 451-550. Whalley, P. E.S. 1961. A change in status and a redefinition of the subfamily Endotrichinae (Lep., Pyralidae), with the description of a new species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (13)3: 733-736. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 773-776 OVIPOSITION AND EGGS OF AN AUSTRALIAN ROBBER FLY, NEOARATUS ABLUDO DANIELS (DIPTERA: ASILIDAE)! FRED A. LAWSON AND ROBERT J. LAVIGNE Entomology Section, University of Wyoming, Box 3354, University Station, Laramie, Wyoming 82071. Abstract.—The Australian robber fly, Neoaratus abludo Daniels, deposited eggs within or on the glumes of shattered seed heads of wild wheat, Avena barbata. Oviposition occurred mostly between 1100-1200 h, at temperatures from 23.5° to 30°C (mean 27.3°C). The mean length of 157 eggs was 1.19 mm; the mean width, 0.39 mm. SEM photos of eggs reveal a finely, densely striate surface over a slightly elevated, coarsely reticulated network of sculpturing. Small, rounded to elongate oval bodies cover much of the surface but are intermixed with larger, dome-like projections which have sloping sides, striated basal and lateral areas, smooth apical surface, and rounded to slit-like openings in each. Sperm tails are present in the micropyle of some eggs. The Australian robber fly, Neoaratus abludo Daniels, oviposited in shattered seed heads of wild wheat, Avena barbata, at a site near Aldinga, South Australia; one to nine eggs per head (mean 3.5) were deposited per seed head. Most eggs were laid singly, usually in rows, on the surface of, or within, empty glumes. Some were cemented directly to the stalk. One female, observed for a period of ca. 15 minutes, deposited 28 eggs on or within seven shattered seed heads. She visited an additional three seed heads without depositing eggs. Another female probed the flower heads of catsear, Hypochoeris radieata, but no eggs were recovered. Some N. abludo females grasped the pedicel at the base of the seed head, faced down the stem, and curled the ovipositor so that eggs were placed near the base. One female grasped a glume near the middle and took a crosswise position while Ovipositing. Daniels (1983) reported that a female N. abludo (at Cudal, N.S.W.) deposited one egg on a seed head of wheat at 9:00 A.M.; other plants had as many as 5 eggs, including some on the stem. Oviposition records for other Neoaratus spp. are scarce. Hardy (1927) discov- ered a female N. inglorius (Macleay) placing eggs in parallel rows on a leaf of a garden shrub at Edgecliff, Sydney; larvae emerged seven days later and dropped to the ground. In the same city, eggs deposited by a female N. hercules (Wiede- mann) in an inverted glass tumbler hatched after six days (Irwin-Smith, 1923). ' Published with approval of the Director, Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, as Journal Article No. JA 1227, dated Feb. 14, 1983. 774 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 1-4. Eggs of Neoaratus abludo Daniels (SEM). 1, General view, one end, x 200. 2, Surface; elevated bodies and reticulated sculpturing, x 1000. 3, Elevated bodies and striated surface, x 2000. 4, Elevated bodies and striated surface, x 2000. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 VHS Figs. 5-6. Eggs of Neoaratus abludo Daniels (SEM). 5, Surface: striations, elevated bodies, sperm tails, x 4000. 6, Micropyle and sperm tails, , > a, GD, ED, uae, ewe ae, ae > CD, SD, Or >. De Ce, So Meso-, metatibia ridged XG od OX OX EX NEE KOK ONE XE. XG BUX: Wing membrane elon- gate; recurrent cell reduced DR Nt EX KY KS KC UX IRGEX BX OXG RX EEX RING EX. Coelometopine @ tract and ovipositor XxX Tenebrionine @ tract xX Nonheteromeran tro- chanters xX Larval antenna 2-seg- mented xX ' Present in S. dilatifrons. 2 Absent. 3 Ovipositor strongly aberrant. 4 Sometimes intermediate. tentorium has the bridge located anteriorly and looped far dorsally (Doyen and Tschinkel, 1982: Figs. 2-3); 5) The wings have the apical membranous portion relatively long, with the recurrent cell reduced or absent (Doyen and Tschinkel, Figs. 33-34). Two additional important apomorphies characterizing Diaperini were pointed out by Triplehorn (1965). First, the labroclypeal membrane is ex- posed. Second, the metatibia bears on its external (dorsal) surface a fine, crenulate longitudinal ridge. A similar ridge is often more strongly developed on the me- sotibia. This suite of characters is distributed among North American genera as shown in Table 1. Included are taxa traditionally but erroneously placed in Diaperini as well as taxa formerly in Ulomini but properly placed in Diaperini. The most important changes suggested by these data are as follows: 1) The group of genera constituting the subtribe Adelinina are undisputed members of Diaperini, sharing all or nearly all important features. The Ulomini, in which all of these genera except Alphitophagus were previously placed, differ fundamentally in all of the features described above (see Doyen and Tschinkel, 1982: 161-163). Their elongate, flattened body shape and specialized male gen- italia differentiate Adelinina from Diaperina. 2) The genera Phayllus Champion and Cosmonota Blanchard show all the 784 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON important diaperine features, but lack the male genitalic specializations of the Adelinina. They are placed in the Diaperina. External characters suggest that Lelegis Champion, Paniasis Champion, and Loxostethes Triplehorn, which have not been dissected, certainly belong in Diaperini. Their relationships are discussed by Triplehorn (1962). Stenoscapha Bates is very similar to Liodema Horn of the Diaperina. Saptine Champion appears to be very similar to Platydema, but the type of the former lacks the head and prothorax. 3) The genus Apsida Lacordaire belongs to the coelometopine lineage of Doyen and Tschinkel, probably to Cnodalonini. Apsida shows the very distinctive ovi- positor and female reproductive tract of the coelometopine lineage (Doyen and Tschinkel, 1982: 164-165), and conforms in wing, tentorial and defensive gland configuration. As in other coelometopines and cnodalonines the tarsae bear dense- ly setose pads and the tibiae are apically setose. Gonospa Champion belongs near Apsida in Coelometopini, but I have not made dissections. 4) Metaclisa, excluded from Diaperini by Arnett (1960) and Triplehorn (1965) belongs to the tenebrionine lineage of Doyen and Tschinkel, where it fits con- veniently into the Tenebrionini. 5) Scaphidema has traditionally been placed in Diaperini, but with reservations because of its atypical external structures such as widely separated meso- and metacoxae. The internal female reproductive tract and defensive glands deviate from the diaperine pattern, and the ovipositor is more primitive, with the large 4th coxite lobes entirely free. These characters are shared with the Australian Spiloscapha Bates. Both genera have anterior trochanters which are not over- lapped laterally by the femora (nonheteromeran trochanters of Watt, 1974), and lack the tentorial bridge. Their larvae have distinct urogomphi and antennae with the 3rd segment greatly reduced, without a strip of cuticle between the antennal base and mandible. These and other characters indicate that Scaphidema and Spiloscapha are the most primitive members of the tribe Nilionini, which will be treated in more detail in the future (Doyen and Lawrence, in prep.). Uloporus Casey and Menimopsis Champion, included in Diaperini in previous classifications, have previously been removed to the Archeocrypticidae (Lawrence, 1977; Triplehorn and Wheeler, 1979) and Gnathidiini (Doyen and Lawrence, 1979), respectively. Kaszab (1981) subsequently synonymized U/oporus under Enneboeus (Waterhouse). Even after the removal of the Adelinina, the tribe Ulomini remains composite. Uloma and its relatives are strongly differentiated in external as well as some internal characters. Ulomini should be restricted to this group, represented in North America by Uloma Laporte, Eutochia LeConte, Alegoria Laporte, Uleda Laporte, Antimachus Gistel and possibly Ulosonia Laporte. Tribolium McLeay, Palorus Mulsant, Latheticus Waterhouse, Lyphia Mulsant & Rey, Mycotrogus Horn and Tharsus LeConte are phenetically more similar to Tenebrio, and should be provisionally moved to Tenebrionini. That tribe is presently composite, con- taining many members of Coelometopini and Cnodalonini. Limits of these tribes will be specified in future work (Doyen, in prep.). The rearrangements proposed above will make present keys to tribes inadequate. It may be pointed out that Diaperini cannot be keyed to tribe in Arnett (1960). In the key to tribes of Tenebrionini, couplet 2b, presence of an external labrocly- peal membrane, would lead to couplet 21 and thence to the tribes Helopini or VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 785 Strongyliini. Because of the numerous rearrangements still required in tribes such as Tenebrionini it is premature to construct a new key at present. The following minor change in Arnett’s key will accommodate most Diaperini. 2 (1). Epistoma without a membranous margin or a membranous band be- EWEEM MI FAM GUID TUTE A te ene Ney td eee eee et te Rac ee ene 3 - Epistoma with a membranous margin or a membranous band between NE Guero) JET ey Uc 0 hie eee anenpe sent ARNE ORAM SERED Nc ne REOM een ee WER One 2a 2a(2). Middle and hind tibiae bearing a longitudinal, finely crenulate carina Onetne outer (Gorsal)’marein= y.5.0. 0): eee eee ee eee Diaperini - Middle and hind tibiae lacking carina on outer margin ............ 2) Tribe Diaperini, new sense Diaperales Latreille, 1802: 161. Diaperides Redtenbacher, 1845: 128; Lacordaire, 1859: 298. Adult.—Small to moderate (2-15 mm), elongate to subglobular, flattened to convex. Eyes large, anteriorly emarginate, or occasionally small, entire; antennae gradually enlarged or bearing distinct 5-8 segmented club; apical 5—7 segments bearing large, stellate sensoriae; labrum strongly transverse, basal membrane al- most always exposed; mandible with mola finely, transversely striate, rarely flat or highly modified; lacinia finely setose, without uncus; palp subcylindrical or weakly triangular; tentorium with bridge anterior, strongly arched dorsad. Apical membrane at least 33% wing length; recurrent cell much reduced or absent; meso- and metatibiae bearing fine, crenulate ridge on outer (posterior) surface, or rarely smooth; mesocoxal cavities closed by mesepimeron or meso- and metasterna; metendosternite with arms usually expanded as apical muscle disks. Ovipositor with gonostyles terminal, moderate in size; coxite with basal lobe reduced, folded under second lobe; or ovipositor highly modified (Diaperis). Internal female re- productive tract with bursa copulatrix, capsular spermatheca at base of accessory gland. Defensive reservoirs without common volume; reservoir walls usually with annular folding; secretory tissue drained by basal line of ducts or few large col- lecting ducts. Aedeagus with tegmen dorsal; median lobe free or occasionally adnate, or aedeagus highly modified. Larva.—Cylindrical or subcylindrical, slender to moderately stout, tapering somewhat posteriorly, moderately sclerotized and pigmented to weakly sclero- tized, cream colored; ocelli present or absent. Antennae 3 segmented; second segment about twice length of basal, bearing C-shaped sensorium near apex; third segment a digitate process, less than half length of second and bearing a single long and several short setae at apex. Labrum about as wide as long to distinctly transverse, with semicircular anterior margin; tormae submedial, projecting strongly backward; epipharynx with asymmetrical masticatory processes. Mandibles asymmetrical; right mola lacking transverse ridges, developed at apex as blunt prominence; left mola set with fine transverse ridges, apical surface receding. Maxillae with mala rounded, without uncus or indentations, setose or spinose on medial surface. Labium with subtrapezoidal hypopharyngeal sclerome set behind setose prominence; ligula short to moderate, bearing 2-4 apical setae. Thoracic legs slender, similar in size and structure, bearing slender setae. Ninth abdominal tergite much larger than sternite, with 786 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON projecting, acutely rounded or pointed apex, or shorter, bluntly rounded with median, bifid tubercle (Diaperis); anus subterminal; pygopods moderate to large, glabrous or very finely, sparsely setose. Spiracles simple annular or with peripheral air tubes (Diaperis). Subtribe Adelinina Adelinini LeConte, 1862: 237. Doliemini Reitter, 1917: 58, Kwieton, 1982: 98. Gnatocerini Skopin, 1978: 228. Flattened, elongate oval beetles, antennae gradually enlarged; eyes narrower than frons across epistomal canthus (exception, A/phitophagus),; mesocoxal cav- ities closed by sterna; epipleuron abruptly narrowed near anterior margin of Sth abdominal sternite; aedeagus with clavae. Included North American genera: Adelina Dejean; Sitophagus Mulsant; Gna- tocerus Thunberg (including Sicinus Champion); Jccius Champion, Alphitophagus Stephens; Doliopines Horn; Doliodesmus Spilman; Cynaeus LeConte. Described members of this lineage are native to the New World, with the exception of Doliema turcica Redtenbacher, nitidula Macleay, ferruginea Kaszab, platisoides Pascoe and tenuicornis Fairmaire. The type of platisoides (the gener- itype) is very similar in general appearance to the New World species of Adelina. It bears serrulate ridges on the hind tibiae and compound sensoria on the apical 6 antennomeres. On this basis it is provisionally included in Adelinina. However, nitidula lacks ridges on the hind tibiae, has simple antennal sensoria, and shows none of the diagnostic internal features of Diaperini. It properly belongs to Pla- tycotylus Olliff, originally described in Cucujidae, but probably close to Lorelus (Tenebrionidae; Lagriinae) (Doyen and Lawrence, in preparation). The remaining species have not been examined. The name Doliema should be retained for the Old World species (except nitidula) until more detailed comparisons have been made, especially of internal structures. Subtribe Diaperina Diaperales Latreille, 1802: 161. Diaperides Redtenbacher, 1845: 128; Lacordaire, 1859: 298. Globular or short oval beetles. Antennae gradually enlarged or with distinct 5— 8 segmented club; eyes exceeding epistomal canthi; mesocoxal cavities closed by mesepimeron (exception, Pentaphyllus); epipleuron gradually narrowed to elytral apex (exception, Diaperis, some Neomida); adeagus without clavae. Included North American genera: Diaperis Miiller; Pentaphyllus Dejean; Neom- ida Latreille; Palembus Casey; Liodema Horn; Platydema LaPorte & Brullé; Le/- egis Champion; Paniasis Champion; Loxostethes Triplehorn; Phayllus Champion; Saptine Champion; Stenoscapha Bates. This subtribe is nearly cosmopolitan and includes the Old World genera Basanus Lacordaire, /schnodactylus Chevrolat, Ceropria Laporte & Brullé, and probably most other names presently included in Diaperini. The variation in antennal form, epipleuron shape and in larval 9th segment configuration (see Hayashi, 1966) suggests that Diaperina is composite. Two groups VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 787 of genera are apparent. Diaperis, Pentaphyllus, Neomida, and Loxostethes are strongly convex, with the antennae distinctly clubbed. Platydema, Liodema sten- oscapha, Lelegis, Paniasis, Phayllus and Saptine are less convex, with the antennae gradually enlarged. Palembus seems intermediate, with weakly convex body but distinctly clubbed antennae. Diaperis, especially, is aberrant. Its peculiarities have been discussed by Watt (1974: 405-407) and Doyen and Tschinkel (1982: 163). 11(10). 12(11). KEY TO THE GENERA OF ADULT DIAPERINI NORTH OF MEXICO Antennae with terminal 5-8 segments enlarged as distinct club... 2 Antennae gradually enlarged to apex, or subfiliform ............. 5) Antennal club of 6-8 enlarged segments; eyes emarginate anteriorly Antennal club of 5 segments; eyes round, not at all emarginate ... re ess ACR ye ME ah ee Sd, pare Pentaphyllus Dejean Ventral distance between eyes greater than width of oral fossa; epi- pleuron usually narrowed abruptly near anterior margin of Sth ster- MNCS ERI GROOMS me Seon) OO! hh pai ee PR Re Ie, 4 Ventral distance between eyes less than width of oral fossa; epipleu- ron narrowing gradually to elytral apex .............. Palembus Casy Body broadly oval, strongly convex; without frontal horns; body lengthigreater-than:4 mim!" s ©.-5 5. kee nd. a Beare Diaperis Miller Body elongate oval, subcylindrical; males with frontal horns, females with tubercles; body length less than5 mm ........ Neomida Latreille Mesocoxal cavities closed by meso- and metasterna ............. 7 Mesocoxal cavities bordered laterally by mesepimeron .......... 6 Mesostemnum concave between middle coxae’ 57. 2:46 5.4 hed ok) oS ge a dr AP Platydema LaPorte & Brullé Mesosternum projecting anterad as prominent, horizontal lobes » Lik Sa eet dee SA Mie era ae RA ER Dah SN EA Foe CS Liodema Horn Epipleuron narrowed abruptly near anterior margin of Sth sternite; Gorsumsislabrousices. Ss lew 6 es te ke 8 Epipleuron narrowed gradually to elytral apex; dorsum setose .... RP Ae EY Oi Fp. Mire 2 SPE OS SI Alphitophagus Stephens POStehoOr pronotalicomers angulate: sharp! =. see ae ee ee 10 Posterior pronotal:comiers broadly rounded (225-3) aes oe 9 Antennal segment 4 about 1.5 times length of 2; meso- and metatibiae with Gutersunace evenly Convex’ s.2°. 203) Doliodesmus Spilman Antennal segment 4 about 2.5 times length of 2; meso- and metatibiae bearing fine, crenulate ridge on outer surface ........ Doliopines Horn Elytra with 8th interval simply convex or nearly flat; antennae with Sepmients:s=llOsatleastias widelas longia) eae eeee be eee 1a Elytra with 8th interval sharply angulate, usually weakly carinate; antennae with segments 8-10 longer than wide ....... Adelina Dejean Posterior pronotal border bisinuate; mandible normal ........... 12 Posterior pronotal border evenly convex, mandibles of males bearing Goralkhocnsiy patina es, AE ee Gnatocerus Thunberg Pronotal disk evenly convex; anterior corners angulate .......... be eat es: Sela ac tebe tape bacco fall lop ipl viee nap Cynaeus LeConte 788 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON - Pronotal disk flat medially, declivous laterally, especially near front marin: anterior corners rounded’ 4: 7... Sitophagus Mulsant ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Charles A. Triplehorn, Ohio State University, and David Kavanaugh, California Academy of Sciences, kindly made available material of Adelina and Sitophagus in their care. T. J. Spilman, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Wash- ington, D.C., provided specimens of Tharsus and Scaphidema aeneolum for dis- section. M. J. D. Brendell, British Museum (Natural History), made available important type material in his care. The illustrations were done by Carolyn Mul- linex-Tibbets. The work was supported in part by NSF Cooperative Research Grant INT-14360. LITERATURE CITED Ardoin, P. 1977. Contribution a l’étude des espéces américaines du genre Doliema Pascoe. (Col. Tenebrionidae). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 13: 1-20. Arnett, R. H., Jr. 1960. The Beetles of the United States. Catholic University Press, Washington, IDM, seh se TN joey Champion, G. C. 1886. Biologia Centrali-Americana Insecta, Coleoptera, Vol. 4, Pt. 1. Heteromera (part), pp. 137-264. Doyen, J. T. and J. F. Lawrence. 1979. Relationships and higher classification of some Tenebrionidae and Zopheridae (Coleoptera). Syst. Entomol. 4: 333-377. Doyen, J. T. and W. R. Tschinkel. 1982. Phenetic and cladistic relationships among tenebrionid beetles (Coleoptera). Syst. Entomol. 7: 127-183. Hayashi, N. 1966. A contribution to the knowledge of the larvae of Tenebrionidae occurring in Japan (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea). Insecta Matsumurana Suppl. 1: 1-41; 32 pls. Horn, G. H. 1870. Revision of the Tenebrionidae of America north of Mexico. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 14: 253-401. Kaszab, Z. 1981. Die Gattungen und Arten der Tribus Archeocrypticini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Folia Entomol. Hung. 42: 95-115. Kwieton, E. 1982. Revue critique des systémes récents de la famille des Tenebrionidae (Col.). Acta Mus. Nat. Prague 38(B): 79-100. Lacordaire, T. 1859. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Genera des Coléoptéres ... Tome 5. Roret, Paris. 750 pp. Latreille, P. H. 1802. Histoire naturelle des Crustacés et des Insectes. Familles naturelles et genres. J. Dufart, Paris. Lawrence, J. F. 1977. The family of Pterogeniidae, with notes on the phylogeny of the Heteromera. Coleopt. Bull. 31: 25-56. LeConte, J. L. 1862. Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Smithson. Misc. Coll. 136: 210-286. LeConte, J. L.and G. H. Horn. 1883. Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Smithson. Misc. Coll. 507: i-xxxvii; 1-567. Redtenbacher, L. 1845. Die Gattungen der deutsch Kafer-Fauna nach der analytischen Methode bearbeitet, nebst einem kurz gefassten Leitfaden, zum Studium dieses Zweiges der Entomologie. 177 pp. Reitter, E. 1917. Bestimmungs—Tabellen der europdischen Coleopteran. Heft 81. Tenebrionidae XII Teil. Weiner Entomol. Zeit. 36: 51-66. Skopin, N. G. 1978. Tenebrionidae .... Jn Klausnitzer, B., Ordnung Coleoptera (Larven). Junk, The Hague. Spilman, T. J. 1967. A new North American ulomine genus and species, Doliodesmus charlesi (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 43: 149-154. —. 1973. Nomenclatural problems in six genera of Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 75: 39-44. Triplehorn, C. A. 1962. New Diaperini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from the West Indies. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 55: 502-507. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 789 —. 1965. Revision of Diaperini of America north of Mexico with notes on extralimital species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 117: 349-458. Triplehorn, C. A. and Wheeler, Q. D. 1979. Systematic placement and distribution of U/oporus ovalis Casey (Coleoptera: Heteromera: Archeocrypticidae). Coleopt. Bull. 33: 245-350. Tschinkel, W. R. and J. T. Doyen. 1980. Comparative anatomy of the defensive glands, ovipositors and female genital tubes of tenebrionid beetles (Coleoptera). Int. J. Insect Morphol. & Embryol. 9: 321-368. Watt, J.C. 1974. A revised subfamily classification of Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera). N. Z. Jour. Zool. 1: 381-452. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, p. 789 NOTE A New Synonym in Hexagenia (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae) The common burrowing mayfly, Hexagenia limbata (Serville), has recently been shown in field and laboratory experiments by McCafferty and Pereira (1984. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 77: 69-87) to be highly variable, with the source of much of this variability being attributable to temperatures of the developmental environ- ment. That study also showed that the range of variability included all of the color pattern characteristics previously associated with Hexagenia munda Eaton, with particular reference to the abdomen but also including the lack of costal crossvein margination and the color of the costal membrane, both of which were used by Spieth (1941. Amer. Midl. Nat. 26: 239) to key H. munda from H. limbata. The shape of the penes has also been proposed as a distinguishing specific character. After many years of identifying Hexagenia from throughout North America (H. limbata and H. munda are reportedly sympatric over most of eastern N.A., McCafferty, 1975. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101: 470), I have found these possible penes differences indiscernible. B. C. Kondratieff (pers. comm., 1983) has also not been able to discern supposed penes differences and has seriously doubted the validity of H. munda. Differences in curvature of the penes drawn by Spieth (1941: 278) are miniscule and can be duplicated in many /imbata specimens by a slight rotation, or by the angle of view in a slide mount. Even if such differences occur, they would appear to represent only slight intraspecific variability, particularly in light of the extreme range of variability of other char- acters of H. limbata. Underlying abdominal color pattern of the adults that has been used to attempt to distinguish larvae of H. munda expresses only a known variation of H. limbata. I have also determined that tusk length varies considerably in H. limbata larvae and includes size differences previously suspected of being specific for some H. munda. On the basis of the above I designate H. munda Eaton as a NEW JUNIOR SYNONYM of H. limbata (Serville). Fourteen specific epithets are now referable to H. limbata, including seven that have been synonymized with H. munda. W. P. McCafferty, Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafay- ette, Indiana 47907. Purdue Exp. Stat. Journal No. 9846. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 790-796 SEASONAL HISTORY, HABITS, AND IMMATURE STAGES OF BELONOCHILUS NUMENIUS (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE) A. G. WHEELER, JR. Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17110. Abstract.—The seasonal history of the orsilline lygaeid Belonochilus numenius (Say) was studied in southcentral Pennsylvania during 1976-81. Eggs overwintered in fruiting heads of London plane, Platanus x acerifolia (Ait.) Willd., and began to hatch in early to mid-April; nymphs developed in old fruits persisting on the trees or in fallen fruits beneath the hosts. Adults of the first generation began to appear in late May, those of the second generation during early July. A third (and perhaps fourth) generation was produced during August-September. Nymphal development in the laboratory required an average of 28.8 days at 20° C. The egg is described and the fifth instar is described and illustrated; brief descriptions and comparative measurements are provided for the other four instars. Belonochilus numenius (Say), originally described in Lygaeus in 1831 and known from the New England states south to Louisiana and west to California and Mexico, is the only North American member of the genus (Slater, 1964). Before its food plant was known, this orsilline lygaeid was considered “very” or “‘ex- tremely rare’ (Uhler, 1871, 1878). Van Duzee (1894) recorded B. numenius from goldenrod, but the actual host was not discovered until Heidemann (1902) found nymphs of all stages on leaves of sycamore or American plane trees (Platanus occidentalis L.). Additional collecting allowed Heidemann to associate nymphs with the sycamore fruits. In California, Van Duzee (1914) also recorded nymphs from sycamore fruits, and in the laboratory Ashlock (1967) observed nymphs and adults feeding on seeds of sycamore. Heidemann (1911) described and figured the egg and reported that it is this stage that overwinters, rather than adults as he earlier suggested (Heidemann, 1902). Blatchley (1926), having collected an adult under a log in late April, suggested that adults overwinter in the latitude of Indiana. Torre-Bueno (1946) stated that adults hibernate under bark, probably basing his opinion on observations he had made in Arizona (Torre-Bueno, 1940). In Mexico (Tamaulipas) adults have been taken under bark during autumn (U.S. National Museum collection). Except for Heidemann’s (1902, 1911) fragmentary, somewhat confusing sketch of life history, B. numenius has remained largely unstudied; sycamore and the western Platanus racemosa Nutt. and P. wrighti S. Wats. have been merely con- firmed as the principal hosts (Torre-Bueno, 1940, 1946). Apparently this lygaeid develops occasionally on other plants. In Missouri, Froeschner (1944) observed nymphs on giant ragweed, Ambrosia trifida L., and on hackberry, Celtis occiden- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 791 talis L.; nymphs and teneral adults have been collected in Maryland on willow, Salix sp. (USNM). Here, I summarize the seasonal history of populations studied on London plane, Platanus X acerifolia (Ait.) Willd., in southcentral Pennsylvania and report de- velopmental times for the nymphal stages based on laboratory rearing. The egg is described and the fifth instar described and illustrated; diagnoses are given for the second through fourth instars. METHODS Seasonal history at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, was studied by collecting Be/on- ochilus numenius from a street planting of mature London plane trees. Beginning April 1, 1978, the pistillate heads or fruits, both fallen and those persisting on trees, were collected and examined in the laboratory for the hatching of overwin- tered eggs. Once eggs had begun to hatch (about April 10), fruits were collected every 7-10 days through mid-July and every 2—4 weeks through early November. Under a stereoscopic microscope, all stages of the lygaeid present were counted and recorded (almost always 10 individuals and usually more). To supplement the data on seasonality of B. numenius obtained from dissecting sycamore fruits in 1978, a less time-consuming technique was used in 1981. From 1-5 fruits were collected weekly from late April to early June and biweekly from late June to early September, placed in a Berlese funnel, and all nymphs (adults were counted in the field and removed) falling in the container beneath were sorted to stage and counted. The number of nymphs obtained varied from 0 to more than 50 (average 15/sample). Collections made irregularly during 1976-77 and 1979-80 provided additional information on early- and late-season activity. In the laboratory developmental times were determined by rearing nymphs at 20° C with natural photoperiod. Nymphs were assigned numbers, placed with a water source in individual petri dishes containing several coriaceous nutlets from fruiting heads of London plane, and checked daily for ecdysis. Owing to a high rate of mortality in the laboratory cultures, the developmental times reported are based on the determination of instars for field-collected, first generation nymphs of various stages. BIOLOGY Seasonal history.—Eggs overwintered mainly within fallen fruiting heads of London plane; only a few fruits remained on the trees during winter 1977-78. Eggs usually were inserted singly between nutlets, flush with the fruit surface or slightly protruding (Fig. 1), or in loose clusters of 2-10 in cavities near the base of the peduncle. Overwintered eggs began to hatch during April 10-11, 1978, and continued to hatch until early May (in 1979 first instars were common on fallen fruits by April 5). Early instars fed deep within the heads and could be seen clustered around the core after nutlets had been removed. In the May 1, 1978, sample, second through fourth instars were found in nearly equal numbers. Fifth instars were observed by May 8, and the first adults appeared in the sample of May 20. This first generation developed beneath host trees on fallen fruits that had broken into clusters of nutlets. A smaller percentage of the population developed on the few heads of the previous season that remained on host trees. 792 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 1. Egg of B. numenius (at arrow) in fruiting head of London plane, Platanus x acerifolia. First generation adults became common during the last week of May, and soon eggs were deposited on the small, green current-season fruits. Females also ovi- posited in the few old fruits remaining on the trees, but no eggs were found in fallen fruiting heads. First instars of the second generation were present by early June along with fourth and fifth instars of the first brood. Second generation nymphs developed mainly on immature fruits of the current season and fed on the surface or at the base of peduncles since they could not penetrate the interior of these harder, more compact fruits. The overlapping of generations became increasingly evident; by June 20 all nymphal stages of the second generation were present, plus a few first generation adults, which continued to mate and oviposit. On July 7, 1978, fourth and fifth instars and teneral adults were observed, with first generation adults still present. Although the overlapping of broods made it more difficult to interpret phenology during the remainder of the season, an increase in numbers of adults in the early August sample, coupled with laboratory data showing that at 20° C the nymphal period requires an average of 28.8 days (Table 1), indicated the development of a third generation. A fourth generation may have been completed during the remainder of August and into late Sep- tember-early October, but the infrequency of late-season sampling precluded documentation of a fourth brood. Although mating pairs were found on fruiting heads as late as early November, early instars were absent in samples taken during late September through October 1978. This suggests that eggs deposited by third or fourth generation females represented the overwintering stage. At the sample site, adults have been taken under bark of London plane trees during November, VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 793 Table 1. Duration (in days) of the nymphal stadia of B. numenius reared at 20° C under natural photoperiod. Duration Stage No. individuals Range Mean + SE Cumulative mean age Nymphal stadia Ist 12 4-8 Gr2 i= 0132 6.2 2nd 13 4-7 4.7 + 0.29 10.9 3rd 15 3-8 4.4 + 0.32 S23 4th 16 4-9 5:2) 032 20.5 Sth 7 6-10 8.3 + 0.47 28.8 but only eggs have been found to survive until spring. Adults, however, may overwinter in more southern latitudes. Sampling in 1981 gave a similar picture of early-season phenology. Adults of the first generation first appeared in the May 20 sample, first instars of the second generation were numerous on June 8 (30 of 36 nymphs sorted), and first instars of a third generation appeared in the August 5 sample. No nymphs were obtained in an early September collection, but a single first instar obtained from the early October sample may have indicated the presence of a fourth (and perhaps partial) generation. Belonochilus numenius thus is a multivoltine lygaeid that feeds on immature and mature fruits of Platanus spp., with the elongated labium an adaptation for this specialized mode of feeding. Although in some years the first generation develops mainly on fallen fruits and scattered clusters of nutlets from disintegrated heads, this species should be considered an arboreal rather than terrestrial seed predator. Brachypterous morphs, so common in populations of litter-inhabiting lygaeids (Slater, 1977), are absent. Adults disperse actively, with those of the first generation moving from fallen fruits to host trees where they mate and oviposit on immature heads or old fruits from the previous season. DESCRIPTIONS Egg (n = 10).—Length 1.34-1.56 mm, xX = 1.44; width 0.28-0.32 mm, x = 0.30. Elongate, slightly tapering toward posterior pole; pale yellow when deposited, becoming brownish before eclosion, smooth, hexagonal sculpturing faint. Aero- micropyles 5-7 encircling anterior pole, stalked and bearing inward-directed cup- like processes (see Heidemann, 1911, Pl. 10, Fig. 1). Fifth instar (in alcohol, n = 9) (Fig. 2).—Oblong—oval, widest across middle of abdomen, length 4.58-6.08 mm, x = 5.38; general color testaceous, marked with reddish brown and fuscous, intensity of darker markings variable. Head porrect, nondeclivent, longer than wide, tylus extending nearly to middle of antennal segment II, length 1.20 mm, width 1.04 mm, interocular space 0.64 mm; fuscous stripes on either side of midline from near apex of tylus to base, reddish to fuscous lateral stripes visible from antennal bases to base of head; labium elongate, ex- tending to middle or base of abdomen, length of segments variable, I, 0.90—1.20 mm; II, 0.90-1.34; III, 1.10-1.52; IV, 0.64—-0.90; antenna testaceous, segment IV stout, reddish brown or fuscous, length of segments, I, 0.26 mm; IJ, 0.70; III, 794 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON = aS SS HY : Fig. 2. B. numenius, fifth instar. 0.56; IV, 0.66, total antennal length 2.18 mm. Pronotum trapeziform, anterior margin shallowly concave, truncate posteriorly, lateral margins carinate, length 0.72 mm, width 1.56 mm; testaceous, median line pale, bordered by fuscous stripes, sometimes an additional fuscous stripe visible midway between midline and edge, lateral edge pale, bordered by narrow fuscous line, calli irregularly mottled with brown; scutellum testaceous, margined with fuscous, median line pale; wing pads testaceous, margins fuscous and basal half mottled with fuscous, apices nearly reaching posterior margin of abdominal tergite III. Abdominal ter- gites reddish brown to fuscous (tergite II sometimes testaceous), broken by nu- merous pale spots, marginal areas of segments testaceous; dorsal abdominal scent gland openings between tergites 4-5 and 5-6, rims thin, darkened, broad pale VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 795 areas visible anterior to scent gland openings (appearing darker in some speci- mens); venter uniformly testaceous; a reddish-brown to fuscous stripe along pleu- ral areas of thorax, broken by paler spots along edge of abdomen. Legs pale testaceous, sides of femora sometimes with faint brown spots, fore femora in- crassate with short, blunt spine near apex. Fourth instar (in alcohol, n = 5).—Similar in form and color to Sth instar. Dark markings on head, pronotum, and wing pads less intense; large, clearly defined red areas anterior to abdominal scent gland openings in most specimens; wing pads reaching abdominal segment I. Length, 3.60—4.20 mm, x = 3.89. Head, length 0.80-—0.84 mm, x = 0.81; width 0.66-0.70 mm, xX = 0.68; interocular space 0.46-0.52 mm, x = 0.49. Protergal length 0.42-0.44 mm, x* = 0.43; humeral width 0.82-0.88, x = 0.86. Antennal lengths I, 0.16 mm; II, 0.32-0.34; III, 0.24-0.28; IV, 0.42-0.44. Labial lengths I, 0.56-0.64 mm; II, 0.58-0.68; III, 0.60-0.84; IV, 0.44—0.52. Third instar (in alcohol, n = 5).—Similar in form and color to 4th instar. Dark markings on head generally less intense; mesothoracic wing pads distinct, slightly overlapping metanotum. Note: labium in one specimen examined was extremely long, reaching beyond apex of abdomen. Length, 2.64-3.28 mm, X< = 2.86. Head, length 0.60—0.80 mm, + = 0.68; width 0.52-0.54 mm, x = 0.54; interocular space 0.36-0.40 mm, xX = 0.38. Protergal length 0.26-0.34 mm, x = 30; humeral width 0.62—0.70 mm, x = 0.66. Antennal lengths I, 0.12-0.14 mm; II, 0.18-0.28; III, 0.16-0.24; IV, 0.30-0.38. Labial lengths I, 0.36-0.70 mm; II, 0.36—-0.84; II, 0.38-1.00; IV, 0.36—-0.70. Second instar (in alcohol, n = 5).—Similar to 3rd instar, but head and pronotum nearly uniformly dusky. Length, 1.88—2.10 mm, x = 1.95. Head, length 0.40-0.46 mm, x = 0.44; width 0.38-0.44 mm, <~ = 0.41; interocular space 0.30 mm. Protergal length 0.18—0.20 mm, x = 0.18; humeral width 0.42—0.52 mm, x = 0.46. Antennal lengths I, 0.08- 0.12 mm; II, 0.14—0.16; III, 0.12—0.18; IV, 0.20—0.28. Labial lengths I, 0.26—-0.36 mm; II, 0.28-0.40; III, 0.26-0.40; IV, 0.26-0.36. First instar (in alcohol, n = 5).—Similar to 2nd instar but more elongate. Length, 1.26-1.60 mm, x = 1.43. Head, length 0.34—-0.40 mm, xX = 0.37; width 0.30-0.32 mm, Xx = 0.31; interocular space 0.20-0.26 mm, x = 0.22. Protergal length 0.12-0.16 mm, x = 0.14; humeral width 0.34 mm. Antennal lengths I, 0.06-—0.08 mm; IT, 0.08—0.12; III, 0.08-0.12; IV, 0.20-0.24. Labial lengths I, 0.16- 0.26 mm; II, 0.22-0.26; II, 0.22—0.30; IV, 0.20-0.28. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank J. F. Stimmel of this laboratory for the photograph and for his assistance in the field, and T. J. Henry, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Wash- ington, D.C., and E. R. Hoebeke, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, for reading the manuscript. I am grateful to G. L. Miller, Department of Zoology-Entomology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, for illustrating the fifth-instar nymph. LITERATURE CITED Ashlock, P. D. 1967. A generic classification of the Orsillinae of the world (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Lygaeidae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 48: 1-82. Blatchley, W. S. 1926. Heteroptera or true bugs of eastern North America with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida. Nature Publ. Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 1116 pp. 796 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Froeschner, R. C. 1944. Contributions to a synopsis of the Hemiptera of Missouri, Pt. III]. Am. Midl. Nat. 31: 638-683. Heidemann, O. 1902. Notes on Belonochilus numenius Say. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 5: 11-12. 1911. Some remarks on the eggs of North American species of Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 13: 128-140. Say, T. 1831. Descriptions of new species of heteropterous Hemiptera of North America. New Harmony, Ind., pp. 310-368 [rptd. LeConte, J. L. (ed.), 1859]. Slater, J. A. 1964. A catalogue of the Lygaeidae of the world. Vol. I. Univ. Conn., Storrs. 778 pp. 1977. The incidence and evolutionary significance of wing polymorphism in lygaeid bugs with particular reference to those of South Africa. Biotropica 9: 217-229. Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la. 1940. Biological notes on Arizona Heteroptera. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. SOGsOOn LO. —. 1946. Asynopsis of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of America north of Mexico. Part III. Family XI Lygaeidae. Entomol. Am. 26: 1-141. Uhler, P. R. 1871. Notices of some Heteroptera in the collection of Dr. T. W. Harris. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 14: 93-109. —. 1878. Notices of the Hemiptera Heteroptera in the collection of the late T. W. Harris, M. D. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 19: 365-446. Van Duzee, E. P. 1894. A list of the Hemiptera of Buffalo and vicinity. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 5: 167-204. . 1914. A preliminary list of the Hemiptera of San Diego County, California. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 1-57. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 797-807 REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF THE TRISSOLCUS FLAVIPES GROUP (HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE) NORMAN F. JOHNSON Department of Entomology, 1735 Neil Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210. Abstract.—Four species of the 7rissolcus flavipes group are recognized in the Nearctic: 7. brochymenae (Ashmead) [southern USA, Mexico], 7. edessae Fouts [southeastern USA west to Kansas, Texas], 7. euschisti (Ashmead) [widespread] and 7. strabus new species [widespread]. The names Trissolcus murgantiae Ash- mead and 7rissolcus rufiscapus Ashmead are synonymized with 7. brochymenae; Trissolcus podisi Ashmead and Trissolcus rufitarsis Kieffer are synonymized with T. euschisti. Lectotypes are designated for 7. euschisti and T. rufitarsis. An iden- tification key is provided; known host and distribution data are summarized. The genus 7rissolcus Ashmead (= Asolcus Nakagawa, Microphanurus Kieffer) is one of the two main groups within the subfamily Telenominae (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). All species of the genus are egg parasitoids of bugs of the superfamily Pentatomoidea (Heteroptera). Many of these hosts are economically important pests, and, as a result, there has been interest in species of Trissolcus as biological control agents. Species of 7rissolcus may be recognized using the keys of Masner (1976, 1980). Most of the abbreviations and morphological terms used in this revision are defined in Masner (1980). The hyperoccipital carina (hc, Fig. 5), a term introduced by Masner (1979), refers to a carina that, in the Telenominae, runs continuously across the vertex from one eye to the other, behind the lateral ocelli, and merging with the outer orbit of the eye without joining the occipital carina. The inner orbit of most species of the group discussed in this paper is bounded by a distinct furrow that expands in width ventrally; this is referred to as the orbital furrow (of, Fig. 3). Above the base of the mandibles in many species of Trissolcus is a large, sometimes poorly-defined puncture, into which one or a few setae are inserted; this is the pleurostomal puncture (p, Fig. 2). Sublateral setae refer to one or more pairs of posteriorly directed setae near the sides of the first metasomal tergite, not the laterally directed setae near the laterotergite line of flexion. The descriptions represent summaries only of character states distinguishing the hypothesized species and refer to both sexes unless specifically indicated otherwise. As such they are based on the series of specimens, not a single specimen. Because of the inadequacy of Ashmead’s 1893 key for identification I have not cited host data published in the literature. The sections summarizing host infor- mation refer only to specimens that I have seen. 798 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON This revision is based upon material from the following institutions and persons (with acronyms used in the text in parentheses): California State Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA; Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Ottawa, ONT (CNC); Cornell University Insect Col- lection, Ithaca, NY; Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, FL (FSCA); Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, CA; Mississippi Entomological Museum, Mississippi State, MS; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (MCZ); The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC (USNM); University of California, Riverside, CA; and the collections of D. C. Darling (Ithaca, NY) and the author (NFJ). The flavipes group of Trissolcus was first recognized by Kozlov and Lé (1976). They characterized the group as those species with notauli, a strongly convex frons, and a hyperoccipital carina. The diagnosis of the flavipes group can be expanded as follows: hyperoccipital carina present (/c, Fig. 5, Figs. 6-8), rarely interrupted medially (Fig. 4); frons with large setigerous punctures at least laterally (Figs. 3, 5, 7); frons strongly bulging between antennal insertions and inner orbits; orbital furrow usually strongly expanded ventrally (of, Fig. 3; Figs. 1, 5); radicle of antenna light in color, concolorous with or lighter than scape, never darker; genal surface rounded from malar sulcus to occipital carina, with no carina ex- tending from base of mandibles dorsad; notauli well-developed (n, Fig. 11; Fig. 9); central longitudinal keel between notauli usually present; sublateral setae on T1 usually absent (Figs. 16-20). The Trissolcus flavipes group is worldwide in distribution. It is, however, most diverse in the New World, and, in particular, in the Neotropics. This paper deals only with the Nearctic representatives of the group. Four species are recognized: T. brochymenae (Ashmead), T. edessae Fouts, T. euschisti (Ashmead), and T. strabus new species. Trissolcus brochymenae is a southern species whose range extends well into the Neotropics; it can be found as far north as Missouri, Kansas and New Jersey. It is sympatric throughout its Nearctic range with 7. euschisti, but only the latter species can be found in the northern states and Canada. 77vis- solcus edessae is a southeastern U.S. species and may also be found in the West Indies; 7. strabus is widespread in the Nearctic, but is rare. The expression of many characters of the species of this group appears to be strongly affected by the size of the individual. Masner reported this phenomenon in Trissolcus in 1959. He noted that the development of frontal sculpture, meso- scutal sculpture, the central keel on the mesoscutum, and the length of anten- nomeres may be highly variable. In addition to these characters, I have found that the number of setae on the lateral margins of T1, above the mid coxae, and on S1, and the extent of the sculpture on T2 are variable and appear to be related to size. This is especially a problem in 7. euschisti, here interpreted as a poly- phagous and geographically widespread species. KEY TO NEARCTIC SPECIES OF THE 7RISSOLCUS FLAVIPES GROUP Ie Orbital furrow narrow ventrally (Figs. 7, 8); scutellum rugulose (Figs. DAD Vince a tek asissace cs ms: 4 Pox 8 iyinmecy Meg ERE REE Rte aes ee strabus - Orbital furrow strongly expanded ventrally (Figs. 1, 3, 5); scutellum VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 799 with shallowly impressed coriaceous sculpture (Fig. 10) or smooth (Fig. SIE 1s Be Bliss eGo dia UE EPP MN ye a Ae Mec he 9 Pan ea eae 2. 2(1'). Mesopleural carina absent (Fig. 15); female antennal flagellum abruptly bicolored: Al—A6 yellow, A7—Al11 dark brown ................ edessae - Mesopleural carina present (mc, Fig. 13; Figs. 1, 14); female antennal HapsllUmiMntUSCate wHTOUSHOUL | ... Ls .4< ate aes mene es, 3 3(2'). Ventral portion of mesepisternum anterior to mesopleural carina ru- PRIORI VON EPA S ccc, tere et kPa x2 enna nen ne rc aCe Sa brochymenae - Ventral portion of mesepisternum anterior to mesopleural carina smooth or with shallowly impressed coriaceous microsculpture (Fig. 14) .... + ud bina ica RS Es Meer SOP PL Pe or OM nd He Ane ee euschisti SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS Trissolcus brochymenae Figs) 1682 ;-13,16 Telenomus Crochymenae Ashmead, 1881: 193. Type locality: Jacksonville, Flor- ida. Host: Brochymena arborea (Pentatomidae). Lectotype No. 2855 (exam- ined) in USNM. Trissolcus brochymenae: Ashmead, 1893: 164. Trissolcus murgantiae Ashmead, 1893: 163. Type locality: Baton Rouge, Loui- siana. Host: Murgantia histrionica (Pentatomidae). New synonymy. Lectotype No. 2231 (examined) in USNM. Trissolcus rufiscapus Ashmead, 1893: 163. Type locality: Washington, D.C. Host unknown. New synonymy. Holotype No. 2232 (examined) in USNM. Trissolcus murgantiae: Kieffer, 1926: 128. Trissolcus brochymenae: Kieffer, 1926: 129. Trissolcus rufiscapus: Kieffer, 1926: 129. Trissolcus brochymenae: Masner and Muesebeck, 1968: 72 (lectotype designation). Trissolcus murgantiae: Masner and Muesebeck, 1968: 73 (lectotype designation). Length: 1.1-1.3 mm; orbital furrow expanded ventrally (Fig. 1); hyperoccipital carina present, sometimes low medially, but head at least sharply angled at vertex; female antennal flagellum not abruptly bicolored, A3—A11 dark brown to black; genae above mandibles smooth, pleurostomal puncture present (p, Fig. 2); meso- scutum with coriaceous microsculpture throughout, irregularly longitudinally ru- gulose anteriorly. scutellum with effaced coriaceous microsculpture, sometimes smooth; dorsellum excavate ventrally; ventral portion of mesepisternum anterior to mesopleural carina strongly rugulose (Figs. 1, 13); femora and tibiae usually yellow, sometimes (especially in arid regions and in Neotropics) infuscate; meso- pleural carina present (mc, Fig. 13); metasoma (Fig. 16): no sublateral setae on T1; T2 smooth beyond basal costae; T2 with short transverse subapical setal band, few setae along T2-laterotergite line of flexion. Hosts: Acrosternum hilare, Murgantia histrionica, Nezara viridula (Heterop- tera: Pentatomidae). Distribution: Arkansas (Phillips, Pike Co.), California (Humboldt Co., Orange Co., San Diego Co., Santa Clara Co.), Florida (Alachua Co., Baker Co., Duval Co., Pinellas Co.), Georgia (Cobb Co.), Kansas (Cherokee Co.), Louisiana (E. Baton Rouge Parish), Maryland (Anne Arundel Co., Montgomery Co., Prince PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 800 Trissolcus brochymenae. 1, Head and mesosoma, lateral view. 2, Detail of lower part Figs. 1-2. of head, lateral view; p: pleurostomal puncture. Figs. 3-4. 7. edessae. 3, Head, fronto-lateral view; of. orbital furrow. 4, Head and mesosoma, dorsal view. Figs. 5-6. 7. euschisti, head. 5, Frontal view; hc: hyperoccipital carina. 6, Fronto-lateral view. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 801 Georges Co.), Mississippi (Oktibbeha Co., Pontotoc Co.), Missouri (Boone Co., Wayne Co.), New Jersey (Burlington Co.), North Carolina (Wake Co.), South Carolina (Florence Co., Richland Co.), Tennessee (Anderson Co., Blount Co.), Texas (McLennan Co.), Virginia (Shenandoah Co.). Mexico: Baja California Sur, Nuevo Leon, Sonora. Remarks. — Trissolcus brochymenae is most similar to 7. euschisti and may be distinguished from it by the strongly rugulose ventral portion of the mesepister- num anterior to the mesopleural carina (Fig. 13). This species is also similar to T. euschisti in that it shows a great deal of variability, presumably in association with its wide geographic distribution and host range. Trissolcus edessae Figss 3,4). 15,17. Trissolcus edessae Fouts, 1920: 65. Type locality: New Orleans, Louisiana. Host: Edessa bifida (Pentatomidae). Holotype No. 22797 (examined) in USNM. Orbital furrow expanded ventrally (Fig. 3); hyperoccipital carina effaced me- dially, vertex there rounded (Fig. 4); female antennal flagellum abruptly bicolored, A1-A6 yellow, A7—A11 dark brown; genae above mandibles coriaceous except for narrow strip at base of mandibles (Fig. 3), pleurostomal puncture present; disc of mesoscutum coriaceous; scutellum with coriaceous microsculpture anteriorly, otherwise smooth; dorsellum excavate ventrally; anteroventral portion of mes- episternum coriaceous, with few irregular rugae (Fig. 15); legs beyond coxae yellow; mesopleural carina indicated only by short raised keel ventrally (Fig. 15); meta- soma (Fig. 17): no sublateral setae on T1; T2 smooth beyond basal costae; T2 with short, subapical band of setae, 3-4 setae along T2-laterotergite line of flexion. Host: Acrosternum hilare, Edessa bifida (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Distribution: Florida (Dade Co., Stock Is.); Georgia (Cobb Co.); Kansas (Cher- okee Co.); Louisiana (E. Baton Rouge, Orleans Parish); Mississippi (Panola Co.); South Carolina (Darlington Co.); Texas (Galveston Co.). Remarks. — Trissolcus edessae may be easily recognized among the species of the flavipes group dealt with here by the abruptly bicolored female antennae and the lack of a well-developed mesopleural carina. Trissolcus euschisti Figs. 5, 6, 9, 10; 14; 18, 19 Telenomus euschristus Ashmead, 1888: ii. Type locality: Manhattan, Kansas. Host: ““Pentatomid eggs, which apparently belong to some species of Euschristus or an allied form.” (Pentatomidae). Lectotype (designated below) in collection of Kansas State University. Trissolcus euschisti: Ashmead, 1893: 162. Trissolcus podisi, Ashmead, 1893: 162. Type locality: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Host: Podisus spinosus (Pentatomidae). New synonymy. Lectotype No. 2229 (examined) in USNM. Trissolcus rufitarsis Kieffer, 1905: 262. Type locality: Ormsby, Nevada. New synonymy. Lectotype (designated below) in Cornell University Insect Collection. Trissolcus euschisti: Kieffer, 1926: 129. Trissolcus podisi: Kieffer, 1926: 129. Trissolcus podisi: Masner and Muesebeck, 1968: 73 (lectotype designation). 802 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 7-8. Trissolcus strabus, head. 7, Frontal view. 8, Detail of orbital furrow; of: frontal view. Figs. 9-10. T. euschisti. 9, Mesosoma, dorsal view. 10, Scutellum and dorsellum, postero-dorsal view. Figs. 11-12. T. strabus. 11, Mesosoma, dorsal view; n: notaulus. 12, Scutellum and dorsellum, postero- dorsal view. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 803 Orbital furrow distinctly expanded ventrally (Figs. 5, 6); hyperoccipital carina present (Figs. 5, 6, Ac); female antennal flagellum darkened throughout, not abrupt- ly bicolored; genae above mandibles smooth, pleurostomal puncture present (Fig. 5); mesoscutum with coriaceous microsculpture throughout (Fig. 9), rugulose anteriorly; scutellum with coriaceous microsculpture (Fig. 10), smooth in small specimens; dorsellum excavate ventrally; ventral portion of mesepisternum an- terior to mesopleural carina smooth or with shallowly impressed coriaceous mi- crosculpture (Fig. 14); femora and tibiae infuscate medially; mesopleural carina usually present, sometimes poorly developed anteriorly (especially in large spec- imens, Fig. 14); metasoma (Figs. 18, 19): no sublateral setae on T1; large specimens with longitudinal wrinkles on T2 beyond basal costae (Fig. 19), smaller forms with T2 smooth beyond costae (Fig. 18); T2 setation limited to short transverse subapical band, few setae along T2-laterotergite line of flexion. Hosts: Acanthosomatidae sp., probably Elasmostethus cruciatus; Acrosternum hilare, Banasa dimidiata, Brochymena quadripustulata, Brochymena sulcata; Brochymena sp.; Cornifrons ebutalis, Euschistus sp.; Murgantia histrionica; Per- illus ocularis, Perillus sp.; Podisus maculiventris,; Podisus sereiventris,; Podisus sp.; Tetyra bipunctata. Material examined.— 7e/enomus euschisti lectotype female (here designated). Label data: ““Riley Co Ks, Marlatt; 763; Lectotype female Telenomus euschisti Ashmead, desig. N. Johnson.”’ The egg mass is also pinned. The lectotype is de- posited in the collection of the Kansas State University. Ashmead (1888) specified that the description was based upon two specimens labelled 763. Later (1893) he stated that the types were located both in Kansas State and in his collection, which is now in the USNM. The lectotype is the only specimen I have found with the 763 label. At least two other specimens have only a “Riley Co, Ks, Marlatt” label. Since I cannot determine which one Ashmead may have used in the original description, I have not designated a paralectotype. Trissolcus rufitarsis lectotype female (here designated). Label data: ‘““Ormsby Co. Nev, July. Baker; 105; Paratype Cornell U. No. 388.1; Trisolcus [sic] rufitarsis K, Paratype.’’ Lectotype deposited in Cornell University. Masner (1976) reported that the types of Kieffer’s species from the Baker collection were transferred from Pomono College to the California Academy of Sciences (San Francisco), and that some syntype material was obtained by Cornell University through exchange. Dr. Wojciech Pulawski (CAS) has, however, informed me (in litt.) that the type of 7. rufitarsis is not in that collection. Accordingly, I have designated the Cornell specimen as the lectotype. Many other specimens were examined from the following areas: Arizona (Co- chise Co., Coconino Co.); Arkansas (Garland Co.); California (Alameda Co., Merced Co., Sacramento Co., San Diego Co., Santa Clara Co., Shasta Co., Yolo Co.); Connecticut (Fairfield Co.); Florida (Alachua Co., Baker Co.); Georgia (Peach Co.); Idaho (Owyhee Co.); Indiana (Greene Co., Martin Co.); Jowa (Woodbury Co.); Kansas (Riley Co.), Louisiana (Beauregard Parish); Maryland (Baltimore Co., Montgomery Co.); Massachusetts (Middlesex Co.); Michigan (Oscoda Co.); Mississippi (Oktibbeha Co.); Missouri (Wayne Co.); New Mexico (Dona Ana Co., Valencia Co.); New York (Dutchess Co., Greene Co., Tompkins Co.); North Car- olina (Buncombe Co., Macon Co., Wake Co.); North Dakota (Burleigh Co.); Ohio (Hocking Co., Tuscarawas Co., Wayne Co.); Oklahoma (McIntosh Co.); Penn- sylvania (Franklin Co.); South Carolina (Anderson Co., Barnwell Co.); South 804 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 13-14. Ventral portion of mesepisternum, antero-lateral view, legs removed. 13, Trissolcus brochymenae; mc: mesopleural carina. 14, 7. euschisti. Dakota (Pennington Co.); Tennessee (Henderson Co., Shelby Co.); Texas (Brews- ter Co., Brown Co., McLennan Co., Uvalde Co.); Utah (Cache Co., Davis Co.); Virginia (Fairfax Co., Frederick Co.); West Virginia (Kanawha Co.); District of Columbia. Canada: British Columbia; Ontario; Quebec. Mexico: Jalisco, Morelos, Vera Cruz. Remarks. — Trissolcus euschisti may be distinguished from the similar 7. bro- chymenae by the smooth or shallowly impressed sculpture on the ventral portion of the mesepisternum anterior to the mesopleural carina (Fig. 14). The smaller specimens of what I take to be 7. euschisti are often quite distinct from the larger ones in the following characters: number of lateral setae on Tl, extent of fine wrinkles on T2, extent of wrinkles on S2, extent of S1 setation, number of setae on the mesopleuron above the mid coxae, sculpture of the upper portion of the frons, extent of transverse striae within the antennal scrobes, and the presence of a shallow groove below the median ocellus. Ashmead’s species Trissolcus podisi represents the small form, 7. euschisti the large. The two extremes in size may be rather easily separated on the basis of these characters, but intermediate forms also exist, although they are much less common. The larger form seems to be more common in the south and the smaller one in the north, but both extremes and intermediates may be found throughout the range cited above. I therefore hypothesize that they belong to the same, geographically widespread and polyph- agous species. It is upon this basis that I have synonymized the names T. podisi and T. rufitarsis. Yeargan (1982) discussed some aspects of the reproductive biology of Trissolcus euschisti. He noted that the fecundity of a single female was generally sufficient to parasitize all of the eggs within a mass of such hosts as Podisus maculiventris and Euschistus servus. He indicated, however, that both 7. euschisti and Telen- omus podisi were capable of successfully parasitizing bug eggs up to the seventh day of host embryonic development (with eclosion of nymphs occurring on day 8 or 9). This extended period of parasitization capability is unusual in the Telen- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 —— {é THN mgt Fig. 15. Trissolcus edessae, mesosoma, lateral view. Figs. 16—20. Metasoma, dorsal view. 16, 7- brochymenae. 17, T. edessae. 18, T. euschisti, small form. 19, T. euschisti, large form. 20, T. strabus. 806 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON ominae in general, but is consistent with Hidaka’s (1958) observations of another pentatomid egg parasite, Te/enomus gifuensis (see Johnson, 1984). Trissolcus strabus, NEW SPECIES Pigs./2c85 | le 2520 Orbital furrow strongly narrowed ventrally (Figs. 7, 8); hyperoccipital carina present (Figs. 7, 8); female antennal flagellum infuscate throughout; genae above mandibles smooth, pleurostomal puncture present; mesoscutum with coriaceous background microsculpture, rugulose throughout (Fig. 11); scutellum with same sculpture as mesoscutum, microsculpture often effaced (Fig. 12); dorsellum ex- cavate ventrally; ventral portion of mesepisternum smooth; femora and tibiae infuscate; mesopleural carina present; metasoma (Fig. 29): no sublateral setae on T1; T2 with rugulae extending beyond costae over basal two-thirds of sclerite; T2 with short subapical band of setae, few setae along T2-laterotergite line of flexion. Host unknown. Material: Holotype female; Ontario, Hamilton, 31.v11.1981, M. Sanborne, Mal- aise trap (CNC). Paratypes. Two females with same locality data as holotype, one collected 31.vii.1981, one on 9-13.vii.1981 (CNC). California: Sta Cruz Mts., 2 females (USNM). Florida: Alachua Co., Gainesville, Pine Hill Estates; 27.1x.1973, H. V. Weems, Jr., Malaise trap, 1 female (FSCA). New Jersey: Burlington Co., Atsion, 23.vii.1980, J. E. Rawlins, 1 female (NFJ). Tennessee: Lexington, Natchez Trace S.P., 11—15.vi.1972, Mal. tr., G. Heinrich, 3 females (CNC). Texas: Browns- ville, 11-16.vi.1933, Darlington, 1 female (MCZ); Utah: Farmington, 25.v.1936; ex eggs on peach bark; Lot No. 36-35291, 9 females, 2 males (USNM). Remarks. — Trissolcus strabus is distinctive among all species of the flavipes group discussed here (brochymenae, edessae, euschisti) by the ventral constriction of the orbital furrow. In addition, among the Nearctic species it is also charac- terized by the relatively coarsely sculptured mesoscutum and scutellum. This species is widely distributed throughout the Nearctic region, but appears to be relatively uncommon. The name strabus, from the Latin for squinting, refers to the constricted orbital furrow. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank D. Blocker (Manhattan, KS), R. Brown (Mississippi State, MS), J. Hall (Riverside, CA), P. Marsh (Washington, DC), L. Masner (Ottawa, ONT), A. Newton, Jr. (Cambridge, MA), L. Stange (Gainesville, FL), M. Wasbauer (Sac- ramento, CA), R. Wharton (College Station, TX) and Q. Wheeler (Ithaca, NY) for the kind loans of specimens; and D. C. Darling (Ithaca, NY) for specimens and comments on the manuscript. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DEB-8201082. LITERATURE CITED Ashmead, W. H. 1881. Telenomus Crochymenae, n.sp. Fl. Agric. 4: 193. . 1888. Descriptions of some unknown parasitic Hymenoptera in the collection of the Kansas Agricultural College, received from Prof. E. A. Popenoe. Bull. Kans. State Agric. Coll. 3, Appendix, pp. i—viii. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 807 —. 1893. A monograph of the North American Proctotrypidae. Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus. 45. 472 pp. Fouts, R. 1920. Some new parasites, with remarks on the genus Platygaster (Hymenoptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 22: 61-72. Hidaka, T. 1958. Biological investigation of Telenomus gifuensis Ashmead (Hym. Scelionidae), an egg parasite of Scotinophora lurida Burmeister (Hem. Pentatomidae) in Japan. Acta Hymen- opterologica 1: 75-93. Johnson, N. F. 1984. Systematics of Nearctic Te/enomus: classification and revisions of the podisi and phymatae species groups (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Bull. Ohio Biol. Surv. (n.s.), in press. Kieffer, J. J. 1905. Beschreibung neuer Proctotrypiden aus Nord- und Zentralamerika. Berl. Entomol. Z. 50: 237-290. 1926. Scelionidae. Das Tierreich Vol. 48. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin. 885 pp. Kozlov, M. A. and Lé Xuan Hué. 1976. [Palearctic species of the 7rissolcus flavipes Thomson group (Hymenoptera, Proctotrupoidea, Scelionidae).] Entomol. Obozr. 55: 657-667. Masner, L. 1959. Some problems of the taxonomy of the subfamily Telenominae (Hym. Scelionidae), pp. 375-382. Jn Trans. |. Int. Conf. Insect Pathol. Biol. Control, Praha, 1958. Akademia Vied, Bratislava. 653 pp. 1976. Revisionary notes and keys to world genera of Scelionidae (Hymenoptera: Proctotru- poidea). Mem. Entomol. Soc. Canada 97. 87 pp. 1979. The variicornis-group of Gryon Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Can. Entomol. 111: 791-805. 1980. Key to genera of Scelionidae of the Holarctic region, with descriptions of new genera and species (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Mem. Entomol. Soc. Canada 113. 54 pp. Masner, L. and C. F. W. Muesebeck. 1968. The types of Proctotrupoidea (Hymenoptera) in the United States National Museum. Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus. 270. 143 pp. Yeargan, K. V. 1982. Reproductive capability and longevity of the parasitic wasps Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus euschisti. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 75: 181-183. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 808-820 FIVE NEW SPECIES OF ORCHESELLINI FROM CENTRAL MEXICO (COLLEMBOLA: ENTOMOBRYIDAE: ORCHESELLINAE) JosE A. MARI MutT Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00708. Abstract. — Five new species of Orchesellini are described from specimens col- lected in five states of Central Mexico and in the Federal District: Orchesella guinaria, O. bullulata, O. impavid, Pseudodicranocentrus niger, and Dicranor- chesella seminuda. Pseudodicranocentrus circulatus is reported for the first time from the state of Morelos and a few details are added to its description. Forty- five figures complement the descriptions. Through the courtesy of José G. Palacios Vargas, Universidad Nacional Au- tonoma de México, I have been able to study a number of Orchesellini collected by him and his colleagues in five states of Central Mexico and in the Federal District. The material includes six species, five of them new, distributed among three genera. Dr. Kenneth Christiansen, Grinnell College, Iowa, also lent me a specimen that was studied for the present contribution. Three new species belong to Orchesella, a Holarctic taxon that meets its southern limits of distribution in the Nearctic areas of Mexico. The genus was first reported from this country by Palacios Vargas (198la, b) but no species determinations were made. The other three species belong in Pseudodicranocentrus and Dicranorchesella, genera endemic to Neotropical regions of Mexico. In only one instance, reported by Mari Mutt (1977) have species of Orchesella and Dicranorchesella been col- lected together. At Derrame del Chichinautzin, Morelos, Orchesella bullulata lives on the northern sections above 2150 m and two species of Pseudodicranocentrus occur on the southern slopes below 2100 m, but species of these two genera have not yet been found sympatrically. In the descriptions of the Orchesella species I have used the nomenclature system for the chaetotaxy of the third abdominal segment (Abd. 3) as proposed by Christiansen and Tucker (1977), and have adapted this system to the chaetotaxy of Abd. 2. Internal and posterior to the M group is found a macrochaeta which added to the median (M) group forms a median-posterior group (MP, Fig. 14). All the holotypes and most of the paratypes are temporarily deposited in my collection, some paratypes of all the species are deposited in the collection of J. G. Palacios Vargas, Laboratorio de Acarologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México, D.F. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 809 Fig. 1. Dicranorchesella seminuda. Scales on tergum of Abd. 2, the three sockets belong to the inner row of 3 macrochaetae present on this segment (Fig. 41). Orchesella quinaria Mari Mutt, NEW SPECIES Figs. 2-17 Length to 4.0 mm. Body background light yellow. Typical color pattern—5 violet-black stripes (1 middorsal, 2 dorsolateral, 2 lateral) extending from the 2nd thoracic segment (Th. 2) to Abd. 4 (Figs. 3, 7). Very light individuals only with traces of these bands (Figs. 2, 6), darker specimens with much pigment between bands, rendering them less distinct (Fig. 4). Head with pigment around antennal bases and behind eyes, extending laterally to venter of head. A small spot of pigment occasionally on center of dorsum of head. Antennal segment 5 (Ant. 5) and Ant. 6 intensely pigmented, other segments with pigment decreasing in in- tensity towards head. Parts of coxae and tibiotarsi deeply pigmented. Collophore and furcula unpigmented. Apex of Ant. 6 (Fig. 10) with pin seta but without papillae or other projecting structures. Head macrochaetae An, A, M and S 5-7, 6-7, 4-5, and 9-10, respectively (Fig. 11), 3 macrochaetae along midline of head. Interocular chaetotaxy as in Fig. 8, an outer seta external to eyes A and D and 5 setae inside semicircular area defined by eyes C to H. Prelabral setae bifurcated (Figs. 12, 13). Labral papillae with pointed tips (Fig. 9). Differentiated seta of outer labial papilla short, placed far back on its papilla (Fig. 16). Posterior labial row internal to seta E with up to 16 setae per side (X = 9.8, n = 8), all ciliated. Labial setae E, L, and L, ciliated (L, smooth on left labial base of 1 specimen). Macrochaetal formula for Abd. 2: IA = 5-8, OA = 1-2, MP = 3, L = 2 (Fig. 14). Formula for Abd. 3: IA = 3-4, OA = 0-1, M= 2, L=3 (Fig. 15). Corpus of 810 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 2-10. Orchesella quinaria. 2, Distribution of violet-black pigment on light specimen. 3, Typical specimen. 4A, Dark specimen, 4B, Abd. 4 of specimen from Otongo (Hidalgo). 5, Trochanteral organ. 6, Cf. Fig. 2. 7, Cf. Fig. 3. 8, Eyes and interocular chaetotaxy, seta with x found only on right eyepatch of 1 specimen. 9, Labral papillae. 10, Apex of Ant. 6. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 811 tenaculum with | seta. Trochanteral organ (Fig. 5) with up to 100+ slender smooth setae. Inner margin of unguis with basal pair of teeth and 1 unpaired tooth; unguiculus with small tooth on proximal third of one outer lamella (Fig. 17). Dorsum of manubrium with numerous ciliated setae and no smooth setae. Mucro with 2 teeth and basal spine. Diagnosis.— The Nearctic species closest to O. quinaria are O. zebra Guthrie, apparently widespread in the eastern half of the United States, and O. celsa Christiansen and Tucker, recorded from numerous localities in the same general area. The new species may be distinguished from O. zebra by the position of the outer unguicular tooth, number of Abd. 2 MP setae, and number of Abd. 3 IA and M setae. Also, the median longitudinal line in O. zebra usually extends across Abd. 4 while even in dark specimens of O. quinaria the line is absent from the central portion of the segment. Some individuals of O. celsa could be mistaken for darker specimens of O. quinaria but the former has the outer unguicular tooth near the middle of its lamella and possesses fewer Abd. 2 IA setae. Two European species are similar in coloration to O. quinaria: O. irregulari- lineata Stach, known only from the Caucasus mountains, and O. orientalis Stach, reported only from the Ukrainskaya SSR. These species possess 4-toothed ungues and the outer unguicular tooth is placed beyond the middle of its lamella. Also, the largest specimens known of these species barely reach 3.0 mm while the largest specimen of O. quinaria is 4.0 mm long. The largest specimens of O. zebra and O. celsa also measure 3 mm or less. Comments.— Most specimens of O. guinaria possess the pigmentation of Abd. 4 shown in Figs. 3 and 4A; a broad V-shaped pattern from the two dorsolateral stripes, and some pigment on the anterior median area representing the median line. Individuals from Otongo (Hidalgo) differ from the others in that Abd. 4 has a rectangular pattern with no trace of the median line (Fig. 4B). The number of setae on the trochanteral organ increases with the length of the specimen. Lengths (head + body) in mm for five specimens and the number of setae on their left and right trochanters are: 1.9 (27-27), 2.4 (37-40), 2.8 (63-54), 3.1 (75-80), 3.3 (100+-100+). Material examined.— PUEBLA: Xecotepec de Juarez, 20.1.1980, leaf litter, J. Palacios, holotype and 18 paratypes (2 on slides). HIDALGO: Zacualtipan, road to Ferreria, 1860 m, 10—11.1.1981, bait traps placed on forest soil, A. H. Huacuja, 4 paratypes (2 on slides). As preceding but collected on 20.VI.1980, 1 paratype on slide. Hidalgo, 5 km Alumbres-Zacualtipan, 2160 m, leaf litter in mixed forest, G. Ibarra, | paratype on slide. Otongo, 1160 m, 3.1V.1961, necrotrap placed on secondary vegetation, M. A. Moron, 8 paratypes. Otongo, 1120 m, 3.V.—3.VI.1981, 2 paratypes (1 on slide). Orchesella bullulata Mari Mutt, NEw SPECIES Figs. 18-24 Length to 3.9 mm. Body background light brown. Typical color pattern—wide dark-violet median band extending from Th. 2 to Abd. 3 or Abd. 4 and 2 wider broken lateral bands (Figs. 21, 23). Light specimens with more sharply defined bands (Figs. 20, 22). Head with pigment around antennal bases and behind eyes, 812 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 11-17. O. quinaria. 11, Head macrochaetotaxy, setae with arrows absent from some speci- mens or present only on one side of the head. 12-13, Prelabral setae. 14-15, Macrochaetotaxy of Abd. 2 and Abd. 3, IA = inner anterior, OA = outer anterior, M = median, MP = median posterior, L = lateral; setae with arrows are absent from some specimens or present only on one side of the segment. 16, Outer labial papilla. 17, Metathoracic claws. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 813 extending laterally to venter of head. Ant. 5 and Ant. 6 intensely pigmented, other segments not as intensely colored. Areas of coxae and all of tibiotarsi intensely pigmented, trochanters and femora lightly colored. Collophore with some pigment basally and distally, manubrium pigmented dorsally. Apex of Ant. 6 with a con- spicuous protuberance (Fig. 24). Head macrochaetae An, A, M and S 6, 8, 5 and 13-14, respectively (Fig. 19), 3 macrochaetae along midline of head. Interocular chaetotaxy, labral papillae, differentiated seta of outer labial papilla, number of setae on tenaculum, and mucro as in O. quinaria. Prelabral setae not bifurcated. Posterior labial row internal to seta E with up to 15 setae per side (X¥ = 9.1, n= 6), all setae ciliated. Labial setae E, L, and L, ciliated. Macrochaetal formula for Abd. 2: IA = 5-8, OA = 2, MP = 3, L = 2. Formula for Abd. 3: IA = 4-5, OA = 0-1, M = 2, L = 3. Trochanteral organ with up to 54 slender smooth setae. Inner margin of ungues with basal pair of teeth and 2 unpaired teeth, unguiculus with a small tooth on middle of one outer lamella (Fig. 18). Diagnosis.— The three longitudinal bands on the body should distinguish this species from other Nearctic forms except perhaps some individuals of O. celsa Christiansen and Tucker, a widespread species in the eastern half of the United States. Both species differ in the number of inner ungual teeth, number of Abd. 2 and Abd. 3 IA setae, and in the presence of the apical protuberance on Ant. 6 of O. bullulata. In addition, the largest individuals of O. ce/sa reach 2.7 mm while the largest specimens of O. bullulata are 3.9 mm long. Orchesella balcanica Stach, known from Bulgaria and Romania, has a somewhat similar color pattern but the median longitudinal line is thinner, Abd. 4 is more intensely pigmented, Ant. 6 apparently lacks the apical protuberance, and the largest individuals reach 4.5 mm. Comments.— There is some variation in the size of the protuberance on Ant. 6. Usually, the dilation is well developed but in a few specimens it is small. One specimen has it reduced on the left antenna and its right antenna lacks this structure. Absence of a cuticular depression suggests that this protuberance is not an eversible papilla. It is not an artifact caused by preservation or mounting procedure because it is present in specimens from various localities, collected on different dates, and also on the antennae of individuals preparing to molt (Fig. 24). Material examined.—(collected by J. Palacios except as noted). MORELOS: southern slopes of Derrame del Chichinautzin, 22.1.1978, leaf litter, holotype and 20 paratypes (3 on slides). Derrame del Chichinautzin, 2260 m, 5.XII.1976, leaf litter, 2 paratypes (2 on slides). As preceding but 2450 m, Quercus leaf litter, 2 paratypes (1 on slide). As for preceding but 2150 m, 25.I1V.1976, 1 paratype. MICHOACAN: El Tren, km 38 Rd. Hidalgo-Charo, pine leaf litter, 1 paratype on slide. DISTRITO FEDERAL: Contreras, Primer Dinamo, 9.X.1975, leaf litter, 1 paratype on slide. Barrio Capoltitla, 3000 m, 28.XI.1976, leaf litter, 1 paratype on slide. Road Xochimilco-Oaxtepec, Km 52, 15.I.1982, G. Morales, 7 paratypes (2 on slides). MEXICO: Valle de Bravo, 20.X.1979, pine litter, C. Cramer, 3 paratypes (1 on slide). Orchesella impavida Mari Mutt, NEw SPECIES Figs. 25-29 Length to 3.0 mm. Body background light yellow. Typical color pattern—4 violet-black bands extending from Th. 2 to Abd. 3. Paramedial bands clearly 814 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 18-24. Orchesella bullulata. 18, Metathoracic claws. 19, Head macrochaetotaxy. 20, Distri- bution of dark violet pigment on light specimen. 21, Typical specimen, 22, Cf. Fig. 20. 23, Cf. Fig. 21. 24, Apex of Ant. 6, molting specimen. separated from each other at least through Abd. 1, most specimens have these bands separated through Abd. 3 (Fig. 26) but in darker specimens the median bands of Abd. 2 and Abd. 3 are fused (Fig. 27). Lateral bands wide, running complete length of specimens (Fig. 25). Head with pigment around antennal bases and behind eyes, extending laterally to venter of head. Ant. 5 and Ant. 6 intensely pigmented, other segments less intensely colored and with pigment restricted VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 815 Figs. 25-29. Orchesella impavida. 25-26, Distribution of violet-black pigment on typical specimen. 27, Dark specimen. 28, Head macrochaetotaxy, setae with arrows are absent from some specimens or present only on one side of the head. 29, Apex of Ant. 6. Figs. 30-31. Pseudodicranocentrus circulatus, outer labial papilla, note presence of one seta near base of differentiated seta and compare the length of the differentiated seta in both figures. mostly to apical areas. Part of coxae intensely pigmented, other leg segments uniformly but lightly colored. Collophore with some pigment distally. Dark spec- imens with pigment on dorsum of manubrium. Apex of Ant. 6 with a simple papilla (Fig. 29). Head macrochaetae An, A, M and S 7, 8-9, 4-6, and 12, re- spectively (Fig. 28), 3 macrochaetae along midline of head. Interocular chaetotaxy seen in 2 specimens, one with 4 inner setae, other with 5 setae. One specimen with a median prelabral seta bifurcated, other prelabral setae of this specimen and ofall other specimens not bifurcated. Differentiated seta of outer labial papilla, 816 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON number of setae on tenaculum, setae on manubrium, and mucro as in O. quinaria. Claw structure as in O. bullulata. Posterior labial row internal to seta E with up to 6 setae per side (X = 4.7, n = 6), all setae ciliated. Labial setae E, L, and L, ciliated. Macrochaetal formula for Abd. 2: IA = 8-11, OA = 2-3, MP = 3, L= 1. Formula for Abd. 3: IA = 3, OA = 0-1, M = 2, L = 3. Trochanteral organ with up to 36 slender smooth setae. Male genital plate circinate, with 16 smooth setae in 1 row around periphery of plate, 2 pairs of well developed smooth setae on median portion of plate and 1| pair of very small smooth setae near genital opening. Diagnosis. —Color pattern is similar to that of O. ainsliei Folsom, a widespread species in the eastern half of the United States, and to that of O. longifasciata Stach, known from the eastern Alps. From the first, O. impavida may be distin- guished by the presence of an apical papilla on Ant. 6, only 1 tenacular seta, number of Abd. 2 IA setae, and maximum length of the specimens (2.0 mm in O. ainsliei, 3.0 mm in O. impavida). Individuals of O. longifasciata have less conspicuous lateral pigment bands and the unguicular tooth is inserted before the middle of its lamella. Material examined.— MEXICO: Volcan Popocatepetl, Cuppressus forest, 3000 m, 5.1V.1982, in mosses growing on trees, J. Palacios, holotype and 8 paratypes (2 on slides). Pseudodicranocentrus niger Mari Mutt, NEw SPECIES Figs. 32-36 Length to 2.6 mm. Distribution of violet-black pigment as in Fig. 35; parts of antennae, dorsum of head, some leg segments, and dentes light yellow, otherwise animal is almost uniformly black. Apex of Ant. 6 with pin seta and no papilla. Eyes 8 + 8, G and H smaller but well developed. Interocular chaetotaxy as in Fig. 32. Head macrochaetae An, A, M and S 10, 7-8, 4 and 7, respectively (Fig. 33), 3 macrochaetae along midline of head. Some prelabral setae bifurcated. Labral papillae as in Orchesella quinaria. Differentiated seta of outer labial papilla short, placed far back on its papilla, with 2 setae flanking its base (Fig. 37). Posterior labial row to seta E with up to 9 setae, all ciliated; setae E, L, and L, ciliated. Body macrochaetotaxy as in Fig. 34. Trochanteral organ with up to 51 slender smooth setae. Inner margin of tibiotarsi without smooth setae. Tenent hair clavate. Inner margin of ungues with basal pair of teeth and 2 unpaired teeth, unguiculus with a small outer tooth. Dorsum of manubrium with many ciliated setae and no smooth setae or scales, dentes without smooth setae. Dental lobe without compound spines, no spines along inner or outer margins of dentes. Mucro with 2 teeth and basal spine. Diagnosis.— This species is close to P. circulatus (Mari Mutt) which may occur sympatrically with P. niger and has been reported from the states of Oaxaca, Puebla and Guerrero, and from Guatemala. Both species can be distinguished by the color pattern (Figs. 35, 36), absence of compound spines on the dental lobe of P. niger, details of the macrochaetotaxy of Th. 3 and Abd. 1 (Fig. 34), and by the presence in P. niger of two setae flanking the differentiated seta of the outer labial papilla (Fig. 37, cf. Figs. 30, 31). Material examined.—MORELOS: southern slope of Derrame del Chichinaut- zin, 2100 m, 4. VII.1976, leaf litter in Bursera cuneata forest, J. Palacios, coll. no. Z(54), holotype and | paratype (both on slides). VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 817 Figs. 32-36. Pseudodicranocentrus niger. 32, Eyes and interocular chaetotaxy. 33, Head macro- chaetotaxy, this pattern is identical to that of P. circulatus except that seta with arrow is absent in the holotype of that species but is present in individuals from Morelos. 34, Body macrochaetotaxy, setae with arrows are absent in P. circulatus. 35, Distribution of violet-black pigment. 36, Outer labial papilla, note presence of two setae near base of differentiated seta. 37, P. circulatus, distribution of violet pigment. Pseudodicranocentrus circulatus (Mari Mutt) Figs. 30-31, 37 This species was described in 1979 and additional notes were added by me in 1981. Individuals sympatric with P. niger can be readily distinguished by the characteristic light coloration of this species (Fig. 37). Fig. 33 presents the anterior head macrochaetotaxy of P. niger, which is identical to that of P. circulatus. This 818 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON f N 45 43 Figs. 38-44. Dicranorchesella seminuda. 38, Trochanteral organ. 39, Distribution of light blue pigment. 40, Head macrochaetotaxy. 41, Macrochaetotaxy of Abd. 2, seta with arrow only on the right side of one specimen. 43, Metathoracic claws. 44, Eyes and interocular chaetotaxy. 45, Apex of Ant. 6. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 819 figure, which I have checked with the holotype, corrects the number of setae in the A and M groups given in my 1979 paper (p. 42). A minute detail heretofore unnoticed represents a useful character worthy of investigation in other groups. The outer labial papilla of P. circulatus lacks a small seta near the base of the differentiated seta (Figs. 30, 31) which is present on both specimens of P. niger (Fig. 37). Material examined.— MORELOS: southern slope of Derrame del Chichinaut- zin, 2100 m, 4.VII.1976, leaf litter in Bursera cuneata forest, J. Palacios, coll. no. Z(54), 3 specimens on slides. OAXACA: forest trail 25-30 km E of Huautla de Jiménez, on way to Cerro Rabon, 23.1II.1981, A. Grubbs, 1 specimen on slide. GUERRERO: Zacatecolotla, outside of Aguacachil cavern, 29.XI.1980, J. Pala- cios, | specimen on slide. Dicranorchesella seminuda Mari Mutt, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1, 38-44 Length to 2.5 mm. Head, body and appendages uniformly light blue (Fig. 39), antennae darker, dentes unpigmented. Dorsum of body segments with ciliated microchaetae and few slender scales (Fig. 1), scales longer and more abundant on venter of furcula. Head, legs, collophore, dorsum of manubrium, and dentes unscaled. Venter of head with ciliated setae and smooth setae. Ant. 5 and Ant. 6 distinctly annulated; Ant. 3 well developed, about 0.75 x length of Ant. 4. Apex of Ant. 6 with a long apically curved smooth seta and without pin seta or papillae (Fig. 45). Eyes apparently 6 + 6, G and H not visible in cleared specimens. Interocular chaetotaxy as in Fig. 44, | outer seta, 1 inner seta and 3 setae external to eyes C and F. Head macrochaetae An, A, M and S 5, 6, 4 and 11, respectively (Fig. 40), 3 macrochaetae along midline of head. Prelabral setae not bifurcated. Labral papillae and differentiated seta of outer labial papilla as in Orchesella quinaria. Posterior labial row internal to seta E with up to 7 setae, 2 always smooth and longer than the ciliated setae. Labial seta E smooth or ciliated, setae 1, and 1, smooth. Macrochaetotaxy of Abd. 2 and Abd. 3 as in Figs. 41, 42. Trochanteral organ with up to 20 thick spinelike setae (Fig. 38). Inner margin of tibiotarsi with irregular rows of erect smooth setae; 1—4 of these setae may be present on distal outer margin of segment. Tenent hair lanceolate. Inner margin of ungues with 3 teeth, outer margin of unguiculus with a small tooth placed near the middle of its lamella (Fig. 43). Dorsum of manubrium with many ciliated setae and 12-46 smooth erect setae, 1—4 similar smooth setae on dorsal proximal portion of each dens. Dentes with 7-9 spines which towards the mucro gradually transform into curved ciliated setae. Dental lobe with 2—3 short spines. Mucro with 2 teeth and basal spine. Diagnosis.— This species is closest to D. boneti Mari Mutt, reported from the states of Hidalgo, Veracruz and San Luis Potosi. Both may be distinguished by scale morphology (compare Fig. 1 with Mari Mutt, 1978: 133, Fig. 11) and by the absence of scales from the head of O. seminuda. Material examined.—PUEBLA: Xecotepec de Juarez, 20.1.1980, leaf litter, J. Palacios, holotype and 4 paratypes (2 on slides). As preceding but collected 7.1X.1980, 1 paratype on slide. 820 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LITERATURE CITED Christiansen, K. A. and B. E. Tucker. 1977. Five new species of Orchesella (Collembola: Entomo- bryidae). Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 84: 1-13. Mari Mutt, J. A. 1977. Dicranorchesella, a new genus of springtails from Mexico (Collembola: Entomobryidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 79(3): 377-382. —. 1978. A new species of springtails from Mexico, Dicranorchesella occulta n. sp. and a redescription of D. boneti (Collembola: Entomobryidae). Rev. Biol. Trop. 26(1): 125-137. —. 1979. A revision of the genus Dicranocentrus Schétt (Insecta: Collembola: Entomobryidae). Univ. P. R. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 259, 79 p. 1981. New genus, new species, and complements to the descriptions of seven neotropical Dicranocentrus (Collembola: Entomobryidae: Orchesellinae). J. Agric. Univ. P. R. 65(2): 90- 107. Palacios- Vargas, J.G. 198la. Note on Collembola of Pedregal de San Angel, Mexico, D.F. Entomol. News 92(1):42-44. 1981b. Collembola asociados a Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) en el derrame lavico del Chichi- nautzin, Morelos, Mexico. Southwest. Entomol. 6(2): 87-98. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 821-825 SPECIES COMPOSITION IN A GUILD OF OVERWINTERING RHYACIONIA SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE, OLETHREUTINAE) POPULATIONS IN MARYLAND CHARLES L. STAINES, JR., STEPHEN C. MALAN, GAYE L. WILLIAMS AND THOMAS L. SHEA, JR. Maryland Department of Agriculture, Plant Protection Section, 50 Harry S. Truman Parkway, Annapolis, Maryland 21401. Abstract.—A survey was conducted to determine the species composition of Rhyacionia populations in Maryland. Three species were detected: R. frustrana, R. buoliana, and R. rigidana. A total of 75 hymenopterous parasitoids from the families Bethylidae, Braconidae, Chalcididae, Eurytomidae, Ichneumonidae, Peri- lampidae, and Pteromalidae emerged from the 2368 Rhyacionia pupae collected. Haltichella rhyacioniae Gahan was the most abundant parasitoid, followed by Eurytoma pini Bugbee and Campoplex frustranae Cushman. Larvae of Rhyacionia (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae, Olethreutinae) annually cause moderate to heavy damage to pines (Pinus spp.) in Maryland nurseries, Christmas tree plantations, and reforestation projects (Lashomb and Steinhauer, 1974). Con- trol of these insects is difficult and results are not always satisfactory. Powell and Miller (1978) report six species of Rhyacionia from Maryland: R. adana Heinrich, R. aktita Miller, R. buoliana (Denis and Schifflermiiller), R. busckana Heinrich, R. frustrana (Comstock), and R. rigidana (Fernald). Many Maryland growers assume all pine tip moths in a stand are R. frustrana. This study was undertaken to determine the distribution and abundance of the Rhy- acionia spp. in Maryland. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sites with naturally occurring and planted pines were selected in 22 Maryland counties. Samples were taken between 13 December 1979 and 28 March 1980. Table 1 summarizes host plants reported in the literature of the six Rhyacionia spp. Infested pine tips were placed in plastic bags, and labelled as to host species, date, and collection site. Infested tips were collected from the lower 2 m of the tree from all sides of the host when possible. All trees surveyed were Pinus (Pinus) spp. Tips were held at 5°C until processed. Rhyacionia pupae and larvae were re- moved from tips. Larval identifications were made using MacKay (1959). No attempt was made to rear R. buoliana larvae. Pupal identifications were made using Yates (1967b) and Dickerson and Kearby (1972). Pupae were placed in 822 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 1. Pines occurring in Maryland which have been recorded as host plants of Rhyacionia spp. R. adana R. aktita R. buoliana R. busckana R. frustrana R. rigidana Pinus echinata Xx x mugo X nigra x pungens resinosa x rigida x strobus sylvestris x taeda X thunbergii virginiana Oo Ue ee eee ere Said alt ~ Me > » individual gelatin capsules and grouped in petri dishes according to species and collection site. The dishes were held until 1 July 1980 at 20°C for adult or parasitoid emergence. Adults were identified using Powell and Miller (1978). Parasitoids were identified using Yates (1967a). RESULTS Samples were collected from 22 counties (Table 2). Surveys were conducted in all counties except Allegany. No infestations were located in Garrett Co. Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) were the most commonly infested host species. Rhyacionia spp. were also collected from Japanese black pine (P. thunbergii Parl.), Scots pine (P. sylvestris L.), red pine (P. resinosa Ait), Austrian pine (P. nigra Arnold) and Pinus taeda x P. rigida. Three Rhyacionia spp. were found in the survey: R. buoliana, R. frustrana, and R. rigidana. No specimens of R. adana, R. aktita or R. busckana were found. The most abundant species collected was R. frustrana, comprising 92% of all tip moths collected. This species was found in all counties collected and specimens were taken from all Pinus spp. surveyed. The percentage of R. frustrana detected ranged from 76% in Worcester county to 100% in Calvert, Charles, and Wash- ington counties. The second most abundant species was R. buoliana, comprising 4% of all tip moths collected. This species was found in all counties except Calvert, Charles, Garrett, and Washington. The percentage of R. buoliana detected ranged from 0% in 4 counties to 11% in Wicomico county. Specimens were collected from P. virginiana, P. thunbergii, and P. taeda. The third species found was R. rigidana, comprising 4% of all tip moths col- lected. This species was found in all counties except Calvert, Carroll, Charles, Frederick, Garrett, Howard, Montgomery, and Washington. The percentage of R. rigidana detected ranged from 0% in 8 counties to 21% in Worcester County. Specimens were collected from P. virginiana, P. thunbergii, P. taeda, and P. nigra. Of the 114 samples, 57 contained only R. frustrana, 5 only R. buoliana, and 2 only R. rigidana. Mixed populations were found in 47 samples. Of the mixed samples, 18 contained R. frustrana and R. buoliana, 15 contained R. frustrana and R. rigidana, 2 contained R. buoliana and R. rigidana, 12 contained all three VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 823 Table 2. Distribution and Composition of Rhyacionia spp. in Maryland. No. No. No. County #Samples_ R. frustrana % Pop. R.rigidana % Pop. R. buoliana % Pop. Total Anne Arundel 7 95 81 15 13 if 6 117. Baltimore 1 145 97 1 1 3 2 149 Calvert 3 51 100 — — _ ~ 51 Caroline 4 85 93 1 l 5 5 91 Carroll 3 41 98 _ — l 2 42 Cecil 7 133 98 l | 1 1 135 Charles 6 95 100 _ _ _ _ 95 Dorchester 6 130 88 15 10 3 2 148 Frederick 4 Lis} 95 — — 6 5) 119 Garrett 0) — _ _ _ _ ~ 0) Harford 7 110 95 1 l 5 4 116 Howard 6 67 91 — _ 7 9 74 Kent 4 116 97 ] l 2) 2) 119 Montgomery 4 72 96 — _ 3 4 7s Prince Georges 12 140 99 ] 1 l 1 142 Queen Annes 5 164 94 2 1 9 5 175 St. Marys 4 94 98 1 1 1 96 Somerset 4 66 90 1 l 6 8 Vs: Talbot 6 233 90 6 2 18 i] 247 Washington 2 50 100 ~ — _ — 50 Wicomico 5 7/5) 83 13 6 23 11 216 Worcester 8 12 76 31 21 4 3 147 Total 114 PTT 92 91 4 105 4 2473 species, and 3 contained no Rhyacionia. R. frustrana was the predominate species when present with the exception of one sample in which R. frustrana and R. buoliana were present in equal numbers. A total of 75 hymenopterous parasitoids emerged from the Rhyacionia pupae. The parasitoids were: Bethylidae—1 Gonizus columbainus Ashmead; Braconi- dae—1 Bracon gemmaecola (Cushman); Chalcididae— 16 Haltichella rhyacioniae Gahan; Eurytomidae—15 Eurytoma pini Bugbee; Ichneumonidae— 1 Atrometus clavipes (Davis), 14 Campoplex frustranae Cushman, 3 Glypta varipes Cushman, 1 Itoplecus quadricingulata Privancher, and 11 unidentified; Perilampidae—2 Perilampus hyalinus Say; Pteromalidae—1 Dibrachys sp. and 9 Habrocytus sp. All parasitoids emerged from R. frustrana except 1 E. pini which emerged from R. rigidana. DISCUSSION From the results of this survey R. frustrana is the most abundant and widespread pine tip moth in Maryland. The 46 samples (40%) with mixed populations are slightly lower but similar to the results of Miller and Yates (1964) (45% mixed) and Baer and Berisford (1975) (50% mixed). Information on species composition of tip moth population directly affects the timing of their control. Berisford (1974) and Canalos and Berisford (1981) found that the overwintering populations of R. frustrana and R. rigidana emerged simultaneously. The second generation of R. 824 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON rigidana emerged about 20 days later than that of R. frustrana (Berisford (1974), Canalos and Berisford (1981)). R. buoliana emerges in June in Maryland (Powell and Miller (1978)) while the other species emerge in the spring and again in the summer (Berisford (1974)). The distribution of R. buoliana found by the survey was not expected. Powell and Miller (1978) record R. buoliana only from the northern part of Maryland. The results of this survey show the highest populations on the lower eastern shore extending the range of R. buoliana about 80 km south to the Virginia border. The failure of this survey to find R. adana, R. aktita, and R. busckana was unexpected also. Of the recorded host species endemic to Maryland the only one not sampled was P. rigida. This indicates the above species are not common in Maryland. The low number of parasitoids recovered was surprising. Lewis et al. (1970) found parasitism to be 12% in the overwintering pupae and Harmon (1972) found 4% parasitism for both generations. Our data showed 3% parasitism of the over- wintering population. Fox and King (1963) found that parasitoids are more active in the terminal whorl of branches. On larger trees this could be a source of error in percent parasitism. The mean height of surveyed trees was 2.3 + 1.9 m. Since the terminal whorl of branches was able to be sampled the likelihood of this sampling error was reduced. The most numerous parasitoid in this study was Haltichella rhyacioniae. Lewis et al. (1970) found Campoplex frustranae the most abundant parasitoid. Lashomb et al. (1980) found Lixophaga mediocris Aldrich (Diptera: Tachinidae) to be the most numerous parasitoid during the growing season. L. mediocris was not de- tected in this survey since it overwinters as an adult (Lashomb and Steinhauer, 1982). In our study Eurytoma pini was the second most abundant parasitoid. Lashomb et al. (1980) found this species to be third in abundance and Harman (1972) found this species to be second in abundance. The results are similar for Campoplex frustranae. Lashomb et al. (1980) found this species to be second in abundance and Harman (1972) found it to be third in abundance. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank R. L. Davis, R. A. Dekker (Maryland Department of Agriculture), and J. E. Walsh (Maryland Cooperative Extension Service) for assistance in col- lecting infested pine tips. J. A. Davidson, A. M. Wilson (University of Maryland), and W. F. Gimpel (Maryland Department of Agriculture) commented on an earlier draft of this manuscript. Maryland Department of Agriculture Contribution No. 25; LITERATURE CITED Baer, R. G. and C. W. Berisford. 1975. Species composition of pine tip, Rhyacionia spp., infestations in northeast Georgia. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 10: 64-67. Berisford, C. W. 1974. Comparisons of adult emergence periods and generations of the pine tip moths, Rhyacionia frustrana and R. rigidana. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 67: 666-668. Canalos, C. G. and C. W. Berisford. 1981. Seasonal activity of two sympatric Rhyacionia species as determined by pheromone traps. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 16: 219-222. Dickerson, W. A. and W. H. Kearby. 1972. The identification and distribution of the pine tip moths of the genus Rhyacionia in Missouri. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 45: 542-551. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 825 Fox, R. C. and E. W. King. 1963. A sampling technique for the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock). S. C. Agric. Expt. Stn. Entomol. Zool. Res. Ser. 60. 5 pp. Harman, D. M. 1972. Parasites of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana, on three pine species in Maryland. Chesapeake Sci. 13: 223-226. Lashomb, J. H. and A. L. Steinhauer. 1974. Nantucket pine tip moth damage in Maryland as influenced by moth density, host preference, generation differences and life history. Md. Agric. Expt. Stn. MP 857. 22 pp. 1982. Association of three Nantucket pine tip moth parasitoids within the crown of loblolly pine. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 17: 287-291. Lashomb, J. H., A. L. Steinhauer, and G. Dively. 1980. Comparison of parasitism and infestation of Nantucket pine tip moth in different aged stands of loblolly pine. Environ. Entomol. 9: 397- 402. Lewis, K. R., H. M. Kulman, and H. J. Heikkenen. 1970. Parasites of the Nantucket pine tip moth in Virginia with notes on ecological relationships. J. Econ. Entomol. 63: 1135-1139. MacKay, M.R. 1959. Larvae of the North American Olethurtidae. Can. Entomol. Supp. 10. 338 pp. Miller, W. E. and L. F. Wilson. 1964. Composition and diagnosis of pine tip moth infestations in the southeast. J. Econ. Entomol. 57: 722-726. Powell, J. A.and W.E. Miller. 1978. Nearactic pine tip moths of the genus Rhyacionia: Biosystematic review. U.S. Dept. Agric. Handbook 514. 51 pp. Yates, H.O. 1967a. Key to the Nearactic parasites of the genus Rhyacionia: with species annotations. USDA. For. Serv. Expt. Stn. Paper No. SE 115. 19 pp. —. 1967b. Pupae of Rhyacionia frustrana, R. rigidana, and R. subtropica. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 60: 1096-1099. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 826-834 A REVIEW OF THE GENUS THOREYELLA SPINOLA (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) L. H. ROLSTON Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803. Abstract.—The genus Thoreyella, which seems restricted to southeastern South America, is redefined. Thoreyella cornuta, T. taurus and T. trinotata are rede- scribed and the genitalia of these species and of 7. brasiliensis are figured, excepting the male of 7. taurus, which is unknown. Lectotypes and paralectotypes are designated for Thoreyella cornuta and T. trinotata. A key to the four species is provided. Thoreyella pentamaculata is rejected as a member of the genus. Thoreyella is one of seven American pentatomine genera distinguished by an abdominal spine that projects beneath the metasternum and by bucculae that extend as lobes nearly to or past the distal end of the first rostral segment. Of these genera (Aleixus, Brepholoxa, Dendrocoris, Odmalea, Rio, Thoreyella and Zorcadium) only Aleixus, Odmalea and Rio contain species sympatric with Thor- eyella species, which seem restricted to southeastern South America. A convenient means of separating Rio and Thoreyella is the prolongation of the superior femoral surface into an acute apical spine in the latter genus. Aleixus is easily recognized by a large dorsal tubercle on each humerus. Several characters serve to separate Thoreyella and Odmalea. In Thoreyella the juga are contiguous distally, the ostiolar rugae slightly curved, the costal angle of the coria reaches little or not at all beyond the scutellum and the frena extend little past the basal third of the scutellum. On the contrary, in Odmalea the juga converge distally but are not normally contiguous, the ostiolar rugae are straight, the costal angle of each corium far surpasses the scutellum and the frena extend beyond the middle of the scutellum. Four species of Thoreyella are recognized here: T. brasiliensis Spinola, T. cor- nuta Berg, T. taurus Jensen-Haarup and T. trinotata Berg. Piran (1957) described a fifth species, 7. pentamaculata, which belongs among the Asopinae (Grazia, 1983). Thoreyella Spinola, 1850 Thoreyella Spinola, 1850, p. 79-80—Spinola, 1852, p. 119-120—Stal, 1872, p. 45 (synonymy)—Jensen-Haarup, 1931, p. 319-320 (key to spp.)— Piran, 1957, p. 67-68 (key to spp.). Uditta Stal, 1860, p. 23—Stal, 1867, p. 531 (synonymized by Stal, 1872). Type species: Thoreyella brasiliensis Spinola, by monotypy. Head across eyes as wide as or a little wider than long, lateral margins sigmoid, VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 827 Figs. 1-12. Thoreyella brasiliensis. Fig. 1, Head. Fig. 2, Pronotum. Fig. 3, Scutellum and heme- lytron. Fig. 4, Buccula (b). Fig. 5, Metapleuron; ostiolar ruga (r). Fig. 6, Genital cup; parameres (p). Fig. 7, Pygophore, ventral view. Fig. 8, Right paramere. Fig. 9, Theca and related structures; conjunctiva (c); Fig. 10, Same, lateral view; penisfilum (pe). Fig. 11, Genital plates; first gonocoxae (cx 1). Fig. 12, Spermatheca. tapering to or subparallel before apex, juga contiguous before tylus (Figs. 1, 13, 25530). First antennal segment not surpassing apex of head; second, third, and fourth segments subequal in length (except in 7. brasiliensis), longer than first, shorter than fifth. Bucculae obtusely to acutely toothed near anterior limit, prolonged as lobe at base of head, extending to or past distal end of first rostral segment (Fig. 4); rostrum reaching metacoxae. 828 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Humeral angles produced, angulate to spinose. Anterolateral margin obtusely rounded, sparcely denticulate or entire, bearing small tubercle at anterolateral angle (Figs. 2, 14, 26, 31). Scutellum as long as or longer than wide at base; frena reaching little beyond basal third of scutellum. Costal angle of each corium extending beyond scutellum at most by one eight length of scutellum (Fig. 3, 15, 27, 32). Mesosternum broadly sulcate along meson; prosternum and metasternum flat. Ostiolar ruga curving from each ostiole toward anterior metathoracic margin, extending more than half the distance from inner margin of ostiole to lateral metathoracic margin (Figs. 5, 16, 28, 33). Superior surface of femora prolonged apically as spine (Figs. 17, 34); tibiae flattened or weakly sulcate on superior surface (only anterior pair flattened in 7. brasiliensis). Abdominal spine projecting between metacoxae, sometimes attaining mesocoxae. Pygophoral opening narrowing posteriorly on dorsal surface, continuing onto ventral surface (Figs. 6-7, 18-19, 35-36). Theca without lobes; penisfilum lying entirely on vertical median plane (Figs. 9-10, 21-22, 38-39). First gonocoxae almost or entirely concealed (Figs. 11, 23, 29, 40). Spermathecal bulb elongate, without diverticula, enlarged only at distal flange (Figs. 12, 24, 41). Comment.— Present incomplete evidence indicates that the lack of thecal lobes and unmodified spermathecal bulb, i.e., the absence of an enlargement other than at the distal flange and lack of diverticula, are generic features of Thoreyella contrasting with those of Odmalea. KEY TO SPECIES 1. Each spiracle slightly elevated on conspicuous callus; anterolateral margins of pronotum usually sparsely denticulate (Fig. 2) .... 7. brasiliensis Spinola — Spiracles neither elevated nor on callus; anterolateral margins of pronotum without Clearly defined denticles 0.02.) 5.00. Os ce ee ee 2 2. Width and length of scutellum subequal; lateral margins of juga subparallel before apex of head (Figs. 13, 25); head markedly darker than pronotal CIS oc ee Oe hn Ben le eres Cee Eee ere ce cee a cores 3 — Scutellum about one-tenth longer than wide at base (Fig. 32); lateral mar- gins of juga tapering toward apex of head, nowhere subparallel (Fig. 30); head nearly concolorous with pronotal disk ............. T. trinotata Berg 3. Humeri spinose, turned little or not at all cephalad (Fig. 14) .......... — Humeri angulate, directed obliquely cephalad (Fig. 31) ............... PPE Te PARED. net a Mealine eran tin Mle Ri A In ghee I T. taurus Jensen-Haarup Thoreyella brasiliensis Spinola, 1850 Thoreyella brasiliensis Spinola, 1850, p. 80-81 —Spinola, 1852, p. 120-121—Stal, 1872, p.45—Buckup, 1961, p. 13 (record)—Rolston, 1978, p. 22 (synonymy). Rhaphigaster acutus Herrich-Schaffer, 1851, p. 318. (synonymized by Stal, 1872). Uditta impicta Stal, 1860, p. 24 (synonymized by Stal, 1872). Odmalea olivacea Ruckes, 1959, p. 55 (synonymized by Rolston, 1978). Ruckes (1959) described this species in detail and to his description only il- lustrations are added here. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 829 Figs. 13-24. Thoreyella cornuta. Fig. 13, Head. Fig. 14, Pronotum. Fig. 15, Scutellum and he- melytron. Fig. 16, Metapleuron; ostiolar ruga (r). Fig. 17, Apex of femur, superior surface. Fig. 18, Genital cup; parameres (p). Fig. 19, Pygophore, ventral view. Fig. 20, Right paramere. Fig. 21, Theca and related structures; conjunctiva (c). Fig. 22, Same, lateral view; penisfilum (pe). Fig. 23, Genital plates. Fig. 24, Spermatheca. The salient features distinguishing 7. brasiliensis from congeners are the broadly contiguous and often overlapping juga (Fig. 1), the usually denticulate anterolateral margins of the pronotum (Fig. 2), and the ivory callus surrounding and elevating each spiracle. Distribution. — Brazil: Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, 830 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Sao Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul; Argentina: Misiones, Santa Fe, Buenos Aires. Presumably 7. brasiliensis occurs in Uruguay since specimens have been taken to the north, west, and south of this country. Thoreyella cornuta Berg, 1883 Thoreyella cornuta Berg, 1883, p. 215—Berg, 1884, p. 31—Piran, 1956, p. 31. Unevenly yellowish brown, head much darker dorsally due to rather dense and evenly spaced black punctation and sometimes to darker ground color as well; elsewhere on dorsum punctation mostly castaneous; beneath concolorous ex- cepting some dark punctures on humeri. Length without membranes 6.3 to 7.8 mm. Juga just contiguous before tylus, their lateral margins subparallel before roundly truncate apex of head (Fig. 13). Vertex and usually base of tylus somewhat ele- vated. Bucculae acutely toothed at anterior limit but anterior margin of tooth appressed to head. Width of head through eyes 1.5-1.8 mm, length 1.4-1.6 mm. Antennal segments 0.3-0.4; 0.5—0.6; 0.5—0.6; 0.5—0.6; 0.7-0.8 mm in length. Humeri stoutly produced, spinose, inclined slightly upward, connected by sin- uous callus traversing disk (Fig. 14). Anterior pronotal disk usually lighter in color than posterior disk, strongly declivent, sometimes bearing transverse callus pass- ing just caudad of cicatrices. Anterolateral pronotal margins entire, somewhat rough. Width across humeri 5.8—7.5 mm, length at meson 1.8-—2.3 mm. Width and length of scutellum subequal, 2.8-3.4 mm across base. Connexiva moderately exposed, sutures usually outlined in part or whole by darker color. Ventrally, pronotum marked on each side by dark spot near anterolateral angle and another near distal end of supracoxal cleft. Apical spine of femora prominent, especially long and acute on posterior femora (Fig. 17). Stout abdominal spine reaching mesocoxae, apex bent toward sternum; spiracles thinly black ringed, not elevated; apical angles of abdominal sternites plainly black spotted. Margin of dorsal opening into genital cup produced as strong tooth directly caudad of parameres (Fig. 18). Apex of parameres bilaterally expanded (Fig. 20), with concave surface facing tumescence on anterolateral walls of genital cup. Tenth sternite of female slightly longer than wide at distal margin (Fig. 23). Types. — The following specimen is designated LECTOTYPE: male, labeled (a) Typus (b) Banda Oriental (c) 1409 (d) Museo La Plata. This specimen mounted above female. PARALECTOTYPES, all with same data as lectotype: ? mounted beneath lectotype; 6, 2 mounted on same pin; 2 mounted alone. Distribution. — Uruguay (type locality); Brazil: Mato Grosso; Argentina: Buenos Aires, Entre Rios. Probably in Paraguay since one specimen examined came from the border town of Bela Vista, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Thoreyella taurus Jensen-Haarup, 1931 Thoreyella taurus Jensen-Haarup, 1931, p. 321. Mostly light yellowish brown above and beneath, including appendages (olive green when originally described); head darker, humeri suffused faintly with red; body shiny. Punctation dark on head, in spot on scutellum near distal end of each frenum, in part on antenniferous tubercles and humeri, otherwise nearly concol- orous. Two black marks located submarginally on each side of pronotum: a small VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 831 Figs. 25-29. Thoreyella taurus. Fig. 25, Head. Fig. 26, Pronotum. Fig. 27, Scutellum and heme- lytron. Fig. 28, Metapleuron; ostiolar ruga (r). Fig. 29, Genital plates; first gonocoxae (cx 1). mark beneath anterolateral denticle, a larger mark about midway between anterior and humeral angles. Length of body without membranes about 6.9 mm. Lateral margins of juga parallel for middle third of distance from eyes to apex; juga individually rounded at apex of head (Fig. 25). Ocelli each on low tubercle about twice diameter of ocellus. Antennal segments 0.4; 0.5; 0.5; 0.6; 0.8 mm in length. Head 1.6 mm wide at eyes, equally long. Pronotum 5.6 mm wide across humeri, 2.0 mm long at meson. Anterolateral margins concave, rough. Humeri stout, turned forward, elevated, acute (Fig. 26). Disk somewhat rugosely punctate, with a low median elevation passing between cicatrices. Scutellum 3.2 mm wide at base, nearly as long; apex broadly rounded. Hem- elytra covering connexiva (Fig. 27). Spiracles faintly black ringed, not tuberculate. Abdominal spine damaged in holotype. Apical angles of abdominal sternites black. Tenth sternite slightly longer than wide distally (Fig. 29). Distribution.— Known only form female holotype collected at “Lagoa Santa,” Brazil. Lagoa Santos, in Sao Paulo, may have been intended. Comment.—This species resembles 7. trinotata but differs especially in that the width and length of the scutellum is subequal, while in 7. trinotata the scu- tellum is appreciably longer than wide. The tuberculate ocelli may not be diag- nostic since these occasionally appear in 7. brasiliensis. 832 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON pe’ Figs. 30-41. Thoreyella trinotata. Fig. 30, Head. Fig. 31, Pronotum. Fig. 32, Scutellum and he- melytron. Fig. 33, Metapleuron; ostiolar ruga (r). Fig. 34, Apex of femur, superior surface. Fig. 35, Genital cup; paramere (p). Fig. 36, Pygophore, ventral view. Fig. 37, Right paramere. Fig. 38, Theca and related structures, dorsal view; conjunctiva (c). Fig. 39, Same, lateral view; penisfilum (pe). Fig. 40, Genital plates; first gonocoxae (cx 1). Fig. 41, Spermatheca. Thoreyella trinotata Berg, 1878 Thoreyella trinotata Berg, 1878, p. 27—Berg, 1879, p. 58—Berg, 1883, p. 214— Berg, 1884, p. 30. Light brownish yellow above and beneath, antennae and most dorsal punctures somewhat darker, much of dorsum heavily suffused with rufous in a few speci- mens; conspicuously marked ventrally with submarginal black line on basal half of head and apical third of pronotum, this line interrupted by eye; lateral margins of head, posterolateral margin of each humerus at apex, and apical margin of scutellum all usually thinly edged in fuscous or black; small dark dot present on VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 833 each side of scutellum near distal end of frena. Length of body without membranes 6.4—7.7 mm. Punctation on head concolorous, uniform, denser than elsewhere on dorsum. Disk only slightly convex. Lateral margins of juga barely concave before eyes, tapering toward apex (Fig. 30). Antennal segments 0.3; 0.4—-0.5; 0.4—0.5; 0.5-0.6; 0.6-—0.7 mm in length. Head 1.4—1.6 mm wide across eyes, 1.2—1.4 mm long. Pronotum 4.5-—5.2 mm wide at humeri, 1.7—2.0 mm long at meson. Antero- lateral margins obtuse, entire. Humeral angles moderately produce, angular to subacute (Fig. 31). Cicatrices poorly differentiated. Scutellum 2.5-3.0 mm wide, 3.0—3.6 mm long, rather sparsely punctate, mod- erately rounded at apex (Fig. 32). Coria surpassing scutellum by less than one- eight length of scutellum; membrane vitreous with inconspicuous venation. Con- nexiva immaculate, narrowly exposed. Venter immaculate excepting submarginal black streak at base of head and apex of pronotum. Abdominal spine subcylindrical, rather stout, reaching between metacoxae. Apical spine on superior femoral surface obtuse (Fig. 34). Margin of dorsal opening into genital cup prominently sulcate directly caudad of parameres (Fig. 35). Medial edge of ninth paratergites triangularly depressed (Fig. 40). Types. — The following specimen is designated LECTOTYPE: male, labeled (a) Typus (b) Buenos Aires (c) 1411 (d) Museo La Plata (missing right hemelytron; left hemelytron broken). PARALECTOTY PES: 9, (a) Typus (b) Buenos Aires (c) Thoreyella 3-notata Berg (d) 45 (e) 1411 (f) Museo La Plata (left hemelytron missing); 2, (a) Typus (b) Baradero, F. Lynch (c) 1411 (d) Museo La Plata; 2, same data as lectotype. Distribution. — Paraguay: Ascuncion; Uruguay; Argentina: Entre Rios, Buenos Aires (type locality). Comment.— When Berg described this species he noted that at least one of the six examples was rich green (“‘Laete virides’’) and this is probably the usual ground color in life. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to N. Moller Andersen of the Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Luis De Santis of the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, and P. Wygodzinsky of the American Museum of Natural History for the loan of types and other spec- imens in their care, and to R. C. Froeschner of the U.S. National Museum, W. R. Dolling of the British Museum (Natural History) and P. H. van Doesburg of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie for the loan of specimens pertinent to this review. Dra. J. Grazia kindly provided information concerning Thoreyella pentamaculata Piran. LITERATURE CITED Berg, C. 1878. Hemiptera Argentina: Ensayo de una monografia de los Hemipteros Heteropteros y Homopteros de la Republica Argentina. Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg. 6: 23-32. . 1879. Hemiptera Argentina enumeravit speciesque novas descripsit. Bonariae. villi + 316 pp. —. 1883. Addenda et emendanda ad Hemiptera Argentina. Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg. 15: 193-217. —. 1884. Addenda et emendanda ad Hemiptera Argentina. Bonariae. 213 pp. 834 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Buckup, L. 1961. Os pentatomideos do estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil) (Hemiptera-Heter- optera-Pentatomidae) Iher. (Zool.) 16: 5-23. Grazia, J. 1983. Personal communication. Herrich-Schiffer, G. A. W. 1851. Die Wanzenartigen Insecten. Nurnberg. Vol. 9. 348 pp. Jensen-Haarup, W. C. 1931. Hemipterological notes and descriptions VI. Entomol. Medd. Copen- hagen 17: 319-336. Piran, A. A. 1956. Hemipteros raros 0 poco conocidos y no mencionados para las faunas de Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay y Bolivia. Rev. Soc. Urug. Entomol. 1: 29-35. —. (1956) 1957. Thoreyella pentamaculata especie nueva de la fauna de Bolivia (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Neotropica 2: 65-68. Rolston, L. H. 1978. A revision of the genus Odmalea Bergroth (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 86(1): 20-36. Ruckes, H. 1959. A new species of Odmalea Bergroth from Brazil. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 67: 55-57. Spinola, M. 1850. Di alcuni generi d’insetti arthroidignati nouvamenti proposti. Modena. (separate). . 1852. Dialcuni generi d’insetti arthroidignati nouvamenti proposti. Memorie di Matematica e di Fisica della Societa italiana delle Scienze Modena 25(1): 101-178. Stal, C. (1858) 1860. Bidrag till Rio Janeiro-traktens, Hemipter-fauna. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps- Akademiens Handlingar 2(7): 1-84. —. 1867. Bidrag till hemipterernas systematik. Conspectus generum Pentatomidum Americae. Ofversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar 24(7): 522-534. . 1872. Enumeratio Hemipterorum II. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 10(4): 1-159. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 835-839 CLASTOPTERA ARBORINA: SEASONAL HISTORY AND HABITS ON ORNAMENTAL JUNIPER IN PENNSYLVANIA (HOMOPTERA: CERCOPIDAE) A. G. WHEELER, JR. Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17110. Abstract.—The seasonal history and habits of the spittlebug C/lastoptera ar- borina Ball, often misidentified in the eastern United States as C. juniperina Ball, were observed in southeastern Pennsylvania on Juniperus chinensis cv ‘Hetzii’ during 1981-82. Overwintered eggs of this univoltine cercopid hatched in mid- May, and adults began to appear during mid-July. Notes on host plants and records of C. arborina from New York, North Carolina, and Tennessee are given. Clastoptera arborina Ball, described from Iowa, has been misidentified in much of the subsequent literature as C. juniperina Ball. Hamilton (1978) showed that C. newporta, which Doering (1929) described as new from Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, and Rhode Island, is a junior synonym of arborina. For C. arborina sensu Doering, an undescribed species, Hamilton described C. doeringae, a cercopid found on Juniperus spp. from British Columbia to Arizona and New Mexico. C. arborina now is known from southern Ontario south to North Carolina and west to Iowa (Hamilton, 1982). The scant biological information on C. arborina in eastern United States has been published under the name C. juniperina, a primarily Rocky Mountain species correctly interpreted by Doering (1929) (see Hamilton, 1978) [her eastern records of juniperina (District of Columbia, Massachusetts, West Virginia) were taken from Ball (1927) and probably are based on misidentifications]. Thus, Hanna and Moore (1966) and Hanna (1970) recorded arborina (as juniperina) from orna- mental juniper in Michigan, noting that nymphs are present during June and July; adults, from July to September. Other brief references to the habits of “juniperina” that should be referred to C. arborina are those of Wilson (1977) in his guide to conifer insects of the Lake States and Wheeler et al. (1981) in a manual of juniper- associated arthropods of Pennsylvania. In this paper the seasonal history and habits are presented for a population studied on ornamental juniper in southeastern Pennsylvania. Notes on host plants and additional distribution records are given, and development of C. arborina in Pennsylvania is compared with that in more northern (New York) and southern populations (North Carolina). METHODS The seasonality of a large population of C. arborina was followed by sampling a hedge of Hetz juniper, Juniperus chinensis cv ‘Hetzii,’ in a nursery at Gwynedd 836 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 2 AEE TE TUE) EEE EEE 30 .36 .44 04 .68 92 .98 1.14 1.42 1.80 NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS HEAD WIDTH (mm) Fig. 1. Measurements of head capsules (greatest width across eyes, in mm) of nymphs of Clastoptera arborina. Valley (Bucks Co.), Pennsylvania. Sampling began on 3 June 1981 when small spittle masses became apparent; the overwintered eggs, however, had hatched somewhat earlier because the population consisted mainly of second-instar nymphs. Each week from 3 June to 2 July, 10 twigs containing spittle masses were chosen at random, pruned from the hedge, and placed in 70% ethanol for later sorting. In the laboratory, head capsules of the first 10 nymphs examined (some spittle masses contained 2 nymphs) were measured (greatest width across eyes) to de- termine the stages present. Fig. 1, based on the measurements of 121 nymphs, illustrates the presence of 5 instars in C. arborina. In 1982 the same sampling scheme was followed, and more careful early-season observations were made to determine the time of egg hatch. Nymphs were not found on 11 May, but first instars were present by 20 May. When fifth instars appeared (24 June), the hedge was sampled by beating branches over a small tray to determine the appearance of adults. Once adults were found, the relative pro- portion of late instars to adults was estimated. Late-season collections were made near the sample site and at other localities in Pennsylvania to determine how long adults are present. A sample of 10 nymphs also was taken on ornamental juniper at Ithaca, New York and at Charlotte, North Carolina. SEASONAL HISTORY AND HOST PLANTS Eggs overwinter in the terminal shoots of juniper. They are laid singly (occa- sionally 2 are placed closed together) and inserted obliquely just beneath the VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 837 Fig. 2. Basal portion of juniper leaf and subjacent region on stem showing egg of Clastoptera arborina (a) and an oviposition site with egg removed (b). epidermis of the current season’s growth. The operculum is flush with the surface but visible externally; a brown necrotic area sometimes surrounds the oviposition site (Fig. 2). The egg, roughly ovoid, is about 0.40 mm wide and 0.80 mm long. Eggs excavated from juniper leaders collected in late March contained embryos lying within a hardened shell. A dark, scalelike egg burster, perhaps characteristic of Clastoptera spp. (see Hanna, 1969) or even cercopids in general (Hamilton, 1982), lies beneath the operculum. Overwintered eggs begin to hatch in mid-May in southeastern Pennsylvania (Fig. 3). The first-instar nymphs settle on small twigs (2-3 mm diameter) of the terminal branches, with spittle masses often observed in twig axils within 1-2 cm 838 PERCENT OF POPULATION PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 50 Instar | 0 50 Instar 11 0 > 50 Instar Il O Gem 50 Instar IV O Sw 50 Instar VO . 3 50 Adult (e) 50 8 8 8 8 fd 8 oat Whee DATE Fig. 3. Development of Clastoptera arborina on Juniperus chinensis cv ‘“Hetzii’ in 1982 in south- eastern Pennsylvania from time of first egg hatch to the appearance of adults. Overwintering eggs are not indicated. of the tip. In the weekly samples second-instar nymphs were present by the first week of June (Fig. 3) and fourth instars, by 17 June. A few fifth-instar nymphs were found one week later, and the samples of 30 June and 8 July contained only nymphs of this stage. The first adults were taken on 14 July. An old spittle mass may persist on shoots as a whitish powder several weeks after the adult has VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 839 emerged. Seasonality was similar in 1981 except that populations developed slight- ly earlier. Fifth instars (3 of 15 nymphs collected) were observed on 18 June, and adults appeared by 2 July. Adults were common during mid-to late July and, although sampling was discontinued after July, collections at nearby localities indicate that adults of this univoltine species are present in small numbers through August. A sample of 10 nymphs taken on 26 June at Ithaca, New York, contained mostly third instars with a few second and fourth instars present. Adults in this more northern population were collected as late as early September. At Charlotte, North Carolina, instars II-IV were found on 21 May with third instars predom- inating at this more southern locality. C. arborina seems to develop the largest populations on ornamental junipers rather than on native eastern red-cedar, Juniperus virginiana L. In New York (Monroe and Tompkins Co.), North Carolina (Mecklenburg and Rockingham Co.), and Pennsylvania (Bucks, Dauphin, and Northampton Co.) it has been observed on J. chinensis, especially the cultivars ‘Hetzii’ and ‘Pfitzeriana,’ and on cultivars of J. virginiana. The large numbers of spittle masses sometimes seen on ornamental juniper may attract the attention of horticulturists, but the feeding of C. arborina does not cause obvious injury and does not appear to affect plant vigor. In Tennessee (Knox Co.) I have taken this cercopid on native red-cedar. In Michigan, this species has been collected on ornamental junipers and occa- sionally on arborvitae (7huja), but it is not known to occur on native red-cedar (Hanna and Moore, 1966; Hanna, 1970). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to Frank G. Stearns (Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Region VII, Lansdale, PA) for his faithful sampling of C. arborina, K. G. A. Hamilton (Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, On- tario) for identifying the cercopid, Priscilla S. MacLean for measuring head capsule widths, and J. F. Stimmel for the photograph used in Fig. 2 and for helping prepare Figs. 1, 3. E. R. Hoebeke (Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY) and K. Valley (Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Ag- riculture, Harrisburg) offered useful comments on the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Ball, E. D. 1927. The genus Clastoptera (Cercopidae). Can. Entomol. 59: 103-112. Doering, K. C. 1929. The genus Clastoptera in America north of Mexico. Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 38: 5-153 (1928). Hamilton, K.G. A. 1978. On the identity of Clastoptera arborina and a new related species (Rhyn- chota: Homoptera:Cercopidae). Can. Entomol. 110: 335-336. . 1982. The insects and arachnids of Canada. Part 10. The spittlebugs of Canada (Homoptera: Cercopidae). Agric. Can. Publ. 1740. 102 pp. Hanna, M. 1969. The life history of Clastoptera hyperici McAtee in Michigan (Homoptera:Cercop- idae). Mich. Academician (Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts, Letters) 1: 141-147. —. 1970. An annotated list of the spittlebugs of Michigan (Homoptera:Cercopidae). Mich. Entomol. 3: 2-16. Hanna, M.and T.E. Moore. 1966. The spittlebugs of Michigan (Homoptera:Cercopidae). Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts, Letters 51: 39-73. Wheeler, A. G., Jr., J. R. Steinhauer, J. F. Stimmel, K. R. Valley, and T. J. Henry. 1981. Insects and mites of Pennsylvania junipers. Pa. Dep. Agric., Harrisburg. 32 pp. Wilson, L. F. 1977. A guide to insect injury of conifers in the Lake States. For. Serv. U.S. Dep. Agric., Agric. Handb. 501. 218 pp. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 840-844 A NEW SPECIES OF TOXOMERUS (DIPTERA, SYRPHIDAE) FROM BRAZIL, WITH NOTES ON THREE RELATED SPECIES RALPH E. HARBACH 3139 Castleleigh Road, Silver Spring, Maryland 20904. Abstract.—A new species, Toxomerus sedmani Harbach (Diptera, Syrphidae), from Belém, Para, Brazil is separated and described from the paratype series of Toxomerus apegiensis (Harbach). Additionally, the genitalia of the male holotypes of three other 7oxomerus species are illustrated. While studying a small group of Toxomerus species from Belém, Para, Brazil (Harbach, 1972), I discovered a new species, Toxomerus apegiensis (Harbach), that appeared to be related to Toxomerus croesus (Hull). Although it was desirable to compare the new species with the type of croesus, the latter was then in the collection of F. M. Hull and not available for examination. For comparative purposes, I borrowed specimens identified as croesus from the Canadian National Collection. When I described apegiensis (Harbach, 1974), I included an illustration of the male genitalia of the specimens identified as croesus. Unfortunately, as I later learned, these specimens had been misidentified. I also found that one of the male paratypes of apegiensis was not conspecific with the type. Upon reex- amination of all the pertinent material, I determined that the misidentified species was Toxomerus sylvaticus (Hull) and found the apegiensis paratype to be an undescribed species related to Toxomerus purus (Curran). Therewith, the purpose of this work is to describe the new species and provide a brief discussion and detailed illustrations of the male genitalia of croesus, purus and sylvaticus. Toxomerus sedmani Harbach, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1-6 Mesograpta apegiensis Harbach 1974: 31 (in part, one male paratype only). Male.— Length about 6 mm; body shiny. Head (Fig. 1): Face yellow, sparsely yellow setose, white pollinose laterally; gena yellow, narrowly brown dorsally; frons yellow, lunule brownish; vertex anterior to ocelli yellow pollinose, ocellar triangle and posterior '2 of vertex black with blue and violet reflections and bluish-green pruinescence; occiput black, golden pollinose dorsally with black setae, densely yellowish-white pollinose laterally with pale yellow scalelike setae; postgena brown, sparsely pale yellow pollinose, yellow setose; antenna yellow, slightly brownish distally, arista brown. Thorax: Postpronotum yellow; scutum dark brown, yellow setose, with median anterior pale blue pollinose stripe not reaching transverse suture and broad median area black pruinose, the lateral margin yellow and confluent with notopleuron of same color; scutellum brown with margin broadly yellow, brown setose; medio- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 841 9 6 Figs. 1-6. Toxomerus sedmani, holotype male. 1, Head (right side, drawn before right antenna was discovered missing). 2, Right wing. 3, Abdomen (dorsal). 4, Genitalia (dorsal). 5, Genitalia (lateral, left side). 6, Genitalia (ventral). Scale lines equal 1.0 mm (Figs. 1-3) and 0.125 mm (Figs. 4-6). 842 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON tergite, laterotergite, propleuron and mesopleuron mainly brown; propleuron and anatergite golden pollinose; mesopleuron sparsely yellow setose, yellow on pos- terior ’2 of mesanepisternum, yellow spot on dorsal part of mesokatepisternum, brown areas with bluish-white luster; katatergite pale yellow pubescent; meta- pleuron and halter yellow. Legs: Mainly yellow and yellow setose; proximal '2 of forecoxa and basal '3 of midcoxa brown and golden pollinose; midfemur with dorsal preapical brown spot; hindfemur with preapical brown band; hindtibia brown except base and apex; hindtarsus brown setose with fourth and fifth tar- someres brown; claw black on distal '2. Wing (Fig. 2): Yellowish brown, ptero- stigma slightly darker; distribution of microtrichiae as figured. Abdomen (Fig. 3): Oval, yellow setose; sterna yellow; tergum 1 dark brown with bluish pruinescence medially, reddish brown sublaterally, yellow laterally; tergum 2 with four fasciae, narrow anterior reddish-yellow fascia widened laterally, 2nd fascia reddish brown and widened medially, irregular 3rd fascia reddish yellow and divided by a narrow median vitta that connects the 2nd and posterior fasciae, the broad posterior fascia dark brown with bluish pruinescence; tergum 3 reddish yellow with pattern of dark brown bearing bluish pruinescence, the reddish yellow areas include a narrow median vitta, 2 submedial lunulate spots, the basolateral angles and a pair of submedial transverse spots near the posterior margin; tergum 4 same as 3 except median vitta not reaching posterior margin and submedial transverse spots absent; tergum 5 reddish yellow with 3 dark brown vittae, the median vitta narrowed and rounded posteriorly, the sublateral vittae somewhat rectangular. Genitalia (Figs. 4-6): As figured. Holotype.— Male with the following collection data: BRAZIL, Para, Belém, 30 May 1967, Coll. Y. Sedman; and bearing a yellow paratype label and the deter- mination label of Mesograpta apegiensis Harbach. Deposited in the Canadian National Collection. Discussion.— The paratype series of Toxomerus apegiensis includes one male of sedmani that is obviously not conspecific with the type of apegiensis. The specimen apparently did not contribute to the description of apegiensis. Toxomerus sedmani bears a striking resemblance to purus (Curran), differing by the character of the scutum (that of purus has three grayish stripes) and the structure of the male genitalia (see below). The species is named in honor of Yale S. Sedman who guided my M.S. thesis research and collected the holotype spec- imen. Toxomerus croesus (Hull) Figs. 7-9 Discussion. — The male genitalia of the holotype of croesus show that this species is more closely related to sedmani and Toxomerus pictus (Macquart) than to apegiensis. It is easily distinguished from these by the character of the median caudal lobe (= hypoproct of McAlpine, 1981) borne between the bases of the surstyli. Toxomerus purus (Curran) Figs. 10-12 Discussion.— The genitalia of the male holotype of purus differs markedly from that of sedmani despite otherwise remarkable similarity between the two species. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 843 Figs. 7-15. Male genitalia. 7-9, Toxomerus croesus (Hull), holotype. 10-12, Toxomerus purus (Curran), holotype. 13-15, Toxomerus sylvaticus (Hull), holotype. 7, 10, 13—Dorsal. 8, 11, 14— Lateral (left side). 9, 12, 15— Ventral. Scale lines equal 0.125 mm. 844 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON The male genitalia of purus bears pronounced resemblance to that of Toxomerus flaviplurus (Hall), as figured by Harbach (1972) and Gerdes (1974), although the two species differ significantly in external color pattern. Toxomerus sylvaticus (Hull) Figs. 13-15 Discussion.— The male genitalia of the holotype of sy/vaticus is quite distinct and bears little resemblance to that of other species which have been illustrated. This species is readily separated from both croesus and apegiensis by the char- acteristically-curved surstylus and the large lateral lobe of the paramere. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to J. R. Vockeroth, Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario for drawing my attention to the misdetermined paratype of apegiensis and the specimens that were misidentified as croesus. Thanks are due Pedro Wygodzinsky, American Museum of Natural History as well as Dr. Vockeroth for the loan of specimens. F. Christian Thompson, Systematic Ento- mology Laboratory, USDA, commented on the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Gerdes, C. F. 1974. Toxomerus (Diptera: Syrphidae) of Ecuador. M.S. Thesis, Department of Bio- logical Sciences, Western Illinois University. xii + 135 pp. Harbach, R. E. 1972. Mesograpta (Diptera: Syrphidae) of Belém, Brazil. M.S. Thesis, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University. ix + 82 pp. 1974. A new neotropical syrphid fly, Mesograpta apegiensis (Diptera: Syrphidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 76: 31-34. McAlpine, J. F. 1981. Morphology and terminology—adults, pp. 9-63. In J. F. McAlpine, B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth and D. M. Wood (Coordinators), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. 674 pp. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 845-860 AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE MIRIDAE (HETEROPTERA) FOUND IN THE YAZOO-MISSISSIPPI DELTA AND ASSOCIATED AREAS IN ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA G. L. SNopGRASS, T. J. HENRY, AND W. P. SCoTT (GLS) Department of Entomology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762; (TJH) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, USDA- ARS, % U.S. National Museum, Washington, DC 20560; (WPS) Southern Field Crop Insect Management Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776. Abstract.—A list of the Miridae found in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta and in associated areas in Arkansas and Louisiana is compiled from sweepnet, beating net, and black light trap samples taken from September 1981 through October 1982, and during May 1983. A total of 107 species representing 47 genera are reported. Thirty-nine species are considered new state records for Mississippi, 10 for Louisiana, and 5 for Arkansas. Months of collection, hosts, and methods of collection are given for each species studied. The plant bug family Miridae is the largest and most diverse family found in the Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Most species are phytophagous, although an increas- ingly large number of species are known to be predatory. The best sources for information on the distribution and life cycles of species occurring in the eastern United States are the works of Blatchley (1926) and Knight (1923, 1941). In the Southeast, species of Miridae have been listed from Florida (Frost, 1964, 1966, 1969, and 1975), Georgia (Henry and Smith, 1979), Louisiana and Mississippi (Khalaf, 1971), North Carolina (Brimley, 1938; Wray, 1950 and 1967), and West Virginia (Wheeler et al., 1983). The mirid species composition of the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta (Fig. 1) is largely unrecorded, with the exception of several crop species. The Delta, one of ten physiographic regions in Mississippi, is drained by several streams that empty into the Yazoo River that in turn empties into the Mississippi River near Vicks- burg, MS. It is one of the most fertile bodies of land in the world (Bennett, 1921), and most of the land has been cleared of its native vegetation for crop production. The forests that remain are mostly restricted to state and national parks and the area found between the Mississippi River and its flood levees. Areas found along drainage ditches and between the ditches and cultivated land contain many of the species of woody and herbaceous vascular plants found in the Delta. The vascular flora of the Delta differed from that of surrounding areas by lacking at least 28 native species of trees, although many now have been introduced (Gunn et al., 1980; Little, 1971 and 1977). In addition to habitat reduction, the mirid fauna of the Delta has also been pressured by the use of insecticides for agricultural pests. In the past, insecticides were commonly applied to crops (especially cotton) 846 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON on a scheduled basis regardless of need, and the use of more than 10 applications in a single season was not uncommon. These insecticides may have reduced the number of mirid species in the Delta because of the proximity of many of the suitable mirid habitats to sprayed fields. Because of the importance of the Delta as an agricultural area, this study was initiated to investigate and understand more fully plant bug-host relationships and plant bug distribution in the Delta. This study also helps document the species composition of Miridae found in the Delta so that changes in the mirid fauna potentially can be detected. Miridae listed here were collected from September 1981 through October 1982, and during May 1983, at the sample locations shown in Fig. 1. Miridae were taken by sweepnet from the main crops and by sweepnet and beating net from wild plants growing in or near the crops. Samples were taken at each location at least on a monthly basis, except for samples at Vicksburg and Port Gibson, Mississippi that were taken during May 1983. Additional specimens also were collected in black light traps located at Greenville, MS; Mound, LA; and West Memphis, AR. A few species of Miridae were collected in pitfall traps placed in a small wooded area near Stoneville, MS. Seven-hundred and eleven host-plant specimens were collected and are deposited at The Institute for Botanical Explo- ration, Botany Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS. One hundred and seven species of Miridae representing 7 subfamilies, 13 tribes, and 47 genera were collected in the study. All were identified by the second author; specimens are deposited at the Mississippi Entomological Museum, Entomology Department, Mississippi State University, and the U.S. National Museum of Natural History. The classification system used in the list follows that used by Wheeler et al. (1983). All apparent new state records are marked with an asterisk. Although five possibly new species were discovered, they are not included in the present work. They will be treated in future papers by the second author. State, county, and plant host(s) (when available) are given for each species. Those species collected in a black light trap (BLT) are indicated. During some months only adults or only nymphs were collected on the host plant(s) listed. These months are preceded by (A) for adults only, or (N) for nymphs only. Authors and common names for the host plants are given in Table 1. SUBFAMILY ISOMETOPINAE Tribe Diphlebini Diphleps unica Bergroth. *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: (A) July, on Taxo- dium distichum. Tribe Isometopini Corticoris signatus (Heidemann). *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: (A) June, on Taxodium distichum. SUBFAMILY PHYLINAE Tribe Phylini Keltonia sulphurea (Reuter). ARKANSAS — Phillips Co.: Aug.—Sept., on Ambrosia artemisiifolia; Sept., on Eupatorium serotinum. Chicot Co.: Sept., on Iva annua and A. artemisiifolia. Desha Co.: (A) Sept., on Xanthium strumarium. LOUI- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 847 *Z Tennessee VW hae / 1 3] 13 ise eeX| ‘i * ; \ Arkansas 14 4 . : | oe ve : 3 | 15 r Mississippi 1 Louisiana 17 * - - - - EASTERN BOUNDARY /“L MISSISSIPPI RIVER * BLACK LIGHT TRAP LOCATIONS / , / / / Fig. 1. Sample locations used in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta and associated areas in Arkansas and Louisiana (redrawn after Gunn et al., 1980). The sample locations were: (1) Tunica, MS, Tunica Co.; (2) Alligator, MS, Bolivar Co.; (3) Greenville, MS, Washington Co.; (4) Stoneville, MS, Washington Co.; (5) Indianola, MS, Sunflower Co.; (6) Money, MS, Leflore Co.; (7) Louise, MS, Humphreys Co.; (8) Onward, MS, Sharkey Co.; (9) Vicksburg, MS, Warren Co.; (10) Port Gibson, MS, Claiborne Co.; (11) Shearerville, AR, Crittenden Co.; (12) West Memphis, AR, Phillips Co.; (13) Marvel, AR, Phillips Co.; (14) Watson, AR, Desha Co.; (15) Lake Village, AR, Chicot Co.; (16) Millikin, LA, East Carroll Par.; (17) Talla Bena, LA, Madison Par.; (18) Mound, LA, Madison Par. 848 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 1. Host plants of Miridae in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta and associated areas in Arkansas and Louisiana. Scientific Name Common Name Acer negundo L. Allium vineale L. Amaranthus hybridus L. A. palmeri Wats. A. retroflexus L. A. spinosus L. A. viridis L. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. A. trifida L. Amorpha fruticosa L. Ampelopsis arborea (L.) Koehne Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht. Anthemis cotula L. Aster pilosus Willd. A. subulatus Michx. var. ligulatus Shinners Baccharis halimifolia L. Berchemia scandens (Hill) K. Koch Bidens frondosa L. Bromus japonicus Brunnichia ovata (Wah.) Shinners Carya aquatica (Michx. f.) Nutt. C. illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch Cassia facsiculata Michx. Celtis laevigata Willd. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Chenopodium album L. C. ambrosioides L. Commelina virginica L. Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Cornus drummondii C. A. Mey C. stricta Lam. Crataegus viridis L. Croton capitatis Michx. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Cyperus rotundus L. Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. Diospyros virginiana L. Dracopis amplexicaulis (Vahl) Cass. Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. E. bonariensis L. E. canadensis L. E. philadephicus L. E. strigosus Muhl. ex. Willd. Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small E. incarnatum Walt. E. serotinum Michx. Euphorbia humistrata A. Gray E. maculata L. E. nutans Lag. boxelder wild garlic smooth pigweed Palmer amaranth redroot pigweed spiny amaranth slender amaranth common ragweed, small ragweed giant ragweed false-indigo peppervine spurred anoda mayweed white heath aster, frost aster aster groundsel-tree, eastern baccharis Alabama supplejack devils beggarticks Japanese brome ladies’ eardrops water hickory pecan partridge-pea sugarberry buttonbush common lambsquarters Mexican-tea dayflower plains coreopsis, tickseed roughleaf dogwood swamp dogwood green hawthorn woolly croton bermudagrass purple nutsedge, cocograss southern crabgrass persimmon coneflower eclipta, yerba de tajo goosegrass annual fleabane erigeron horseweed daisy fleabane, Philadelphia fleabane rough fleabane dog-fennel eupatorium late eupatorium silver-leafed spurge prostrate spurge, spotted spurge eyebane VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 Table 1. Continued. 849 Scientific Name Common Name Forestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poir. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Galium aparine L. Geranium carolinianum L. G. dissectum L. Gossypium hirsutum L. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Glycine max (L.) Merr. Hackelia virginiana (L.) Johnst. Haplopappus divaricatus (Nutt.) Gray Helenium amarum (Raf.) H. Rock Helianthus grosse-serratus Martens Heterotheca latifolia Buck1. Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Tlex decidua Walt. Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacquin Iva annua L. Juniperus virginiana L. Lamium amplexicaule L. Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaud. Lathyrus hirsutus L. Lepidium virginicum L. Leptochloa panicoides (Presl.) Hitchce. Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. Liquidambar styraciflua L. Lythrum lanceolatum Ell. Ludwegia alternifolia L. L. decurrens Walt. L. glandulosa Walt. Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter Medicago arabica (L.) Huds. M. sativa L. Mikania scandens (L.) Willds. Morus rubra L. Oenothera biennis Nutt. O. laciniata Hill. O. speciosa Nutt. Parthenium hysterophorus L. Phytolacca americana L. Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. Polygonum aviculare L. P. coccineum Muhl. ex. Willd. P. hydropiperoides Michx. P. lapathifolium L. P. pensylvanicum L. P. punctatum Ell. Populus deltoides Marsh. Portulaca oleracea L. Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Watl.) DC. Quercus nigra L. Ranunculus sardous Crantz Rhus glabra L. swamp privet green ash catchweed bedstraw Carolina geranium cutleaf geranium cotton honey-locust soybean beggar’s lice haplopappus bitter sneezeweed, bitterweed sawtooth sunflower heterotheca little barley deciduous yaupon, possum-haw ivyleaf morning glory marsh elder eastern red-cedar henbit wood nettle caley-pea Virginia pepperweed, peppergrass sprangletop Japanese privet sweetgum winged loosestrife seedbox primrose-willow marsh-purslane pineappleweed spotted burclover alfalfa climbing hempweed red mulberry common eveningprimrose cutleaf eveningprimrose white eveningprimrose ragweed parthenium common pokeweed stinkweed prostrate knotweed swamp smartweed, shoestring smartweed mild smartweed, wild waterpepper pale smartweed, dock-leaved smartweed Pennsylvanica smartweed, pinkweed dotted smartweed, water smartweed eastern cottonwood common purslane Carolina false-dandelion water oak hairy buttercup smooth sumac 850 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 1. Continued. Scientific Name Common Name R. toxicodendron L. Robinia pseudoacacia L. Rumex crispus L. Salix nigra Marsh. Sambucus canadensis L. Saururus cernus L. Senecio glabellus Poir. Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) ex. A. W. Hill Setaria geniculata (Lam.) Beauv. Sherardia arvensis L. Solanum carolinense L. S. elaeagnifolium Cav. Solidago altissima L. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Spilanthes americana (Walt.) A. H.Moore Stellaria media L. Cyrillo Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. Torilis arvenis (Huds.) Link Trepocarpus aethusae Nutt. Trifolium incarnatum L. T. repens L. T. resupinatum L. Triticum aestivum L. Ulmus americana L. Verbena bonariensis L. V. brasiliensis Vell. Vicia sp. V. angustifolia L. Vitis cinerea Millardet Xanthium strumarium L. poison oak black locust curly dock, sour dock black willow American elderberry lizardtail cressleaf groundsel, butterweed hemp sesbania, coffeeweed knotroot foxtail, prairie foxtail field madder horsenettle silverleaf nightshade, white horsenettle goldenrod spiny sowthistle johnsongrass spilanthes chickweed bald cypress hedge parsley trepocarpus crimson clover white clover Persian clover wheat American elm tall vervain vervain vetch narrow-leaved vetch pigeon grape heartleaf cocklebur SIANA— Madison Par.: May, BLT. East Carroll Par.: (A) July, on Heterotheca latifolia. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: June, Sept., BLT; (A) June, on 4m- brosia trifida; (A) Aug., on Erigeron canadensis and Helenium amarum; Sept., on J. annua; (A) Sept., on Aster pilosus, E. serotinum, and Haplopappus di- varicatus. Tunica Co.: (A) July, on Oenothera laciniata; Oct., on A. artemisil- folia. Leflore Co.: (A) Oct., on A. pilosus. Lepidopsallus miniatus Knight. *ARKANSAS—Crittenden Co.: (A) Apr., on Vi- cla angustifolia. L. rubidus (Uhler). “LOUISIANA — Madison Par.: (A) June, on Salix nigra. MIS- SISSIPPI— Washington Co.: June, BLT. Plagiognathus caryae Knight. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: June, BLT; May, on Carya illinoensis; (A) June, on C. illinoensis. Claiborne Co.: (N) May, on C. illinoensis. P. cornicola Knight. *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May, on Cornus drum- mondii; (A) June, on C. drummondii. P. dispar Knight. *LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: May, BLT. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 851 P. fuscosus (Provancher). *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: June, BLT; (A) May- June, on Cornus stricta. P. geminus Knight. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May, on //ex decidua. P. gleditsiae Knight. *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May, on Gleditsia tria- canthos. P. politus Uhler. MISSISSIPPI—Claiborne Co.: May, on Solidago altissima. Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter). ARKANSAS—Chicot Co.: (A) May, on Vicia angustifolia, Oenothera laciniata, and Lepidium virginicum; May-June, on O. laciniata and Oenothera speciosa; June, on Torilis arvensis, (A) July, on Gos- sypium hirsutum; August, on Oenothera biennis, Sept.—Oct., on Croton capi- tatis; Sept., on Cassia fasciculata; (A) Sept., on Polygonum coccineum:; (A) Oct., on Erigeron canadensis. Crittenden Co.: (A) Aug., on Polygonium lapathifol- ium. Phillips Co.: (A) July, on Helenium amarum. Desha Co.: (A) May, on O. speciosa; (A) June, on Erigeron annuus; June, on O. laciniata; (A) July, on Lythrum lanceolatum, Sept., on C. capitatis. LOUISIANA—East Carroll Par.: (A) May, on O. laciniata and O. speciosa; June, on O. laciniata; (A) June, on T. arvensis. Madison Par.: May, Sept.—Oct., BLT; May, on O. speciosa; (A) May, on O. laciniata; June, on O. laciniata; (A) June, on O. speciosa, T. arvensis, G. hirsutum, and Glycine max; (A) July, on Polygonium pensylvanicum and Ambrosia artemisiifolia; (A) Aug., on Medicago sativa; (A) Oct., on Eupatorium incarnatum and C. capitatis. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May-July, Sept., BLT; (A) May, on Trifolium incarnatum, O. laciniata, and Erigeron philadel- phicus, May-June, on O. speciosa; (A) June on Solanum elaeagnifolium; June- July, on O. laciniata; June, on Anthemis cotula; (N) July, on Coreopsis tinctoria; (A) July, on O. speciosa, and E. annuus; July, on Parthenium hysterophorus; July—Oct., on C. capitatis; (A) Aug.—Sept., on P. pensylvanicum, (A) Sept., on Helenium amarum and P. hysterophorus. Sunflower Co.: May, on Vicia an- gustifolia, A. cotula, and O. speciosa; May-June, on O. laciniata; June—Sept., on C. capitatis; (A) June—Aug., on G. hirsutum; July, on E. annuus; (N) July, on Pyrrhopappus carolinianus; (A) Aug., on Aster pilosus, Amaranthus viridis, P. pensylvanicum, and Polygonium hydropiperoides. Leflore Co.: (A) May—June, on E. annuus; (A) May, on O. speciosa and O. laciniata; June, on O. laciniata; June-Sept., on C. capitatis,; July, on H. amarum. Sharkey Co.: (A) May, on Stellaria media, O. laciniata, Polygonium aviculare, and Geranium dissectum; June-July, on O. laciniata; July, on Erigeron bonariensis, (A) Aug., on P. av- iculare. Humphreys Co.: (A) May, on O. speciosa; June, on O. laciniata; (A) July, on O. laciniata; Sept.—Oct., on C. capitatis; (A) Sept., on Verbena brasi- liensis. Bolivar Co.: (A) May, on O. l/aciniata and A. cotula; (A) June, on E. annuus; June, on O. laciniata. Tunica Co.: (A) May, on O. laciniata; (A) June, on O. speciosa; July, on O. laciniata. Reuteroscopus ornatus (Reuter). LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: May, BLT; (A) Aug., on Chenopodium album and Ambrosia artemisiifolia. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: June, BLT. Rhinacloa forticornis Reuter. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: (A) Oct., on U/mus americana. Spanagonicus albofasciatus (Reuter). ARKANSAS— Phillips Co.: (A) Aug., on Euphorbia maculata; (A) Sept., on Xanthium strumarium; Sept., on Polygonum aviculare. Crittenden Co.: Oct., on P. aviculare; (N) Oct., on E. maculata; (A) 852 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Jan., on Lamium amplexicaule, Aug., on E. maculata and Helenium amarum. LOUISIANA—East Carroll Par.: (N) Aug., on E. maculata; Sept., on P. avi- culare and Portulaca oleracea. Madison Par.: July, on Medicago sativa and Amaranthus spinosus; (A) Aug., on M. sativa; Sept., on P. aviculare; (A) Oct., on A. spinosus. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: June, Aug.—Oct., BLT; (A) Jan., on L. amplexicaule; July, on Parthenium hysterophorus; (A) July, on P. oleracea; (A) Sept., on H. amarum,; (A) Oct., on P. oleracea. Leflore Co.: Aug., on E. maculata; (A) Aug., on Erigeron canadensis; (N) Aug., on P. aviculare and Euphorbia humistrata; (A) July, on H. amarum; (A) Sept., on E. maculata; (A) Oct., on P. aviculare, (N) Oct., on E. maculata; (A) Dec., on Trifolium incarnatum. Humphreys Co.: (A) Sept., on Jva annua; (A) Oct., on P. oleracea. Sharkey Co.: (A) Apr., on Trifolium repens; (A) May, Oenothera laciniata; (A) July, on Amaranthus viridis; (A) Aug., P. aviculare;, (A) Sept.—Oct., on P. oler- acea. Bolivar Co.: (A) July, on P. oleracea. Sunflower Co.: Aug., on A. viridis. Tunica Co.: (A) Aug., on Solanum carolinense; (N) Aug., on E. maculata; Sept., on P. aviculare and P. oleracea; (A) Sept., on X. strumarium; (N) Sept., on E. maculata. Sthenarus mcateei Knight. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: June, on C. drum- mondit; (A) June, on Ampelopsis arborea; (A) July, on Vitis cinerea, and Am- pelopsis arborea. SUBFAMILY ORTHOTYLINAE Tribe Ceratocapsini Ceratocapsus blatchleyi Henry. *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: July—Aug., Oct., Bite C. fuscinus Knight. LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: June-July, Sept., BLT. MIS- SISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May-July, BLT; June, on Ampelopsis arborea and Brunnichia ovata. C. insperatus Blatchley. *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May, BLT. C. modestus (Uhler). *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May-June, BLT. C. pumilus (Uhler). MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: June, BLT; (A) June, on Ulmus americana, Ligustrum japonicum, Carya illinoensis, Vitis spp., Liquid- ambar styraciflua, and Cephalanthus occidentalis. Bolivar Co.: (A) June, on Robinia pseudoacacia. C. punctatus (Reuter). ARKANSAS—Chicot Co.: (A) June, on Taxodium disti- chum. LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: May—Oct., BLT; June, on 7. distichum; (A) July, on Medicago sativa. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: July, BLT; June, on T. distichum; (A) July, on T. distichum and Cephalanthus occidentalis. C. quadrispiculus Knight. LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: June, BLT. *MISSIS- SIPPI— Washington Co.: June, BLT; (A) May, on Salix nigra; (A) June, on Cephalanthus occidentalis. Sunflower Co.: (A) June, on C. occidentalis. C. seticornis Knight. *LOUISIANA — Madison Par.: July, BLT. *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: June—Oct., BLT. C. setosus Reuter. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: July, BLT. C. spinosus Henry. *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: June, BLT. C. taxodii Knight. LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: June, on Taxodium distichum. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: June, Aug., BLT; May-July, on 7. distichum. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 853 C. uniformis Knight. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: (A) Aug., on Vitis cinerea. C. wheeleri Henry. *LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: Aug., BLT. Tribe Orthotylini Diaphnocoris chlorionis (Say). MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May, on Gleditsia triacanthos. Warren Co.: (A) May, on G. triacanthos. Halticus bractatus (Say). LOUISIANA — Madison Par.: (A) July, on Amaranthus spinosus; (A) Aug., on Medicago sativa. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: (A) Aug., on Phytolacca americana; (N) Aug., on Portulaca oleracea. Heterocordylus malinus Slingerland. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: Apr., on Crataegus viridis, (A) May, on C. viridis. Ilnacora stalii Reuter. ARKANSAS — Crittenden Co.: Sept., BLT. LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: June, Aug., BLT. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: June, BLT. Claiborne Co.: May, on Ambrosia trifida. Labopidicola allii (Knight). *MISSISSIPPI—Sunflower Co.: Apr., on Allium vi- neale. Washington Co.: (A) May, on A. vineale. L. geminatus (Johnston). *ARKANSAS—Phillips Co.: (A) Apr., on Allium vi- neale; (A) Oct., on A. vineale. Lopidea heidemanni Knight. ARKANSAS— Phillips Co.: Apr., on Sherardia ar- vensis,; (A) May, on Oenothera laciniata. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: (A) May, on J/ex decidua; (A) June, on Anthemis cotula. L. robiniae (Uhler). LOUISIANA — Madison Par.: (A) June, on Robinia pseudo- acacia. MISSISSIPPI— Warren Co.: (N) May, on R. pseudoacacia. Orthotylus basicornis Knight. LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: May, BLT. *MIS- SISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May-June, BLT. O. celtidis Henry. *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: (A) May, on Celtis laevigata. O. juglandis Henry. *~LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: May, BLT. O. modestus Van Duzee. *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May, BLT. O. ornatus Van Duzee. *LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: (A) Apr., on Senecio gla- bellus. *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: Apr., BLT; Apr., on Salix nigra, Tri- folium resupinatum and Vicia angustifolia. Sunflower Co.: Apr., on Geranium carolinianum and Geranium dissectum; (A) Apr., on Rumex crispus and Le- pidium virginicum. Leflore Co.: (A) Apr., on Galium aparine. [Although nymphs of O. ornatus were collected on T. resupinatum, V. angustifolia, G. carolinian- um and G. dissectum, small stands of Salix spp. (their normal breeding host) were present near the collection sites]. O. ramus Knight. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: June, on Carya illinoensis. O. taxodii Knight. *MISSISSIPPI—Sharkey Co.: (N) May, Taxodium distichum. Washington Co.: (A) June, on 7. distichum. Paraproba capitata (Van Duzee). *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: July, collected in a pitfall trap by log in deciduous woods. Parthenicus juniperi (Heidemann). MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: Aug., Oct., BLT; (N) May, on Juniperus virginiana; (A) June, on J. virginiana. P. taxodii Knight. *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May-July, BLT; (A) June, on Taxodium distichum; (A) July, on Gossypium hirsutum. [The breeding host of P. taxodii is T. distichum]. Saileria irrorata Henry. *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: Oct., BLT; June, on Vitis cinerea; (A) July, on V. cinerea; (A) Aug., on Carya illinoensis. 854 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Semium hirtum Reuter. ARKANSAS—Phillips Co.: Aug., (A) Oct.-Nov., on Euphorbia maculata; Sept., on Euphorbia humistrata. Crittenden Co.: July— Oct., on E. maculata; (A) Sept., on E. humistrata. Desha Co.: July—Oct., on E. maculata; Sept., on E. humistrata. Chicot Co.: Aug., Oct., on E. maculata. *LOUISIANA— East Carroll Par.: Aug.—Oct., on E. maculata. Madison Par.: Sept., on E. maculata; (A) Oct., on Euphorbia nutans. MISSISSIPPI—Wash- ington Co.: July—Oct., on E. maculata; Aug., on E. humistrata. Sunflower Co.: Aug.—Sept., on E. maculata; (A) Oct., on E. nutans. Leflore Co.: July—Sept., on E. maculata; (N) Aug., on E. humistrata. Humphreys Co.: July—Oct., on E. maculata. Sharkey Co.: July—Oct., on E. maculata. Bolivar Co.: Aug.—Oct., on E. maculata. Tunica Co.: July—Oct., (A) Nov., on E. maculata. Slaterocoris breviatus (Knight). *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May, on Am- brosia trifida. S. stygicus (Say). MISSISSIPPI— Claiborne Co.: May, on Ambrosia trifida. Wash- ington Co.: May, on A. trifida. Tribe Pilophorini Alepidia gracilis Uhler. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: July, BLT. Pilophorus taxodii Knight. *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: June, on Taxodium distichum. SUBFAMILY CYLAPINAE Tribe Fulviini Fulvius imbecilis (Say). MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: July, collected in a pitfall trap by log in deciduous woods. SUBFAMILY DERAEOCORINAE Tribe Deraeocorini Deraeocoris histrio (Reuter). *ARKANSAS— Crittenden Co.: Aug., BLT. D. nebulosus (Uhler). ARKANSAS—Chicot Co.: (A) Oct., on Baccharis halimi- folia. Phillips Co.: (A) Sept., on Xanthium strumarium. MISSISSIPPI— Wash- ington Co.: Mar.—Oct., BLT; (A) May-July, on Gossypium hirsutum; (A) May, on Quercus nigra and Salix nigra; Aug.—Sept., (A) May—June, on Diospyros virginiana; Aug., (A) Sept., on U/mus americana; (A) May, on Ligustrum ja- ponicum, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Crataegus viridis, Celtis laevigata, and S. nigra; May—Oct., on Carya illinoensis; (A) July and Oct., on Taxodium disti- chum; (N) Oct., on Solidago altissima; (A) Sept.—-Oct., on Parthenium hyster- ophorus; (A) Apr., on Vicia angustifolia and Trifolium incarnatum, Sept., on X. strumarium and Sesbania exaltata. Sunflower Co.: (A) Oct., on S. altissima, Aster pilosus, and Polygonum pensylvanicum. Sharkey Co.: (A) Apr., on V. angustifolia and Lathyrus hirsutus; (N) Sept., on S. altissima. Humphreys Co.: (A) Oct., on Erigeron canadensis. D. poecilus (McAtee). *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May, BLT. D. pinicola Knight. *MISSISSIPPI—Sharkey Co.: (A) May, on Taxodium disti- chum. Washington Co.: (A) May, on T. distichum. Eurychilopterella luridula Reuter. *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: (A) May, July, on Taxodium distichum. ‘VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 855 Eustictus venatorius Van Duzee. *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: June, BLT. E. salicicola Knight. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May, BLT. E. mundus (Uhler). MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: Oct., BLT. Tribe Hyaliodini Hyaliodes vitripennis (Say). MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May, on Solidago altissima and Carya illinoensis; (A) May, on Acer negundo, Morus rubra, Lig- uidambar styraciflua, Ambrosia trifida, Celtis laevigata, Fraxinus pennsylvan- ica, and Diospyros virginiana; June, on Vitis cinerea, Diospyros virginiana, and C. illinoensis; (A) June, on Crataegus viridis, Ampelopsis arborea, Ulmus amer- icana, Cornus stricta, Salix nigra, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, S. altissima, Taxo- dium distichum and Ambrosia artemisiifolia; (A) July, on Populus deltoides and Gossypium hirsutum; Aug., on C. illinoensis, S. altissima, and Ulmus ameri- cana; (A) Aug., on Ampelopsis arborea, Phytolacca americana, T. distichum; Sept., on U. americana and C. illinoensis; (A) Oct., on U. americana. Hum- phreys Co.: (A) Aug., on A. trifida. SUBFAMILY MIRINAE Tribe Mirini Agnocoris pulverulentus (Uhler). LOUISIANA — Madison Par.: May—Aug., BLT; (A) June, on Taxodium distichum. MISSISSIPPI—Claiborne Co.: (N) May, on Salix nigra. Washington Co.: May-Sept., BLT; June-July, on Salix nigra; (A) Aug., on Carya illinoensis. [The breeding host of A. pulverulentus is Salix spp.]. Dagbertus fasciatus (Reuter). LOUISIANA — Madison Par.: June, BLT. MISSIS- SIPPI— Washington Co.: June-July, BLT; (N) Aug., on Portulaca oleraceae. Dichrooscytus elegans Heidemann. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: (A) June, on Juniperus virginiana. Warren Co.: (A) May, on Juniperus virginiana. Lygocoris caryae (Knight). *ARKANSAS—Chicot Co.: (A) May, on Vicia an- gustifolia. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: June, BLT; May, on Carya illi- noensis; (A) June, on C. illinoensis. Claiborne Co.: (N) May, on C. illinoensis. L. semivittatus (Knight). ARKANSAS—Crittenden Co.: (N) Mar., on Vicia an- gustifolia. MISSISSIPPI—Sunflower Co.: (A) May, on Carya illinoensis. Wash- ington Co.: (A) Apr., on Geranium dissectum; (A) May, on Senecio glabellus, Cornus drummondii, Liquidambar styraciflua, Morus rubra, and Acer negundo. Leflore Co.: (A) Apr., on Galium aparine, Geranium carolinianum, and Rumex Crispus. L. tinctus (Knight). *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May, on Gleditsia triacan- thos. Lygus plagiatus Uhler. LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: (A) Oct., on Ambrosia tri- fida. MISSISSIPPI—Claiborne Co.: May, on A. trifida. L. lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois). ARKANSAS—Crittenden Co.: June—Oct., BLT. LOUISIANA — Madison Par.: May—Oct., BLT. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: Mar., May—Oct., BLT. [L. /ineolaris was collected on 169 plant species repre- senting 36 plant families. These species are listed in Snodgrass et al., 1984]. Neurocolpus jessiae Knight. *ARKANSAS—Chicot Co.: (A) June, on Sambucus canadensis. LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: (A) June, on S. canadensis. MIS- SISSIPPI— Washington Co.: June-July, on S. canadensis. 856 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON N. nubilus (Say). ARKANSAS— Crittenden Co.: Aug., BLT; (A) Apr., on Senecio glabellus. Chicot Co.: July, on Cephalanthus occidentalis. Desha Co.: (A) May, on Torilis arvensis; (A) July, on C. occidentalis. Phillips Co.: June, on Rhus glabra; (A) July, on Ludwegia alternifolia; (A) Aug., on Eupatorium serotinum; (A) Sept., on Xanthium strumarium. LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: May, Aug., BLT. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May, July, BLT; May, on Cornus stricta, and C. occidentalis; (N) May, on Ilex decidua; (A) May, on C. drummondii and O. speciosa; June, on C. occidentalis and C. stricta; (A) July, on C. occidentalis and R. glabra; (A) Aug., on C. occidentalis and Gossypium hirsutum. Sunflower Co.: (A) June, on G. hirsutum; June, on C. occidentalis; (N) July, on C. occi- dentalis. Phytocoris breviusculus Reuter. *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: (A) May, on Ilex decidua. P. canadensis Van Duzee. *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: July, BLT. P. confluens Reuter. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May-July, BLT; (A) June, on Gossypium hirsutum. P. conspurcatus Knight. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: Aug., BLT. P. erectus Van Duzee. LOUISIANA — Madison Par.: May, BLT. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May—Aug., Oct., BLT; (A) June, on Ampelopsis arborea, Fo- restiera acuminata and Carya illinoensis; (A) July-Aug., on Taxodium disti- chum; (A) Oct., on Polygonum pensylvanicum. P. eximius Reuter. LOUISIANA—Madison Par.: Oct., BLT. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May—June, BLT. Sharkey Co.: (A) May, on Taxodium disti- chum. P. husseyi Knight. *MISSISSIPPI—Sharkey Co.: (N) May, on Taxodium disti- chum. P. luteolus Knight. ~LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: June, BLT. P. minutulus Reuter. *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: July, BLT. P. neglectus Knight. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: (N) Apr., on Rhus toxico- dendron. P. nigricollis Knight. *~LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: Oct., BLT. P. salicis Knight. MISSISSIPPI— Claiborne Co.: (N) May, on Salix nigra. Wash- ington Co.: (N) May, on Cornus stricta. P. tibialis Reuter. *~LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: June, Sept., BLT; (A) June, on Robinia pseudoacacia. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May-June, BLT; (A) June, on Saururus cernus, Laportea canadensis, Eupatorium serotinum, Am- pelopsis arborea, Amorpha fruticosa, Vitis cinerea, Commelina virginica and Solidago altissima; (A) Oct., on Polygonum pensylvanicum and S. altissima; July, on Aster subulatus var. ligulatus. P. venustus Knight. *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May-June, BLT. Polymerus basalis (Reuter). ARKANSAS—Crittenden Co.: July—Sept., BLT; (A) June, on Coreopsis tinctoria and Oenothera laciniata; Sept., on Helenium ama- rum; (A) Sept., on Polygonum pensylvanicum. Chicot Co.: July, on C. tinctoria and Erigeron annuus; (N) July, on Erigeron canadensis; (A) Aug., on H. ama- rum; Sept., on H. amarum. Desha Co.: (A) Apr. and June, on C. tinctoria; (A) Apr., on Galium aparine; July, on C. tinctoria; (A) Aug., on E. canadensis; Oct., on Helianthus grosse-serratus and Aster subulatus var. ligulatus. Phillips Co.: (A) Apr., on G. aparine; June, on C. tinctoria; (A) July, on H. amarum; VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 857 (A) Oct., on Xanthium strumarium, (A) Nov., on Aster pilosus. LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: May-—Sept., BLT; (A) May, on Verbena brasiliensis, Ambrosia trifida, and Anthemis cotula; (A) June, on Dracopis amplexicaulis, (A) Oct., on A. subulatus var. ligulatus, Parthenium hysterophorus and A. pilosus. East Car- roll Par.: (A) Apr., on O. laciniata and Trifolium incarnatum; (N) Sept., on P. pensylvanicum,; (A) Oct., on D. amplexicaulis and A. subulatus var. ligulatus. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May-Sept., BLT; (A) Apr., on Erigeron phil- adelphicus; (N) May, on O. laciniata; (A) May, on A. cotula and Matricaria matricarioides;, June, on A. cotula; July—Aug., on C. tinctoria; July, on P. hys- terophorus; (A) July, on E. annuus; Aug.—Oct., on Haplopappus divaricatus; Aug.—Sept., on H. amarum; Aug., on E. canadensis; (A) Aug., on O. biennis; Sept., on P. hysterophorus; (A) Sept., on A. subulatus var. ligulatus; (A) Oct.- Nov., on P. hysterophorus; (A) Oct., on Iva annua; (A) Nov., on A. subulatus var. ligulatus, Ranuculus sardous, Lamium amplexicaule, and H. divaricatus. Sharkey Co.: (A) May-June, on O. laciniata; (A) June, on P. hysterophorus; June, on D. amplexicaulis; (A) July, on Erigeron bonariensis and D. amplexi- caulis; Oct., on P. hysterophorus; (A) Oct., on A. subulatus var. ligulatus. Hum- phreys Co.: (A) May, on O. speciosa and Lepidium virginicum; June, on V. brasiliensis; (A) June, on E. annuus and H. amarum,; (A) Aug., Oct., on E. canadensis; Sept.—Oct., on H. amarum and V. brasiliensis; Sept., on I. annua; (A) Sept., on A. trifida; Oct., on Ambrosia artemisiifolia; (A) Oct., on Solidago altissima and A. pilosus. Sunflower Co.: Apr., on 7. repens; (A) May, on 4A. cotula; June-July, Sept., on H. amarum; June-July, on C. tinctoria; (A) June on E. annuus; (N) July, on E. annuus; (N) Sept., on E. canadensis; (A) Oct., on A. pilosus and V. brasiliensis. Leflore Co.: (N) June, on E. annuus and O. laciniata; July—Oct., on H. amarum:; July, on Eclipta alba and C. tinctoria; (A) Sept., on V. brasiliensis; (A) Oct., on A. pilosus. Bolivar Co.: (A) Apr.—May, on M. matricarioides; (A) Apr., on Rumex crispus; (A) May, on A. cotula; (A) June, on D. amplexicaulis; (N) June, on O. laciniata; July, on C. tinctoria; (A) July, on E. annuus; (A) Aug., on Amaranthus palmeri; (A) Sept., on X. strumarium; (A) Nov., on Polygonum aviculare and O. laciniata. Tunica Co.: (A) June, on E. annuus and C. tinctoria; (N) July, on E. annuus; July, on C. tinctoria; Aug., on H. amarum,; (A) Nov., on H. amarum. Taedia celtidis (Knight). *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: (A) May, on Celtis laevigata. T. johnstoni (Knight). *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: (N) May, on Berchemia scandens. Taylorilygus pallidulus (Blanchard). ARKANSAS—Chicot Co.: (N) July, on Erig- eron canadensis, Sept.—Oct., on E. canadensis, Sept.—Dec., on Solidago altis- sima; (A) Sept., on Xanthium strumarium and Ambrosia trifida,; Oct.-Nov., on Eupatorium capillifolium; (A) Sept.-Oct., on Baccharis halimifolia;, (A) Oct., on Erigeron strigosus, Croton capitatis, Oenothera biennis, and Aster subulatus var. ligulatus; (A) Oct.—Dec., on Aster pilosus; (A) Nov., on Iva annua, Verbena bonariensis, and Erigeron annuus; (A) Dec., on Ranunculus sardous, and Lam- ium amplexicaule. Desha Co.: (A) Aug., on E. canadensis; Sept.—Oct., on E. canadensis; (A) Sept., on Helenium amarum, A. pilosus, A. trifida, and S. al- tissima; Oct., on A. pilosus, A. subulatus var. ligulatus, S. altissima, and He- lianthus grosse-serratus; (A) Oct., on Polygonum punctatum, Eupatorium ser- 858 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON otinum, Solanum carolinense, O. biennis, Eupatorium nutans, and Cassia fasciculata; (A) Nov., on A. pilosus and X. strumarium. Phillips Co.: July—Oct., on E. canadensis; Sept.—Oct., on S. altissima; (A) Sept.—Oct., on A. trifida; (A) Sept., on Ambrosia artemisiifolia, C. capitatis, E. serotinum; (A) Oct., on X. strumarium; (A) Nov., on A. pilosus and E. canadensis; (A) Dec., on Cheno- podium album. Crittenden Co.: (A) June, on E. annuus; Sept.—Oct., on E. canadensis, (A) Sept., on A. pilosus and A. trifida; Oct., on S. altissima and Polygonum pensylvanicum, (A) Oct., on A. pilosus and Anoda cristata; Nov., on A. pilosus; (A) Nov., on S. altissima and H. amarum. LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: May, BLT; (A) July, on E. canadensis and Lythrum lanceolatum; (A) Aug., on Meticago sativa; Sept.-Nov., on S. altissima; (A) Sept., on A. subulatus var. ligulatus; Oct.-Nov., on A. subulatus var. ligulatus; Oct., on A. pilosus and Chenopodium ambrosioides; (A) Oct., on A. trifida, E. canadensis, Verbena brasiliensis, Spilanthes americana, Ipomoea hederacea, Amaranthus spinosus, and Parthenium hysterophorus; Nov., on E. canadensis; (A) Nov., on A. pilosus. East Carroll Par.: Sept.-Nov., on E. canadensis, (A) Sept., on A. pilosus; Oct., on S. altissima and A. pilosus; (A) Oct., on Oenothera speciosa, V. brasiliensis, and A. subulatus var. ligulatus,; Nov., on P. pennsylvanicum,; (A) Nov., on C. ambrosioides, Sonchus asper, Amaranthus retroflexus, Geranium carolinianum, Portulaca oleracea, Dracopis amplexicaule, and S. altissima. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: Aug.—Oct., BLT; (A) Jan., on L. amplexicaule; (A) May, on Anthemis cotula, Erigeron philadelphicus, and Matricaria matri- carioides, (A) June, on E. annuus; (A) July, on Coreopsis tinctoria; July—Oct., on E. canadensis; Sept.-Nov., on P. hysterophorus; (A) Sept.—Oct., on A. trifida and 4. subulatus var. ligulatus; (A) Sept., on O. biennis, S. altissima, and Pluchea camphorata; (N) Sept., on Bidens frondosa; (A) Oct.—Nov., on Eclipta alba; Oct.—Dec., on A. pilosus; Oct.-Nov., on S. altissima, A. subulatus var ligulatus, and E. capillifolium; (A) Oct., on Euphorbia maculata, A. hybridus, and B. frondosa; (N) Oct., on E. serotinum; (A) Nov.—Dec., on L. amplexicaule, S. altissima, and Vicia spp.; (A) Nov., on O. laciniata, X. strumarium, E. nutans, Rumex crispus, A. spinosus, R. sardous, Senecio glabellus, and Hap- lopappus divaricatus; (A) Dec., on Lepidium virginicum, H. amarum, A. sub- ulatus var. ligulatus, and E. capillifolium. Sharkey Co.: (N) July, on E. bon- ariensis, (A) Aug., on E. canadensis, Sept.—Oct., on S. altissima; Sept., on E. canadensis; (A) Sept.—Oct., on A. pilosus; (A) Sept., on A. artemisiifolia; Oct., on P. hysterophorus; (A) Oct., on Mikania scandens, E. canadensis, A. trifida, A. subulatus var. ligulatus, E. serotinum, Ludwigia decurrens, and B. halimi- folia; Dec., on A. pilosus; (A) Dec., on L. amplexicaule. Humphreys Co.: (A) Aug., on E. canadensis; Sept.—Oct., on S. altissima and E. canadensis; Sept., on A. trifida; (A) Oct., Dec., on C. ambrosioides; (A) Oct., on A. pilosus, O. laciniata, V. brasiliensis, and Pyrrhopappus carolinianus; Dec., on A. pilosus; (A) Dec., on Vicia spp. Sunflower Co.: (N) July, on E. annuus; Sept.—Oct., on E. canadensis; (A) Sept., Dec., on S. altissima; (A) Sept., on C. ambrosioides; Oct., on S. altissima and A. pilosus; (A) Oct., on E. nutans, O. biennis, and A. subulatus var. ligulatus; (A) Dec., on E. canadensis, A. pilosus, L. amplexicaule, and Medicago arabica. Leflore Co.: (A) May, on E. annuus; Sept.—Oct., on S. altissima; Sept., on E. canadensis and E. annuus; (A) Sept., on A. pilosus; Oct., on A. pilosus; (A) Oct., on E. annuus, and A. artemisiifolia; (A) Dec., on Vicia VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 859 spp. and 4. subulatus var. ligulatus. Bolivar Co.: (A) June, on E. annuus; Aug.— Sept., on E. canadensis; (A) Sept., on A. trifida and S. altissima; Oct.-Nov., on S. altissima; Oct., on A. trifida and A. subulatus var. ligulatus; (A) Oct.—Nov., on E. canadensis and A. pilosus; (A) Nov.—Dec., on O. laciniata; (A) Dec., on M. matricarioides and S. altissima. Tunica Co.: (A) Aug., on E. annuus and Erigeron strigosus; Sept.—Oct., on E. canadensis and S. altissima; (A) Sept., on E. annuus; Oct., on A. pilosus and A. artemisiifolia; (N) on A. trifida; (A) Oct., on A. cristata; (A) Nov., on S. altissima, A. pilosus, P. pensylvanicum, and E. canadensis. Tropidosteptes canadensis Van Duzee. *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: June, BLT; (A) May, on Acer negundo and Trepocarpus aethusae. T. cardinalis Uhler. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: (A) May, on Ilex decidua and Fraxinus pennsylvanica. T. neglectus (Knight). *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: (A) May, on Carya aqua- tica and Fraxinus pennsylvanica. T. tricolor Van Duzee. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: May, on Fraxinus penn- sylvanica; (N) May, on Cornus stricta; (A) June, on F. pennsylvanica. Tribe Resthenini Prepops fraterculus (Knight). *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: (A) July, on Vitis cinerea. P. fraternus (Knight). *MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: June, BLT. P. rubrovittatus (Stal). LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: July, Sept., BLT. MISSIS- SIPPI— Washington Co.: Aug.—Sept., BLT; (A) July, on Ludwegia glandulosa and Cephalanthus occidentalis. Opistheuria clandestina Van Duzee. LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: Oct., BLT. Tribe Stenodemini Trigonotylus coelestialium (Kirkaldy). ARKANSAS — Crittenden Co.: June, BLT. LOUISIANA—Madison Par.: June, BLT. MISSISSIPPI—Washington Co.: June-July, BLT. Sharkey Co.: Sept., on Cynodon dactylon. T. doddi (Distant). ARKANSAS — Crittenden Co.: June—Oct., BLT; July—Oct., (A) June and Nov., on Cynodon dactylon; (A) Mar., on Bromus japonicus; (A) Sept., on Sorghum halepense and Leptochloa panicoides. Chicot Co.: May—Nov., (A) Dec., on C. dactylon; (A) Oct., on Digitaria ciliaris. Desha Co.: (A) Apr.—May, June-Nov., on C. dactylon. Phillips Co.: July—Oct., (A) June and Nov., on C. dactylon. LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: May—Nov., BLT; May-Nov., on C. dactylon; Oct., on Eleusine indica. East Carroll Par.: (A) Apr.—May, June—-Nov., on C. dactylon; Oct., on S. halepense. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: June— Oct., BLT; May—Nov., on C. dactylon; (N) July, on E. indica. Sunflower Co.: July—Oct., (A) June and Dec., on C. dactylon; (A) Oct., on D. ciliaris and Setaria geniculata. Leflore Co.: (A) May-June, July—Oct., on C. dactylon; Apr., on Hordeum pusillum; Sept., on L. panicoides. Sharkey Co.: Apr.—Oct., (A) Nov.— Dec., on C. dactylon; (N) Apr., on H. pusillum; Oct., on L. panicoides; (A) July on Cyperus rotundus. Humphreys Co.: May—Oct., on C. dactylon; (A) July, on S. halepense. Bolivar Co.: July—Nov., on C. dactylon; (A) Aug., on S. halepense. Tunica Co.: June—Oct., on C. dactylon. 860 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON SUBFAMILY BRYOCORINAE Tribe Eccritotarsini Pycnoderes drakei Knight. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: (A) June, on Saururus cernus and Laportea canadensis. Bolivar Co.: (A) June, on Carya illinoensis, Cornus stricta, Commelina virginica, and Hackelia virginiana. P. medius Knight. *MISSISSIPPI— Warren Co.: May, on Commelina virginica. P. quadrimaculatus Guerin. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: (A) Aug., on Carya illinoensis. Sixeonotus albicornis Blatchley. LOUISIANA— Madison Par.: May, BLT. MIS- SISSIPPI— Washington Co.: (A) May, on Ambrosia trifida. S. insignis Reuter. LOUISIANA—Madison Par.: Aug., BLT. MISSISSIPPI— Washington Co.: Sept.—Oct., BLT. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to Dr. Sidney McDaniel, Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, for his identification of the plant species collected in the study. This research was funded, in part, through Cooperative Agreement No. 58-7B30-1-300 between the Department of Entomology, Mississippi State University, and the Southern Field Crop Insect Management Laboratory, USDA- ARS. LITERATURE CITED Bennett, H. H. 1921. The soils and agriculture of the southern states. Macmillan, New York. 399 pp. Blatchley, W. S. 1926. Heteroptera or true bugs of Eastern North America. Nature Publ. Co., Indianapolis. 1116 pp. Brimley, C. S. 1938. The insects of North Carolina. N.C. Dept. Agric., Div. Ent., Raleigh. 560 pp. Frost, S. W. 1964. Insects taken in light traps at the Archbold Biological Station, Highlands County, Florida. Fla. Entomol. 47: 128-161. 1966. Additions to Florida insects taken in light traps. Fla. Entomol. 49: 243-251. 1969. Supplement to Florida insects taken in light traps. Fla. Entomol. 52: 91-101. —. 1975. Third supplement to insects taken in light traps at the Archbold Biological Station, Highlands County, Florida. Fla. Entomol. 58: 35-42. Gunn, C. R., T. M. Pullen, E. A. Stadelbacher, J. M. Chandler, and J. Barnes. 1980. Vascular Flora of Washington County, Mississippi, and environs. U. S. Dept. Agric. 150 pp. Henry, T. J. and C. L. Smith. 1979. An annotated list of the Miridae of Georgia (Hemiptera- Heteroptera). J. Ga. Entomol. Soc. 14: 212-220. Khalaf, K. T. 1971. Miridae from Louisiana and Mississippi (Hemiptera). Fla. Entomol. 54: 339- 342. Knight, H.H. 1923. Family Miridae (Capsidae), pp. 422-658. Jn Britton, W. E. (ed.). The Hemiptera or sucking insects of Connecticut. Bull. Conn. St. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. No. 34. 807 pp. 1941. The plant bugs, or Miridae of Illinois. Bull. St. Nat. Hist. Surv. No. 22. 234 pp. Little, E. L., Jr. 1971. Atlas of United States trees. U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Publ. 1146. 316 pp. . 1977. Atlas of United States trees. Eastern hardwoods. U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Publ. 1342. 185 pp. Snodgrass, G. L., W. P. Scott, and J. W. Smith. 1984. An annotated list of the host plants of Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) in the Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi Delta. J. Ga. Ento- mol. Soc. 19: 93-101. Wheeler, A. G., Jr., T. J. Henry, and T. L. Mason, Jr. 1983. An annotated list of the Miridae of West Virginia (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 109: 127-159. Wray, D. L. 1950. Insects of North Carolina. 2nd suppl. N.C. Dept. Agric., Div. Entomol., Raleigh. 59 pp. 1967. Insects of North Carolina. 3rd suppl. N.C. Dept. Agric., Div. Entomol., Raleigh. 181 pp. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 861-863 A NEW SPECIES OF BRACONIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) FROM MEXICO INTRODUCED INTO TEXAS TO CONTROL A SUGAR CANE BORER, EOREUMA LOFTINI (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) PAUL M. MARSH Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705. Abstract.—A new species of Braconidae, Allorhogas pyralophagus Marsh, is described from Mexico. This parasitoid attacks larvae ofa pyralid moth, Eoreuma loftini, on sugarcane, and is being introduced against this pest in Texas. Specimens of a braconid parasitizing Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Pyr- alidae) were collected from Johnson grass stems, Sorghum halepense (L.), in Monterrey, N.L., Mexico in 1981 by F. D. Bennett, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control (CIBC), Trinidad. A laboratory colony of the parasite was established in Trinidad on Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Subsequent expeditions to Monterrey, N.L. (1982), Culiacan and Los Mochis, Sinaloa (1983) by Texas A & M University and the CIBC secured more specimens that were colonized in College Station, Texas. Currently this parasite is being released in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas for suppression of E. /oftini on sugarcane, corn and grain sorghum. Field recoveries have been made for the past two years. Biological and ecological studies on this parasite are being conducted by J. W. Smith, Jr., and H. W. Browning of Texas A & M University. In addition to Texas, the parasite has been sent by CIBC to South America, Pakistan, and Africa for release against several species of pyralid stalk borers. Specimens submitted to the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, by CIBC and Texas A&M were identified by me as Al/lorhogas sp. Because the species now appears to have potential for control of sugar cane stem borers, a name is provided here. The inclusion of this new species in A//orhogas broadens the generic definition somewhat. The distinguishing character of the genus is the postnervellus of the hindwing; it is either perpendicular to the mediellen as in this new species (Fig. 1) or more often curves distinctly toward the wing tip as in the type-species, 4. gallicola Gahan (Fig. 2). There are many undescribed species from the Western Hemisphere, and a thorough study of all included species is necessary before exact generic limits can be established. Allorhogas pyralophagus Marsh, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1, 3-8 Female.— Length of body, 3.5—4.5 mm; ovipositor, 1.0-—1.5 mm. Color: body entirely honey yellow; legs often yellowish-white; ovipositor and apical flagello- 862 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 1-2. Wings of Allorhogas spp. 1, Fore and hindwing of A. pyralophagus Marsh, n. sp. 2, Hindwing of A. gallicola Gahan. meres brown; mesopleuron occasionally marked with brown along sternaulus; first and second abdominal terga often brown medially; wing veins brown, stigma honey yellow. Head: vertex strigate (Fig. 3); face medially, frons and temples smooth; ocelli small, ocellocular distance at least three times length of lateral ocellus; 24-26 flagellomeres. Thorax: mesonotal lobes smooth; notauli scrobiculate anteriorly, meeting posteriorly in wide strigate area (Fig. 4); scutellar disc smooth, scutellar furrow wide, with 5—7 cross carinae; mesopleural disc smooth, sternaulus smooth or rarely finely scrobiculate, anterior corner of mesopleuron rugose; propodeum rugose laterally, strigate-rugose dorsally with strong carinae forming distinct cen- tral triangular areola, areola with transverse rugae, basal triangular areas smooth (Fig. 6). Abdomen (Fig. 5): first tergum with width at apex greater than length, costate, smooth basally between lateral costae; second tergum costate; remainder of terga smooth; ovipositor '2 as long as abdomen. Legs: hind coxae ventrally with broad tooth at base (Fig. 7); fore-tibia with row of 8-10 stout spines along anterior edge (Fig. 8). Wings (Fig. 1): first segment of radius of forewing 7 length of second segment, second segment slightly shorter than first intercubitus; post- nervellus of hindwing perpendicular to mediellan, and parallel to nervellus; first segment of mediellan about as long as second segment. Male.—Essentially as in female except for sexual characters; body length 3.0- 4.0 mm; 22-24 flagellomeres. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 863 Figs. 3-8. Allorhogas pyralophagus Marsh, n.sp. 3, Vertex. 4, Mesonotum. 5, Abdomen. 6, Pro- podeum. 7, Hind coxa. 8, Fore tibia. Holotype ?.— Mexico, Monteirey, ex Acigona loftini, Coll. V-1981, F. D. Ben- nett; in culture on Diatraea, CIBC, Trinidad, IV-1982, M. J. W. Cook. Deposited in U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. (USNM). Paratypes.— 18 2°, 5 66, same data as holotype; 8 22, 2 66, Pakistan, Rawalpindi, lab. culture V-27-82, reared on Chilo partellus in Sorghum (this culture originated from the laboratory culture in Trinidad established from the original collection in Mexico); 2 22, 2 66, Texas, College Station, lab. culture Aug. 83, originally from Mexico, Sinaloa (various localities), V-1983; 5 92, 2 446, Texas, College Station, lab. colony April 82, originally from Monterrey, Mexico. Paratypes deposited in: USNM; Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; CIBC, London, England, and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 864-868 THE DISTRIBUTION AND HOST RANGE OF ENTOMOPHAGA GRYLLI (FRESENIUS), A FUNGAL PARASITE OF GRASSHOPPERS IN SOUTH DAKOTA B. MCDANIEL AND ROGER A. BOHLS Plant Science (Entomology), South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007. Abstract.— The effect of Entomophaga grylli on grasshopper populations within South Dakota was investigated during a 2-year period. Field observations estab- lished that the state’s 3 most important species of grasshoppers are susceptible to pathotype 2 infections. Outbreaks are believed to be initiated annually from the soil of undisturbed areas which act as the reservoir for Entomophaga grylli resting spores. The occurrence of the fungus in regions of the state receiving 355 mm of rain during the growing season indicate pathotype 2 infection is maintained in dry environments. Entomophaga grylli (Fresenius) was first described by Fresenius (1856) attacking a species of Gryllus near Frankfurt, Germany. E. gry/lliis best known as a pathogen of grasshoppers and locusts. The fungus is commonly found attacking insects throughout the world (MacLeod, 1956). E. gry/li has frequently been observed attacking susceptible species of grasshoppers across the United States (Hutchison, 1963). In South Dakota, Severin and Gilbertson (1917) stated that at least two species of grasshoppers were found to be killed by a fungus. Although these species were not identified in their report, Riker mounts made by Severin include cadavers of Melanoplus bivattatus (Say) containing resting spores of E. grylli. E. grylli plays a significant role in the natural control of grasshoppers and is the most important fungal pathogen of grasshoppers (Dempster, 1963). Both cropland and rangeland species of grasshoppers are susceptible to infection by E. grylli (Hayes and DeCoursey, 1938; Hewitt, 1979; MacLeod and Muller-Kogler, 1973; Pickford and Riegert, 1964; Rockwood, 1950). Grasshoppers succumbing to infection by E. gry/li behave in a characteristic manner. Disease symptoms normally do not appear until the fungus is in its advanced stages. Prior to death there may be a general restlessness, cessation of feeding, and loss of coordination (Madelin, 1963). Infected individuals tend to climb upwards on vegetation and die with their legs wrapped around the plant (Fig. 1). Following death there may be a distention of the abdomen in which the mem- brane separating the abdominal sclerites breaks and the fluid containing the fungus flows down the plant, collecting on the stem and leaves. The whole abdomen may tear loose from the thorax and drop to the ground during this soft stage of the grasshopper cadavers. In specimens where distention does not occur, the abdomen VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 865 Fig. 1. Fungus-killed grasshoppers clinging to vegetation. often curls upward and forwards, in some cases touches the pronotum (Schaefer, 1936). In material observed in South Dakota, this curling was most often found to be associated with nymphal stages. In most specimens killed by the fungus the body becomes very hard and is filled with resting spores. In South Dakota the average grasshopper hatch will begin by mid-May in the 866 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON SOUTH DAKOTA CLARA [CODINGTON ii a KINGSBURY BROOKINGS 1 2 3 LAKE MOODY 3 SCALE-STATUTE MILES o 10 20 30 40 SO Fig. 2. Observed occurrence of E. grylli in grasshoppers, 1980-81. 1, M. bivittatus. 2, M. differ- entialis. 3, M. femurrubrum. 4, M. sanguinipes. 5, M. packardii. 6. M. confusus. 7, M. lakinus. 8, P. nebrascensis. western and southern regions. There may be a variance in the hatching date of approximately one month between different regions of the state. Among the state’s three most important species, Melanoplus bivittatus (Say), Melanoplus differen- tialis (Thomas), Melanoplus femurrubrum (DeGeer), there may be a three week difference in hatching dates. Of these, M. bivattatus is the early hatching species and may appear 2-3 weeks prior to the first emergence of either M. differentialis or M. femurrubum. In 1980-81 surveys were conducted to determine the natural distribution and host specificity of E. grylli in grasshopper populations within South Dakota. The map in Figure 2 shows the counties in which natural outbreaks of E. gry/li oc- curred. A total of eight species of grasshoppers were found to be infected (see map for locations): M. bivittatus (Say), two-striped grasshopper; M. differentialis (Thomas), differential grasshopper; M. femurrubrum (DeGeer), red-legged grass- hopper; M. sanquinipes (Fabricius), migratory grasshopper; M. packardii Scudder, Packard grasshopper; M. confusus (Scudder), little pasture spur-throated grass- hopper; M. Jakinus (Scudder), lakinus grasshopper; Phoetaliotes nebrascensis (Thomas), large-headed locust. The first outbreak was observed in Mellette County July 3, 1980 at White River, S.D. The largest outbreak in the southeastern section of South Dakota in 1981 VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 867 was in Davison County at Mitchell, S.D. This outbreak was first discovered in August 25, 1981. A survey of the southeastern section of the state during the month of August, 1981 indicated that small outbreaks were widespread. The majority of grasshoppers dying from the fungus were found in areas not subject to cultivation (field borders, roadside ditches, alfalfa fields). However, diseased grasshoppers were collected from the edges of cornfields (Brookings County) and soybean fields (Davison County). The outbreak in the northcentral portion of the state was in Campbell County and occurred on the South Dakota—North Dakota state line in wheat fields in late August. Different strains of FE. gry/li have been found to be lethal to different grasshopper species according to Pickford and Riegert (1964). Soper et al. (In preparation) reported the existence of different pathotypes for E. grylli. Pathotype 1, which is characterized by producing both the conidial and resting spore states in contrast to pathotype 2, which lacks the conidial cycle. Field observations suggest that only pathotype 2 infections occur within the state. Grasshopper species within South Dakota that are known to be susceptible to pathotype | infections, were not found to be cross infected by the pathotype 2 form of E. grylli. This supports the findings of others (Pickford and Riegert, 1964; Milner, 1978; Soper et al. (In preparation)) that different strains of the fungus are lethal to different species of grasshoppers. Nevertheless, from this investigation it is evident that in South Dakota all species of grasshoppers that are of immediate importance and those that have the potential to be destructive in the future are susceptible to either pathotype | or pathotype 2 infections of EF. erylli. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Supported in part by a grant from the Old West Regional Commission (#100730026), USDA Cooperative Agreement (#1090-20261-012A) and South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Grant (#287468). Approved for publi- cation by the Director, Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State Uni- versity, Brookings, as Journal Series No. 1964. LITERATURE CITED Dempster, J. P. 1963. The population dynamics of grasshoppers and locusts. Biol. Rev. 38: 490- 529. Fresenius, G. 1856. Notiz, Insekten-Pilze betreffend. Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 14: 882-883. Hayes, W. P. and J. D. DeCoursey. 1938. Observations of grasshopper parasitism in 1937. J. Econ. Entomol. 31: 519-522. Hewitt, G. B. 1979. Hatching and development of rangeland grasshoppers in relation to forage growth, temperature and precipitation. Environ. Entomol. 8: 24-29. Hutchison, J. A. 1963. The genus Entomophthora in the western hemisphere. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 66: 237-254. MacLeod, D. M. 1956. Notes on the genus Empusa Cohn. Can. J. Bot. 34: 16-25. MacLeod, D. M., and E. Muller-Kogler. 1973. Entomogenous fungi: Entomophthora species with pear-shaped to almost spherical conidia (Entomophthorales: Enthomophthoraceae). Mycologia 65: 823-884. Madelin, M. F. 1963. Diseases caused by hypomycetous fungi. Jn “Insect Pathology, An Advanced Treatise,” (E. A. Steinhaus, ed.), 2: 233-271. Academic Press, New York and London. 689 pp. Milner, R. J. 1978. Note of the occurrence of Enthomophthora grylli, a fungal pathogen of grass- hoppers in Australia. J. Aust. Entomol. Soc., 17: 293-296. 868 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Pickford, R. and P. W. Riegert. 1964. The fungus disease caused by Entomophthora grylli Fres., and its effects on grasshopper populations in Saskatchewan in 1963. Can. Entomol. 96: 1158-1166. Rockwood, L. P. 1950. Entomogenous fungi of the family Entomophthoraceae in the pacific north- west. J. Econ. Entomol. 43: 704-707. Schaefer, E. E. 1936. The white fungus disease (Beauveria bassiana) among red locusts in South Africa and some observations on the grey fungus disease (Empusa grylli). Union of S. Afr. Sci. Bull. No. 160. Severin, H. C. and G. I. Gilbertson. 1917. Grasshoppers and their control. S. Dak. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 172. Soper, R. S., B. May, and B. Martinell. (In preparation). Entomophaga grylli enzyme polymorphism as a technique for pathotype identification. Submitted to Environmental Entomol. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, p. 868 ANNOUNCEMENT Copyrights of the Publications of the American Entomological Institute Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute nos. 1—34 contain copyright notices. Memoirs 2—10 were actually copyrighted, the rest were not. The Contri- butions of the American Entomological Institute have no copyright notices and none of them were copyrighted. The Beetles of the United States by Ross Arnett, was copyrighted in the name of the author. Since no economic advantage has accrued from ownership of our copyrights but some nuisance, we hereby abandon them and invite the public to republish any parts of the Memoirs (except no. 4) or Contributions published through 1984, or any of our future publications lacking copyright notices, without asking per- mission of the Institute. As matters of courtesy, however, permissions should be secured from the authors themselves and sources of material should be acknowl- edged. For papers which I have authored, permission is hereby granted to republish without formal request, but of course with acknowledgment of source. The reason for withholding permission to republish Memoir 4 (in whole or in part) is because the author of this number has an interest in the copyright. Henry Townes, American Entomological Institute, 5950 Warren Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 869-876 STENOTHREMMA, A NEW EUPHORINE GENUS FROM AUSTRALIA (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) ScoTT R. SHAW Maryland Center for Systematic Entomology, Department of Entomology, Uni- versity of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742. Abstract. — Stenothremma Shaw, a new euphorine braconid genus from the Aus- tralian region, is described and illustrated. Three new species are included in the genus: S. brevicorne, S. townesi, and S. novicaledoniense. A key to species is presented. The existence of this new genus was recently called to my attention by Dr. Henry Townes, who kindly allowed me to examine the specimens from his col- lection. Two species of the new genus were represented in the Townes collection [AEI], and specimens of a third species were later found in the Canadian National Collection [CNC] at Ottawa. The unusual form of the metasoma is rather striking (Figs. 10-11), and allows the genus to be easily distinguished from other braconid genera. Another striking feature is the imbricate microsculpture (Figs. 3, 4, and 6), which is seldom seen in other euphorine genera. This study is in support of a larger project, currently in progress, investigating the phylogenetic relationships among the genera of Euphorinae. Genus Stenothremma Shaw, NEw GENUS Type species: Stenothremma brevicorne, new species. Head transverse, slightly wider than mesosoma, setose, finely granular; eyes oval, glabrous, distinctly convergent ventrally, with a silvery sheen; eye large, in lateral profile occupying most of head; malar space short, about 4 eye height; malar suture absent; clypeus slightly convex, lower margin rounded; mandibles bidentate, apical tooth twice as long as basal tooth, mandibles overlapping nearly completely when closed; palpi very short; maxillary palpus 5-segmented, slightly shorter than mandible length; labial palpus 3-segmented, about '2 as long as maxillary palpi; antenna inserted at middle of head; inter-antennal distance about one socket width; scape length about 2 scape width; flagellum slender, 13-24 flagellomeres; each flagellomere with an apical corona of 5—6 long setae, each seta nearly as long as flagellum width; all flagellomeres longer than wide, gradually shorter distally; apical flagellomere tapering to a point; median frontal carina present, strong; ocellar triangle slightly isosceles; occipital carina complete; occiput nitid. Mesosoma setose, mostly with fine granular sculpture; notauli indistinct; ster- naulus indicated by a broad coarse depression; scutellar furrow narrow, foveate; scutellar disc slightly convex, finely granular; propodeum finely areolate-rugose, 870 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON {SKY WO: 16MM = =$:@0000 P:00276 30% 15KY WD:1OMM = «$:90000 P:g 1SKY WD:25MM = =$:@6000 P:60277 Figs. 1-6. Stenothremma novicaledoniense. 1, Lateral view of head and mesosoma. 2, Flagello- meres 1-4 and detail of F2. 3, Lateral view of mesopleuron. 4, Dorsal view of scutellum. 5, Lateral view of propodeum. 6, Lateral view of hind coxa. strongly declivous in lateral profile; postero-medial propodeal impression strong; petiolar notch deep, extending to anterior margin of hind coxa; hind coxa granular, small, about 4 petiole length; metatibial spurs short, about 4 metabasitarsus length; tarsal claws simple; wings hyaline; basal vein nearly straight; second in- tercubitus present or absent, if present lightly sclerotized; radius arcuate apically; brachius absent apically; metacarpus extending distinctly beyond apex of radial VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 871 cell; medius distinctly sclerotized; hind wing venation weakly sclerotized, except apex of costella; radiella and cubitella absent. Petiole long, from *4 to 1 x mesosoma length, slender, apical ' swollen relative to basal 2, entirely fused ventrally, slightly arched in lateral view; glymma and dorsope absent (see van Achterberg, 1974): petiolar spiracles posterior of middle; gaster strongly compressed, tergites overlapping slightly ventrally; tergites 2 + 3 slightly longer than petiole, with sharp lateral folds basally; tergites 4-6 exposed, combined about as long as tergites 2 + 3; hypopygium prominent, setose, folded ventrally; exserted ovipositor as long as, or longer than, petiole; ovipositor dis- tinctly arched downwards, sharply pointed apically; sheaths slightly shorter than Ovipositor, sparsely but evenly setose. Remarks. — The genus is most closely related to the Aridelus- Wesmaelia-Chry- sopopthorus lineage of Euphorinae. Synapomorphies of these genera include: long sickle-like mandibles; median frontal carina; areolate-rugose propodeum; strong postero-medial propodeal impression; deep petiolar notch; long slender petiole, entirely fused ventrally; glymma and dorsope absent. Stenothremma may be easily distinguished from these genera by its strongly compressed metasoma. Stenoth- remma is the only euphorine genus with both a long slender petiole and a laterally compressed gaster. The only other euphorine genera with a laterally compressed metasoma are Myiocephalus and Bracteodes. These genera are part of an entirely different lineage with strikingly different wing venation. The first cubital abscissa is absent in these genera, thus a large disco-cubital cell is present. The first cubital abscissa is always present in Stenothremma. An interesting feature is the variability of the second intercubitus (ICu2), which makes it difficult to place the genus in existing keys. In Tobias’ (1966) key to world euphorine genera those species with the ICu2 present would key to Chry- sopopthorus, while those with the ICu2 absent would run (with difficulty) to Perilitus. The same is true of Marsh’s (1971) key to Nearctic genera. The genus would key to Perilitus in Loan’s (1983) key to Nearctic euphorine genera, although Stenothremma brevicorne could be keyed to the same couplet as Cryptoxilos because of its short flagellum. Hosts.— Unknown. Related genera are mostly parasites of Hemiptera. Etymology.—The name is neuter, from Greek, meaning narrow creature. It refers to the compressed metasoma that characterizes the genus. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF Stenothremma 1. Tergite 2 at base only about as wide as petiole; tergites 3-6 folded medially; OVIpOsitor equal to Or Shomer than’petiole >. 2°). so VS See eee 2 — Tergite 2 broadening abruptly from base, basally distinctly wider than petiole; tergites 3-6 not folded medially; ovipositor distinctly longer than PGS ieee He re ee 0 os ase Saal cee Stenothremma townesi, new species 2. Flagellum short, 13-segmented; antenna less than 1.5 times head width; radial cell, along wing margin, distinctly shorter than stigma length; second intercubitus present; ovipositor about as long as petiole .............. MEME ihc, SR Ncentrneae gta tome oe eles sae cancun: Stenothremma brevicorne, new species — Flagellum longer, 19-segmented; antenna about 2.5 times as long as head 872 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON width; radial cell, along wing margin, about as long as stigma; second intercubitus absent; ovipositor about 7% petiole length ................ ey cre ide oy eee Stenothremma novicaledoniense, new species Stenothremma brevicorne Shaw, NEw SPECIES Figs. 8, 10, 11 Holotype.— Female, Australia: Northern Territory, Areyonga, 600m, Septem- ber 28, 19 ? [AE]] Description of holotype female.— Body length 3.5 mm; fore wing length 2.5 mm. Color: Head mostly yellowish brown; ocellar triangle, frons medially, and oc- ciput black; facial setae silver; scape, pedicel, and base of Fl yellow, remainder of flagellum black; mouthparts yellow, except apical mandibular tooth dark brown; mesosoma black; setae silver; tegula yellow; wings hyaline; costa, stigma, para- stigma, metacarpus, radius, basal vein, cubitus, intercubiti, discoideus, nervulus, brachius basally, and costella apically brown; other veins pale yellow; legs mostly yellow; middle and hind coxae and trochanters, and apical tarsomeres dark brown to black; fore coxa and trochanter, hind tibia, and middle and hind tarsi suffused with brown; petiole dark brown to black, except dorsal apex yellowish brown; gaster yellowish brown dorsally and laterally, venter black except hypopygium yellow; ovipositor yellowish brown, sheaths dark brown to black. Head: Face, gena, and clypeus densely setose, setae mostly obscuring granular surface sculpture; frons, vertex, and temple less densely setose, granular sculpture clearly visible through setae; antenna short, less than | and '2x as long as head width; 13 flagellomeres; flagellum evenly thick throughout, except for F13 which tapers to a blunt point. Mesosoma: Pronotum distinctly visible from above, not obscured by anterior part of mesonotum; mesonotum uniformly finely granular, anterior corners of notauli slightly impressed but not sculptured differently from mesonotum; scu- tellar furrow 8-foveate; mesopleural disc granular; anterior mesopleural margin, dorsal margin, posterior margin, and sternaulus foveolate; propodeum squarish in lateral view, posterior face nearly perpendicular to longitudinal axis of meso- soma; second radial abscissa distinctly shorter than first radial abscissa; radial cell along wing margin distinctly shorter than length of stigma; metacoxae finely and evenly imbricate; metatarsal ratio 14:6:4:3:3. Metasoma: Petiole about as long as length of mesosoma; postero-dorsal surface of petiole finely imbricate; tergite 2 at base only about as wide as petiole; tergites 3-6 folded medially, finely granular laterally; ovipositor about as long as petiole. Paratype females.—Essentially same as holotype female, except body length 3.5—5.1 mm; fore wing length 2.5-2.6 mm. Male. — Unknown. Paratype data.—2 females, same data as holotype, except collected October 30. [AE]] Remarks. — Stenothremma brevicorne is readily distinguished from other species in the genus by its short flagellum, which is 13-segmented. Other species of the genus have 19-24 flagellomeres. Also, the propodeum is squarish in lateral view, with the posterior face nearly perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the meso- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 873 1 Figs. 7-11. Stenothremma spp. 7, S. novicaledoniense, fore wing venation. 8, S. brevicorne, fore wing venation. 9, S. townesi, fore wing venation. 10, S. brevicorne, lateral view of metasoma. 11, S. brevicornis, dorsal view of metasoma. 874 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON soma. In other species the posterior face of the propodeum slopes at about 80 degrees relative to the longitudinal axis of the mesosoma. Etymology.—The name refers to the short antennae which are distinctive of the species. Stenothremma townesi Shaw, NEW SPECIES Fig. 9 Holotype.—Female, Australia: Northern Territory, Wave Hill, August 19 ? [AE]] Description of holotype female.— Body length 4.8 mm; fore wing length 2.7 mm. Color: Head mostly yellowish brown; ocellar triangle, apex of mandible, apical Y of flagellomeres 2-3, and entire flagellum beyond F3 black; setae white; palpi brown; mesosoma mostly reddish brown, darker along edges of sclerites; tegula yellow; wings hyaline; costa, stigma, parastigma, metacarpus, radius, second cub- ital abscissa, intercubiti, recurrent vein, discoideus, and nervulus brown; other veins of fore wing pale yellowish brown; hind wing venation pale white; legs mostly yellowish brown, except tarsi brown to black apically; petiole yellowish brown; most of gaster yellowish brown except apex of tergite 6, venter of hypo- pygium, and ovipositor sheaths black; ovipositor brown. Head: Sparsely setose, setae not obscuring surface sculpture; face, gena, temple, frons, and vertex granular; clypeus smooth and shining, more sparsely setose than face; antenna about 3 x as long as head width; 24 flagellomeres; flagellum gradually more slender apically; apical flagellomere tapering to a sharp point. Mesosoma: Pronotum not visible when viewed from above, obscured by an- terior bulge of mesonotum; mesonotum mostly granular, except anterior corners of notauli slightly more coarsely sculptured; scutellar furrow 6-foveate; meso- pleural disc mostly granular; posterior mesopleural margin foveolate; sternaulus and dorsal mesopleural margin rugose; posterior face of propodeum sloping in lateral view at an angle of about 80 degrees relative to the longitudinal axis of the mesosoma; second radial abscissa as long as first radial abscissa; radial cell along wing margin fully as long as stigma; metacoxa mostly smooth, although sparsely imbricate on outer face; metatarsal ratio 15:5:4:3:3. Metasoma: Petiole distinctly shorter than mesosoma, about *4 greatest length of mesosoma; petiole surface smooth and polished; tergite 2 broadening abruptly from base, basally distinctly wider than petiole; tergites 3-6 not folded medially, smooth and polished; ovipositor distinctly longer than petiole. Paratype female.—Essentially as in holotype, except body length 3.8 mm; fore wing length 3.0 mm; tergites 3-6 and venter of gaster more extensively suffused with black. Male.— Unknown. Paratype data.—1 female, Australia: South Australia, 10 Km. N. Kingoonya, at blacklight, 2 April 1980, (G. F. Hevel and J. A. Fortin). [USNM] Remarks.— Stenothremma townesi is readily distinguished from other species of the genus by the second tergite, which is broader than the petiole; and the ovipositor which is longer than the petiole. In other species the second tergite is only about as wide as the petiole and the ovipositor is at most as long as the petiole, sometimes shorter. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 875 Etymology.— The species is named for Dr. Henry Townes, in gratitude for his generous loan of specimens from his personal collection and for calling to my attention the existence of this new genus of Euphorinae. Stenothremma novicaledoniense Shaw, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1-7 Holotype. — Female, New Caledonia: Ouen Toro, Noumea, 7-I-1972, (P. Coch- ereau). [CNC] Description of holotype female.— Body length 3.5 mm; fore wing length 2.4 mm. Color: Head mostly yellow; ocellar triangle, frons medially, and occiput black; facial setae silver; scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum yellowish brown basally, becoming dark brown distally; mouthparts yellow, except mandibular teeth red- dish brown; mesosoma mostly black, except mesonotum, scutellar disc, dorso- lateral corner of pronotum, and mesopleuron dorsally yellow; tegula yellowish white; wings hyaline; costa, stigma and parastigma dark brown, other veins of fore wing yellowish brown; hind wing venation pale yellow; legs mostly yellow, except hind tibia and tarsus brown; basal '2 of petiole yellowish brown, distal 12 dark brown; tergites 2 + 3 dark brown dorsally, remaining tergites yellowish brown suffused with dark brown; hypopygium yellowish white; ovipositor sheaths black; ovipositor yellow. Head: Face, gena, and clypeus densely setose, setae mostly obscuring granular surface sculpture; frons, vertex, and temple less densely setose, granular sculpture clearly visible through setae; antennae about 2.5 as long as head width; 19 flagellomeres; flagellum width even throughout, except for F19 which tapers to a blunt point. Mesosoma: Pronotum distinctly visible from above, not obscured by anterior part of mesonotum; mesonotum uniformly finely granular; notauli indistinct; scutellar furrow 8-foveate; mesopleural disc granular, sternaulus rugose, anterior, dorsal, and posterior mesopleural borders foveolate; posterior face of propodeum sloping in lateral view at an angle of about 80 degrees relative to longitudinal axis of mesosoma; second intercubitus absent, therefore second and third radial ab- scissae form single arcuate segment; radial cell along wing margin about as long as stigma; metacoxa finely and evenly imbricate; metatarsal ratio 14:6:4:3:3. Metasoma: Petiole slightly shorter than mesosoma, about 7/8 greatest length of mesosoma; dorsal surface of petiole finely imbricate; tergite 2 at base only about as wide as petiole; tergites 3-6 folded medially, finely granular laterally; Ovipositor about * petiole length. Paratype females.— Essentially same as in holotype female, except body length 2.8—4.5 mm; fore wing length 2.4—2.6 mm; 18-20 flagellomeres; tergites 2-6 from extensively suffused with dark brown to nearly entirely yellowish brown; fore wing venation dark brown to pale yellowish brown. Male. — Unknown. Paratype data.—22 females, same data as holotype; 1 female, same data as holotype except collected 1-19 VI 1972; 1 female, same data as holotype except collected V 1972. [CNC] Remarks.—This species is easily distinguished from other species of the genus by the absence of the second intercubitus, which is present in other species. Also, 876 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Stenothremma novicaledoniense has the shortest ovipositor observed for the ge- nus, only about 74 the petiole length. Other species have the ovipositor at least as long as the petiole, sometimes longer. Etymology.—The species is named for the type locality, which is isolated from the mainland distributions of other species. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Loans of specimens for this study were provided by Henry Townes, American Entomological Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Mike Sharkey, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario. The manuscript was reviewed by W. R. M. Mason and M. Sharkey, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, and by R. Wharton, Department of Entomology, Texas A. & M. University, College Station, who provided numerous helpful comments that improved the paper. This study was supported in part by the University of Maryland 1983 Gahan Graduate Scholarship. LITERATURE CITED Achterberg, C. van. 1974. The features of the petiolar segment in some Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Entomol. Ber. 34: 213-214. Loan, C. 1983. Host and generic relations of the Euphorini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Contrib. Am. Entomol. Inst. 20: 388-397. Marsh, P. M. 1971. Keys to the Nearctic genera of the families Braconidae, Aphidiidae, and Hy- brizontidae (Hymenoptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 64: 841-850. Tobias, V. I. 1966. Generic groupings and evolution of parasitic Hymenoptera of the subfamily Euphorinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). II. Ent. Obozr. 45(3): 612-633. [translation in Ento- mol. Rev., Wash. 45(3): 348-358.] PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 877-892 A REVISION OF AMYRSIDEA, SUBGENUS CRACIMENOPON (MALLOPHAGA: MENOPONIDAE) WILLIAM C. SCHARF AND K. C. EMERSON (WCS) Department of Biology, Northwestern Michigan College, Traverse City, Michigan 49684; (KCE) 560 Boulder Drive, Sanibel, Florida 33957. Abstract.— Fourteen species are described in the subgenus Cracimenopon Car- riker genus Amyrsidea Ewing from galliform hosts of the family Cracidae. One new species, A. (C.) rogersi from Crax fasciolata, is described, and 13 new syn- onymies are given. Illustrations and a key for identification of the species are given. The menoponid genus Amyrsidea Ewing, 1927, has recently been revised to recognize five subgenera (Scharf and Price, 1977, 1983; Scharf and Emerson, 1983). The genus is distributed world-wide on galliform hosts. Each of the sub- genera has a discrete host group whose geographical distribution is distinctive. These subgeneric distributions are as follows: Amyrsidea from three genera of the Phasianidae from southeast Asia; Desumenopon Carriker from neotropical quail of the genus Odontophorus: Phasianidae; Argimenopon Eichler from four families of Phasianidae from Africa, India, southeast Asia, and the Holarctic Region; Numidimenopon Scharf from the family Numididae from Africa; and Cracimen- opon Carriker from the neotropical family Cracidae. Cracimenopon species are distinctive not only in being restricted to one family of hosts, but also because of their large prominent eyes, preocular slit usually deeper than 0.025 mm, lack of setae on sternite I, sexually dimorphic ventral pleural extensions and frequent enlargement of anterior terga in females. This paper presents descriptions, illustrations, and a key to the 14 species of the sub- genus Cracimenopon. In the following descriptions, numbers of certain head setae are those given by Clay (1969). Measurements are in millimeters. Unless noted, all illustrations are of specimens from the type-host. The nomenclature of the hosts follows Peters (1934), but some pertinent recent changes are given based on Delacour and Ama- don (1973) and Vaurie (1968). Subgenus Cracimenopon Carriker Cracimenopon Carriker, 1954: 21. Type-species: Cracimenopon mituensis Car- riker. The members of this subgenus form a group of closely related lice which are known only from the Cracidae. They may be separated from other subgenera by the following combination of characteristics: 878 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 11 Figs. 1-15. 1, Strongly developed hypopharyngeal sclerite, from Crax rubra. 2, Amyrsidea rubra head. 3, Amyrsidea sp. pleural extension, from Crax rubra. 4-11, Female tergal features, subgenus Cracimenopon. 4, A. pauxis, from Pauxi pauxis. 5, A. rubra. 6, A. rogersi. 7, A. mituensis (thorax not shown). 8, A. caquetae. 9, A. caquetae, setal arrangement on mid-tergite II. 10, 4. jacquacu. 118 jacquacu, setal arrangement on mid-tergite II. 12-15, Pre-anal plates. 12, Amyrsidea garruli, from Ortalis g. garrula. 13, A. aburris, from Penelope jacquacu granti. 14, A. aburris. 15, A. semicracis. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 879 1. Head with wide temples; difference between temple and preocular width 0.14—0.27. 2. All species with strongly developed hypopharyngeal sclerite (Fig. 1). 3. Preocular slit deep (0.04—0.05). 4. Preocular seta 11 shorter than 0.10 and of similar thickness to seta 10 (Fig. 2). 5. No dorsal head sensilla between sensilla c. 6. Terminal antennal segment short and wide, ratio of width to length more than 0.5. 7. Large prominent eyes. 8. No setae on sternite I. 9. Outer medioanterior metanotal setae shifted far anterior, near meso-metano- tal suture. 10. Frequent sexual dimorphism, with females having enlarged tergite I and some with tripartite tergites among II, III, or IV. Males without enlarged tergites. 11. Females with ventral extension on pleura I-IV or II-VI (Fig. 3). This is rarely seen in males. 12. Female segment IX with anal fringes and sternal setae similar to Fig. 36; no spiniform setae. Amyrsidea (Cracimenopon) mituensis (Carriker) Figs. 7, 30 Cracimenopon mituensis, Carriker, 1954: 22. Type-host: Mitu mitu (Linnaeus). Male.—Preocular slit 0.04 deep. Inner middorsal head seta 17 clearly anterior to outer 18. With 12 long and 4 short marginal pronotal setae. Mesothorax and metathorax not visible. Brush on femur III with 30-31 short setae. Tergite I normal length, with same proportions as other tergites; marginal tergal setae: I, 16; II, 14; III; 16; IV, 24; V, 25; VI, 24; VII, 22; VIII, 14. No anterior tergal setae on III-—VIII. Sternal setae obliterated on I-VI; VII, 38; VIII, 21. Sternal brushes apparently small but obliterated on III; with short setae on each side of IV, 28; V, 30; VI, 25-26. Last tergite each side with 2 very long marginal setae, 3-4 medium setae lateroanterior to these, 10 total medium inner posterior setae, and no anterior setae. Subgenital plate with 16 marginal and anterior setae. Genitalia as in Fig. 30. Female.—As for 6, except as follows. Brush on femur III with 39 short setae. Tergite I enlarged, II slightly enlarged, III nearly normal with proportions as in V-VIII, IV tripartite (in Fig. 7, note thorax omitted), marginal tergal setae on I obliterated; II, 24; III, obliterated; IV, 41 (including all 3 parts); V, 49; VI, 44; VII, 31; VIII, 16. Last tergite with 4 very long marginal setae, 2 short setae lateroanterior to these, and 15 inner posterior setae. Subgenital plate with 31 marginal and 19 anterior setae. Anal fringe with 50 dorsal and 46 ventral setae. Dimensions.—Preocular width, ¢ 0.39, 2 0.44; temple width, ¢ 0.58, 2 0.65; prothorax width, ¢ 0.41, 2 0.48; metathorax width, ¢ obliterated, 2 0.68; total length, 6 1.44, 2 1.97; 6 genitalia width 0.15, length indistinguishable. Remarks. —It is unfortunate that Carriker (1954) chose this species, represented by only two poor specimens, as the type-species for the genus Cracimenopon. It is best recognized by the ¢ genitalia and combination of enlarged tergite I, slightly enlarged II, normal III, and tripartite IV in @. 880 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Material examined. — Holotype 4, allotype 2? of C. mituensis, USNM slide 68613, Mitu mitu, Bolivia. Amyrsidea (Cracimenopon) pauxis Carriker Figs. 4, 31-33 Ampyrsidea simplex pauxis Carriker, 1950: 496. Type-host: Pauxi pauxi gilliardi Wetmore and Phelps. Amyrsidea parvispina Carriker, 1950: 496. Type-host: Pauxi pauxi unicornis Bond and de Schauensee (= Pauxi unicornis Bond and de Schauensee). NEw SYNONYMY. Ampyrsidea spinigaster spinigaster Carriker, 1950: 497. Type-host: Crax nigra L. NEw SYNONYMY. Amprsidea semicracis guttatus Carriker, 1950: 505. Type-host: Chamaepetes uni- color Salvin. NEw SYNONYMY. Male.—Features as for A. mituensis, except for the following. Middorsal head setae 17 and 18 in straight line across head. Mesosternal plate with 10-14 setae, metasternal plate with 9-12 setae, and metanotum with 14 long marginal setae. Brush on femur III with 40-42 short setae. All abdominal tergites normal length without enlargement. Marginal tergal setae: I, 15-17; II, 16-18; III, 17-22; IV, 24-27; V, 25-30; VI, 24-30; VII, 20-38; VIII, 12-16. No anterior tergal setae. Sternal setae: II, 18—20; III, 32-35; IV, 25-26; V, 25-30, VI, 16-26; VII, 14-39; VIII, 18-30. Sternal brushes: II, 12-23; III, 17-22; IV, 22-34; V, 20-35; VI, 20— 28; VII, 12-15. Last tergite with 2 very long marginal setae on each side, 6-8 medium setae lateroanterior to these, and 10—12 medium inner posterior setae. Subgenital plate with 20-28 marginal and anterior setae. Genitalia somewhat variable for few specimens examined (Figs. 31-33), but all with some semblance of V-shaped sclerite. Female.—As for 6 except as follows. Abdominal tergite I greatly enlarged, cov- ering half of abdomen; tergite II tripartite, with middle portion extremely short; tergites III and IV also tripartite (Fig. 4). Marginal tergal setae: I, 16-17; II, 12- 15; III, 14; IV, 35-37; V, 39-45; VI, 37-42; VII, 30-33; VIII, 14. Sternal setae: II, 17-18; II, 43-44; IV, 30-32; V, 33-35; VI, 27-28; VI, 21-22. Last tergite with 2 very long marginal setae each side, 6 medium setae lateroanterior to these, and 14-15 medium inner posterior setae. Anal fringe with 48-54 setae dorsally and 60-61 setae ventrally. Dimensions.—Preocular width, 6 0.38—0.52, ? 0.41—0.43; temple width, ¢ 0.58- 0.67, 2 0.61-0.66; prothorax width, male 0.41-0.44, 2 0.42-0.50; metathorax width, 6 0.48-0.54, 2 0.67-0.68; total length, 6 1.66-1.78, 2 1.84-1.85; male genitalia width 0.14—0.16, length 0.31-0.43. Remarks.— The combination of enlarged female tergum I with II-IV tripartite — Figs. 16-26. 16-18, Pre-anal plates. 16, A. aburris, from Chamaepetes goudoti. 17, A. aburris, from Chamaepetes rufiventris. 18, A. spicula. 19-26, Male genitalia. 19, A. garruli. 20, A. spicula. 21, A. aburris. 22, Amyrsidea aburris from Chamaepetes goudoti rufiventris. 23, A. aburris, from Penelope jacquacu granti. 24, A. simplex. 25, A. semicracis, from Penelope argyrotis albicauda. 26, A. rubra. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 882 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON and the V-shaped male genital sclerite are the best distinguishing features of this species. Material examined.—3 4, 1 2 (holotype ¢, allotype 2) on USNM slide 68591, and 2 6 paratypes of A. parvispina, Pauxi pauxi unicornis, Bolivia; 2 4, 3 2 (in- cluding holotype 2 and allotype 6 of A. simplex pauxis), P. p. gilliardi, Colombia; 6 6, 6 2 (including 5 6 paratypes of Cracimenopon simplex pauxi (sic), Pauxi pauxi, Colombia; paratype ¢ and female of A. s. spinigaster, (Oklahoma State University slides 967 and 968), Crax nigra L., Venezuela; 5 6, 2 9, Crax alector L. (= Crax nigra), Surinam; | 4, 4 2, Pipile cumanensis Jaquin (= Aburria pipile (Jaquin), Surinam; ¢ holotype of A. semicrasis guttatus, Chamaepetes unicolor, Costa Rica; 3 2, Ortalis guttatus columbianus = O. guttata, Colombia. Amyrsidea (Cracimenopon) simplex Carriker Fig. 24 Amyrsidea simplex simplex Carriker, 1950: 494. Type-host: Crax annulata Todd (= Crax alberti Fraser). Amprsidea spinigaster alberti Carriker, 1950: 498. Type-host: Crax alberti alberti Fraser. NEW SYNONYMY. Ampyrsidea spinigaster daubentoni Carriker, 1950: 498. Type-host: Crax alberti daubentoni G. R. Gray (= Crax daubentoni G. R. Gray). NEw SYNONYMY. Male.—As in A. pauxi, but with genitalia (Fig. 24) with extensible area of sclerotization in sac and U-shaped sclerite. Female.—As in A. pauxi except as follows. Tergite I greatly elongated covering nearly half of abdomen, with middle portion of II either absent or fused to I. Tergite IV—VI tripartite; anterior setae of middle portion IV indicates fusion with middle part of tergite III (similar to Fig. 5). Marginal tergal setae: I, 14-16; II, 14 on lateral portions only; III, 20-22 on lateral portions only; IV, 27-36; V, 40- 46; VI, 34-45; VII, 30-35; VIII, 13-18. No anterior tergal setae except for 4-6 minute ones in middle of IV thought to represent fusion of II] and IV. Anal fringes with 44-65 dorsal and 48-72 ventral setae. Dimensions.—Preocular width, 6 0.33-0.42, ? 0.35—0.44; temple width, ¢ 0.48- 0.60, 2 0.53-0.68; prothorax width, ¢ 0.33-0.44, 2 0.38—0.50; metathorax width, 6 0.43-0.54, 2 0.56-0.72; total length, ¢ 1.45—1.90, 2 1.40—2.10; 6 genitalia width 0.13-0.16; length 0.39-0.41. Remarks.—The male genitalia with U-shaped sclerites, and female tergal fea- tures with mid-portion of II either absent or fused are the best distinguishing characters of this species. Material examined.—6 4, 11 2 (including holotype male, allotype female on USNM slide 68569, and 5 4, 6 2 paratypes of A. simplex) Crax annulata, Colom- bia; 3 6 (including holotype 6 of A. spinigaster alberti on USNM slide 68572); 2 2, C. a. alberti, Colombia; 2 2 (including holotype 2 of A. spinigaster daubentoni on USNM slide 68573), Crax alberti daubentoni, Venezuela. Amyrsidea (Cracimenopon) rubra Carriker Figss (2.93.5. 264.36 Amyrsidea simplex rubra Carriker, 1950; 495. Type-host: Crax r. rubra (Lin- naeus). VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 883 Male.—As for A. pauxi, but without extensive sclerotization in region of genital sac and genital sclerite with less distinct U-shape (Fig. 26). Female.—As for A. pauxi, but with slightly more marginal tergal setae: I, 18; II, 14 on lateral portions only; III, 18; IV, 40-42; V, 47-49; VI, 49-50; VII, 37- 39: VIE, 15: Dimensions. —Preocular width, ¢ 0.40—0.41, 2 0.45—0.47; temple width, 4 0.59- 0.60, 2 0.68—0.70; prothorax width, ¢ 0.45-0.56, 2 0.50-—0.52; metathorax width, $ 0.57-0.60, 2 0.79-0.80; total length, 6 1.88-—1.90, 2 2.16—2.20; 6 genitalia width, 0.13-0.14, length 0.39-0.41. Remarks. — The lack of genital sac sclerotization and more marginal tergal setae in 2 are the best distinguishing characters of this species. Material examined.—2 6, 4 2, Crax rubra, Columbia, Republic of Panama. Amyrsidea (Cracimenopon) rogersi Scharf and Emerson, NEW SPECIES Fig. 6, 34 Type-host: Crax fasciolata fasciolata Spix. Male.—As for A. pauxi except as follows. Longer middorsal head setae with outer seta 18 farther lateral toward preocular slit. Only 9-13 setae on subgenital plate. Genitalia (Fig. 34) with enlarged epimeres, longer parameres, and bell- shaped sclerotization with sac. Female.—As for A. pauxi except as follows. Tergite I enlarged, but covering less than half of abdomen; tergites II-IV entire, conforming to contour of tergite I and progressively less enlarged; and tergites V—VII, tripartite (Fig. 6). Marginal tergal setae: I, 10; I], 18-19; III, 18-20; IV, 32-33; V, 44-46; VI, 36-38; VII, 28-29; VIII, 14. Last tergite each side with 1 very long marginal seta, 3—4 short setae lateroanterior to this, and 10 total inner posterior setae. Sternal setae as for A, pauxi, except 46—48 total marginal and anterior subgenital plate setae. Dimensions. —Preocular width, 6 0.35—0.37, 2 0.39-0.41; temple width, 46 0.53- 0.55, 2 0.59-0.61; prothorax width, 6 0.37-0.39, 2 0.39-0.42; metathorax width, 3 0.43-0.45, 2 0.59-0.60; total length, 3 1.63-1.70, 2 1.81-1.94; 6 genitalia width 0.14, length 0.42-0.46. Remarks.— The ¢ genitalia with enlarged epimeres, longer parameres, bell-shaped sclerotization, and configuration of the female abdominal tergites serve to distin- guish this species. This species is named for Joseph H. Rogers, who as friend and colleague of the first author, encouraged this work. Material examined.— Holotype 6, C. f fasciolata, Matto Grosso, Brazil, no date, T-821, in collection of U.S. National Museum. Paratypes: 2 6, 3 2, same data as holotype. Amyrsidea (Cracimenopon) caquetae Carriker Figs. 8, 9, 35 Cracimenopon caquetae Carriker, 1967: 41. Type-host: Ortalis guttata caquetae Chapman (= O. guttata Spix). Cracimenopon huilensis Carriker, 1967: 44. Type-host: Ortalis guttata columbi- anus Hellmayr. NEw SYNONYMY. Male.—As for A. pauxi except as follows. Brush on femur III with only 16 small setae. Subgenital plate with 16 marginal and 22 anterior setae; otherwise, specimen 884 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 885 rolled and obliterated ventrally. Genitalia (Fig. 35) with narrow epimeres, lacking prominent sclerotization in genital sac area, and with characteristic shape of sac. Female.—As for A. pauxi except as follows. Abdominal tergite I enlarged; tergites II-IV tripartite, other tergites undivided (Fig. 8). Mid-portion of II with 1 long seta at each corner and 5-7 marginal minute setae between them (Fig. 9). Marginal tergal setae: I, 18; II, 21; III, 16; IV, 26; V, 30; VI, 28; VII, 30; VIII, 24. Tergites [V—VI with 40-58 marginal setae on specimen from O. arcuan squa- mata Lesson. Specimen rolled and obliterated ventrally. Dimensions.—Preocular width, 6 0.48, 2 0.58-0.71; prothorax width, ¢ 0.37- 0.46, 2 0.31-0.42; metathorax width, ¢ 0.48-0.68, 2 0.43-0.58; total length, 6 1.55, 2 1.81-—2.15; 6 genitalia width 0.14, length indistinguishable. Remarks.— The narrow epimeres lacking prominent sclerotization in 6 and the setal pattern on the mid-portion of tergite II of 2 are the distinguishing characters. Material examined.—1 4, 1 2 (including hototype 2 of C. caquetae on USNM slide 68887), Ortalis guttata caquetae, Colombia; 1 2, O. arcuan squamata (= O. guttata squamata Lesson), Brazil; 2 6, 5 2 (including holotype 2 and allotype 6 C. huilensis on USNM slide 68888), Ortalis guttatus columbianus, Colombia. Ampyrsidea (Cracimenopon) jacquacu Carriker Figs. 10, 11 Ampyrsidea semicracis jacguacu Carriker, 1950: 502. Type-host: Penelope obscura jJacquacu Spix (= P. j. jacquacu Spix). Male. —As for A. pauxi, except as follows. Ventral femur III with 27 short setae. Stemmalsetaes 11.35: ML. 48::1V.. 30: .V;.31: Vi 332 Vik. 4: Willies 2. eSternal brushes each side: III, 20—21; IV, 24—25; V, 18-22; VI without brushes. Genitalia as for A. aburris (Fig. 23) with small lateral sclerotized strips along genital sac. Female.—As for A. caquetae except as follows. Lacking long corner seta on mid-portion of tripartite tergite II (Figs. 10 and 11). Marginal tergal setae: I, 10; II, 20-22; III, 21-22; IV, 32-36; V, 43-44; VI, 41-42; VII, 31-35; VIII, 18-19. Sternal setae: II, 30; III, 48-50; IV, 24-25; V, 26-27; VI, 42-43; VII, 20-21. Sternal brushes: III, 17-20; IV, 20-24; V, 17-20. Terminal segment with 4 very long marginal and 18-19 anterior setae. Anal fringing setae with 86-88 dorsally and 78-80 ventrally. Dimensions.—Preocular width, ¢ 0.36, 2 0.39-0.40; temple width, 6 0.50, ? 0.58; prothorax width, 46 0.40, 2? 0.44—0.45; metathorax width, 6 0.59, 2 0.62; total length, 6 1.68, 2 1.86-1.88; 6 genitalia width 0.14, length indistinguishable. Remarks.—The combination of 2 tergal features and male genitalic features serve to distinguish this species. There are minor differences in tergal setae and arrangement of long and very long marginal setae on the last tergite as those on A. aburris. However, we have also examined a specimen from the same host and — Figs. 27-36. 27-35, Male genitalia. 27, A. sixiola. 28, A. purpurascens. 29, Amyrsidea wagleri. 30, A. mituensis. 31, A. pauxis. 32, A. pauxis, from Pauxi unicornis. 33, A. pauxis, from Pauxi p. pauxis. 34, A. rogersi. 35, A. caquetae. 36, Female terminal segments showing typical anal fringe and sternal setae, from Crax rubra. 886 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON locality dated 3 days later which is close to A. aburris Carriker, which does not have enlarged tergite I; and we should point out that a series of 6 6 and 6 2 specimens for Penelope granti Berlepsch (= Penelope jacquacu granti Vaurie) is also included in 4. aburris. Material examined. — | 6, 3 2 (including holotype 2 and allotype ¢ of A. semicracis Jacquacu on USNM slide 68578, and paratype 9°), Penelope obscura jacquacu, Peru: Amyrsidea (Cracimenopon) garruli Carriker Figs. 12, 19 Amyrsidea spicula garruli Carriker, 1950: 506. Type-host: Ortalis garrula garrula (Humbolt). Amyrsidea spicula microspina Carriker, 1950: 507. Type-host: Ortalis r. ruficrissa Sclater and Salvin (= O. ruficauda ruficrissa Sclater and Salvin). NEw SYNONYMY. Cracimenopon mirae Carriker, 1967: 41. Type-host: Ortalis garrula mira Gris- com. NEW SYNONYMY. Cracimenopon ruficaudatus Carriker, 1967: 44. Type-host: Ortalis ruficauda (Jar- dine). NEw SYNONYMY. Male.—As for A. pauxi, except as follows. Inner middorsal head seta 17 nearly twice as long as minute outer 18. With 22-24 small setae on ventral femur III. Marginal abdominal tergal setae: I, 18-19; II, 20; III, 29-31; IV, 34-35; V, 38- 40; VI, 42-43; VII, 31-32; VIII, 20-21. Sternal setae: II, 32-34; III, 58-62; IV, 28-30; V, 29-32; VI, 29-31; VII, 56-58; VIII, 41-45. Sternal brushes: IV, 20- 22; V, 24-25; VI, 19-20. Last tergite each side with | very long marginal seta, 2-3 medium; lateroanterior to this, and 15-16 total inner posterior setae. With 23 total marginal and anterior setae on subgenital plate. Male genitalia (Fig. 19) with narrow U-shaped sclerotization at base of genital sac. Female.—As for 6, except as follows. Ventral terminal segment having 27-28 marginal, 20-22 anterior setae on subgenital plate and 59-60 dorsal and 56-59 ventral anal fringe setae. With pre-anal plate circular on anterior with notch as in Fig. 12. Dimensions.—Preocular width, 6 0.42—0.43, 2 0.45—0.47; temple width, 6 0.63-— 0.64, 2 0.65—-0.67; prothorax width, ¢ 0.45—0.48, 2 0.46—-0.48; metathorax width, $ 0.55-0.57, 2 0.60—0.62; total length, ¢ 1.96-2.02, 2° 2.09-2.14; 6 genitalia width 0.15, length indistinguishable. Remarks. — This is the first species described without sexually dimorphic tergal features. Males are best identified by the genital sclerite, and females have a characteristic pre-anal plate. Material examined.—4 4, 8 2, (including 2 holotype of A. spicula garrula on USNM slide 68583, and 2 2 paratypes), O. g. garrula, Colombia; holotype 2 of Cracimenopon mirae (on USNM slide 68886, and 2 2 paratypes), O. g. mira, Colombia; | 2 paratype of A. spicula microspina, O. ruficrissa, Colombia; 2 3, 4 2, O. ruficauda (Jardine), Venezuela. Ampyrsidea (Cracimenopon) aburris Carriker Figsal 3a llOsdii2ilee22, 23 Ampyrsidea semicracis aburris Carriker, 1950: 502. Type-host: Aburria aburri (Les- son). VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 887 Amyrsidea semicracis chamaepeta Carriker, 1950: 504. Type-host: Chamaepetes goudoti rufiventris (Tschudi). NEW SYNONYMY. Amyrsidea semicracis sanctaemartae Carriker, 1950: 504. Type-host: Chamae- petes goudoti sanctaemartae Chapman. NEw SYNONYMY. Male.—As for A. pauxi, except as follows. With 26-41 small setae in brush of femur III. Marginal tergal setae: I, 15-16; II, 18-20; III, 18-23; IV, 18-23; V, 20-29; VI, 18-28; VII, 16-22; VIII, 12-16. Last tergite each side with 1-2 very long marginal setae, 2—3 short setae lateroanterior to these, and 10-18 total inner posterior setae. Sternal setae: II, 19-44; III, 22-41; IV-VI, 19-33; VII, 42-45; VII, 22-38. Sternal brushes: III, 15-22; IV—VI, 19-43. Total marginal and an- terior setae on subgenital plate 15-21. Genitalia (Figs. 21, 22 and 23) with U- shaped genital sclerite elongated on lateral margins of genital sac. Female.—As for 6, except as follows. Marginal tergal setae as for male, except specimens from P. obscura obscura with greater number of marginal tergal setae than from other hosts on IV-VI, 34-37. Sternite HI with 41-46, and VII with 54-62 setae. Subgenital plate with 22-31 marginal and 21-33 anterior setae. Anal fringe of 56-64 setae dorsally and 54-63 ventrally. Pre-anal plates various but always separate (Figs. 13, 14, 16, and 17). Dimensions. —Preocular width, ¢ 0.37—0.40, 2 0.41—0.45; temple width, 6 0.53- 0.59, 2 0.61-0.67; prothorax width, 6 0.37-0.43, 2 0.44—0.49; metathorax width, $ 0.49-0.54, 2 0.55—0.64; total length, ¢ 1.62-1.81, 2 1.98—2.28; 6 genitalia width, 0.13-0.16, length indistinguishable. Remarks.—The ¢ genitalia are the best identifying feature of this species and, although they show some variation among the 5 hosts, they are distinctive enough to consider this as a single species. The smaller number of marginal tergal setae is also indicative of the integrity of the species, but the higher count in specimens from P. obscura obscura overlaps with counts for Amyrsidea garruli. Material examined. — 2 4, 2 2 (including holotype 2 and allotype ¢ of A. semicracis aburris on USNM slide 68579), Aburria aburri, Colombia: 6 6, 2 2 (including holotype 2, allotype ¢ of A. s. chamaepeta (on USNM slide 68587, and 5 6 and 1 2 paratypes), Chamaepetes goudoti rufiventris, Peru; 13 4, 11 9, Chamaepetes a. goudoti, Colombia; | 2 (holotype of A. s. sanctaemartae on USNM slide 68580), Chamaepetes goudoti sanctaemartae, Colombia; 6 6, 6 °, Penelope granti Ber- lepsch (= P. jacquacu granti Vaurie), Guyana; 4 6 6 2, P. o. obscura Temminck, Paraguay. Amyrsidea (Cracimenopon) semicracis Carriker Figs, 15; 25 Amyrsidea semicracis semicracis Carriker, 1950: 500. Type-host: Penelope ar- gyrotis colombiana Todd. Amyrsidea semicracis perijana Carriker, 1950: 500. Type-host: Penelope argyrotis albicauda Phelps and Gilliard. NEW SYNONYMY. Male.—As for A. pauxis, except as follows. Fewer marginal tergal setae on V— VII, 18-27; fewer setae in brush on venter of femur III, 31—34; and more sternal setae on VII, 44—54, and VIII, 31-34. Genitalia with retrorse terminal barbs on genital sclerite and obvious connection between parameres (Fig. 25). Female.—As for A. pauxis, except with 22 marginal and 32 anterior setae on subgenital plate, and pre-anal plates usually as in Fig. 15. 888 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Dimensions. —Preocular width, ¢ 0.41-0.42, 2? 0.42—0.44; temple width, ¢ 0.56- 0.57, 2° 0.60-0.62; prothorax width, 6 0.42, ? 0.42-0.44; metathorax width, 6 0.52- 0.60, 2 0.57—-0.63; total length, ¢ 1.58-1.78, 2 1.76-1.83; 6 genitalia width 0.14— 0.15, length indistinguishable. Remarks.—The 4 genitalia appear to be the singular identifying feature of this species. Material examined.—4 8, 2 2 (including 2 holotype and 4 allotype of A. s. semicracis on USNM slide 68574), Penelope argyrotis colombiana, Colombia; ¢ holotype of A. s. periiana (on USNM slide 68575, and 1 2 paratype), P. a. albi- cauda, Colombia. Amyrsidea (Cracimenopon) purpurascens Carriker Fig. 28 Amyrsidea semicracis purpurascens Carriker, 1950: 501. Type-host: Penelope pur- purascens purpurascens Wagler. Amprsidea semicracis brunnescens Carriker, 1950: 502. Type-host: Penelope pur- purascens brunnescens Hellmayr and Conover. NEW SYNONYMY. Male.—As for A. pauxis, except as follows. Slightly more marginal tergal setae on IV-VI, 27-28. Subgenital plate with 4 very long and 3-4 short setae. Genitalia with spiculate sac and paired sclerites above base of parameres meeting at cleft on sac (Fig. 28). Female.—Also as for A. parvispina, except for 30-34 marginal tergal setae [V— VI, 28-34 marginal and 12-16 anterior setae on subgenital plate. Pre-anal plate reduced or absent in specimens studied. Dimensions. —Preocular width, ¢ 0.34-0.35, 2? 0.40—0.42; temple width, ¢ 0.57- 0.59, 2 0.62; prothorax width, 6 0.37—0.38, 2 0.42—0.46; metathorax width, 6 0.50- 0.51, 2 0.57-0.60; total length, ¢ 1.72-1.76, 2 1.72—1.93, 6 genitalia width 0.15- 0.16, length 0.42. Remarks.—The ¢ genitalia with parallel genital sclerites connected anteriorly are the best distinguishing feature of this species. Material examined.—1 4, 1 2 (holotype ¢ and paratype 2 of Amyrsidea semicracis purpurascens on USNM slide 68577) Penelope purpurascens, Mexico; | 2, | é (holotype 2 and allotype é of Amyrsidea semicracis brunnescens on USNM slide 68576) Penelope purpurascens brunnescens, Colombia. Amyrsidea (Cracimenopon) spicula Carriker Figs. 18, 20 Ampyrsidea spicula spicula Carriker, 1950, Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc., 7: 506. Type-host: Ortalis vetula vetula (Wagler). Male. — Head and thorax as for male of A. parvispina, except only 18-20 short setae on ventral femur III. Slightly more marginal tergal setae on tergites III-V, 26-38. Marginal tergal setae on VI—VIII substantially more; VI, 32-36; VII, 29- 33; VIII, 16-20. Ventrally with sternal setae much as for A. parvispina, but 45 setae on sternite VII, and sternal brushes with fewer setae; IV, 19-22; V, 19-24; VI, 15-18. Subgenital plate with 10 marginal and 21 anterior setae. Genitalia with characteristic inverted U-shaped sclerite with knob-shaped enlargement ante- riorly; with a spiculate genital sac and obvious cross connection of parameres (Fig. 20). VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 889 Female.—As for 6, but with slightly more marginal tergal setae on II-VIII, 34— 45, and slightly larger in all dimensions. Pre-anal plate as in Fig. 18. Dimensions. —Preocular width, ¢ 0.37-0.38, 2? 0.38—0.40, temple width, 4 0.53- 0.56, 2 0.55—0.57; prothorax width, ¢ 0.40-0.41, 2 0.42—0.44; metathorax width, 3 0.49-0.52, 2 0.60—-0.62; total length, 6 1.78-1.81, 2 1.84—-1.87; 6 genitalia width 0.15, length 0.55. Remarks.— The unusual genital sclerite of the ¢ is the most salient feature of this species. Material examined.—4 4, 2 2 (including holotype 2 of Cracimenopon spicula on USNM slide 68582, allotype and 2 paratype 3), Ortalis v. vetula, Mexico. Amyrsidea (Cracimenopon) sixiola Carriker ign 2a Cracimenopon sixiola Carriker, 1967: 41. Type-host: Ortalis garrula frantzi (Ca- banis). Male.— Head and thoracic setae as for A. pauxis. Marginal tergal setae: I, 18; II, 20; WI-VII, 30; VIII, 18. Last tergite each side with 1 very long marginal seta, 4 medium setae lateroanterior to these, and 10 total inner posterior setae. Ventral abdomen badly rolled, setae obliterated. Genitalia (Fig. 27) very large, with long parameres, but unfortunately specimen overcleared, with no internal features visible. Female. — Unknown. Dimensions of 6.—Preocular width, 0.40; temple width, 0.67; prothorax width, 0.41; metathorax width, 0.48; total length, 2.03; genitalia width 0.22, length indistinguishable. Remarks.—This species is described from a single specimen which represents by far the largest in all dimensions of the known species of this subgenus. Material examined.— Holotype 6 of Cracimenopon sixiola (on USNM slide 68885), Ortalis garrula frantzi, Costa Rica. Other 6 mentioned by Carriker (1967) was not found. Amyrsidea (Cracimenopon) wagleri Carriker Fig. 29 Cracimenopon wagleri Carriker, 1967: 44. Type-host: Ortalis wagleri (G. R. Gray) (= Ortalis poliocephala Wagler). Male.—Like A. spicula except as follows. Genitalia as in Fig. 29, with mem- branous connection of anterior portions of sac sclerite, anterior portion of sclerite well below base of parameres, and small retrorse sclerotizations. Female.—As for A. spicula. Dimensions.—Preocular width, ¢ 0.38, 2 0.41; temple width, ¢ 0.52, 2 0.60; prothorax width, ¢ 0.40, 2 0.48; metathorax width, 6 0.50, 2 0.65; total length, ¢ 1.81, 2 2.09; male genitalia width 0.15, length indistinguishable. Remarks.—The ¢ genitalia are the most discernable feature distinguishing this from A. spicula. Material examined.—Allotype ¢ and holotype 2° of Cracimenopon wagleri (on USNM slide 68241), Ortalis wagleri (G. R. Gray), Mexico. 890 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON NOMINA DUBIA Menopon cracis Giebel, 1866: 391. Type-host: (Crax rubirostris. Misdetermined; see Thompson, 1948) = Crax globulosa Spix. Synonym indicated is from Hopkins and Clay (1952). No spec- imens from this host were available for this study. Specimens reportedly in collection of British Museum (Natural History) could not be located (personal communication, Mr. Christopher Moreby). Menopon macropus Giebel, 1874: 294. Type-host: Crax rubirostris. Misdetermined; see Thompson, 1948: 740. = Crax globulosa Spix. The type cannot be located; believed to be lost. = co | KEY TO SPECIES IN THE SUBGENUS Cracimenopon MALES . Genital sac with U-shaped sclerite (inverted or upright) ............. Z Genital sac with separated sclerites, no sclerite, or partially sclerotized anterior portionvolsacsjias nas th Ate eee ee eee eee i .. U-shaped genital.saciscleritéumveredsaaat ek 2. 5.0052 ae eee 3 U-shaped genital.sac sclerite im upright position, .4-5c544- 22 4ne eee 4 Genital sclerite on posterior portion of spinous sac (Fig. 19) ....... garruli Genital sclerite on anterior portion of spinous sac (Fig. 20) ....... spicula U-shaped genital sclerite elongated on margins of spinous sac (Figs. 21— ODD) Re Le ee ee Te EN ee es aburris (in part) W-shaped-genitalesclenite. shorter 4). fe sees cits aa ee 5 Genitalia with extensive area of sclerotization under spinous sac and SClemite (HIG. 2 4) oars ap ass ah hg aap eg ane itso eek cet ca simplex Genitalia without sclerotization under spinous sac .................. 6 Genital sclerite with retrorse terminal barbs; connection between para- IMEFESSODVAOUS\(E18ts2'5)ié oren cn ay eee oer dewey ee semicracis Genital sclerite without retrorse barbs, no obvious connection between parameres; small pair of projections on distal portion of the phallus (Fig. C2 en ne ne ete roman ee ener en PTE ad o's os 2 rubra . Genitalia with sclerotization limited to anterior portion of spinous sac, Or without. SlerOtizZatiOn: «oo y od as cee cee ee oo ee os eee 8 Genitalia with sclerite along lateral margins of spinous sac .......... iM ) Genitalia with lone parameres as mv Fig.27 (525.0 e.2 = ene eee sixiola Genitalia with shorter parameres <7.) tsar. a i eee 9 . Genitalia with no connection of anterior portions of sclerites (Fig. 23) ee OS ee ee Lek rs ees aburris (in part) and jacquacu Genitalia with membranous connection of anterior portions of sclerites . Anterior portion of genital sclerite at or well above base of paramere OS oee | oo ee nee eer ere pees purpurascens Anterior portion of genital sclerite well below base of parameres (Fig. PS) Nye ee ae a eee ae er rer ee PE oe Pas: wagleri . Genital sac with 2 small strips of sclerotization on each side (Fig. 30) . ee ete ee eee Le Tne ees I orm ee re ne mituensis Genital sac with | strip of sclerotization on each side ............... eh VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 891 12. Genital sac not deeply cleft below base of parameres (Figs. 31-33) Ee Ta RCR aA RE ak MAS FO ALAS Lt APE Me Sond on Se od Wr nT RS pauxis — Genital sac deeply cleft below base of parameres ................... 12 13. Epimeres enlarged and sclerotized with bell-shaped sac connecting them GUISES eS) 84S armor: 2 SiN me iwte Se creat Ni ans aoa MAE ON. ts rogersl =) JEpimeres narrow and not connected (rig: 35)! ...4.....45.2. .208 caquetae FEMALES (excluding sixiola) 1. Tergite 1 enlarged posteriorly (Figs. 4-8; note thorax omitted in Fig. 7) S licver CENA, Se NARS EN CREE Seat ge nm OM i) heal ger And dinar eR ome Lauber 2 ec oue i now eMlanreed POSlCMOLY . \... 96 cae ae een CE ee i 2> Vereite lextendme to middie ofabdomeni(Figs. 4and.5) {5 2.224, - 3. -- 3 — Tergite I shorter, covering less than half of abdomen ................. 4 Sehensites Mt V-triparute (Fig:-4) i oo eek coca ks owner ws boats pauxis — Tergites IV—VI tripartite; anterior setae of middle section indicate fusion Oigensies Ue andenvs (hIg.. 5D). 2). put eet ee ee simplex and rubra 4. Tergites V—VII tripartite; tergites III and IV neither divided nor fused ETC RO) ten phe erry Mice Ps Se sa LO Sa obey feral anc ea a een ene rogersi —monercovall.of tereites Il—IV tripartite (Fig: 7): 224... oesusce mene sos oss e+ 5 DO DIN tenpite lv, tripartite (BIG. 7) 24)... 5s hncudes same eee mituensis eee eR SS MMV SOM PAMIICC. cco eidcccs Accuctse ote, $s che Ghee GOR PO eee ee eS eee 6 6. Median plate of tergite II with long seta at each posterior corner (Fig. 8) ee Ee eg En ne een gc ey Sp a caquetae — All setae on median plate of tergite II minute (Fig. 10) ........... jJacquacu 7. Pre-anal plate entire with roughly circular anterior margin and small ROUMGeGumOtchia (ERO D)” heen. «,s. » crausns) tapepsat apy ROSE GE 2 oo garruli —terfc-anal plate Givided or apparently absent. .. 4... 35 5495se5 obese. +e 8 8. Pre-anal plates arranged in relation to anal sclerite as in Fig. 13 ....... 2 Se Reet Re Se eR LOOSE, es Se Ree i eh, yh aburris (in part) — Pre-anal plates arranged variously (Figs. 14-18) ..................... Pts Bbc eft i aburris (in part) semicracis, purpurascens, spicula, and wagleri. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the following for the loan of specimens: Theresa Clay and Christopher Moreby, British Museum (Natural History); Don C. Peters, Department of Ento- mology, Oklahoma State University; and Roger D. Price, Department of Ento- mology, University of Minnesota. LITERATURE CITED Carriker, M. A., Jr. 1950. Studies in Neotropical Mallophaga (X). Amblycera of the New World Galliformes, Part 2. The genus Amyrsidea Ewing. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. 7: 492-510. Carriker, M.A., Jr. 1954. The Menoponidae of the Cracidae and the genus Odontophorus (Neotropical Mallophaga Miscellany No. 8). Nov. Colombianas 1: 19-31. . 1967. Carriker on Mallophaga. Bull. 248. Smithsonian Inst., Wash., D.C. xix + 150 pp. Clay, T. 1969. A key to the genera of The Menoponidae (Amblycera: Mallophaga: Insecta). Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 24: 1-26 + 7 pl. Delacour, J. and D. Amadon. 1973. Currassows and Related Birds. Chanticleer Press, New York. xv + 247 pp. 892 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Giebel, C. 1866. Die im zoologischen Museum der Universitat Halle aufgestellten Epizoen nebst Beobachtungen uber dieselben. Gesammten Naturwiss. 28: 353-397. Giebel, C. G. 1874. Insecta Epizoa. Leipzig. xiv + 303 pp. Hopkins, G. H. E. and Theresa Clay. 1952. A Check List of the Genera and Species of Mallophaga. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London. 362 pp. Peters, J. L. 1934. Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. II, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. 401 pp. Scharf, W. C. and K. C. Emerson. 1983. The subgenus Desumenopon of Amyrsidea (Mallophaga: Menoponidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 85: 98-103. Scharf, W. C. and R. D. Price. 1977. Anew subgenus and two new species of Amyrsidea (Mallophaga: Menoponidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 70: 815-822. and 1983. Review of the Amyrsidea in the subgenus Argimenopon (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 76: 441-451. Thompson, G. B. 1948. A list of the type-hosts of the Mallophaga and the lice described from them. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (11) 14: 737-767. Vaurie, C. 1968. Taxonomy of the Cracidae (Aves). Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 138: 131-260. ~~ PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 893-897 A NEW SPECIES OF DICTYA FROM MEXICO (DIPTERA: SCIOMYZIDAE) R. E. ORTH Department of Entomology, Division of Biological Control, University of Cal- ifornia, Riverside, California 92521. Abstract.—Dictya sinaloae, n. sp., is described from Sinaloa, Mexico. The new species is a member of the abnormis group of which there are now six recognized species. Within the abnormis group it most closely resembles D. bergi Valley. A photograph, illustrations and a key are provided. The genus Dictya in the Americas south of the United States is poorly known. The external morphology of the species of Dictya is very similar and terminalia dissection is generally required for positive determination. Prior to the publication by Curran (1932) only one species, Dictya umbrarum Linnaeus, now known to be strictly Palaearctic, was recognized in North America. Dictya pictipes Loew (1859), described from three females from Washington, D.C., was synonymized by Cresson (1920). Curran (1932) recognized seven species, including D. pictipes, and separated each by genitalic characters. His work provided the basis for the taxonomic studies fhat followed. Today 33 species are recognized, including the new species described herein. All but one, D. umbrarum, are New World species. Steyskal (1954) assigned the 22 Dictya species then known to three groups. The number of species now recognized in each group are: abnormis (6), ptyarion (1), and typical (26). Dictya sinaloae, new species, is a member of the abnormis group. According to Steyskal (1954) the distinguishing characteristics of this group are: second antennal segment shining on outer upper half or more, longer than high; deep black parafrontal spots present. The group is now comprised of the following six species: D. abnormis Steyskal, D. bergi Valley, D. guatemalana Steyskal, D. insularis Steyskal, D. matthewsi Steyskal, and D. sinaloae, new species. All are Neotropical and the known distribution of two, D. abnormis and D. matthewsi, extends northward into the Mexican Nearctic, with D. matthewsi extending into Arizona. KEY TO THE DICTYA ABNORMIS GROUP BASED ON MALE TERMINALIA 1. Surstylus with apical dorsal tip strongly projecting ................... 2 — Surstylus with apical dorsal tip not strongly projecting ............... 5 2. Ventral process of epandrium with a slender digitiform posterior lobe, anterior lobe not present; ventral process of hypandrium rather slender, gently curved forward; surstylus with apical dorsal tip rounded ........ Re RAR grtest teers, beth oe wats Lake SER ORES D. abnormis Steyskal — Ventral process of epandrium without slender digitiform posterior lobe 894 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 1. Dictya sinaloae, holotype male. Abdominal segments excised and retained in genitalia vial on pin beneath specimen. Photo by M. E. Badgley, University of California, Riverside. 3: Surstylus with a deep emargination in the apical dorsal tip forming a ligulate lobe fringed with small bristles; ventral process of hypandrium short, stout, strongly tapering and curved forward; ventral process of epan- drium lacking posterior and anterior lobes, but with a small mammiform projection on inner side at middle near margin ... D. guatemalana Steyskal Surstylus with no emargination in the apical dorsal tip; no ligulate lobe Surstylus with apical dorsal tip angulate; ventral process of hypandrium stout, thickened in cross section, apex angulate, directed anteriad; ventral process of epandrium with posterior lobe moderately large, bluntly point- ed/anteriondobedless pronounced] (2 22) = 444 eee D. bergi Valley Surstylus with apical dorsal tip sharply angulate; ventral process of hy- pandrium flattened in cross section, apex truncate; ventral process of epandrium with posterior lobe moderately large, rounded, anterior lobe smallcrsless pronounced? 27%. .2 2a, ieee a) D. sinaloae new species . Surstylus with apical extension directed posteriad, apical dorsal tip di- rected dorsally; ventral process of hypandrium nearly truncate with a very small anteriorly directed tip; ventral process of epandrium with posterior lobe moderately large, rounded, the anterior lobe much smaller be ealih ste v tia 's RELI, BA Se Lee ees D. matthewsi Steyskal Surstylus with apical extension sinuate and turned mesad beyond middle, apical tip directed posteriad; ventral process of hypandrium thick at base then abruptly constricted anteriorly and curved forward; ventral process of epandrium with a large somewhat pointed posterior lobe followed by another less pronounced lobe, anterior lobe not present .............. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 895 0.4mm 4 5 Figs. 2-5. 2-3, Dictya sinaloae, holotype male. 2, Postabdomen, lateral view, inverted. 3, Hy- pandrium, anterior view, inverted. 4-5, Dictya bergi, paratype male, Costa Rica, Cartago Prov., Coris, Finca Hernan Molina, 13 July 1969, Karl R. Valley. 4, Postabdomen, lateral view, inverted. 5, Hypandrium, anterior view, inverted. 896 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Dictya sinaloae Orth, NEw SPECIES Figs. 1-3 Holotype male.— Head: Face white with black central spot; parafrontal spot distinct, ovoid, blackish; orbito-antennal spot brown. Second antennal segment subshining, longer than high; arista with long, sparse black hairs. Thorax: Mesopleuron and pteropleuron each with a strong bristle; a cluster of bristles, one heavier, are present on a ridge just ventrad and posteriad to the vallar ridge; prosternum without hairs. Wing length 4.3 mm. Genitalia: Terminalia very similar to members of the typical group; surstylus with apical dorsal tip sharply angulate; ventral process of hypandrium flattened in cross section, apex truncate; ventral process of epandrium with posterior lobe moderately large, rounded; anterior lobe smaller, less pronounced; ventral margin with minute serrations. Female.— Not known. Paratype.—(1 6) Same data as holotype. Wing length 4.1 mm. Diagnosis.— Within the abnormis group the male terminalia of Dictya bergi and D. matthewsi show similarities to D. sinaloae. The terminalia of the above three species closely resemble those of the typical group. In the remaining species of the abnormis group as presently understood, i.e., D. abnormis, D. guatemalana and D. insularis, the surstylus and ventral process of the epandrium are unmis- takably distinct in form. When separating specimens of the abnormis group it is advisable to consult the illustrations of Steyskal (1954, 1960), Valley and Berg (1977), and Fisher and Orth (1983). The terminalia of D. bergi, the most recently described species in the abnormis group, are shown in Figs. 4 and 5 for comparison with D. sinaloae. Holotype male.— Mexico, Sinaloa, Cortinez, Hwy. 15, 3 October 1967, T. W. Fisher, AS-661. Deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Wash- ington, D.C. Etymology.—This species is named after the state of Sinaloa in Mexico. I know of no derivation of the word, or English translation. It may have had its origin from one of the early Indian tribes that inhabited the area. Notes. —Sinaloa lies almost exclusively between 23° and 27° north latitude. It is a long, narrow state bordered to the west on one of its long sides by the Gulf of California. The following brief account is given of the type locality under Accession #661 notes of T. W. Fisher: ‘“‘October 3, 1967; Cortinez, Sinaloa, Hwy. 15; 6 p.m.; 300 ft. elevation; D-vac collection, photo. Roadside pond, shallow water, water hyacinth, sedge (all low); frogs, some Physa present. Also made three passes along the grassy border of a nearby canal bank. Site on NE corner of Hwy. 15 and the canal.” Los Mochis is the closest large town to the type locality and is approximately 100 miles (160 km) south of the northern limit of the Neotropical region. According to Francisco Pacheco Mendivil, Instituto Nacional de Inves- tigaciones Agricolas del Noroeste, Cuidad Obregon, Sonora, Mexico, in litt. Cor- tinez “‘is a little village located approximately 24 km south of Los Mochis, Sin. As a matter of fact the exact name is Ruiz Cortinez, which are the father’s and mother’s last name of a Mexican president.” ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Lloyd Knutson, IIBIII, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland, and George C. Steyskal, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, % National Museum of VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 897 Natural History, Washington, D.C., for comments on the manuscript, and Karl Valley, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, for providing valu- able information. A special thanks to Theodore W. Fisher for his constructive criticism and assistance, past and present. LITERATURE CITED Cresson, E. T. 1920. A revision of the Nearctic Sciomyzidae (Diptera, Acalyptratae). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 46: 27-89. Curran, C. H. 1932. The genus Dictya Meigen (Tetanoceridae, Diptera). Am. Mus. Novit. No. 517, pp. 1-7. Fisher, T. W. and R. E. Orth. 1983. The marsh flies of California (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Bull. Calif. Insect Surv. 24: 1-117. Univ. Calif. Press. Loew, H. 1859. Die nordamerikanische Arten der Gattungen Tetanocera und Sepedon. Wien. Ento- mol. Monatsschr. 3(10): 289-300. Steyskal, G. C. 1954. The American species of the genus Dictya Meigen (Diptera, Sciomyzidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 47(3): 511-539. 1960. New North and Central American species of Sciomyzidae (Diptera: Acalyptratae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 62(1): 33-43. Valley, K. and C. O. Berg. 1977. Biology, immature stages, and new species of snail-killing Diptera of the genus Dictya (Sciomyzidae). Search Agric. (Geneva, N.Y.) 7(2): 1-44. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 898-901 PERCH SITES AND FOOD OF ADULT CHINESE MANTIDS (DICTYOPTERA: MANTIDAE) EDWARD M. BARROWS Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057. Abstract.—In old fields, most adult Chinese mantids, Tenodera aridifolia si- nensis, used Cirsium vulgare or Solidago spp. as perch sites, usually being in the upper branches of these plants. In these fields and in a suburban garden, their prey included Apis mellifera, Bombus sp., Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus, Dan- aus plexippus, Gryllus sp., Melanoplus sp., Papilio glaucus, Polistes fuscatus, and Xylocopa virginica. In the laboratory, most female mantids that ate possibly toxic D. plexippus, in addition to crickets, produced viable young. The Chinese mantid, 7enodera aridifolia sinensis Saussure, was introduced into the United States in the vicinity of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, about 70 yr ago (Borror et al., 1981). Hadden (1927) published a list of 21 insect species eaten by this mantid, but he did not state whether his observations were made in the field or laboratory. Johnson (1976) reported the capture and consumption ofa Trionyx soft-shelled turtle by this insect in the laboratory. Hurd et al. (1978) studied the relationships between density, maturation, and mortality, and Nickle and Harper (1982) studied the predation of a Peromyscus mouse by a Chinese mantid. My investigation concerns perch locations of adult Chinese mantids and some of the foods that they consumed in old fields and in a suburban flower and vegetable garden. There appear to be no published field reports of these subjects for this mantid species, and published information on them in the hundreds of other species of mantids is fragmentary (Barrows, 1982). MATERIALS AND METHODS Mantids were studied in old fields in Reston, Virginia, and in a suburban vegetable and flower garden in Glen Echo, Maryland, in September and October, 1980-1983. Mantids were located in the fields by examining plants, especially those in flower. The kinds of foods that mantids were seen consuming, the plants on which they perched, and their approximate heights on plants (estimated to the nearest 3 m) were recorded. Also, I searched the ground beneath each mantid for any insect parts that they might have dropped. In mid-September, 1982, to increase mantid density and my chances of seeing them feed, 17 field-collected adult mantids (5 males and 12 females) were released in my flower and vegetable garden in Glen Echo. In addition, 10 field-collected female mantids were maintained in separate 4.2- liter jars in the laboratory. Each was fed two adult monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus L., and as many house crickets, Acheta domestica L., as she would eat. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 899 Table 1. Perch sites of 38 mantids in Reston, Virginia (1980-1982). All plants were in full bloom, except Poaceae and L. tulipifera. Perch heights in meters (mean + | SE, range, N) Plants Males Females Ambrosia trifida L., giant ragweed P)A0) = (0), (0); 31 — Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britt., tickseed- sunflower _ We 7A-a=, (05 (0) Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore, bull thistle 0:8 + 0.08, 0.7-1, 32 1.1 + 0.07, 0.3-1.7, 192 Liriodendron tulipifera L., tulip tree Of7 =O 100 (08 7/ = (0) (0) Poaceae, grass 03 2104052 OE OOM Senecio vulgaris L., common groundsel - a7 se (0) (0 Solidago spp., goldenrod 0.9 + 0.09, 0.7-1.3, 4° 0.9 + 0.06, 0.7—1.3, 12° @ One of these mantids was in copula. >’ Two of these mantids were in copula. Egg cases produced by these females were stored in individual plastic bags with air holes, and I noted whether nymphs hatched from the cases. The Statistical Analysis System computer package (Ray, 1982) was used to analyze data with the Fisher exact probability test (FEPT) and the f-test corrected for heterosce- dasticity (TT). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Perch locations.—In September in Reston, 50 mantids perched on or near the fully-blooming flowers of plants representative of five genera and on the leafy shoots of plants in two other genera (Table 1). Eighty percent of the mantids were on Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore and Solidago spp., suggesting that these plants were the best ambush sites for prey that were probably attracted to the flowers. For unknown reasons, mantids were not found on other common plants in bloom at the time such as Eupatorium purpureum L., E. coelestinum L., Gnaphalium obtusifolium L., Impatiens capensis Meerb., and Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Michx. Heights of EF. purpureum, I. capensis, and V. noveboracensis were within the height ranges of C. vulgare and Solidago spp. Females on Liriodendron saplings were likely to have been feeding, searching for oviposition sites, or both. Oothecae were found on these saplings. Heights of mantid perches are also given in Table 1. Perches were usually on the highest branches, but not the highest points of herbaceous plants. Since males fly in the field and they approach females, rather than vice versa, prior to mating under laboratory conditions (pers. obs.), I hypothesized that males choose higher perches than females. Higher sites might be better lookout and takeoff places for these large, heavy male insects. However, 13 males perched 0.9 + 0.12 SE (0.3—2.0) m above the ground which was not significantly different from 37 females’ perch heights of 1.0 + 0.06 (O-1.7) m above the ground (P = 0.1585, TT), not supporting my supposition. Prey.— During field observations, I found two female mantids eating red-legged grasshoppers, Melanoplus sp.; two females eating bumble bees, Bombus sp.; one female eating a soldier beetle, Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus (DeGeer); and one female eating a male monarch, Danaus plexippus L. Insect parts found on plants 900 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON or on the ground directly below mantids indicated that 12 other mantids ate 2.3 + 0.64 (1-8) monarchs, and one other mantid ate one bumble bee. Most instances of mantids eating monarchs were seen in 1980. Seventy-six percent of 37 monarchs consumed were males based on my observations of mantids eating monarchs and counts of wings found beneath mantids and on the ground below mantid perches. In addition to monarch wings, I found part of a monarch abdomen below eight of 20 mantid perches. Wings of one male and three female tiger swallowtails, Papilio glaucus L., were also found among one group of monarch wings. In Glen Echo, I observed mantids eating one paper wasp, Polistes fuscatus (F.); one honey bee, Apis mellifera L.; one cricket, Gryllus sp.; one carpenter bee, Xylocopa vir- ginica L.; and one conspecific female mantid. Because part of a monarch abdomen was found below some mantids and mon- archs are distasteful and toxic to birds (Brower and Glazier, 1975), I tested the hypotheses that mantids also find monarch abdomens distasteful and, further, eating them decreases their egg viability. In three of 10 mantids that I observed feeding on living monarchs in the laboratory, a mantid that started eating a monarch abdomen quickly moved her forelegs downward from her mouth and dropped the abdomen, as if it were distasteful. However, in the remaining seven cases, mantids ate entire monarch abdomens. Nine of these 10 female mantids that ate crickets and parts of or whole bodies of two monarchs in the laboratory produced eggs which hatched into apparently normal, mobile nymphs. The eggs of the tenth mantid did not hatch. This fre- quency of viable offspring is significantly different from a hypothetical case in which none of 10 females produce viable offspring (P = 0.001, FEPT), indicating that their consumption of monarchs did not stop them from producing viable young. Thus, if the monarchs were toxic, they were not poisonous enough to hinder viable egg production. To my knowledge, only Gelperin (1968) previously conducted a laboratory study of Chinese mantid feeding on aposematically colored, possibly distasteful and toxic prey. Inexperienced mantids struck at, captured, tasted, and discarded milkweed bugs, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas), which are orange and black like the monarch. But after experience in tasting these bugs, only sufficiently starved man- tids ate them and his mantids, like mine, did not show symptoms of poisoning. The mantid cannibalism mentioned above occurred when one female mantid ate most of another female several days after I introduced 17 adult mantids into my garden, placing them all on a 3-m tall Thuja tree. This cannibalism may have occurred because the mantids were unusually concentrated on this one plant, food was limited, or both. Cannibalism in the Chinese mantid has been noted previ- ously (Didlake, 1926; Hadden, 1927; Hurd et al., 1978). Nymphs in the laboratory practiced cannibalism infrequently except when they were deprived of an alter- native food source (Hurd et al., 1978). In the old fields, I did not see adult mantids of the same sex closer than | m to each other. The dispersion may have resulted from behaviors such as cannibalism earlier in the season and intrasexual repulsion among mantids. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Suzanne W. T. Batra (USDA, Beltsville, MD) and David A. Nickle (USDA, Washington, D.C.) made suggestions that improved this paper. My Comparative Animal Behavior 405 class helped to collect data in 1983. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 901 LITERATURE CITED Barrows, E. M. 1982. Observation, description, and quantification of behavior: A study of praying mantids, pp. 8—20 and 242-246. Jn J. R. and R. W. Matthews, Insect Behavior. A Sourcebook of Laboratory and Field Excercises. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. 324 pp. Borror, D. J., D. M. DeLong, and C. A. Triplehorn. 1981. An Introduction to the Study of Insects. Fifth Edition. Saunders College Publ., New York, NY. 923 pp. Brower, L. P. and S. C. Glazier. 1975. Localization of heart poisons in the monarch butterfly. Science 188: 19-25. Didlake, M. 1926. Observations on the life-histories of two species of praying mantis (Orthopt.: Mantidae). Entomol. News 37: 169-174. Gelperin, A. 1968. Feeding behaviour of the praying mantis: A learned modification. Nature 219: 399-400. Hadden, F. C. 1927. A list of insects eaten by the mantis Paratenodera sinensis (Sauss.). Proc. Hawaii. Entomol. Soc. 6: 385. Hurd, L. E., R. M. Eisenberg, and J. O. Washburn. 1978. Effects of experimentally manipulated density on field populations of the Chinese mantis (Tenodera ardifolia [sic] sinensis Saussure). Am. Midl. Nat. 99: 58-64. Johnson, M.D. 1976. Concerning the feeding habits of the praying mantis Tenodera aridifolia sinensis Saussure. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 49: 164. Nickle, D. A. and J. Harper. 1981. Predation on a mouse by the Chinese mantid Tenodera aridifolia sinensis Saussure (Dictyoptera: Mantoidea). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 83: 801-802. Ray, A. A. 1982. SAS User’s Guide, Basics, 1982 Edition. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. 923 pp. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 902-912 THE STATUS OF CERTAIN BRACONIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) CULTURED FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL PROGRAMS, AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF MACROCENTRUS ROBERT A. WHARTON Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843. Abstract.— Descriptions and illustrations of diagnostic features of certain Bra- conidae (Hymenoptera) are provided for several biological control programs. Macrocentrus prolificus, new species, is described from specimens reared from Diatraea considerata Heinrich (Pyralidae) infesting sugar cane in Sinaloa, Mexico and subsequent cultures established on Diatraea saccharalis (F.). The status of Opius dissitus Muesebeck, O. bruneipes Gahan, O. dimidiatus (Ashmead), and Oenonogastra microrhopalae (Ashmead) is clarified. These names have been mis- applied during recent studies of the natural enemies of leaf-miners (Liriomyza, spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae)). A previously undescribed braconid species has recently been discovered during an expedition to Sinaloa, Mexico for natural enemies of pyralid stem borers of sugar cane in Texas. It is described here to make the name available for this program. The holotype is deposited in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History (USNM), and paratypes in the Texas A&M University Collection, the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, and the Haeselbarth collection, Munich. Several previously described opiine and alysiine braconids are also being used against leaf-miners of the genus Liriomyza in biological control programs in California, Georgia, Florida, and the British Commonwealth. Descriptive infor- mation and illustrations of diagnostic features are provided for these poorly known species to assist in their identification. Descriptive terminology is principally after Wharton (1977) except as follows: terms used by van Achterberg (1979) are given in parentheses for Macrocentrus prolificus, n. sp., to facilitate comparisons with recent revisionary work on this group (e. g., van Achterberg, 1982). Mesosoma and metasoma are used respec- tively for thorax plus propodeum and petiole plus gaster. Variation in quantitative characters is indicated by a mean and standard deviation based on 10 individuals. Measurements and analyses of sculpture patterns were made at 50 X magnification. Macrocentrus prolificus Wharton, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1-13, 21 2? Head. — 36-38 antennal segments, 3rd segment 1.43 + 0.08 x longer than 4th, 3rd and 4th segments, respectively, 7.19 + 0.88 and 5.34 + 0.69 longer than VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 903 Figs. 1-6. Macrocentrus prolificus, new species. 1, Dorsal view of head, showing size of ocellar triangle. 2, Left mandible. 3, Lateral view of head and pronotum. 4, Lateral view of mesonotum. 5, Lateral view of metapleuron and propodeum. 6, Dorsolateral view of metapleuron, showing flange (arrow). wide, apical segment with “spine.” Maxillary palp nearly equal in length to head height. Eye length in dorsal view 3.23 + 0.38 times temple; temple weakly re- ceding. Ocelli as in Fig. 1; frons nearly flat, unsculptured. Face weakly convex, sparsely punctate; clypeus weakly convex, apically truncate. Malar space equal in length to basal width of mandible; apical half of mandible twisted; dorsal tooth a little longer and much narrower than ventral tooth (Fig. 2). Mesosoma.— Length 1.64 + 0.5 times height. Pronotum with shallow pronope; pronotum laterally with weakly crenulate to nearly smooth median groove (Fig. 3), posterior margin more distinctly crenulate. Prepectal carina complete ventrally, 904 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 7-12. Macrocentrus prolificus, new species. 7, Dorsal view of pronotum and mesonotum. 8, Dorsal view of propodeum. 9, Hind tarsal claw. 10, Anterior face of middle leg, showing teeth on trochanter and femur. 11, Lateral view of petiole, showing sculpture. 12, Dorsal view of metasoma, showing sculpture and scabrous spot (arrow). continuing dorsally nearly to margin of mesopleuron; subalar depression (= ep- icnemial area) smooth, moderately hairy; sternaulus (= precoxal sulcus) shallow, distinct only over posterior half of mesopleuron, weakly crenulate to smooth or nearly so (Fig. 4); pleural sulcus crenulate. Metapleural flange long, narrow, some- what crenulate dorsally (Figs. 5-6); metapleuron largely smooth medially. Notauli crenulate, the sculpture rarely extending to posterior margin of mesonotum; meso- notum sparsely hairy (Fig. 7); prescutellar pit (= scutellar sulcus) with midridge and usually 1 or 2 weaker lateral ridges or carinae; scutellum moderately convex, sparsely hairy. Propodeum densely transversely strigose (Fig. 8), median longi- tudinal carina absent. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 905 Figs. 13-16. 13, Apical portion of ovipositor of Macrocentrus prolificus, new species. 14-16, Opius lissitus Muesebeck, head. 14, dorsal view. 15, Anterior view. 16, Base of left mandible. Wings (Fig. 21).— Discal cell subsessile anteriorly; subbasal cell setose through- out; Ist and 2nd radial segments (= r and 3-SR) long, r2 (= 3-SR) 1.91 + 0.17 longer than rl (= r); r3 (= SR1) 2.80 + 0.16 longer than r2; 1-SR + M very weakly sinuate; nervulus (= cu-a) curved, inclivous; cuqul (= 2-SR) 0.92 + 0.10 x length of r2; anal cross vein (= 2A) usually present as a small, sclerotized knob. Legs.— Hindcoxa smooth; tarsal claws slender, without lobes (Fig. 9). Hindfe- mur 6.38 + 0.24 times longer than wide, hindtibia 12.29 + 0.86 longer than wide, hindbasitarsus 9.04 + 0.73 longer than wide; hindtibial spurs about 4 length of basitarsus; second segment of hind- and midtrochanter usually with 4 or 5 teeth on anterior face (Fig. 10), foretrochanter with 4—6 teeth, anterior face of hind- and midfemora with 4 to 11 teeth (highly variable), forefemur usually with 3 or 4 teeth, curved. Metasoma.—Petiole 1.72 + 0.10 longer than apical width, rugulose along midline (Fig. 12), striate or weakly striate on either side of midline, striate to rugose laterally (Fig. 11); 2nd tergum variously striate, the sculpture weaker than on petiole, usually smooth median-apically; scabrous spot distinctly anterior to middle of tergum; 3rd tergum occasionally with weak striae at extreme base; metasoma otherwise smooth. Ovipositor with a weak subapical notch (Fig. 13); Ovipositor a little longer than length of body, sheath 1.52 + 0.05 longer than forewing. Color. — Yellow-orange; ovipositor sheath brown; flagellum gradually darkening from yellow at base to brown at apex; head dark brown above, face, clypeus, and 906 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON gena usually pale, brown in some specimens. Stigma dark medially, with para- stigma, basal 4 to 4%, and extreme apex yellow; wings hyaline. Length.— 3-4 mm. 6.—Essentially as in 2, but with distal flagellomeres more narrowly elongate, and the prepectal carina often weaker dorsally, sometimes interrupted; metasoma beyond 3rd tergum brown; body length up to 4.5 mm. Material examined.— Holotype ?: MEXICO: Sinaloa, El Dorado Sugar Mill near Culiacan, V-26-1983, F. Bennett, J. W. Smith, Jr., H. Browning, ex Diatraea considerata Heinrich. Paratypes: 50 2 50 6, Sinaloa, El Dorado Sugar Mill near Culiacan, V-26-1983, and La Primavera Sugar Mill near Navalota, V-27,28-1983, F. Bennett, J. W. Smith, Jr., H. Browning, all reared from D. considerata and D. grandiosella (Dyar). USA: Texas A&M University, laboratory cultures established from Sinaloa collections, and reared on D. saccharalis (F.). The species is appar- ently polyembryonic, with about 50 individuals of the same sex emerging from a single host. The specific epithet is derived from this biological feature. Diagnosis. — This species is most similar to M. crambi (Ashmead) and M. cram- bivorus Viereck, and keys to couplet 4 in Muesebeck (1932). All three species have short palpi, long legs, and slender tarsal claws (without lobes). In addition, there are relatively few antennal segments, the ovipositor is only a little longer than the body, and the 2nd tergum is similarly striate in all three species. Mac- rocentrus prolificus differs from the other two species in the shape of the 2nd cubital cell, which is narrower and longer. The mandibular teeth are also more nearly equal in length (dorsal tooth much longer in M. crambi and M. crambi- vorus), and the meso- and metasoma are pale throughout in the female. Discussion. — Variation in sculpture and morphometrics is evident in the large amount of material available for study. The sculpture of the metasomal terga, sternauli, notauli, and mesonotal midline seems to incease slightly with specimen size. The propodeal sculpture is also variable, and not always obviously trans- versely strigose, especially in males. The number and pattern of teeth on the trochanter, and especially on the femur, was surprisingly variable. However, these teeth were always better developed in M. prolificus than in either M. crambi or M. crambivorus. Opius dissitus Muesebeck Figs. 14—20, 22 Opius dissitus Muesebeck, 1963: 289-290. Opius dissitus Muesebeck: Fischer, 1977: 596-598 (redescription). Head.— 1.43 + 0.05X broader than mesonotum, temples receding in dorsal view; eye in lateral view 1.87 + 0.36 x longer than temple. Frons glabrous, vertex nearly so, ocelli as in Fig. 14. Face (Fig. 15) very weakly hair-punctured, nearly smooth, not densely hairy, with midridge very weak to absent. Clypeus about twice wider than high, semicircular, with 2 rows of long hairs (hairs at least 2 x length of those on face); no opening between clypeus and mandibles when man- dibles closed. Mandible (Fig. 16) broad basally, abruptly narrowing along ventral border, with apical '—*; very narrow; dorsal tooth longer and broader than ventral tooth. Malar space distinctly less than basal width of mandible. Antennae 20-22 segmented, widely separated, distance between sockets greater than distance be- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 907 Figs. 17-20. Opius dissitus Muesebeck. 17, Dorsal view of pro- and mesonotum. 18, Dorsal view of propodeum and petiole. 19, Lateral view of mesosoma. 20, Lateral view of petiole. tween socket and eye; antenna nearly 1.5 longer than body. Maxillary palpi shorter than head height. Mesosoma.—1.21 + 0.03 times longer than high, 1.46 + 0.06 times higher than wide. Pronope small and deep. Mesonotum nearly bare, with a line of hairs along lateral margin from notaulus to tegula, and 1-3 hairs per side between end of notaulus and posterior border (Fig. 17). Notaulus represented by a short crease confined to declivous portion of mesonotum. Midpit absent. Scutellum with only a few hairs laterally. Prescutellar groove short and wide, with numerous ridges (Fig. 17). Propodeum largely smooth and bare (Fig. 18), long erect hairs confined primarily to basal lateral area, median apical region weakly rugulose. Pro- and mesopleura smooth and bare or nearly so (Fig. 19), sternaulus absent or repre- sented only by a very broad, weak crease, posterior border of mesopleuron un- sculptured dorsally. Metapleuron smooth medially, with a few scattered hairs, weakly rugulose just above coxa and below wing base. Hindfemur 4.08 + 0.40 times longer than wide. Wing (Fig. 22).—Stigma wedge-shaped, broader than rl, rl arising from about basal third; r2 about 6.5-8.5 x longer than rl, 1.40 + 0.17% longer than cuqul, r2 and rl forming a straight line (without a distinct angle between them), r3 sinuate, nearly reaching wing tip, 2.32 + 0.44 longer than r2; n. rec. strongly postfurcal; second cutibal cell distinctly narrowing distally; d3 nearly always ab- sent, brachius weak distally, leaving brachial cell open at lower distal corner. 908 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 21-22. Fore wings. 21, Macrocentrus prolificus, new species; 22, Opius dissitus Muesebeck. Hindwing with postnervellus and radiellan present, but only as very weakly pig- mented creases. Metasoma.—Petiole about as long as apical width, apex 1.72 + 0.16 wider than base; carinae strong over apical half, weakly converging but still widely separated posteriorly, not reaching posterior margin; petiole (Figs. 18, 20) rugulose over posterior half. Rest of metasoma unsculptured. Ovipositor short, barely extending beyond tip of abdomen; sheath as long as petiole, but full length rarely visible without dissection. Color.— Black; flagellum dark brown; tergum 2, and usually at least base of tergum 3, palps, scape (at least ventrally), annellus, coxae, trochanters, and femora yellow; petiole variable, usually dark yellow with brown patch medially; mandibles (except teeth) and clypeus dark to pale yellow; hindtarsi and most of hindtibia weakly infumate dorsally, fore- and midtibia and tarsi usually not distinctly in- fumate, except Sth tarsomeres brown. 6.—Essentially as in female, but with measurements a little more variable; mesosoma 1.20—1.25 x longer than high; lower mesopleuron between fore- and midcoxae frequently brown to yellow rather than black. Length.— 1.0-2.0 mm. Material examined.— USA: Florida, Lake Buena Vista, III-16 to IV-5-1983, D. J. Vondal, B. M. Scott, reared from Liriomyza sativae Blanchard on Sorghum, VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 909 Figs. 23-26. Oenonogastra microrhopalae (Ashmead). 23, Lateral view of mesosoma, male. 24, Lateral view of mesosoma, female. 25, Mandible. 26, Clypeus. Lycopersicon esculentum, and Phaseolus (4 2, 9 ); Homestead, 1983, reared from Liriomyza sp. on beans (2 2, 3 6). Hawaii, Oahu, Waimanalo, VII-1962, D. H. Habeck, M. Tamashiro, reared from Liriomyza minutiseta (Paratype series, 12 Lee) Diagnosis.—This species is nearly identical to O. pallipes Wesmael, but the petiole is distinctly lighter in color (completely dark in O. pallipes). Both O. dissitus and O. pallipes have been confused with some of the other opiines attacking Liriomyza in North America. They may be readily identified, however, by the combination of sternaulus and mesonotal midpit absent, mandible abruptly wid- ened at base, and clypeus large, semicircular (without opening between clypeus and mandibles). Discussion.—Opius dissitus was originally described from Hawaii, and was previously known only from this state. It is possible that this may represent an accidental introduction of O. dissitus from Hawaii to Florida. However, it may be more likely that the Hawaiian population originated from North America, since O. dissitus belongs to a species group which is largely Holarctic. The clypeus was somewhat darker in the material from Florida, and the body dark brown rather than black in the material from Hawaii. However, the color pattern was affected slightly by state of preservation and especially whether or not specimens had first been stored in alcohol before pinning. In 80% of the material examined, the third discoideal segment was completely absent. In the 910 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON / oe os R f - tf TY a eas wa O + ” NY areqy ‘> Figs. 27-30. Oenonogastra microrhopalae (Ashmead). 27, Tarsal claw. 28, Dorsal view, pro- and mesonotum. 29, Dorsal view, propodeum and petiole. 30, Dorsal view, metasomal sculpture. other 20%, it was represented either by a very weakly sclerotized segment or a more strongly sclerotized, but incomplete stub. This segment was represented in 41.1% of the males, but only 5.6% of the females. Opius bruneipes Gahan and Opius dimidiatus (Ashmead) These two species have frequently been reared from Liriomyza in North Amer- ica, and are sometimes confused, either with each other or with O. dissitus. Unlike O. dissitus, both O. bruneipes and O. dimidiatus have a narrow clypeus with concave lower border. There is thus a distinct opening present between the clypeus and mandibles when the mandibles are closed. The brachial cell is broadly open at its posterior distal corner in O. bruneipes, but closed or nearly so in O. dimid- iatus. The sternaulus is absent or nearly so in O. bruneipes (never sculptured), but represented by a short, usually weakly crenulate crease in O. dimidiatus. The propodeum is unsculptured in O. bruneipes, and sculptured in O. dimidiatus. The two are placed in different subgenera by Fischer (1977), and the holotypes in the USNM, which I have examined, conform to his diagnoses. Oenonogastra microrhopalae (Ashmead) Figs. 23-30 Mesocrina (?) microrhopalae Ashmead, 1896: 217. Oenonogastra microrhopalae (Ashmead): Ashmead 1900: 105. ) b VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 Silt Ashmead (1896) described this species from several specimens collected from Rosslyn, Va. The lectotype with Ashmead’s hand-written labels ‘““Mesocrina mi- crorhopalae Ash” and “‘Type”’ is in the USNM. Although both the label and the original description indicate a male, the specimen is actually a female. This fact has been overlooked in previous treatments of this species (e. g., Fischer, 1967: Shenefelt, 1974; Marsh, 1979; Wharton, 1980) because the lectotype either had not been examined or had not been examined in detail. The ovipositor is very short, not visible in dorsal view, and was apparently missed when Ashmead prepared his description of this species. It is also possible that Ashmead’s de- scription was based on one of the other members of the Rosslyn series. Since the female mentioned above bears both type and ¢ labels, however, it seems preferable to regard it as the lectotype. To avoid further confusion, I hereby designate it as such. In addition to the 2 labels in Ashmead’s handwriting, and a ““Rosslyn Va” label, there are the following: ““Note No. 1402°°” and “‘Type No. 50158 U.S.N.M..,” the latter in red. Fischer (1967) redescribed O. microrhopalae, and figured the forewing. Wharton (1980) presented a generic diagnosis, and figured the forewing of an undescribed species. O. microrhopalae is widely distributed in eastern United States (Marsh 1979), but sculptural variation in the material at hand is as great within various reared series as it is between them (e.g., Figs. 23-24). Intraspecific variation is most evident in the relative strength or development of the sculptural features; and in coloration of the metasoma. Interspecific variation in Oenongastra is most evident in the pattern of abdominal sculpture; and in mesosomal coloration. Sculpture and shape of mandibles, clypeus, tarsal claws, mesosoma, and meta- soma are illustrated in Figs. 23-30 for O. microrhopalae. The shape of mandibles and clypeus are distinctive for the genus. The latter is distinctly impressed ven- trally, and truncate. The claws (Fig. 27) are very short and hairy. A small pronope is present, with deeper depressions to either side. Tergum 2 + 3 is distinctly punctate with longitudinal ridges more distinct laterally. This pattern is typical of O. microrhopalae. The legs of O. microrhopalae are yellow, with most of hindtibia and hindtarsi dorsally weakly infumate. The head and mesosoma vary from light to dark brown, and the metasoma varies from yellow to dark brown (rarely uniform in coloration). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to the following for providing material used in this study: F. L. Petitt (Epcot Center, Florida), J. W. Smith, Jr. (Texas A&M University), G. T. Riegel (Eastern Illinois University), R. D. Oetting (Georgia Experiment Station), A. Austin (Commonwealth Institute of Entomology), L. Stange (Florida Dept. Agriculture), and S. Shaw and P. Marsh (both of USDA/ARS, Systematic Ento- mology Laboratory, Washington, D.C.). This paper is approved as TA No. 19044 by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. LITERATURE CITED Ashmead, W. H. 1896. Descriptions of new parasitic Hymenoptera (paper No. 2). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 23: 179-234. . 1900. Classification of the ichneumon flies, or the superfamily Ichneumonoidea. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 23: 1-220. 512 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fischer, M. 1967. Seltene Alysiinae aus verschiedenen Erdteilen. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien. 70: 109-138. 1977. Hymenoptera Braconidae (Opiinae II]-Amerika). Das Tierreich 96: 1-1001. Marsh, P. 1979. Braconidae, pp. 144-295. Jn Krombein, K. V., P. D. Hurd, Jr., D. R. Smith, and B. D. Burks, eds., Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Vol. 1, 1198 pp. Muesebeck, C. F. W. 1932. Revision of the Nearctic ichneumon-flies belonging to the genus Mac- rocentrus. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 80: 1-55. 1963. A new Hawaiian Opius from a leaf-mining pest of beans (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Proc. Hawaii. Entomol. Soc. 18: 289-290. Shenefelt, R. D. 1974. Pars 11. Braconidae 7. Alysiinae. Jn Van der Vecht, J. and R. D. Shenefelt, eds., Hymenopterorum Catalogus (nova editio). Dr. W. Junk B. V., The Hague, pp. 937-1113. Van Achterberg, C. 1979. A revision of the subfamily Zelinae auct. (Hym., Braconidae). Tijdschr. Entomol. 122: 241-479. 1982. Two species of Macrocentrus Curtis unknown from Austria (Hymenoptera: Bracon- idae). Entomol. Ber. 42: 56-61. Wharton, R. A. 1977. New World Aphaereta species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), with discussion of terminology used in the tribe Alysiini. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 70: 782-803. . 1980. Review of the Nearctic Alysiini (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) with discussion of generic relationships within the tribe. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 88: 1-112. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 913-929 A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS TETRAONYX IN ARGENTINA (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE) RICHARD B. SELANDER AND ANTONIO MARTINEZ (RBS) Professor, Departments of Genetics and Development and of Entomol- ogy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801; (AM) Investigador de Carrera, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Téc- nicas, Rosario de Lerma, Salta, Argentina. Abstract.—Seventeen species of Tetraonyx Latreille are recorded from Argen- tina, including two new species: 7. lycoides from Misiones and 7. sericeus from Salta. A key to species on the basis of adults is provided. Previous locality and food plant records are cited and new ones summarized. The genus in Argentina is limited largely to northern and northwestern regions; no species is known from the Pampa and only two reach Patagonia. It is considered unlikely that any of the Argentine species is endemic. A distinction is drawn between species on the basis of the presence or absence of modifications of the foretarsus and antennal sensory setae of the adult male. The triungulin larva of 7. sericeus is described and compared with that of the North American 7. fu/vus LeConte. Tetraonyx Latreille is a New World genus of Meloidae containing 98 nominal species, most of which are tropical (Selander, 1983). Its systematic position has been much disputed: Kaszab (1969) and others place the genus in the Meloinae; MacSwain (1956) assigns it to a separate subfamily; and Selander (1964, 1983) treats it as a nemognathine. Bionomic information is scanty, but so far as known, adults of the genus are flower feeders and larvae are specialized predators in the nests of wild bees. Our recent discovery, in the course of field work in Salta, Argentina, of a new species of Tetraonyx has prompted us to prepare a key to the Argentine species and to summarize available data on their geographic distribution and food plants. In the process we have identified an additional new species as well as 15 previously described ones, bringing the total for Argentina to 17. The fact that Tetraonyx is primarily a tropical genus is clearly reflected in the composition and distribution of the Argentine fauna. In Argentina it is limited largely to the tropical and subtropical northern region from Misiones to Salta and the arid basin and range country of the northwest. None of the species is recorded from the Pampa and only two from Patagonia (in Rio Negro). Eleven are known to range into neighboring Brazil or, in the case of 7. brevis, Brazil and Paraguay. Five have not yet been recorded outside Argentina, but one of these (7. /ycoides), described herein from the frontier province of Misiones, will undoubtedly be found also in both Brazil and Paraguay, and the other four (7. kirschi, T. pro- pinquus, T. lampyroides, and T. sericeus) all occur as far north as Salta and very 914 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 1. Tetraonyx brunnescens, adults. likely extend into Bolivia and/or Paraguay; 7. propinquus has, in fact, been taken in Jujuy at the Bolivian border. The only Argentine species not represented in the northern part of the country is 7. septemguttatus, which ranges extensively along the western Andean slopes of central Chile and enters Argentina from the west, in northern Patagonia. In at least six of the species recorded from Argentina (Tetraonyx albomarginatus, T. brevis, T. brunnescens, T. lampyroides, T. sericeus, and T. sexguttatus) the male foretarsus is not modified, and in both sexes the length of the sensory setae of the antenna (pale erect setae scattered among dark, recumbent clothing setae) is only a small fraction of the width of a segment. Four species (7. clythroides, T. distincticollis, T. telephoroides, and T. innotaticeps) are unknown to us from either sex and one (T. /ycoides) is known only from the female. The remaining species agree in having the male foretarsus strongly expanded and more heavily padded ventrally than in the female and the sensory setae on the ventral surface of male antennal segments III-XI greatly elongated and forming a conspicuous, sparse fringe. On the middle antennal segments the length of the setae is at least ¥, the width of a segment. In the female of these species the same setae are longer than usual; on the middle segments their length varies from 4 to nearly '4 the width of a segment. The foretarsal and antennal modifications of the male are associated with a distinctive pattern of courtship behavior (Selander, in prepa- ration) and, as such, should be of considerable value in future systematic studies of the genus Tetraonyx. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 Ms Since it has been necessary to place four of the Argentine species in our key solely on the basis of their original descriptions, we have had to rely more heavily on color than we would have liked and to sacrifice precision in certain contrasts. Still, this course of action seemed preferable to the alternative of omitting these species from the key. - | Nn 10. KEY TO ARGENTINE SPECIES OF TETRAONYX BASED ON ADULTS . Pronotum with sides concave at middle; body length usually more than PORE MRO 24 tee shes tos ial. Soe one es 8 ties J 8 GAue eX 2 Pronotum with sides straight or convex at middle .................. 3 . Largely yellow; pronotal disk usually with pair of large, angled black marks; elytron with or without black vittae ................. brunnescens Black except for transverse series of yellow or orange elytral spots; venter ANSE PSENETLTMOMIeUSHeeNy ber. fs5 4. ecidinee Uh Abdalla sees ate: sexguttatus . Elytral cuticle yellow, either immaculate or with black spots ......... 4 EN GHVASHAIDONVIC Were igh a oicus wc Oe els be eas eh tee, Oise. Wiad Tee af 12 Head, pronotum, and elytron immaculate yellow ................... 5 RNAP ASTAOOWVE RC Ors, eo eS ok coe kl OLS ye de pe ee ee ee nes es 6 . Elytron densely setate, pubescent; pronotum less than 1'4x as wide as long, not deeply impressed on disk laterally; femora entirely yellow, tibiae PAESeIVASORNS POA; SSIS ASOD. 08 6286 Shoe | ial lusts aes Bene seen sericeus Elytron sparsely setate, setae separated by distance nearly equal to their length; pronotum 2 x as wide as long, with deep impression in basolateral area of disk; femora black at apex, tibiae entirely black ............. re eth: ONE ins Certie). Sieae des brevis (part) and innotaticeps . Pronotum and legs entirely black; head black ................ clythroides Pronotum and legs at least partly yellow; head black or not .......... i . Elytron with black or brown spot covering basal /, to 4 except for margins ane anothemcovertne entireapical 4, to.%s a:iu aoe ee ee 8 Elytron with pair of black spots at base (rarely absent or partially fused) and another pair just behind middle (may be fused), not reaching apex ere Oe Ay ee ait athe) ae banc A Ao dae Fe Oe ae 9 . Head entirely black; pronotum immaculate yellow, sides subparallel; elytral form normal; body length 10-12 mm ................ bimaculatus Head with tempora and underside yellow; pronotum yellow with median brown spot, sides strongly convergent from base; elytron flared laterally mgaistaiy, body length 1.8 Mime Cs. Sis ais Bee ees eee lycoides . Postmedian pair of elytral spots arranged diagonally, with outer spot clearly more distal in position than mesal spot and, unless both spots are reduced to round dots, longer than it; elytron usually distinctly paler than head and pronotum; tibiae largely or entirely yellow ........... 10 Postmedian pair of elytral spots arranged transversely or nearly so, with outer spot rarely longer than mesal spot (and then only if spots are almost fully fused); elytron not paler than head and pronotum; tibiae largely yollow or cntirely Diack? eo) s EPI Ee PERO R Eo B jt Elytral spots reduced to round dots; basal spots set distad of level of 916 1S: 16. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON apex of scutellum (rarely absent); postmedian pair of spots same size as basal pair, separated from each other by more than diameter of one spot; venter of body yellow™ } 5 (2.350 0a. ee kirschi Elytral spots larger, oval; inner basal spot extending to basal margin, outer spot usually to humerus; postmedian pair of spots larger than basal pair, separated by no more than width of one spot; venter of body largely | 2) Fe)’ =. ...5...4.455-50. 0 eee 13 Cuticle of lateral margin of elytron yellow or clothed with pale (yellow or white). setae Or DOtIc. a. ui i eee L5 . Pronotum with sides distinctly rounded, gradually convergent from base to apex; legs long, slender; black with yellow pronotum ..... distincticollis Pronotum with sides subparallel from base to near apex, then convergent; legs: shorter: thicker; color as’abovelor not 1/5)5..0)5.0. (0 eee 14 . Legs and venter of body black; pronotum abruptly constricted apically LR Sst EEA Os UDI DSIGT. PORE IG SC eee telephoroides At least coxae and base of femora yellow; pronotum more gradually constricted apically. S.2:)) AQ SO SE ak eee nigriceps Elytron black, lacking discal vitta; legs entirely black or with femora yellow Basally79 iy $2 | PES EO eee albomarginatus Elytron black or brown, with discal vitta marked by pale setae and, often, yellow cuticle; if elytron black, legs entirely black ................... 16 Elytral setation sparser, with 10 or less setae in transect between sutural margin and discal vitta; elytron black, with pale margining and vitta narrow; male abdominal sternum VIII (last visible) with lateral lobes well defined, acute; apex of aedeagus not hooked ............ lampyroides Elytral setation denser, with more than 10 setae in transect between sutural margin and discal vitta; elytron as above or brown, with pale margining and vitta wide; male abdominal sternum VIII with lateral lobes broadly rounded; aedeagus with apical hook ........... brevis (part) NOTES, RECORDS, AND DESCRIPTIONS Collections other than our own are generally identified in this section by ac- ronyms defined in the Acknowledgments, our collections by our initials. Values accompanying sample means, in parentheses, are estimated standard errors. Tetraonyx brunnescens Haag-Rutenberg Fig. 1 Recorded from Corrientes by Burmeister (1881) and from Tapia, Tucuman, by Pic (1915a) (as T. baeri Pic). VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 7) New records. — Corrientes: Santo Tomé, I-27 (AM) 2. Formosa: Formosa, XI- 52, Pea (RBS) 1; Gran Guardia, Foerster (RBS) 1. Jujuy: (MLP) 1; El Naranjo, Rosario de la Frontera, I-44, Duret and Martinez (AM) 1. Sa/ta: Sumaloa, 18-I- 83, eating flowers of Sapindaceae, Martinez (AM, RBS) 22. Santa Fé: Barran- quillas, 2-XI-54 (AM) 1. The elytral vittae are reduced to indistinct basal spots in the specimens from Formosa and entirely lacking in those from Corrientes. In the latter specimens, which are assignable to Haag-Rutenberg’s (1879) variety minor, described from “Trisanga,” Brazil, the dark markings of the head and pronotum are nearly ob- solete. Tetraonyx sexguttatus (Klug) A widely distributed species in tropical America, not previously known from Argentina. New record.— Misiones: Puerto Iguazu, XII-57, Martinez (AM) 1. Tetraonyx clythroides Haag-Rutenberg Both Bruch (1914) and Denier (1935b) indicated that this species occurs in Argentina. Tetraonyx bimaculatus (Klug) Reported from Misiones by Bruch (1914). Tetraonyx lycoides Selander and Martinez, NEW SPECIES Adult female.— Basic color of head, pronotum, and elytron yellow. Head with middle of vertex and entire front except for small median area between antennae brown; antennae and last segment of maxillary and labial palpi brown. Pronotum with ill-defined discal brown spot, '4 as wide as pronotum, extending from near apical margin to basal '4. Scutellum yellow. Elytron with large basal and apical fasciae; basal fascia deeply notched on posterior margin, well separated from sutural and lateral margins of elytron, extending to basal 4 of elytron; apical fascia with anterior margin jagged but not deeply notched, completely covering distal *, of elytron. Hindwing yellow. Venter brown except prosternum, mesepimeron, and lateral and median areas of abdominal sternum VI yellow. Legs brown with trochanters and basal '4 of femora yellow; some yellow mottling apically on coxae; midtibia lightened to near yellow on posterior surface except at base and apex. Head, pronotum, and scutellum conspicuously clothed with long, nearly erect setae; setae forming conspicuous fringe on occiput and margins of pronotum; elytral cuticle nearly obscured by dense clothing of decumbent setae; venter with setae fine, decumbent, rather inconspicuous, most of those on abdomen very short. Setae throughout tending to match color of underlying cuticle (colorless on yellow areas, brown on brown areas), except that brown setae often encroach on yellow areas; on head, pronotum, and elytra in particular this softens edges of brown marks; setae on dorsum about % as long as antennal segment II. Length: 18 mm. Head with sides divergent above eyes, rounding smoothly into tempora; occiput evenly convex; length (to base of labrum) equal to width at tempora, which is in turn equal to width across eyes; interocular distance (ID) .56 width of head across 918 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON eyes; coronal suture limited to occiput; frontal area flat with fine, smooth, weakly elevated ridge; cuticle moderately shiny, finely, densely, evenly punctate. Antenna reaching 2 segments beyond base of pronotum, not clavate; segments well differ- entiated, expanded from base to apex, with result that antenna is almost serrate; length of segment I .64 ID, 14) width; II 4) as long as I, as wide as long; III about *% as long as I, % as wide as long; III-X becoming progressively slightly longer; X 1%, as long as III; III—-VII becoming progressively slightly wider, VII- XI progressively narrower; VII nearly 17% as wide as III; XI subequal in length to I, 2%, as long as wide, as wide as III, abruptly narrow in distal 4, which appears superficially to be a separate segment. Eye prominent; width .76 length, .61 ID; inner margin facing antennal insertion deeply, broadly excised. Clypeus and labrum more sparsely punctate than front and with longer setae; labrum deeply emarginate medianly. Last segment of maxillary palpus widest at middle; length '4 ID, 2x width; apex subtruncate; sensory area represented by incon- spicuous, oblique impression. Last segment of labial palpus small, bud-shaped, compressed, slightly longer than wide, truncate at apex. Pronotum strongly transverse, .54 as long as wide, 1.55 as wide as head at tempora, roughly trapezoidal in form; sides evenly and rather strongly convergent from base to near apex, then abruptly convergent and nearly transverse; hind angles well defined, prominent; median 1, of pronotum except at base strongly elevated, evenly convex; lateral 4 on each side deeply, evenly impressed, so that pronotum is “‘winged”’ laterally; base flat medianly, with margin evenly rounded in median 7%; cuticle as on vertex. Scutellum large, triangular, broadly rounded at apex, densely punctate and setate, with deep, glabrous median sulcus. Elytron weakly flared laterad in distal 4, obliquely truncate at apex, with well defined corner at sutural margin; width about , length at level of apex of scutellum, 4 length at distal 4; surface finely, densely rugose-punctate; costulae narrow, very weakly elevated, visible only in median yellow area. Venter shiny, smooth, very finely punctate, rather densely so on metasternum, sparsely so on abdominal sterna except III. Abdomen with pygidium shallowly excised medianly; sternum VII shallowly, evenly emarginate; VIII flattened distally, shallowly, roundly emargin- ate; apical margins of pygidium and sternum VIII fringed with long setae. Legs slender, relatively short. Mid- and hindtibia distinctly bowed. Fore- and midtibial spurs long, slender, spiniform; hindtibial spurs similar to each other in size and form, thicker than others, parallel-sided, very obliquely truncate to base, rounded at apices. Tarsi with segments II-IV on fore- and midleg and II-III on hindleg bilobed; pads (ventral pale setae) well developed, dense on all segments except segment I of mid- and hindtarsus, which is setate but lacks differentiated pad. Foretarsus (measured on dorsal midline) with segment I 4, as long as fore- tibia, little more than 4 as wide as long; II and III about 4%, IV %, and V 1% as long as I. Male. — Unknown. Type material.— Holotype female from Campo Grande, Misiones, Argentina, XII-57, Walz, in Martinez collection. Remarks.—This species, like Tetraonyx superbus Pic (1915a), described from “Mineiro,” Brazil, is presumably a lycid mimic. On the basis of Pic’s description, the two species have essentially the same color pattern. In Pic’s species, however, the pronotal spot is “narrow,” the scutellum black, and the middle of the tibiae VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 919 yellow, whereas in 7. /ycoides the dark pronotal spot is broad, the scutellum yellow, and the tibiae brown except for the middle area of the posterior surface of the midtibia. Pic referred to the dark color of his species as black. In the type specimen of 7. /ycoides it varies from medium to light brown. This specimen, collected 27 years ago, is perhaps faded, but it seems unlikely that the brown areas were ever dark enough to be characterized as black. Typically, Pic mentioned few structural characters in describing 7. superbus. The pronotum was characterized as subtransverse, with the sides almost straight, and the elytron as rather elongate and costate. In 7. /ycoides the pronotum is strongly transverse and the elytral costulae are hardly elevated. Tetraonyx kirschi Haag-Rutenberg Fig. 2 Recorded previously from Catamarca, Cordoba (El Sauce), Mendoza, San Luis (Carolina), and Tucuméan (Haag-Rutenberg, 1879; Burmeister, 1881; Bruch, 1914; Viana and Williner, 1972, 1973). New records. — Mendoza: Mendoza, 29-I-70, Pena (RBS) 5; Uspallata, 24-I-49, Aczel (IML) 1. Neuquén: Zapala, 17-XII-30, Kohler (MLP) 4. Rio Negro: Rio Colorado, (MLP) 1, XII-30, Reed (CAS) 1. Salta: Cafayate, 5-I-56, Pena (RBS) 17. San Luis: 45 km NNE Beazley, 4-III-83, eating flowerheads of Baccharis, Selander and Pena (RBS) 10. The pale yellow color of the adult closely matches the color of Baccharis flow- erheads on which the sample from San Luis was taken. The basal elytral spots are absent in the specimen in the MLP (Denier collection) from Rio Negro. Tetraonyx maudhuyi Pic Bosq (1943) recorded this species (as 7. /ineolus var. maudhuyi) from flowers of a wild Liliaceae at Pindapoy, Misiones. At least part of his material, collected October 1935, is in the Denier collection, MLP, where it is determined both as T. maudhuyi (five specimens) and as 7. pallidus Haag-Rutenberg (eight speci- mens). As Denier’s indecision suggests, 7. maudhuyiis similar to T. pallidus Haag- Rutenberg and may prove to be a junior synonym. New records.— Buenos Aires: Tandil, XI-51, Andrae (AM) 3. Cordoba: Ar- guello, 300 m, XI-58, Walz (RBS) 23. Formosa: Formosa, 1-X-52, Pena (RBS) 6; Gran Guardia, XI-57, Walz (RBS) 34. Tetraonyx septemguttatus Curtis This species has not been recorded previously from Argentina. New records.— Rio Negro: El Bolson, XI-55, Walz (RBS) 20; HI-56, 18/25-XI- 56, and II-57, Kovacs (LACM) 10. Province unknown: NW Patagonia, XII-19, Box (BM) 1. The Argentine specimens are small but otherwise agree well with material from Chile. Tetraonyx propinquus Burmeister Fig. 3 A common and widely distributed species, recorded in the literature from Catamarca (Valle de Santa Maria), Cordoba (Alta Gracia, El Sauce), Mendoza, San Luis (Carolina), Santiago del Estero, and Tucuman (Burmeister, 1881; Pic, 920 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 2-3. Adults. 2, Tetraonyx kirschi. 3, T. propinquus, heavily marked individual. 1915b (as T. argentinus Pic), 1916 (as T. argentinus var. disjunctus Pic); Bosq, 1943; Viana and Williner, 1973). Found destroying flowers of German Iris by Bosq; collected on flowers of Cactaceae by Viana and Williner. New records. — Catamarca: El Rodeo, Santa Rosa, II-42, Schaeler (AM) 1; Punta de Balasto, 2200 m, 17-I-83, Selander and Pena (RBS) 4; 4 km N Santa Maria, 1900 m, 19-I-83, Selander and Pena (RBS) 36; Sorohuasi, I-25, Weiser (IML) 1. Cordoba: Dpto. Punilla, I-81, Yarh’nez (AM) 1; Villa Nueva, 6-I-38 (IML) 1. Jujuy. La Quiaca, 3442 m, 17-II-51, Ross and Michelbacher (CAS) 2. Mendoza: between Beazley (San Luis) and San Rafael, 4-III-83, Selander and Pena (RBS) 3. Salta: Cerro San Bernardo, Capital, II-46, Martinez (AM) 2. Santa Fé: Villa Ana, I-46, Hayward and Willink (IML) 4. Santiago del Estero: 33 km S Santiago del Estero, 20-XII-71, flowers of Solanum elaeagnifolium, Selander and Mathieu (RBS) 3. Tucumdadn: Amaicha del Valle, 2000 m, 18-XII-64 to 9-I-65, flowers of Opuntia, Solanum elaeagnifolium, and Convolvulaceae, Selander and Storch (RBS) 75; Siambon, III-45, Olea (IML) 2; Tafi del Valle, XII-45, Hayward (IML) 3. In the specimens from Jujuy and Salta the legs are entirely black and the head and pronotum largely so. These specimens resemble the Bolivian T. chevrolati Haag-Rutenberg (1879), of which 7. propinquus is perhaps a geographic race. Tetraonyx distincticollis Pic Recorded by Denier (1935a, 1935b) from Argentina, without mention of a specific locality. Otherwise known only from the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. We have placed the species in our key on the basis of Pic (1916) and Kaszab’s (1959) descriptions. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 921 Tetraonyx telephoroides Haag-Rutenberg Listed for Argentina by Denier (1935b). Tetraonyx nigriceps Haag-Rutenberg Reported eating flowers of Ipomoea at Eldorado, Misiones, by Bosq (1943). Twelve of Bosq’s specimens, collected May 1936, are in the Denier collection, MLP. A single specimen, presumably also from Bosq’s series, is in the CAS. Tetraonyx albomarginatus Haag-Rutenberg We have tentatively identified three specimens from Misiones and one from Formosa as representing this species, described originally (Haag-Rutenberg, 1879) from “Salto Grande,” Brazil. New records. — Formosa: Parque Nacional Laguna Blanca, 25 km W Clorinda, I-50, Martinez (AM) 1. Misiones: Loreto, I-56 (AM) 3. This is a largely black species with an immaculate yellow prothorax. The lateral margin of the elytron is finely yellow from the base to at least the distal 4. The scutellum is yellow basally in one specimen. The femora are bright yellow in the basal '4 to *% in three of the specimens and an obscure yellow at the very base in one. None of the specimens exhibits the metallic elytral luster noted by Haag- Rutenberg in some of his material. The pronotum, described by Haag-Rutenberg as more than 2 as wide as long, ranges from 1.61 to 1.85 x as wide as long. The elytra, described as not much wider than the pronotum, are (at the level of the apex of the scutellum) 1.30 x (.004) (N = 4) as wide as the pronotum. Otherwise, our material agrees with the structural characteristics given by Haag-Rutenberg. Tetraonyx lampyroides Burmeister Described originally from Tucuman (Burmeister, 1881) and reported subse- quently from Iliar, La Rioja (Viana and Williner, 1974). New records. — Catamarca: 5 km N Santa Maria, 1900 m, Catamarca, 9-II-83, Sphaeralcea, Selander and Pena (RBS) |. La Rioja: Patquia, I-33, Hayward (IML, MLP) 2. Salta: Cafayate, II-62, Hayward, and II-50 (IML) 6. Santiago del Estero: Campo Gallo, III-43, Prosen (AM) 1; Ocano (MLP) 1; Rio Salado (BR, MLP) 6. Tucuman: Dpto. Burruyacu, III-46, Araoz (AM) 4; Rio Mixta, 45 km SSE Tu- cuman, 6/8-XII-64, Sphaeralcea bonariensis, Selander and Storch (RBS) 15; Tu- cuman, IV-49, Monros and Goldbach (IML) 1. This species is similar to 7. brevis (Klug) (=T. vittatus Haag-Rutenberg). In the series from Rio Mixta, Tucuman, the head varies from entirely black to entirely yellow. The elytron is consistently black with a fine light area beneath the discal vitta; the venter and legs are black. The elytral setae are sparser than in T. brevis. The eye is usually not so prominent as in that species, but the difference is subtle and not particularly useful for identification. In the males there are consistent interspecific differences in the form of abdominal sternum VIII and the aedeagus (Figs. 6-9). Tetraonyx brevis (Klug) Recorded from Argentina without a specific locality by Denier (1940). In ad- dition to one specimen from Formosa, Argentina, we have examined good series of specimens from Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay. 922 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON New record.— Formosa: Parque Nacional Laguna Blanca, 25 km W Clorinda, I-50, Martinez (AM) 1. The color pattern is highly variable. The head varies from black to largely yellow. The pronotum is commonly immaculate yellow but may have a median black spot. The elytron varies from black to (rarely) immaculate yellow. The venter of the body may be entirely black, yellow mottled with black or brown, or (rarely) entirely yellow. The basal %4 of the femora is usually yellow, but oc- casional specimens have entirely black legs. The Argentine specimen is a lightly marked one. See 7. /ampyroides, above. Tetraonyx innotaticeps Pic Listed for Argentina by Denier (1940). Pic’s (1915a) superficial description of the type specimen (from Brazil) provides no basis for distinguishing adults of this species from lightly marked individuals of 7. brevis. Tetraonyx sericeus Selander and Martinez, NEw SPECIES Figs. 4-5, 10-13 Adult. — Orange yellow; elytra paler than rest, nearly straw yellow; venter often suffused with light brown, especially on thorax; antennal segments II-XI, very base of tibiae, and all tarsal segments dark brown; last two segments of maxillary palpus and last segment of labial palpus light brown. Head, pronotum, and venter moderately densely, conspicuously clothed with colorless, sericeous setae; elytron pubescent, setae twice as dense as elsewhere, producing a distinct satiny sheen; setae on dorsum of body slightly shorter, on the average, than those on venter, about 73 as long as antennal segment II. Length: 5-9 mm. Head quadrate above eyes, with well developed tempora; length (to base of labrum) .96 (.011) (N = 10 for this and means that follow) greatest width above eyes, which is .94 (.007) width across eyes; interocular distance (ID) .65 (.008) width of head across eyes; coronal suture distinct, finely impressed, brown, ex- tending to level of dorsal margin of eye; cuticle shiny, densely, rather evenly punctate, punctures large, separated by much less than diameter of single puncture; clothing setae mostly directed anteriad, longer on sides and anterior part of front than on vertex. Antenna reaching base of pronotum, not clavate; segments bead- like, well differentiated; sensory setae not elongated; length of segment I .40 (.009) ID, 2 x width; II about % as long as I, % as wide as long; III-VII equal in length, 1%. as long as II, becoming progressively slightly wider; III *4 as wide as long; VII more than *% as wide as long; VIII-X slightly shorter and narrower than VII; XI about % as long as I, twice as long as wide, as wide as X. Eye prominent; width .82 (.009) length, .49 (.072) ID; inner margin facing antennal insertion straight, not excised. Clypeus and labrum with punctures and setae as on front. Labrum shallowly emarginate medianly. Last segment of maxillary palpus slightly widened distally; length .29 (.005) ID, 2x width; apex rounded; large, oblique sensory area dorsolaterally. Last segment of labial palpus small, bud-shaped, % as wide as long. Pronotum subquadrate, .69 (.009) as long as wide, 1.07 (.011) x as wide as head above eyes; sides subparallel and weakly rounded for basal *%%, then abruptly convergent to apex; disk rather evenly convex, with fine median sulcus just in- dicated at center and deep impression in basal *%4, extending laterad 4 distance VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 923 Figs. 4-5. Tetraonyx sericeus, adults. 4, Alert posture. 5, “Sleeping” posture. to lateral margin of disk; basal margin strongly recurved behind impression; cuticle of disk as on vertex; lateral ridge separating disk from deflexed portion well developed in basal *4, the deflexed portion in that region deeply concave, im- punctate, glabrous. Scutellum large, triangular, rounded at apex, densely setate. Elytron parallel-sided, not expanded distally; width at level of apex of scutellum about 4 length; cuticle dull, densely scabropunctate. Venter microgranulose, finely punctate. Abdomen with pygidium truncate. Legs relatively short. Midtibia moderately bowed. Fore- and midtibial spurs long, moderately heavy, foretibial pair widely separated from each other by deep ventral emargination of tibial apex; hindtibial spurs similar to each other in size and form, much thicker than others, sticklike, very obliquely truncate; apices not acute. Tarsi with segments cylindrical; penultimate segment not bilobed:; pads (ventral pale setae) absent on last segment, present but not dense on other seg- ments. Foretarsus (measured on dorsal midline) with segment I % as long as foretibia, % as wide as long; II about 7, III %, IV 4, and V 1*%4~ as long as I. Male.—Abdominal sternum VII broadly emarginate to depth of ', its length; sternum VIII semicircularly emarginate to depth of , its length, median area and lateral lobes with scattered hooked setae that are much heavier than rest; tergum IX consisting of pair of large, elongate sclerites in lateral position; sternum IX as in Fig. 13. Genitalia with gonostylus deeply notched at apical 4, apical portion thus defined modified ventrally to form elongate, concave pad; aedeagus strongly curved and cupped basally, with single, heavy, barely recurved ventral hook at apex; dorsal hook heavy, triangular. Female.—Abdominal sterna VII and VIII entire. Gonostylus elongate, rodlike, more than 7 x as long as wide. 924 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 6-9. Male sexual characters. 6, Tetraonyx lampyroides, abdominal sternum VIII. 7, T. brevis (Brazil), same. 8, 7. Jampyroides, genitalia (ventral and lateral views of gonoforceps, lateral view of aedeagus). 9, T. brevis (Brazil), aedeagus (lateral view). Type material.—Holotype male and 23 paratypes (7 males, 16 females) from Cabra Corral, 20 km E Colonel Moldes, Salta, Argentina, 27 January 1983 (2 paratypes 28 January 1983), Abutilon sp., A. Martinez and R. B. Selander. Three additional paratypes (1 male, 2 females), same data as above but collected by M. J. Viana. Holotype in R. B. Selander collection. Paratypes in the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago; Museo Argentino de Ciencia Natural “Bernardino Rivadavia,’’ Buenos Aires; Museo de La Plata, La Plata; and the Martinez, Se- lander, and Viana collections. Remarks.—The thoracic venter is entirely orange yellow in 7 specimens, suf- fused with light brown on the mes- and metepisternum in 10, and entirely light brown in 6. The abdominal venter is light brown in 3 of the specimens of the second type and in all 6 of the third type. There is no indication that the variation is related to sex. Sexual dimorphism in structural characters seems to be limited to the form of the last two visible sterna of the abdomen and the genitalia them- selves. In Haag-Rutenberg’s (1879) key this species runs to division C (“Thorace la- teraliter numquam exciso ... parapleuris plerumque distincte separatis’’) and thence, on the basis of color, to Tetraonyx nigricornis (Klug, 1825) (= T. nigri- cornis Haag-Rutenberg, 1879), recorded from Brazil and Colombia by Haag- Rutenberg and (as var. atripes Pic) from Peru by Pic (1916). The two species are immediately distinguished from all other members of the genus assignable to VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 925 10 12 fi 11 Figs. 10-13. Tetraonyx sericeus, male. 10, Antenna. 11, Genitalia (ventral and lateral views of gonoforceps, lateral view of aedeagus). 12, Abdominal sternum VIII. 13, Abdominal segment IX, ventral view. division C by the absence of black or brown markings on both the pronotum and elytron. Yet on the basis of Haag-Rutenberg’s (1879) description and a female specimen in the Denier collection, MLP, 7. nigricornis is quite distinct from 7. sericea and, in our opinion, probably not a close relative. In 7. nigricornis the color is more nearly orange; there is a small dark spot on the front of the head; the femora and tibiae are tipped with brown; the pronotal disk has an impression on each side and sharply defined posterior angles; the elytron is smooth, shiny, finely punctate, and clothed with relatively short, decumbent setae; and the outer hindtibial spur is wider than the inner one. (We have not seen the male of the species.) Among the Argentine species, 7. sericeus is anatomically most similar to 7. lampyroides and T. brevis. Bionomics.—The type locality is in a region of arid scrub vegetation bordering the Cabra Corral reservoir in the center of the province of Salta. Here all our adult material was taken on an apparently undescribed species of Abutilon (Mal- vaceae) characterized by cordate, finely dentate leaves and small flowers of almost precisely the same orange yellow color as the beetles. A similar species of Abutilon, distinguishable by its more coarsely dentate leaves, occurs commonly with the food plant but is evidently not utilized by the beetles. Most of the beetles were 926 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON feeding singly on flowers and flower buds; a few were resting on bracts under buds. Those that were active often took to flight rapidly when approached. This be- havior, together with the small size and cryptic coloration of the beetles, made it difficult to collect them. In captivity the beetles ate all parts of the flowers of the food plant, including pollen. At night and on cool, overcast days they adopted a characteristic “‘sleeping”’ posture, with the head lowered and the antennae directed to the sides (Fig. 5). Females plastered their eggs, which are quite sticky, in compact, flat masses on the underside of leaves of the food plant (two cases) or on gray paper used as a floor covering in their cages (nine cases). The eggs stand upright on the substrate. The adhesive is not water soluble. The number of eggs per mass in 11 masses ranged from 61 to 433, with a mean of 274.5. (For nine masses obtained separately, the mean was 266.0 (41.26).) Incubation time at ambient temperature, determined for six egg masses, averaged 11.7 (.41) days. Triungulin Larva of Tetraonyx sericeus Figs. 14-15 Differs from the larva of T. fulvus LeConte as follows: Color much darker brown. Head with median phragma more strongly protu- berant posteriorly. Maxillary palpus with segment III slightly more than 4 x length of II (5x in 7. fulvus). Thoracic venter with cuticular reticulations more strongly developed, drawn into conspicuous spines over most of median area of all three segments (few such spines also on abdominal sternites I-III) (spines lacking in T. fulvus); minute cuticular papillae confined largely to posterior and lateral areas (densely distributed over median area in T. fu/vus); anteriormost pair of median setae on prothorax more posteriad in position, arising at level of anterior margin of coxa (at level of anterior end of pleurite in 7. fu/vus); major median setae on pro- and mesothorax arising from a common, transverse sclerite (small, separate sclerites in 7. fulvus); major median setae on metathorax as long as those on mesothorax, each arising from separate, small sclerite (setae much shorter and sclerites absent in 7. fulvus). Legs with coxae transverse, 1'4= wider than long (%. as wide as long in 7. fu/vus); femur with subbasal posterior seta larger than others, '4 length of femur (‘4 in 7. fulvus). Abdominal tergite I with 8 posterior marginal setae, II-V with 12 (I with 6, II-IV with 14, V with 12 in T. fulvus); bases of adjacent setae on tergites I-VII connected by arcuate line, producing a scalloped effect (less conspicuous in 7. fu/vus); sternites I-V each with 6 posterior marginal setae (I with only 4 setae in 7. fulvus); posterior margin of sternites I- VIII strongly, coarsely dentate (as finely spinose as tergites in 7. fu/vus). Median pair of caudal seta 3 x as long as tergite V (24x in T. fulvus). Length .8 mm. Remarks. — MacSwain (1956) characterized the genus 7etraonyx in the triun- gulin (first) larval instar almost entirely on the basis of the North American T. fulvus. In our comparison of 7. sericeus and T. fulvus we have utilized larval material of the latter species from Chihuahua and Coahuila in Mexico and New Mexico in the United States. Several of the character states specified above for T. fulvus were not mentioned by MacSwain. In five characters we noted significant discrepancies between our material and MacSwain’s description: (1) If one mea- sures the sclerotized portions of antennal segments I and II, II is only slightly longer than I, not almost 2x as long, as described by MacSwain. (2) Again mea- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 927 Figs. 14-15. Tetraonyx sericeus, triungulin larva. 14, Ventral aspect of thorax and abdominal segments I-II. 15, Dorsal aspect of abdominal segments I-II. suring sclerotized parts, we find that maxillary palpal segment III is 2x as long as I and II combined, not ‘almost twice as long.” (3) In none of several species of Tetraonyx that we have studied in the larval stage have we seen the “vestigial, wartlike” labial palpi reported by MacSwain and earlier figured for the larva of 928 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON T. quadrimaculatus (Fabricius) by B6ving and Craighead (1931). (4) The tarsun- gulus is fully 4 as long as the tibia. (5) In MacSwain’s drawing of the larva of T. fulvus the median pair of caudal setae are much too short. Tetraonyx sericeus possesses a unique combination of states in the two char- acters used by MacSwain (1956) in his key to 7. quadrimaculatus and T. fulvus and therefore will not run to either species. With respect to the length of the pair of major median setae on the metathorax, 7. sericeus agrees with T. quadrimacula- tus, but the latter species differs from both 7. sericeus and T. fulvus in having the subbasal posterior seta of the femora greatly elongated (longer than the corre- sponding femur, according to MacSwain). Unfortunately, further comparison of these species is not possible at this time, since the condition of MacSwain’s specimen of 7. quadrimaculatus precluded detailed description. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to the following curators for permission to examine material now or formerly in their charge: C. M. F. von Hayek, British Museum (Natural History) (BM); the late H. B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences (CAS); R. Snelling, Los Angeles County Museum (LACM); the late B. Torres, Museo de la Plata (Denier collection) (MLP); M. J. Viana, Museo Argentino de Ciencia Natural ‘‘Bernardino Rivadavia”’ (BR); A. Willink, Instituto Miguel Lillo (IML). In ad- dition, we are happy to acknowledge the assistance of Patricia Hoc de Martinez, who identified the food plant of Tetraonyx sericeus. The study was partially sup- ported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (DEB82 14996, R. B. Selander, Principal Investigator). LITERATURE CITED Bosq, J. M. 1943. Segunda lista de Coleépteros de la Republica argentina, daninos a la agricultura. Ingen. Agron. [Min. Agr. Nac. (Argentina)] 4(1942): 1-80. Boving, A. G. and F. C. Craighead. 1931. An illustrated synopsis of the principal larval forms of the order Coleoptera. Entomol. Am. 11. 351 pp., 125 pls. Bruch, C. 1914. Catalogo sistematico de los Coleopteros de la Republica argentina. Pars VII. Rev. Mus. La Plata 19: 401-441. Burmeister, H. 1881. Die argentinischen Canthariden. Stettiner Entomol. Zeitung 42: 20-35. Denier, P. C. L. 1935a. Estudios sobre Meloidos argentinos. Apuntes criticos de sistematica y de nomenclatura. Rev. Argent. Entomol. 1: 15-28. . 1935b. Coleopterorum Americanorum familiae Meloidarum. Enumeratio synonymica. Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 7: 139-176. 1940. Enumerationi Coleopterorum Americanorum familiae Meloidarum corrigenda et ad- denda. Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 10: 418-425. Haag-Rutenberg. 1879. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Canthariden. I. Tetraonyx. Stettiner Entomol. Zeitung 40: 249-275, 287-314. Kaszab, Z. 1959. Phylogenetische Beziehungen des Fliigelgeiders der Meloiden (Coleoptera), nebst Beschreibung neuer Gattungen und Arten. Acta Zool. Acad. Sci. Hung. 5: 67-114. 1969. The system of the Meloidae (Coleoptera). Mem. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 48: 241-248. Klug, F. 1825. Entomologiae brasilianae specimen alterum, sistens Insectorum Coleopterorum non- dum descriptorum centariam. Verhandl. Kaiserlich. Leopold-Carolin. Akad. Naturforsch. 12(2): 421-476, pls. XL-XLIV. MacSwain, J. W. 1956. A classification of the first instar larvae of the Meloidae (Coleoptera). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 12. 182 pp. Pic, M. 1915a. Nouvelles especes de diverses familles. Mel. Exot.-Entomol. 15: 2-24. 1915b. Diagnoses d’Heteromeres. Mel. Exot.-Entomol. 16: 14-24. 1916. Coléoptéres exotiques en partie nouveaux (suite). Echange 32: 3-4, 8, 11-12. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 929 Selander, R. B. 1964. Sexual behavior in blister beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae) I. The genus Pyrota. Canad. Entomol. 96: 1037-1082. . 1983. Anannotated catalog of blister beetles of the tribe Tetraonycini (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 109: 277-293. Viana, M. J. and G. J. Williner. 1972. Evaluacion de la fauna entomolégica y aracnologica de las provincias cuyanas. Primera comunicacion. Acta Sci., Ser. Entomol. (Buenos Aires) 5: 1-29. and 1973. Evaluacion de la fauna entomologica y aracnolégica de las provincias centrales y cuyanas. Segunda comunicacion. Acta Sci., Ser. Entomol. (Buenos Aires) 7: 3-30. and 1974. Evaluacion de la fauna entomologica y aracnolégica de las provincias cuyanas y centrales de la Republica argentina (Tercera comunicacién). Acta Sci., Ser. Entomol. (Buenos Aires) 9: 3-35. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 930-934 SEASONAL OCCURRENCE AND MATING AT FLOWERS BY ANCISTROCERUS ANTILOPE (HYMENOPTERA: EUMENIDAE) D. P. COWAN AND G. P. WALDBAUER (DPC) Department of Biology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo Mich- igan 49007, and The University of Michigan Biological Station; (GPW) Depart- ment of Entomology, 320 Morrill Hall, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801. Abstract.—The eumenid Ancistrocerus antilope (Panzer) is scarce at flowers in early summer, but abundant by late summer. Samples systematically collected at flowers are strongly male biased while comparable samples reared from trap nests are female biased. This indicates that males spend a greater proportion of their time at flowers than do females. Females visit flowers for nectar, but the males also search flowers for mates. Mating is initiated at flowers, but may be completed elsewhere. Eumenid wasps, like many other insects, seek mates at blossoms, nest sites and other resources (Parker, 1978). The site or sites chosen and the details of the search strategy differ among species. Males of the colonial soil-nester Euodynerus crypticus (Say) wait on vegetation overlooking the colony and pounce on passing females (Vest, 1936) or visit nest entrances, paying particular attention to those that contain advanced females (Isley, 1913). The non-colonial Paraleptomenes miniatus (Saussure) builds two-celled mud nests in sheltered areas, one cell con- taining a male and the other a female. The male emerges first, remaining on the nest to mate with his sister who emerges a little later (Jayakar and Spurway, 1966). Euodynerus foraminatus (Saussure) and Ancistrocerus adiabatus (Saussure) nest in vacant insect tunnels in dead wood and exhibit comparable sibling mating. Females not inseminated as they emerge from their natal nest mate later on flowers or foliage (Cowan, 1979, 1981). Epsilon sp. has a similar mating system (Smith and Alcock, 1980). In contrast to the species that copulate at nest sites, males of other eumenids seek mates where females gather water or mud for nest construction. Smith and Alcock (1980) reported mating at pools on an ephemeral stream by Abispa ephip- pium (Fabricius), and at small farm ponds by two species of Paralastor. Iwata (1953) observed copulation by several species of Eumenes along the edge of a brook. Although many species of Eumenidae are common and important components of the insect community at flowers, their activities at these sites have not been the subject of careful study. We here present data indicating that for at least one eumenid, Ancistrocerus antilope (Panzer), flowers are apparently the primary site for encounters between the sexes. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 931 Females of A. antilope nest in tubular cavities in wood. The female deposits an egg in the cavity and then brings in enough paralyzed caterpillars for the complete growth of one offspring. She then seals the cell with a mud partition. Oviposition, provisioning, and partitioning are then repeated until the cavity is filled with a linear series of cells. Females are opportunistic and readily accept artificial nest sites (trap-nests) consisting of wooden blocks with drilled holes (Cooper, 1953; Krombein, 1967). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study is based on observations of the sex ratios and mating behavior of A. antilope adults reared from trap nests or collected at blossoms. Unless otherwise indicated, the observations were made on or near the University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS) in Emmet and Cheboyan cos., Michigan in 1982. The sex ratio at blossoms was estimated from samples taken with an aerial net for three hours in late morning about once a week from June 8 to September 4 along a transect that followed Reed Rd. in Emmet Co. (Waldbauer, 1983). The sex ratio of the whole population was estimated from a sample reared from trap nests. Seventy-five bundles of five trap nests each were placed on UMBS property; all were within three to five miles of the Reed Rd. transect. Each trap nest was a 19 mm X 19mm xX 150 mm block of pine with a drilled hole about 135 mm deep. Each bundle of five had one nest each with hole diameters of 4.8, 5.6, 6.4, 7.1 and 7.9 mm. Occupied nests were taken into the laboratory, opened and the larvae reared to adulthood in individual chambers made from depressions in wooden blocks covered with microscope slides. Behavior was observed at flowers in Em- met Co. in 1982 and 1983 and at trap nests from which adults were emerging in the field from 1976 to 1980 (Cowan 1979, 1981) in Washtenaw and Kalamazoo Cos., Michigan. The data were analyzed by means of a chi square test of independence using a 2 x 2 contingency table. Yates’ correction for continuity was applied. RESULTS Ancistrocerus antilope was scarce at blossoms in June and early July, but was abundant from late July through August (Table 1). The individuals caught in June, and perhaps those taken in early July, presumably represent the diapausing pop- ulation that overwintered as prepupae from the previous summer. The individuals caught from July 28 onward presumably represent the summer generation, whose offspring will enter diapause and lie dormant until the following June. The blos- soms visited and the number of A. antilope taken at each are as follows: Anemone canadensis L. (Ranunculaceae), 1; Cornus stolonifera Mich. (Cornaceae), 2; Pas- tinaca sativa L. (Umbelliferae), 85; Solidago spp. (S. rugosa Mill., S. canadensis L. and S. gigantea Ait.) (Compositae), 108; Viburnum trilobum Marsh. (Capri- foliaceae), 1; other blossoms, 4. The great majority was, of course, taken at P. sativa and Solidago spp., plants that blossom from mid- to late summer. The preference for Solidago spp. is marked, and may have been even more striking before Pastinaca sativa was introduced from Europe. The observations made at nests from which young adults were emerging indicate that males of A. antilope do not frequent nesting areas in search of mates. The wasps simply emerge and disperse. Males were never seen lingering or returning 932 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 1. The seasonal occurrence of Ancistrocerus antilope adults at blossoms in 1982 along the Reed Rd. transect in Emmet Co., Michigan. June July August September 8 14 23 30 6 13 20 28 6 12 18 25 4 Total No. males 0 0) 0 1 0) 0 2 22 48 57 14 26 8 178 No. females 2 1 Ono 0 1 0) 0) 3 0 0) 2 0 9 to the nest area, as is the case with other eumenid species (Cowan, 1979, 1981; Smith and Alcock, 1980). The behavior of male and female 4. antilope visiting blossoms differed mark- edly. Females flew comparatively slowly and directly from one inflorescence to another. When they landed, they spent a few tens of seconds feeding before departing. Males, although they also fed at flowers, were much more often seen flying quickly from flower to flower, where they hovered or circled briefly before moving on. If a eumenid was on the flower, males of A. antilope dropped down to touch it lightly, but quickly moved on if it was not a female 4. antilope. Males patrolling flowers sometimes encountered one another and briefly hovered or circled before going their separate ways. The sample of A. antilope that emerged from trap nests during mid- to late summer of 1982 indicates that the non-diapausing generation was strongly female biased (22 males and 35 females). However, the following diapausing generation (progeny of the 1982 summer generation) was found to be male biased, as indicated by the emergence of a total of 16 males and 4 females from overwintered trap nests in spring of 1983. These sex ratios are significantly different (x* = 9.98, 1 df, P < 0.005). More extensive unpublished data from Kalamazoo Co., MI, also indicate a male bias in the diapausing generation. Similar male biases have been observed by other workers (Fye, 1965; Longair, 1981) and are to be expected on theoretical grounds (Seger 1983). The sample of A. antilope collected at blossoms was extremely male biased (178 males and 9 females) and differs significantly from the sample of non-diapausing wasps (22 males and 35 females) reared from trap nests (x? = 90.6, P < 0.0005). On three occasions in early August of 1982 or 1983 we collected coupled male and female A. antilope at blossoms. Two pairs were associated with either Solidago sp. or Pastinaca sativa, but no host plant record was kept. The third pair was caught on an inflorescence of Solidago sp. In a fourth instance we observed the initiation of pairing. A female feeding on a Solidago inflorescence was discovered by a male. He immediately landed on her and began courtship. Within a few seconds, a second male discovered the pair and landed on top of the first male. A struggle ensued; the trio fell to the ground and the second male was dislodged. Then the coupled pair flew up into nearby trees. DISCUSSION Despite diligent observation, we have not seen interactions between the sexes at A. antilope nests, either while the females were provisioning them or later when newly molted adults were emerging. If mating does occur at the nests, it is rare. Mating, therefore, can be expected to occur at some resource for the females such VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 933 as nectar flowers or mud and water for building nest partitions. We have not made observations at the sources of building material, nor can we eliminate the pos- sibility that mating occurs at a mating area (lek) that is not associated with a resource. Our observations do indicate that flowers are an important, if not the sole, mating site for A. antilope. Our contention is supported by: 1) the discovery of several mating pairs on nectar blossoms, 2) the observation that males, unlike females, patrol inflores- cences in an apparent search for mates, and 3) the extreme difference in sex ratio between samples taken at flowers and samples that emerged from trap nests. This difference in sex ratios apparently results from the different activities of the sexes. Females devote most of their time to nesting activities which keep them scattered in wooded areas where nest sites and prey occur. Only occasionally do they visit flowers to obtain nectar. (In forested areas patches of suitable flowers may be localized.) The males, on the other hand, presumably devote their time almost exclusively to searching for mates. Thus, they predominate in samples from flow- ers because, in addition to feeding, they remain at the flowers in search of females. Although male and female A. antilope often meet on inflorescences, they ap- parently finish mating elsewhere. In the laboratory a pair may stay together for over 80 minutes and may copulate several times before separating (Cowan, un- published; Cooper, 1955). Thus, the relative paucity of mating pairs at blossoms suggests that pairs leave the blossoms to finish mating. They may fly some distance away, as did the one pair that we watched; perhaps some hide below the foliage of the nectar plants. At any rate, it seems that they seek out a hiding place where they will not be conspicuous to predators or interloping males. The eumenids 4. adiabatus and E. foraminatus are found in the same habitats and have nesting behavior similar to 4. antilope, but the first two species mate at emergence sites. This difference may be at least partly explained by the fact that female 4. adiabatus and E. foraminatus mate with only one male (Cowan, 1981), while female A. antilope mate with more than one male (Cowan, unpub- lished). If, as is typical with other insects (Parker, 1970), the last male to mate with a female before oviposition fertilizes the majority of her eggs, then there would be little reward to a male A. antilope for being the first to locate a female. The eumenid with a known mating system most similar to that of A. antilope is Abispa ephippium (Smith and Alcock, 1980). In this species, males patrol stream banks rather than flowers; the paired wasps fly together into foliage where they copulate repeatedly before separating. The females are also receptive to more than one male. Alcock et al. (1978) identified two key factors determining male reproductive behavior of wasps and bees: 1) whether females mate only once or multiply, 2) the distribution of receptive females. Although we have some information for a few species of Eumenidae, the ultimate reasons for single or multiple mating by females and the ecological determinants of individual distribution in nature re- main obscure. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the University of Michigan Biological Station for the use of their facilities during the summers of 1982 and 1983. This material is based in part upon work supported by The National Science Foundation under Grant No. DEB 8202772 to G. P. Waldbauer. 934 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LITERATURE CITED Alcock, J., E. M. Barrows, G. Gordh, L. J. Hubbard, L. Kirkendall, D. W. Pyle, T. L. Ponder, and F. G. Zalom. 1978. The ecology and evolution of male reproductive behavior in the bees and wasps. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 64: 293-326. Cooper, K. W. 1953. Biology of eumenine wasps I. The ecology, predation, nesting and competition of Ancistrocerus antilope (Panzer). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 79: 13-35. 1955. Venereal transmission of mites by wasps and some evolutionary problems arising from the remarkable association of Ensliniella trisetosa with the wasp Ancistrocerus antilope. Biology of eumenine wasps II. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 80: 119-174. Cowan, D. P. 1979. Sibling matings in a hunting wasp: adaptive inbreeding? Science 205: 1403- 1405. 1981. Parental investment in two solitary wasps, Ancistrocerus adiabatus and Euodynerus foraminatus (Eumenidae: Hymenoptera). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 9: 95-102. Fye, R. E. 1965. The biology of Vespidae, Pompilidae, and Sphecidae (Hymenoptera) from trap nests in Northwestern Ontario. Can. Entomol. 97: 716-744. Isley, D. 1913. The biology of some Kansas Eumenidae. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. 8: 233-309. Iwata, K. 1953. Biology of Eumenes in Japan. Mushi 25: 25-47. Jayakar, S. D. and H. Spurway. 1966. Re-use of cells and brother-sister mating in the Indian species Stenodynerus miniatus (Sauss) (Vespidae: Eumeninae). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 63: 378-398. Krombein, K. V. 1967. Trap-Nesting Wasps and Bees: Life Histories, Nests, and Associates. Smith- sonian Press, Washington, D.C. Longair, R. W. 1981. Sex ratio variations in xylophilous aculeate Hymenoptera. Evolution 35: 597— 600. Parker, G. A. 1970. Sperm competition and its evolutionary consequences in the insects. Biol. Rev. 45: 525-567. 1978. Evolution of competitive mate searching. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 23: 173-196. Seger, J. 1983. Partial bivoltinism may cause alternating sex-ratio biases that favor eusociality. Nature 301: 59-62. Smith, A. P. and J. Alcock. 1980. A comparitive study of the mating systems of Australian Eumenid Wasps (Hymenoptera). Z. Tierpsychol. 53: 41-60. Vest, E. T. 1936. Observations on the nesting habits Odynerus dorsalis Fabricus (Vespidae: Hy- menoptera). Utah Acad. Arts and Letters Proc. 13: 207-209. Waldbauer, G. P. 1983. Flower associations of mimetic Syrphidae (Diptera) in northern Michigan. Great Lakes Entomol. 16: 79-85. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 935-941 A NEW GENUS AND TWO NEW SPECIES OF ARMORED SCALES FROM MEXICO (HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) SUEO NAKAHARA Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705. Abstract.—A new genus Selenaspidopsis, and two new species, S. browni and S. mexicana, are described from Mexico. The genus is differentiated from the other genera in the Aspidiotini with pronounced marginal constrictions of the thorax. A new genus, Selenaspidopsis, and two new species, S. browni and S. mexicana, are described from material intercepted at agricultural quarantine on Chamae- dorea sp. (Arecaceae) leaves from the states of Chiapas and Veracruz, Mexico. The two species were originally reported in the “Lists of Intercepted Plant Pests” (Plant Protection and Quarantine 1979: 342, 490; 1980: 70; 1981: 66; 1982: 87) as members of the genus Pseudoselenaspidus Fonseca (1962: 26), which is currently known only from the type species, P. inermis Fonseca, from foliage of an unknown plant collected near Sao Paulo, Brazil. The new genus is differentiated from other genera in the Aspidiotini with pronounced marginal constrictions of the thorax. The holotypes are illustrated exactly as observed on the slides. Because the holotypes are not mounted precisely dorso-ventrally, some marginal morpholog- ical characters are illustrated dorsally or ventrally on the head and thorax. The correct positions of these characters are given in the descriptions. On the venter, the submedial row of minute setae extends posteriorly aligned with the posterior spiracle; the sublateral row lies between the submedial row and the submargin of abdomen. Unless specifically stated, quantitative descriptions are for one-half of the body. Numerical values are given first for the holotype followed in parentheses by values based on 10 paratypes. Numerical values for both sides of the holotypes are given when their values differ. Abbreviations for the depositories of types: BM (British Museum [Natural History], London); CDA (California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sac- ramento); FSCA (Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville); HUS (Fac- ulty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo); MNC (Museo de Historia Natural de la Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico City); MNH (Museum National d’His- toire du Naturelle, Paris); UCD (University of California, Davis); USNM (U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.); and VPI (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg). Selenaspidopsis Nakahara, NEW GENUS Type species: Selenaspidopsis browni Nakahara, NEW SPECIES. Etymology.— Gender feminine; derived from combining the generic name, Se- 936 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON lenaspidus, with Greek suffix, -opsis, which means: having the appearance of Selenaspidus. Generic diagnosis.— Diaspididae belonging to the Aspidiotini. Adult female body becoming strongly sclerotized with advancing age, body anterior of abdom- inal segment 2 more strongly sclerotized than rest of abdomen; intersegmental lines strongly indicated, abdominal segment 1 with intrasegmental line. Body longer than wide; pronounced marginal constriction between prothorax and me- sothorax differentiates body into semilunar prosoma and somewhat turbinate postsoma, constriction less pronounced in young adults; anterior margin of head broadly rounded, straight or slightly concave. Antenna small tubercle with | long seta. Thoracic spiracles without paraspiracular pores. Venter with minute setae in submedial row, 1 each on abdominal segment 1—5 and mesad of perivulvar pores; in sublateral row, 1 each on segments | and 2, | pair each on segments 3— 5 and mesad of perivulvar pores, occasionally 1 seta of pair missing on | or 2 segments. Pygidium with 3 pairs of well-developed unilobular lobes, usually slightly con- stricted at base, lateral margin with 1 notch or entire, rounded apically; median lobes largest, often with small notch on mesal margin. Short paraphyses at mesal angle of lobes 2 and 3. Plates fringed apically, well-developed, slightly longer than lobes, 2 between median lobes, 2 between median lobe and lobe 2, 3 between lobes 2 and 3, anterior to lobe 3 in series of 5-9 broad plates becoming shorter anteriorly, terminating in series of short, spinelike processes; plates with long microducts. Dorsal macroducts mainly in 3—4 longitudinal rows, few on margin and submargin. Dorso-central reticulations absent. Perivulvar pores in 1-3 lateral groups, occasionally few present anterior to lateral pores. Discussion.— Pronounced thoracic constrictions occur in some genera in the Selenaspidus complex. Mamet (1958: 362), in his review of the complex, treated the different positions of the thoracic constrictions as generic characters. The new genus is closely related to Pseudoselenaspidus and differs only by the position of the thoracic constriction. Selenaspidopsis is constricted between the mesothorax and prothorax and Pseudoselenaspidus is constricted between the mesothorax and metathorax. Both genera have intrasegmental line on abdominal segment 1, which is also present in some members of the Se/enaspidus complex. In this complex, Entaspidiotus and Selenaspidus are constricted between the mesothorax and metathorax, and Schizentaspidus is constricted between the me- sothorax-metathorax and metathorax-abdominal segment |. Paraselenaspidus is constricted between the prothorax and mesothorax but differs from Selenaspi- dopsis by having spur-like lobe 3 and lacking perivulvar pores; conversely, Se- lenaspidopsis has apically rounded lobe 3 and perivulvar pores. Duplaspidiotus, Pseudaonidia and Pseudotargionia in the Pseudaonidina also have pronounced thoracic constriction between the prothorax and mesothorax. They have dorso-central reticulation on the pygidium which is lacking from Se- lenaspidopsis. Selenaspidopsis browni Nakahara, NEW SPECIES Fig. 1 Slide-mounted adult female body longer than wide, 1335(745-1395) uw long; prosoma 953(558-1067) mw wide, anterior margin straight or slightly concave, VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 937 Fig. 1. Selenaspidopsis browni, dorsal and ventral aspects. occasionally broadly rounded, lateral margin broadly rounded or partially straight; postsoma longer than prosoma, 972(568-999) uw wide, broadly rounded laterally. Prothorax with 1 small marginal tubercle. Submarginal, dorsal cicatrices, simple or divided, 1 each on prothorax and abdominal segment | often larger than | on 938 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON segment 3. Microducts in marginal row on head with orifices not protruding or slightly protruding from derm as short, conical tubercles. Dorsal microducts few, medially over mouthparts, submedially on thorax and abdominal segments 1-3, shorter microducts submarginally on thorax and abdominal segment 1; ducts absent from abdominal segment 4, occasionally from segment 3. Ventral mi- croducts in loose cluster laterad and anterior to mouthparts; along anterior margin of mesothorax, often more numerous in medial area; in cluster posterior of meta- thoracic spiracle; medially and submarginally on prepygidial abdominal segments. Pygidium wider than long, broadly pointed apically. Median lobe wider than long or slightly longer than wide, separated by space less than its width, 1 notch on mesal and lateral margins; lobe 2 longer than wide, lateral margin with 1 notch or entire; lobe 3 longer than wide, lateral margin with | notch, axis of lobe slightly converging. Median lobe with basal sclerosis, longer than lobe; lobes 2 and 3 each with short paraphysis at mesal angle. Two plates between median lobes often bifurcate, occasionally simple; other plates fringed apically, 2 plates between me- dian and lobe 2, 3 plates between lobes 2-3, 5-6 broad plates and few short, spinelike processes anterior to lobe 3. Dorsal and marginal macroducts 34-39(19- 50) on each side: Dorsal macroducts mainly in 3—4 longitudinal rows, anterior ducts not distinctly longer than ducts nearer margin; between median lobe and lobe 2, 6(4—7) ducts in short, single or double row; between lobes 2 and 3, 10- 13(4-13) ducts in irregular, diverging row; anterior to lobe 3, 8(4—13) ducts in irregular diverging row usually extending anteriorly to level of anal orifice or slightly more anteriorly, laterad a shorter row of 3-5(3-7) ducts or with 1-3 submarginal ducts; occasionally 1 submarginal duct on segment 4. Marginal mac- roducts 1 between median lobes; 1 duct between median lobe and lobe 2; 2 ducts between lobes 2 and 3; 4 ducts, occasionally 3 or 5, anterior to lobe 3; rarely 1 duct on segment 4. Microducts absent from dorsum, few submarginally on venter, long microducts arising from plates not seen between lobes 2 and 3 on holotype, present on paratypes. Anal orifice oval or elongate oval, positioned between center and apical one-third of pygidium. Vulva positioned in about basal one-third of pygidium; dermal striations posterior of vulva aligned longitudinally. Perivulvar pores 25—26(16—28) in 1-3 elongate lateral groups, 1-3 pores wide; rarely few pores anterior to lateral pores or supernumerary pores posterior to lateral pores. Dorsal scleroses short; 3 near base of pygidium, medial and submarginal scleroses transverse, submedial widened longitudinally; 3 short submedial scleroses pos- terior to basal scleroses; 1 transverse and | longitudinal scleroses aligned medially. Venter with 2 short, basal transverse scleroses; 1 elongate sclerosis extending anteriorly from submargin near base of lobe 2 to another slender sclerosis bor- dering lateral perivulvar pores. Type material examined. — Adult female holotype (USNM type number 100417): MEXICO, Papantla, Veracruz, Chamaedorea leaf, 26-III-74, in quarantine at Laredo, D. A. Gutierrez, (Laredo 7211). Adult female paratypes 25(24 slides) intercepted at quarantine on Chamaedorea leaves at Laredo and San Antonio, Texas and Miami, Florida; MEXICO: 6-V-72, L. Beikman (San Antonio 3677); 2-VIII-72, J. A. Palmer (Laredo 4133); 6-IX-72, C. Parker (San Antonio 4343); 9-X-72, D. J. Provencher (Laredo 4510); 1-XI-72, A. V. Garrett (Laredo 4610); 5-III-73, C. Parker (San Antonio 5037); 6-III-73, C. Parker (San Antonio 5050); 11-IV-73, D. Johnston (San Antonio 5506); 3-VII-73, D. Johnston (San Antonio 5677); 5-VII-73, D. Johnston (San Antonio 6156); 2-IV-74, D. Johnston (San VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 939 Antonio 6793); 8-X-74, D. Johnston (San Antonio 7905); 17-X-74, R. Gaspari (San Antonio 7599); 12-I-75, D. Johnston (San Antonio 7993); 19-III-75, D. Johnston (San Antonio 8313); 27-V-75, D. Johnston (San Antonio 8669); 17-VI- 75, D. Johnston (San Antonio 8791); 13-V-76, R. L. Haymond (Miami 13361); Arriaga, Chiapas, 19-XI-74, T. E. Johnson (Laredo 8546); Arriaga, Chiapas, 3- IlI-75, A. B. Garcia (Laredo 8545); Papantla, Veracruz, 26-XII-73, A. V. Garrett (Laredo 6581); Santiago Tuxtla, Veracruz, 21-V-73, T. E. Johnson (Laredo 5639). Depositories of paratypes: BM 2, CDA 1, HUS 1, FSCA 1, MNC 2, MNH 1, UCD 1, USNM 15, VPI 1. Discussion. — The species differs from S. mexicana by having 19-50 macroducts on each side mostly in single, irregular, dorsal rows, row anterior to lobe 3 ex- tending anteriorly to about level of anal orifice, and submarginal macroducts absent from segment 4 or rarely | present; whereas, S. mexicana has 77-116 macroducts on each side, row anterior to lobe 3 extends anteriorly to basal, submarginal sclerosis and terminates in a cluster, and submarginal macroducts present on segment 4. Etymology.— This species is named in honor of my dear friend, William J. N. Brown of Bellevue, Washington, in recognition of his contributions to the pro- tection of U.S. agriculture from foreign plant pests as a former plant pathologist with the Plant Quarantine Division in Seattle. Selenaspidopsis mexicana Nakahara, NEW SPECIES Fig. 2 Slide-mounted adult female body longer than wide, 976(1158-—1725) uw long; prosoma 703(840-1249) w wide, semilunar, anterior margin broadly rounded, occasionally partially straight, lateral margin rounded; postsoma longer than pro- soma, 745(863-—1271) u wide, usually slightly wider than prosoma, broadly round- ed laterally. Small dermal tubercle marginally on prothorax. Submarginal cica- trices one each on prothorax and abdominal segment | larger than | on segment 3. Dorsal microducts few submedially on thorax and abdominal segments 1-3 or 4; shorter microducts submarginally on metathorax and abdominal segment 1. Marginal microducts with orifices protruding from derm as short, conical tubercles on head, thorax and abdominal segments 1—4. Ventral microducts few; laterad and anterior of mouthparts, submarginally along anterior margin of mesothorax, just posterior of posterior thoracic spiracle, submedially and submarginally on prepygidial abdominal segments. Pygidium wider than long, rounded apically. Median lobes as wide as long, or slightly longer than wide, separated by space less than its width, | notch on lateral margin, mesal margin with 1 smaller notch or entire; lobe 2 longer than wide, lateral margin with | notch or entire; lobe 3 longer than wide or about as long as wide, lateral margin with | notch, axis of lobe slightly converging. Median lobe with basal sclerosis longer than lobe; lobes 2 and 3 each with short paraphysis at mesal angle. Two plates between median lobes usually bifurcate; other plates apically fringed, slightly longer than lobes; 2 plates between median lobe and lobe 2, 3 plates between lobes 2-3, 7-9 broad plates and few short, spinelike processes anterior to lobe 3. Dorsal and marginal macroducts 85—89(77—116) on each side: Dorsal macroducts mainly in 4 longitudinal rows, anterior ducts shorter than those toward margin; between median lobe and lobe 2, 8(7—10) ducts in short, irregular double rows; between lobes 2-3, 15—19(18-—25) ducts in single or double 940 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 2. Selenaspidopsis mexicana, dorsal and ventral aspects. irregular row, usually in double row anteriorly; on fifth segment, 33(30—40) ducts in single or double irregular row extending anteriorly to basal, submarginal scle- rosis, terminating in cluster; laterad, 20(14—30) ducts in single irregular row ex- tending anteriorly to submargin of segment 4, terminating in submarginal cluster, occasionally 1 submarginal duct on segment 3. Marginal macroducts 1 between VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 94] median lobes, 1 between median lobe and lobe 2, 2 between lobes 2-3, 6(5-7) anterior to lobe 3. Microducts absent from dorsum; 3-4 short ventral ducts sub- marginally on fifth segment, long microducts arising from plates. Anal orifice oval, positioned between center and apical one-third of pygidium. Vulva positioned about basal one-third of pygidium between lateral perivulvar pore groups. Peri- vulvar pores 22—23(16-—28) usually in elongate lateral group, 1-3 pores wide, occasionally in 2 groups separated by diameter of a pore; 1 or 2 pores occasionally anterior to lateral groups. Dorsal scleroses short; basal scleroses 3, medial trans- verse, submedial longitudinal, submarginal sigmoid; 2—3 submedial scleroses aligned posterior to basal scleroses; 1 transverse and | longitudinal scleroses aligned medially. Venter with 2 short, basal transverse scleroses; 1 elongate slender sclerosis extending anteriorly from submargin near base of lobe 2 to another slender sclerosis bordering lateral perivulvar pores. Type material.— Adult female holotype (USNM type number 100418); MEX- ICO, Santiago Tuxtla, Veracruz, Chamaedorea leaf, 25-I-73, in quarantine at Laredo, A. V. Garrett (Laredo 5020). Paratypes 11 adult females on 11 slides, intercepted in quarantine on Chamaedorea leaves at Laredo and San Antonio, Texas. MEXICO: 20-IV-71, L. Beikman (San Antonio 1952); 5-I-72, C. Parker (San Antonio 3087); 16-V-72, D. W. Duewall (Laredo 3761); 18-II-74, D. J. Provencher (Laredo 6948); 2-IV-74, D. Johnston (Laredo 6793); Papantla, Ve- racruz, 5-I-74, A. V. Garrett (Laredo 6238); 14-I-74, D. J. Provencher (Laredo 6852); 18-II-74, D. J. Provencher (Laredo 6948, 6960); Santiago Tuxtla, Veracruz, 6-III-63, A. V. Garrett (Laredo 5238); 25-I-73, A. V. Garrett (Laredo 5019); Veracruz 27-III-74, C. R. Guettler (Laredo 7287). Depositories of paratypes: BM ICDA ESCA to MNC 1-USMN. 7. Discussion. —The differences between S. mexicana and S. browni are discussed under S. browni. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank A. B. Hamon, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Ser- vices, Gainesville, and M. B. Stoetzel, D. R. Miller, and D. M. Anderson, Sys- tematic Entomology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, for reviewing the manu- script and for their many useful suggestions. I also thank H. Proctor, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, for typing the manuscript. The illustrations were pre- pared by P. Hollyoak. Financial support for the illustrations was provided by Plant Protection and Quarantine, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. LITERATURE CITED Fonseca, J. P. da. 1962. Contribution to the knowledge of the Coccidae from Brazil (Homoptera- Coccoidea). Arq. Inst. Biol. 29(2): 13-28. Mamet, J. R. 1958. The Selenaspidus complex (Homoptera Coccoidea). Mus. Roy. Congo Belge (Tervuren) Ann. (n.s.) Sci. Zool. 4: 359-429. Plant Protection and Quarantine. 1979. List of intercepted plant pests, 1974-1977. Aphis 82-5, 568 pp. . 1980. List of intercepted plant pests, 1978. Aphis 82-6, 178 pp. . 1981. List of intercepted plant pests, 1979. Aphis 82-7, 171 pp. . 1982. List of intercepted plant pests, 1980-1981. Aphis 82-8, 476 pp. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 942-945 NEW NOTIPHILA (DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE) FROM THE OKEFENOKEE SWAMP, GEORGIA! ALEXANDER D. HURYN Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602. Abstract. —Two previously unknown species of Notiphila (Notiphila) Fallén, Notiphila mathisi n. sp. and Notiphila theonae n. sp., are described from the Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia. Recent collecting in the Okefenokee Swamp (Charlton County, Georgia) has resulted in the discovery of two undescribed species of Notiphila (Notiphila) Fallén, Notiphila mathis n. sp. and Notiphila theonae n. sp. Both species are members of the adjusta group as defined by Mathis (1979: 19). The site of collection was an emergent-macrophyte prairie located about 6 km west of Billy’s Island. Spec- imens were captured as they rested upon the foliage of Nuphar luteum macro- phyllum (Small) Beal. In the descriptions below, numerical characters follow Mathis (1979: 6—10) and are based upon male specimens. Unless otherwise noted, other character states utilized in the species diagnoses are based upon examinations of both male and female specimens. Notiphila (Notiphila) mathisi, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1-2, 5 Moderately small shore flies, length 2.93-3.12 mm (N = 4); ground color blue- gray, lightly dusted with brown dorsally; extreme dorsolateral margins of meso- notum bordered by a pair of distinct dark brown stripes. Head: Eye ratio of 1:0.63-1:0.70; eye-to-cheek ratio 1:0.21—1:0.27; postfrons ratio 1:1.14—-1:11.42; prefrons ratio 1:0.68—1:0.87. Median triangular area and lateral margins of frons gray, generally concolorous; median area of frons with greenish pollinosity. Paravertical bristles medium in size, noticeably more robust than the postocellar setae. One pair of fine proclinate, fronto-orbital setae present. First and second antennal segments brown, third segment orange proximally becoming brown distally; arista with 10—12 dorsal branches. Face lightly pruniose, yellow near antennae bases becoming silver toward oral margin; facial setae fine, 3-4; genae gray; genal bristle stronger than paravertical bristle; maxillary palps orange. Thorax: Mesonotum light brown, lateral margins with distinct dark brown stripes extending posteriad from an area anterior of the presutural bristle, across ' This research was supported by NSF grant BSR 8114823. Okefenokee ecosystem publication #44. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 943 the extreme dorsal region of the notopleuron, terminating near the base of the supra-alar bristle. Pleural regions generally blue-gray; anapisternum with a trans- verse, irregularly ovoid, dark brown region situated dorso-centrally on pleurite. Lateral margins of scutellum nearly black with pigmentation extending anteriad onto the mesonotum to form short stripes which terminate near the bases of the intra-alar bristles. Femora light gray, yellow apically; tibia and tarsi yellow; setal fascicle of hind basitarsus yellow; mesothoracic tibia with 3 dorsal extensor bris- tles; mesothoracic femora and tibia of males with comblike row of setae along postero-ventral margins. Abdomen: Abdominal ratio 1:0.64—1:0.78; tergum V/IV ratio 1:1.11—1:1.57; tergum V ratio 1:0.37—1:0.45. Ground color blue-gray with dark brown, geminate, triangulate fascia on segments III—V (Fig. 2). Male genitalia: Ventral epandrial processes narrow, forming lateral boundaries of an extensive, truncate emargi- nation (Fig. 5); basiphallus heavily sclerotized, recurved, narrowing apically (Fig. 1, AED); hypandrial process considerably longer than wide with apical 2 covered with short, fine, spinules (Fig. 1, HYP PR); hypandrial receptacle reduced to 2 elongate, sclerotized strips (Fig. 1, HYP REC). Type material.—Holotype ¢: Georgia, Charlton County, Okefenokee Swamp, 6 km W of Billy’s Island, 26 September 1982, ADH, deposited in the United States National Museum; Paratypes, 3 6, 10 2, same data as Holotype, deposited in USNM (2 4, 9 9) and University of Georgia (1 4, 1 9). Etymology.—The genitive mathisi is given in honor of Wayne N. Mathis in recognition of his outstanding (1979) revision of the North American Notiphila. Remarks.—In the key to the North American species of Notiphila (Notiphila) given in Mathis (1979: 17-19), N. mathisi will key to couplet 6 which includes N. taenia Mathis and N. bella Loew. Although closely resembling these species externally, N. mathisi can be easily distinguished by its distinctive basiphallus and epandrium. Notiphila (Notiphila) theonae, NEW SPECIES Figs. 3-4, 6 Medium-sized shore flies, length 3.12—3.25 mm (N = 2); ground color blue- gray lightly dusted with brown dorsally; thorax immaculate. Head: Eye ratio 1:0.71—1:0.75; eye-to-cheek ratio 1:0.20-1:0.24; postfrons ratio 1:1.15; prefrons ratio 1:0.50-1:0.52. Median triangular area light gray, contrasting with the dark brown lateral margins of frons; median area of frons concolorous with the preceding. Paravertical bristles fine, equal to the postocellar setae. One pair of fine proclinate, fronto-orbital setae present. First and second antennal segments brown, third segment orange proximally, becoming light brown distally; arista with 5-8 dorsal branches. Face lightly pruniose, silver; facial setae fine, 4; genae gray, genal bristle moderate in size, about 2 x the length of the paravertical bristle; maxillary palps pale yellow. Thorax: Mesonotum, immaculate with light brown pollinosity. Pleural sclerites, immaculate, blue-gray. Scutellum with lateral margins appearing dark brown when viewed from a postero-oblique angle. Femora light gray, yellow apically; tibia and tarsi yellow; setal fascicle of hind basitarsus yellow; mesothoracic tibia with 3 dorsal extensor bristles; mesothoracic femora and tibia of males with comblike row of setae along postero-ventral margins. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON a /, \ a NN WY!L EE BAG 0.2mm Sf Ws Mich odes C4 ee VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 945 Abdomen: Abdominal ratio 1:0.63-—1:0.66; tergum V/IV ratio 1:1.10; tergum V ratio 1:0.48-1:0.50. Ground color blue-gray with brown, parallel, continuous fascia extending from the posterior margin of segment II to segment V (Fig. 4). Male genitalia: Ventral epandrial processes forming lateral boundaries of a narrow U-shaped emargination (Fig. 6); basiphallus heavily sclerotized, strongly recurved, becoming markedly narrow apically (Fig. 3); hypandrium triangular in lateral view, bearing 2 stout setae at apex; hypandrial process longer than wide with apical 3 covered with relatively long, stout, spines (Fig. 3); hypandrial receptacle reduced to 2 elongate, sclerotized strips (Fig. 3). Type material.— Holotype é: Georgia, Charlton County, Okefenokee Swamp, 6 km W of Billy’s Island, ADH, deposited in the United States National Museum; Paratypes, | male, 6 females, same data as Holotype, deposited in USNM (5 females) and University of Georgia (1 3, 1 9). Etymology.— The genitive theonae is given in memory of Theona S. C. Huryn:; one who enthusiastically supported my early interests in entomology. Remarks.—The setation of the hypandrial process and the structure of the basiphallus renders N. theonae distinct from all other members of the subgenus Notiphila. In the key to the North American species of Notiphila (Notiphila) provided by Mathis (1979: 17-19), N. mathisi will key to couplet 6 where it can be readily distinguished from N. taenia and N. bella by the lack of thoracic stripes. LITERATURE CITED Mathis, W.N. 1979. Studies of Notiphilinae (Diptera:Ephydridae), I: Revision of the Nearctic species of Notiphila Fallén, excluding the caudata group. Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 287: 1-111 + iv. — Figs. 1-6. 1, Notiphila mathisi n. sp., internal male genitalia, lateral (AED = aedeagus, AED AP = aedeagal apodeme, HYP PR = hypandrial process, HYP REC = hypandrial receptacle). 2, N. mathisi, male abdomen, dorsal. 3, N. theonae n. sp., internal male genitalia, lateral. 4, N. theonae, male abdomen, dorsal. 5, N. mathisi, epandrium, cerci and epandrial processes. 6, N. theonae, epandrium, cerci and epandrial processes. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 946-950 TAXONOMIC AND NOMENCLATORIAL NOTES ON CARIBBEAN TROPICUS PACHECO (COLEOPTERA: HETEROCERIDAE) MICHAEL A. IVIE AND JAMES B. STRIBLING Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210. Abstract.—The West Indian species, Heterocerus lituratus Kiesenwetter, H. pumilio Kiesenwetter, and H. bilineatus Chevrolat are transferred from “‘validez incierta” to the genus Tropicus Pacheco. H. bilineatus and H. lituratus are con- sidered valid species, with H. pumilio and Tropicus cithara Pacheco placed as junior synonyms of 7. /ituratus. Tropicus ladonnae new species is described from Trinidad. These species are diagnosed, integrated with Pacheco’s keys, and a discussion of distribution and taxonomic history given. Male genitalia and man- dibles of 7. bilineatus and T. ladonnae are illustrated. The genus T7ropicus was erected for 13 species from temperate and tropical America by Pacheco in his revision of the Heteroceridae of the Americas (1964). In that same paper, 15 species of American Heterocerus were placed “‘validez incierta”’ due to inadequate descriptions and unavailable types. Types of 2 West Indian Kiesenwetter species so placed have been examined through the courtesy of Dr. M. Uhlig of the Humboldt Museum, and found to belong to Tropicus. Material provided by Dr. P. Spangler of the U.S. National Museum has allowed us to place one of Chevrolat’s Cuban species in this genus. We also take this opportunity to describe a new species of 7ropicus from Trinidad. Material from this study is deposited in the following collections: American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH); British Museum (Natural His- tory), London (BMNH); Centro de Investigaciones Agricolas del Noroeste, Ciudad Obregon (CIAN); California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (CASC); Cana- dian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa (CNCI); College of the Virgin Islands, Cooperative Extension Service, St. Croix (CVIX); Field Museum of Natural His- tory, Chicago (FMNH); Institute Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bru- xelles (ISNB); Instituto de Zoologia, Academia de Ciencas de Cuba, La Habana (IZAC); J. B. Stribling, Columbus (JBSC); M. A. Ivie, Columbus (MAIC); Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge (MCZC); Muséum National d’Histoire Na- turelle, Paris (MNHP); National Museum of Natural History, Washington (NMNH); Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus (OSUC); Richard S. Miller, Columbus (RSMC); Stovall Museum, University of Oklahoma, Norman (SMSH); Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis (UCDC); University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad (UWIT); Zoo- logical Institute, Academy of Sciences, Leningrad (ZILC); Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin (ZMHB); Zoologisck Museum, Universitets, Ko- VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 947 benhavn (ZMUK); Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo (ZUSP). The following species are placed in Tropicus, as defined by Pacheco (1964). They share with 7ropicus characters of the male mandible and aedeagus, as well as the maculation of the elytra and the 9-segmented antennae. Tropicus lituratus (Kiesenwetter) NEw COMBINATION Heterocerus lituratus Kiesenwetter 1843: 221, t. 3, f. 17; Zaitzev 1910: 59; Leng and Mutchler 1914: 424; Blackwelder 1944: 270. Heterocerus pumilio Kiesenwetter 1851: 296; Zaitzev 1910: 61; Leng and Mutchler 1914: 424; Blackwelder 1944: 270. NEw SYNONYMY. Tropicus cithara Pacheco 1964: 109, figs. 376-385, 500. NEW SYNONYMY. Type localities. —Of H. lituratus, St. Thomas (holotype in ZMHB). Of H. pumilio, St. Thomas, here corrected to St. John (see below) (syntypes in ZMHB). Of T. cithara, St. Croix (holotype in NMNH). Distribution.— Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, St. John, St. Croix, Dominica, Ven- ezuela? [The source of Zaitzev’s (1910: 59) citation of this species from Venezuela is unknown to us, and needs substantiation. ] Remarks.—The holotype of H. lituratus in the ZMHB is labeled as follows: “‘male symbol; TYPE [on pink paper]; Hist. coll. Nr./ 9642; lituratus Kiesen./ det. Mamitza; Zool. Mus./ Berlin.”’ The genitalia and abdomen are in a glycerin vial on the pin. It stands fourth in a series behind a lead label “‘lituratus/ Mor. Kies.*/ St. Jean/ St. Thom. Mor.”’ Although the ““TY PE” label was certainly added by a later worker, perhaps Mamitza, Kiesenwetter cited “‘eine Exemplar” (an example) in his description. The earlier worker may have had an indication, not now obvious, that the labeled specimen was indeed the holotype, and we recognize this specimen as such. In his description of H. pumilio, Kiesenwetter cited two specimens labeled “‘nanus” by Moritz in the Berlin Museum. A series of 2 females was received from the Humboldt Museum bearing the label “‘(nanus)/ Moritz/ nomen muta- blum/ St. Jean Moritz.” No other specimens were found. It seems that the St. Thomas in Kiesenwetter’s description was a mistake for St. John, since the names look similar at a glance in the formal script in which the labels were written. Thus the type locality of H. pumilio is corrected to St. John. Though the syntypes are females, the synonymy of pumilio with lituratus is reasonably certain since the species of West Indian Jropicus can be distinguished by color pattern. The H. pumilio types are typical of /ituratus in color pattern. Although we consider these specimens the true syntypes, we will not designate a lectotype at this time, leaving this for a revisor in case Thomian specimens are eventually found. Pacheco’s 7. cithara was described from a single specimen from St. Croix in the NMNH. The genitalia and prostheca of the holotype and a topotypic specimen (MAIC) were compared by Dr. J. M. Kingsolver and found to be conspecific. This specimen was then compared to the holotype of H. /Jituratus, and their synonymy confirmed. To Pacheco’s description (based on a unique male) we would like to add the following notes on variation: the development of the dorsal projection of the 948 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON mandible is variable in size and to a lesser degree, shape. It is always acute at the tip, but can be quite small. The females agree with the male in size and color pattern, differing mainly in the smaller mandible that lacks the dorsal projection. Material examined (in addition to the type series from St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix).— Puerto Rico: 1 6— Moritz (ZMHB). St. Croix: 1 6—H. A. Beatty (MCZC). 43 (17 2, 26 6—Golden Grove, various dates from 21 Jan 1980 to 21 May 1981, at U.V. light, D. F. Keaveny colr., 1 6 Upper Love, 20 Jan 1980, at U.V. light, D. F. Keaveny (CVIX, 2 4, 1 9; JBSC, 2 4, 2 2; MAIC, 12 6, 9 9; MZHB, 1 6, 1 2; NMNH, 2 6, 1 9; OSUC,22:65 1693: RSMG:; 2.4). 1° 2:cU CDE yc eine): Dominica: 2 6—W. Cabrit, 3 Mar 1964, D. F. Bray, at light (NMNBH). Tropicus bilineatus (Chevrolat) NEw COMBINATION Figs. 1-3 Heterocerus bilineatus Chevrolat 1864:407. Zaitzev 1910:55. Leng and Mutchler 1914: 424. Blackwelder 1944: 270. Diagnosis. — Body, antennae, and legs yellowish, pronotum with a brown lon- gitudinal median stripe, broadened apically and basally; scutellum brown; elytra with suture narrowly brown and usually with a cuniform brown macula on disk, extending from base for 74 length. Aedeagus as in Figs. 1 and 2. Male mandible and prostheca as in Fig. 3. The female mandible lacks a dorsal projection. Length 2.5-3.0 mm, width 0.9-1.0 mm. Type locality.—Cuba, type in Gundlach collection, Habana. Distribution. — Cuba. Remarks.— Although we have not seen Chevrolat’s type, the topotypic speci- mens at hand fit his description, and the color pattern is quite distinctive. The width of the pronotal stripe is variable, ranging from indistinct to 4 width of the pronotum. The size of the dorsal process of the male mandible is also variable. In some specimens the elytral macula is virtually absent. These light- colored specimens may be slightly teneral. T. bilineatus will key to T. insidiosus in Pacheco’s key (1964: 104). It may be distinguished from 7. insidiosus by the color pattern and the shape of the aedeagus. Material examined.— Cuba: 8 6, 8 2—Pinar de Rio, Soroa, 28 April 1983, P. J. Spangler, blacklight; 1 é—ibid, 27—29 April 1983, P. J. Spangler and I. Fernandez- G. (6 Habana, 6 NMNH, 3 MAIC, 2 JBSC). Tropicus ladonnae Ivie and Stribling, NEW SPECIES Figs. 4-6 Male.—Length 2.0-2.5 mm, width at humeral angles 0.8—1.0 mm. Mandible varying from short to long, with a dorsal projection of variable size, major male as in Fig. 6; prostheca as in Fig. 6. Head and pronotum dark reddish-brown; pronotum finely granulate. Elytron yellowish to clear brown, suture very narrowly dark; a broad dark macula starting at suture behind scutellum and surrounding disk rejoining suture behind, often extending along suture to apex; covered with regularly-spaced setae. Ninth abdominal sternite evenly sclerotized throughout, posterior arms widened and scoop-shaped, anterior arm curved and without scler- otized apodeme. Aedeagus as in Figs. 4 and 5. Female.— Differs from male in having smaller mandibles which lack a dorsal projection. Types.—HOLOTYPE ¢ (in USNM). Trinidad, West Indies; Espagnole River VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 949 6 Figs. 1-6. 1-3, Tropicus bilineatus Chevrolat. 4-6, Tropicus ladonnae Ivie and Stribling. 1, 4, Aedeagus (dorsal). 2, 5, Aedeagus (lateral). 3, 6, Male mandible and prostheca. and Princess Margaret Highway; 07 January 1979; M. A. & L. L. Ivie, colrs. 900 PARATYPES (same data as holotype) in AMNH, BMNH, CIAN, CASC, CNCI, FMNH, ISNB, JBSC, MAIC, MCZC, MNHP, NMNH, OSUC, RSMC, SMNH, UCDC, UWIT, ZILC, ZMHB, ZMUK, ZUSP. Derivation of specific name.—After LaDonna Lynn Clark-Ivie for her efforts in collecting the type-series as well as her many other contributions to the senior author’s entomological activities. Remarks.— 7. /adonnae will key to T. insidiosus in Pacheco’s key (1964: 104). The new species can be distinguished from 7. insidiosus by the trilobed apex of the aedeagus (Fig. 4) as well as the strong dorsal projection of the aedeagus (as seen from lateral view) (Fig. 5). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank Mr. Daniel Keaveny of the California Department of Food and Agriculture, for the donation of some of the material used in this study; 950 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Drs. Alfred F. Newton (MCZC), Paul J. Spangler (NMNH), and Manfred Uhlig (ZMHB) for the loan of material from their respective museums; and Dr. John Kingsolver, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washington, who com- pared specimens with Pacheco’s holotype of 7. cithara. We also thank Charles A. Triplehorn and Francisco Pacheco for reviewing this manuscript and for ren- dering several helpful comments for the final draft. Adam Rubinstein executed the illustrations. LITERATURE CITED Blackwelder, R. E. 1944. Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Part 2. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 185: 189-341. Chevrolat, L. A. A. 1864. Coléoptéres de I’Ile de Cuba. (Suite) Notes, synonymies et descriptions d’espéces nouvelles. Cinquiéme mémoire. Famille des parnides, hétérocérides, passalides et lamellicornes (Tribus des coprides, aphodiides, hybosorides, géotrupides et trogides). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (4) 4: 405-418. Kiesenwetter, E. A. H. 1843. Beitraége zur Monographie der Gattung Heterocerus. Z. Entomol. 4: 194-224. 1851. Revision der Kaéfergattung Heterocerus. Linn. Entomol. 5: 281-300. Leng, C. W. and A. J. Mutchler. 1914. A preliminary list of the Coleoptera of the West Indies as recorded to January 1, 1914. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 33(30): 391-493. Pacheco M., F. 1964. Sistematica, filogenia y distribucion de los heteroceridos de America (Co- leoptera: Heteroceridae). Monografias del Colegio de Post-Graduados 1: i-xii + 1-155, 301 figs. Escuela Nacional de Agricultura, Colegio de Post-Graduados, Chapingo, Mexico. Zaitzev, P. A. 1910. Dryopidae, Cyathoceridae, Georyssidae, Heteroceridae. Coleopterorum Cata- logus 14 (17): 1-68. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 951-960 A REVISION OF THE GENUS ALEPTINA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) E. L. Topp, A. BLANCHARD, AND R. W. POOLE (ELT, RWP) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBII, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, % United States National Museum, NHB 168, Washington, D.C. 20560 (E. L. Todd, retired); (AB) 3023 Underwood, Houston, Texas, 77025. Abstract.—The North American noctuid genus A/eptina is revised and a key to species provided. The adults, male, and female genitalia are illustrated. One new species, Aleptina junctimacula, is described. The five species occur in southwestern United States and in northern and central Mexico. The genus A/eptina is a small group of five species from the desert regions of southwestern United States and northern and central Mexico. The genus is cur- rently placed in the Acontiinae in the tribe Eustrotiini. This placement is not correct because in A/eptina the hood of the tympanic region is well developed. In the Eustrotiini the hood is typically greatly reduced or entirely absent. It cannot be placed in the tribe Acontiini either. In addition to the presence of the hood (absent in the Acontiini), the alula is not large and sclerotized, veins M; and Cu, of the hindwing are not stalked, and the hair pencil of the last abdominal sternite is brush-shaped, not as two eversible hair pencils as found in the Acontiini. For the moment its exact placement must remain uncertain. Some diagnostic char- acters are: 1) the front is strongly produced into a shelf-like process or swollen, 2) the base of the uncus is modified into a large, balloon-shaped structure, 3) the hindwing venation is unambiguously quadrifid, 4) an accessory cell is present in the forewing, 5) the eyes are neither hairy nor lashed, 6) the tibiae are unspined and without claws, 7) the juxta is usually (but not always) produced into a long, thin spine, 8) the valves of the male genitalia are membranous with a long, sharp, pointed clasper, and 9) the outward side of the uncus is armed with spines. Aleptina Dyar Aleptina Dyar, 1902, Can. Entomol. 34: 105. Type-species: A/eptina inca Dyar, 1902, Can. Entomol. 34: 105, by monotypy. Paracretonia Dyar, 1912, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 14: 167. Type-species: Par- acretonia xithon Dyar, 1912, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 14: 167, by monotypy. Adult.— Head: Front produced into a large shelf in type species, but merely swollen in others, front covered with scales, descending as a flattened tuft from apex of head between antennal bases; antennae simple, minutely hairy, covered with scales dorsally; eyes naked, not lashed; palpi with first segment with large white scales on outer side, third segment not at an angle with second; proboscis not reduced. Thorax: Covered with scales; no noticeable tufts except for weak 952 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON tuft at posterior end of thorax. Wing venation: Forewing venation typical of trifid noctuids, accessory cell present; hindwing with Cu, and M, not stalked, M, present. Legs: No significant tufts or hair pencils; prothoracic tibia without claw; tarsal spines of first four tarsal segments arranged in three rows; spines of fifth segment irregular in no set pattern; tarsal claw toothed; mesothoracic tibia with one pair of spurs, metathoracic tibia with two. External tympanic area: Alula neither reduced nor enlarged, not greatly sclerotized; anterior edge of first abdominal tergite membranous, lobed; hood moderate to large, separated by a depression from a small bulla in intersegmental membrane toward rear margin of the first abdominal tergite; tympanal groove not extended into second abdominal tergite. Internal tympanic structure: Not examined. Abdomen: First abdominal tergite with a small tuft; abdomen covered with scales; last tergite of male with U-shaped sclerotization with lateral projections present; hair pencil of tergite a brush and non-eversible; sclerotization of last sternite weak, generally consisting of two distal round flat areas and a proximal diamond-shaped area projecting proximally into a rounded knob. Male genitalia: Uncus with spines on outer edge of apex; bases of uncus swollen into two slightly membranous balloons; juxta either produced into a long spine or not; valve various but always with a long, point clasper; aedeagus with apex usually produced into a point; vesica with two groups of spines, one at the base and a second on a rounded lobe distal to that; vesica continued as a slightly spinose tail. Female genitalia: Ovipositor lobes unmodified; ostium produced into a variety of spine-like processes depending on the species; ducutus bursae long, not strongly sclerotized; corpus bursae single lobed, slightly spiculate, ductus seminalis arising from top of bursa. KEY TO SPECIES OF Aleptina 1. Front produced into a large shelf-like prominence .............. inca Dyar — Front swollen but not produced into a shelf-like prominence ......... 2 2. Forewing dirty white with a dull black median area ...... semiatra (Smith) = Forewing not as:abOVe ....c «<4 cores. stra ees ot ect ho ee 3 3. Forewing with most of basal area light red-brown, contrasting with re- MAINGEM Ol WINE. oie ess see cae a oe eee clinopetes (Dyar) — Forewing with basal area not light red-brown, not contrasting with rest OL WIM kgs ie 5 ales shies bo io ee ek Aa ne pe 4 4. Forewing with orbicular laterally elongate, fusing with reniform; claviform elongate, superficially appearing to run to base of wing; Texas ........ Be Annie et OCR clae Bt, 3 6 Fe junctimacula A. Blanchard, new species — Forewing with orbicular round, not laterally elongate or fusing with re- niform; claviform not elongate, not appearing to run to base of wing; Mohave Desert region of California and Arizona .................... HRN a phi on ee i ee eter aleptivoides (Barnes and McDunnough) Aleptina inca Dyar Figs. 1-4 Aleptina inca Dyar, 1902, Can. Entomol. 34: 105. Type-locality: ‘““So. Arizona’ [United States National Museum]. Types. — Dyar described this species from two é from Arizona and two ? from Texas. One of the 2 specimens is a cotype of Aleptina inca texana. The two é are VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 2))3) Figs. 1-4. 1, Aleptina inca Dyar adult. 2, Male genitalia. 3, Aedeagus. 4, Female genitalia. 954 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON marked “type” and ‘‘male type.” The specimen marked “‘type”’ is in poor con- dition. The ¢ bearing the label “‘male type” is in good condition but is missing the right forewing. We hereby designate and have labeled as LECTOTYPE the specimen labeled “‘So. Arizona, Poling,”’ ““Barnes Collection,” ““Leptina inca Dyar male type,” “Photo Noc. 481.” Aleptina inca texana Barnes and McDunnough, 1913, Contributions to the Nat- ural History of the Lepidoptera of North America, 2(3): 115. Type-locality: Brownsville, Texas [United States National Museum]. Aleptina inca is the only species of this genus with a large shelf-like prominence of the front. All of the other species have the front either merely swollen or with only a hint of a ridge. The male genitalia are also distinctive (Figs. 2, 3). The valve is, to a degree, membranous and the elongate clasper rests in a pocket in the valve. Within this pocket there is a small, pointed sclerotization. The outer margin of the valve lacks the sclerotized process found in clinopetes (Dyar). The species is superficially like c/inopetes, but the prominence of the front or its absence will immediately separate the two species. This species occurs thoughout southern Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and southern California. In Mexico the species has been collected in the states of San Luis Potosi and Coahuila. It is apparently a desert species. The biology, larva, and foodplants are unknown. The species is variable. The basal area of the forewing is usually suffused to some extent with light salmon brown. In a few specimens the salmon brown spills all across the inner margin. The forewing varies in color from a dark black grey with a white suffusion near the apex to a uniform medium grey. The Texas specimens contain the highest proportion of the grey form and if a subspecific concept is used, the name fexana is available. Aleptina clinopetes (Dyar), NEW COMBINATION Figs. 5-8 Bryocodia clinopetes Dyar, 1920, Insec. Inscit. Menstr. 8: 192. Type-locality: Venadio, Sinaloa, Mexico [United States National Museum]. Aleptina clinopetes (Dyar) has not been recorded from the United States before, probably because specimens have been consistently misidentified as inca. How- ever, the absence of a shelf-like prominence of the front of the head will imme- diately separate it from inca. In addition, the costa of the valve of the male genitalia has a sclerotized process that is absent in inca. The forewing of clinopetes is a bluish-grey and the basal area is strongly suffused with salmon brown. There- fore any Aleptina which looks like inca but lacks the frontal prominence will probably be this species. Aleptina clinopetes appears to be primarily a Mexican species that reaches into the mountains of southern Arizona. In Mexico it has been collected in the states of Sinaloa, Oaxaca, and Morelos. In Arizona it has been taken in the Santa Rita and Baboquivari Mountains. The foodplants and larva are unknown. Aleptina junctimacula A. Blanchard, NEW SPECIES Figs. 9-12 Aleptina junctimacula A. Blanchard, new species. Type-locality: Dugout Wells, Big Bend National Park, Texas [United States National Museum]. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 955 Figs. 5-8. 5, Aleptina clinopetes (Dyar) adult. 6, Male genitalia. 7, Aedeagus. 8, Female genitalia. This new species is to be credited to Blanchard only. Aleptina junctimacula is characterized by the elongate orbicular and claviform of the forewing. The or- bicular is laterally elongate, running into and fusing with the reniform. The clav- iform appears to run all the way into the base of the wing. The hindwing is tinged with brown. This species is the only species in the genus in which the juxta is not 956 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 9-12. 9, Aleptina junctimacula A. Blanchard, adult. 10, Male genitalia. 11, Aedeagus. 12, Female genitalia. produced into a spine or elongate process. Aleptina junctimacula is known only from the Big Bend area of western Texas. Description.— Head with mixed white and grey scales. Wings with maculation as in Fig. 9; orbicular and claviform laterally elongated, orbicular running into and fusing with reniform, not round as in aleptivoides;, claviform appearing to run all the way to base of wing; overall coloration of forewing grey with a very slight violet tint; claviform, orbicular, and reniform white, orbicular with a dark grey central spot; antemedial line absent or obscure; postmedial line a thin black line running as in Fig. 9; lower two-thirds of subterminal area with a dull black, VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 957 Figs. 13-16. 13, Aleptina aleptivoides (Barnes and McDunnough), adult. 14, Male genitalia. 15, Aedeagus. 16, Female genitalia. but obscure, patch; terminal line a series of distinct black dashes. Hindwing light brown. Prothoracic and mesothoracic tibiae and femora covered with mixed white and grey scales; tarsal segments vaguely banded with white and grey; metathoracic femur and tibia all white. Abdomen with tuft of grey scales on first abdominal segment. Male genitalia as in Figs. 10, 11; juxta not produced into a spine as in 958 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 17-20. 17, Aleptina semiatra (Smith), adult. 18, Male genitalia. 19, Aedeagus. 20, Female genitalia. VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 959 other four species; claspers of valves extending beyond margins of valve, not shortened as in aleptivoides. Female genitalia as in Fig. 12. Types. — Holotype: 6, Big Bend National Park, Dugout Wells, Texas, 29-VIII- 1965, A & M.E. Blanchard, male genitalia on slide AB 1100, in the United States National Museum. Paratypes: 1 6 and 6 2 from the type locality and collectors, 4-VI-73, 13-IX-71, 9-VIII-64, 27-VIII-65, in the collection of A. Blanchard; | 4, Shafter, Presidio County, Texas, 9-IX-69, A & M. E. Blanchard, in the United States National Museum; | 6, Chihuahuan Desert, near Nugent Mountain, Big Bend National Park, Texas, A & M. E. Blanchard, 17-IX-71, in the collection of A. Blanchard; 1 6, Nugent Mountain, Chisos Mountains, Brewster Co., Texas, D.C. Ferguson, 6-VI-73, in the United States National Museum. This species is known only from the Big Bend Region of Texas. The larva and its foodplants are unknown. The species has an uncanny resemblance to the species of the genus Oxycnemis. Aleptina aleptivoides (Barnes and McDunnough) NEw COMBINATION Figs. 13-16 Phyllophila aleptivoides Barnes and McDunnough, 1912, Can. Entomol. 44: 217. Type-locality: La Puerta Valley, San Diego County, California [United States National Museum]. Types.— This species was described from one 4 and one @. The ¢ is in the San Diego Museum and the @ is in the United States National Museum. The 2 type bearing the labels ““Geo. H. Field, La Puerto Valley, Cal., July 11,” ““Photograph pl. 5, fig. 14,” ‘“‘Phyllophila aleptivoides B & McD, type female” is designated and has been labeled as LECTOTYPE. Paracretonia xithon Dyar, 1912, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 14: 167. Type-locality: La Puerta Valley, California [san Diego County], [United States National Museum]. Types.— Described from three specimens. The 2 specimen bearing the labels “Geo. H. Field, La Puerta Valley, Cal., July 11,” “56,” “Type no. 15112 U.S.N.M.,”’ ‘“‘Paracretonia xithon, type Dyar’’ is designated and has been labeled as LEC- TOT Y PE: Aleptina aleptivoides looks most like junctimacula, but even that comparison is strained. The general color of the forewing is a grizzled grey. The orbicular and claviform of the forewing are not laterally elongate. The male genitalia are dis- tinctive because the clasper of the valve is shorter than in any of the other four species and does not extend past the margin of the valve. This species has been collected in southern California, western Arizona, and southern Arizona. The larva and its foodplants are unknown. Aleptina semiatra (Smith) NEw COMBINATION Figs. 17-20 Acontia semiatra Smith, 1902, J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 10: 52. Type-locality. Quartzite, Yuma Co., Arizona [American Museum of Natural History]. 960 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Types.—This species was described from one 6 and three 2. The lectotype was designated by Todd, 1982, U.S.D.A. Tech. Bull. 1645, p. 193. This species is unmistakable and superficially is totally unlike the rest of the genus. The forewing is dirty white with a dull grey median area. The subterminal area is also generally suffused with dull grey. The species is fairly common in the Mohave Desert region of southern California and western Arizona. The larva and its foodplants are unknown. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, p. 960 NOTE Editha magnifica (Perty) in Venezuela (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Nyssoninae) Editha magnifica (Perty) is probably the largest (length 40 mm or more) member of the tribe Bembecini and, although described 150 years ago, is still poorly known. This handsome wasp was previously recorded only from Brazil (Bohart & Menke, 1976, Sphecid Wasps of the World), and all collections were made south of the Amazon River. Therefore, the discovery of magnifica in Venezuela, some 1500 airmiles to the north, is significant. I have examined two females belonging to two different Venezuelan institutions. The records are as follows: Anzoategui: Aragua dist., El Chaparro, XII-20-74 (Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo); Yar- acuy: Chivacoa, Centrale Matilde, [X-12-72 (Universidad Centro Occidental Lis- andro Alvarado, Barquisimeto). Both specimens are identical in yellow abdominal markings with Brazilian females. I would like to thank Edmundo Rubio, Mara- caibo, and Enrique Yustiz, Barquisimeto, for permitting me to examine wasps in their institutions. A. S. Menke, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIIT, ARS, USDA, c/o National Museum of Natural History, NHB 168, Washington, DC 20560. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 961-967 THREE NEW SPECIES OF MACRUROHELEA FROM ARGENTINA WITH A KEY TO THE NEOTROPICAL SPECIES (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) GUSTAVO R. SPINELLI AND WILLIAM L. GROGAN, JR. (GRS) Instituto de Limnologia (ILPLA), Republica Argentina, Becario Externo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas de la Republica Ar- gentina; (WLG) Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury State College, Salis- bury, Maryland 21801. Abstract.— The following three new species of the predaceous midge genus Ma- crurohelea from Argentina are described and illustrated: gentilii, monotheca and wirthi. Two of these new species, M. gentilii and M. monotheca, differ from all other species of Macrurohelea in possessing a single spermatheca instead of the usual two. A key to the 9 Neotropical species is presented. The genus Macrurohelea is presently known from seven species, six of which are southern Neotropical in distribution. These are M. caudata Ingram and Macfie (1931) and M. thoracica I. & M. from southern Argentina, M. kuscheli Wirth (1965) and M. setosa Wirth from southern and northern Chile respectively, and M. irwini Grogan and Wirth (1980) and M. paracaudata G. & W. from central Chile. Lee (1962) described M. commoni from Australia, the only species presently known from that continent. However, Grogan and Wirth (in prep.) are in the process of describing two new Australian species and it is not unreasonable to expect many more species from that part of the southern hemisphere. Macruro- helea is very similar to the northern Holarctic genus Ceratopogon and is apparently a southern hemisphere analogue of that genus (Grogan and Wirth, 1980). In this paper we are describing three new species of Macrurohelea recently collected by Mario Gentili from San Martin de los Andes, Argentina. This locality is located 120 km. N of San Carlos de Bariloche (ca. 40°S), the type-locality of M. thoracica, and represents a typical Patagonian Andes forest habitat. Specimens of Macrurohelea have been taken just north of the Tropic of Capricorn at Vega de San Andres in northern Chile (23°S) to as far south as Lake Gutierrez in southern Argentina (41.5°S). It is of interest to note that none of the six previously described species of Macrurohelea from South America have subsequently been collected. This may be an indication that they are quite rare, that they inhabit very unique or specialized habitats, or that standard light trapping methods are not very efficient. The senior author has never encountered them during the course of several collecting trips to suitable habitats. It is also noteworthy that two of our new species, M. gentilii and M. monotheca, differ from all other species of Ma- crurohelea in possessing a single spermatheca instead of the usual two. 962 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON For an explanation of general ceratopogonid terminology see Downes and Wirth (1981); terms dealing with antennal sensilla are those of Wirth and Navai (1978). The holotypes and allotypes of our new species are deposited in the collection of the Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina. Paratypes of M. gentilii will be deposited in the collection of the Instituto de Limnologia (ILPLA), La Plata, Argentina, and in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. The senior author (G.R.S.) gratefully acknowledges support from the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas de la Republica Argentina. KEY TO THE NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF Macrurohelea It. SPCM ALES 2 Gk so os lev aS Fe Re ta 2 = IWalesi these ree ee 2 ed ieee ty od Soa ce eS gees cae 9 2s One spertnatheca:actetrettrrrnet terre ee a 3 =) Fwo:spenmathecaes «218 x aiceeecliocectes © cae oan oe Gee ee eee 4 3. Wing with intercalary fork in cell R;; wing membrane infuscated, veins dark .DrOWit iar nc. oe ae kee ee eee monotheca new species — Wing without intercalary fork in cell R;; wing membrane whitish hyaline, Bd st Oi 0/2 1 (seat rnd COT oe A We SST eR Pere Re gentilii new species 4: Wing withantercalary fork in cell Roe... 7.2... ee ee =) Wing without intercalary fork in‘cell Re: 0.2202. os... 2 eee 6 5. Second radial cell of wing 2.5 times longer than Ist, veins brown; antennal TAUO UGE ie He Bey Fe, (PD Cae epee et Sot ee wirthi new species — Second radial cell of wing 3 times longer than Ist, veins pale; antennal TALLO LOO ASS er i ee Senne tee caudata Ingram and Macfie 6. Second radial’cell of wing twice’ as long‘as ‘Ist’. 00... 2 ee y, Second radial cell of wing at least 3 times as long as Ist ............. 8 7. Flagellum very short, flagellomeres 9-12 each broader than long, anten- nal ratio 0.59; very small species, wing length 0.94 mm ... kuscheli Wirth -— Flagellum longer, flagellomeres 9-12 each twice as long as broad, anten- nal ratio 1.06—1.16; small species, wing length 1.27-1.42 mm ........ EU RAC UIE TETANUS Aibheste.« EAE REIS. LOTT irwini Grogan and Wirth 8. Flagellomeres 5—8 with apical sensilla coeloconica; legs with inconspic- uous setae; wing including veins pale ........ thoracica Ingram and Macfie — Flagellomeres 5-8 lacking apical sensilla coeloconica; legs with numerous long bristly setae; wing including veins infuscated dark brown ....... 9° Large’ species; wing length 2) mm or greater’ & 2.020019) 2 eee 10 — ‘Smailler’species; wing length 1 SierilessU 2925), 2998. 37 Rn. eae i 10. Legs with numerous long bristly setae; wing including veins infuscated dark brown 7) 840 2/0 {2 ROR IEG) SIDE Gl ASSIGN A) AER a ee setosa Wirth — Legs with inconspicuous setae; wing including veins pale ............ Pie Sete A, RMS IBD PUL OU See thoracica Ingram and Macfie 11. Very small species, wing length 0.90 mm _ .. paracaudata Grogan and Wirth =~ Small species; wing length’ 1.3’ mmi-or greater” . oS 29s0 92.262. ae 12 12. Wing with intercalary fork in cell R;; second radial cell of wing subequal to lst; aedeagus more or less crescent shaped .caudata Ingram and Macfie VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 963 — Wing without intercalary fork in cell R;; second radial cell of wing 1.7- 20. timesonger-than Ist; aedeagus triangular os... i... cs. ees es es 13 13. Gonostylus bent abruptly subapically at 90°; sternum 9 with deep cau- domedialexcavationsg.2 hi25 2.6. Sak, Gwe. 28 gentilii new species — Gonostylus curved subapically, not bent at 90°; sternum 9 with shallow caudomedial excavation: «09h icicle ni ee os irwini Grogan and Wirth Macrurohelea gentilii Spinelli and Grogan, NEW SPECIES Fig. I Diagnosis.—A medium sized species of Macrurohelea, the females distin- guished from all other species in the genus except M. monotheca n. sp. by its single large spermatheca. Females of M. gentilii differ from those of M. monotheca by their wing with pale membrane and veins that lack an intercalary fork in cell R, (wing including veins of M. monotheca infuscated brown and cell R; possesses an intercalary fork). Males of M. gentilii differ from all other males in the genus by their gonostyles that are abruptly bent subapically at 90°. Female.— Wing length 1.68 (1.58—1.74, n = 3) mm; breadth 0.77 (0.74-0.79, n = 3) mm. Head: Brown. Eyes pubescent, separated for a distance equal to the diameter of 2.5 ommatidial facets. Antenna with dark brown pedicel; flagellum (Fig. 1a) brown; first flagellomere with 2-3 apical sensilla coeloconica; flagellomeres with lengths in proportion of 25-15-14-14-15-15-15-15-30-32-34-40-50; antennal ra- tio 1.45 (1.40-1.50, n = 3). Palpus (Fig. 1c) brown; lengths of segments in pro- portion of 10-15-20-12-16; third segment with well defined pit; palpal ratio 1.90 (1.65-2.05, n = 3). Mandible with 9 teeth. Thorax: Brown; scutum with a few scattered setae and extremely fine pubes- cence. Legs uniformly brown incuding tarsi; hind tibial comb with 5 spines; hind tarsal ratio 2.16 (2.10—2.28, n = 3); palisade setae well developed on first tarsomere of fore and hind leg; fifth tarsomere of fore leg about 2.5 longer than broad, 3.5x longer than broad on mid and hind legs; fourth tarsomeres deeply cordate; claws small equal sized without basal inner teeth, but with slender basal hair like barbs. Wing (Fig. 1d) with membrane whitish hyaline, veins pale; two radial cells present, the second about 3 x as long as first; costa extends 0.74 (0.73-0.76, n = 3) of wing length; venation as figured. Halter light brown. Abdomen: Brown, slightly paler than thorax. Tenth segment elongated and bent forward ventrally as is typical for members of the genus. One single large sper- matheca (Fig. le) with moderately long neck; partially collapsed, measuring 0.09 mm by 0.07 mm. Male. — Wing length 1.44 (1.40-1.52, n = 5) mm; breadth 0.51 (0.50-0.52, n = 5) mm. Similar to female with the following sexual differences: Flagellum (Fig. 1b) with dense brown plume; flagellomeres with lengths in proportion of 28-17- 17-17-17-17-17-17-18-20-30-54-65. Palpus with segments in proportion of 10- 13-22-13-24; palpal ratio 2.30 (2.20-2.40, n = 2). Wing with costa extending to 0.63 (0.62-0.65, n = 5) of wing length, second radial cell 1.7 x longer than first. Genitalia (Fig. 1f—g): Sternite 9 short with a very deep caudomedian excavation, caudal membrane spiculate; tergite 9 gradually tapering distally to a somewhat rounded apex bearing two moderately long apicolateral processes, cerci well de- 964 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. la-g. Macrurohelea gentilii.a, Female flagellum. b, Male flagellum. c, Female palpus. d, Female wing. e, Spermatheca. f, Male genitalia, parameres removed. g, Parameres. veloped. Gonocoxite elongate, slightly curved, about twice as long as broad; gono- stylus slender, abruptly bent subapically forming an angle of 90°, tapering distally to narrow pointed tip. Aedeagus triangular, about as long as broad; basal arch 0.3 of total length; basal arm heavily sclerotized, tapering distally to a narrow rounded tip. Parameres (Fig. 1g) separated; basal arm heavily sclerotized, recurved doubly, distal portion lightly sclerotized except tip, which is bent outward on extreme apex. Types. — Holotype 2, allotype 6, Argentina, Provincia de Neuquen, San Martin de los Andes (1400 m) 15-IV-1982, M. Gentili, at light; paratypes, same data as types, 2 2, 4 4. Discussion.— This species is named in honor of Mario Gentili, who collected VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 965 all of the specimens described in this paper, in recognition of his important contributions to the collection and study of Argentine insects. Macrurohelea monotheca Spinelli and Grogan, NEw SPECIES Figs. 2a, c, ¢, g, h Diagnosis. —A large species of Macrurohelea distinguished from all other species in the genus except M. gentilii n. sp. by its single large spermatheca, and differing from M. gentilii by its wing with an intercalary fork in cell R; and the wing membrane and veins infuscated dark brown (wing of M. gentilii lacking intercalary fork and wing membrane and veins pale). Holotype female.— Wing length 2.05 mm; breadth 0.87 mm. Head: Brown. Eyes pubescent, separated for a distance equal to the diameter of 2 ommatidial facets. Antennal pedicel dark brown; flagellum (Fig. 2a) brown; first flagellomere with 2 apical sensilla coeloconica; flagellomeres with lengths in proportion of 38-20-20-20-20-20-20-20-55-52-55-60-80; antennal ratio 1.70. Palpus (Fig. 2c) brown with lengths of segments in proportion of 18-25-30-20- 37; third segment with well defined pit; palpal ratio 2.00. Mandible with 12 teeth. Thorax: Brown; scutum with a few scattered setae and extremely fine pubes- cence; scutellum bearing 3 similar setae, | central and 2 marginal. Legs brown including tarsi; hind tibial comb with 5 spines; hind tarsal ratio 2.40; palisade setae well developed on first tarsomere of fore and hind legs; fourth tarsomeres deeply cordate; fifth tarsomere of fore leg about 2.5 x longer than broad, 3.5 x on mid leg, lost on hind leg; claws small, equal sized, without basal inner teeth, but with slender basal hair like barbs. Wing (Fig. 2e) with membrane infuscated, veins dark brown, coarse and well defined; cell R; with weak intercalary fork; two radial cells present, the second about 3.5 x longer than first; costa extends 0.74 of wing length; M, becomes nearly obsolete at base. Halter light brown. Abdomen: (Fig. 2g) Brown, slightly paler than thorax. Tenth segment long, as typical for the genus. One single large spermatheca (Fig. 2h) partially collapsed, apparently pyriform with short broad neck, measuring 0.1 mm long by 0.07 mm broad. Male. — Unknown. Type. — Holotype 2, Argentina, Provincia de Neuquen, San Martin de los Andes, 23-IV-1982, M. Gentili, light trap. Discussion.—The specific epithet is from the Greek, mono (one), and theca (sac), in reference to the single large spermatheca that this species possesses. Macrurohelea wirthi Spinelli and Grogan, NEW SPECIES Figs. 2b, d, f, 1 Diagnosis. — A small species of Macrurohelea females of which are distinguished from all other members of the genus by the following combination of characters: small size (wing length 1.33 mm); cell R; of wing with intercalary fork; 2nd radial cell of wing 2.5 longer than the Ist; wing veins infuscated; two spermathecae; antennal ratio 1.61. Holotype female.— Wing length 1.33 mm; breadth 0.62 mm. Head: Brown. Eyes pubescent, separated for a distance equal to a diameter of two ommatidial facets. Antenna with dark brown pedicel; flagellum (Fig. 2b) brown, flagellomeres 9-12 about 3 times as long as broad; first flagellomere with 966 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 2. Macrurohelea monotheca (a, c, e, g-h) and M. wirthi (b, d, f, i). Females: a—b, flagella, c— d, palpi; e-f, wings; g, abdomen; h-i, spermathecae. 2-3 apical sensilla coeloconica; flagellomeres with lengths in proportion of 18- 11-11-11-11-11-11-12-24-26-29-32-44; antennal ratio 1.61. Palpus (Fig. 2d) brown; lengths of segments in proportion of 10-14-18-9-16; third segment with well defined pit; palpal ratio 1.8. Mandible with 8 teeth. Thorax: Brown; scutum with a few scattered setae and extremely fine pubes- cence. Legs uniformly brown including tarsi; palisade setae well developed on first tarsomere of fore and hind legs; hind tibial comb with 5 spines; hind tarsal ratio 2.55; fourth tarsomeres deeply cordate; fifth tarsomere of fore leg about 3.5 x longer than broad with small simple equal claws, fifth tarsomeres and claws lost on mid and hind legs. Wing (Fig. 2f) about 2.15 x longer than broad; membrane slightly infuscated, veins dark brown, coarse and well defined; intercalary fork present in cell R;; two radial cells present, the second 2.5 x as long as first; costa extends 0.7 of wing length. Halter light brown. Abdomen: Brown, tapering distally. Tenth segment elongated as is typical for the genus. Spermathecae (Fig. 21) slightly unequal, ovoid to spheroid with slender VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 967 necks, measuring 0.062 mm by 0.050 mm with a 0.012 mm neck, and 0.054 mm by 0.046 mm, with a 0.012 mm neck, plus a small vestigial spermatheca. Male. — Unknown. Type.— Holotype female, Argentina, Provincia de Neuguen, San Martin de los Andes (1400 m.), 15-IV-1982, M. Gentili, at light. Discussion.— We are pleased to name this species in honor of our good friend and colleague Willis W. Wirth in recognition of his outstanding contributions to the study of Ceratopogonidae during the past 35 years. This species is similar to M. caudata Ingram and Macfie by virtue of its similar sized wing with an intercalary fork in cell R; and two spermathecae. Females of M. caudata differ from those of M. wirthi by having the 2nd radial cell 3 x longer than the Ist, the wing veins pale and having an antennal ratio of 1.00. The female of M. irwini Grogan and Wirth also resemble that of M. wirthi in having a similar sized wing and two spermathecae. The female of M. irwini differs from that of M. wirthi, however, in lacking an intercalary fork in cell R;, having the 2nd radial cell twice as long as the Ist, wing veins grayish and an antennal ratio of 1.06-1.16. LITERATURE CITED Downes, J. A. and W. W. Wirth. 1981. Chapter 28. Ceratopogonidae, pp. 393-421. Jn McAlpine, J. F. et al., eds. Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Agric. Canada Monogr. 27. Ottawa. 674 pp. Grogan, W. L., Jr. and W. W. Wirth. 1980. Two new species of Macrurohelea from Chile with a key to the neotropical species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 56: 137-143. Ingram, A. and J. W. S. Macfie. 1931. Ceratopogonidae. Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile, Part II, Fascicle 4, pp. 155-232. Lee, D. J. 1962. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Part IX. The genus Macru- rohelea. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 87: 339-340. Wirth, W. W. 1965. Two new species of Macrurohelea from Chile (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Pan- Pac. Entomol. 41: 46-50. and S. Navai. 1978. Terminology of some antennal sensory organs of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). J. Med. Entomol. 15: 43-49. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, p. 968 NOTE On the Question of the Selector of the Lectotypes of the Species of Ichneumonidae Described by Ezra Townsend Cresson In the Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979), p. 317, paragraph four, reference is made to “The Cresson Types of Hymenoptera” (1916. Mem. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1: 1-134). It is there stated that Cresson in this paper “indicated which single specimen was to be regarded as the type for each; thus he selected lectotypes for those cases in which he had described a species from more than one specimen.” My reading of the Cresson paper suggests that Cresson indeed considered a single specimen to be the type, since he describes the condition of each one, but I am unable to see how it can be claimed that he indicated a single specimen, since there are no limiting details to accomplish this. In effect, the ““Cresson Types’? merely indicates the location of the specimen the author considered the type. Furthermore, I have good reason to believe that holotypes and lectotypes were not segregated by Cresson. In brief, from about 1934 to 1939, I spent two after- noons a week at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia studying Ich- neumonidae in the collections of the American Entomological Society there, and on one occasion I for one reason or another examined one of the reputed Cresson types, at that time stored in a separate case containing only types. To my surprise, I found that the ‘“‘type” was not of the correct sex. I called this to the attention of E. T. Cresson, Jr., Assistant Curator of Entomology, who informed me that he (a dipterist) and V.S.L. Pate (a worker on aculeates) had picked them (the holotypes or lectotypes) out and were not good on sex in Ichneumonidae, and that I should select the lectotype (a term not then known to me and not mentioned) on the basis of the original description and my (then) knowledge of his father’s hand- writing, from the series of specimens then kept in cases of the kind described in the introduction to ‘“‘The Cresson Types,” which in this instance and others rather clearly consisted of syntypes (often topotypes). Evidently the segregated types as I (as well as Townes and other subsequent students) found them had been selected from these series by E. T. Cresson, Jr. and Pate, who would therefore seem to have been the effective lectotype selectors (except for the one I did, which may have been Jchneumon regnatrix—I have no record). I find nothing in the Townes catalog of 1944, 1945 (Mem. Am. Entomol. Soc. 11(1, 2)) to support the suggestion in the last sentence of the paragraph in the 1979 catalog referred to above that Townes might technically be the lectotype selector. It is unfortunate that nothing was published establishing the actual selection. H. Pearson Hopper, 3713 35th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20016. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 969-970 BooK REVIEW A Guide to Observing Insect Lives, by Donald W. Stokes. Little, Brown and Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 371 pp. 1983. Cost: $8.95 paperback. This book is one of four Stokes Nature Guides that are “‘designed to take the active and inquisitive nature-watcher beyond field identification into the most exciting aspects of the inner lives of plants and animals,” as stated on its back cover. With great enthusiasm, I recommend that people should learn more about nature, and especially about some of my favorite organisms: insects. Thus, the idea of this Guide is excellent and the intentions of the author are commendable. The Guide discusses many highly interesting insects and has scores of pleasant ink sketches of the animals and their habitats. It has eight main parts: Watching Insects, The Basic Facts about Insects, Spring Insects, Summer Insects, Fall Insects, Winter Insects, Glossary, and Bibliography. Unfortunately, I found that the Guide has three main detracting defects. First, it does little to synthesize its information about insect life histories and behavior using an evolutionary perspective. Many biologists have found that an evolu- tionary approach is highly rewarding; it is the best way that we presently have to understand these subjects (Mayr, E., 1982, The Growth of Biological Thought. Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mas- sachusetts, 974 pp.). Second, this Guide simplifies an appreciable amount of its subject matter so much that it seems to give many erroneous impressions. For example, its 7-page chapter to solitary bees is hardly enough space to outline the life history of one well studied solitary bee species, let alone do justice to the whole group of thou- sands of species. Stokes also covers June beetles, ants, ichneumon wasps, bumble bees, cicadas, aphids, and many other large groups in similarly short chapters. In these chapters, it would be preferable to concentrate on one species per chapter and then, perhaps, make a few careful generalities about the species’ groups. Stokes’ better chapters are the ones that are devoted to only one species, e.g., the chokecherry tentmaker, woolly alder aphid, monarch butterfly, and goldenrod gall fly. Third, this Guide makes many untrue statements about insects with which I am familiar and this makes me uneasy about any of its subjects that are not already familiar to me. For example, on page 77, Stokes states, ““The ovipositor [of Megarhyssa macrurus] is obvious when the insect is in flight and looks like several strands of thread trailing behind.” The living adult Megarhyssa that I have seen hold their ovipositor parts together; however, these parts may spread apart in a dead Megarhyssa. The illustration on page 79 accurately shows a Megarhyssa ovipositor as one long rod, but in an unusual U-shaped configuration. On page 84, flying ants are compared with flying termites, indicating that one can descriminate the termites from the ants because the former are white and the latter are not. Nonetheless, our local Reticulitermes and other termites have dark- colored reproductives. Wing venation and presence or absence of a propodeum are better discriminating characters than color for these two groups. Getting back 970 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON to the chapter on solitary bees, Stokes says, “Before it [the domesticated honey bee] arrived, the only bees around were solitary bees and bumblebees.” What about the primitively eusocial halictines and metasocial carpenter bees? On page 99 still discussing solitary bees, he says, “In some species, one female always waits at the entrance of the burrow, possibly as a guard against predators or parasites.”’ The author seems to be confusing solitary with social bee species here, and even in the social species, there is not a/ways a guard in the entrance of an active nest. This kind of hyperbole does not belong in a scientific book where it can mislead readers. Further, this book contains an inconsistency about monarch butterflies. On page 129, Stokes says that they are “red and black,” but on page 235, he says that they are orange and black (their actual coloration). On page 127, the orange- and-black large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, is also wrongly described as red and black. This Guide should have been written more carefully to be more worthy of its subject matter. I suggest that a reprint be published soon that would correct its problems. Edward M. Barrows, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washing- ton, DC. 20057. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 971-973 THE CENTENNIAL OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON MARCH 12, 1984 MANYA B. STOETZEL Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705. The Entomological Society of Washington was officially formed when its con- stitution was adopted on March 12, 1884. From the group of 16 ‘“‘founders,”’ membership in ESW has increased to more than 600 with members from every state in the United States except Alaska and from 25 foreign countries. The day of March 12, 1984, was filled with Society activities. The Society’s cofounder and first president, Charles Valentine Riley, was honored by the es- tablishment of the Charles Valentine Riley Memorials Program. The formal an- nouncement of the Riley Memorials Program by the U.S. Department of Agri- culture was made on March 12, 1984 in order to coincide with the Centennial of the ESW. Secretary of Agriculture John R. Block officially accepted the gift of $150,000 from Emilie Wenban-Smith, a granddaughter of Dr. Riley. The gift was part of a bequest made by Catherine Vedalia Riley, who, until her death in 1978, was a physician on Long Island, New York, and who was the last surviving child of Dr. Riley, in honor of her father. C. V. Riley was the Chief Entomologist for the USDA from 1881 to 1894, and he is generally regarded as having established what is now the National Collection of Insects in the Smithsonian Institution. Assistant Secretary of Agriculture Orville G. Bentley addressed the USDA Inter- agency Work Group that will participate in the administration of the Riley Me- morials Program and other representatives of the USDA, the Smithsonian, and the scientific community of the Washington area. The ESW was represented by its President, Neal O. Morgan, by its immediate Past President and Centennial Committee Chairman, Manya B. Stoetzel, and by its 1972 President and Cen- tennial Banquet Speaker, Curtis W. Sabrosky. Following the formal presentation, the participants attended a luncheon hosted by Victor John Yannacone, jr., an influential environmental leader, a long-time friend and neighbor of Catherine Vedalia Riley, and a trustee of her estate. Mr. Yannacone discussed his hopes and aspirations for the future of the Riley Me- morials Program. The USDA was selected as the recipient of the gift primarily because of Catherine Riley’s concern that the memorial to her father bring together the diverse and disparate groups that are concerned with American agriculture and forestry. The gift will be used to convene colloquia on scientific topics, fol- lowed by the awarding of a substantial cash award to an outstanding scientist. Commensurate with C. V. Riley’s professional career, pest management has been selected as the first special topic. The evening’s activities began at 6:30 p.m. with a cash bar and entertainment 972 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON by The Metropolitan String Quartet provided through the courtesy of Arly Allen of Allen Press, Inc., CIBA-GEIGY Corporation, Monsanto Company, and the Pest Science Society of Washington. A total of 190 members, spouses, associates, and invited guests attended. Each member’s name tag bore the year that he/she joined the Society. All present and past officers had ribbons on which were printed the year or years for all offices held. Dinner was served at 7:30 p.m., and the main program began at 8:45 p.m. The Centennial Banquet Chairman was Donald M. Anderson, the Society’s President Elect. The Master of Ceremonies was Manya B. Stoetzel. The Society’s Honorary President Carl F. W. Muesebeck (member since 1920) was unable to attend the banquet, but a letter conveying his good wishes was read to the audience, and it was announced that a check for $5,000 had been received from Mr. Muesebeck and had been deposited in the ESW Special Publication Fund. The Society’s three Honorary Members, Fred W. Poos, Ashley B. Gurney, and Theodore L. Bissell, were present as were various members of their families. Of the 33 living Past Presidents, the following 24 attended: 1945 Fred W. Poos, 1951 Alan Stone, 1953 William H. Anderson, 1954 Ashley B. Gurney, 1955 Theodore L. Bissell, 1959 Robert H. Nelson, 1961 J. F. Gates Clarke, 1962 Harold H. Shepard, 1963 William E. Bickley, 1965 Paul A. Woke, 1966 Louise M. Russell, 1968 Richard H. Foote, 1969 Helen Sollers-Riedel, 1970 Karl V. Krombein, 1972 Curtis W. Sabrosky, 1973 Victor A. Adler, 1975 H Ivan Rainwater, 1976 George C. Steyskal, 1977 Maynard J. Ramsay, 1978 Douglass W. S. Sutherland, 1980 Theodore J. Spilman, 1981 Jack E. Lipes, 1982 Margaret S. Collins, and 1983 Manya B. Stoetzel. Floyd F. Smith, a member since 1921, and George S. Langford, a member since 1924, were introduced. In the United States only the American Entomological Society (1859), the Cambridge Entomological Club (1874), and the Brooklyn Entomological Society (1872) which is now absorbed in the New York Entomological Society (1892) are older than the ESW. The American Entomological Society was represented at the banquet by its 1984 President, Charles E. Mason. The Cambridge Entomological Club was represented by one of its members, Norman E. Woodley who joined the ESW in 1983. The Biological Society of Washington (1880) was represented by Paul J. Spangler, a life member of the ESW, who joined the Society in 1958. In 1898 the Entomological Society of Washington and the Biological Society of Washington joined with six other societies to form the Washington Academy of Sciences, and the Academy was represented by its current treasurer, Ronald W. Manderschied. The Entomological Society of America was represented by its immediate Past President W. Donald Duckworth, a member of the ESW since 1961. Congratulatory letters were read from Ray F. Morris, President of the Entomological Society of Canada (1950), from Hugh D. Sissler, Chairman of the Pest Science Society of Washington (1934—as the Insecticide Society of Wash- ington until 1981), and from President Ronald Reagan, The White House, Wash- ington. The special guest for the evening was Emilie Wenban-Smith of Hampshire, England, the last surviving grandchild of the late, eminent entomologist Charles Valentine Riley, the President of ESW during 1884, 1885, 1892, and 1893. Ms. Wenban-Smith was presented a copy of the Vol. 1, No. 1, 1890, issue of the Proceedings which contains the organizational information on the Society and VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 N78 which documents the prominent part her grandfather, C. V. Riley, played in the formation of the Society and a copy of the Vol. 86, No. 1, January 1984, issue which contains T. J. Spilman’s “Vignettes of 100 years of the Entomological Society of Washington” and M. B. Stoetzel’s ““ESW Past-Presidents for the years 1884 through 1983, Photographs and Support Officers.” In 1873 the French government presented C. V. Riley with a gold medal, struck in appreciation of his services in the study of the grape phylloxera. Ms. Wenban-Smith took the occasion of the banquet to present the medal to the U.S. Department of Agri- culture; it was accepted for the USDA by Orville G. Bentley, Assistant Secretary for Science and Education. The medal has been placed with Dr. Riley’s desk in the National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland. Dr. Bentley referred to the establishment of the Charles Valentine Riley Memorials Program and pre- sented some of the background information on and the intent of the Riley Me- morials Program. Victor John Yannacone, jr. provided each person with a bro- chure of interesting facts about the life and scientific accomplishments of Dr. Riley. The main speaker for the evening was Curtis W. Sabrosky, Cooperating Sci- entist, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, a member of the ESW since 1946. Dr. Sabrosky’s talk, titled “In Days of Yore,” focused on the formation of the Society, its activities through the 100 years of its existence, recollections of some of the Society’s early members, and photographic slides of some of the Society’s more illustrious members. Dr. Sa- brosky’s talk appears elsewhere (p. 733-737) in the October 1984 issue of the Proceedings. The evening’s festivities ended at 10:45 p.m. The day was filled with reminis- cences of the past 100 years and expectations for the future not only of the Entomological Society of Washington but also of the science of entomology. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 86(4), 1984, pp. 974-978 SOCIETY MEETINGS 901st Regular Meeting—January 5, 1984 The 901st Regular Meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington was called to order by President Neal O. Morgan in the Naturalist Center, National Museum of Natural History at 8 p.m. on January 5, 1984. Thirty-two members and five guests were present. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. Membership Chairman Geoffrey White read the names of the following applicants for membership: James M. Carpenter, NHB 168, Smithsonian Insti- tution, Washington, DC 20560; Paul Hendricks, Department of Zoology, Uni- versity of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812. D. M. Anderson presented details of the centennial banquet to be held on March 12, 1984, on the College Park campus of the University of Maryland. He also mentioned that the Entomological Society of America has a 1984 calendar avail- able which uses many drawings done by illustrators at the Smithsoniar Institution. It was moved by M. B. Stoetzel and seconded by M. Ramsey that the Society enact changes in the bylaws to establish an additional officer of the Society. This new Officer will be called the Associate Editor, shall assist the Editor in the pro- duction of the publications of the Society, and shall be elected at least 1 year prior to the termination of service by the Editor. The Associate Editor, when there is one, shall be a member of the Publications Committee. The motion was approved by majority vote. Hiram Larew reported that he would present his ideas on the subject of a scholarship fund to the Executive Committee at its next meeting. The speaker for the evening was Manya B. Stoetzel, Research Entomologist, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, whose talk was entitled, ““Phylloxeridae: Perplexing, Pretty and Per- gande.”’ Dr. Stoetzel discussed various species in the family Phylloxeridae with particular emphasis on those species that are pests of pecans. Phylloxera texana Stoetzel was discussed in detail and the interesting search to discover its life cycle and alternate host was presented. The meeting was adjourned at 9:15 p.m. after which refreshments were served. Thomas E. Wallenmaier, Recording Secretary 902nd Regular Meeting— February 2, 1984 The 902nd Regular Meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington was called to order by President Neal O. Morgan in the Naturalist Center, National Museum of Natural History at 8:00 p.m. on February 2, 1984. Thirty-eight mem- bers and thirty guests were present. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. Membership Chairman Geoffrey White read the names of the following applicants for membership: David P. Cowan, Department of Bi- ology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49088; James E. Keirans, Department of Entomology, Museum Support Center, Smithsonian Institution, VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 975 Washington, DC 20560; Janet J. Knodel-Montz, Entomology Department, Price Hall, VPI&SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061; Beth B. Norden, | Austin Ct., College Park, MD 20740; Donald R. Riley, 6500 Dockberry #15, Brownsville, TX 78521; and Rupert L. Wenzel, Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605. D. M. Anderson presented more details concerning the Society Centennial banquet. M. B. Stoetzel announced that the United States Department of Agri- culture is establishing a C. V. Riley Memorial. To mark this occasion, a member of his family will be present at our Centennial banquet in March. Hiram Larew provided a report on the work of his committee to establish a scholarship fund. Victor Adler announced that Ralph Sherman passed away. Mr. Adler also stated that a collection of insects is needed for a handicapped group in Howard County, Maryland. He also suggested consideration be given to having a reduced student rate at the Society banquet. C. W. Sabrosky stated that he is looking for slides of past members and officers of the Society to incorporate into his talk at the Centennial banquet. Manya Stoetzel noted that Arnold Mallis passed away. The speaker for the evening was Murray S. Blum, Research Professor of Ento- mology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, whose talk was entitled, ‘‘Or- chids, bees, and misguided sex.”’ Dr. Blum related the amazing evolutionary development of members of the orchid family with the parallel development of species of Euglossine bees. The importance of the behavior of each species of bee toward pollination ofa species of orchid was considered and attempts at measuring the attractants involved was discussed. The meeting was adjourned at 9:20 p.m. after which refreshments were served. Thomas E. Wallenmaier, Recording Secretary CENTENNIAL BANQUET -— March 12, 1984 The Centennial Banquet was held on the College Park Campus of the University of Maryland. The festivities began with a social hour at 6:30 p.m. A string quartet entertained the guests from 6:30 p.m. to 7:30 p.m. This was made possible by contributions from Arly Allen Jr. of Allen Press, Inc., CIBA-GEIGY Corporation, the Pest Science Society of Washington, and Monsanto Company. At 7:30 p.m. the formal dinner was served. At 8:30 p.m. the program began. The Master of Ceremonies was Manya B. Stoetzel. There were 190 people in attendance. A congratulatory letter from Honorary Member C. F. W. Muesebeck was read in his absence. Dr. Muesebeck also provided a donation of $5,000 to the Society with his letter. Three other honorary members, F. W. Poos, A. B. Gurney, and T. L. Bissell, were introduced along with the current officers of the Society. Of the 33 living past presidents, 24 were present and were introduced. Two additional members recognized for length of their membership in the Society were Floyd F. Smith and George S. Langford. A large number of important entomological so- cieties were present at the banquet and they were recognized as follows: American Entomological Society, Charles E. Mason, President Cambridge Entomological Club, Norman E. Woodley, Member Entomological Society of America, W. Donald Duckworth, Past-President 976 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Entomological Society of Canada, Letter from Ray F. Morris, President Biological Society of Washington, Paul J. Spangler, Member Washington Academy of Sciences, Ronald W. Manderscheid, Treasurer Pest Science Society of Washington, Letter from Hugh D. Sissler, Chairman A letter of congratulations from Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America, was read. The special guest for the evening was Ms. Emilie Wenban-Smith of Hampshire, England, the granddaughter of the late, eminent entomologist Charles Valentine Riley, one of the founders of the ESW and its President during its first, second, ninth, and tenth years. Ms. Wenban-Smith was presented with a copy of the first issue and one of the last issue of the Proceedings. In 1873 the French presented Dr. Riley with a grand gold medal, struck in appreciation of his services in the study of the grape phylloxera; and Ms. Wenban-Smith took the occasion of the banquet to present the medal to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The medal was accepted for the USDA by Dr. Orville G. Bentley, Assistant Secretary for Science and Education, USDA, who then announced the establishment of the C. V. Riley Memorials Program [which will be supported by a gift of $150,000 from the estate of the late Catheryn Vedalia Riley, formerly a physician on Long Island, the last surviving child of Dr. Riley, and an aunt of Ms. Wenban-Smith]. Dr. Bentley presented some of the background information on and the intent of the Riley Memorials Program. The main speaker for the evening was Curtis W. Sabrosky, Cooperating Sci- entist, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, and was entitled, “In Days of Yore.”’ Through slides, anecdotes, and interesting historical details, Dr. Sabrosky presented a panorama of the history of the Society. Thomas E. Wallenmaier, Recording Secretary 904th Regular Meeting—April 5, 1984 The 904th Regular Meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington was called to order by President Neal O. Morgan in the Naturalist Center, National Museum of Natural History at 8 p.m. on April 5, 1984. Twenty-six members and nine guests were present. The minutes of the February meeting and the Centennial Banquet were read and approved with minor changes. Membership Chairman Geoffrey White read the names of the following applicants for membership: Joseph J. Anderson, Department of Entomology, MCSE, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740; George W. Byers, Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045; Charles F. Cornell, 7418 Allan Avenue, Falls Church, VA 22046; Maurice H. Farrier, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Box 5215, Raleigh, NC 27650; Richard L. Hall, 4400 Mobile Drive, Apt. 217, Columbus,.OH 43220; John F. McDonald, Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Peter Mason, Research Station, Agriculture Canada, 107 Science Crescent, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7NOX2; Weste L. A. Osbrink, 10313 Pradera Avenue, #D, Montclair, CA 91763; Emily Rock, Biology Department, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44304; George Roemhild, Department of Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717; Peter A. Rush, USDA Forest Service, 1992 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul, MN VOLUME 86, NUMBER 4 977 55108; Michael K. Rust, Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 9 521; Joseph C. Schaffner, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; G. G. E. Scudder, Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC VGT2A9; Hector Delgado Zambrano, Calle 35 No. 18-21 of .607, Bucara- manga, Columbia; and Gaye L. Williams, Maryland Department of Agriculture, Annapolis, MD. President Morgan announced that photographs from the centennial banquet were on display at the meeting. John Kingsolver exhibited specimens of Novelsis aequalis Sharp (Coleoptera— Dermestidae), larval specimens of which he received from a Washington, DC, neighborhood around 1959. He was not able to rear out adults, however, until he obtained more specimens about three years ago and now has a reproducing colony. This beetle has the potential for becoming a museum pest. A meeting of the Executive Committee was announced for April 12, 1984, in Beltsville. It was noted that Rupert Wenzel had suffered a heart attack and is recovering. The speaker for the evening was LTC Bruce Harrison, Manager, Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., whose talk was entitled, ““Mosquito Taxonomists’ Collecting Experiences in Egypt.” Colonel Harrison is engaged in biosystematic studies on mosquito vectors of human diseases. He spent 58 days in Egypt collecting at various localities with most of the work being done adjacent to the Nile River. The purpose was to gather adult specimens with associated larval and pupal skins. Colonel Harrison described the various habitats in which he sampled, the people he worked with, and many of the temples and monuments in Egypt. A number of changes in the taxonomy of mosquitoes resulted from the trip. Many excellent slides were shown. The meeting was adjourned at 9:20 p.m. after which refreshments were served. Thomas E. Wallenmaier, Recording Secretary 905th Regular Meeting— May 3, 1984 The 905th Regular Meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington was called to order by President-elect Donald Anderson in the Naturalist Center, National Museum of Natural History at 8:00 p.m. on May 3, 1984. Twenty-five members and seven guests were present. The minutes of the April meeting were read and approved. Membership Chairman Geoffrey White read the names of the following applicants for membership: Edward W. Evans, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506; Analia Constancia Paggi, Insti- tute de Limnologia, C.C. 55, 1923 Berisso, Argentina; Jonathan Coddington, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; and Sean Kane, 3520 W. Place, NW., Washington, DC 20007. Dr. Anderson brought before the members the concept of the Society sponsoring a Scholarship Fund. After a few minutes of discussion, it was moved by R. Gagné and seconded that the discussion be tabled. The motion was carried. William Bickley exhibited a book by Samuel Breeland entitled, ‘“‘Bugs, Folks and Fun.” John Fales discussed the recently published folder on the State of 978 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Maryland symbols which now includes the Baltimore Checkerspot Butterfly. George Steyskal exhibited a book on butterflies by Paul Opler and George Krizek. It was noted that Floyd Smith passed away on April 26, 1984. The speaker for the evening was Dr. Luther Brown, Biology Department, George Mason University, whose talk was entitled, ““Why some beetles have horns and why they come in different sizes.’’ The function of horns in various beetle species was related to sexual selection activities. Dr. Brown next discussed his recent research with Bolitotherus cornutus Sharp (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The life history of the species was discussed; examination of the relationship of horn length, body length and courtship behavior showed a positive correlation of horn length/ body length ratio to courtship behavior. Tests on the heritability of horn length gave negative results and indicated that environmental factors were influential in determining horn length. The meeting was adjourned at 9:45 p.m. after which refreshments were served. Thomas E. Wallenmaier, Recording Secretary (Continued from back cover) BOOK REVIEW BARROWS, E. M.—4A Guide to Observing Insect Lives (D. L. DORK|S) WOOL HAER CUB Py Cat bese 969 PER ioe Ra RERUN O HME LNA RATT hv U1 975 DS EO ete GRASe RUC HICIH ALG MMM ROTOR EGA IU ADU SURE APL UG Hid 868 CONTENTS i (Continued from front cover) i LAWSON, F. A. and R. J. LAVIGNE--Oviposition and eggs of an Australian robber fly, bh i! Neoaratus abludo Daniels (Diptera: Asilidae) ..5... 00.00.0022 b 2 eee eee eed. 773. FY, McDANIEL, B. and R. A. BOHLS—The distribution and host range of Entomophaga grylli i ia Hy, (Fresenius), a fungal parasite of grasshoppers in South Dakota ................ 4.00408 864 Py MARI MUTT, J. A.—Five new species of Orchesellini from central Mexico (Collembola: En- tomobryidaes Orehesellinge) )o) hci is et td tk ead dd od MARSH, P. M.—A new species of Braconidae (Hymenoptera) from Mexico introduced into Texas to control a sugar cane borer, Eoreuma loftini (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) ........... (861 MORON, M. A. and B. C. RATCLIFFE—Description of the larva and pupa of Argyripa lans- © bergei (Sallé) with new distributional records for the genus and a key to New World Gym- yf netini larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) ............ 0.05. .b eee eee eee ‘TE NAKAHARA, S.—A new genus and two new species of armored scales from Mexico (Homop- __ . OM tera: Diaspididae) ...... Yah LE Gt Me lik dit lg Wee dS edie etek elec pulelord bsg GARR Unt Rota Ok aoe sit ORTH, R. E.—A new species of Dictya from Mexico (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) ............... aii) ROLSTON, L. H.—A review of the genus Thoreyella spinola (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) .... 826 SCHARF, W. C. and K. C. EMERSON—A revision of Amyrsidea, subgenus Cracimenopon — i i /(Mallophaga:) Menoponidae) |) iii) A SA ES aa er 877 SELANDER, R. B. and A. MARTINEZ—A synopsis of the genus Tetraonyx in Argentina i) : i), (Coleopteray Melondae)| i AU OUT OC Or Ato (on , aM SHAW, S. R.— Stenothremma, a new Euphorine genus from Australia (Hymenoptera: Bracon- TORO TAL OM MUR POO Ee ie RAE kt am eo a i SNODGRASS, G. L., T. J. HENRY, and W. P. SCOTT—An annotated list of the Miridae (Heteroptera) found in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta and associated areas in Arkansas and — Lowisignal Sus C i Pee TR aE a OF keg 8 ha te Ne a a ae ee | SPINELLI, G. R. and W. L.GROGAN, JR.—Three new species of Macrurohelea from Argentina ~ \4 with a key to the Neotropical species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) .............-......6 961 ay STAINES, C. L., JR., S. C. MALAN, G. L. WILLIAMS, and T. L. SHEA, JR.—Species com- Pa position in a guild of overwintering Rhyacionia spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae, Olethreu- t tinadé) populations iin) Maryland!) ))).0 fay. oo. oe ee cw ee od 2 Te ii STEINLY, B. A.—Shore fly (Diptera: Ephydridae) community structure in a xeric grass habitat TODD, E. L., A. BLANCHARD, and R. W. POOLE—A revision of the genus Aleptina (Lep- — naoptera: Noctuidae) ie Ate eA SAR OM dN PO na eh ae a 1 WHARTON, R. A.—The status of certain Braconidae (Hymenoptera) cultured for biological control programs, and description of a new species of Macrocentrus ............0+..455 ; WHEELER, A. G., JR.— Clastoptera arborina: seasonal history and habits on ornamental juniper in Pennsylvania (Homopteray Cercopidae) ii)49 Ua Can hy aaalit haere eee aha ik ee WHEELER, A. G., JR.—Seasonal history, habits, and immature stages of Belonochilus numenius (Hemiptera: Lygacidae) FPR S ELM EDW RRR CELA UP I EGU BR cui oy ROP EES Bp) HG p nace EEF by PC} NOTES ea! HOPPER, H. P.—On the question of the selector of the heclaiibes ofthe Erte of Ichneumon 4 described by; Ezra Townsend Cresson) (0))) ts ign Lae health avait fe oa 4G McCAFFERTY, W. P.—A new synonym in Hexagenia (Gphemeraniste Bphemeridae) fl MENKE, A. S.—Editha magnifica (Perty) in Venezuela (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: es NICKLE, D. 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