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O. HOWARD PpEStaent: sD N.S Se ee ee C: T. GREBNE Rast Vacezpresident Ne 2 eee J. S. WADE Second Viceseresiaent =a t) 2 ae ee . .B A-PORTER IREGOTAINRSEETEIALY ©. PP 2 eee F. M. WADLEY Corresponding Secretary-Irgasurer. . .. :..:2.... S. A. ROHWER Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. 1 LE TT pl era en aN ME ER acs 0 IE W. R. WALTON Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. Executive Committee: THE Orricers and W. H. Larrimer, S. B. Fracker, H. E. Ewrnc. Representing the Society as Vice-Presidentof the Washington Academy of Sciencesies (eng e 4 cp Pe ee H. MORRISON PROCEEDINGS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON. Published monthly, except July, August and September, by the Society at Washington, D. C. Terms of subscription: Domestic, $4.00 per annum; foreign, $4.25 per annum; recent single numbers, 50 cents, foreign postage extra. All subscriptions are payable in advance. Remittances should be made payable to the Entomological Society of Washington. An author of a leading article in the ProceEpincs will be given 10 copies of the number in which his article appears. Reprints without covers will be fur- nished at the following rates, provided a statement of the number desired accompanies the manuscript: 4 pp. 8 pp. 12pp. 16pp. 50 copies 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 100 copies 225 4.50 6.75 9.00 Certain charges are made for illustrations and there are available rules and suggestions governing the make-up of articles. Immediate publication in any number may be obtained at the author’s expense. All manuscripts should be sent to the editor. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON i) VOE235 FEBRUARY, 1933 No. THE DESCRIPTION AND LIFE HISTORY OF A NEW SAWELY, STERICTIPHORA APIOS (ARGIDAE : HYMEN.). By Hersert H. Ross, Illinois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, Illinois. The species described in this paper was first collected in 1930 as larvae feeding on the ground bean (Aptos tuberosa), at Sherman, twelve miles north of Springfield, Illinois. The ground bean was growing along a railroad embankment and formed a patch probably fifty yards long and five or six wide. Rearings of adults were made from this area in 1930 and 1931, but in the summer of 1931 the area was burned over and the species was apparently exterminated in that locality. Sterictiphora apios, new species. Female.—Length 6 to 7 mm. Head and antennae black; thorax with the following parts black: cervicum and prosternum, meso- and meta-pectus, a triangle occupying most of the praescutum, and the exposed part of the post- notum; abdomen yellow with the sutures of the basal plates, the sheath and its basal sclerites, black. Legs (including coxae) dark blackish brown, with the front tibiae and tarsi paler. Wings infuscate with brown at base, the infuscation gradually shading into grayish at the apical margins; veins and stigma dark brown or blackish. The coxae, clypeus and supraclypeal area may have areas of yellowish red on them, but this condition is not general. Body short and very robust; head moderately robust, slightly wider than distance between tegulae. Head seen from above three-eighths as long as wide; clothed with fine, silky pubescence; polished, sometimes clypeus and supraclypeal area sufficiently striate to be dull. Mandibles scythe-like, asin Fig. 5. Labrum short but wide, broadly rounded in front. Clypeus wide, slightly emarginate over its entire width; moderately convex, sometimes distinctly carinate down the meson; entire surface covered with moderate, distinct punctures. Supraclypeal area tapering from a broad base to an elevated crest in the side of which the bases of the antennae are inserted; punctured similarly to clypeus; both of them some- times faintly striate. Region between this crest and the eyes hollowed out, forming a declivous basin terminated at one end by the pretentorina and at the other by the supratentorina. Moderately deep furrows extend from this point to the posterior margin of the head. Ocellar region raised, its lateral margins rounded, the median ocellus surrounded by a very narrow depressed area which 14 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL 35, NO. 2, FEB., 1933 extends anteriorly as a narrow line and becomes confluent with the small ovate median fovea. Head behind eyes robust but not produced laterally beyond eyes. Antennae variable in length, third segment from one-fifth shorter to one-fifth longer than width of head across eyes; clothed with short, close, stiff pubescence; widest near base, of almost equal thickness to near apex, then either tapering to a point or terminating with a blunt end. Thorax polished, with only sparse pubescence. Venation of wings as in geno- type and allied species in the genus. Legs short, tarsal claws simple. Abdomen with a noticeable sheen. Sheath (Figs. 12, 13) very broad, the apex with lateral processes raised above the sheath surface and not confluent with it, the base and sides of the sheath with fine hairs, the processes with con- spicuous and abundant hairs. Male.—Length 5.5 to 6.5 mm. Head and antennae entirely black; pronotum yellow, tegulae yellowish, remainder of thorax black; abdomen reddish yellow with parts of the sutures of the basal plates and portions of the caudal segment and genitalia, black. Legs and wings as in female. Similar in structure to female, with the following antigenetic differences: third antennal segment of antennae bifurcate to base, lyriform; male genitalia with claspers broad and rounded at apex, and with the lateral aspect of the penis valve as in Fig. 11. Holotype.— ?; Sherman, Illinois, May 22, 1930 (H. H. Ross). Reared from Apios tuberosa. In the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, III. Allotype-— 3; same data. Paratypes—l4 2, 28 9? 9, from Sherman, IIl., collected as adults or larvae May 22, 1930 (H. H. Ross), or May 17, 1931 (Ross and Mohr), those collected as larvae reared at Urbana, Ill., on Apios tuberosa; 1 9, same locality, May 23, 1930 (T. H. Frison); 1 9, Urbana; Ill., May 9, 1916 (C. 'S: Spooner): Deposited with the holotype. This species is most closely related to S. nigriceps (Konow), but differs from it in the sharper carina of the supraclypeal area, in’ having the median fovea connected by a narrow, depressed line to the ocellar basin, and in the female by the differently shaped and detached lateral process of the sheath (Figs. 12, 13 and 14). The female may be distinguished from all other species by the shape of the sheath, but good characters for the separation of the males in this group have not yet been worked out. Sterictiphora apios form atrescens, new form. Male and female structurally identical with the typical form. Differ in color in having the abdomen entirely black except for the ventro-lateral plates of the terga and membranous areas on the basal plates which are sometimes yellowish. In addition, the males sometimes have small, diamond-shaped, yellowish areas on the venter. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 2, FEB., 1933 15 Holotype-— 9; Sherman, Illinois, collected as larva May 17, 1931 (Ross and Mohr), reared from Apios tuberosa. Allotype.— &; same data. Paratypes.—2 23%, 42 9, same data; 1 #, same locality, collected May 22, 1930 (H. H. Ross); 1 #, same locality, May 23, 1930 (T. H. Frison). Types deposited with those of the typical form. This dark form is apparently only a melanic genetic combina- tion, having been reared from the same batches of larvae as the typical form. No intergradations between the two forms have yet been observed. The female can be distinguished on the basis of the sheath, but the males have not yet been satis- factorily keyed out. DESCRIPTIONS OF IMMATURE STAGES. Egg.—Length 1.1 mm., width 0.7 mm. Shape ovoid, round-elliptic in cross- section. Membrane white and thin. First instars of larvae——Structure and setation similar to full grown larva; differ in appearance in that the body tubercles are more prominent. Larva, full grown.—Length 17 mm.; head 2 mm. wide. Color of head gray yellow orange with gray orange mottling; body yellowish green to bright green with dark brown tubercles, brownish areas on the thoracic legs and at their base, and with the epiproct brown. Head (Figs. 1, 2) with sparse setae. Epicranial suture curved slightly to left. Front pentagonal, bearing about ten prominent setae arranged symmetrically around the margin. Occipital areas with a group of about twelve similar setae forming a semicircle from one antenna to the other, arching over the front. Eyes prominent, black. Antennae (Fig. 6) plate-like, with five large pores and one small one, and three small, circular opaque ares. Labrum mostly mem- branous. Clypeus dark brown, with two pairs of prominent setae. Epipharynx (Fig. 3) with four central pairs of pointed setae, marginal area with about fourteen pairs, the eleven apical setae apparently modified into sense organs. Mandibles (Fig. 4) robust, right one with four teeth, the left with five. A portion of the mesal area of the left mandible is modified into a membranous area covered with a brushy setation. This undoubtedly is a prostheca. The right mandible has a corresponding brushy area but not situated on membrane. The left mandible also has a well defined ventral side, which is not angulate in the right mandible. Maxillae as in Fig. 10; palpi five segmented, the second and third narrowed on opposite sides; galea horn-shaped; lacinia blunt, with apical teeth similar to distal teeth of epipharynx; stipes and cardo present as chitinized plates. Labium (Fig. 9) with three-segmented palpi, the third segment ex- tremely small; totaglossa large and spadiciform. Alitrunk (Fig. 1) with smooth epidermis conspicuously studded with nipple- like tubercles, each tipped with a spine. General appearance cylindrical, of about equal diameter throughout, except the prothorax and anal segments which are smaller. Segments 2 to 7 of abdomen slightly greater in diameter than remainder of body. 16 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 2, FEB., 1933 Prothorax with two annulets; the first consisting of only the pleural region with a large spiracle, three tubercles above it and three below; the second con- sisting of the tergum only, bearing 6 pairs of tubercles. Meso- and metathorax similar, four annulets present on dorsum, with 2, 1, 4 and 4 pairs of tergal tubercles respectively; pleuron with a reduced spiracle and 6 tubercles; the mesopleuron with a small, pore-like structure caudad of the tubercles. Legs distinct on all three segments, articulating with distinct hypopleurites. Pro- thoracic leg distinctly four segmented, coxa large, femur and tibia smaller and sub-equal, tarsus still smaller, pad-like, with an anterior claw. Meso- and metathoracic legs similar to each other, but larger than the prothoracic legs, and with femur and tibia very closely united, approaching a fused condi- tion. Abdomen with ten visible segments, the first eight with a pair of spiracles, segments 2 to 7 with pair of distinct larvapods, segment 8 with a minute pair, and segment 10 with a large pair. Typical annulation, etc., of a segment as follows (Fig. 1, 3”); three annulets, the anterior one complete, the last two evident only on the tergum and sternum. Annulets with 2, 4 and 4 pairs of tergal tubercles respectively, 2 and (representing two annulets) 9 pairs of lateral tubercles and 0, 4 and 3 pairs of sternal tubercles. The ventro-tergal tubercle on the third annulet is very small. The first annulet of the first segment is reduced to the tergal region; the ninth segment has only indistinct annulation, a reduced number of pleural tubercles, and has a tubercle in place of a larvapod. The tenth, or last, segment is greatly modified, having no apparent annulation; the posterior half is a prominent epiproctal region (Fig. 8) with 2 pairs of large apical setae; the anterior half bearing 7 prominent pairs of tubercles. The region below the anus bears a lunate, semi-sclerotized area with four pairs of long setae, two pairs slender and inconspicuous, the other two much more promi- nent. The legs of this segment are, as usual, thick and stubby. They bear a ring of small tubercles around the base, below the hypoproctal region. Prepupa.—Similar to previous larva in size, structure and color, differing slightly in having the tubercles slightly wider at the base but not so tall. Descriptions drawn up from about 60 larvae of all stages reared on 4pios tuberosa at Sherman, Ill., May, 1930 and 1931; preserved in alcohol. This larva resembles in color the larvae of S. ce/lularis (Say) and S. prunivora (Dyar), but differs from them in the well- developed epiproct and the arrangement of spines on it. The head, also, is darker than other reared species in the genus. LIFE HISTORY NOTES. In order to make these observations, larvae and pupae were brought to Urbana and placed upon potted plants of the ground bean. These plants were kept in an open west window which afforded good ventilation and plenty of sunlight. The time given for the duration of the various stages is therefore typical of the May and June temperature in this vicinity. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 2, FEB., 1933 il) The eggs (Fig. 7) are laid within the tissues of the leaf, de- posited in an incision made along a lateral vein on the under side of the leaf. They appear like nodules under the epidermis, and when abundant present a very curious appearance. They hatch in about four days. Immediately the larvae begin feeding upon the leaves of the plant. Their legs, both thoracic and abdominal, are well developed, and with them the insect clings most tenaciously along the edge of the leaf. The entire thickness of the leaf is eaten, and a heavy infestation will strip the plants of all their foliage except the heavier veins and stems. The black markings of the larvae are present on the earliest instars and a group of larvae feeding together make a con- spicuous picture. The number of instars is not known, but the entire larval period is passed in about ten days. This is very rapid develop- ment compared to that of most sawflies which have been studied. There is very little variation in the size of members of each brood. After becoming full grown the larvae do not wander to any extent, but construct their cocoons upon either the same plant upon which they feed or a nearby one. In this latter case it is often upon some other plant species, such as grasses or sweet clover. The cocoons are made from a rather coarse silk which becomes brittle and hard soon after exposure to the air; the color is at first white but finally turns rich brown. They are attached to leaves or stems at varying distances from the ground but usually on a part of the plant exposed to sun- light. Most frequently they are made in a terminal bunch of small leaves which are pulled together around the cocoon. Within the cocoon the larva changes in two or three days to the pupa, which in another four to six days emerges as the adult. The total period within the cocoon is from six to nine days, averaging seven or eight. This gives a total period of develop- ment, from egg-deposition to the emergence of the adult, of twenty-two days, or slightly more than three weeks. The adults, judging from the few studied in cages, are not very long-lived, dying in less than a week. Copulation and egg-laying took place in the rearing cages three days after emergence, all the eggs being laid on the third day. The feeding habits of the adults are very interesting. They eat the luxuriant pubescence on the leaves of the host plant just as a cow crops grass. The scythe-shaped mandibles (Fig. 5) are used in the cutting operation. The sawfly, when feeding, stands at one point, crops the pubescence in front of it in a semi- circular swathe, then steps forward and repeats the process until the leaf is denuded. In vials in the laboratory the pubes- cence was eaten from either side of the leaf. This is the first time such a feeding habit has been recorded for a sawfly. I have, however, previously observed the same habit with the PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35 PLATE | [18] PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 2, FEB., 1933 19 adults of Preronidea mendica (Walsh), in which the mandibles are also sickle-shaped. In all likelihood this will prove to be a common habit in certain sawfly groups. List or ILLUSTRATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS. Figures 1—13, Sterictiphora apios, n. sp.: Fig. 1—Lateral aspect of head, thorax, and third and tenth abdominal segments of larva. Fig. 2—Front view of head of larva. Fig. 3—Epipharynx of larva. Fig. 4—Meso-ventral view of mandibles of larva. Fig. 5—Dorsal view of mandibles of adult female. Fig. 6—Antenna of larva. Fig. 7—Portion of leaf of Apios tuberosa with sawfly eggs beneath the epidermis. Fig. 8—Dorsal aspect of epiproctal region of larva. Fig. 9—Ventral aspect of labium of larva. Fig. 10—Ventral aspect of maxilla of larva. Fig. 11—Lateral aspect of penis valve. Fig. 12—Ventral aspect of sheath. Fig. 13—Lateral aspect of sheath. Fig. 14—Sterictiphora nigriceps (Konow), ventral aspect of sheath. I, II, 11] =first, second and third thoracic segments respectively. a=first annulet of first abdominal segment. 3, 10=third and tenth abdominal segments respectively. Figures 1, 2, 7 and 8 were drawn by Mr. C. O. Mohr, of the Illinois State Natural History Survey. NOTES ON THE TACHINID GENUS ELODIA R. D., WITH THREE NEW SPECIES OF ELODIA AND PHOROCERA (DIPTERA) FROM JAPAN. By J. M. Atpricu, National Museum. The new species here described were received by the Bureau of Entomology from G. J. Haeussler and turned over to me for identification. All the specimens were reared in Japan and Korea (Chosen) from larvae of the Oriental Fruit Moth (Grap- holitha molesta Busck). ELODIA ROBINEAU-DESVOIDY. Elodia Robineau-Desvoidy, Dipt. Environs Paris, vol. 1, p. 936, 1863.—Stein, Arch. Naturgesch, 90, 144, 1924.—Villeneuve, Ann. et Bull. Soc. Ent, Belgique, vol. 69, p. 182, 1929. Robineau included three new species, all of which are con- sidered a single species by Bezzi in vol. 3 of the Palaearctic 20 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 2, FEB., 1933 Catalogue, p. 396. The type species was designated by Robin- eau as the first one, E/odia gagatea n. sp., which is a synonym of Tachina tragica Meigen. Stein, 1924, indicates the synonymy of gagatea, and Villeneuve, 1929, considers the genus valid for tragica, the only species heretofore known belonging to it. The National Museum has a series of 14 specimens of both sexes of ¢ragica, labeled as bred from Codling Moth (Carpocapsa pomonella) in Saxony by “Miss Ruhl”; they were received in 1907 through the Bureau of Entomology with Quaintance numbers. I have identified them from Stein’s 1924 work on the European Tachinidae, in which they run very satisfactorily to this species; the jet black color and small size make the identi- fication comparatively easy. The principal characters of the genus, as derived from these specimens are as follows: Eyes bare; head rather broad; front broad in both sexes; the frontal profile equal to the facial; length at vibrissae considerably less than at base of antennae; two pairs vertical bristles, frontals reaching to base of third antennal joint, two or three uppermost pairs reclinate but not strikingly large; two pairs of orbitals in both sexes; parafacial bare, narrower than third antennal joint; clypeus depressed, including epistoma, which is wide; vibrissae at oral margin; facial ridges rather high, with bristles about to the middle in the female, a little farther in the male; antennae reaching almost to vibrissae; third antennal joint twice the second, moderately broad; arista with penultimate joint about twice as long as thick, last joint thickened on basal two-fifths; proboscis small; palpi of the same size. Thoracic chaetotaxy: dorsocentral 2, 3; acrostichal 3, 3; humeral 2; posthumeral 2; presutural 2; notopleural 2; postalar 2; supraalar 3 (middle large); intraalar 3; sternopleural 2, 1; pteropleural small; propleura bare; prosternum with two or three bristly hairs on each lateral margin; scutellum with three lateral pairs, the last close together at apex but having between them a pair of small hairlike upturned apicals, disk of scutellum with a pair of small bristles and some erect hairs. Abdomen with one pair discals on the second and third segments and many discals on the apical three-fourths of the fourth segment; second segment has a marginal pair, the third a marginal row of eight; hind tibia on outer side with a fairly regular row of about 14 bristles, two or three being longer than the others; the third vein of the wing has two large setules at base; the fourth vein has an oblique rounded bend, thence a little concave and joins the costa very slightly before the apex, first posterior cell being narrowly open; last section of fifth vein short; hind crossvein joining fourth just beyond middle between anterior crossvein and bend. Key ro Spectes or Exopra. (All are small, jet-black species.) 1. Palpi yellow, intermediate abdominal segments without discals...... flavipalpis, new species. Palpi black, at least the third abdominal segment with discals PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 2, FEB., 1933 21 2. Length under 3.5 mm.; male with faint cinereous basal crossbands on third and fourth abdominal segments... subfasciata, new species. Length over 4.5 mm.; abdomen wholly shining black in both sexes... tragica Meigen. Micrometer measurements of the width of front at vertex, expressed as a decimal fraction of the width of the head, were made of both sexes of all three species. The variations are wide enough to leave little significance in this relation:—+fragica, male .37, female .39; flavipalpis, male .33 and .35, female .33 and 39; subfasciata, male .36 and .39, female .50. Elodia tragica Meigen. ‘Tachina tragica Meigen, Syst. Beschr. Zw. Ins., vol. 4, p. 408, 1824. Degeeria tragica Meigen, ibid, vol. 7, p. 249, 1838.—Macquart, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., ser. 2, vol. 8, p. 453, pl. 13, fig. 14, 1850.—Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod., vol. 4, p. 45, 1861.—Schiner, Fauna Austr. vol. 1, p. 535, 1862.— Arrhinomyia tragica Bezzi, Kat. Pal. Dipt., vol. 3, p. 396, 1907.—Villeneuve, Wien. Ent. Ztg., vol. 26, p. 249, 1907.—Baer, Die Tachinen, p. 153, 1921.— Stein, Arch. Naturgesch., 90, p. 144, 1924.—Lundbeck, Dipt. Dan., pt. 7, p. 366, 1927.—Wainwright, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 211, 1928. Pentamyia parva Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweif. Kais. Mus., pt. 4, p. 164, ple2> figs 25.) 11889: Roeselia atricula Pandelle, Rev. Entom., vol. 15, p. 44, 1896. Elodia tragica Villeneuve, Bull. et Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 69, p. 182, 1929. The synonomy of Pentamyia is by Villeneuve, 1907 supra; that of Roeselia is by Villeneuve, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., vol. 76, p. 338, 1907. Jet black all over except the parafacials, which have thin cinereous pollen; calypters yellow; wings yellowish at base and with yellow veins; the front is almost as wide in the male as in the female and in both the dark brown median stripe is hardly as wide as one parafrontal; in the male the claws and pulvilli are slightly elongated, the latter brownish. Male and female, length 4.8-5.8 mm. Elodia flavipalpis, new species. Jet black all over as in fragica, but the palpi and tip of proboscis are yellow; bristles of the facial ridges are stronger than in tragica or subfasciata; there are no discal bristles on the intermediate abdominal segments; the wings are not distinctly yellow and the calypters are white; the size is distinctly smaller than in fragica, but in other details the characters appear to be the same. Length, 2.8-3.8 mm. Described from 13 males and 15 females: The type and allotype are from Obukuro, Saitama Province, Japan; the rest of the material is from the provinces of Nagano, Miyagi, Niigata, Saitama, Kanagawa, Fukuoka, Fukushima and 22 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 2, FEB., 1933 Shizuoka, from Tokyo and Osaka; also one male from Kaijo, Keikido, Chosen. Type.—Male, U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 44802. Elodia subfasciata, new species. The characters differentiating this species from /ragica are mentioned in the key; it is much smaller and somewhat more slender, agreeing in these respects with flavipalpis; the males show’a faint basal pollinose band on the third and fourth abdominal segments. The head, when viewed from in front, is not so broad in proportion to the height as in ¢ragica. The wings are not at all yellow- ish at base and the calypters are white. Discal bristles of the abdomen are as in tragica. Length, 3.7-4 mm. Described from 2 males and one female from Sakata-Mura, Yamagata Province, Japan, in 1932. Type.—Male, U.S. N. M. Cat. No. 44803. Phorocera pumilio, new species. A minute species; black, including palpi, with cinereous pollen. Male.—Head at vertex .30 of head width, widening very slightly for some distance; eyes pilose; two pairs of verticals; ocellars proclinate and divergent; frontals about 8, extending to level of arista, the upper two pairs reclinate but not strikingly large; frontal stripe brown, narrower than one parafrontal, the latter shining above, gradually becoming pollinose anteriorly; parafacial bare with silvery pollen, narrow, less than one-half the width of third antennal joint; antennae black, third joint about five times the second, moderately broad, upper and under edges parallel; arista with short basal joints, thickened on basal two-fifths, its total length hardly exceeding that of third antennal joint; cheek one-eighth of eye height;\clypeus rather broad with gray pollen; facial ridges moderately prominent, with bristles almost up to arista; vibrissae far apart at oral margin; palpi rather large; proboscis small. Mesonotum subshining black with thin gray pollen anteriorly, on which the usual four dark stripes are visible; humeri with gray pollen which extends back to root of wing; dorsocentral 3, 4; acrostichal 3, 3; humeral 3; posthumeral 2; presutural 2; notopleural 2; supraalar 3; intraalar 3; postalar 2; sternopleural 2, 1; pteropleural present but not very large; prosternum with numerous small hairs mostly along the sides; propleura bare; scutellum with three laterals, the intermediate rather small; a pair of erect decussate bristles at apex and a pair of distinct discals. Abdomen black, with indistinct basal bands of gray pollen at bases of seg- ments; first segment with a median marginal pair, second with a discal pair and a few erect bristly hairs, also one pair median marginals; third segment with one pair of discals, a marginal row of six; fourth segment with irregular discal row of four or six and a marginal row of about the same number; genital segments black; venter almost shining, the pollen being very thin. Legs entirely black; claws and pulvilli not much enlarged; middle tibia with PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 2, FEB., 1933 23 one bristle at middle on outer front side; hind tibia with a sparse row of bristles on the outer hind side interspersed with two larger. Wings hyaline; third vein with two setules at base; fourth vein with rounded oblique bend, ending distinctly before the extreme apex of the wing, the distance being equal to two-thirds of the length of the hind crossvein, the latter a little oblique, joining fourth at about four-sevenths of the distance from anterior cross-vein to bend; last section of fifth vein short; costal segment before the tip of first vein longer than hind cross-vein; calypters white. Female.—¥ront at vertex .33 of head width; two pairs of orbitals; third antennal joint four times the second, otherwise as in the male. Described from 3 males and 2 females. The type male is from Taikyu, Keisho Hakudo, Chosen; the allotype female is from Nishino, Yamanashi Province, Japan; the other three are from Yamagata, Saitama and Nagano Provinces, Japan. Type-—Male, U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 44804. A NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE AUSTRALIAN CATTLE TICK IN TEXAS. By H. O. ScHRoEDER, Jr., Entomologist, Division of Insects Affecting Man and Animals, U. S. Bureau of Entomology. The American cattle tick, Boophilus annulatus Say, has two recognized varieties. One of these, Boophilus annulatus var. australis Fuller, has a wide distribution, but only recently has it made its appearance in the United States. The habits of this tick, commonly known as the Australian cattle tick, are essen- tially the same as those of B. annulatus proper. The most outstanding structural character which distinguishes it from B. annulatus is a prominent protuberance or “tail” on the posterior margin of the male. The distribution of the Australian cattle tick in the Western Hemisphere as given by Hooker, _Bishopp and Wood, 1912, U. S. Bureau of Entomology Bulletin No. 106, is as follows: ““* * * It undoubtedly occurs in all of the countries of South America, having been reported from British Guiana, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile. It is known to occur as far north as Tampico, Mexico, where it was found to be a bad pest. In Central America it has been reported from Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama. It appears to be widely distributed in the West Indies, having been reported from Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Trinidad.” These authors stated that it occurred as far north in Mexico as Tampico, where it was a severe pest. In 1913 (Entomological News, Vol. 24, pp. 366-368) Bishopp 24 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 2, FEB., 1933 reported the collection of this variety on cattle in Key West, Florida, on February 8, 1912. He also referred to the Mexican situation and stated, “There is always danger of this form being brought into southern Texas from Mexico but the likelihood is equally great of its establishment on the mainland of Florida from the infestation now existing in Key West.” Both of these probabilities have become a reality, as the variety is now well established in many Florida counties and in 1931 the Australian variety was found to be very abundant in Matamoros, Mexico. With the assistance of Dr. N. E. Dutro of the Bureau of Animal Industry, collections of cattle ticks were made on the Texas side of the international boundary from Brownsville to Laredo in order to determine its distribution in Texas. Systematic eradication of cattle ticks is nearing com- pletion in some of the counties bordering on the Rio Grande in this area and the ticks are, therefore, not at all numerous. However, it appears from these collections that Boophilus annulatus var. australis is confined to the lower Rio Grande valley counties of Hidalgo and Cameron. Collections were also made on the Mexican side of the border from Matamoros to San Pedro, a point approximately 120 miles up the river. Although cattle ticks were found to occur in great abundance throughout this region, the Australian variety seemed to be restricted to an area corresponding to its occurrence on the Texas side of the river. Fully 90 per cent of the cattle ticks collected at Matamoros, Mexico, were of the Australian variety. This ratio dropped to about 30 per cent at Rio Rico, 30 miles farther up the river, and all those collected beyond that point were of anmnulatus proper. At times during the last 20 years when markets were favorable large numbers of Mexican cattle were imported into the United States at various ports of entry on the Rio Grande. These importations caused a more or less general movement of cattle north of Tampico, which no doubt hastened the natural spread of the Australian cattle tick. THE REACTION OF EARTHWORMS TO ALTERNATING CUR- RENT OF ELECTRICITY IN THE SOIL. By W. R. Watton, Bureau of Entomology, U. 8. Department of Agriculture. In recent years dealers in fishing tackle have been adver- tising what is called an “electrical worm digger.’’ This apparatus has some scientific interest but so far as | am aware it has escaped notice in this respect. The apparatus is designed for the use of the ordinary household 110-120 volt A. C. electric PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 2, FEB., 1933 25 current in bringing earthworms to the soil surface, and the writer has given this scheme preliminary investigation. The results of these inquiries are reported herewith. The commercial apparatus offered for sale consists essentially of two spindle-shaped metallic electrodes 18 to 24 inches long, each sharply pointed on its lower end and bearing an insulated handle on its upper end. To each of these is connected, a few inches below the handle, one of the two ends of a double con- ductor extension cord some 30 or more feet long. This cord is attached to a separable plug which is intended to be plugged into any household outlet supplied with the current as pre- viously mentioned. In use, the spindles are thrust into the soil from 3 to 4 feet distant from each other to a depth of from 8 to 12 inches. A spot should, of course, be selected which contains earthworms. When this is done and the current is turned on, the worms begin to come to the surface, if at all, in from 60 to 90 seconds after connection is made and with quite evident haste. They were found to be thus affected even in broad daylight, but this result was most evident when the place chosen was in the shade, ‘as only dire necessity will induce an earthworm to emerge from the soil in full sunlight. It was soon noticed that not all the worms inhabiting the immediate vicinity of the electrodes came to the surface. In fact only a comparatively few were thus affected. Another noticeable incident was the fact that practically all of the worms emerged near a single one of the electrodes, which was invariably the same one. The reason for this seemed to be that since one side of the house current is intentionally “grounded”’ or short circuited to the domestic water system, the principal flow of electric current was not between the electrodes but between the open or “hot” side of the circuit and the relatively enormous surface of the domestic water system. This assumption was confirmed by the withdrawal of the apparently inactive electrode with the result that the remaining one continued to affect the worms quite as much as when two were used. This discovery suggested the simplification of the apparatus as follows: A single conductor with its electrode was substituted for the double one and in order to determine when the plug was in contact with the open or hot side of the circuit an electric light bulb, with its socket, was connected in series with the electrode. This was accomplished by bolting an ordinary porcelain lamp socket (5 and 10 cent store) to the upper part of the electrode. A 20-watt bulb was screwed into the socket and the current turned on. The electrode was thrust into the soil and when the lamp did not light it indicated that the grounded side of the circuit had been tapped; it then became necessary merely to withdraw the plug from the outlet and 26 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 2, FEB., 1933 reverse its prongs. This lit the lamp, but since a low-powered lamp passes only a small flow of current, it became desirable to supply some means of cutting it out when necessary. This was accomplished by connecting an ordinary cord, “through” push button switch, such as’ is commonly used on electrical sadirons, across the terminals of the light socket. A lamp of not more than 20 watts power should be used on the electrode because when this apparatus is used at night a stronger light usually frightens the worms and may thus defeat the object of the apparatus. The light provided by the low- power bulb serves conveniently not only to locate the burrows of the earthworms at night, but also the worms themselves when they emerge at the surface. The use of the single conductor reduces to a minimum the liability of low-voltage shock to the operator and the very real danger of blowing out a house fuse presented by the accidental contact of the two electrodes furnished with the commercial apparatus. With the light cut out, current consumption is about 65 Watts. Pe re @GP = as s 2 fo In case other insulating material is not available for use as handles for electrodes, electricians’ rubber tape (not ordinary friction or “‘tar-tape’’) may be wound about the upper third of the electrode and is both safe and easy to apply. Number 4 B &S galvanized iron or steel wire is suitable for use as electrodes. PROC, ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 2, FEB., 1933 27 The operator should always wear a sound pair of high rubber overshoes as a sensible precaution against low-voltage shock which might prove dangerous under wet conditions. It was found that this apparatus, when used in a heavy clay- loam soil that was thickly populated by large earthworms, was only moderately successful even under what appeared to be the most favorable conditions for operation. Only two or three worms were ejected from a given location, and in some places well sprinkled with worm holes no result whatever was observed. This inconsistency in result 1s due to undetermined factors such, perhaps, as uneven moisture content of the soil, depth of location of the worms at the time of application of the current, or the descent instead of ascent of the worms to zones unaffected by the oscillating current. That only a small proportion of the worms apparently lying in the electrical field produced by this apparatus are affected by it was proven by the following experiment. In a glazed stoneware crock 11 inches in diameter was placed 9 inches of clay-loam garden soil in moist but not muddy condition. In this were placed 16 large specimens of Lumbricus terrestris Linn. Two electrodes were thrust into opposite sides of the jar com- pletely to its bottom and the current was connected. It was allowed to remain on for 3 minutes and then the position of the electrodes was shifted to various sectors of the circle in turn, until the entire area had been electrified. The results were, that not in any case were more than 3 earthworms of the entire 16 brought to the surface at any one time. The efficiency of this apparatus in its present form, therefore, is low at best. Dr. C. L. Marlatt has suggested the possible utility of this principle in entomological green house work, for the purpose of ridding potted plants of earthworms. It seems that a modi- fication of the previously described apparatus might prove useful in that way. MINUTES OF THE 443D REGULAR MEETING OF THE ENTO- MOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON, JANUARY 5, 1933. The 443d regular meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington was held at 8 p. m., Thursday, January 5, 1933, in Room 43 of the new building of the National Museum. Mr. C. T. Greene, president, presided. There were present.41 members and 16 visitors. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. The following individuals were unanimously elected to membership on recom- mendation of the executive committee: Mr. George Marvin, Mrs. Doris Blake, Mrs. M. F. Benson, Mr. Heber Donohoe; all of the Bureau of Entomology. Under the heading “Notes and Exhibition of Specimens,” Mr. R. W. Harned spoke of visiting Doctor Howard in company with Mr. Loftin and of receiving 28 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 2, FEB., 1933 a message of greeting from him to the society. Doctor Howard hopes to attend our meetings again in the spring. A motion was passed that the president convey to Doctor Howard our greeting and thanks. Doctor Ewing exhibited two new books on Medical Entomology, one by Matheson, and one by Riley and Johannsen. He also spoke of the question of credit for borrowed llustrations. Mr. Cushman spoke urging presentation of more notes. Dr. R. H. Painter of Kansas State College, upon invitation, greeted the Society. He spoke of the work of the Kansas Entomological Society. Mr. Curry remarked on usage in giving credit for copied figures. The note was discussed by Ewing and McIndoo. Mr. Rohwer spoke briefly of the Agricultural Appropriation Bill and its probable influence on entomological work. The first communication on the regular program was by Dr. J. R. Parker, and was entitled ‘Highlights on the grasshopper situation in 1932.” The damage done in 1931 was widespread, and in the worst area in Nebraska and South Dakota about 6,000,000 acres of crops were totally destroyed. In 1932 damage was less general, but was locally severe. The species involved were Melanoplus differentialis and M. bivittatus in South Dakota and Nebraska, and the latter species alone in North Dakota and Minnesota. These species had not previously been regarded as very dangerous, and were believed to be non-migratory. These ideas were reversed in 1931 and 392. The connection of the migratory tendency with Faure’s phase theory was discussed. Migration was usually aimless rather than definite, but in some cases considerable spread of M. differentialis in one year was found. Most migrants were under 600 feet, but some were found as high as 1600 feet. Another grasshopper species of solitary habit suddenly developed a positive light re- action, and swarmed to lights in towns. In Nebraska and South Dakota in 1932, rain and cold at hatching time reduced numbers; in North Dakota and Minnesota this did not occur, and a hard fight was necessary. Organization for proper use of poison bran mash was the key to success. Minnesota did an especially fine piece of work. Futile attempts to spread disease were made in some places. With present knowledge of changes in grasshopper populations, annual survey work should enable us to head off grasshopper outbreaks at a considerable saving over present conditions of injury and control expense. This paper was discussed by Bulger, McIndoo, Cory, Rohwer, Bishopp, Gahan and Barber. The second communication was by J. C. Bridwell, and was entitled “Some aspects of the biology of Bruchidae.” This paper will be published in the proceedings. The paper was discussed by Mr. Wadley. Meeting adjourned at 10 p. mM. F. M. Wantey, Recording Secretary. Actual date of publication, February 23, 1933. VOL. 35 MARCH, 1933 No. 3 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON bya RONAN LST RE SAAS J) NOtTYT ~ yS Fa CONTENTS GRANOVSKY, A. A.—TWO NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF APHIIDAE (HOMOPTERA) ots, eRe REE te Sc wae Sy oe 29 Pus.isHeD Montuiy Except Jury, Aucust AND SEPTEMBER BY THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM WASHINGTON, D. C. Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1919, at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., under Act of August 24, 1912. Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized July 3, 1918, THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON OrcAnizepD Marcu 12, 1884. The regular meetings of the Society are held in the National Museum on the first Thursday of each month, from October to June, inclusive, at 8 Pp. M. Annual dues for members are $3.00; initiation fee $1.00. Members are entitled to the ProcEEDINGs and any manuscript submitted by them is given precedence over any submitted by non-members. OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1933. enorary PReSiGent 1. te (Sw ee 8! eek 2 L. O. HOWARD eresidenigunta : Gat <2 Ahh woke (bo es a ee C. T. GREENE upstaraceseresiagn: A Ph. a So ow 2 eee J. S. WADE Second Vice-President ...... io 3 ee B. A. PORTER Recording Screiaiy eM ee = 5 ies. o> Cee F. M. WADLEY Gornespondine Secreiary-Treasurer. . .. .: 7422 S. A. ROHWER Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. it Ota. 1, (SCL SA BS ee eee ee W. R. WALTON Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. Executive Committee: THE Orricers and W. H. Larrimer, S. B. FrAcKER, H. E. Ewine. Representing the Society as Vice-President of the Washington Academy of OCIENCES wae Oa SOc Be eae 2 er H. MORRISON PROCEEDINGS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON. Published monthly, except July, August and September, by the Society at Washington, D. C. Terms of subscription: Domestic, $4.00 per annum; foreign, $4.25 per annum; recent single numbers, 50 cents, foreign postage extra. All subscriptions are payable in advance. Remittances should be made payable to the Entomological Society of Washington. An author of a leading article in the ProcEEpinGs will be given 10 copies of the number in which his article appears. Reprints without covers will be fur- nished at the following rates, provided a statement of the number desired accompanies the manuscript: 4 pp. 8 pp. 12pp. 16pp. 50 copies 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 100 copies 2.25 4.50 6.75 9.00 Certain charges are made for illustrations and there are available rules and suggestions governing the make-up of articles. Immediate publication in any number may be obtained at the author’s expense. All manuscripts should be sent to the editor. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOI 35 MARCH, 1933 No. 3 TWO NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF APHITDAE (HOMOPTERA).! By A. A. Granovsky, Division of Entomology, University of Minnesota. The genus Chaitophorus was originally described by Koch (8), in 1854, and characterized mainly by the short, thick and trun- cate cornicles, hairiness of the body, legs and antennae as well as of the wart-like cauda. He listed twelve species as belonging to this newly erected genus, without designating any of them as the type of the genus. The type of Chaitophorus was fixed by Gerstaecker (6), in 1856, using 4phis populi Linnaeus for the purpose. Since that time several new species were described and placed in the genus Chaitophorus, while some of the species, originally listed by Koch, have been removed from it and are placed in different genera of the tribe Ca//ipterint. Among the American species usually considered under Chaitophorus we also find a species known as Chaitophorus quercicola Monell. Describing both apterous and alate forms of his species in 1879, Monell (9, p. 32), placed it in this genus with considerable dee for he states: “Though the antennae of this species are not sufficiently pilose to justify its being placed in Chaitophorus, its general appearance seems to point to this as its rightful position.” In 1880, Thomas (14) described a species guercifolii, placing it in the genus Ca/lipterus of early workers’ conception of the genus. Thomas’s species is doubtless that of guercicola Monell, as has been shown by Davis (3 and 4), who examined and tabu- lated Thomas’s collection in 1913 and gave an annotated list of Hlinois aphid material in 1910. The original Thomas’ slide of the species is in the custody of the Illinois Natural History Survey Laboratory. Through courtesy of Dr. Theo. Frison the writer had the opportunity of examining the cotypic slide of quercifolii Thomas. Both alate and apterous viviparous females mounted on this slide, agree in all respect with the original description of guercicola Monell. In 1886, Oestlund (10) described his Chaitophorus spinosus 1Paper No. 1170 of the Journal Series of the Minnesota Agricultural Experi- ment Station. 30 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 3, MAR., 1933 from the apterous oviparous female, and in 1887 he (11) gave a description of apterous viviparous form. Davis (3), in 1910, and Baker (1), in 1917, considered spivosus Oestlund as a synonym of quercicola Monell. In his later publication, 1922, Oestlund (12) accepted this synonymy of his species. Just recently Dr. Oestlund was very kind to show to the writer the cotypic material from which a description of spimosus was made. This material agrees with the description of guercicola Monell, and leaves no doubt as to the identity of this species. Hottes and Frison (7) in their remarkable volume on “The Plant Lice, or Aphiidae of Illinois” have rightly placed both guercifolit Thomas and spinosus Oestlund as synonyms of quercicola. They also consider Callipterus? quercicola Monell, which was described by Monell from two alate specimens mounted on a slide, sent to him from St. Louis, Missouri, to be synonymous with Chaitophorus quercicola Monell. The original description of Monell’s former species (9, p. 31) is at some variance with the description of alate form of the latter species (9, p. 32). What species Monell described under Ca/lipterus? guercicola is difficult to tell, but it is certain, however, that it is different from his Chaitophorus quercicola. The relative length of antennal segments, the nature and the length of unguis, reduced cornicles to mere pores, as well as other characters, together with the host on which it was taken, suggest strongly that he was probably dealing with Stegophylla sp. In spite of these discrepancies, his former species may be provisionally considered synonymous with the species now well recognized by many aphidologists as Chaitophorus quercicola, until further light as to its identity may be thrown on Monell’s Callipterus2 quercicola. At the time Monell described his guercicola, the number of generic characters were limited. The types of caudae and anal plates were hardly discernible with the equipment used by the workers of former years, and naturally, were not considered then as most stable and useful generic categories, as they are employed to-day together with other morphological and_ bio- logical characters in aphis taxonomy. Baker (2), Theobald (13) and others redefined aphid genera and characterized Chaitophorus by the distinctly knobbed cauda; entire, rounded or flat anal plate, rarely somewhat indefinitely indented; rather prominent hairy covering of the body, legs and antennae; short truncate cornicles with reticulations and imbrications; the absence of frontal tubercles; and the unguis twice or more times the length of the base of the sixth antennal segment. After a careful examination of a long series of available specimens of Chaitophorus quercicola Monell, it becomes ap- parent that this species radically departs in a number of generic characters from the genus Chaitohporus, especially in the type PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 3, MAR., 1933 31 of cornicles, anal plate, cauda, spiny armature and relative length of the unguis. The cornicles of qguercicola are neither imbricated nor reticulated, but are entirely smooth with a rather prominent constriction in the middle, while the imbrica- tion and reticulation of the cornicles are strikingly typical characters of all of the species properly belonging to Chaito- phorus (compare figs. 8 and 11). The anal plate is deeply bilobed and the lobes are somewhat separated in both alate and apterous forms of guercicola (figs. 6 and 7), resembling in this respect Myzocollis species, while the genus Chaitophorus is characterized by the entire, rounded or flat anal plate, only rarely, usually due to shrinkage, it may look somewhat indented (figs. 9 and 10). The cauda is large and is broadly knobbed, with a short, thick neck, somewhat departing from a typical Chaitophorus cauda, which is also knobbed, but is small and is set, as a rule, on a narrow, thin neck. The relative length of the unguis is a more specific character than generic, yet each genus in the tribes Callipterini and Chaitophorini can readily be de- fined, in addition to other characters, also by the type rather than the length of the unguis. The unguis of guercico/a is short and thick, about the length of the base of the sixth antennal segment (fig. 1), while the typical Chaitophorus species have strikingly characteristic unguis, being much longer than the base and narrowly tapering distally (fig. 2). Perhaps the most conspicuous character of quercicola, of greater value than specific, is that of the heavy armature with very prominent long, thick, black or concolorous spines, situated on conspicuous tubercles, which are grouped in clusters, forming longitudinal rows over the entire dorsum of the body of apterous viviparous, apterous oviparous females and nymphs. The alate forms are likewise armed, but with much shorter and less prominent spines. This spiny armature led Dr. Oestlund to name his species spinosus. A number of Chaitophorus species are provided with long curved hairs and bristles over the antennae and the entire body; these hairs or bristles, however, are not the type of heavy spines as in the case of guercicola. Two other differences can be noted: first, that the antennae are only sparingly armed with short bristles instead of numerous long hairs and curved bristles so characteristic of Chaitophorus, and second, that there are broad fuscous bands bordering the wing veins. In consideration of the above listed, obviously generic, differences between guercicola and the typical Chaitophorus species, a more suitable generic position for this species was searched for among the known genera of Chaitophorini and Callipterini, but without avail. The nearest approach is the genus Eichochaitophorus erected by Essig (5) in 1912 for his new species Eichochaitophorus populifolii. His species, however, 32 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 3, MAR., 1932 is typical Chaitophorus as shown by Baker (2) in 1920, at which time Eichochaitophorus was sunk as a synonym of Chaitophorus. The writer had the opportunity of examining several cotype slides of Essig’s species of both alate and apterous viviparous females. In addition to this material he also has in his possession a few slides of apparently the same species taken by Prof. H. F. Wilson in Oregon. A careful examination of E. populifolii Essig and his excellent original description and illustrations of the species proves that it agrees in all respects with typical species of Chaitophorus as to generic characters discussed above, and it must be considered under the latter genus. This leaves guercicola without a generic designation, therefore a new genus, Hoplochaitophorus, hereby is proposed for the species. HOPLOCHAITOPHORUS, new genus. Body stout, somewhat elongated. Antennae of six segments, shorter than the body, sparingly armed with a few short bristles and with circular secondary sensoria in alate and none in apterous viviparous or in oviparous females. Primary sensorium at the base of the unguis small, subcircular; the unguis relatively short, thick, about the length of the base. Frons without prominent antennal tubercles. Cornicles truncate, broader at the base, somewhat con- stricted in the middle just below the flange, and without reticulations or imbri- cations. Cauda broadly knobbed, with a short thick neck. Anal plate distinctly and broadly bilobed. Both cauda and anal plate provided with stout, long bristle-like hairs. Head, thorax and abdomen of apterous viviparous and ovip- arous forms armed with prominent, long, thick spines over tuberculate dorsum. Alate forms likewise armed with much shorter and less conspicuous spine-like hairs. Wing venation normal, with broad fuscous bands bordering veins. Fore wings with media twice branched; radial sector short, moderately curved; hind wings with media and cubitus present, somewhat bordered with fuscous bands. Oviparous females with drawn out ovipositor. Eggs deposited in crevices of the bark of the tree. Males wingless. Forms are robust, living in thick colonies along the veins on upper surface of foliage. Alatae not common. Genotype, Chaitophorus quercicola (Monell). This genus can be readily separated from other genera of Chaitophorini and Callipterini by the prominent armature of apterous forms, the type of cauda and anal plate, as well as the type of antennae and cornicles of both alate and apterous forms. The genus Hoplochaitophorus phylogenetically is probably more closely related to the genus Neosymydobius than to Chaitophorus, where the genotype was customarily included. The relationship between Neosymydobius and Hoplochaitophorus is not only seen in food habits and the host on which they feed (oak), but in a number of morphological characters, such as general resemblance of antennae, with their sparse armature, drawn out ovipositors in oviparous forms, cornicles without reticulations and even in anal plate, which in Neosymydobius PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 3, MAR., 1933 33 is only slightly indented and in Hoplochaitophorus it is broadly bilobed. It differs from Neosymydobius in the type of cauda, which in the later genus is more rounded or indistinctly con- stricted, while in Hoplochaitophorus it is distinctly knobbed. In anal plate and cauda as well as the type of wing venation it approaches Myzocallis, but it is clear that it 1s distinct on account of profound differences in structure and general type of the insect. There is hardly any relationship between Hoplochaitophorus and Chaitophorus as it is pointed out above, with the exception of knobbed cauda, hairiness of antennae and pilose or bristly covering of the body, which in Hoplochaitophorus is prominently spiny. It differs from Chaitophorus in having the anal plate distinctly and broadly bilobed; cornicles without sculpturings; and in the type of ungulis. From Patchia it differs by deeply divided anal plate, the clavate cauda, and almost glabrous antennae as compared with profuse hairiness of antennae found in Patchia. Both genera agree in having wing veins bordered with smoky bands. This character, however, may or may not be of generic value. In Patchia the radial sector is absent—in Hoplochaitophorus it 1s present. The genus Hoplochaitophorus doubtless represents a phylo- genetic link between the genera belonging to the tribes Chaito- phorini and Callipterini. To the former it is related by the general type of the insect, the armature of the body and anten- nae, but it also approaches the latter by the structure of anten- nae, wing venation, cornicles, cauda and anal plate. Since 1923 a species of aphid, inhabiting young twigs and petioles of Quercus borealis and Quercus velutina, has periodically been collected at different times of the growing season in north- ern Wisconsin. In many respects it approaches to Neosymydo- bius and Patchia, and yet it possesses a series of individual characters that separates it from the above named genera. It is Lachnus-like in general appearance, especially of apterous forms with their long hind tibiae, and upon close examination it shows some structures that are typical of Lachnus, Chaito- phorus and Callipterus groups of aphids. It can not be safely placed in any of the known genera, and phylogenetically, to all appearances, it constitutes a link between Patchia and Neo- symydobius, doubtless deserving a new generic designation. For this reason a new genus, Lachnochaitophorus, is here pro- posed. LACHNOCHAITOPHORUS, new genus. Body globular, short and robust, liberally covered with stiff hairs. Antennae of six segments, shorter than the body, Lachnus-like in appearance, well armed with rather long, thick, bristlelike hairs, and large circular secondary sensoria 34s PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 3, MAR., 1933 in alate and none in apterous viviparous or in oviparous females. Primary sensorium at the base of the unguis large and circular with a few small circular auxiliary sensoria; the unguis very short and thick, Lachnus-like in appearance. Frons without antennal tubercles. Cornicles truncate, very short, not as long as wide, without flange. Cauda broadly rounded, semicircular, not knobbed. Anal plate conspicuously, but not deeply indented. Anal plate and cauda profusely armed with long bristle-like hairs. Wing venation normal, with broad fuscous bands bordering rather heavy veins of both pairs of wings. Fore wing with media twice branched; radial sector present or well indicated, sharply curved upward, and broadly margined with smoky bands. Hind wings with media and cubitus present. Oviparous females with long drawn out ovipositors. Males wingless. Forms are living in small compactly crowded colonies on young bark, petioles of leaves, and occasionally along the basal part of mid-rib on lower side of the foliage. Well attended by ants. Genotype, Lachnochaitophorus querceus, new species. This genus is closely related to Patchia by the structure of cauda and anal plate, cornicles, as well as the bordering of the wing veins with broad smoky bands. It differs from Patchia by having a well developed radial sector, more rounded, semi- circular cauda, the less pilose antennae, the type of the unguis and the absence of secondary sensoria in apterous forms, while Patchia is in part characterized by having such sensoria. (Figs. Bes 12 Sete sandelise) Lachnochaitophorus approaches to Neosymydobius by the indented anal plate, cornicles and drawn out ovipositor in oviparous females. It differs from that genus by the type of antennae and unguis, greater pilosity of the body and antennae, by rounded cauda, without any evidence of constriction or tendency to a knobbed shape of cauda as is the case with Neosymydobius species. To Hoplochaitophorus it is related by fuscous banding of the veins, indented anal plate and hairy armature of body and antennae. It differs from it by the cornicles, semicircular cauda, armature and the type of antennae. (Figs. 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, and 15.) To Chaitophorus it is related by the general appearance of the insect, hirsute covering of the body and antennae with curved bristle-like hairs. It differs by the indented anal plate, rounded cauda and the type of cornicles. (Figs. 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 14, anid. 15.) The genus Lachnochaitophorus strikingly merges the Chaito- phorea type of the body of the insect and cauda with the Lachnea type of antennae and hind tibiae, as well as the Callipterea type of wings, cornicles and anal plate. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 3, MAR., 1933 a5 Lachnochaitophorus querceus, new species. Alate viviparous female. (Plate 2, figures 4, 14, and 15.) Average length of body from vertex to the tip of anal plate, 1.751 mm. General color of living specimens to naked eye is black with very dark brown undertone. Freshly mounted in balsam they appear dark brown with olive green background. Head convex, dark brown, distinctly infuscated, with prominent median ocellus and long, curved hairs. Ocelli bordered with black. Eyes carmine, with distinct ocular tubercles. Antennae of six segments without antennal tubercles or placed on very shallow, hardly discernible elevations. Length of antennae 0.955 mm. Comparative average lengths of antennal segments as follows: I-4; JI—4; I1I-15.3; [V—11.7; V—10.6: VI-6.25 plus unguis 2.8. The unguis, Lachnus-like, less than half the length of its base. Antennae dusky brown, with darker annulations distally and provided with hairy vestiture. Antennal hairs often curved and about twice as long as the width of antennae. Antennal segments I and II very dark brown with blackish tinge; segments III and IV greenish light brown with black annulations; segments V and VI including unguis, from brown to dark brown or almost black. Antennae, beginning with distal half of segment III to the tip of the unguis, rather roughly imbricated. The entire length of segment III carries in a row from 4 to 8 rather large circular secondary sensoria, often irregular in size, extreme numbers are rare, and only 5 to 6 sensoria more common. In about fifty per cent of alate specimens antennal segment IV also carries from 1 to 2 somewhat smaller circular sensoria. The end of segment V with primary circular sensorium without the fringe of sensilia, and the usual primary circular sensorium at the base of the unguis with a few small auxiliary circular sensoria and a small fringe of crown- like sensilia. Rostrum dusky, about reaching to the hind coxae. Prothorax dark brown, infuscated, narrow anteriorly and much wider caudad. Posterior margins of prothorax with lateral small, finger-like, black tubercles, often obscured by meso-thorax. Thoracic lobes black; meso- and meta-thorax very dark brown to black; intersegmental thoracic areas light brown. The entire thorax liberally armed with small curved hairs. Fore femora dusky brown with yellowish tinge, meso- and meta-femora almost black. Fore and meso- tibiae very fuscous to black with distal halves greenish yellow, slightly fumose; meta-tibiae conspicuously long, entirely black and somewhat inwardly curved. Tarsi and claws dusky brown; empodium present. Legs beset with prominent dark hairs. Wings narrow and slender; veins rather heavy and broadly margined with fuscous bands; interveinal areas of wings thickly sculptured with scale- like infumations. Fore wings with media bifurcated; the base of media not reaching the subcostal vein; stigma short, very dark smoky brown without clear cell; radial sector present, sharply curved upward, either complete or slightly fading toward stigma. Hind wings with media and cubitus present, distinctly bordered with dusky brown bands; hooklets from three to five. Abdomen dark brown with olive green tinge, often almost black due to eight rather wide abdominal dusky or black dorsal bands, which extend to the sides of the abdomen. These bands are somewhat constricted along the median line of the dorsum and again interrupted laterally, forming lateral black patches on the sides of the abdomen which may appear independent of the dorsal bands. 36 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 3, MAR., 1933 Abdomen rather short and globular, without lateral tubercles, but with numer- ous curved hairs. Cornicles truncate, very short, not as long as wide, without flange or ornamentation, the average length of cornicles about 0.021 mm., dusky brown with olive green undertone. Cauda broadly rounded, semi- circular, not knobbed and without evidence of constriction. Anal plate con- spicously, but not deeply, indented. Anal plate and cauda dark dusky brown and profusely armed with long bristle-like curved hairs. Described from 33 specimens collected at Egg Harbor, Wisconsin. Apterous viviparous female. (Plate 2, fig. 5.) Average length of body from vertex to the tip of anal plate, 1.869 mm. Gen- eral color of living specimens black, almost shiny black. Freshly mounted in balsam appear very dark brown with dusky-black shadings. Head and thoracic segments dark brown with smoky-black cast and olive green inter-segmental areas. Prothoracic lateral tubercles present. Eyes carmine with distinct ocular tubercles. Antennae of six segments, dusky dark brown, each segment somewhat lighter at the base and considerably darker distally, segments V and VI together with unguis black. Length of antenna 0.907 mm. Comparative average lengths of antennal segments as follows: I-4; I]-4; I1J-14.5; [V-10.45; V—10.1; VI- 6.35 plus unguis 2.4. Antennae without secondary sensoria, but with usual circular primary sensoria on segments V and IV. Antennal vestiture and im- brications as in alate viviparous females. Vertex convex; head, thoracic seg- ments and abdomen thickly set with curved hairs. Rostrum dusky brown reaching beyond the second coxae. Legs very dark brown to black, with distal ends of pro- and meso-tibiae lighter brown; hind tibiae long, rather conspicuous, somewhat inwardly curved, and almost jet black. Tarsidusky brown. Dorsum of abdomen highly elevated, globular, dark brown with smoky-black cast over the entire dorsum, resulting from the fusion of dorsal bands. There is a separate broad dusky-black band over the penultimate abdominal segment. The entire abdomen often appears black. Cornicles truncate, dusky brown without flange, much shorter than the width at the base. Structure of cauda and anal plate as in alate viviparous females, dusky brown in color. Described from 42 specimens collected at Egg Harbor, Wisconsin. Apterous oviparous female. Length of body from vertex to the tip of anal plate, including drawn out ovipositor, about 2.587 mm., some are over 3.0 mm. long. Dorsum of abdomen hirsute, highly arched, globular as in apterous viviparous females. General color very dark brown to black, almost shiny black. Freshly mounted in balsam show broad black transverse abdominal bands with somewhat irregular, narrow, brownish in color intersegmental areas. Head dusky dark brown. Eyes dark red. Prothorax and meso-thorax reddish brown. Meta-thorax dusky dark brown. Ovipositor long, reddish brown with greenish tinge. Color PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 3, MAR., 1933 37 and structure of antennae as in apterous viviparous females. Length of antenna 0.835 mm. Comparative average length of antennal segments as follows: 1-4; II-3.2; I1I-13.25; IV—9.6; V-9.1; VI-6.0, plus unguis 2.55; without secon- dary sensoria. Hind legs are long and black, except tarsi, which are pale brown. Hind tibia about 1.05 mm. long, slightly swollen, inwardly curved, armed with bristly hairs and carries on the inner margin a few scattered groups of elevated, circular sensoria. Fore femora light brown; fore tibiae dusky brown with distal ends paler in color. Second pair of legs similar to fore pair with the exception of femora, which are almost black. Tarsi pale brown with black claws. Rostrum reaching beyond the third pair of coxae. Cornicles truncate, dusky to black. Cauda rounded, anal plate slightly indented, sometimes appears to be rounded. Both cauda and anal plate dusky and hairy. Eggs freshly laid are olive green in color, later turning black. Described from 29 specimens taken in Wisconsin. Apterous male. Males are small. Length of body from vertex to the tip of anal plate about 1.126 mm. General color dark brown to reddish black or black with greenish undertone. Eyes red. Entire body, legs and antennae hirsute. Legs black with the exception of pro- and meso-tibial distal ends, which are light brown. Rostrum reaching far beyond the third pair of coxae. Antennae with bristle- like hairs, dusky brown, distally black. Length of antennae 0.8803 mm. Com- parative average lengths of antennal segments as follows: I-4; I[-3.8; III-13.0; IV-10.0; V-9.6; VI-6.9, plus unguis 3.0. Secondary sensoria present on all antennal segments and distributed as follows: I1I-from 6 to 10, usually 6 to 7, circular, irregular in size in a somewhat uneven row over the entire segment, scattered basally; [V-from 4 to 7, usually 4 to 5, circular, very irregular in size, from very small to quite large, often coalescent, placed as a rule more toward the distal end of the segment in irregular row; V-from 4 to 5, placed as in IV; VI-with 1 to 3 usually 2, circular sensoria varied in size. The primary sensorium at the base of the unguis with 4 to 6 auxiliary circular sensoria usually placed toward the unguis. The very tip of the unguis always with rod-like sensilia and often with one or two sensoria-like structures. Abdomen reddish brown to black due to dusky transverse dorsal coalescent bands. Corni- cles small, truncate, not as long as wide, dusky to black. Cauda rounded, dusky and hairy; anal plate very slightly immarginate, dusky brown, with long hairs. Claspers dark brown to black, thickly beset with fine hairs. Genital organ greenish yellow, about 0.315 mm. long, and 0.070 mm. in diameter. Described from 7 specimens collected in Egg Harbor, Wis- consin. Nymphs and pupae. Variable in color. Body hairy. Head and thorax reddish brown with dusky shading. Eyes red. Abdomen of various shades of brown or reddish brown to almost black with greenish tinge and always with several clear, slit-like areas 38 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 3, MAR., 1933 of green on each lateral side. Transverse dusky, dorsal bands present. Cornicles dusky. Legs as in apterous viviparous females. Wing pads dusky brown. Hosr Piantr anp Feepinc Hapsirs. This interesting species was repeatedly collected on two different oak trees, black oak, Quercus velutina Lam.; and red oak, 9. borealis Mischx. It feeds in small colonies primarily on petioles of the leaves and young bark of succulent, one year old shoots. Sometimes small colonies may be found feeding on the basal part of the midrib on the lower and more rarely on the upper side of the foliage. This species is very tenaciously attended by small black ants, Crematogaster lineolata var. near cerast Fitch, which was kindly determined by Prof. M. R. Smith. Each colony of aphids is attended by several of these ants, often as many as aphids, and upon the least disturbance, both the aphids and ants raise their abdomens upward, which appear identical due to the structure and black color of aphids. Upon further disturbance the ants carry the aphids away. In many cases the ants constructed conical] roofs, consisting of bits of oak epidermis and mud, over the upper part of leaf petioles, just at the base of the leaf blades. In rainy weather drops of rain water run off of these roof structures, keeping the aphids entirely dry. Type locality —Egg Harbor, Wisconsin. Cotypes and paratypes in the U. S. National Museum and in the collections of the Division of Entomology of the University of Minnesota, Dr. C. P. Gillette and the writer. The following material was used for description of species, all collected at Egg Harbor, Wisconsin, by the writer: July 24, 1923. Three slides, apterous and alate viviparous females. September 18, 1923. Three slides, apterous viviparous females and nymphs. July 24, 1925. Six slides, apterous and alate viviparous females. September 15, 1926. Three slides, apterous and alate vivip- arous females, oviparous females and one male. July 31, 1927. Eleven slides, apterous and alate viviparous females. August 28, 1927. Two slides, apterous and alate viviparous females. September 16, 1927. Nine slides, apterous oviparous females, males and nymphs. A number of specimens of a closely related species were received in alcohol vials from Mr. Theo. L. Bissell, collected by him on various dates in Thomasville, Georgia. This mater- PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 3, MAR., 1933 39 ial, in so far as coloration is concerned, is almost identical to the above described Lachnochaitophorus querceus. Both alate and apterous viviparous females exhibit, however, a considerable departure from the above species in the relative lengths of an- tennal segments, and the number of secondary sensoria on the antennae of alate forms. The antennal segment III is much longer and carries more sensoria than in the preceding species. Size of the body is somewhat smaller with slight differences in coloration. In view of the fact that these differences, especially the number of sensoria and the relative lengths of antennal segments, are constant in a long series of specimens, it seems it should be justifiable to consider it as a distinct species. It is hoped that biological studies will point out still further differences. In accordance with the above mentioned facts it is named in the honor of Mr. Theo. L. Bissell, who kindly sup- plied this material. Lachnochaitophorus bisselli, new species. Alate viviparous female. Average length of body from vertex to the tip of anal plate 1.672 mm. General color burnt sienna with heavier chitinized parts dark, giving the whole body the appearance of dark brown. Abdomen with a greenish cast. Head burnt sienna, sides above the eyes and around the bases of the antennae dark brown. Eyes carmine. Antennae of six segments, much as in the preceding species as to color and structure, but usually much darker and with longer, considerably curved hairs. Length of antennae 0.990 mm. Comparative average lengths of antennal segments as follows: I-4; I]-4; I1I-17.7; [1V-11.25; V—10.85; VI-6.1 plus unguis 2.65. The entire length of segment III armed with a row of secon- dary circular, quite regular in size, sensoria from 6 to 11 in number, usually 8 and 9. The secondary sensoria is almost twice the number per segment as compared with the preceding species. Segment IV with 1 to 3 secondary sensoria in above fifty per cent of the specimens. Rostrum not quite reaching the middle pair of coxae. Thoracic segments, structure and coloration of legs and wings as in preceding species. Abdomen burnt sienna with greenish to orange tinge. Abdominal dusky transverse bands either absent or very indistinct; the lateral dusky patches are present and are conspicuous. Cornicles truncate, dusky to black. Cauda broadly rounded; anal plate distinctly, but not deeply immarginated. Both cauda and anal plate dusky brown, and conspicuously armed with long bristle- like hairs. Described from 56 specimens collected by Theo. L. Bissell at Thomasville, Georgia. Apterous viviparous female. Average length of body from vertex to the tip of anal plate 1.643 mm. General color is very dark brown to black. Head and thoracic segments as in the alate 40 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 3, MAR., 1933 viviparous females. Eyes red. Antennae of six segments, imbricated, hairy, almost uniformly dusky brown, distally black. Length of antenna 0.886 mm. Comparative average lengths of antennal segments as follows: I-4; II-4; III-15.687; [V—9.25; V—9.187; VI-5.875 plus unguis 2.625. Antennae without secondary sensoria. Rostrum about reaching the second coxae. Thoracic segments as in preceding species. Legs almost black with brownish tinge, pro- and meso-tibiae slightly lighter distally. Dorsum of the abdomen markedly elevated, without transverse bands, but almost uniformly coated with dusky cast. Cornicles truncate, dusky brown, shorter than wide. Structure and coloration of cauda and anal plate as in alate viviparous females. Described from 15 specimens collected by Theo. L. Bissell at Thomasville, Georgia. Host plants and feeding habits —It inhabits the small twigs and leaf petioles of water oak, Quercus nigra, and is always found in association with ants, Crematogaster lineolata (Say). Type locality —Thomasville, Georgia. Cotypes and paratypes in the U. S. National Museum, and in the collections of Mr. Theo. L. Bissell, the Division of Ento- mology of the University of Minnesota, and that of the writer. The following material was used for description of species, all of which was collected at Thomasville, Georgia by Mr. Bissell: Summer of 1926, one alate viviparous female, one slide. February 15, 1927, only alate viviparous females, six slides. March 4, 1927, one alate viviparous female, one slide. April 18, 1927, apterous and alate viviparous females, six slides. May 2, 1927, apterous and alate viviparous females, nine slides. This species can be separated from Lachnochaitophorus querceus primarily by the number of secondary sensoria, which are, as a rule, more or less uniform in size and run from 6 to 11, usually 8 to 9 to the segment. They are placed on somewhat longer segments than is the case with L. guerceus, which usually has only from 4 to 6 sensoria, placed on much shorter and thicker segments. Rostrum of L. dzsselli is much shorter, abdominal dorsal bands inconspicuous or absent, lateral dusky patches are more prominent, body smaller and general coloration is some- what darker. The antennae are provided with somewhat longer and more curved hairs. The difference in number of sensoria may be best illustrated by the following table: PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 3, MAR., 1933 4] Antenna having following number of sensoria| Total Name of species number of 4 5 6 7 8 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | antennae Lachnochaito- phorus querceus WY) SiO) |) QS |) WEE || ON ON O15 © Ws) Lachnochaito- phorus bisselli 0 |S ]) WA |) SD) Ao | Pan 0 93 Acknowledgments are due to Dr. C. P. Gillette and Professor M. A. Palmer for their opinion as to generic value of Lachno- chaitophorus querceus. To Professor M. R. Smith for determina- tion of ants and to Mr. Theo. L. Bissell for the supply of un- described aphid material and the permission for the free use of it. To Dr. Theo. Frison for the loan of the type slide of Thomas’ Callipterus quercifolii and to Dr. O. W. Oestlund for the loan of his CA. spinosus. Ihe Ps 10. Mie LirERATURE CITED. Baker, A. C., 1917. Eastern Aphids, New or Little Known, Part II. Jour. Econ. Ent. /0: 420-433, illustr. Baker, A. C., 1920. Generic Classification of the Hemipterous Family Aphididae. U.S. D. A. Bul. 826: 1-109, illustr. . Davis, J. J., 1910. A List of the Aphididae of Illinois, with notes on some of the Species. Jour. Econ. Entom. 3: 407-422, illustr. . Davis, J. J., 1913. The Cyrus Thomas Collection of Aphididae, and a Tabulation of Species Mentioned and Described in His Publications. Bul. Ill. Sta. Lab. Natur. Hist. 70, Article II: 97-121, with 2 plates. . Essig, E. O., 1912. Aphididae of Southern California, VIII. Pomona College Jour. Ent. 4: 698-745, illustr. . Gerstaecker, C. E. A., 1856. I. Insekten. Bericht tiber die wissenschaft- lichen Leistungen im Gebiete der Entomologie wihrend des Jahres 1854, 1-163. . Hottes, F. C., and Frison, Theo. H., 1931. The Plant Lice or Aphiidae of Illinois. Bul. Il. State Nat. Hist. Survey, 79, article 3: 119-447, illustr. . Koch, C. L., 1854. Die Pflanzenliiuse Aphiden getreu nach dem Leben abgebildet und beschrieben, mit 54 Kupfertafeln, pp. 334+I-VIII, Nurnberg. 1854-1857. . Monell, J., 1879. Notes on Aphidinae, with Descriptions of New Species. Bul. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Survey of the Territories. 5, No. 1: 18-32. Oestlund, O. W., 1886. List of the Aphididae of Minnesota, with De- scriptions of Some New Species. 14th Ann. Rept. Geol. and Natur. Hist. Survey of Minn. pp. 17-54. Oestlund, O. W., 1887. Synopsis of the Aphididae of Minnesota. Geol. and Natural Hist. Survey of Minn. Bul. 4: 1-100. . Oestlund, O. W., 1922. A Synoptical Key to the Aphididae of Minnesota. 19th Rept. Sta. Entom. Minnesota, pp. 114-151. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 39 PLATE 2 [42] PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 3, MAR., 1933 43 13. Theobold, F. V., 1929. The Plant Lice or Aphididae of Great Britain, vol. 3: 1-364, illustr. Headley Bros., London. 14. Thomas, C., 1880. Eighth Report of the State Entomologist on the Noxious - and Beneficial Insects of Illinois. Trans. Dept. Agr. IIl., 1878, vol. 76, Appendix. 212-+10 pp., 47 figs. EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Hoplochaitophorus quercicola (Monell). Alate viviparous female: 1, antenna; 6, cauda and anal plate; 8, cornicle. Apterous viviparous female: 7, cauda and anal plate. Chaitophorus populifoliae Oestlund. Alate viviparous female: 2, antenna; 9, cauda and anal plate; 11, cornicle. Apterous viviparous female: 10, cauda and anal plate. Patchia virginiana Baker. Alate viviparous female: 3, antenna; 12, cornicle; 13, cauda and anal plate. Lachnochaitophorus querceus, n. sp. Alate viviparous female: 4, antennae; 14, cauda and anal plate; 15, cornicle. Apterous viviparous female: 5, antenna. All drawings are made to the same scale and therefore are comparable. CORRECTION. In the January number of the Proceedings, in the last para- graph on page 11, the generic name “‘Cysticercus’ should read ““Cryptocercus.” the name having been inadvertently changed in copying. J. C. Bripwe Lt. MINUTES OF THE 444TH REGULAR MEETING OF THE ENTO- MOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON, FEBRUARY 2, 1933. The 444th regular meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington was held at 8 p. M., Thursday, February 2, 1933, in Room 43 of the new building of the National Museum. Mr. C. T. Greene, president, presided. There were present 47 members and 30 visitors. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. The president reported visiting Doctor Howard, as instructed at last meeting, and of receiving a greeting from him to the Society. The president mentioned the coming centennial of the London Entomological 44 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 3, MAR., 1933 Society, and appointed Doctor Howard, Mr. Walton and Mr. Cushman as a committee to prepare a suitable message of congratulation. Major G. C. H. Franklin of the army medical school, and his assstant, Mr. Saunders, upon invitation, greeted the Society. Under the heading “Notes and exhibition of specimens” Mr. A. B. Gahan presented a note regarding the genus Pseudomicromelus Gahan and Fagan, in which he stated that the type of the genus was Micromelus silanus Walker, and that Dibrachys australis Girault and Pteromalus deplanatus Vess also belonged in the genus. The last named species, hitherto known only from Eu- rope, has recently been reared in California from Anarsia lineatella Zeller. Mr. Gahan has drawn up a short paper on the subject which will be found elsewhere in the Proceedings. (Author’s abstract.) In discussing Mr. Gahan’s remarks, Mr. Rohwer called attention to recent importations into California of an important European parasite, Copidosoma pyralidis Ashm., of the peach twig borer. This parasite of dnarsia lineatella had been collected in southern France during 1930 and 1931 and sent to the Bureau’s laboratory at Moorestown, New Jersey, where the shipments were examined and sent forward to State officials in California by air mail, the State officials undertaking liberation and colonization. (Author’s abstract.) F. M. Wadley remarked on misplaced use of statistical terms. Dr. H. L. Parker, of the Bureau’s European Parasite Laboratory at Hyeres, France, upon invitation, greeted the society, and presented notes on his work. He discussed the method of making and caring for collections of cornborer material for parasite work, in southern France and Italy, and spoke of the labor problems involved. The first communication on the regular program was by Miss Mabel Colcord, and was entitled ‘Aids in making entolomological literature available.” Miss Colcord told of the card catalogs of the Bureau of Entomology Library, and of the “Check list of publications on entomology . . . issued by the United States Department of Agriculture through 1927, wth subject index,” and the “List of publications on apiculture,’ May, 1930 (United States Depart- ment of Agriculture Library Bibliographical Contributions 20 and 21). The current Index to the Literature of American economic entomology was described, as were special indexes of articles by the members of the Bureau staff appearing in departmental and in non-departmental publications. Mention was also made of a manuscript list of biographies, and of the picture collection gotten together by Dr. Howard. The various uses to which these indexes can be put was explained. (Author’s abstract.) This paper was discussed by Gahan and McIndoo. The second communication was the retiring president’s address, by Dr. F. C. Bishopp, and was entitled ‘Medical Entomology; its field and function.” This paper is intended for early publication, hence no abstract is reported here. This paper was discussed by Fracker, Sasscer, McIndoo, Bridwell, and Major Franklin. Meeting adjourned at 10 p. m. F. M. Wap ey, Recording Secretary. Actual date of publication, March 21, 1933 VOL. 35 APRIL, 1933 No. 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON SMATSONIAN Wisp = "Oy APR26 1933 xs 4, 47,‘ ora. muss 8 CONTENTS HOOD, J. DOUGLAS—RHABDOTHRIPS ALBUS, A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF THYSANOPTERA FROM PANAMA ..... . L .27 SP ene a R Sa ES) MUESEBECK, C. F. W.—-FIVE NEW HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE ORCUE NAR UN CaeN Oss Ee ee os ae Tite nok tee MUSGRAVE, PAUL N.—NEW SPECIES OF HELMIDAE (COLEOPTERA) ... 54 PusiisHeD Montruiy Excepr Jury, AuGusT AND SEPTEMBER BY THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM WASHINGTON, D. C. Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1919, at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., unde: Act of August 24, 1912. Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized July 3, 1918. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON OrcanizeD Marcu 12, 1884. The regular meetings of the Society are held in the National Museum on the first Thursday of each month, from October to June, inclusive, at 8 Pp. M. Annual dues for members are $3.00; initiation fee $1.00. Members are entitled to the ProcEEDINGS and any manuscript submitted by them is given precedence over any submitted by non-members. OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1933. THOROTAVVRETESIUCTAN oon sat ls = ele eee L. O. HOWARD (Pie sigate ws. « MMAR cosy @ ee oe shc5r 2 9 Oe ee Cc. T. GREENE UFOP IV ACESPTESIGEHE «3 os e+ «ai im Wane aes Oe ee J. S. WADE SECONG WACERIESIACHE 0.0.5, 3H) gp eS » oo Be A. PORTER IRECHEMEGEASCEROIGTY © oe et = Ss F. M. WADLEY Corresponding Secretary-Treasurer. ......+.+.+-+:. S. A. ROHWER Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. EAHOR a. w Sule y 2° Byh yen B, ey bee ae eee W. R. WALTON Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. Executive Committee: THe Orricers and W. H. Larrimer, S. B. Fracker, H. E. Ewrne. Representing the Society as Vice-President of the Washington Academy of SCLENCES pF Ss, “5. Seis hues ee H. MORRISON PROCEEDINGS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON. Published monthly, except July, August and September, by the Society at Washington, D. C. Terms of subscription: Domestic, $4.00 per annum; foreign, $4.25 per annum; recent single numbers, 50 cents, foreign postage extra. All subscriptions are payable in advance. Remittances should be made payable to the Entomological Society of Washington. An author of a leading article in the ProceEp1ncs will be given 10 copies of the number in which his article appears. Reprints without covers will be fur- nished at the following rates, provided a statement of the number desired accompanies the manuscript: 4 pp. 8 pp. 12pp. 16 pp. 50 copies 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 100 copies 225 4.50 6.75 9.00 Certain charges are made for illustrations and there are available rules and suggestions governing the make-up of articles. Immediate publication in any number may be obtained at the author’s expense. All manuscripts should be sent to the editor. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL Society or WASHINGTON VOL. «35 APRIL, 1933 No. 4 RHABDOTHRIPS ALBUS, A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF THYSANOPTERA FROM PANAMA. By J. Doucias Hoop, University of Rochester. The curious insect described below was sent for determination by Mr. John R. Johnston of the United Fruit Company. The types are in my collection. RHABDOTHRIPS gen. nov. (paBdos, a rod or stick; Opi, a wood worm.) Body and all appendages very slender. Major sete very large and heavy, pinnatifid apically. Head moderately long, with one pair of enormous sete between the ocelli; vertex not produced beyond frontal costa. Antenne nine- segmented, with a dorsal U-shaped trichome on segment 3 and a similar ventral one on segment 4. Maxillary palpi two-segmented; second segment narrowed in distal half or more. Prothorax with one very large bristle at each anterior angle and two at each posterior angle. Wings very narrow; anterior vein almost completely fused with ambient vein along fore margin; posterior vein represented briefly at middle of wing but partly fused with anterior vein and ambient at or near either end, these fusions perhaps representing cross veins; two rows of large, heavy bristles similar in structure to interocellars and pronotals borne by the fused veins, one row inclined cephalad and the other caudad; fringing hairs sparse and weak. Abdomen with four pairs of similar enormous bristles on segment 9 and two pairs on segment 10. Genoty pe.—Rhabdothrips albus sp. nov. This genus undoubtedly finds its closest relative in Coremothrips Hood, with which it agrees in the possession of the exceedingly stout and apically divided bristles which have suggested the generic name. Both genera are related to Scolothrips Hinds, and all three are probably predacious. From Coremothrips this new genus differs in that (a) the vertex is not prolonged forward to cover the frontal costa when observed from above, (b) there is but one pair of enlarged cephalic sete, interocellar in position, and (c) the anterior angles of the pro- notum bear one pair of large bristles instead of two, the inner pair being wanting. Rhabdothrips is clearly the more primitive of the two genera. It is interesting to note that init the midlateral and anterior marginal sete of the pronotum are moderately well developed, and that one of these two pairs—probably the anterior marginal—is quite likely the source of the additional pair of monstrous sete found on the pronotum of Coremothrips. eager” 46 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 4, APR., 1933 Rhabdothrips albus, sp. nov. (Pl. 3, figs. 1-5.) Female (macropterous).—Length about 1.1 mm. Color nearly white; ocellar pigmentation and eyes bright red and black, respectively, by transmitted light, orange and orange-red by reflected light; antenne nearly white, with segment 3 palest, 4 and 5 shading to light gray apically, 6-9 light gray; legs and wings white. Head (PI. 3, fig. 1) long, broadest across eyes, its median dorsal length just equal to its least width behind eyes; vertex elevated between eyes but not pro- duced to overhang frontal costa, the elevated portion bearing the three ocelli and a pair of low tubercles from which arise a pair of monstrous, colorless, stick- like bristles (74m) which are fringed in their distal halves with microtrichia (Pl. 3, fig. 2); all other cephalic sete minute, pale, and inconspicuous; occipital line and sculpture caudad to it very indistinct. Eyes large and prominent, decidedly bulging, slightly pilose, composed dorsally of rounded, separated facets of which two at the posterior margin are particularly large and several at the middle of the inner margin noticeably smaller than any of the others; ventral facets polygonal, not separated. Ocelli situated close together, the posterior pair farther from each other than from the anterior ocellus and directed laterally as well as dorsally. Mouth-cone of moderate length, extending back- ward to a point below a line connecting the bases of the large bristles at the posterior angles of the pronotum; maxillary palpi two-segmented, proximal segment short, about as long as wide and less than one-fourth the length of the second segment, which measures 324. Antenne (PI. 3, fig. 5) slender, 9-seg- mented, the distal stylus composed of three segments; segments 3 and 4 each with a U-shaped trichome.! Prothorax slightly longer than head and about 1.3 times as wide as long; one pair of bristles at anterior angles and two pairs at posterior angles exceedingly stout and heavy and fringed with microtrichia in distal portion, these three pairs of sete (as well as midlaterals) arising from tubercles; the pair at posterior angles (74) equal to interocellars, twice as long as the inner pair near posterior angles (35), and about 1.6 times the length of those at anterior angles (46); anterior marginal and midlateral bristles small and scarcely pointed. Legs particularly long and slender, especially the femora of all pairs. Wings (Pl. 3, fig. 3) of fore pair sabre-shaped, with two series of long, heavy sete similar to the anterior angular ones of pronctum. Abdomen long and slender, with a few diagonal, asperate lines of sculpture on sides of middle tergites; with a few small, pale sete on segments 1-8; with two pairs of monstrous curved sete on segment 9, and with one similar pair on segment 10 (PI. 3, fig. 4). Measurements of holotype (9): Length 1.13 mm. Head, median dorsal length 0.106 mm., width across eyes 0.121 mm., width just behind eyes 0.106 mm., width at base 0.107 mm.; eyes, length 0.061 mm., width 0.039 mm., interval 0.046 mm.; interocellar bristles, length 74“; pronotum, length 0.112 mm., 'One antenna only is available for study, and unfortunately it does not present a strict dorsal view. In studying the figure it should be kept in mind that the revolution of the antenna exposes a portion of its inner surface. [47] 48 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 4, APR., 1933 greatest width 0.147 mm., length of sete at anterior angles 46, of outer sete at posterior angles 744, of inner sete at posterior angles 354; pterothorax, width 0.187 mm.; fore wings, length 0.720 mm., width at middle 0.033 mm., width near base 0.044 mm. Antennal segments... ee 8. OS 6a Mengthe(.) ISeas6: 70! 47 °42° 33) MiSs WW itclitslns (1) eee eee DIE D5) 8; Wes 170 A oe Total length of antenna 0.281 mm. Described from 18 females taken “on the leaves of young banana plants near Almirante, Panama,” May, 1932, by Mr. John R. Johnston, who has supplied the following note: “You may be quite correct in considering that this species is probably a predacious form, as I was unable to discovery any injury what- ever on the banana plant that I could attribute to it. This species is not uncommon on the young leaves of banana, but was never abundant.” EXPLANATION OF PLATE. (The drawings were made with the aid of a camera lucida by Miss Helen Rearwin.) Rhabdothrips albus, gen. et sp. nov. Fig. 1. Head and prothorax, 9, paratype; bristles omitted from all appendages. Fig. 2. Distal portion of seta of tergite 9, 2, paratype. Fig. 3. Right fore wing, 9 paratype; microtrichia omitted. Fig. 4. Segments 8-10 of abdomen, 2, paratype. Fig. 5. Right antenna and portion of head; 9, holotype. FIVE NEW HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH. By C. F. W. Mugseseck, Bureau of Entomology. This paper contains descriptions of four new Braconidae from Japan and one new species of Bethylidae from Australia, all recorded by investigators of the Bureau of Entomology as parasites of Grapholitha molesta Busck. SUPERFAMILY ICHNEUMONOIDEA. FAMILY BRACONIDAE. Bassus diversus, new species. Differs from all other species of the genus known to me in combining an unusually thin head, sharply impressed and PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 4, APR., 1933 49 punctate notauli, strongly rugulose exareolate propodeum, foveolate mesopleural furrow, closely striate three basal abdom- inal tergites, and black body. Female.—Length 4 mm. Head strongly transverse, not rostriform; face very broad, broader than distance from antennae to apex of clypeus, covered with minute setiferous punctures; clypeus broad, only very weakly convex; distance between clypeal foveae much greater than length of foveo-ocular line; malar space strongly inclined inward, not half as long as the eye; frons short, polished; frontal impression immargined; vertex polished; ocell-ocular line twice diameter of an ocellus, a little longer than postocellar line; median ocellus barely in front of a line drawn tangent to anterior margins of lateral ocelli; antennae about as long as the body, 31-segmented, inserted only a little below level of upper eye margins; temples strongly receding. Thorax rather stout, about as broad as head; mesoscutum minutely punc- tate, shining, with sharply impressed punctate notauli; scutellum convex, smooth, not margined at apex; propodeum convex, completely closely rugose, not areolated; sides of pronotum mostly smooth; prepectus sharply carinately margined; mesopleurum minutely punctate, shining, with a straight foveolate longitudinal groove below the middle; metapleurum rugulose; posterior coxae minutely punctate, shining; inner calcarium of posterior tibia not quite half as long as metatarsus; second cubital cell of anterior wing triangular, short- petiolate; radial cell very narrow, on wing margin a little more than half as long as stigma and just about as long as that part of metacarpus beyond the radial cell; nervulus slightly postfurcal, first brachial cell open at apex, sub- mediellan cell of posterior wing much less than half as long as mediellan; nervellus weak. Abdomen as long as the thorax but slightly narrower; first tergite longer than broad at apex, with two prominent, nearly parallel, longitudinal dorsal keels extending beyond the middle, the area between them smooth basally; remainder of tergite rather coarsely striate; second and third tergites virtually parallel- sided, closely longitudinally striate except the apex of the third tergite, which is smooth, each of them with a shallow transverse impressed line; remaining tergites smooth and shining; ovipositor sheaths considerably longer than abdomen. Black; tegulae brownish; wings smoky; coxae black or blackish, the anterior pair brownish beneath; remainder of anterior and middle legs brownish yellow; posterior trochanters and the femora except toward apices blackish; the extreme apices of posterior tibiae and the posterior tarsi, except basally, slightly in- fuscated. Type locality —Mitsuoka, Nagano, Japan. Type.—U. S. N. M. No. 44850. Host.—Grapholitha molesta Busck. Three female specimens reared by G. J. Haeussler of the Bureau of Entomology June 28, 1932 (type and one paratype) and August 24, 1932 (one paratype). 50 PROC.-ENT. SOC: WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 4, APR., 1933 Phanerotoma grapholithae, new species. Very similar to //bialis Haldeman, but distinguished especially by having the first abscissa of the radius shorter than the second, by the anterior wings being only very indistinctly banded or maculated, by the more delicate sculpturing of the head, and by the weaker and shorter basal keels of the first tergite and the relatively longer third tergite. Female-—Length about 3 mm. Head large, quadrate, excavated behind; eyes prominent, nearly circular in outline, bare; face about twice as broad as long from antennae to base of clypeus, finely rugulose, subopaque; clypeus large, smooth and shining, its apical margin broadly rounded and provided with three minute teeth medially; malar space distinctly shorter than basal width of mandible; frons and vertex mostly finely shagreened, with some irregular rugae; temples convex, not receding, scarcely as wide as length of ocell-ocular line, finely lineolated; longest diameter of a lateral ocellus longer than postocellar line but less than half ocell-ocular line; antennae 23-segmented; scape fully twice as long as thick; basal segments of flagellum much lengthened; segments 7 to 11 faintly broadened, the following gradually narrowed; the basal seven segments of flagellum as long as all the following united. Thorax narrower than head; mesoscutum granular and opaque; scutellum very weakly granular, smooth at apex; propodeum finely rugulose; mesosternum and meso- and metapleurum evenly finely granular, opaque; inner calcarium of posterior tibia very nearly half as long as metatarsus, the latter about as long as the next three tarsal segments combined; parastigma large; radius emerging from beyond middle of stigma; first abscissa of radius a little shorter than second; first intercubitus straight, interstitial with recurrent vein. Abdomen strongly depressed, about as broad as thorax; first tergite only very slightly longer than second, with two prominent strongly convergent keels arising at the basal lateral margins and not extending beyond the middle of the tergite; second tergite nearly twice as broad as long; the third nearly half again as long as the second; first, second, and base of third tergites longitudinally wrinkled, remainder of third tergite finely rugulose; ovipositor not exserted. Yellow; mandibles ferruginous, tips black; apices of antennae weakly fuscous; stemmaticum black; the broad polished curved line bounding the scutellum behind piceous; legs entirely yellow, with only the posterior tibia slightly in- fuscated on the sides near apex; wings hyaline; stigma brownish, pale at base and very narrowly so at apex; a faint indefinite cloud just below stigma and covering first abscissa of radius. Male.—Essentially as in the female; ocell-ocular line not more than twice the greatest diameter of a lateral ocellus, and the antennal flagellum not broadened beyond the middle. Ty pe-locality —Yakatsu, Kanagawa, Japan. Alloty pe-locality —Hara, Shizuoka, Japan. Type.—U. S. N. M. No. 44851. Host.—Grapholitha molesta Busck. Described from 14 females and 10 males reared from the PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 4, APR., 1933 51 above host by G. J. Haeussler, of the Bureau of Entomology. The paratypes are from various localities in Japan and Chosen, Apanteles molestae, new species. Related to agilis Ashmead but differing from that species 1n the closely sculptured and opaque first and second abdominal tergites, the longer first abscissa of radius, and the slightly longer ovipositor. Female.—Length 2.7 mm. Head thin, the temples strongly receding; the face only very weakly convex, narrowing a little below, very shallowly punctate, subopaque; malar space not distinctly as long as basal width of mandible; eyes elliptical; frons and vertex with very faint punctures, sub-opaque; ocell-ocular line longer than postocellar line, about twice the diameter of an ocellus; antennae scarcely as long as the body; the four apical segments but little longer than broad. Thorax stout, much broader than head; mesoscutum with closely placed but definitely separate punctures, rather opaque; disk of scutellum large, flat, pol- ished, with only a few very faint punctures laterally; polished area on lateral face of scutellum not extending half way to the base; propodeum broad, evenly convex, with a large oval well-defined areola; costulae distinct; surface of propodeum mostly smooth, with only indefinite sculpture in the areola, along the costulae and sometimes in the apical areas; mesopleurum smooth except anteriorly where it is closely punctate; metapleurum smooth; posterior coxa smooth, with only a few weak punctures at base above; inner calcarium of posterior tibia about half as long as metatarsus; radius emerging from slightly beyond middle of stigma, the first abscissa weakly curved, a little longer than recurrent vein, intercubitus, or width of stigma, and only weakly angled with the intercubitus. Abdomen narrower than propodeum; first tergite large, broadening very slightly behind, closely finely rugulose, longitudinally so posteriorly, and with an irregular elongate median impression on posterior half, which is mostly smooth; second tergite strongly transverse, much longer medially than at the sides, its posterior margin strongly arcuate; surface of second tergite very deli- cately wrinkled and opaque; remainder of dorsum of abdomen smooth but subopaque; ovipositor sheath at least as long as posterior tarsus, unusually slender, slightly broadened on apical fourth, and with a distinct apical spine. Black; antennae entirely black; tegulae black; wings hyaline, stigma brown, indefinitely lighter toward apex and with a small indistinct paler spot at base; legs black, the anterior femora except at extreme base, and their tibiae and tarsi, yellowish; middle tibiae on basal half, their tarsi, and posterior tibiae at extreme base brown. Male.—Differs from the female principally in the longer antennae, which are definitely longer than the body, in the practically smooth second tergite, the darker anterior femora, and the paler stigma. Type locality —Kariha-Mura, Niigata, Japan. Allotype locality —Dogo, Ehime, Japan. Host—Grapholitha molesta Busck. Type.—U. S. N. M. No. 44852. 52 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 4, APR., 1933 Described from three females and two males reared by G. J. Haeussler of the Bureau of Entomology. One female paratype is from Saiden, Okayama, the other from Oanshimura, Kagawa, Japan, and the male paratype is from Suigen, Keikido, Chosen. Orgilus longiceps, new species. This species is very similar to obscurator (Nees) but is readily separated from that species by its even longer and more strongly compressed head, by its punctate rather than rugulose face, by having the propodeum broadly polished across the base, and by its paler clypeus, mandibles, antennae, and legs. Female.—Length 3.5 mm. Head long, compressed, not wider than thorax; face prominent, apparently a little longer than broad, punctate and shining; clypeus strongly transversely convex; cheeks and lower temples flaring slightly beyond the eyes, smooth and shining, sharply margined; malar space fully as long as basal width of mandible; eyes twice as long as broad, narrowing below; frons abrupt, rather short; vertex narrow, smooth; ocell-ocular line indistinctly longer than the greatest diameter of a lateral ocellus, a little shorter than post- ocellar line; head descending abruptly behind lateral ocelli; occipital carina broadly effaced medially; antennae nearly as long as the body, 3l-segmented, the apical 10 or 12 segments not longer than broad. Thorax slender, narrower than high; notauli sharply impressed, finely foveo- late or punctate; mesoscutum and scutellum smooth, finely hairy; impression at base of scutellum broad and deep; propodeum convex, smooth and polished across the base, the remainder of its surface finely rugulose; lateral face of pro- notum finely wrinkled and subopaque except in the upper posterior angle where it is mostly smooth; mesopleurum polished, with a longitudinal finely foveolate furrow below; metapleurum smooth and shining except at extreme apex; posterior coxa finely roughened and subopaque above; inner calcarium of posterior tibia slightly more than half as long as metatarsus; stigma narrow, less than one-third as broad as long, emitting radius from slightly beyond its middle; first abscissa of radius strongly oblique, a little longer than width of stigma, much shorter than first intercubitus; second abscissa of radius straight, on a line with first intercubitus and nearly parallel with outer side of stigma; radial cell on wing margin scarcely longer than stigma, its apex far from apex of wing; recurrent entering first cubital cell, removed by about half its length from intercubitus; stub of cubitus beyond intercubitus longer than second abscissa of cubitus; nervulus very slightly postfurcal or interstitial; first brachial cell closed at apex; subdiscoideus arising far below the middle of outer side of first brachial cell; submediellan cell complete and more than half as long as mediellan. Abdomen at least as long as thorax, slightly narrower, depressed; first tergite broadening gradually to apex, where it is slightly more than half as broad as long, its spiracles well before the middle and farther from each other than from base of tergite, its surface finely longitudinaly wrinkled; second tergite one and one-half times as broad as long, nearly parallel sided, closely finely longitudinally PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 4, APR., 1933 53 rugulose except for a small basal median area, which is smooth and polished; third tergite shorter than the second, mostly smooth and polished but with a finely rugulose or punctate band across the middle; remaining tergites polished; ovipositor sheaths very slender, distinctly longer than the abdomen, fully as long as posterior tibia and tarsus combined. Black; palpi blackish; clypeus, except at base, and mandibles ferruginous; basal half of flagellum and under side of scape brownish yellow; anterior and middle legs including coxae ferruginous; posterior legs ferruginous except for basal two-thirds of coxae, apices of posterior femora, especially above, and the apices of posterior tibiae, which parts are more or less blackish; wings weakly infumated; basal two-thirds of venter of abdomen brownish yellow. Male.—Like female except that apical antennal segments are more elongate. Antennae of allotype 30-segmented. Type locality —Togo, Shizuoka, Japan. Allotype locality —Mito, Ibaragi, Japan. Type.—U. S. N. M. No. 44853. Host.—Grapholitha molesta Busck. Described from two females and three males, the female paratype and one male paratype from the type locality, the second male paratype from the allotype locality, all reared by G. J. Haeussler, June and July, 1932. SUPERFAMILY MUTILLOIDEA. FAMILY BETHYLIDAE. Perisierola angulata, new species. Distinguished especially by having the apex of the radius bent forward at a right angle, by the unusually small stigma, the somewhat infumated wings, the distinct and complete parapsidal grooves, and the long eyes, which are fully three times as long as the distance from the upper edge of eyes to the vertex. Female.—Length 2.5 mm. Head only slightly longer than broad; eyes at least twice as long as broad, at least as long as width of face; malar space prac- tically wanting; clypeus compressed, keeled, the keel extending only slightly above level of lower eye margins; surface of the head minutely coriaceous with scattered shallow setiferous punctures; vertex acute; temples receding sharply from directly behind the eyes, delicately reticulate; posterior ocelli touching the acute ridge of the vertex; ocell-ocular line only slightly longer than post- ocellar line; antennae 13-segmented, but little longer than head; scape stout, about twice as long as wide; pedicel slightly longer than first segment of flagel- lum, subequal with second and third flagellar segments; the following segments successively faintly shorter, except the apical segment, which is nearly as long as the pedicel; none of the segments beyond the scape twice as long as broad. Thorax hardly as broad as head, depressed; pronotum large, more than one and one-half times as long as mesoscutum, delicately reticulated, shining; 54 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 4, APR., 1933 mesoscutum strongly transverse, more than twice as broad as long, with distinct parapsidal grooves, sculptured like pronotum; disk of scutellum flat, a little broader than long, with a small elongate puncture on each side at base, its surface weakly reticulate like mesoscutum; propodeum narrowing gradually posteriorly, carinately margined at sides, dorsal face much longer than posterior face and not separated from it by a carina; down the middle and on posterior face the propodeum is nearly smooth, laterad on the dorsal face it is delicately wrinkled; all femora considerably swollen, the anterior pair the largest, the middle pair the smallest; stigma small, subquadrate, not longer than parastig- ma; radius long, bent sharply forward at apex, the short apical section forming virtually a right angle with the long basal abscissa and usually nearly attaining anterior margin of wing; first discoidal cell complete, short-petiolate; posterior wings without distinct venation. Abdomen as long as thorax and slightly broader although strongly narrowed toward base and apex, entirely smooth and shining. Black; the antennae yellowish brown toward base, brownish black apically; legs black or brownish black; anterior tibiae and all tarsi brownish yellow; wings rather strongly infumated, the stigma and parastigma dark brown, the veins paler. Male.—Like the female in all important respects, but the abdomen is rather broadly rounded at apex, and the antennae and legs are paler, the anterior coxae entirely, the anterior femora except along the dorsal edge, and the middle coxae below, usually brownish yellow. Type locality —Eastwood, New South Wales, Australia. Type.—U. S. N. M. No. 44854. Host.—Grapholitha molesta Busck. Described from 16 females and 8 males reared by R. W. Burrell, of the Bureau of Entomology, in 1931. The National Collection contains, in addition, a considerable number of insectary-bred specimens from Sydney, New South Wales, G. molesta likewise being the host of this material. This species was first identified as an undescribed species of Perisierola by Mr. A. B. Gahan. He has suggested that I describe it in this paper along with the other new foreign parasites of the Oriental fruit moth for which names are desired. NEW SPECIES OF HELMIDAE (COLEOPTERA). By Pau. N. Muscrave, Fairmont, West Virginia. Helmis dietrichi, n. sp. Male.—(Figure 2, A)—General—Body elongate, convex, piceous black with four oblique luteus bands on elytra located as in figure, moderately shining; ven- tral side, base of antennae, palpi, front margin of pronotum and legs, rufous. Length 2.5mm. Greatest width, across elytra, slightly less than] mm. Head globose, inserted in the prothorax to the eyes, surface granular, sparsely covered PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 4, APR., 1933 55 with recumbent pubescence. Eyes not prominent, whitish. Antennae filiform, 11-jointed, 1 and 2 enlarged, 3-8 approximately equal, 9 and 10 larger than 7 and 8, 11 slightly thicker than 1 and 2, about as long as 9 and 10 together, pointed and hairy at apex, reaching to about 34 length of pronotum. Pronotum approxi- mately as wide as long (.6 mm), convex, sides almost parallel in basal third and then gradually convergent, widest about 14 from base, basal margin sinuate, apical margin moderately extended eee a hood over head, disc uniformly punctulate, punctures separated by about or more than their own diameter, clothed with sparse gray pubescence; no elevated lines as in Limnius. Legs long and strong; front coxa transverse, femora piceous at apex, tarsi curved, with large claws. Elytra at base slightly wider than thorax, sides gradually divergent for first fourth, then almost parallel to apical third, then convergent, tips trun cate, convex, impressed stria of punctures about same size of those of thorax, intervals with grayish pubescence arising from minute punctures. Under side of abdomen covered with the usual short, silky, decumbent pubescence, heavier on sides. Longer, stronger hairs scattered over entire under surface. Genitalia. (Aa-Ab)—Median lobe slender, strongly decurved. Female.—Slightly larger (length 2.6 mm., width 1.1 mm.), otherwise exter- nally similar to male. Variations —Marked variation in size of bands of elytra. One paratype shows apices of basal bands joining apical bands. Wings vary through series of paratypes from vestigial to normal Helmid form. Type locality —Dog River near Lucedale, Mississippi. Types.—Holotype (male), allotype (female) and four paratypes taeehe WS. National Museum. Several additional paratypes in collection of author and that of Henry Dietrich, for whom the species is named. Paratypes were collected by author (and Mr. Dietrich) from several localities in southern Missis- sipp1; near DeFuniak Springs, Florida, and Wrens, Georgia, from June 22 to July 7, 1931. Specimens were almost always found clinging to submerged roots. May be separated from other Eastern species of He/mis having no raised lines on pro- notum (H. ¢4-notata Say, H. vittata Melsh., etc.), by the oblique bands. Outline drawings for figure made by author. Variations IN Helmis pusilla Lec. It is not the intention to add to the available literature by describing a great number of subspecies, but in collecting through the Southern States during June and July of 1931 such a good geographical series of He/mis pusilla Lec. was taken that it is felt advisable to make note of it. The typical form of pusilla taken in the Northern States and through the Alleghenies has four yellowish spots, two on each elytron, one on the humerus and the other near the apex (B). East of the Alleghenies a form is found in which the spots practically coalesce into a continuous 56 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 4, APR., 1933 band, but as one goes toward the Gulf the spots disappear, the apical ones first, until a form is taken in Alabama and Mississippi in which no maculation at all is seen. By removing an elytron one can see, even in a few of the solid black forms, a faint maculation, although no trace is shown externally. Genitalia and external appearance show that they are forms of the same species. In a few localities two subspecies have been rk in the same stream. Suggested names for three subspecies ollow: Helmis pusilla apta, n. subsp. Size and general appearance as in typical pusilla with the exception of the maculation of elytra. The two spots normally found on each elytron, in this subspecies, are joined by a narrow band giving the appearance of a constricted stripe (C). Some paratypes have no constriction, thus showing an indefinitely outlined band from umbone almost to apex. Types.—Holotype (female) collected in Dunlap Creek west of Clifton Forge, Virginia, July 13, 1931, in U. S. National Museum, as are also two paratypes. Other paratypes in collection of University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida, and in that of the author, taken in Flat Creek, south of Lynchburg, Virginia, Shenandoah River, east of Berryville, Virginia, Holmes Creek at Bonifay, Florida, and Hog Town Creek at Gainsville, Florida. Helmis pusilla perdita, n. subsp. Size and general appearance as in typical pusilla with the exception of the maculation of the elytra. One of the two spots normally found on each elytron has been lost leaving only that on the umbone (D). Holotype (female) taken July 1, 1931 at Leesburg, Florida. Holotype and several paratypes were collected from submerged roots of the water hyacinth. The plants completely filled the mouth of a small stream entering Lake Harris. Other paratypes were taken in Hog Town Creek, Gainsville, Florida, in company with H. pusilla apta. Types—Holotype and two paratypes in U. S. National Museum, two paratypes in collection of University of Florida and other paratypes in collection of author. Helmis pusilla lodingi, n. subsp. Size and general appearance as in typical pusilla except that there are no yellowish spots, thus leaving the elytra solid black. Holotype taken in Monger Creek near Lucedale, Mississippi, June 24, 1931. Paratypes collected by the author from several small streams in southern Mississippi (a few by the kindness of Henry Dietrich) and from creek just outside Mobile, Alabama. It is a great pleasure and privilege to name the subspecies for Dr. H. P. Loding, of Mobile; who has pioneered in the coleopterology of Alabama. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 4, APR., 1932 57 Types.—Holotype and two paratypes in U. S. National Museum, other paratypes in collections of Dr. Léding, Mr. Dietrich and the author. Stenelmis blatchleyi, nom. n. Stenelmis. sulcata Blatchley 1910, “The Coleoptera of Indiana,” page 681. Grouvelle having described Stenelmis sulcata from Sumatra in 1892 (Not. Leyd. Mus. XIV, 1892, p. 188) the name becomes a homonym and é/aichleyi is offered for the species described from Lake Maxinkuckee, Marshall County, Indiana. ExPpLANATION OF FicuRE 2. A—outline drawing of Helmis dietrichi Musgrave. da—dorsal view of aedeagus of H. dietrichi. _db—lateral view showing decurved form of median lobe in aedeagus of H. dietrichi. B—normal maculation of H. pusilla Lec. C—maculation of H. pusilla apta Musgrave. D—maculation of H. pusilla perdita Musgrave. B Ae Tae Ab D ne Figure 2. ee re 58 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 4, APR., !%33 CORRECTION. In view of forthcoming articles it is advisable to point out that the name Anopheles (Stethomyia) lewisi Shannon, used in describing a species of mosquito from Brazil (Proceedings Entomological Society of Washington, 1931, 33, 154) is pre- occupied by Anopheles maculipennis Meigen, 1818. The name Anopheles (Stethomyia) thomasi is herewith pro- posed to replace the earlier name. This name is given in commemoration of Dr. H. Wolferstan Thomas, noted for his medical work in the Amazon region. Raymonp C, SHANNON. REVIEW OF HOWARD’S “FIGHTING THE INSECTS, THE STORY OF AN ENTOMOLOGIST.’’ Fighting the insects, the story of an entomologist. 8 vo., cloth, 333 pp. New York. MacMillan and Company. 1933. $2.50. It is with an acknowledgment of gratitude to the publishers that at their request this review of an unusual book is undertaken. It reveals the personality of a very brilliant and unusual individual and comprises a modest, simple narrative of the background, the development, and the outstanding events of a career of first rank in the field of science. The work is of especial and outstanding significance in the history of economic entomology in America because the career of L. O. Howard, for the greater part of a long lifetime, has been insepar- ably blended with its development. And this is true not only in our own coun- try but to a degree in other widely separated parts of the civilized world. The entomological fraternity everywhere will applaud the distinguished author for having placed on permanent record such a wealth of information from his experience. The skill of a veteran is disclosed in the marshaling of material and in the highly informal anecdotal manner of presentation. The result is not only a most entertaining book but one which will appeal to every lover of his fellowmen. The analysis is keen and illuminating and occasionally there is a comment that is radiantly penetrating. Dr. Howard has not only studied the insects but he has had a deep interest in, a wide experience with, and a keen sympathy and affection for his fellow-beings as well, hence the book overflows with a spirit essentially human, sincere and illuminating. The narration of any life is of dramatic interest when properly and adequately presented. This is particularly true when, as in this instance, it has been crowded to over- flowing with events and contacts of perennial interest: His ancestry, his birth and early childhood, his boyhood and college days at Ithaca, N. Y., his early entomological work under Professor Comstock, his later work in Washington, D. C., under Prof. C. V. Riley, and the events of his further career are traced step by step. There are many pages that deal with significant themes, as the growth of entomological work in the United States; the control of imported insect pests; the development of various phases of medical entomology; narra- PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 4, APR., 1933 59 tions of his various travels to remote parts of the earth and his contacts with famous people of many countries. The author’s work as official in various scientific organizations; his recreations; and his associations with the habitués of the famous Cosmos Club in Washington afford many interesting and amusing incidents. He has known many noteworthy men, such as Alexander Graham Bell, Lord Calvin, Lord Lister, Harvey W. Wiley, Jules Jusserand, ex-president Theodore Roosevelt, and others. Indeed such a large portion of the volume is devoted to the memories of friends and acquaintances that one thinks a bit whimsically of substituting some such title as “ Recollections of a Globe-trotter,” or “The Reminiscences of Abou Ben Adhem.”” It is a matter of some difficulty for this reviewer to take an impersonal and dispassionate attitude in dealing with this book, for he has spent long years under Dr. Howard’s sympathetic leadership and these have engendered an accompanying growth in affection and veneration for a superior who has been always helpful, always considerate, and always kindly. J. S. Wabe. r MINUTES OF THE 445TH REGULAR MEETING OF THE ENTO- MOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON, MARCH 2, 1933. The 445th regular meeting of the Entomological Society was held at 8 p. M., Thursday, March 2, 1933, in Room 43 of the new building of the National Museum. Mr. C. T. Greene, president, presided. There were present 31 mem- bers and 11 visitors. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and ap- proved. The president read a letter from Mr. Howe, the corresponding secretary of the Washington Academy of Science, to Mr. Rohwer, which called attention to a change in the editorial policy of the Journal of the Academy, making pos- sible publication of brief summaries of current research. Mr. D. L. Van Dine, chief of the fruit insect investigations of the Bureau of Entomology, upon invitation, greeted the society. Under the heading “ Notes and Exhibition of Specimens,” Mr. J. C. Bridwell showed a collection of leafhoppers taken at light at Vienna, Va., in the late summer of 1932, and remarked on seasonal color changes. He also remarked on the policy of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association toward entomologists, in encouraging diverting local studies and their publication; and on the desira- bility of studies thus encouraged. Mr. C. N. Smith exhibited puparia of Sarcophaga securifera, from which adults had attempted unsuccessfully to emerge backward. This note was discussed by Bishopp, Greene and Bridwell. Mr. C. T. Greene stated that this abnormal emergence occasionally occurred in species of several dipterous families, and discussed possible reasons for the condition. Dr. F. C. Bishopp commented on the unusually numerous reports of flea infestations in homes during the winter. This note was discussed by Wadley and Snodgrass. Dr. B. A. Porter mentioned a recent report of flea infestation in a New York 60 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 4, APR., 1933 office building, which was traced to cats occupying the basement, but which was spread to the top floor by the elevator. Dr. H. E. Ewing spoke of introduction of the giant toad into Hawaii and elsewhere. This note was discussed by Bridwell, Van Dine and Cushman. The first communication on the regular program was by W. S. Abbott, and was entitled “The work of the insecticide testing laboratory of the food and drug administration.” Mr. Abbott briefly outlined the essential points covered by the Insecticide Act of 1910, and described the work of the Insecticide Testing Laboratory in connection with the enforcement of the provisions of this Act. (Author’s abstract.) This paper was discussed by McIndoo, Wood and Wadley. The second communication was by R. E. Snodgrass and was entitled “Ovi- positors and Stings.” The fundamental form of the insect, with respect to paired abdominal appen- dages, was shown. The ovipositor and other abdominal structures, in simple and complex insects, were then discussed. The probable origin of the ovipositor from the appendages of the 8th and 9th abdominal segments, and modifications in a number of species, were traced. The sting of the bee, and its structure as a modified ovipositor, was discussed. The paper was illustrated by a number of lantern slides. Meeting adjourned at 10.15 p. m F. M. WADLEY, Recording Secretary. Actual date of publication, April 21, 1933 VOL. 35 MAY, 1933 No. 5 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON” {fs ke \\ \Y, CONTENTS ARROW, GILBERT J.—A FURTHER NOTE ON THE COLEOPTEROUS GENUS ASERIC Ay (NED OLON TEEN AE) eee sees Sareea es ae ter Cees ae” Saif CUSHMAN, R. A.—THE IDENTITY AND SYNONYMY OF THREE ORIENTAL SPECIES OF CREMASTUS (HYM., ICHNEUMONIDAE) ..... . Wore AES: MARTINI, E.— THE HY POPYGIA OF CERTAIN ANOPHELINES (DIPTERA: CURED 61 MATHESON, ROBERT—A NEW SPECIES OF MOSQUITO FROM COLORADO (DIPTERA : CULICIDAE) 3 aS NOR N= atk oak Sent as a a ee SANDHOUSE, GRACE ADELBERT—NOTES ON SOME NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF HALICTUS WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF AN APPARENTLY NEW SPECIES (HYMENOPTERA : APOIDEA)4 5... . 68. ; ... . 78 SNYDER, THOMAS E.—CALCARITERMES IN THE UNITED STATES .... . 67 STONE, ALAN—TWO NEW SPECIES OF TABANUS FROM NORTH AMERICA (DTP TERUA) SS: 2972 ae, ete oe ed pale RR 8 0 Vo TS EB ms 7S PusiisHeD Montuiy Except Jury, Aucust AND SEPTEMBER BY THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM WASHINGTON, D. C. Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1919, at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., undei Act of August 24, 1912. Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of Octobe 3, 1917, authorized July 3, 1918. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Orcanizep Marcu 12, 1884. The regular meetings of the Society are held in the National Museum on the first Thursday of each month, from October to June, inclusive, at 8 Pp. M. Annual dues for members are $3.00; initiation fee $1.00. Members are entitled to the PRocEEDINGSs and any manuscript submitted by them is given precedence over any submitted by non-members. OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1933. Hinnoraryeeresinewe: 9204 fo Mk si. a ee L. O. HOWARD IPR OSIG ET be wenn ers ak oe barre tok ye boucsggtije ee C. T. GREENE RAV SEMUACEZDIOSEAENE® Mots. 0 Oa ois “ois es veo, a, ee J. S. WADE Srangal WAGpIASCUS = BS . b we oe bee BSA PORE IRECOTAING SECKELGTY. Ver Ae Gn eds ee eee F. M. WADLEY Gorresponding Secretary lreasurer.. . 6.) eee S. A. ROHWER Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. ROTOR Phe Rie oehh Pl we eee eden, an ae re W. R. WALTON Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. Executive Committee: THE Orricers and W. H. Larrimer, S. B. FRAcKER, H. E. Ewrne. Representing the Society as Vice-President of the Washington Academy of SCLEHIE ESD ee as a) eg eA et ol pee H. MORRISON PROCEEDINGS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON. Published monthly, except July, August and September, by the Society at Washington, D. C. Terms of subscription: Domestic, $4.00 per annum; foreign, $4.25 per annum; recent single numbers, 50 cents, foreign postage extra. All subscriptions are payable in advance. Remittances should be made payable to the Entomological Society of Washington. An author of a leading article in the ProcEeEpiNGs will be given 10 copies of the number in which his article appears. Reprints without covers will be fur- nished at the following rates, provided a statement of the number desired accompanies the manuscript: 4 pp. 8 pp. 12pp. 16 pp. 50 copies 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 100 copies DIM) 4.50 6.75 9.00 Certain charges are made for illustrations and there are available rules and suggestions governing the make-up of articles. Immediate publication in any number may be obtained at the author’s expense. All manuscripts should be sent to the editor. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Ole 35 MiANYE,* 1933 No. ‘mn THE HYPOPYGIA OF CERTAIN ANOPHELINES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE). By E. Martrnt, Institut fiir Schiffs und Tropenkrankheiten, Hamburg, Germany. The collection of the materials underlying this communication was eftected during work done in collaboration with Dr. Hackett and Prof. Missiroli. The funds were appropriated by the public health division of the Rockefeller Foundation. In 1921, I gave a description of the hypopygia of the three German anophelines then known. To the “normal” condition I added another variety from the south of Europe. But later on, when I obtained other specimens of Avopheles elutus ex- hibiting the same features as the said variety, I believed that hypopygium to characterize /. e/atus, as at that time I was relying on scanty material (1924). In 1924, La Face, having studied a larger number o! hypopygia, pointed out the variability of these parts and demonstrated that I was mistaken in dr rawing a clear line between the struc- tures of the two “species.” In 1930, I supported her statement by giving some drawings of varieties and assymetries of the terminalia, but remarked the prevalence of ditterent varieties in different regions. Later in the same year, Swellengrebel, de Buck and Schoute, attempting to clearly define their variety atroparvus, stated that “in wild short-winged males (var. atroparvus) round tipped ventral (really dorsal) claspette spines were present in but 0.3% out of 557 cases (in 279 males). In 12%, there was only one ventral spine, in wild long-winged males, 40% had round-tipped ventral claspette spines. In 50%, there existed only one spine on the ventral lobe. In the laboratory broods reared under identical conditions, the inci- dence of round-tipped ppaies in the short-winged male was 0.6% (1210 cases in 605 males) against 37% (722 cases in 361 alee in the long-winged. A solitary Seal spine occurred 1 in 18% of the short-winged, and 559 of the long- winged cases.’ In 1931, Hackett, Missiroli and the writer showed that by means of the characters of the eggs emphasized by Falleroni, a reliable distinction of at least two races was possible, and the courtesy of the Dutch authors Schiiffner and van Thiel enabled us to demonstrate that the short-winged mosquitoes of Medem- blik (atroparvus) were identical with Falleronis variety /abran- 62 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 5, MAY, 1933 chiae of northern Italy, and almost pure, and that the long- winged race of Leiden was a mixture of Falleronis messeae with some labranchiae. Therefore probably neither the wild collected individuals nor the reared mosquitoes of either pupulation will represent an absolutely genetically pure stock. La Face, raising males from selected eggs, proved in the same year that the one (or two) most dorsal spines are always acutely tipped, in the race with the gray eggs, whereas in the males bred from the dark barred eggs (messeae), at least the most “Ventral” (really dorsal) spine is mostly blunt. From the striped eggs (maculipennis typ.), she raised males with almost identical hypopygia as in messeae. Vor the American 4. maculi- pennis, Frost (1932) briefly says: “Claspettes bilobed the dorsal lobe small with two pointed spines, the ventral lobe larger with two or three spines, usually the latter.” “Dorsal” and “ven- tral” have here the same meaning as in this paper. [Compare Christophers 1915 and Edwards 1920.] a rf itoeele By our investigations of 1931 we obtained knowledge of some places where one or the other subspecies occurred purely or almost purely. The mounts of hypopygia of such places are well in accordance with the results of La Face. In the rough sketch (Fig. 1) the spine at the tip of the claspette, the apical spine, is marked ‘“‘a,” the most ventral one ‘“‘v,” the most dorsal one “‘d.”’ In addition there is always a small sensory hair “‘s” at the inner side of the apical spine. It is very rarely replaced by a spine. This poor set is often all that a male of Anopheles maculi- pennis possesses. It is also present in 4. e/utus, qguadrimacula- tus,! in punctipennis, atropos, walker1, punctimacula, and others, modified only by the configuration of the spines and by addi- tional appendages. Thus “Fig. B” of Frost shows on the ventral ‘In Booth’s Figure of this species “v”’ is merely a hair. But in a specimen caught by Dampf in northern Mexico it is developed as a spine. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 5, MAY, 1933 63 lobe the spine “v,” the sensory hair “s,” and the spine “a”; on the dorsal lobe, the ‘“d’’ and an accessory spine. In the description quoted above, she calls the hair “s” a spine, whereas in punctipennis it 1s called a hair. The shape of the spines of the dorsal lobe is not mentioned but the figure shows them to be blunt. Also in European maculipennis additional spines are common. Very often spine “d” is accompanied by another spine, the twin-spine “z.”” Rarely there is a third one attached to the most dorsal lobe. But sometimes midway between the apical spine and the Se ones on a separate lobe there is an inter- mediate one, “i” (as I figured it for e/utus (1930) and La Face for the ay The spines v, a, d are always present and as well the small sensory hair “s.” The “z” and “1” are not always easily distinguished, as “‘1”’ by its base may be almost attached to the dorsal lobe, and because ““z”’ is not always placed on the same level as “d,” but sometimes is inserted posteriorly and more ventrally than “d.” Therefore it may be arbitrary if we claim a spine, to be an “i” or a “z,” whereas in 4. bifurcatus the three groups of spines, that of the dorsal, the intermediate and the apical lobe are always easily told and counted. It should be kept in mind also, that the shape of the claspettes is subject to variation, the bases of the spines often being lobe-like, but not always, and that different position on the slide results in different outlines. ad Fig. 2. Fig. 3 As to the shape, “v” and “a” and mostly “i” are slowly tapering sharply pointed spines. The spines “d” may be blunt and rodlike, or acute. But the same spine sometimes looks different in different positions, thus Figure 2 is taken from the same detached dorsal spine rolled beneath the cover slip, and Figure 3 from the same “‘z” spine. Both are taken from a male of messeae. In this subspecies some “d”’ spines therefore may be placed with the acute spines, which in another position might have been recognized as blunt. The acute spines of atroparvus hardly ever give any difficulty. 64 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 5, MAY, 1933 Rarely “‘v” is duplicated, the one spine being placed a bit dorsad of the other one, and both exhibiting the peculiar shape of that spine. This variation occurred, among the atroparvus material, in two symmetrical hypopygia (4 times) and symmetrically in one messeae. Or the sensory hair “s”” may be enlarged to form a bristle or a weak spine or a strong spine. It was in atroparvus, replaced by bristles on both sides of one hypopygium by spines in both sides of 3 hypopygia and in two single claspettes among the typical maculipennis. However, the apical spine “a” may be duplicated, a normal sensory hair being present as well (twice unilaterally among the afroparvus). In one au the dorsal spine “d”’ was lacking, only a s,” and “v”’ being present. Most i popygia are symmetrical but asymmetries are not at all rare. This remark refers not only to the number but also to the shape of the appendages. Therefore in statistical work we take every claspette as one object, as did Swellengrebel and his co-workers. In one hypopygium from Ardea (Italy), one side piece exhibited (asymmetrically) the duplication of the interior basal spine. Similar varieties I noted two times in 4. pseudo- punctipennis,? Inthat of Fig. 4, an accessory spine is developed most laterally. Such observations disprove the reliability of this kind of characters that Kingaretf and the present author have used to define certain species of duopheles s. str. The statistical results are «ce A. atroparvus blunt tipped acute Mcrae brass eae eR ot eee ae oe 20 Loppersum | Be ON ee NE se re Dee 83 Allancd¥ ee, .\|oe ae ie nn ee 22 Greetsiel yneat Emden... 2... 69 Larrelt | th 7, ape) Pere 48 STR WVeTSCLNTIETT > ca Ws] igs IL cet 8 Tetkum J Be, Ro ae ee 9 N rk 6) | ieaghs ee Nip en, Se? ory 1 1 44 hate. } neat Hamburg: "eee 8 SIR tail Spree ra amet week a Bog 1 5 311 "About 4. pseudopunctipennis, Frost says: ““No specimen of our species of pseudopunctipennis yet examined has had the four delicate serrate leaflets noted by Root (1924) on specimens from Mexico.” I got a specimen from Mexico, where these leaflets are not easily detected. Otherwise all our Mexican A. pseudopunctipennis exhibit this character clearly and among them is one specimen, where they are as strongly developed as in 4. punctipennis. I sug- gested (1932), that this male might belong to a new species, 4. cricillium described from a single female. One more species of this group is met with in southern Mexico. For the typical 4. pseudopunctipennis, Matheson also figures the serrate leaflets, and so does Dyar. If they are really absent in the Californian specimens, these might prove to be a new species or subspecies. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 5, MAY, 1933 65 In all these localities, messeae is met with only exceptionally. In 26 cases the dorsal spine was single, double 22 times and triple 3 times among the Emden males. An intermediate spine is registered 21 times. For the var. messeae the pure population of Kaninchen- werder had at least one blunt rod 39 times, at least one shortly tipped rod 17 times, all spines acute 32 times. But I do not doubt that according to previous remarks, by tearing every hypopygium and rolling the rods we would come to a more homogeneous impression. A ““z” was present 35 times, an “i” in 3 samples, among which two belonging to the same hypopy- gium were associated with two dorsal spines. At Kappel, I found 16 times, the blunt rod, and only once sy mmetrically the acute spine. Among Griinberg messeae the ‘“d” was 24 times blunt, 3 times tipped and 2 times a spine. 28 times a ““z”’ was present and 12 times an “‘i”’ in this material. In the almost pure population of 4. maculipennis maculi- pennis collected in the Orti di Schito (striped eggs), I found no acute dorsals. Five times the “d”’ appeared like a very shortly tipped rod, 59 times the “d” was blunt, 11 males of the ae race from the Lago di Fucino had blunt rods on all of the 22 halves. From these 85 objects but 25 had the “d” rod single, 13 times an “i” was present only twice associated with a “z,” once three spines were present on the dorsal lobe. In all places where the light gray eggs occurred, the population is so mixed that this line of research relying on the purity of the population was excluded. DISCUSSION. The results confirm those of de Buck, Schoute and Swellen- grebel as well as those of La Face concerning the afroparvus (Jabranchiae) and messeae. Yor the typical maculipennis the Dutch author gives no information. La Face says that the hypopygium comes near to that of messeae. Yet I find the blunt rod so regularly in that race, that | would maintain a hypopy- gium with “d” tapering into a long spine be never a maculi- pennis maculipennis. 1 would not wonder if a closer examination, by detaching the spines, would reveal an even higher degree of regularity. But for the moment I| have no time for this rather tedious work. As to the American representatives of this group, the hypopy- gia of 4. maculipennis as drawn by Root and Frost agree with the European atroparvus,—labranchiae, probably the more thermophilous subspecies of our 4. maculipennis. We therefore urgently need information on the hypopygia of the northern most maculipennis of America. What I wrote in Lindner’s Handbook 1930 still holds good, 66 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 5, MAY, 1933 viz: The variability of the hypopygium of 4. maculipennis is too great to allow a clear separation from the most closely related species. In conclusion, I may draw attention to a genetic question. In messeae a spine “i” is more like spine “a,” if it is inserted midway between the dorsal and the apical lobe. The closer it stays to the dorsal lobe, the more it resembles a spine “z,” and this latter spine comes closest to the shape of the dorsal most one “‘d,” where it is inserted absolutely at the same level as this. That would mean that the shape of a spine is a function of its position on the claspette. If that be true, and if we were able to stimulate or suppress the formation of spines, it never- theless would only be possible to get a blunt rod in messeae at the most dorsal part of the claspette. If there the formation of a spine would be suppressed, we never would get a blunt rod, no matter how many spines we might produce elsewhere. It is a pity that we are not able to do experimental work with these delicate parts, but it might be that similar conditions prevail in other parts of larger insects and might furnish a possibility for experimental work. Given this idea genetically the variability of the shape of the dorsal spines would be a complex one, being produced by the variable tendency of the organism to form blunt appendages, a tendency which on the edge of the claspette always decreases from dorsal ventrad, and by the variable arrangement of the spines on this posterior edge of the claspette. The reason why a blunt spine is lacking may be that there is little tendency to form a blunt appendage at all, or that the most dorsal spine is placed a bit off the most dorsal part of the claspette. RESUME. The author gives a scheme of the appendages of the claspette in the 4. maculipennis group. He describes some anomalities; he corroborates the statements of de Buck, Schoute & Swellen- grebel and La Face, that the most dorsal spine in the subspecies atroparvus-labranchiae is practically always acute, whereas in messeae it is prevailingly blunt or short-tipped. He finds in 4. maculipennis maculipennts the dorsal-most spine practically always blunt. The American maculipennis studied by Root and Frost would go with atroparvus-labranchiae. LITERATURE CITED. de Buck, Schoute u. Swellengrebel, 1930. Racial Differentiation of “ Anopheles maculipennis” in the Netherlands and its relation to malaria.—Rivista di Malariologia 9, 1930, p. 97. Christophers, 1915. The male genitalia of anopheles—Ind. Journ. Med.— Research 3, S. 371. Dyar, 1928. The Mosquitoes of the Americas. Washington, Carnegie Insti- tution. eee PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 5, MAY, 1933 67 Edwards, 1920. The Nomenclature of the parts of the male hypopygium of Diptera nematocer: I . Trop. Med. Paras. 14, S. 23. Frost, Fl. M. 1932. A comparative study of the male terminalia of Californian anophelines. Journ. of Parasitol. 18, S. 282. La Face, L. 1926. Revisione degli Anofelini Italiani.—Rivista di Malariologia 5, pg. 44. La Face, L. 1931. Sull’esistenza di razze diverse di Anopheles maculipennis.— Rivista di Malariologia 10, pg. 673. Martini, E. 1921. Bemerkungen zu Fritz Eckstein—Zentralblatt f. Bakt. I. Orig. 86, p. 252. Martini, E. 1924. Ueber jugoslavische Anophelen.—Archiv f. Schiffs—u. Tropenhyg. 28, p. 254. Martini, E. 1930. Culicidae. In: Lindner: Die Fliegen. Stuttgart: Schweiz- erbart. Martini, E. Hackett & Missiroli, 1931. Versuche zum Rassenproblem von An. maculipennis.—Archiv f. Schiffs u. Trop. Hyg. 35, p. 622 Matheson, 1929. A handbook of the mosquitoes of North America. Spring- field and Baltimore. Charles C. Thomas. Root, F. M., 1923. The Male Genitalia of some American Anopheles Mosqui- toes.—Americ. Journ. of Hyg. 3, p. 265. CALCARITERMES IN THE UNITED STATES. By Tuomas E. Snyper, Senior Entomologist, Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture. The genus Ka/otermes Hagen is divided into a number of subgenera, some of which undoubtedly deserve generic rank. They are all designated as subgenera, however, until more complete biological series of associations of soldiers and winged sexual adults from world collections have been studied. The subgenera Calcaritermes Snyder, Gly ptotermes Froggatt, and Lobitermes Holmgren are very closely related in that in the winged adults the median vein runs close to and parallel with the subcostal vein. There are, nevertheless, marked ditterences in the soldier caste. Ten species of Calcaritermes are known, all from the Neo- tropical zoo-geographical region, one being from Colima in western Mexico. Species of Glyptotermes have been recorded from the Australian, Oriental, Ethiopian, and Neotropical regions. They are equally well represented in all of these regions except the Ethiopian, where but few species have been recorded. Lobitermes is represented by three species, one from Sarawak and two from South America. No species in any of these sub- genera have been recorded from the United States. Among the insects captured in traps in Florida in connection with a survey of the Mediterranean fruit fly infestation, there 68 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 5, MAY, 1933 were found three winged adults of a new species of Calcaritermes, one insect each from Clay, Levy, and Orange Counties, respec- tively. Kalotermes (Calcaritermes) nearcticus, n. sp. Winged adult—Head castaneous brown, with scattered long hairs; labrum yellow. Eyes large, separated from lateral margin of head by a distance less than their long diameter. Ocelli fairly large, nearly touching the eyes. Antennae with 13 segments; second, third, and fourth segments of about the same size. Pronotum slightly lighter colored than head, with scattered long hairs. Anterior margin of pronotum shallowly concave; posterior margin shallowly and roundedly emarginate, with longitudinal corrugations at base. Wings irridescently bronze colored, membrane coarsely stippled, margins ciliate. In fore wing median vein running parallel and close to subcosta. In hind wing median branching from subcosta near the base (at 1.5 mm. from base, wing 5.5 mm. in length and 1.60 mm. in width). (Fig. 1.) Ficure 1.—Microphotograph of fore (1) and hind (2) wings of Kalotermes (Calcaritermes) nearcticus Snyder. Enlarged 10 times. Abdominal tergites with a row of long hairs near base. Legs with femora swollen and with pulvillus between claws. The dimensions and details of the wing venation distinguish mearcticus from the known species. Measurements. —Length of entire winged adult. 7.00 mm. Rengthyofdealated adultes eee 3.50 mm. Length of head (to tip of labrum)... 1.1 mm. Diameter of eye (long diameter)... 0.30 mm. enothvotpronocuns =e ee eee 0.60 mm. Meng throftore wits ee ee 4.70 mm. Weng thvotehintl tibiae eee ea 0.8 mm. Witdthnot ied (itie yes) === aaa 0.95 mm. Width ofpronotum..../0 207 See 1.00 mm. Widthiofstore' wing: = ee ee 1.40 mm. Type locality —Clay County, Fla. Described from three winged adults, one from the type PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 5, MAY, 1933 69 locality, collected on April 18, 1930, by A. M. Towles; one from Levy County, Fla., collected on April 21, 1930, by O. L. vale and one from Orange County, Fla., collected on January 22, 1930; bysPs A. Anslay,, Jr: Holotype.—Winged male adult, Cat. No. 44835, U.S. National Museum; two winged adults as autotypes in U. S. National Museum. A NEW SPECIES OF MOSQUITO FROM COLORADO (DIPTERA, CULICIDAE). By Rozerr MarHeson. Aedes klotsi, n. sp. Female.—Length 6 to 6.5 mm.; length of wing, 4.5 to5 mm. Proboscis long, slender, brownish-black; palpi short, one-fifth the length of the proboscis, brownish-black, clothed with small brownish scales and a few short brownish hairs. Antennae about as long as the proboscis, with short brownish hairs forming small whorls; the segments clothed with numerous short, narrow, whitish scales; tori black with numerous white scales. Occiput with a broad median area clothed with narrow, curved white scales bordered with narrow, curved brownish-yellow scales; sides with flat, white scales; erect, forked scales numer- ous, yellowish-white in the middle and brownish at the sides of the occiput. Mesonotum almost black, clothed with numerous curved scales, yellowish- brown predominating on the median area and whitish to yellowish-white on the sides and anterior margin. Pleura and coxae heavily clothed with broad, flat, white scales. Abdomen brownish-black with broad basal segmental white bands, widening on the sides; venter brownish, densely white scaled. Legs brownish-yellow, the tarsal segments being nearly black; femora heavily white scaled especially on the ventral surface; tibiae with a few white scales intermixed with numerous blackish-brown scales; all tarsal segments black. Claw formula, 1.1 — 1.1 —1.1. Wing scales all narrow, brownish-black to black. Male.—The general color is practically similar to that of the female. The antennae possess dense whorls of long brownish-yellow hairs. The palpi are slightly longer than the proboscis; the apices of the long segment and the last two segments are blackish-brown; the basal portion of the long segment is yellowish-brown with a more or less distinct ring of whitish scales preceding the black apical part. Length 6.5 mm.; wing, 5mm. Claw formula, 2.1 — 2.1 - 2.1. Hypopygium.—The structure of the male hypopygium (Fig. 1) readily separates this species from any known North American species. Side-piece more than three times as long as wide; apical lobe long, rounded, with numerous short outward pro- jecting setae on the dorsal face; a few longer hairs arise from the ventral surface. Basal lobe prominent, triangular, the apex projecting upward; the posterior margin of the triangle forms a narrow ridge which bears a single row of long, densely crowded hairs, the outer two of which are rather stout spines; the first spine is short and the second is extremely long and curving 70 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 5, MAY, 1933 at the tip. Clasper long, narrow, not expanded in the middle and with a very few very fine setae along its inner margin. Claspette with a stout stem bearing a few short hairs; filament as long as the stem, sharply expanded just before the middle so that the terminal half appears sickle-shaped. Tenth sternites prominent with recurved tips. Phallosome (mesosome) short, Figure 1 cylindrical, narrowing towards the apex. Lobes of the ninth tergite distinct and each bears 4 to 6 short, stout spines. Holotype——1 male, No. 49241, U. S. National Museum. Allotype. \ female, U. S. Nat. Museum. Paratypes. 2 males and 1 female in the U. S. Nat. Museum; 6 males and 2 females in the collection of Cornell University. The genitalia of the holotype and the paratypes (males) are mounted on slides. This species was collected by Dr. A. B. Klots and Dr. Elsie B. Klots at Mountain Home Lake, Fort Garland, Colorado, July 20 to 25, 1932. Altitude 8300 feet. This species falls in my key to the adults (Handbook of the Mosquitoes of North America, 1929) with cataphylla, from which it may be separated by its larger size and the color pattern of the mesonotum. In the key to the males it falls with dorsalis, from which it may be easily separated by the possession of a short and an extremely long spine on the basal lobe (Fig. 1). I thought at first that this might prove to be dedes cacothius Dyar which was described from six females taken at Shoshone PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 5, MAY, 1933 71 Point, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming (elevation 8200 ft.). However, Dyar describes cacothius as a small species and his original description (Ins. Ins. Mens., 11, p. 44, 1923) and that given by him in his Mosquitoes of the Americas (p. 197, 1928) do not agree in several particulars. Through the kindness of Dr. J. M. Aldrich of the U. S. National Museum I have been able to compare my species with one of the type females (only females are known) of Aedes cacothius. A. cacothius is small, not over 4 mm. in length and the color pattern is distinct from A. klotsi. Dr. Klots informs me that this species was collected along the edge of a small, cold, clear, mountain stream. The adults were abundant in the tall grass in the meadow just before the stream emptied into Mountain Home Lake. A FURTHER NOTE ON THE COLEOPTEROUS GENUS ASERICA (MELOLONTHINAE). By GiLzert J. Arrow, Deputy Keeper, British Museum (Natural History). In a note published in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington in 1927 (p. 69), I gave the facts which seemed to me to make Brenske’s name Aufoserica a synonym of the previously published name Aserica, Lewis, for the great genus of Melolonthine Scarabaeidae which has recently become so well known and important both in the Eastern and Western hemispheres. Mr. FE. A. Chapin, in the volume of the same journal for 1932, has published a note contesting that conclusion upon grounds which appear to indicate a misconception of the facts and, in view of the importance of the very large genus in question, a re-statement of the circumstances in clearer terms appears desirable. The name /serica was introduced by Lewis in 1895 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 16, p. 394) “for a considerable number of species hitherto included in Serica. It differs essentially from Serica in having smaller eyes, the scutellum wide at the base, the hind femora considerably widened and truncate at the apices, posterior tibiae also dilated, tarsi more robust and the intermediate coxae widely separated.’ Two Japanese species in Lewis’s own collection were referred to the genus by the names japonica Motsch. and orientalis Motsch. (which had been assigned to them by Waterhouse in an earlier paper), the limits of size of his specimens of each stated, the first-mentioned species cited as the genotype and a detail drawing from it given to show the essential characters. Two years later Brenske (Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 1897, p. 377) formulated the genus /u/oserica, assigning to it the same essen- tial characters, although in less detail than Lewis had given, and following the latter in including in it the species named 72 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 5, MAY, 1933 by him. Having evidently discovered the earlier name too late to suppress his own without great inconvenience, he admitted the synonymy but proposed to overcome the difficulty by treating the older name as subgeneric and applying it to a part only of the genus called 4utoserica. As I pointed out in my note, a new name can not take precedence of an older one in this way and the name Aserica should have been used, instead of the redundant 4utoserica, for the genus whose species, unmistakably defined by the characters set forth by both authors, have since become only too familiar. Mr. Chapin, however, anxious, like Brenske, to retain the name Autoserica, makes the rather surprising proposal to treat Aserica as a synonym of Serica in its restricted form, first defined by Lewis in excluding the “considerable number of species” for which he devised the name Aserica. Mr. Chapin’s reason for this proposal is the fact announced by myself that the name japonica Motsch., applied by Lewis to his type-species, does not belong to it but to another species of the old complex to which the name Serica was applied. I was able to establish this by actual comparison of the specimens described (and figured) by Lewis with the type of Motschulsky, the specimens of Lewis’s type-species being now in the British Museum col- lection. In order that his proposal may not seem out of harmony with “opinion 65” of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Mr. Chapin makes the following remarkable statement: “Tt is here maintained that I.ewis did not base his genus on ‘certain definite specimens,’ for had he done so he would have indicated the fact and would have given detailed information concerning his specimens.’ This contention is demolished by Mr. Chapin himself a few lines later, in referring to Lewis’s actual statements and detail drawing from his type-species. The statements are: “My measurements are 9-11 millim.” and “Some of my specimens are in color light brown.” The sketch is of the metasternum of a beetle; certainly not of a “Serica.” (The important parts of the drawing, however, are of the mesosternum and hind legs.) The details supplied by Lewis were therefore sufficient to satisfy Mr. Chapin that /serica is not the same as Serica and to satisfy Brenske that it is the same as 4utoserica. The specimens from which the genus was diagnosed being permanently placed in the British Museum collection, remain available to satisfy any who may in future be interested of the correctness of these inferences. The true Serica japonica, Motsch., although it has not all the characters of 4serica, as defined, and must therefore retain its old name pending a satisfactory delimitation, is as certainly not a true Serica. Lewis possessed examples of it which were ee PROC. END. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35), NO: 5, MAY, 1983 73 undistinguished from A4serica orientalis, Mots. It is undoubtedly less closely related to the type-species of Serica (S. brunnea L.) than to those of Aserica (A. secreta Brsk.) and Autoserica (4. piceorufa Fairm.) and a study of the multitudinous species of the group may show that it is not possible to separate it ultimately from Aserica. THE IDENTITY AND SYNONYMY OF THREE ORIENTAL SPECIES OF CREMASTUS (HYM., ICHNEUMONIDAE). By R. A. CusHman, Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture. The importation into the United States of Cremastus flavo- orbitalis (Cameron) from Japan as a parasite of the European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis Hubner, has led to a study of its identity. In the course of this study it has become evident that there has been much confusion on the part of Japanese authors between this species and two other species, japonicus (Ashmead) and chinensis (Viereck). This paper is the result of the study of types and published discussions. Cremastus flavoorbitalis (Cameron) (new combination). Tarytia flavoorbitais Cameron, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 1907, p. 589. Ophionellus biguttulus (Matsumura) Munakata, Extra Rept. Agr. Sta. Aomori No. 2, 1910, p. 67, Pl. 2, fig. 1 (in Japanese) (new synonymy). Cremastus hymentiae Viereck, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 40, 1911, p. 189 (new synonymy). Tarytia flavoorbitalis Morley, Fauna Brit. India; Hym., vol. 3, Ichn. pt. 1 NOMS pa SOG: Cremastus hymeniae Swezey, Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 3, 1915, p. 106. Ophionellus biguttulus Nawa, Ins. World, Gifu, Japan, vol. 19, 1915, p. 456; Kondo, Extra Rept. Agr. Sta. Nagasaki, No. 15, 1917, p. 101. Cremastus hymeniae Swezey, Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1918, p. 13. Diaparsis japonica (Ashmead) Uchida, Journ. Faculty Agr. Hokkaido Imp. Univ., vol. 21, 1928, p. 285, Pl. 6, fig. 28 (not Temelucha japonica Ashmead). Cremastus hymentae Rust, Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 7, 1929, p. 223. Cremastus japonica Uchida, Journ. Faculty Agr. Hokkaido Imp. Univ., vol. 25, 1930, p. 356 (not Temelucha japonica Ashmead). Cremastus (Tarytia) biguttulus Sonan, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa, vol. 20, 1930, p. 141 (part). > In the last reference cited above Sonan synonymized Cre- mastidea chinensis Viereck and Cremastus japonica Uchida (not Ashmead) with d7guttulus Munakata, a species originally described in Japanese. In the case of japonica Uchida he appears to be correct, but chinensis is a distinct species, as is also the true Cremastus japonicus (Ashmead). 74 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 5, MAY, 1933 The types of chinensis, japonicus, and hymeniae are all before me. They are separable by structural characters as follows: 1. Lower margins of first tergite not nearly meeting ventrally but widely separated and parallel; stigma broad with radius distinctly beyond middle............ a (hymeniae Viereck) = flavoorbitalis (Cameron). Lower margins of first tergite nearly or quite meeting ventrally; stigma narrow with rads at on very neat middle. 2-... ee 2 2. Abdomen narrow, second tergite fully five times as long as broad at base; areola barely one and a half times as long as broad; in female, diameter of an ocellus shorter than ocell-ocular line and malar space nearly as long as basal width of mandible (male unknown)... japonicus (Ashmead). Abdomen broad, second tergite less than four times as long as broad at base; areola two or more times as long as broad; in female, diameter of an ocellus much longer than ocell-ocular line and malar space barely half as long as basal width of mandible; in male, eyes and ocelli very large, malar space and ocell-ocular line ITEM OMIT EOD ATCO a egg ean eee ace chinensis Viereck. Cremastus flavoorbitalis (Cameron) is very widely distributed through the Oriental and Australian Regions and spreads into the Palearctic Region in eastern Asia as far north as the Island of Honshu, Japan, east to the Hawaiian Islands and west to Ceylon and India. The National Collection includes specimens from Japan reared from Pyrausta nubilalis Hubner and Grapholitha molesta Busck; from Hawaii reared from Hymenia fascialis Cramer and H. recurvalis Fabricius (types of hymeniae); from the Philippine Islands, including two reared from Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller at Los Batios by V. J. Madrid under College of Agri- culture No. Ec-388; and a series from Singapore in the Baker Collection. The species exhibits very marked variation in color, especially of the thorax, which is sometimes largely black above and some- times entirely without black. Cremastus japonicus (Ashmead). Temelucha japonica Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 30, 1906, p. 185. Since the publication of Ashmead’s description there have been four references to the name, all by Japanese authors. In 1915 Nawa (Insect World, vol. 19, p. 489, Pl. 23) recorded it as a parasite of a rice insect, Bradina admixtalis Walker; in 1928 Uchida (Journ. Faculty Agr. Hokkaido Imp. Univ., vol. 21, p. 285) transferred the name to Diaparsis and recorded it as a parasite of another rice insect, Chi/o simplex Butler; in 1930 Uchida (1. c. vol. 25, 1930, p. 356) transferred it to Cre- mastus; and in 1930 Sonan (Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa, PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 5, MAY, 1933 75 vol. 20, p. 141) synonymized Cremastus japonica Uchida (not Ashmead) with Cremastus (Tarytia) biguttulus (Munakata). In the National Collection under the name Teme/lucha japonica Ashmead stand two female specimens, one labelled [= lype Ne. 7260” and the other “Paratype No. 7260, yihe former is from Swatow, China, the first locality mentioned in the description. The other is from Hong Kong. There is no specimen from Japan. The Swatow specimen agrees perfectly with the original description, while the Hong Kong specimen is not the same species but is Cremastus flavoorbitalis (Cameron). Since there is no specimen from Japan, since the Swatow speci- men is labelled ““Type”’ and since this specimen is the only one that agrees with the original description, it is obvious that it must be recognized as the holotype and Swatow, China, as the type-locality. Apparently all of the references subsequent to the original description should be considered as applying to Cremastus flavoorbitalis (Cameron). Cremastus chinensis (Viereck). Cremastus (Cremastidea) chinensis Viereck, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, RS oy, Bites , Cremastidea chinensis Rust, Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., vol. 7, 1929, p. 223. Cremastus chinensis Cushman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 75, art. 25, 1930, p. 14. Cremastus (Tarytia) biguttulus Sonan, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa, vol. 20, 1930, p. 141 (part). This species is mentioned here only to call attention to the fact that it is not synonymous with dzguttulus (Munakata) as has been indicated by Sonan. It is parasitic on the rice borer, Chi/o simplex Butler, as in- dicated by a series of specimens reared from that host by D. T. Fullaway at Kobe, Japan, and by others reared from rice straw from Japan intercepted at quarantine in New York and New Orleans. TWO NEW SPECIES OF TABANUS FROM NORTH AMERICA (DIPTERA). By Atan Stone, Bureau of Entomology. During the course of a study of the nearctic species of Tabanus two unusually distinct new species have been discovered. It was not originally intended to describe these before the com- pletion of the study, but since a name was requested for the one from Oklahoma and since the other was so distinct, it was thought advisable to describe them immediately. 76 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 5, MAY, 1933 Tabanus oklahomensis, n. sp. Female.—Length 13-15 mm. Eyes transverse and short dorso-ventrally, the angle formed by the lower margin of the eyes wider than usual; clothed with short, dense, white pile; in life dark purple with four green-blue diagonal stripes, not touching the eye margin laterally, and the three lower ones curved upward at the outer end. Front very broad, sometimes less than twice as high as its width, and never more than 2% times its width, the sides parallel or nearly so; clothed with yellowish brown pollen, paler between the median spot and the frontal callus and with downward pointing hair, black except just above the frontal callus, where it is creamy white. Vertex somewhat concave with a shiny black triangle, in the middle of which lies a sharply defined, raised, dark reddish, ocelligerous tubercle. A slender black line runs from the ocelligerous tubercle to the frontal callus; on each side of this line, on the middle of the front, lies a large black spot, either separated from the line, or broadly joined to it. Frontal callus black, wrinkled, transverse, somewhat protuberant, tapering somewhat to each side but touching the eyes; the line between the frontal callus and the subcallus distinctly curved downward medianly. Subcallus swollen and shining black with a median depressed line. Semicircles above antennal bases with pale yellow pollen. First antennal joint stout and some- what enlarged apically, with gray pollen, pale yellowish and black hair, and a distinct tuft of reddish hair at the apex above; second joint small with black hair and a distinct dorsal point; third joint rather stout with a strong dorsal angle and quite concave anterior to it; basal third to half of the basal portion dark reddish brown to nearly black; the rest black; annulate portion stout, about equal in length to the width of the basal portion at the dorsal angle. Face, cheeks, and back of head pale yellowish gray pollinose with abundant, long, nearly white hair; posterior orbital fringe of hair, to either side of vertex for a short distance, distinctly yellowish orange. Palpi short, stout, swollen at base and coming to a sharp point; clothed with pale yellowish pollen and long, nearly white hair. Proboscis very short, the labellae black. Dorsum of thorax black with abundant, long, silky, pale yellowish or brownish hair. Antealar callus with shorter black hair. Pleurae, sternum, and coxae gray pollinose, densely clothed with long, nearly white hair. Wings hyaline with black veins; costal cell often somewhat infuscated; no stump at base of vein Rg; cell R; not at all coarctate. Legs with femora black, the under surface, particularly of the fore pair, with abundant, long yellowish hair. Tibiae dark reddish, the fore pair with the apex black; all tibiae clothed with a mixture of pale and black hairs; hind tibial fringe not prominent. Tarsi black, the ventral surface with short, bright orange hair. Abdomen broad, black, clothed with pale yellowish and black hair, the pale hair forming rather indefinite posterior margins to the tergites; these bands expanding at the lateral margin of each tergite and sometimes forming faint median triangles. Venter gray pollinose, the posterior margin of the sternites somewhat paler. Holotype, Catalogue No. 49377, U. S. N. M., Atoka, Okla- homa, March 31, 1933, collected by Harold Schnorrenberg. Paratypes, 14 others taken at Atoka, Atoka Co., and Tishom- ingo, Oklahoma. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 5, MAY, 1933 Th This species is similar to Tabanus carolinensis Macquart of the eastern part of the United States, but differs in its wider front, entirely black subcallus, entirely black ground color to the abdomen, and its darker legs. Tabanus bishoppi, n. sp. Female.—Length 12 mm. Eyes clothed with short, but distinct, white pile; color (revived) green-blue with a single yellow-green diagonal stripe. Front of moderate width, its height about 3% times its width at the frontal callus, scarcely narrowed below; clothed uniformly with yellow pollen and with brown hair above the median spot, yellow hair below. A small, slightly raised spot at the vertex, entirely covered with pollen and hair. Frontal callus black, shining, convex, about square and separated from the eye by a narrow strip of pollen. Median spot of the holotype black, very slender and lanceolate, and very nar- rowly joined to the frontal callus; in the paratype much shorter and completely isolated. Subcallus flat, pale yellowish. Face and cheeks with white pollen and hair. First and second antennal joints small, yellowish brown, clothed with black hair above; third joint orange-brown, the annulate portion black; basal portion of the third joint stout, its greatest width nearly as great as its length, only slightly concave anterior to the obtuse dorsal angle; annulate portion equal in length to width of basal portion. Palpi pale yellow, the second joint of moderate width at base but the apical half very slender; clothed with short white and scattered black hair. Proboscis black, nearly 2 mm. long. Thoracic dorsum black in ground color with a very fine coating of yellow pollen and an indication of grayish stripes on the mesonotum; clothed with black and yellow hair, the latter predominating. Pleurae, sternum, and coxae dark gray, the fore coxae paler than the rest; upper part of pleurae with yellowish hair, the rest white. Wings hyaline with reddish brown veins, darker apically; costal cell and first cell R very dilute yellow. No stump vein at base of vein Rg, and cell Rs wide open. Femora gray pollinose with mostly pale hair. Tibiae yellow, the apical third of the fore pair dark brown to black; hind tibial fringe mostly yellow, but with scattered black hairs apically. Fore tarsi black; middle and hind tarsi dark reddish brown. Abdomen with a continuous pale yellow stripe from scutellum to apex, slightly widening at the posterior margin of each tergite. On first tergite a black spot to either side of the stripe; an indication of black bordering the stripe on the other tergites, the apex of the abdomen largely black; rest of the dorsal surface of the abdomen rather dark orange-brown except for a lateral row of nearly square spots of yellow pollen and hair on tergites 1-5, the spots beyond the first tergite not touching the hind margin. Venter pale orange, somewhat darker apically. Holotype, Catalogue No. 49378, U. S. N. M., Silver Springs, Florida, March 26, 1929, Bishopp No. 13073, collected by F. C. Bishopp. Paratype, Ft. Pierce, Florida, April 14, 1918, Bishopp No. 7889. In habitus this species resembles fu/vu/us Wied. or longius- culus Hine, but the distinctly pilose eyes and the slender palpi separate it from these and other related species. 78 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 5, MAY, 1933 NOTES ON SOME NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF HALICTUS WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF AN APPARENTLY NEW SPECIES (HYMENOPTERA: APOIDEA). By Grace ADELBERT SANDHOUSE, Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture. This paper gives synonymical notes on two species of Halictus previously considered to be limited to the Palearctic fauna; the description of an apparently new species, in order that the name may be available for use in economic entomological literature; and a key for separating these from other closely related species occurring in the eastern part of the United States and Canada. Halictus leucozonius (Schrank). Apis leucozonia Schrank, Enum. Ins. Austr., 1781, p. 406, n. 819. Halictus similis ¥. Smith, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., pt. 1, 1853, p. 69, n. 105. Halictus similis Cockerell, Can. Ent., vol. 41, 1909, pp. 334-335. When Frederick Smith described Halictus similis from Hudson’s Bay, North America, he compared it with H. /eu- cozonius but considered it to be distinct. In 1909, however, Cockerell saw the type of similis in the British Museum and considered it synonymous with /eucozonius. A careful study by the writer of a series of specimens from both Europe and North America has confirmed the synonymy. Recently further confirmation has been received from Mr. P. Bluthgen, who writes that at his request Mr. R. B. Benson of the British Museum compared the type of similis with specimens of leucozonius and could find no difference between them. Since the species has apparently been previously known in America only from the type material seen by Smith, it was of especial interest to receive for identification a large series of specimens from Nova Scotia, where it is reported to be very abundant. Halictus zonulus, Smith Halictus zonulus Smith, Zoologist, vol. 6, 1848, p. 2171, n. 22. Halictus similis Lovell, Can. Ent., vol. 37, 1905, p. 299 (new synonymy). Halictus craterus Lovell, Psyche, vol. 15, 1908, p. 35 (new synonymy). A specimen of Halictus zonulus from Europe was recently received from Mr. Bluthgen, with the notation that it occurs in Canada. It was recognized to be the same as the species known in North America as craterus Lovell. It occurs in eastern Canada and in the northeastern part of the United States as far west as Michigan. Halictus athabascensis, new species. Male, holotype-—Length 8 to9 mm. Black, with the apical half of the clypeus pale yellow; tegula brown; tarsi and under side of flagellum brown testaceous. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL 35, NO. 5, MAY, 1933 79 Pubescence white, except for some fuscous hair on the abdominal tergites and yellowish hair on the tarsi. Head without particular modification; distance between the anterior ocellus and the apical margin of the clypeus to that between the eyes just before the anterior ocellus as 6.25 to 4.75. Space between the inner margins of the eyes at the base of the clypeus and just before the anterior ocellus about the same width. Vertex and sides of face densely clothed with pubescence; clypeus and postclypeus nearly bare. Front uniformly covered with fine contiguous punc- tures. Vertex shining between finer but more widely separated punctures. Clypeus flat, nearly impunctate, apical margin truncate; postclypeus shining between small, widely separated punctures. Labrum nearly impunctate, basally depressed in the middle; apical margin subtruncate, fringed with long straight hairs. Temples broadest just below the middle of the eye, then narrow- ing abruptly to the base of the mandible, lower three-fourths punctate-striate; postgenae along the hypostomal carinae microscopically longitudinally striate, basally produced slightly below the level of the hypostomal carinae; genae reduced to a mere line. Mandibles reddish in the middle, when closed the tip of one reaching to the anterior-lateral angle of the clypeus on the opposite side. Joints of flagellum weakly moniliform beneath, of uniform length; third antennal joint nearly twice as long as second and about two-thirds as long as fourth. Thorax with moderately dense erect pubescence. Prothorax without particu- lar modification. Mesoscutum shining; the punctures of moderate size, on the anterior portion and laterad of the parapsidal furrows separated by a little more than the diameter of a puncture, between the furrows by about twice; meso- pleura shining, finely and irregularly foveolate, indistinctly punctured; meso- scutellum polished, with a median longitudinal impressed line, the punctures smaller and more widely separated than on the mesoscutum, two lateral spots nearly impunctate. Metatergum and metapleura irregularly foveolate, indis- tinctly punctured. Propodeum shining, dorsal surface with a subcrescentic disk which is bordered posteriorly by a polished strip, very irregularly carinate; lateral and posterior surfaces finely and irregularly carinate-punctate; carinae on posterior-lateral angles weakly developed on lower fourth only. Wings yellowish hyaline, faintly iridescent. Stigma and wing-veins brown testaceous. Tegula brown, anteriorly testaceous, largely impunctate. Legs normal, tibial spurs testaceous. Abdominal tergites purplish black, the apical margins brownish, finely and uniformly punctured; basal hair bands well developed; shining pygidial area of seventh tergite flat, lower margin rounded. Sternites unmodified; second with erect pubescence; third, fourth, and base of fifth with pubescence in the middle erect, at the sides longer and bending laterally; apices of fifth and sixth with ordinary pubescence; sixth with a median longitudinal streak and apica| margin impunctate; seventh at the base wider than the eighth, its median process broader than that of the eighth. Female, allotype.—Very similar to the male in color, sculpturing, and pubes- cence, but differing in the usual sexual characters. Length 9 to 10 mm. Black | without pale markings; legs brownish, tibiae and tarsi brown-testaceous; tibial spurs testaceous, lower edge of the hind spur serrate with broadly rounded teeth. Head ordinary; distance between anterior ocellus and apical margin of clypeus 80 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 5, MAY, 1933 to that between the eyes before the anterior ocellus as 7 to 5.5; face more sparsely pubescent, the sides more sparsely punctured; clypeus and postclypeus microscopically tessellate, with large shallow well separated punctures; post- genae very finely longitudinally striate along the hypostomal carinae. Thorax more robust; mesoscutum duller, more closely punctured. Abdomen more robust, tergites duller, more strongly purplish; hair apicad of basal hair bands largely black. Type.—Cat. No. 44882, U. S. National Museum. Locality of type, 70 miles up Athabasca River, Alberta, Canada; of allotype, Toronto, Ontario. Described from the following: Type and 18 males, 70 miles up Athabasca River, Alberta, August 5, 1903 (Merritt Cary); 1 male, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, July 26, 1918 (Robert Fouts); 1 male, St. John, New Brunswick, Oct. 3 (A. G. Leavitt); 1 female, allotype, Toronto, Ontario, April 15, 1892 (Wm. Brodie); 3 females, Lehigh Gap, Pennsylvania, June 26, 1901; 1 female, North Cumberland, Pennsylvania, May 23, 1908, No. 192a (P. R. Myers); 2 females, Pequaming, Michigan, July 2 and 13, 1903 (Morgan Hebard); 1 female, Detroit, Michigan; 1 female and 1 male, Durham, New Hampshire (Weed and Fiske); 1 female, Canada, No. 2416 (C. F. Baker); 1 male, Hazelton, British Columbia, Sept. 6, 1919 (H. G. Dyar); from Kaslo British Columbia, all collected in 1903— 1 female, June 26, and 1 without date (R. P. Currie), 1 female, May 30 (H. G. Dyar), and 1 female, July 7 (J. W: Cockle). All the specimens listed above are in the collection of the U. S. National Museum. Those below are in the Canadian National Collection: 1 male, Truro, Nova Scotia, Aug. 14, 1917; 1 female, Kings County, Nova Scotia, May 20, 1931, on Pyrus malus (C. E. Atwood); 1 female, Hunts County, Nova Scotia, June 16, 1931, on Cornus stolonifera (C. KE. Atwood). The following key will help to separate this species from re- lated species known to occur in the eastern part of the United States and Canada: 1. Abdominal tergites dull, purplish black, very finely and uniformly punctured, the apical margins not at all depressed; basal hair bands creamy white, the hairs more closely appressed and seldom rubbed off to any extent. Dorsal surface of propodeum rather dull, its median length equal to that of mesoscutellum, finely and irregu- larrly carinate, the carinae weaker apically, without a well-defined enclosed area. Male—posterior-lateral angles of seventh tergite ordinary; sixth sternite not modified, with usual pubesence; seventh with a well-developed median process; eighth with the process some- what pointed and more triangular. Claspers of genitalia with a ventral lobe-like process. Lower half of clypeus usually largely yellow, in the middle extending to the apical margin. (These species would go into the subgenus Curtisapis of Robertson.) -..-.-.-.-.----------—-- a PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 5, MAY, 1933 81 — Abdominal tergites shining black, more coarsely and irregularly punc- tured, apical margins depressed, more conspicuously so laterally; basal hair bands white, the hairs looser and more frequently partly rubbed off. Dorsal surface of propodeum shining, its median length about equal to that of metatergum, with a well-defined enclosed area which has more regular longitudinal carinae uniformly developed to the apex. Male—posterior-lateral angles of seventh tergite pro- duced and reflexed; sixth sternite modified, with unusual pubescence; seventh with a very small median projection; that of the eighth broad and nearly quadrate. Claspers of genitalia without a ventral process. Lower half of clypeus with a yellow spot which nowhere Feachesientinel ys tortie apical nna cite eee een ee Se 2. Anterior-lateral angles of pronotum strongly developed and sharply right-angled; mesoscutum with punctures clearly defined and uniform in size, anteriorly slightly bigibbous in the middle. Pos- terior-lateral angles of propodeum carinate up to the truncate poster- ior margin of the dorsal surface; the disk bordered posteriorly by a very low carina. Wings yellowish infumate, more conspicuously so in the female. Pubescence of head and thorax white. Male— temples gradually narrowed below and receding posteriorly; mandi- bles ordinary; posterior margin of fifth sternite broadly emarginate in the middle; sternites 2 to 4 without polished apical margins, densely clothed with posteriorly recumbent hairs; clypeus convex, dull, microscopically tessellate, strongly punctured; labrum not impressed in the middle; third joint of antenna twice as long as SECOI Gest ten sate Wels ey Seek en Ed en Oe fuscipennis Smith. — Anterior-lateral angles of pronotum not strongly developed, obtusely angled; mesoscutum anteriorly not bigibbous, the punctures less distinctly defined and varying in size. Posterior-lateral angles of propodeum carinate on lower half only; apical margin of dorsal surface rounded; the disk not bordered posteriorly by a carina. Wings yellowish hyaline. Pubescence of head and thorax yellowish. Male—temples broader below and not receding posteriorly; mandi- bles unusually long; posterior margin of fifth sternite truncate; sternites 2 to 4 with polished apical margins, the pubescence sparser and nearly erect; clypeus shining, flat, sparsely and finely punctured; labrum basally impressed in the middle; third joint of antenna one Aine! Gmeclnallt (armies AS lowe as Sxeome er 3. Mesoscutum anteriorly not at all declivous, elevated only very slightly above the pronotum. Disk of propodeum carinate on the basal third only, apically polished in the male, dull with microscopic tessel- lations in the female. Male—mandibles very long, the tip of one reaching over beyond the base of the other; polished pygidial area of seventh tergite transversely concave, the apical margin subtruncate; head subquadrate, inner margins of eyes not converging below; hypostomal carinae narrow basally, but becoming wider apically and bending laterally with a strongly rounded curve; vertex posteriorly elevated; labrum weakly impressed in the middle. coriaceus Smith. 82 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 5, MAY, 1933 — Mesoscutum anteriorly abruptly declivous in the middle and elevated distinctly above the pronotum. Disk of propodeum carinate on at least the basal three-fourths, although the carinae are stronger basally. Male—mandibles varying in length, but never with the tip of one reaching the base of the other; polished pygidial area of seventh abdominal tergite not concave, the apical margin strongly rounded and sometimes weakly pointed in the middle; head some- what narrowed below; hypostomal carinae of uniform width, bending laterally with a slightly rounded angle; vertex posteriorly not ele- vated; labrum distinctly impressed in the middle... _._--_----ee- eee 4, 4. Hair on abdominal tergites apicad of basal bands largely pale. Female—postgenae along the hypostomal carinae polished; posterior margin of dorsal surface of propodeum slightly elevated, the disk more dull and microscopically tessellate between carinae; clypeus and postclypeus polished between punctures. Male—tip of mandi- ble reaching about half way between anterior-lateral angles of clypeus and base of other mandible; tarsi yellow; third joint of antenna as dark as second; flagellum scarcely paler beneath; hair on third and fourth abdominal sternites longest in the middle; ventral surface of postgenae basally produced down below the hypostomal Carinae. ows sa ee oh aS Ul eee ee forbesii Robertson. — Hair on abdominal tergites apicad of basal bands largely fuscous. Female—postgenae along the hypostomal carinae longitudinally striate; posterior margin of dorsal surface of propodeum not elevated, the disk more shining; clypeus and postclypeus microscopically tessellate between punctures. Male—tip of mandible reaching to anterior-lateral angle of clypeus; tarsi dark brown; third joint of antenna much paler than second, color of those distad; flagellum much paler beneath; hairs on third and fourth sternites longest at the sides and bending over laterally; ventral surface of postgenae basally about level with the hypostomal carinae —_athabascensis Sandhouse. 5. Anterior-lateral angle of pronotum forming a right angle. First abdominal tergite very sparsely punctured in the middle. Posterior- lateral angles of propodeum with carinae extending up to dorsal surface and for a short distance along its posterior margin; disk posteriorly rounded in the middle. Vertex behind postocellar line punctate, not striate. Wings strongly yellowish; stigma and ner- vures testaceous. Male—legs dark brown; posterior-lateral angles of seventh tergite produced beyond the middle so that the posterior margin is emarginate in the middle; sixth sternite laterally impunc- tate, medially with a basal tuft of erect hairs, and just beyond this a longitudinal row of hairs which is expanded laterally at the apex; apical margin of fifth sternite broadly emarginate in the middle____ zonulus Smith. — Anterior-lateral angle of pronotum obtuse. First abdominal tergite quite uniformly punctured. Carina on posterior-lateral angle of propodeum becoming obsolescent at the posterior margin of the dorsal surface; disk posteriorly somewhat pointed in the middle. Vertex behind the postocellar line finely transversely striate. Wings PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 5, MAY, 1933 83 clear hyaline; stigma and nervures brown, paler basally. Male legs with small spots at bases of front and middle tibiae, a larger spot at base of hind tibia, the middle and hind metatarsi (except the extreme apices) pale yellow; posterior-lateral angles of seventh tergite not produced beyond the middle of the posterior margin, so that the margin is truncate; sixth sternite with a broad triangular slightly depressed area at the apex, the lateral margins of which are fringed with several rows of rather long plumose hairs; apical MaveinvoOt mith StecmitessruMGa tess = eet leucozonius (Schrank). MINUTES OF THE 446TH REGULAR MEETING OF THE WASH- INGTON ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, APRIL 6, 1933. The 446th regular meeting of the Washington Entomological Society was held at 8 p. m., Thursday, April 6, 1933, in Room 43 of the new building of the National Museum. Mr. C. T. Greene, president, presided. There were present 45 members and 20 visitors. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. In reporting on the recent meeting of the executive committee, Mr. Rohwer stated that the Society’s current funds were tied up in a closed bank, and that greetings for the centenary of the London Entomological Society were being prepared. Major G. C. H. Franklin, of the Army Medical School, was unanimously elected to membership on recommendation of the executive committee. Dr. W. F. Jepson of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, upon invitation, greeted the society. Under the heading “Notes and Exhibition of Specimens,’ Doctor Fracker showed specimens of fleas sold in curio stores in Mexico, dressed in imitations of human costumes. This note was discussed by Bishopp. Dr. Aldrich read notices of the coming meetings of the Centenary of the Entomological Society of London, which gave an idea of the program. The first communication on the regular program was by Major G. C. H. Franklin, and was entitled ‘The London school of hygiene and tropical medicine, with special reference to the department of entomology.” The paper presented a brief history of the school from the time of its founda- tion in 1899 to the present; a description of the present buildings opened in 1929; the purpose of the school and the reasons for its location in London. Mention was made of the excellent entomological and helminthological exhibits in the museum, and of the wealth of material for study and experimental work. The work of Doctors Buxton and Wigglesworth of the Division of Entomology in insect physiology was discussed. A recent address by the former, title, “The Effect of Climatic Conditions upon Populations of Insects,” formed the basis for a discussion on the value of the study of insect physiology from the view point of medicine and agriculture. Dr. Buxton believes that the field worker should collect more critical data in the places where insects actually live. The laboratory could then check this data and from it develop by experiment, methods which would lead to a better control of insect pests. A partial list of the work already accomplished by these insect physiologists is given. A brief account of the Division of Helminthology at the school, and some of the work they are doing under the direction of Prof. Leiper, was given. The paper concluded with the hope that the vast collection of entomological and para- sitological material available in Washington would some day be put to use in the teaching of post-graduate students. (Author’s abstract.) This paper was discussed by Howard, Bishopp, and Snodgrass. The second communication was by Mr. D. L. Van Dine and was entitled “The relation of sugar-cane varieties to the problem of insect transmission of sugar-cane mosaic in Cuba.” 84 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 5, MAY, 1933 This paper reviewed the work in Cuba on the transmission and spread of the mosaic disease of sugar cane, under Cuban conditions. The work extended over the period from 1924 to 1932 2, and included a study of the alternate grass host plants of the virus of the disease and of the corn aphid, dphis maidis Fitch, the agent of transmission. At the beginning of the investigations, the sugar crop of the Island was dependent almost entirely upon one variety of cane, highly susceptible to the disease. A large number of varieties were tested, both by control cage methods and by plantings under natural field conditions, for their comparative susceptibility to the disease. From these, certain varieties with promising commercial possibilities, which proved highly resistant to infection, were selected for field tests. The selections were made after several years of study regarding the field growth and sugar making qualities of the canes. A soil survey was made of the cane areas of Cuba and the soil types were determined and classified. The desirable resistant canes were tested on a field basis on all of the more important types of soil. These varieties proved desirable for planting and commercially resistant to the disease. The canes by an intensive method of propagation were produced for seed purposes and distributed to the plantations. Surveys over a period of years indicated that the Island could be zoned in respect to the spread or activity of the disease, zones in which the natural spread of the disease was low, medium, or high. This information gave greater latitude in the utilization of varieties. The studies on the insect carrier of the disease were continued to determine the natural conditions which promote the secondary spread of the disease. Such information is capable of great practical application. In a zone where the aphid population is not sufficient to insure the spread of the disease, and only healthy seed is planted, the disease factor can be discounted. Varieties of cane which are commercially more desirable, or more suitable, for growth on certain soil types, can replace the highly resistant varieties. Also a change in varieties for disease control purposes can be made in a more deliberate and economical manner. Details of the work of the Tropical Plant Research Foundation in Cuba, organized and directed by the late Dr. W. A. Orton, are a matter of record and references were given to the publications dealing with the work under discussion on sugar cane mosaic. (Author’s abstract.) This paper was discussed by Howard, Bishopp, Wood and Kisliuk. Dr. L. O. Howard, honorary president, attending after long absence, greeted the society upon invitation. Dr. Howard said that he was not prepared to talk about his experiences while away from Washington, but he admitted that he had a very good time, and a most interesting one. Nevertheless, he said he was very glad to be back among his old friends, and hoped to see much of them, now that his eyes were again functioning. Meeting adjourned at 9.35 p. M. F. M. Wap Ley, Recording Secretary Actual date of publication, May 31, 1933 VOL. 35 JUNE, 1933 No. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL lhe DY a “gall HONS (Uris iy OF WASHINGTON | Vass fe WH 19 1922 \\4 JUL LU ivev \\ 6 XS < a\ . 2 . MY4Tion AL MUS eS — a ee CONTENTS CHAMBERLIN, T. R.—SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE HISTORY AND PARASITES OF HYPERA RUMICIS (L) (COLEOPTERA : CURCULIONIDAE) 101 DOZIER, HERBERT L.—MISCELLANEOUS NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF CHALCIDOID PARASITES (HYMENOPTERA) ............ 85 HALL, DAVID G.—A NEW SPECIES OF SARCOPHAGA INHABITING NESTS OF DAIS ONG ECE GRP Laem, payee seen en Sere Se aR eM errr ae A RE 8.8 Abi) PusiisHED MontrHiy Except Jury, AuGusT AND SEPTEMBER BY THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM WASHINGTON, D. C. Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1919, at the Post Office at Washington, D.-C., unde: Act of August 24, 1912. Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of Octobe 3, 1917, authorized July 3, 1918. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON OrcanizeD Marcu 12, 1884. The regular meetings of the Society are held in the National Museum on the first Thursday of each month, from October to June, inclusive, at 8 Pp. M. Annual dues for members are $3.00; initiation fee $1.00. Members are entitled to the PRocEEDINGS and any manuscript submitted by them is given precedence over any submitted by non-members. OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1933. Honorary gerrsident so. = ao sh Pa 1. Integument of the mesonotum with a median longitudinal white line; antennal hairs as long as width of thorax; wing scales and legs entirely datk= 0 so eee Subgenus Stethomy14......-------------------- 2 Integument of the mesonotum without a median white line; antennal hairsumuchishorter tian wad theo ftlio tepxeeees eee eee 3 2. White spot at vertex of head composed of normal scales which do not overhang the basal antennal segments. kompi Edwards This spot composed of silvery-white, scale-like setae which project forward and overhang the basal antennal segments_..-_.-....------------------ nimbus Theobald and thomasi Shannon 3. Second, fourth, and sixth veins without white scales; abdomen without scales; hind tarsals black, with two to four white bands or rings_________. Subgenus Nyssorhychus (in part) Group Kerteszia, cruzii Dyar and Knab"8 Mhese veins wrehlighticolored areas == ee 4 4. Third and fourth hind tarsals white; sixth vein with two dark scaled areaG..if.3 2 24... 5 aes aire ele, eee ee Subgenus Nyssorhynchus 5 Third and fourth hind tarsals black, or with black markings; sixth | vein with four or more dark spots... Subgenus Anopheles 10 5. Abdomen without scales save on eighth segment and cerci; third wing nearly all dark. Group Myzorhychella, lutzii Cruz. Abdomen scaled on tergites 2-8, usually with lateral scale tufts... Group Nyssorhynchus 6 6; Pitebyhind tatsal whitex...225.2....0) =o ee ee 7 EST 6 Lag arty el eure ovate lal lea coat 17a ee 9 7. First abdominal sternite with two longitudinal lines of white scales; first black spot of costa much smaller than succeeding white spot; second hind tarsal one-third to one-half black; eighth abdominal segment distinctly longer than broad and extensively covered with light scales above. 8. First black spot of costa longer than succeeding white spot; second hind ¥tarsale ione=third sor more blackes ss ee darlingi Root The size of these spots reversed; second hind tarsal usually less than ane=tnitdubla ck: , ror ms Fy n. sp. [183 ] Systena dimorpha Sy stena basalis Jacaquel 184 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 8, NOV., 1933 THE EGGS OF FOUR SPECIES OF FRUIT FLIES OF THE GENUS ANASTREPHA.! By Emiry Watcotr EmMMart Throughout the West Indies and Latin America four species of Anastrepha are of economic importance. These four species A. ludens, A. striata, A. fraterculus and A. serpentina, vary widely as to their dominance and distribution. In Mexico all four. species are to be found, but 4. /udens is by far the most prev- alent form. With the exception of 4. serpentina it is not easy to distinguish the adults of these species at sight, unless one is familiar with them at all ages. Both body color and wing pattern vary with age and probably environmental factors. The arrangement of the posterior spiracle and the formation of the mouth hooks of the larva, as well as the arrangement and structure of the spiracular plate of the pupa have been used as a basis of distinguishing the species (C. T. Greene, 1929). The present paper aims to set forth the details of egg structure and pattern so that these four species may be recognized by the eggs alone. The difficulty in the identification of larva in the field be- comes even greater since it is common knowledge that the species at times adopt other than their normal hosts. The preferred host Of 4. /udens in the State of Morelos, Mexico, is the mango (Mangifera indica), that of 4. striata is the guava (Psidium guayava L.), of A. fraterculus, the hog plum (Spondias), and of 4. serpentina, the zapote mamey (Calocarpum mam- mosum Pierre). Occasionally 4. striata is reared from mangos and A. ludens and A. fraterculus are also found in the customary hosts of the other species. This utilizing of different host fruits by the same species makes it impossible to associate definitely, larval forms with specific fruits. As additional evidence for the isolation of species a study of the egg forms was begun. If it were possible to identify the species upon a difference in the eggs, this would have the added value of early identification of species in infested fruit before the larval stage develops. Using the egg structure as an aid in determination of species is, of course, not new. ‘The structures of the eggs of the Indian Anopheles mosquito have been correlated with the adult characteristics (Christophers and Barraud, 1931), and by studying the marks and structural peculiarities of eggs of Anopheles maculipennis, this species has been divided into two 'The work on this paper was begun while the author was employed at the laboratory of the Department of Agriculture in Mexico City and was com- pleted in the laboratories of Johns Hopkins University. The author wishes to acknowledge her indebtedness to Prof. H. S. Jennings for reading the manuscript and for his helpful suggestions in the final preparation of the manuscript. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 8, NOV., 1933 185 distinct races (Hackett, Martini and Missiroli, 1932). The eggs of different species of Drosophila are also known to have distinct characteristics (Sturtevant, 1921). Method.—A study of the eggs of these four species of 4nas- trepha common in Mexico has been made possible by the rearing in the laboratory of all four species. The adults of these species were reared from larva obtained in fruit collected near Cuer- navaca, State of Morelos. Each species was isolated in a separate glass cage and the eggs collected from a number of females in each cage. The eggs which were laid on the glass sides of the cages, were gathered fresh and studied for differences in structure and in size. No difference was noted between these and those which were dissected from beneath the skin of fruit. The following description covers the four species mentioned above. Appearance.—The eggs of these four species are creamy white in color, elongate in shape and tapering at the ends. In general shape, 4. serpentina and A. ludens most closely resemble each other. The eggs of these two species are slightly wider at the micropylar end, and taper away gradually at the other. A. fraterculus and A. striata taper at both ends, but can be easily distinguished by the fact that in 4. fraterculus the micropylar end is twisted (Plate 7). Sculpturing.—Entirely apart from the difference in general shape, eggs of the four species vary as to the sculpturing on the micropylarend. In 4. fraterculus and J. striata this sculpturing forms a diamond-shaped pattern over the entire end of the egg (Plate 8). This sculpturing is much smaller and more delicate in the eggs of 4. fraterculus than in those of 4. striata and can not be seen at all without dark field illumination. The sculptur- ing seems to be due to an extra deposition of chitin, since the outer egg membrane at this end is thicker than that of the rest of the egg. No sculpturing is present on the eggs of 4. /udens and A. serpentina. Micropyle——Both the position and the structure of the micropyle differ in these eggs. In 4. /udens the micropyle opens at the end of the egg and slightly to one side. The opening is protected by two pairs of minute leaf-like structures or lappets, which protrude farther at some times than at others even in the same egg. They are surrounded by a cluster of fine hairs or bristles, which are numerous and delicate. A few of these appear to be thicker than the others. The micropyle in A. serpentina is very similar to that of 4. /udens, except that the hairs are not so numerous. In 4. striata the micropyle is in approximately the same position as in 4. /udens and A. serpentina, but the lappets are absent and the hairs are coarser. In A. fraterculus the situation is very different. The micropyle is not at the end of the egg, but on one side in the region where the tip of the egg is twisted over. No lappets are present in this egg and the hairs also resemble those of 4. striata in coarseness. 186 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 8, NOV., 1933 Hairs —Besides the hairs or bristles found around the micropyle, there are also tufts of hairs on the smaller end of the eggs of 4. serpentina, A. striata and A. fraterculus. None have been observed in this region in the eggs of 4. /udens. In A. striata the whole end of the egg appears to be covered with hairs (Plate 7). Size.—In size the eggs of 4. serpentina can easily be recognized as the largest of the four species, but the difference in size of the other three is less obvious. In order to determine their relative differences in size, a straight line between opposite ends of the egg was taken as a measure of the length, and a straight line across the mid-point of the egg as the width. Fifty eggs of 4. ludens, A. serpentina and J. striata were measured in this way and thirty-one eggs of 4. fraterculus. Camera lucida tracings were made of the outlines of these eggs and the distances between the opposite ends of each tracing measured with a centimeter rule. The tracing of a micrometer rule at the same magnification beside these drawings made it possible to calculate the exact size of each egg. . fraterculus eggs are the widest at the midpoint, with a mean width of .242 mm. The mean width of 4. striata and A. serpentina at the midpoint is the same (.207 mm.), while that of 4. /udens is slightly narrower (200 mm.). An examination of the tracing of the outlines of the eggs (Plate 7) shows that the widest point of the eggs of A. serpentina and A. ludens falls not at the midpoint but slightly to the left, toward the micropylar end of the egg. The widest point of 4. striata and A. fraterculus eggs falls approximately at the midpoint. These facts, plus the above data of the width at the midpoint, show that it would be impossible to identify the species by the width; however, there are consistently marked differences in the length of these four species. (See Table I.) With regard to length, 4. serpentina is by far the largest (1.657 mm.), while 4. fraterculus (1.433 mm.), 4. striata (1.400 mm.) and A. ludens (1.328 mm.) are successively smaller. The standard deviation and the probable errors of both the mean and the standard deviation are given in Table I. The degree of deviation from the mean is due, in part, to the fact that the eggs are curved, and in JZ. serpentina this curvature fluctuates very slightly. Since the distance measured—a straight line between the tips of the egg—would be altered by the degree of curvature, it follows that the standard deviation from the mean length is greater in these eggs with varying curvature than in those which show no variation in curvature. It happens that the largest eggs, those of 4. serpentina, have the greatest fluctua- tion in curvature, and therefore the greatest deviation from the mean; 4. fraterculus, which is next in size, has a slightly higher probable error of the mean, and the standard deviation is almost as high as that of 4. serpentina. In A. fraterculus the micropylar end is bent over and the position of the egg when traced would influence considerably the measurement of the length. This PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH.,-VOL. 35 PLATE 7 A.STRIATA A. FRATERCULUS A.SERPENTINA - SCALE- IMM x158 CAMERA LUCIDA Pirate 7.—EGGs OF FOUR SPECIES OF ANASTREPHA COMMON IN Mexico, EWE | 187 | 188 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 8, NOV., 1933 fact offers an explanation for the higher standard deviation from the mean length in this species. (See Table I.) TABLE I. RELATIVE S1zE oF Ecos or Four Species oF Anastrepha. NUMBER OF aad PROSABLEN = A SPECIES) J | ace unsaonenl ee sg 2 DEVIATION moons IN MM. IN MM. A. ludens 50 L328 see i .082 + .005 A. striata 50 1.400 + .006 064 + .004 A. fraterculus $i 1.433 se die 102 + .009 A. serpentina 50 1.657 + .011 .116 + .007 The above data at once raise the question as to whether the difference between the mean lengths is of sufficient significance to serve as a difference between species. The absolute difference is obtained by subtracting successively the means (Table II). If the absolute difference is three times its probable error, it may be stated that the difference is significant and not due to fluctuations of simple sampling. (Pearl, 1930, Page 283.) Using the formula E =E +E to obtain the probable error of the differences of the mean lengths, the following data are obtained: TABLE Te Comparison oF THE Mean Lencrus or Four Species or Anastrepha. NO. OF MEAN |4. ludens_ A. striata A. fraterculus SPECIES EGGS LENGTH MEASURED| IN MM. |DIFFERENCES AND PROBABLE ERRORS A Mide isin 2 ries 50 1.328+ .007 A Siig 50 1.400+ .006).072+ .009 A. fraterculus _....- 31 1.4334 .012).105+ .013|.033+.013 A. serpentina _..... 50 1.657+.011).329+ .013].157+.013].224+ .016 The above Table II, which gives the absolute differences and their probable errors, shows that since the absolute difference between the mean lengths of 4. striata and A. fraterculus is .033 and that the probable error of this is .013, these two species can PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35 PLATE 8 A.LUDENS A.STRIATA A.FRATERCULUS A.SERPENTINA scare [Lis"Mxz7e0 | CAMERA LUCIDA EWE PLATE 8.—MiIcroPyYLE AND SCULPTURING EGGS OF THE FOUR SPECIES OF ANASTREPHA COMMON IN Mexico. [189] 190 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 8, NOV., 1933 not be separated on the basis of the length of the eggs alone. However, in all other comparisons of the egg lengths of these four species, the absolute difference far exceeds three times its probable error and the mean lengths are therefore significantly different. The striking difference in the size of the eggs of 4. serpentina and 4. ludens is not paralleled by the adults—they are almost of the same size. On the other hand, the eggs of 4. striata and A. fraterculus are almost equal in size, as are also the adults. SUMMARY. 1. Summarizing the various differences in structure found in the eggs of the four species of Anastrepha which are common in Mexico, we find sufficient differences upon which to separate the species (Table ITI). TABLE SUITE SuMMARY OF FcGcG VaRIATIONS. PRESENCE PRESENCE SIZE POSITION TWISTING OF LAPPETS SCULP- | OF HAIRS SPECIES LENGTH OF MICRO- AT TURING |ON NARROW IN MM. |MICROPYLE PYLAR END MICROPYLE END A. ludens __........\1.328+.007| At end 2 pairs None None None Tal GIHAIE) oceepee 1.400+.006] At end None None |Diamond|Completely shaped covering — sculptur- | narrow ing around end micropylar end A. fraterculus ..\1.4334.012| Near None Twisted | Same as | Small tuft (Not statis-| — end A. striata | at extreme tically dif- | in fold but much tip. ferent from | of twist smaller A. striata) and more delicate A. serpentina ...\1.6574+.011} At end 2 pairs None None | Small tuft at extreme tip. 2. Using the length as an index to the size of the eggs of the eggs of a species it is possible to separate the species upon this basis, except in the comparison of 4. fraterculus and A. striata which are nearly of the same size. However, the twisted micropylar end of the egg of 4. fraterculus renders this form easy to identify. While it has been shown that the identification of these four species is possible on the basis of egg structure, the task of finding the eggs in infested fruit still remains a difficult one. But, when they are obtained, an early identification of the species will be possible. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 8, NOV., 1933 191 BIBLIOGRAPHY. CurisTopHErRS, S. R. and Barraup, P. J. “The Egg of Indian Anopheles, with Descriptions of the hitherto unde- scribed Eggs of a number of species.”” Records of the Malaria Survey of India. Vol. II, No. 1, March, 1931, pages 161-186. GREENE, C. T. “Characters of the Larvae and Pupae of certain Fruit Flies.” Journal of Agric. Research, Vol. 38, No. 9, May 1, 1929. Hackett, L. W., Martini, E., Misstrout, A. “The Race of A. Maculipennis.” American Journal of Hygiene, Vol. XVI, No. 1, July, 1932, pages 137-162. Peart, R. Medical Biometry and Statistics—1930 W. B. Saunders Co. p. 283. Sturtevant, A. H. The North American Species of Drosophila—Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, 1921. 4 MINUTES OF THE 449TH REGULAR MEETING OF THE ENTO- MOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON, OCT. 5, 1933. The 449th regular meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington was held at 8 p. m., Thursday, October 5, 1933, in Room 43 of the new building of the National Museum. Mr. C. T. Greene, president, presided. There were present 47 members and 21 visitors. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. There was no preliminary business. Dr. Carlos Marelli of La Plata, Argentina; Dr. M. D. Leonard of the Powell Insecticide Co.; and Mr. A. S. Hoyt, Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Plant Quarantine; upon invitation, greeted the society. Under the heading ‘ ‘Notes and Exhibitions of Specimens” Mr. August Busck showed specimens of Platynota stultana, and discussed its recent introduction into the East. For the last twenty years we have received specimens of Platynota stultana Walsingham from California with record of i injury to various cultivated plants, from citrus to greenhouse carnations. The species was described by Barnes and Busck as Platynota chiquitana and thus determined for California correspondents from 1919 to 1932. In the summer of 1932 I examined the type series of Platy- nota stultana Walsingham in British Museum and secured part of it for our National Museum, enabling me to establish the synonymy of the Barnes and Busck name. ~ Last summer # considerable infestation of this species on green peppers and tomatoes in Sonora and Sinaloa, Mexico, caused temporary quarantine of these products along our southwest border, and live material was sent to the Depart- ment here for rearing and determination. The species has never been known from the East and it was therefore rather startling when Mr. F. F. Smith, of our Department, sent over a specimen of this species, reared from rose in a greenhouse in Alexandria, Va. The first inference was that the species had escaped from the Mexican material in rearing here; secondly I began to suspect that someone was trying to play a joke on the microlepidopterist to see if he could identify a western species when it was brought in from an eastern locality; but Mr. Smith quickly secured an abundance of living larvae and suggested another and undoubtedly correct explanation of its occurrence here. It appears a common practice that eastern florists send their rose stock to California to have it budded there and then returned to the East. As the Platynota is a common greenhouse pest in California it is not surprising that this rose stock should become infested and the insect transported with it to the East, where it can readily establish itself 192 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 8, NOV., 1933 under similar greenhouse conditions and infestations may be expected in other florists’ establishments in the eastern States. Whether the species will establish itself out of doors and be able to survive our winters, time will show; I rather expect it will; closely related species of the genus are common in the eastern States and Canada. Before critical study had been made of the genus, this species was generally considered equal the Texan Platynota tinctana Walker and so determined by me for Woglum, Month. Bull. Calif. Dept. Agr. vol. 9, p. 341, 1920, and for Essig in his Insects Western N. Amer., p. 737, 1926. (Author’ s Abstract. ) This note was discussed by Rohwer. Mr. R. A. Cushman exhibited a recently killed specimen of Megarhyssa lunator, showing something of the mechanics of its use of its long ovipositor. The first communication on the regular program was by Dr. J. M. Valentine, National Research Fellow, and was entitled ‘Environmental Response in Carabidae.” Dr. Valentine’s field studies in North America, western Europe and northern Africa under divers ecological and climatic conditions have yielded data of some value in determining the direct or indirect effect of radiant energy (light and heat) upon the coloration of carabid populations. Deficiency in either heat or light inhibits pigmentation, portions of the body, such as the legs and elytra, where the chitin is weakest, often remaining pale or piceous. Complete depigmentation occurs only in subterranean and caverni- cole types. As available radiant energy is increased, there seems to be a critical point at which full pigmentation is allowed but at which no stimulus is offered for the evolution of a microsculpture capable of diffracting light. Insects subject to these conditions are, for the most part, strictly nocturnal, black species, hiding in dark places by day. Correlated with a greater exposure to the sun’s energy, and with the choice of progressively more open habitats, a long series of corresponding color stages may be assembled, from the dark metallic and dull particolored forms of crepus- cular habits, concealed in the forest by day under loose cover, to the brilliantly hued species active in the open sunlight. A broad consideration of these tendencies has led to the theory that adequate radiant energy above a certain critical point is necessary for the full release of the genetic potential stored within the race. Carrying this idea a little further, it is suggested that the relatively great diversity in form and color character- istic of tropical insects is the result of an actual stimulating effect which muta- tional forces sustain in environments reached by the equatorial sun. The release of genetic potential has been found to be by no means a random affair. Wherever an environmental factor, such as a homogeneous substratum, is found to be predominant, it becomes indirectly reflected in the appearance of the carabid population inhabiting that ecological frame. The result is convergent evolution. It is thought that all problems of parallelism including mimicry and insular convergence have, fundamentally, a great deal in common, though no analysis of the factors involved has yet proved satisfactory. (Author’s Abstract.) This paper was discussed by Middleton and Cushman. The second communication on the regular program was by E. R. Sasscer, and was entitled “Plant Quarantine Activities in Puerto Rico.” Mr. Sasscer briefly outlined the Insular and Federal plant quarantine activities in Puerto Rico, pointing out that the Insular law antedated the Plant Quarantine Act of 1912 by two years. The Federal quarantine work in Puerto Rico was first undertaken in 1925 as a result of the promulgation of Quarantine No. 58— The Fruit and Vegetable Quarantine of Puerto Rico. The talk was illustrated with lantern slides. (Author’s Abstract.) This paper was discussed by McIndoo. Meeting adjourned at 9.35 Pp. M. F. M. Wapbtey, Recording Secretary. Actual date of publication November 27, 1933. VOL. -35 DECEMBER, 1933 No. 9 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON f ff f/ ai ‘ec JAN A \ \\ A\ % E ~~ iy ~ q ST ATIO mv ~ NAL. oe f sh o CONTENTS Se HOOD, J. DOUGLAS—NOTOTHRIPS FOLSOMI, A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF THYSANOPRERA FROM THE UNITED STATES . ........ . « 200 JACOT, ARTHUR PAUL—EARLIEST GENERA OF MITES AND THEIR TYPES . . 206 MUESEBECK, C. F. W.—-SEVEN NEW SPECIES OF REARED BRACONIDAE AENGVIE NO RIEICAY ferns ene ane may nee tN Try Smet pret SOS St aTOS OMAN, P. W.—-PHLEPSIUS ISHIDAE MATSUMURA IN NORTH AMERICA e205) PusiisHeD Montuiy Excepr Jury, August AnD SEPTEMBER BY THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM WASHINGTON, D. C. Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1919, at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., under Act of August 24, 1912. Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of Octobe 3, 1917, authorized July 3, 1918. . a= THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON OrcanizeD Marcu 12, 1884. The regular meetings of the Society are held in the National Museum on the first Thursday of each month, from October to June, inclusive, at 8 P. M. Annual dues for members are $3.00; initiation fee $1.00. Members are entitled to the ProcEEDINGS and any manuscript submitted by them is given precedence over any submitted by non-members. OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1933. Honorary President as. = ts hee as ee ee L. 0. HOWARD IP OSIAGIE ae pie sss ues EY. ois tench Gn oe C. T. GREENE ir SE DRCCR PE EMLACIE. Bee. is ... A New Genus and Species of the Family Gelechiidae (Lepi- BOPECEA)) it Pee am egel eee ee a 3 SU. oie ok a I Davis, A. C.: Two New ie of Pleocoma (pole cere: Scarabaeidae) Ewine, H. E. and Smiru, Fioyp F.: The European Tarsonomid Straw- berry Mite Identical with the American Cyclamen Mite. . . .. . Gaunan, A. B.: On the Identities of Chalcidoid Tick Parasites (Hymen- GPteraye ee it. Bh bs. inst ay ee eee 2 Adee eh ee ae A New Species of Cirrospilus Westwood (Chalcidoidea) . . . Graf, J. E. and Wuire, W. H.: Charles Holcomb Popenoe ..... . GREENE, Cuarves T.: Tachinid Flies with an Evanescent Fourth Vein, Including a New Genus and Five New Species ......... A Revision of the Genus Anastrepha Based on a Study of the Wings and on the Length of the Ovipositor Sheath (Diptera: Try- Peticae) Maret bra: ty fale ors.) une ic) PS! eS, -o ee ES Blk Hoop, J. Doucias: Two New Genera and Species of Phlaeothripidae MihySanapteba) 2. tac: ete tee bad § ses tt coe eae, Ae Howarp, L. O.: More About the Beginnings of the Society . .... . Latra, Ranpa.t: A Note on the Distribution of Eumerus Narcisi Smith @MipteraySyrphidae)y Gs. oa eet a ene ee, MarHEson, Rosert: Notes on Psorophora (Janthinosoma) horridus Di yars aid Renal (og as age Oe ay emer ee, Ae ae —— —— Notes on Mosquitoes from South America, with Description ofsaNewsopeciess (Diptera, Culicidae) 9 eee Oman, P. W.: New Species and a New Genus of North American Delto- cephaline Leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Homoptera) ........ Purnam, Persis, and SHANNON, Raymonp C.: The Biology of Stegomyia under Laboratory Conditions: IJ Egg-laying Capacity and Lon- SGVIEVAOI NC ULES- Seep! ener hh ee he VE a a ah Rouwer, S. A.: Descriptions of Five Parasitic Hymenoptera. . . . . . ington During the Last Quarterofa Century... . .) .. >. RussEtt, Paut F. and Santiaco Dominco: An Earth-lined Trap for AxiophelmeIWios@urtOesaree ts es <5 el. oc. ee GW ads os, ween 87 60 lv TABLE OF CONTENTS OF VOL. 36 SHannon, Raymonp C.: The Genus Mansonia (Culicidae) in the Amazon Valley... 2c a9: /25 2 Re ee SHannon, Raymonp C. and Putnam, Persis: The Biology of Stegomyia under Laboratory Conditions: I. The Analysis of Factors which Influ- ence Larval Development, a-a=aeennereenen enn cen Wane, J. S.: A Review of Jaeger’s “The California Deserts’ .... . Watton, W.R:: John Morton Aldrich seh. 19) 4 5. ee 1 ee eee VOL. 36 JANUARY, 1934 No. | PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON ee ree A a OUT; ~~ ~ CONTENTS DAVIS, A. C.—TWO NEW SPECIES OF PLEOCOMA (COLEOPTERA: SCARA- BABID AR) Aye ee oo Oe ae ee tes 7 eMart ieee eM eT ater 8) RUSSELL, PHUL F. AND SANTIAGO, DOMINGO——AN EARTH-LINED TRAP FOR ANOPHDUINE a MOSQUITOES. re i yee: coe ee Ae en Ree 1 : J PusiisHeD Montuiy Excepr Jury, AuGusr anD SEPTEMBER BY THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM WASHINGTON, D. C. Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1919, at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., under Act of August 24, 1912. ——_ Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized July 3, 1918. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON OrcanizeED Marcu 12, 1884. The regular meetings of the Society are held in the National Museum on the first Thursday of each month, from October to June, inclusive, at 8 Pp. M. Annual dues for members are $3.00; initiation fee $1.00. Members are entitled to the ProceEpincs and any manuscript submitted by them is given precedence over any submitted by non-members. OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1933. Haonncary: Presta aaah. ao cee nro .. .L, 0. HOWARB President? (x8 tie ee ah es I ee ee Se J. S. WADE First Vice-President . ... . sb 4 a2). . » 1 2 Ee SClOna WW AceHEresidenins par) ne es. ee » Sa Be RRACKEE Recording: SEcneigny oe Fs 3 ond 2S" hs Se ke ... BE. Ms WADEEM Corresponding Secretary-Treasurer.. . . . «1.» +++.» S. A. ROHWER Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. FEGUOF SEs a2 bade Sek ice Ree a ae ee eee W. R. WALTON Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. Executive Committee: THe Orricers and W. H. Larrimer, H. E. Ewine, F. L. Campse tt. Representing the Society as Vice-President of the Washington Academy of SCLENEESS C1 5 DDS sad Lee ae ee 1 TTR 5-28 1 a i etre rose ee Sie An 28 6 1c SA eee a 1p eesti (Ee te et a) 2 Se) 2 8 4) so Soca (hl ose 10 ae eae | [Lem fn he 1 Dae! We 22 aes 5 13) Sy Neca A ae 5 ing 3 | A | are | Dal) 2a" a Srp es 8 Totals Be ill Blt Te eae ee | a Le 2 eS SGU Al: SO: P95; lpels pee | 0.21 021/023), 120) 351) 4-1) 0.1) O10) 0.2) 1e3)74-6]' 5:29), 2..3)77 9024 *Per trap per night. Note: Catch also included 2 male 4. kochi and 1 female 4. barbirostris. 8 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 1, JAN., 1934 TABLE: 6. ANOPHELES ADULTS CAUGHT IN EARTH-LINED TRAPS PLACED NEAR A CARABAO SHED (UNLIGHTED). _SPECIES DATE | A. minimus | A. subpictus A. vagus TOTALS var. flavirostris|var. indefinitus| A. tessellatus | var. limosus Me cre | Te! [ae] ae) eee ae eee) P| Pana |e rss a | June 1 ae tere re oa Bae ae 1 3} 412.) 25) 47 17 | 42) 59) 20) ) 47am 20 Set eule al 5}. 6. 3 | 6) 9 | 14) 33)> 47) 1949 eee 21 3| 7) 10 5 | 12) 17 Sy) DT 6a | 2Ole Sil 24 A ee 22 1H Ts ea | Li PA} Wy 2 DB Be 22S se 28 APN e245 | e282 |(P il Fiano eee 2°) 2) 3) 11) T4324 ee 24 Bille 2h lees St ela 2) 2°) 5.) 10) 15)5 39) eae July 2 pmereil) eisye || ice) le wl 81 sO) LT 31) 4a) (25), 223)" 225) Ae 7 ee Soe || Sens 26 2) Lote (6) ZN Le De 3 Be Da a eo) 4 Poe QP 280). 2. eG a8 ee ee 4] 41} 45) 7) 59) "66 oy Be Del Dio oD 1) LOI DI esa ees ae 3 | 31) 34) S|) S2 iam 6 1 Dg S20 Sei 220 |i sae a | ee eee 5.| 42) 47| 963 ia 7 IM ees aes) eee lf wy APA SI a ees A 2)|) 35) ~37) 6) SOS 8 1 IW Pee as 21) 1S ess |e ee 1 |: 32}. 33) - .3)) asi eee 11 1 LS i A re Bt SS lect [LE aed ees 1'| 24; 25) - (2) 223iseeaia 12 1 TOES 2 11 ih | WentO| se sect sete | eer 3)| 219] 22)" S| eoi ee 13 1 UN ee at a 3) 1] 2) 25) a5) V7)" Se eee 14 1 Na | eee) CL ae) Reese [Pal le ee 3 | 22) 25). 3)0 27h 15 1a eee 1 ee, S|) Beef -cesee Eee | We 1)| 26) 27| 4), Sire Totals | 21 | 38 | 59 | 27 | 162} 189) 15 | 20 | 35 | 85 | 464] 549] 148] 684) 832 Aver.* | 1.2} 2.1) 3.3] 1.5{/9.01/10.5] 0.8] 1.1] 1.9] 4.7] 2.6/30.5| 8.2138.0/46.2 *Per trap per night. Note: The catch also included 1 female 4. barbirostris and 2 male A. kochi. MR pepe fe PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 1, JAN., 1934 = 9) TABLE 7. ANOPHELES ADULTS CAUGHT IN UNLINED TRAPS PLACED NEAR CARABAO SHED AND BAITED WITH CARABAO DUNG (UNLIGHTED). SPECIES DATE | A. minimus | A. subpictus A. vagus pores var. flavirostris|var. indefinitus| A. tessellatus | var. limosus TONNE UE a eco Rs WO Mia eset] ar. | Mtoe |Paes eons June 2" OE ieal ae eae a aoe Sud Wis $25 Ue eae te Cee a TE LOS Tad 12) eal:3 AQ) 5 aie ae Ce TS ee ro ke 1 JL lc ceee [em eee PS Th ey) Sy) al 1S}) let Pal Geret ||P 2. 2 2 1 3 Ae 1 1 2 ii Signs 136 Pak | tank) Shieron|) IE eee 1 1 ese OD ee lee AS ls TAs 2) Dah eevee Ol Eaeceeeee Wee Me eee eae Dip | eee 1 1 (Ease 3 Sia 6 6 ek a ell tana eae Gea eee 1 1 ia eee 1 l Th 2: Aiea 9 27 el eee 2 OP's eee 1 1 |e) ee 3 1 ! 3 4) 7 2 6 8 21S Mai Rae 1 i! leas B Bip || ehciel teeeetee ooh | ae Fo Ue 205 20 eee, 24, 24 Di Dye A 2 5 yp Pe Geeta mene colle ae 1 4 5 OQ} ie SSS a ee a2 a Be 1 Io ag al ee (| 2 Ge 6 6 31009 7S) TF a. Sa a a ee a 1 ng eee ee OO el eB 6 (eee MAS BNO) 2 Gl ee ea | Se oe ae 5 Giga ees 223) ey Melee 2 7 Ole 12) 14 July 11 (ges REA a ae a 1 jeer Se Meese Owed AEE 2 7) ae Si ess Totals 2 8 | 10 Si 2730 3 3 Ui |) Ges) O)7A| IY] | sz Sis) CANS eam Cen ORG O5Si eee See eee EL 4 ONSaESO 723802101 55110. Shes *Per trap per night. Note: The catch also included 1 male 4. fuliginosus, 1 male and 2 female 4. kochi. 10 TABLE 8. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 1, JAN., 1934 ANOPHELES ADULTS CAUGHT IN EARTH-LINED TRAPS PLACED NEAR CARABAO SHED AND BAITED WITH CARABAO DUNG (UNLIGHTED). SPECIES DATE | A. minimus | A. subpictus A. vagus es var. flavirostris\var. indefinitus| A. tessellatus | var. limosus MR Fe a el) SR el te a eae cee June 19 ese eee DP ess |) Ee) al Py 2.) So) 8} 231%) 7a CAV AVI ce eel 1 eel ee 5 oo bo 1} 29) 3 3 |) <20) - 23/9 4a 28 es Dlari,|\.see 1 Dy! Sale reas A Vie? a 3) 4S 6; 11 Dy [bee 1 1 ees A 2 Ue) eae Sealy 9) 1h) 3a) 16a fg (aie Sete [nd See | es | (a SH Shah Al heal tl jy) | 9) alt Dee ie Dee Dl 10 BS eee eee PA yg 2h) gel 6] 7| 2a) 7 oS aes Dp 1 fies 2) Ie cea mie UA 22 soot ieee lie es aI 2 ee 2| 13] 15) 44) SSiseee D6 Biel 2s Bei, Sedo, wale ace Sas a eae 1 17) 18) 2) e220) eeee 27 De) Pe ee) eT SUTIN 7a | eres Coen 3 9 12) S| ee ae 28 DNS 28 rcv TA Malle |) OB ae 1 1} 5) 15) 20) etSs eee ees 29 1 Do oe) eel LN eee alee 3 3 6) 9 Sa a es 30 BP F3s5|| Bae! 2a Oe, 2 a oe Peo | 2 | 12) 14) 3 oes July 1 DB, fej) eee oes ene esate Gal 1 ee OAS Mo Pale Totals 6) 269) 325) 1S 485) 63" 7) 171) 248) 305 135 el65|) ssa 26 ees Aver* 0.5). 220)2.511.2) 3.74.9] 0.5) 1.3) 1.7) 225) 10.) 1301-405) ee ee *Per night per trap. Note: The catch also included 1 female 4. barbirostris, 2 male A. kochi and 2 female A. fuliginosus. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 1, JAN., 1934 11 TABLE 9. ANOPHELES ADULTS CAUGHT IN AN UNLINED TRAP PLACED UNDER AN OCCUPIED HOUSE NEAR A STREAM BREEDING-PLACE (UNLIGHTED). SPECIES DATE | d. minimus | A. subpictus var. flavirostris|var. indefinitus| A. tessellatus A. vagus TOTALS var. limosus Me eel Pee]! Me || ae or Mes Se ors |e Set June Sy AG ee al KAN eS pe 2 ee See eae fa Poe ie 6) 8 21S 9g (ehabea | in IWC Sl eS Le Be elfen I ae il |} fe ON 28 | Plot: Oana | eee eR he elf US fe tee I Sh) Ae ie Gr P2935 2S Mootle 4 |k See al eS Pee aie 1 iM | a fe We el Sr DS Se WA 1 1 25) oy (ese EE Be eran 1p age ea ea: 0 VE nee Mo Ae ian area se 2) Loy 12 Shy 9 RS sl Be cae a a Mot esa Fe: 20 Ue SIRT Meek I oc a ee) Gl 2 8| 10 Ab oe) |S ee |ae TSP ie PEE ae a ea 2 es 5193 i 8 2), We caed eed ees OP Ria ia el eel eee | ana apes Slee Se 2 (Tse ee wal eee 20 rae (a? Te) a Sa LOAs TSe Ss L8ih 23 AE DS ae nee INN OFS? Sood (ee ee el Pate a Sites: |) LOS 3) Py as ls et a IDG Be ce ieee (Siete ee ee eee Sh 4, 6 i)» IE Se be se Nel Ee Bs Ta Ui Sc | aa Pe 1a eae Ly a 2 1) oe Ras Pt ee a Ea DEAS ep a| Bs Seem yee ene 1 4, 1 S16 LL | eer | ol | esl te nr Sorelle ned 2 lh Maile 2 3|) 1 23 Totals Dae] Sees L204 R65 Siei| aa BSP | eS9- 1225415721 SS hee ee Bee 1p? (a ea Op Di. 2 No 2 Se I aioe aed *Per trap per night. Note: The catches also included 1 male 4. barbirostris. For the catches between July 2 and 8 inclusive the trap was covered with bushes. 12 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 1, JAN., 1934 TaB_e 10. ANOPHELES ADULTS CAUGHT IN EARTH-LINED TRAPS PLACED UNDER AN OCCUPIED HOUSE NEAR A STREAM BREEDING-PLACE (UNLIGHTED). DATE SPECIES A. minimus var. flavirostris TOTALS A. subpictus A. vagus var. indefinitus| A. tessellatus | var. limosus Bh ee, |) | Ue eae tee tre i ore i ee te ee June 25 7 6 ies? A P2936 || aed! 3 5 15] 42) 57 26 5 6 M1 13) S548 2 + 6 22} 43) 65 Dif 11 5 16} 22), 433i" 65) 5 2 1 3 30} 49} 79 28 3, | 10 13}) 24) 83) O72 = 1 1 32} 54} 86 29 3 7 10 PAPA SNC) (ERR PI eae eal[Poce 28) 33) <6i 30 8 3 6)» 10) eS 25a 1 2) 22) 228 50) July 1 reece. 1 IY ac 1 PA fee eee (0 9 4; 13 2 5 5 10 Ti 435 SOW 2) soe ala: 16| 72) 88 3) 3 4 7. 12) 36) 4803.) 10") 18 26) 65)5 9 4 3 3 6) 32 [PSS 18'S |e ce eal ee 31} 93) 124 5 3” ae: TN 2A G2 "83/30 |) Sale 8a Meo S 4 aan 6 3 6 9) 43) 69) 112 3 + Vi 50} 101} 151 7 37) 4 T\ 44) FOWL) 35-45) 77) WSO SS atts 8 1 2 3) 14) 49) 63) 2 3 5 23) 63) 86 0 mR | eae Poe 1 1 8 OH si l7A 1 3 14, 13} 27 10) Sasa) Re alba lI cee 2 4 Glass 1 1 Hf ASH) 11 i D 1 1 7) Wok Pro Ke ewe ASS | Romie 24| 22) 46 Totals 55 | 67 | 122) 263} 629} 892} 25 | 50 | 75 | 410] 86411274] 753]1610/2363 Aver.* | 1.6] 1.9| 3.6] 7.7 |18.5/26.2/0.7] 1.5] 2.2 |12.1/25.4/38.6/22.1|17.9169.5 *Per trap per night. Note: Two traps were used. For the catches between July 2 and 8 inclusive the traps were covered with bushes. The catches also included 2 female 4. hyrcanus var. sinensis, 1 male and 1 female 4. barbirostris, 4 male and 2 female 4. kochi. Ek es es PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 1, JAN., 1934 13 TABLE 11. ANOPHELES ADULTS CAUGHT IN EARTH-LINED TRAP PLACED NEAR CARABAO SHED. TRAP LIGHTED. SPECIES DATE A. subpictus A. vagus TOTALS var. indefinitus var. limosus M. F. T. M. F. Th M. F. iE June 25 1 23 24 Gul LT 127 7 | 144] 151 OY Tan oer eee 7 Tl eee 88 SSe |e! 95 95 Dien WN oes. 54 ey IBS: rab B eet 88 192) | 9192 OLE, iam | ee ae 14 UE Fa Pe ee Ud TM ae es 91 91 DS rn in| Sees 53 oye) | ieee 150) SISOb) oes 203 | 203 SO gee Gat eeecreee 29 DORR ots 126 Ne D260 et ee te L5S5e he hSS July al See 29 DOP | eetise A 45 cee ee 74 74 Totals L 9209: |, 210 Ga), TAS eso 7 | 954 || 961 Averages: || O. 1 9)-2929' 1930-011) “O29 | 106.4|'107.3)) 1120 | 136631 137-3 *Per trap per night. Note: The catch also included 1 female 7. tessellatus, and 1 female 4. barbi- rostris, but no A. minimus var. flavirostris. 14 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 1, JAN., 1934 TaBLeE 12. ADULT ANOPHELINES CAUGHT IN EARTH-LINED TRAP HAVING COLORED LIGHT AND PLACED NEAR CARABAO SHED. SPECIES Bevis pe A. subpictus A. vagus Tenses o var. indefinitus var. limosus Light M. F. ste M. F. ae M. F. zi July 2 Red 0 18 18 0 87 37 | 0 105 | 105 3 Green 0 21 Pl 0 62 62] 0 83 83 + Blue 0 26) (2G n 0 78 78 | O 104 | 104 5 Yellow | 0 39 39510 81 81 0 120 } 120 6 Brown 0 11 1 eo 367|) #360! =O 47 | 47 7 Gray 0 22 220 57 oul |) 79 79 8 Pink 0 15) 15 0 48 48 | 0O 63 63 Note: No adult 4. minimus var. flavirostris were caught and no males of any species. This trap was right beside those used in Tables 5 and 6 from the dates given. TaBLeE 13. ANOPHELES ADULTS CAUGHT IN TRAPS PLACED IN A RICE FIELD (UNLIGHTED AND 500 M. FROM HOUSES). ONE EARTH-LINED ONE UNLINED SPECIES TRAP TRAP M. F. TMs he [ A. minimus var. flavimostris 0 0 0 0) 0) 0 A. subpictus var. indefinitus.........2---------- 1 0 1 0 0 0 Ya ley AGING N GEN ey OE OSOIS. ese ee ee 4 3 7 0 0) 0 WO tals eee oe Roce eccrine See eee 5 3 8 0 0 0 Average per night per trap -...............- O27 | OF44\ MeO} |. | eee | eee Note: These traps were in place for one week. Catches were made each morning from July 16 to 22 inclusive. REFERENCES 1. Russett, P. F. Daytime Resting Places of Anopheles Mosquitoes in the Philippines. First Report. Philip. Jour. Sci. 46 : 639-649, 1931 (Dec.). 2. Russett, P. F. Daytime Resting Places of Anopheles Mosquitoes in the Philippines. (Second Report). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 34 : 129- 138, 1932 (Nov.). PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 1, JAN., 1934 TaB_Le 14. 15 COMPARISON BETWEEN UNLINED TRAPS AND DIFFERENT SIZES OF EARTH-LINED TRAPS (UNLIGHTED. NEAR STREAM BANK). AUGUST 4 TRAPS = a eas) = NEW STYLE A. minimus var. flavirostris _| 4 6 1 6 1 18 A. subpictus var. indefinitus _| 3 2 0 0 0 5 ae FARILOS SE iW Se ee OM} © 1 Oneal D A. vagus var. limosus 7a\ oa Suily Ll i || 30 MLO tal si eoes Se eets et hos 8 We | 1G |} a ay Bi SS A. miniums var. flavirostris _| 7|10}10) 9] 11] 47 A. subpictus var. indefinitus | 2} O0|] O| O|} O D a ouiM LOSS CLIT Sime eee @ |) 8| 4) 5 18 A. vagus var. limosus __.........-. FF S|) iG} 6 | 4 || Be sliotals Meee ee GN UGH S42 LOS 208 105 A. minimus var. flavirostris _| 4) 5 | 7]|16]13] 45 A. subpictus var. indefinitus _| O0| 0} 0} O| O 0 SMALL PARSE SSCIIGIL Sere ee OF On 2a), 7a) 0)" sg A. vagus var. limosus Go| whe) Se | Syl esta pal AiG tall so eee eal eo Se lO Se 2 Sale26n es EARTH-LINED TRAP TOTALS 38 | 42 | 52 | 64 | 49 | 245 A. minimus var. flavirostris _| 0| 0} O| O| O 0 Op STYLE A. subpictus var. indefinitus _| 0| 0} 0} O| O 0 (2 traps) La be HOGHA NATE Sa cose ee tens else QO} @}) @O} OO} @ 0 A. vagus var. limosus S|) 6 Si WO} @] te WMO Galli pts Were me ies Se A Be |) 60, S| Ou Om 4 Earth-lined traps—average per trap per night 16.3. Unlined traps—average per trap per night 1.4. Of the 4. minimus var. flavirostris caught in earth-lined traps, 23 were males and 87 females. a. (tee Tye. Fr oper pall “7 copings ah Ais CiuTee SA $ | | 7 ”, * i i ' uf rf a € i 4 ‘ =) = , \4 rt J ’ y ears 4 Pe 7 5 “ ‘ WE +h 3 r 4 Tiwi 7) 8 Fr P 4 J ve PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36 PLATE | Figure 7—Unlined (old style) mosquito trap. Showing inside catching chamber removed. Figure 2.—Unlined (old style) trap ready for use. [17] PLATE 2 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36 Figure 3.—New style trap lined with earth. Front open. Top removed for photograph. [18] PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36 PLATE 3 Figure 4.—New style trap lined with earth. View showing interior. [19] PLATE 4 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36 Figure 5.—New style trap lined with earth showing method of removing mosquitoes. Note drip cans on top. Figure 6.—New style trap lined with earth showing position near a carabao shed. [ 20] PROC, ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36 Figure 7.—New and old style traps side by side for test. PLATE 5 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 1, JAN., 1934 23 TWO NEW SPECIES OF PLEOCOMA (COLEOPTERA: SCARA- BAEIDAE). By A. C. Davis, Takoma Park, Mad. Pleocoma remota, n. sp. Broadly oval, robust, dorsum slightly flattened, fimbriate and clothed beneath with yellow hair. Head very dark brown or blackish, closely punctate above, ocular canthi impunctate; eyes moderately prominent, much flattened, slightly cut into in front by the ocular canthi and rather deeply behind by the lobes of the genae, so that about two thirds of the total area is ventral, set into the head obliquely so that the anterior margins are each about 0.3 mm. nearer the mid-line than the posterior margins, where they disappear under the pro- notum; clypeus small, heavy, reflexed, sharply obtusely emarginate at apex, the anterior margins sinuate, apices bluntly rounded and nearly truncate, lateral margins rounded; anterior margins of ocular canthi sinuate, inclined posteriorly from a right angle to the mid-line, apical angles and posterior margins broadly rounded; horn of vertex fairly long, heavy, rounded at apex, quadrate in cross-section, the anterior angles of the horn continued as oblique ridges on the frons, terminating on each side at the junction of the ocular canthus with the clypeus. Pronotum black, glabrous, less than twice as wide as long, widest at basal two fifths; anterior angles, sides, and basal angles all included in one sweeping curved margin; disc evenly, moderately coarsely, and rather closely punctate, posterior median impression distinct, anterior median impression broad and deep, giving a retuse appearance to the profile of the pronotum. Scutellum subtriangular, almost covered with tawny hair. Elytra chestnut brown, wider at the humeri than the base of the pronotum, conjointly nearly as wide as long, widest at about the apical third; costae hardly elevated, smooth, impunctate; geminate striae distinct but not deep, not attaining the apices of the elytra, delimited by large shallow punctures; sutural striae moderately deep; elytral intervals coarsely and sparsely punctate and slightly rugose. Body beneath castaneous, femora darker, and tibiae nearly black. Length 22.5 mm., maximum width 14 mm. Antennae brown, first joint conical; second subglobular, transverse, four fifths as wide as first; third subcylindrical, pentagonal in outline as viewed from above, seven tenths as long as the first joint,! widest at apical fifth; joints 2 and 3 together almost or quite equal in length to the first; fourth joint shorter than the third and about equal in width, pentagonal in outline; fifth joint wider than the fourth and about as long, joints 4 and 5 together shorter than the third; sixth joint transverse, angulate, with a short process; seventh joint with a short lamella a little more than one third as long as the joint and lamella of the eighth; joints 8 to 11 forming the club, the ninth joint longest, the tenth nearly ‘In speaking of the joints composing the antennal club, the terms “‘length”’ and “width” are reversed, the length being considered as that of the joint and lamella across the long axis of the antenna. 24 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 1, JAN., 1934 as long, the eleventh shorter than the tenth, and the eighth shorter than the eleventh. The thorax in profile is distinctly retuse, although not so pronouncedly so as in P. staff Schauf. and P. edwardsi Lec. The geminate striae do not reach the apex of the elytra, a peculiarity found also in staff. The first geminate stria is interrupted behind the middle by an offset laterally of about its own width, the inner stria of the pair resuming on a line with the outer one, and terminating abruptly a short distance posterior to this point. Type locality —Utah. Type.—Male (Cat. No. 50124) in the collection of the United States National Museum. The female of this species is not known. P. remota differs from P. behrensi Lec. and P. fimbriata Lec., nearest to which it belongs in the genus, in color, in the hairy scutellum (which was probably completely covered with hair when the specimen was first taken), in the different proportions of the antennal joints, in the blunt apical horn, and in the elytral characters. The species resembles P. staff Schauf. very closely in all except the number of joints in the antennal club, and might easily be taken for an off-color specimen of that species. Since the unique type is labelled “Utah,” and is from the collection of J. B. Smith, there is little doubt that this is the specimen concerning which the note in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington (vol. I, 1885, p. 33) upon Utah as a new territory for Pleocoma behrensi was written. Pleocoma simi, n. sp. Broadly oval, robust, dorsum flattened, fimbriate and clothed beneath with yellow hair. Head dark brown, closely but rather lightly punctate, densely clothed with long yellow hair; ocular canthi impunctate; eyes prominent, round; clypeus reflexed, not or very slightly emarginate at center, apices rather sharply rounded, lateral margins rounded, upper surface densely clothed with yellow hair; anterior margins of ocular canthi at right angles to the mid-line, anterior and posterior angles lacking, the outer half being very nearly semi- circular in outline as viewed from above; horn of vertex conical, pointed. Pronotum chestnut brown, less than twice as wide as long (6.5 by 11.8 mm.), of even maximum width from about the middle to the posterior fifth, anterior and posterior angles broadly rounded; disc finely and sparsely punctate at the median base, more coarsely and closely punctate toward the sides, where the punctures tend to confluesce; posterior median impression distinct, anterior median impression long, involving the anterior three fifths of the length of the pronotum, fairly wide and deep, coarsely and extremely closely punctured; anterior margin of pronotum and anterior median impression sparsely clothed with long yellow hair. At each side of the disc, equally distant from the mid- line and the lateral margin, and at about the basal third, is a large, shallow, circular pit. The pronotum is retuse in profile. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 1, JAN., 1934 25 Scutellum transverse, posterior margin rounded, clothed with yellow hair, which, with that of the base of the pronotum, nearly conceals the surface. Elytra chestnut brown, wider at the humeri than the base of the prothorax, one sixth longer than wide conjointly, widest at apical third; sutural striae moderately deep; costae slightly elevated, smooth, impunctate, not attaining the apices of the elytra; geminate striae faint, consisting of widely separated, small, shallow punctures; elytral intervals finely and sparsely punctate. Body beneath castaneous, densely clothed with long yellow hair. Length 24 mm., maximum width 13.6 mm. Antennae brown, first joint subconical; second joint transverse, wider than long; third joint almost twice as long as wide, subconical, joints 2 and 3 together slightly more than three fourths as long as the first; fourth joint transverse; fifth joint of about the same length, but wider, angulate; sixth joint transverse, longer than the fifth, twice as wide as long; seventh joint as long as the sixth, with a short process; joints 8 to 11 forming the club, the ninth and tenth equal and longest, the eleventh shorter, and the eighth shorter than the eleventh. Type locality—Cleveland, Oregon. Collected by W. J. Kocker. Ty pe.—Male (Cat. No. 50136) in the collection of the United States National Museum. This species may be distinguished from P. dehrensi and P. fimbriata, to which it seems most closely related morpho- logically, by the color, the hairy scutellum, and the densely, heavily punctured and hairy anterior median impression of the pronotum. From P. remota it differs in the characters of the striae and the shorter third antennal joint. The unique type was very kindly given me by Mr. R. J. Sim, of Moorestown, N. J., for whom I take pleasure in naming the species. 26 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 1, JAN., 1934 MINUTES OF THE 451ST REGULAR MEETING OF THE ENTO- MOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON, DECEMBER 7, 1933. The 451st regular meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington was held at 8 p. m., Thursday, December 7, 1933, in Room 43 of the new building of the National Museum. Mr. C. T. Greene, president, presided. There were present 39 members and 20 visitors. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. Under the heading “Election of Officers,” the following officers were elected for 1934: IBGE eit Re weiss Sine Sa abe oie OR ee ON J. S. Wave TASTE ATA GEN AVA 1 oe es eee wee B. A. Porter WCCONG VAG ECS 111) eee eee ae ee S. B. Fracker SAUL OP OR etna Roel Se eee Oe Pe W. R. Watton (IRCGONATIERSCCTEL GTi) sea eee ee ee F. M. WabD Ley Corresponding Secrétary=Vreasurer 2 nce S. A. RoHwer Additional executive board members... W. H. Larrimer H. E. Ewine F. L. CAMPBELL Nominee as Vice-President to Washington Academy Of SSCLENCEASe 2... OE ee Ee ee Haroitp Morrison Before the election Mr. Rohwer stated that the Society had for years used the principle of a nominating ballot where a contest was involved, but often sus- pended the rules and did away with the nominating ballot, making elections by acclamation. All the above offices were filled by unanimous ballot except the position of second vice-president, and the position on the executive committee left vacant by Doctor Fracker’s election as second vice-president. A motion was passed that the president appoint committees to draw up suitable resolutions on the recent deaths of C. H. Popenoe and H. F. Wickham. Dr. C. B. Philip and Dr. Bruce Mayne, of the Public Health Service, “‘sleep- ing-sickness”’ investigations, on invitation, greeted the society. Under the heading ‘‘Notes and Exhibition of Specimens,” Dr. S. B. Fracker discussed the present status of the pink bollworm in the United States. He stated that the species had lately been found in a Georgia locality, but that the infested area in Florida had apparently been reduced as compared with last year, and that the species had not been found in the Salt River Valley of Arizona in either 1932 or 1933. The regular program consisted of a communication by Dr. C. L. Marlatt entitled ‘Early days in entomology in Washington.” Dr. Marlatt spoke briefly of his first impressions of Washington, and of his early connection with the Society as a member and officer. He then spoke in detail of the Society and its meetings in the nineties and early in the present century, characterizing a number of the members. He also mentioned the social features connected with the meetings in this period, especially when the Society was smaller and could be entertained in the homes of the members. This talk was discussed by Busck, Aldrich, McIndoo, Greene and Morrison. The meeting adjourned at 9:50 Pp. M. F. M. Waptey, Recording Secretary. Actual date of publication, February 2, 1934. VOL. 36 FEBRUARY, 1934 No. 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON CONTENTS GREENE, CHARLES T.—_TACHINID FLIES WITH AN EVANESCENT INCLUDING) ASNEW “GENUS AND FIVE NEW SPECIES 2... = 5 3 =. Diy, MATHESON, ROBERT—NOTES ON PSOROPHORA (JANTHINOSOMA) HORRIDUS DAR ERAN AINTAIBG 657 Sed S ares Saaes bam h eh ee atta A oe A tee ete Saha Chl ROHWER, S. A.——DESCRIPTIONS OF FIVE PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA 3486 43 PusiisHeD Montuiy Excerpt Jury, AuGust AND SEPTEMBER BY THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM WASHINGTON, D. C. Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1919, at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., under Act of August 24, 1912. Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized July 3, 1918, THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON OrcanizeD Marcu 12, 1884. The regular meetings of the Society are held in the National Museum on the first Thursday of each month, from October to June, inclusive, at 8 Pp. M. Annual dues for members are $3.00; initiation fee $1.00. Members are entitled to the ProcEEDINGs and any manuscript submitted by them is given precedence over any submitted by non-members. OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1933. Hanpraty Fae Sapien i is eS es ee SO ES .. .L, 0; HOWARB President? Sines Ne et eo ee Oe ee J. S. WADE First Vace=President (2... NB ee os net i en ss 3 Ae ORS BS eco A) srezbresiaens “tk > Rees, SO Se S. B. FRACKER IRCCOTAINEAS CCT ELAR) ee ei ee ene .. . By MM WADERM Corresponding Secretary=Treasurer.. . 2. ....+s:: S. A. ROHWER Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. GGT rE ee OO sn eee eee W. R. WALTON Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. Executive Committee: THE Orricers and W. H. Larrimer, H. E. Ewinec, F. L. Campsett. Representing the Society as Vice-President of the Washington Academy of SCHOREES cas 2. “i. Sac Sy RC ee Bee ee H. MORRISON PROCEEDINGS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON. Published monthly, except July, August and September, by the Society at Washington, D. C. Terms of subscription: Domestic, $4.00 per annum; foreign, $4.25 per annum; recent single numbers, 50 cents, foreign postage extra. All subscriptions are payable in advance. Remittances should be made payable to the Entomological Society of Washington. An author of a leading article in the ProcEEp1NGs will be given 10 copies of the number in which his article appears. Reprints without covers will be fur- nished at the following rates, provided a statement of the number desired accompanies the manuscript: 4 pp. 8 pp. 12pp. 16pp. 50 copies 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 100 copies 2225 4.50 6.75 9.00 Certain charges are made for illustrations and there are available rules and suggestions governing the make-up of articles. Immediate publication in any number may be obtained at the author’s expense. All manuscripts should be sent to the editor. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON WOL.. 36 FEBRUARY, 1934 No. i) TACHINID FLIES WITH AN EVANESCENT FOURTH VEIN, INCLUDING A NEW GENUS AND FIVE NEW SPECIES. By Cuartes T. GREENE, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture. INTRODUCTION.! The dipterous family Tachinidae contains several genera that have the fourth longitudinal vein evanescent at its tip. Those genera having this unusual character are widely scattered throughout this large family of parasitic flies. The object of this paper is to bring these genera together for convenience in making determinations. While this character is not a natural one it may be used very nicely for grouping these sixteen genera comprising twenty species. Me/anomelia aterrima Strobl and Besseria melanura Meigen, both European species, are not in- cluded in my table because I was unable to secure a specimen of either species. All of the species treated in this paper, in- cluding the new ones, are in the U. S. National Museum collec- tion. The head, palpus, and right wing of each species included in this paper are shown for the convenience of persons interested in this group of flies. The palpus is figured principally to show its difference in form and size as among the different species. Here, I wish to acknowledge my thanks to Dr. J. M. Aldrich for his friendly assistance. TABLE OF SPECIES. eViettts tone: Ebrce Or HVe, EISELE neces ewe ee 13 Veins bare or at most with 1 to 3 bristles at base of third vein_............ 2 2. Without the usual bristles at base of third longitudinal vein... aes With at least one bristle at base of third longitudinal vein... 4 3. Anterior and posterior crossveins very much approximated; wing slightly infuscated; third antennal joint long and slender. (Texas aaah [Rayne eael) ee oe Bezzimyia busckii Townsend (page 29). Anterior crossvein normally located near middle of discal cell; wings of a slightly milky white color; third antennal joint short and Moinceduatathe apexmi(HUnape) = sate ca fe ae nae Melizoneura albipennis Robineau-Desvoidy (page 29). 1See Appendix. 28 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 2, FEB., 1934 4. Posterior crossvein. present. =e eee eee 6 Posterior crossveitivabsent:...2 ee ee ee 5 5. Wing milky white in color; first longitudinal vein with a single bristle near the apex; bristles on facial ridge extending upward to slightly above lower edge of eye. (New England and Canada)... Dichaetoneura leucoptera Johnson (page 29). Wing hyaline; first longitudinal vein without apical bristle; bristles on facial ridge extending upward about one third the eye height (Europe) es te ee eee Phytomyptera nigrina Meigen (page 30). 6. Wing with a concavity at its apex; two bristles at base of third vein; costal vein with an enlargement at its apex and ending at the tip of the third veins (Blondaleteern 2 ee eee Roeseliopsis floridensis, new species (page 30). Wine notias;above!.. 2 eee eee ee ee vf 7. Eye unusually large; third joint of antenna with the dorso-apical corner pointed and slightly upturned; arista thickened on basal fifth; vibrissae located far above oral margin. (New Jersey and Colorad) ers. cots cok ck eh on ee ee a oe Hemithrixion oestriforme Brauer and Bervenstamm (page 31). Eye normal in size; antenna and arista not as above; vibrissae located near Oral margin»... See aes et 8 8. Facial ridge with bristles to the middle; length of penultimate joint of arista equal touts diameter: a 9 Facial ridge with only a few bristles above the vibrissa; penultimate joint of arista much longer than its diameter_.2. 32 =. 2 eee 10 9. Third antennal joint long, slender, and tapering towards the apex; parafacial much wider than third antennal joint; facial ridge broad, with several bristly hairs outside the usual row of bristles (Georeial) pee Roeseliopsis americana Coquillett (page 31). Third antennal joint long, broad, the apical end truncate, with the dorso-apical angle sharp; parafacial narrower than width of third antennal joint; facial ridge narrow, with only a single row of loysricya Kew, x... wl =) ee. Se . P. W. OMAN Corresponding Secretary-Treasurer. . 5... s+... S. A. ROHWER Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. EQUlOr. os cpio eRe ee ae lO: eee W. R. WALTON Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. Executive Committee: THE Orricers and W. H. Larrimer, H. E. Ewrne, F. L. CampseE.t. Representing the Society as Vice-President of the Washington Academy of WELEMEES coe .g\ 5, ye IE york See a ee H. MORRISON PROCEEDINGS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON. Published monthly, except July, August and September, by the Society at Washington, D. C. Terms of subscription: Domestic, $4.00 per annum; foreign, $4.25 per annum; recent single numbers, 50 cents, foreign postage extra. All subscriptions are payable in advance. Remittances should be made payable to the Entomological Society of Washington. An author of a leading article in the ProcEEpincs will be given 10 copies of the number in which his article appears. Reprints without covers will be fur- nished at the following rates, provided a statement of the number desired accompanies the manuscript: 4 pp. 8 pp. 12pp. 16 pp. 50 copies 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 100 copies 2.25 4.50 6.75 9.00 Certain charges are made for illustrations and there are available rules and suggestions governing the make-up of articles. Immediate publication in any number may be obtained at the author’s expense. All manuscripts should be sent to the editor. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON WOT: 36 APR 9S4. No. 4 NEW SPECIES AND A NEW GENUS OF NORTH AMERICAN DELTOCEPHALINE LEAFHOPPERS (HEMIPTERA : HOMOPTERA). By P. W. Oman, U. S. Bureau of Entomology. The descriptions which follow are those of apparently new forms which the writer has encountered in the course of his work during the past year and a half. Since representatives of nearly all the species of the genus are available, a key to Sanctanus Ball is included. Sanctanus tectus, n. sp. (ek, ash, Liners, JAN, 184, (Ce) Similar to fasciatus in size but with a more angular vertex and less brown coloration. Color and color pattern resembling those of Deltocephalus arun- dineus. Length 4-4.5 mm. Color.—Face pale, with three transverse black bands, one across the apex of the clypeus, one below the antennae, and one below the margin of the vertex. Vertex creamy, with a pair of small black spots at the apex and a large irregularly shaped pair on the disk next the ocelli, the latter always connected with the black band on the front, the former usually so. A pair of small dark spots on posterior margin of vertex. Pronotum with a rectangular black spot on the anterior margin medially and an irregular spot behind each eye, disk brownish iridescent, margins irregularly pale. Elytra with basal portions milky, a fuscous spot on disk of each clavus and three fuscous spots on each costal margin, one next the milky area, one before the first nervure to costa, and one in outer apical cell; veins milky to yellowish, bordered with fuscous, cells embrowned except along costal margins. Tips of male plates black. Structure —Vertex similar to that of fusconotatus but broader and more sharply angled, more produced than that of sanctus, margins rounded to front. Elytra broad and flaring, venation typical of the genus. Genitalia.—Last ventral segment of female with a broad, blunt, median tooth which is attached only basally to remainder of segment. Segment each side of tooth roughly truncate posteriorly. Male plates broad basally, tapering to narrow tips, plates together triangular. The markings and genital characters will distinguish this species from others in the genus. 76 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 4, APR., 1934 Holotype male and allotype female from Deep Creek, Vir- ginia, collected from Arundinaria tecta by the writer, Sept. 9, 1933. Paratypes, numerous specimens with the above data and others collected at the same locality by L. D. Anderson on Oct. 8 and Oct. 31, 1933. The writer has also examined specimens from Florence, South Carolina, collected in May, September, and October by O. L. Cartwright and sent to the writer for study by J. O. Pepper of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. Types in collection of United States National Museum (Cat. No. 50369), paratypes in collections of L. D. Anderson and J. O. Pepper. Key to THE NortH AMERICAN SPECIES OF SANCTANUS! 1. Ground color pale salmon red with a transverse, black-margined white band at the apex of the clavus and an orbicular black spot in the outer apical cell of cach elytron. eee. ....... = ... ee orbiculatus Ball Color not/as above...-2..2.02. 03. Z 2. (1) Dorsal color pattern consisting of brown or yellowish brown and ivory. Brownish area on disk of corium not broken by broad white or pale veins) =. | Ae ee ee 5 Dorsal color pattern lacking in distinct browe and ivory contrasts. Markings on corium consisting mostly of brownish intracellular infuscations which are darker around the margins. Veins on disk of cortum broadtand pale = ae 3 3. (2) Upper one half of face uniformly black, clypeus and portions of adjacent sclerites unmarked c....0¢ 0. ee Oe 4 Face not as above, black marks consisting of broken transverse bands, onevaf which crosses) theiclypeus 2. ee tectus, n. sp. 4. (3) Markings on disc of vertex fuscous..................fusconotatus Osborn 2 Markings on disc of vertex pale orange... aestuarium Del. & S. 2 5: (2) phiacerwithidistinet transverse black banc Se === ae een 6 Hace without distinct transverse blackybands= === == a anon 7 6. (5) Median length of vertex equal to or shorter than one half its width at anterior margin of eyes. Dorsal markings usually dark brown. Menethe4s5=5.25) min... es eae A ee cruciatus Osborn Median length of vertex distinctly greater than one half its width at anterior margin of eyes. Dorsal markings usually pale brown. Length 445mm... 2.2112. Ape aseiote Oshima 7. (5) Elytra apically without reticulations, vertex angled... sanctus Say Elytra apically with numerous reticulations, vertex bluntly rounded... limicolus Osborn 1 The writer has not examined specimens of eburneus DeLong. It appears to be related to fusconotatus and tectus. 2 The writer believes that fusconotatus and aestuarium are extremes of a single species in which the marks on the vertex are variable. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 4, APR., 1934 77 Hebecephalus scriptanus, n. sp. Gis higss Di bs) Related to /abeculus and blandus but differing from both in having the female genital segment produced and unnotched. Length of female 2.75-3 mm. Color.—Ground color cinereous. Frontal sutures brown to fuscous, frons with broken transverse brown bars basally and an irregular brown spot medially. Vertex with a brown spot next each eye and an elongate brown B or figure 8 mark on each side of median line, this sometimes interrupted along anterior margin of vertex. Pronotum with three pairs of longitudinal brown stripes, these sometimes nearly obsolete. Scutellum with two pairs of narrow longi- tudinal brown lines. Elytra grayish subhyaline, margins of cells embrowned. Structure.—Vertex bluntly right angled, broader and shorter than in docanus, about as in /abeculus, distinctly longer than pronotum. Elytra about equal to abdomen in length, venation typical of the genus. Genitalia.—Last ventral segment of female with lateral margins short, pos- terior margin triangularly produced. Holotype female from Mustang Mt., Ariz., June 12, 1933, collected by the writer. Paratypes, 6 females from the above locality, 3 taken on June 12 and 3 on June 20, by R. H. Beamer and the writer. Type and paratypes in United States National Museum collection (Cat. No. 50370), paratypes in collection of University of Kansas. Laevicephalus aridus, n. sp. (Biss kigs. By 'G:) Similar in size and coloration to monticolus (Gillette and Baker), but with the vertex more bluntly angled and the female genital segment without a median tooth on posterior margin. Length 2.75-3 mm. Color —Pale greenish white. Front with faint brownish bars; vertex with faint brownish dashes each side of apex, these sometimes extended into narrow- ing stripes across pronotum. Ocelli black, eyes green. Structure.—Vertex bluntly angled in female, equalling pronotum in length, more rounded in male and distinctly shorter than pronotum. FElytra extending well beyond tip of abdomen, venation irregular, outer anteapical cell often small or nearly absent. Genitalia.—Last ventral segment of female comparatively long, lateral margins short, lateral angles rounded, median portion produced and narrowing, with sides of produced portion sinuate, posterior margin truncate or faintly bilobed, often appearing distinctly incised. Male plates broad basally, tapering sharply to acute tips which reach slightly over half way to apex of spiny pygofer. This species is best separated from all others of the genus except convergens by the genital characters, while from that species it may be separated by the smaller size and blunter head. Holotype female, allotype male, and 1 female paratype from Copper, Ariz., collected by the writer June 30, 1933. Types in collection of the United States National Museum (Cat. No. 50371). 78 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 4, APR., 1934 Laevicephalus bocanus, n. sp. (Pl 13, igseet, 1.) Resembling /abeculus but smaller, more slender, and with a more produced and angled vertex. Length of female 2.75 mm. Color —Ground color pale creamy white to gray. Face slightly embrowned; dorsum with a light brown longitudinal vitta on each side extending from anter- ior margin of vertex to anterior margin of scutellum, narrowing posteriorly. Pronotum with an additional faint longitudinal vitta behind each eye. Elytra gravish subhyaline, margins of cells embrowned. Structure.—Vertex produced and pointed, length nearly equal to greatest width and distinctly greater than length of pronotum. Elytra about equalling abdomen in length, venation typical of the genus. Genitalia.—Last ventral segment of female with lateral margins short, median portion well produced and narrowing posteriorly, apex with a small notch. Described from 2 females, holotype and paratype, collected at Boca Chica, Texas, May 30, 1933, by the writer and Mrs. Oman. Types in the collection of the United States National Museum (Cat. No. 50372). Deltocephalus laredanus, n. sp. (Pl. 13, Figs. J.—K.) Pale yellowish brown with four fuscous spots on the anterior margin of the vertex and a cream colored stripe dorsally. More closely related to several South American species than to the known North American forms. Length 3 mm. Color.—General ground color brownish testaceous. Face unmarked except for a small fuscous dot below each ocellus. Dorsum with a cream or ivory colored stripe extending from apex of vertex to apex of scutellum, widening slightly posteriorly, and continued to apex of claval sutures by the cream colored commissural margins of the elytra. Vertex with a triangular fuscous spot on the anterior margin each side of the apex next the median stripe and another irregular and often indistinct one next ocellus. Pronotum with lateral margins narrowly creamy and traces of two creamy longitudinal stripes each side of the median stripe. Median stripe usually margined with fuscous on scutellum. Elytra subhyaline, veins whitish, often faintly margined with fuscous. Structure.—Vertex well produced and bluntly angled, slightly shorter than pronotum in length. Elytra extending well beyond tip of abdomen, venation typical deltocephaloid. Genitalia.—Last ventral segment of female narrowed posteriorly, exposing underlying membranes, posterior margin broadly and shallowly excavated, with a small median tooth. Male plates small, together roughly triangular, with lateral margins concave and tips blunt. Holotype male, allotype female, and numerous paratypes of both sexes collected by the writer near Laredo, Texas, June 3, PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 4, APR., 1934 79 1933. Also 1 male paratype labeled Austin, Texas, May, 1905, in collection of FE. D. Ball. Types in the collection of the United States National Museum (Cat. No. 50373), paratypes in col- lection of E. D. Ball. Genus BALDULUS, new genus. Small, elongate leafhoppers, related to Cicadula in the characters of the venation of the elytra and wings, but with the elytra long and slender as in Balclutha, the head narrow and produced and angled as in De/tocephalus. Also resembling Cicadulina but with a more produced vertex and with one more apical cell in both elytra and wings. Face elongate, triangular, margin of genae slightly sinuate below the eyes. Vertex triangularly produced and rounding to the front, median length slightly less than length of pronotum. Head, including eyes, equal to pronotum in width. Elytra elongate and slender, with two anteapical and four apical cells and distinct appendices. Wings with three apical cells. In the species known to the writer the color is pale yellowish with a black spot on the margin of vertex, above or sometimes slightly anterior to each ocellus. Markings of pronotum and scutellum consisting of more or less distinct longitudinal vittae of pale yellowish brown to brown. Type of the genus, Ba/dulus montanus, n. sp. This genus will also include De/tocephalus elimatus Ball * from Mexico, which the writer believes to be congeneric with B. montanus in spite of its peculiar, elongate genitalia in both sexes (Pl. 13, Figs. N, O,) and slightly shorter vertex. Baldulus montanus, n. sp. (PI. 13; Figs, ..M.) Smaller than e/imatus, with a more angled vertex and darker markings on vertex and pronotum. Length 3.25-3.5 mm. Color.—General ground color pale yellow. Face unmarked except for a small fuscous dot below each ocellus, these sometimes obsolete. Vertex with a small fuscous spot at apex, a larger, black, triangular pair above and a little anterior to the ocelli, a fuscous quadrangular pair on the posterior margin next the eyes, and a faint brown pair between these. In pale specimens the spot at the apex and the inner basal pair may be obsolete. Pronotum and scutellum with a longitudinal brownish-fuscous vitta each side of the median line, emphasizing a broad creamy median stripe. Traces of two additional brownish vittae later- ally on pronotum. Elytra with veins and commissural line to apices of clavi white, cells embrowned except along costa and sometimes apically. Structure.—Vertex nearly twice as long medially as next the eyes, median length slightly less than length of pronotum. Pronotum truncate posteriorly, median length about one half the width. Genitalia.—Last ventral segment of female about one and one half times as 3 Can. Ent., vol. 32, p. 345, 1900. 80 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 4, APR., 1934 long as preceding segment, posterior margin truncate or slightly sinuate. Male valve broad, bluntly angled posteriorly. Male plates together triangular, apices terminating in divergent ligulate processes about one half as long as the rest of the plates. Apex of aedeagus usually visible between tips of plates. Aedeagus with shaft long and nearly straight, extending posteriorly; apex curved upward and with two pairs of processes at tip, one pair long and slender and extending anteriorly along the shaft, the other pair curved first upward and then anteriorly, forked near base, the upper fork crooked and shorter than the lower fork. Holotype male, allotype female, and numerous paratypes of both sexes from the Santa Rita Mts., Ariz., collected June 27, 1933, by the writer. Other paratypes from the same locality; 20 specimens collected June 26, 1933, by R. H. Beamer, and 20 specimens collected July 6, 1933, by E. D. Ball. Holotype, allotype, and paratypes in the U nited States National Musem collection (Cat. No. 50374), paratypes in the collection of E. D. Ball and the University of Kansas. EXPLANATION OF PLATE. A, head and thorax, B, male genitalia, and C, female genitalia of Sanctanus tectus; D, head and thorax, and E, female genitalia of Hebecephalus scriptanus; F, head and thorax, and G, male genitalia of Laevicephalus aridus; H, female genitalia, and I, head and thorax of L. bocanus; J, male genitalia, and K, head and thorax of Deltocephalus laredanus; LL, head and thorax, and M, male geni- talia of Baldulus montanus; N, female genitalia, and O, male genitalia of B. elimatus Ball. All drawings show an enlargement of approximately 30 diameters. A NOTE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF EUMERUS NARCISSI SMITH (DIPTERA : SYRPHIDAE) By Ranpatt Latta, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Sumner, Wash. In a previous publication (A Comparative Study of the Species of Eumerus known as the Lesser Bulb Flies. Monthly Bul. Calif. Dept. Agr. Vol. XXII, Nos. 2-3, Feb.—March, 1933, p. 147) the distribution of Humerus narcissi Smith in the United States was mentioned as being confined to California and Ore- gon. The species is quite common in bulb districts in California, but only one specimen had been found in Oregon, that near Portland at a large bulb ranch. In 1931 one pair were collected in a greenhouse on Long Island, New York, by Blanton and Spruijt (The Species of Eumerus on Long Island. Jour. Econ. Ent. Vol. 26, No. 2, Apr. 1933, p. 515). During the past summer a single male was collected at Morning Sun, Iowa, by Helen Latta, from flowers near a bed of naturalized daffodils. Future col- lections in the eastern and southern bulb growing sections will probably reveal more occurrences of this species. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36 PLATE 13 S TECTUS (A-C) L. BOCANUS D.LAREDANUS \\ , 8. MONTANUS | 8 ELIMATUS th (L-M) N (N-O) 82 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 4, APR., 1934 A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF THE FAMILY GELECHIIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA). By Avucust Busck, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture. CREMONA, new genus. (Plate 10, Figs. 1-5.) Labial palpi long, recurved; second joint somewhat thickened with rough scaling, slightly furrowed in front; terminal joint shorter than the second, also somewhat thickened with scales and rough on frontal edge; apex pointed. Maxillary palpi minute. Tongue short, spiralled. Antennae simple, shorter than fore wing, slightly serrate towards the tip in the males. Face, head, and thorax smooth. Fore wing smooth, costal and dorsal edges nearly straight and parallel; termen evenly rounded; apex bluntly pointed; 12 veins, 7 and 8 stalked to costa; 6 out of stalk of 7 and 8 to termen; 2, 3, 4, and 5 nearly equidistant; 2 and 3 from before end of cell; 9, 10, and 11 nearly equidistant; 11 from middle of cell; 9 somewhat variable, more or less approximate to stalk of 7 and 8; 14 furcate at base; lc faint at base, outer half obsolete. Hind wings as wide as fore wings; costa nearly straight, slightly bulging before middle; dorsum nearly straight; termen rounded, sinuate before apex; apex produced, pointed; 8 veins, 8 straight to apical third of costa; 6 and 7 long- stalked, enclosing apex; 5 much nearer to 4 than to 6, but distant from both and nearly parallel to 4; 3 and 4 variable, separate or approximate or sometimes connate; 2 parallel to 3. Posterior tibia heavily clothed with long hairs. Male genitalia (pl. 10, fig. 5) with uncus weakly developed, short, blunt, thumb-like, with a few stiff hairs; socii undeveloped; gnathos very long, abruptly curved, with pointed apex. Harpes divided; upper arms long, slender, pointed, heavily haired on outer half; lower arms short, stout, pointed; anellus two small, triangular plates. Aedoeagus short, stout, curved, with pointed apex and with rounded base; no cornuti. Vinculum large, rounded. Female genitalia (pl. 10, fig. 4) with short, protruding, chitinized lips to the ostium; ductus bursa rather short, chitinized in posterior end and twisted once upon itself; bursa globular, with a small, inverted, pointed signum. Type: C. cotoneastrt. The genus is allied to Ge/echia of authors, but differs in the venation, having vein 6 of fore wing out of stalk of 7 plus 8 and veins 3 and + of hind wing normally separate as in Te/phusa, from which genus it differs in the smooth fore wings. The genitalia are typical of the family, but easily differentiated generically. The genus Ge/echia, as at present used, comprises a hetero- geneous aggregation and the name must eventually be restricted to the forms agreeing with the genotype, the European Gelechia rhombella Schittermiller, which has veins 3 and 4 of fore wings stalked (a character which may not prove dependable) but PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 4, APR., 1934 83 which has very characteristic genitalia, differing essentially from those of the bulk of the species at present included in the genus, which represent several good generic groups. Cremona cotoneastri, new species. Labial palpi dark fuscous, flecked with ochreous, especially on inner surfaces and on terminal joint. Antennae blackish fuscous with narrow light ochreous annulations. Face light fuscous mixed with ochreous. Head and thorax dark fuscous with each scale narrowly tipped with ochreous. Fore wings uniformly dark fuscous, mixed with silvery white; each scale dark with base and extreme tip silvery; no other markings; cilia concolorous. Hind wings dark fuscous, a shade lighter than the fore wings; cilia gray. Abdomen blackish fuscous with the tips of the long protruding harpes light gray. Legs dark fuscous, tarsi with narrow ochreous annulations. Alar expanse 12-14 mm. Habitat, Portland, Oregon. U. S. National Museum Type No. 50252. Foodplant, Cotoneaster horizontalts. Reared in good series by Mr. J. R. Roaf and submitted for identification by Dr. Don C. Mote, Entomologist, Oregon State Agricultural College. The moth appeared during June and July. The foodplant belongs to a northern temperate Old World genus of ornamental shrubs of the family Rosaceae, which in late years has been introduced into various parts of the world for horticultural purposes. The home of Cotoneaster horizontalis is China and it seems probable that the insect is also of Chinese origin. For this reason I sent specimens to Edward Meyrick in England, who is well acquainted with the Chinese microlepi- doptera and he has kindly advised me that he agrees with me, that “‘the insect is quite new and undoubtedly a new genus allied to Gelechia,” and he is also disposed to believe it of Chinese origin, though “I have been studying a considerable number of Chinese forms lately and have not so far come across anything ‘like it”? (Meyrick). I take the occasion again to express my thanks to the vener- able dean of microlepidopterists for much professional help through nearly forty years. The workers in this field, in all parts of the world, are fortunate in being able to consult his extensive knowledge, which he so liberally shares. If we are correct in this suspected origin and recent intro- duction of Cremona cotoneastri, this species should be watched as a potential danger to American fruit; it is quite possible that the species may find other rosaceous plants more to its liking than the original hostplant, as did another Asiatic intro- duced microlepidopteron (Laspeyresia) Grapholitha molesta Busck, ‘the well known oriental fruit moth. PLATE 14 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36 Cremona COorOoneastry Buscr [84] PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 4, APR., 1934 85 EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Cremona cotoneastri Busck. Fig. 1. Venation of fore wing. Fig. 2. Venation of hind wing. Fig. 3. Details showing variations of veins 4 of hind wing: Fig. 4. Genitalia of female. Fig. 5. Genitalia of male. Figures drawn under author’s supervision by Mrs. Eleanor A. Carlin of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture. A NEW NORTH AMERICAN MAGDALIS FROM BLUE SPRUCE (COLEOPTERA : CURCULIONIDAE) By L. L. Bucnanan, U. S. Bureau of Entomology. The species described below was received from O. W. Collins, of the Gipsy Moth Laboratory of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Melrose Highlands, Mass., who states that the specimens were reared in Massachusetts from Colorado blue spruce, Picea pungens Engelmann var. glauca. The figures were drawn by Mrs. E. A. Carlin. Measure- ments to determine length of rostrum and location of antennal socket were made along dotted lines “a” and “b” respectively, as shown in figure 3. Magdalis piceae, new species. Length, 3.8-4.3 mm. A rather slender species of the genti/is group. Moder- ately shining, glabrous above, black, antennal scape generally rufescent apically; pronotum with a narrow, polished, impunctate, median line which is abbre- viated before and behind; femoral tooth unusually small, sometimes subobsolete on hind legs; tarsal claws simple. Rostrum as long as, or slightly longer than, prothorax, more slender and rising more abruptly from head in female; surface shining except at base, finely and closely punctate; antennal socket slightly in front of middle (male) and at or slightly behind middle (female). Scape passing anterior eye margin in both sexes, first funicular segment a little longer and much stouter than second, which is not more, and generally less, than twice as long as wide and usually a little shorter than third and fourth together; club longer in male than in female. Head feebly alutaceous, with closely set punctures that are larger but apparently shallower than those on rostrum, interocular puncture small, eyes in male a little larger, more convex, and closer together above than in female. (In male, distance between eyes above is to width of rostrum at base as 3% is to 6, approximately.) Prothorax about as long as wide at middle, sides broadly and feebly rounded, divergent at hind angles, apical constriction not deep; pronotal punctures dense and scabrous at margins, becoming less dense on disk, where they are often separated by narrow but flat and shiny intervals, the 86 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 4, APR., 1934 \ I \N\ NER Fig. 1, dorsa! outline; fig. 2, pronotum; fig. 3, side view of male (a, length of rostrum; b, location of antennal socket); fig. 4, male antenna; fig. 5, female antenna. general surface more or less convex. Elytra feebly widened behind, surface rather weakly alutaceous, moderately shining; strial punctures deep, clean-cut, closely set; on disk, the intervals nearly flat, each with a fairly regular single row of generally distinct punctures which may be here and there, and especially toward sides, somewhat confused or in a partly double row. Thoracic sternites densely punctate, side pieces of mesosternum and metasternum clothed with pale, plumose scales; abdominal sternites a little less densely punctate, first sternite of male feebly impressed; first tarsal segment of hind leg elongated, rather more so in male than in female. Type Jlocality—Dover, Mass., 6/3/33; Ex. Blue Spruce; Gip. Moth Lab. 12164 U 108. Other locality —White Mts., N. H., Peabody River, VII- 15-1925, A. Nicolay. Type (male), allotype, and 8 paratypes.—Cat. No. 50284, Us So N, M: PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 4, APR., 1934 87 Described from 10 specimens, 9 from type locality, 1 from New Hampshire. The black color, slender form, moderately shining surface, comparatively narrow prothorax with its polished median line, small femoral tooth, and slightly enlarged antennal club of male, form a combination of characters unknown to me in any other species. By the small femoral tooth piceae is most closely related to vitiosa Fall but that Californian species is considerably smaller (3.1-3.3 mm.), more densely punctate, duller in luster, and with the median pronotal line not polished. RECORDS OF HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF TICKS IN THE UNITED STATES. By F. C. BisHopp, Principal Entomologist, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture. The widespread occurrence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States as reported in recent years has stimulated interest in the several species of ticks concerned in the trans- mission of this malady and in their natural enemies. Exact information on the distribution and abundance of the two known hymenopterous parasites of ticks which occur in this country is meager. These parasites, [xvodiphagus texanus and Hunterellus hookeri, were both described by Dr. L. O. Howard.’ The type specimens of the former were reared from nymphs of the rabbit tick, Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris, collected by J. D. Mitchell on a cotton-tail rabbit in Jackson County, Texas, May 8, 1907. Although many collections of nymphs of this tick have been made in various parts of Texas and in other States only one other parasitized lot has been collected by workers in the Bureau of Entomology. This was a collection of Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris nymphs taken from the road-runner or chaparral cock (Geococcyx californianus) at Reagan Wells, Tex., on April 28,1914, by D. C. Parman. This lot consisted of 17 nymphs, two-thirds to fully engorged. Four of these proved to be parasitized. From 3 of these 11 parasites emerged. These were identified by the writer as [xodiphagus texanus Howard. This is the only record of the collection of this parasite since the type material was reared. Hunterellus hookeri appears to have much wider distribution as reported by H. P. Wood.? This parasite occurs in Texas, 1L. O. Howard, 1907. A Chalcidid parasite of a tick. Ent. News, Vol. 18, pp. 375-378. 1908. Another chalcidoid parasite of a tick. Can. Ent. Vol. 40, pp. 239-241. *H. P. Wood, 1911. Notes on the life history of the tick parasite, Hunterellus Hookeri Howard. Journ. Econ. Ent. Vol. 4, pp. 425-431. 88 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 4, APR., 1934 California, Mexico, and Portuguese East Africa. Our work since 1911 has not added greatly to the known distribution except for the collection of 4 lots of parasitized nymphs of Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latr. in South Miami, Florida, in 1931 by Mrs. S. G. Martin. These ticks were all taken on dogs. The first lot, collected September 6th, consisted of 127 well engorged nymphs, 7 of which were parasitized. The second lot consisted of 35 nymphs, a few of which were parasitized. These were collected September 14th. The third collection, October 9, consisted of 15 nymphs, 13 of which were parasitized. The fourth consisted of 45 nymphs collected October 24. Among these 15 were parasitized, 14 of which produced a total of 85 parasites. This species was also reared from a single nymph of Derma- centor vartabilis Say which was collected, together with several engorged nymphs of Amblyomma americanum L., on a cow October 15, 1931, on Capers Island, S. C., by E. K. Moore. The nymphs of 4. americanum were not parasitized. The parasites from South Miami and Capers Island were identified by A. B. Gahan. In 1929 a number of nymphs of Dermacentor parasitized by the French species Jxodiphagus caucurtei Buysson were released on Capers Island by Dr. Joseph Bequaert of Harvard University. H. O. Schroeder of the Bureau of Entomology has found this parasite to be more or less common in the vicinity of Brownsville, Tex., in the past two years, but has not found parasitized ticks in other parts of the State. A NEW VARIETY OF PLEOCOMA.'! By A. C. Davis, Takoma Park, Mad. Pleocoma conjungens Horn Variety hirsutus, n. var. General appearance as in Pleocoma conjungens. Elytra shining black, margins with a brownish tinge, pronotum piceous, brown at sides. Head above, including ocular canthi, closely punctate and thickly covered with long yellow-brown hair; ocular canthi with the anterior margins curving forward of a right angle with the long axis of the body, apices acute, rounded, lateral margins nearly straight, posterior angles obtuse but distinct. Pronotum slightly less than twice as wide as long (6 by 11.8 mm.), black, brown at sides, with an occasional hair upon its surface; posterior median impression nearly lacking; lateral pits lacking; transverse ridge lacking, the basal part of the pronotum being smoothly and evenly convex to the declivity, anterior median impression distinct and moderately deep, very heavily and coarsely punctate, and rather densely clothed with long yellow-brown hair. Scutellum sparsely, finely punctate, and sparsely clothed with short hair. ! Order Coleoptera; family Scarabaeidae. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 4, APR., 1934 89 Legs and body beneath brown, very densely clothed with long yellow-brown hair. Antennae almost exactly as in the specimen of P. conjungens labeled as the type in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, except in the proportions of antennal joints 1 to 3, which are 1.2, 0.3, and 1.0mm. in length, respectively, as compared with 0.7, 0.25, and 0.8 mm. in the type. Type locality.—Between Lebec and Saugus, in Los Angeles County, Calif., in the Sierra Madre Mountains. Collected by Re Drabusk: Type.—Male in the collection of the Los Angeles Museum. This specimen was lent to me for study by L. J. Muchmore. Among Mr. Lusk’s effects the following data, attached to a letter of inquiry from Mr. Muchmore, were found by Earl Hakes: “Found on the 22d day of January, 1933, about 7 miles this side of the summit on the Ridge Route. There were hundreds of these bugs flying through the air just below the snow line about 5 Pp. M.” This variety, while close to P. conjungens in most respects, seems to differ from the typical form enough to justify at least a varietal name. It may be separated from conjungens by the color, different shape of the ocular canthi, the more parallel sides of the horn of the vertex, the extreme hairiness of the head and anterior part of the pronotum, the heavily punctate anter- ior median impression, and the slightly different proportions of the first 3 antennal joints. ON THE IDENTITIES OF CHALCIDOID TICK PARASITES (HYMENOPTERA). By A. B. Gauan, Sentor Entomologist, Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture. The discovery that Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a tick- borne disease, has become established in several widely separ- ated sections of the United States and is becoming an increas- ingly important problem, has stimulated a keen interest in the natural enemies of ticks. So far as known the only important insect enemies of ticks are minute chalcidoids belonging to the family Encyrtidae. The first record of one of these parasitic insects attacking a tick was published by L. O. Howard (/) in 1907 when he described Ixodiphagus texanus. The following year Howard (2) described a second genus and species from Texas which he called Huntere/- lus hookeri and in 1912 Ixodiphagus caucurtei was named and described by R. du Buysson (5) from France. A paper by R. A. 90 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 4, APR., 1934 Cooley (/9) published in 1929 apparently implies (p. 267) that all three of these names refer to the same insect. As will be shown later, however, [xodiphagus texanus and Hunterellus hookeri are quite distinct species while 7. caucurtei is identical with Hunterellus hookeri. In another article by Prof. Cooley (20) published in 1930 and giving an account of his trip to Africa for the purpose of investi- gating tick parasites, it is stated that G. A. H. Bedford of the Veterinary Research Laboratory at Onsderpoort, Transvaal, had discovered a chalcid that attacked adult ticks. It is also related that Dr. L. E. Robinson, parasitologist of the Cooper Technical Bureau, some years previously had received a box of adult Amblyomma hebraeum Koch from Cape Province and that upon being opened later in England the box was found to con- tain adult chalcids that had emerged in transit and which were different from the species discovered by Bedford. The conclu- sion is drawn that it is reasonably certain that there exist in Africa two new chalcidoid parasites of ticks. A review of tick parasite work published by Prof. Cooley (2/) later in the same year, however, stated that the alleged tick parasite discovered by Bedford had been identified by the present writer as Mor- moniella vitripennis (Walker), a common parasite of blowflies, and was probably not a parasite of ticks at all. The same review indicated that attempts to obtain examples of the supposed tick parasite taken by Robinson had failed and the identity of the species could not be established. At present therefore only two species of tick parasites are definitely known to exist, viz, /xodiphagus texanus Howard and Hunterellus hookeri Howard. These two species bear a close resemblance to each other and may easily be confused if exam- ined only superficially. Both are small, robust, black species, with the antennae 11-jointed and clavate in the female, 10- jointed and nearly filiform or weakly clavate in the male; head as broad as thorax, broadly but not deeply concave behind; eyes distinctly hairy; mesoscutum weakly shagreened and uniformly clothed with rather coarse hairs; wings normal in size, the marginal vein about as broad as long, stigmal about as long as marginal and post-marginal combined, oblique hairless streak from stigmal vein distinct; propodeum medially very short; abdomen broader than long, shorter than the thorax, the ovipositor concealed. Despite the resemblance, however, they are distinct enough to be maintained as separate genera. The following dichotomy, together with the accompanying figures, should make it possible to distinguish the two species without much difficulty. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 4, APR., 1934 91 DicHoToMy FoR SEPARATION OF Jxodiphagus texanus AND Hunterellus hookeri. Head, viewed dorsally, very nearly or quite three times as broad as long; fronto-vertex nearly twice as broad as long and not flattened; ocellar triangle distinctly obtuse, the postocellar line much longer than a line from the anterior ocellus to a posterior ocellus; ocelli rather large, the ocellocular line about equal to the diameter of an ocellus; antennae inserted distinctly below middle of head and distinctly below a line connecting lower extremities of eyes, the distance from antennal socket to anterior margin of clypeus equal to about half the distance between antennal sockets; scape four or five times as long as thick, not expanded beneath; antennal club of female obliquely truncate from base of second segment, subacute at apex; funicle joints of male antenna not longer than broad, the club 2-jointed and a little broader than the funicle joints; /abial palpi 3-jointed, the second joint very short; maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the second and third joints each broader than long and shorter than either the first or last joint; mesoscutum and scutellum moderately convex, the scutellum polished ex- cept for very weak reticulation on the basal one third; angle between stigmal and postmarginal veins distinctly less than 45°; antennae fusco- testaceous; tibiae and tarsi nearly uniformly testaceous, as are also the trochanters and apices of femora; wing subhyaline. Ixodiphagus texanus Howard. Head viewed dorsally, about twice as broad as long; fronto-vertex in the female not twice as broad as long, flattened and more or less horizontal, in the male more transverse than in the female but usually not so short as in I. texanus; ocellar triangle large, the postocellar line only a little longer than a line from the anterior to a posterior ocellus; ocelli not large and the lateral ones separated from the eye margin by a distance greater than the diameter of an ocellus; antennae inserted at about the middle of head, slightly above the lower extremities of eyes, the distance from antennal socket to anterior margin of clypeus approximately equal to the distance between antennal sockets; scape not over three times as long as broad, with a distinct flange-like expansion on the inner side beneath: club not strongly obliquely truncate, more rounded at apex; funicle joints in the male all distinctly longer than broad; /abial palpi 2-ointed; maxillary palpi either 3- or 4- jointed (the third and fourth joints most often distinctly separated but frequently completely joined together), when 4-jointed the second and third joints subequal and always distinctly longer than broad; mesoscutum and scutellum flattened, the scutellum weakly reticulated or shagreened on at least the basal two thirds; angle formed by stigmal and postmarginal veins approximately 45°; antennae dark brown to blackish, the scape usually fusco-testaceous; legs brownish black with the trochanters, knees, apices of tibiae and the tarsi reddish testaceous, the middle and hind tibiae always dark brownish or blackish except at base and apex; forewing sub- hyaline but usually with the area embracing the oblique hairless streak more or less distinctly stained with fuscous. Hunterellus hookeri Howard. 92 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 4, APR., 1934 Fig. 1—A. Ixodiphagus texanus Howard. 1, Front view of head; 2, side view of head; 3, labial palpus; 4, maxillary palpus; 5, antenna of female; 6, antenna of male. B. Hunterellus hookeri Howard. 1, Front view of head; 2, side view of head; 3, labial palpus; 4, maxillary palpus, normal; 4a, maxillary palpus (third and fourth joints connate); 5, antenna of female; antenna of male, normal; 6a, other antenna from same individual as 6, abnormal. Ixodiphagus texanus Howard. This species was originally described in 1907 (/) from several females reared from nymphs of Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris (Packard) taken on wild rabbits in Jackson County, Tex. Although the species has been mentioned frequently in literature there is to date no published record of its again having been reared or collected. The original type material of 7. ¢exanus in the U. S. National Museum is in poor condition and as a consequence the identity of the species was in some doubt until recently. In April, 1933, a consignment of twenty specimens was received for identifica- tion from R. A. Cooley through F. C. Bishopp, the labelling of which was as follows: “Parasite on Ixodes hexagonus var. cookei Packard on woodchuck, Mayfield, Idaho, June 28, 1932. Reared through fourth generation from the original. Bishopp No. 20657.” All of the specimens were labeled alike. Eleven specimens of this lot were identified by the writer as Hunterellus hookeri and the other nine specimens as [xodiphagus texanus. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 4, APR., 1934 93 The material was also examined by C. F. W. Muesebeck, who concurred in the identifications. In the absence of a complete history of the specimens involved, it is impossible to explain the obvious contradiction between these identifications and the above indicated labeling. The two species of parasites are distinguished by good structural charac- ters and can not be progeny of the same parents. Unless some mistake was made in labeling a part of the specimens, 1t appears certain either that the original stock of parasites comprised two species which were carried along together through the fourth generation or else that there was some contamination introduced in the course of the breeding work. Following the discovery that two species were involved, Dr. Bishopp obtained from Prof. Cooley and submitted to the writer for examination several specimens said to be the original stock from which the experi- ment was started. Whether or not this material included the actual parents used in starting the experiment, or constituted merely a part of the original rearing from a tick on a woodchuck taken at Mayfield, Idaho, from which the original parents were selected, the writer was not informed, but since the specimens submitted apparently emerged from the same individual tick nymph as did the parent stock, it appears practically certain that the specimens used as parents were of the same species. All of the specimens submitted proved to be Hunterellus hookert. It therefore appears certain that the experiment was started with this species alone and that J/xodiphagus texanus was introduced later by accident, perhaps upon some animal used as host to the ticks. According to Fred A. Morton (/8) rabbits were used for quantity production of ticks in the laboratory, and since the original host of /. texanus was Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris, the rabbit tick, it 1s possible that a parasitized tick of this species may have been inadvertently introduced on one of these animals. Whatever the explanation, it is to be questioned whether the specimens of J. fexanus actually had as their original host Jxodes hexagonus var. cookei as indicated by the labeling. Likewise the locality from which the specimens came can not be stated definitely. Hunterellus hookeri Howard. Syn. [xidophagus caucurtei Buysson. Hunterellus hookert was described in 1908 (2) from four females and six males reared from nymphs of RAipicephalus texanus Banks (now recognized as a synonym of R. sanguineus Latreille) collected on a dog at Corpus Christi, Tex. Ixodi- pPhagus caucurtei was proposed in 1912 (5), being based upon specimens reared by E. Brumpt from nymphs of [xodes ricinus Linnaeus taken on deer at Chantilly and at Fontainebleau, France. 94 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 4, APR., 1934 As already stated, H. hookeri and I. caucurtei are believed to be identical. This opinion is based upon a comparative study of authentic material in the U. S. National Museum. Included in this material are the types and many other undoubted specimens of H. hookeri from Texas and other parts of the United States as well as the following representatives of J. caucurtei: A series of 21 specimens reared from Ixodes ricinus by E. Brumpt at Paris, France; a large series received from S. B. Wolbach, reared from Rhipicephalus sanguineus collected in the Forest of Fontainebleau, France; and a third large series received through J. Bequaert and representative of the French stock which was first introduced on Naushon Island, Mass., and later into Montana and Dewees Island, S. C. The types of I. caucurtei in the Museum of Natural History in Paris were also examined by the writer in 1927, but these were not before him when the comparative study was made. The caucurtei material mentioned differs in no discernible way from typical Hunterellus hookeri. The development and habits as recorded by H. P. Wood for hooker: (4) and by Brumpt (6), Cooley (/7), and others for caucurtei seem to agree. Both have been shown freely to attack closely related and in some instances the same species of ticks. There is no apparent reason to doubt, therefore, that the two names represent the same widely distributed species. Hunterellus hookeri together with its synonym has received frequent mention in literature. According to C. P. Lounsbury (3) an unsuccessful attempt was made to introduce it into South Africa in 1908. In 1911 H. P. Wood (4) gave an account of its life history as a parasite of RAipicephalus sanguineus Latreille in Texas and recorded it also as having been reared from Dermacentor parumapertus marginatus Banks collected at Green Valley, Calif.; from R. sanguineus at Monterey, Mexico; and from the same host taken at Lourengo Marques, Portuguese East Africa. E. Brumpt (6), in 1913, gave details of its life history in France as a parasite of Ixodes ricinus Linnaeus, stated that it also attacked Haemaphysalis concinna Koch in nature, and reared it experimentally through Dermacentor reticulatus Fabricius, D. venustus Banks (=andersoni Stiles), and R. sanguineus. A paper by A. E. Shipley (7) in 1914, entitled “Insects and War,” mentioned [xodiphagus caucurtet as a ubiquitous enemy of all kinds of ticks. In 1915 A. da Costa Lima (8) recorded the taking of Hunterellus hookeri at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as a parasite of ticks on a dog. Nuttall, War- burton, and Cooper (Y) in their monograph of ticks mention the parasite records by Howard and Brumpt. In 1922 P. H. Timberlake (/0) exhibited before the Hawaiian Entomological Society specimens of hookeri said to have been taken on a dog at Coimbatore, South India, and in 1923 G. N. Wolcott (//) PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 3, MAR., 1934 95 recorded the species infesting Dermacentor nitens Neumann in Porto Rico. R. A. Cooley (/2), in 1927, gave an account of the introduc- tion of J. caucurtei into the United States at Naushon Island, Mass., for the purpose of combating the dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis Say, and outlined plans for its introduction into Mon- tana to combat the Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick, D. andersoni Stiles. A very similar paper, published the same year by Cooley (72a), further discussed the same subjects and gave a brief review of literature together with a summary of the life history of the French parasite. The following year F. Larrouse, A. G. King, and W. B. Wolbach (/3) contributed a short account of the Naushon Island experiment in which the introduced parasite was shown to have survived the New England winter, field collections of both D. variabilis and Ixodes scapularis Say having yielded the parasite. The same year Cooley (/#) stated that under certain circumstances this para- site would oviposit in fed larvae of D. andersoni, but that when eggs were deposited in a larva development was delayed until the tick reached the nymphal stage. A series of articles pub- lished in 1929 in the Seventh Biennial Report of the Montana State Board of Entomology by R. A. Cooley (/5, 76), Fred A. Morton (/7), and J. R. Parker and W. J. Butler (7S) discussed various phases of the tick-parasite work at the Hamilton laboratory and reviewed the previous work of others. The previous record by Wood of RAipicephalus sanguineus as host to Hunterellus hookeri at Lourenco Marques, Portuguese East Africa, was stated by Cooley (/6, p. /7) to refer to R. evertsi Neumann instead of sanguineus and two new distribution records based upon material in the United States National Museum were cited, viz.: Indo-China, bred from dog tick by E. Roubaud; and Havana, Cuba, from unidentified nymphal ticks collected by Dr. Etchegoyhen. Later in the same year Cooley (/9) gave a short summary of tick parasite studies and recorded the rearing of what was probably H. hookeri from Haemaphysalis leachi (Audouin) collected at Durban, Natal, and from Hyalom- ma aegyptium impressum Koch taken in the Pretoria district of South Africa. The article already referred to as having been published in 1930 by Cooley (20) states that a parasite closely related to and possibly identical with caucurtei had been discovered in the Transvaal preying on Hyalomma aegyptium Linnaeus. In 1931, C. B. Philip (22, 23) announced the rearing of H. hookeri from nymphs of R. sanguineus taken on dogs at Apapa, near Lagos, Nigeria, in West Africa. A paper by J. MacLeod (24, p. 398) in 1932 on the bionomics of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus, stated that over a thousand nymphs of this tick taken in England showed no parasitization by J. caucurtei or any other species. In 1933 Cooley (25) again discussed briefly the work with J. caucurtei in Montana. 96 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 4, APR., 1934 From this brief review of the literature it will be seen that Hunterellus hookeri is known to attack a large number of species of ticks and that it has been recorded from Texas, California, Massachusetts, Montana, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Brazil, France, Portuguese East Africa, Natal, the Transvaal, Nigeria, Indo-China, and India. Specimens representative of all of these locality records except the ones from Mexico, Brazil, Natal, Transvaal, and Nigeria are now in the National Museum collec- tion and have been reviewed in the preparation of these remarks. The same collection contains specimens representing the follow- ing as yet unpublished records: A large series of specimens from South Miami, Fla., reared from Rhipicephalus sanguineus in 1931, under Bishopp Nos. 18033, 18184, 18187 and 16097; two specimens from Charleston, S. C., reared from Dermacentor variabilis, Oct. 15, 1931, under Bishopp No. 18183; and one specimen from Ravalli County, Mont., said to have been reared from the nest of a magpie by W. L. Jellison, June 3, 1932. To these may be added the record already referred to in the discus- sion of [xodiphagus texanus, of Hunterellus hookeri reared from Ixodes hexagonus var. cookei taken at Mayfield, Idaho, on a woodchuck. The wide distribution of this species may be accounted for by its propensity for attacking the ticks of domesticated animals, especially dog ticks. In view of this well authenticated habit, it seems reasonable to suspect that its distribution may be even more general than indicated by the foregoing records, and the suggestion is offered that before further attempts to introduce the species into other regions or areas are undertaken, careful investigation should first be made to determine whether or not the species is already present in the area under consideration. LITERATURE CITED. (1). 1907, Howarp, L.O. A chalcidoid parasite of a tick. Ent. News 18, pp. 375-378. (2). 1908, Howarp, L. O. Another chalcidoid parasite of a tick. Canad. Ent. 40, pp. 239-241. (3). 1909, Lounssury, C. P. Parasite introductions. Cape Good Hope Ent Rpt. 1908, pp. 64-65. (4). 1911, Woop, H. P. Notes on the life history of the tick parasite Hunter- ellus hookert Howard. Jour. Econ. Ent. 4, pp. 425-431, illus. (5). 1912, Buysson, R. pu. Un Hyménoptére parasite des Jxodes. Arch. Parasitol. 15, pp. 246-247, illus. (6). 1913, Brumpr, E. Utilisation des insectes auxiliares entomophages dans la lutte contre les insectes pathogenes. Presse Med. (Paris) No. 36, pp. 359-361, illus. (7). 1914, SHiptey, A. E. Insects and war. Brit. Med. Jour. No. 2811 (Nov. 14, 1914), pp. 831-832, illus. (8). (9). (10). (11). (UD) PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 35, NO. 4, APR., 1934 97 1915, Costa Lima, A. pa. O chalcidideo, Hunterellus hookeri Howard, parasita do carrapato Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latreille, observado no Rio de Janeiro. Rev. Vet. e Zootech. (Brazil) 5, p. 201, illus. 1915, Nurrai, G. H. F., Warsurton, C., anp Cooper, W. F. Ticks: A monograph of the Ixodoidea, Part 3, pp. 534, 545, and 547. Cam- bridge, England. 1922, TimBertake, P. H. Hunterrelus hookeri Howard in India. (Note) Haw. Ent. Soc. Proc. 5, p. 10. 1923, Wotcorr, G. N. Insectae Portoricensis. Jour. Dept. Agr. Porto Rico 7, p. 60. 1927, Cootey, R. A. A parasite of ticks. Mont. State Bd. Ent. Bien. Rept. 6, pp. 15-17, illus. (12a). 1927, CooLtey, R. A. Tick parasites. Med. Sentinel. Portland, Oreg., (13). (14). (15). (16) (17). (18). (19). (20). (24). (25). 35 (No. 12), pp. 805-815. 1928, Larrousg, F., Kine, A. G., anp Wo.sacu, S. B. The overwinter- ing in Massachusetts of Ixodiphagus caucurtei. Science 67, pp. SHII=BESE 1928, Coo.try, R. A., anp Kouts, G. K. Egg laying of Ixodiphagus caucurtet du Buysson in larval ticks. Science 67, p. 656. 1929, Cootey, R. A. Tick parasites. Mont. State Bd. Ent. Bien. Rept. 7 (1927-28), pp. LO=16. 1929, Cootey, R. A. Preliminary report on the tick parasite [xodiphagus caucurtei du Buysson. Mont. State Bd. Ent. Bien. Rept. 7 (1927-28), pp. 17-31, illus. 1929, Morton, Frep A. Quantity production of tick parasites. Mont. State Bd. Ent. Bien. Rept. 7 (1927-28), pp. 32-35. 1929, Parker, J. R., anp Butter, W. J. Tick parasite liberation in Montana during 1928. Mont. State Bd. Ent. Bien. Rept. 7 (1927- 1928), pp. 35-38. 1929, CooLey, R. A. A summary of tick parasites studies. So. African Jour. Nat. Hist. 6, pp. 266-272. 1930, Cootey, R. A. The Montana tick parasite expedition to Africa. Science 71, pp. 419-420. . 1930, Cootey, R. A. Review of tick parasite work for 1929 and 1930. Mont. State Bd. Ent. Bien. Rept. 8 (1929-30), pp. 16-25, illus. . Puttip, C. B. Decourte en Afrique Occidentale d’Hunterellus hookeri Howard, parasite des Ixodides. Ann. Parasitol. Humaine et Compar. 9) plies . 1931, Puttip, C. B. Occurrence of a colony of the tick parasite Hunterellus hookeri Howard in West Africa. U.S. Pub. Health Serv. Rpts. 46, pp. 2168-2172, illus. 1932, MacLeop, J. The bionomics of Ixodes ricinus L., the “sheep tick” of Scotland. Parasitology 24, pp. 382-398, illus. 1933, Cootey, R. A. Observations sur [xodiphagus caucurtei du Buysson dans l’ouest des Etats-Unis. Ann. Parasitol. Humaine et Compar. Lipp. 22-23: 98 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 4, APR., 1934 A REVIEW OF JAEGER’S ‘THE CALIFORNIA DESERTS.” “The California Deserts,” by Edmund C. Jaeger, 12 mo. cloth, 207 pp., illus., maps, bibliog. Stanford California University Press, 1934. $2.00. While the greater portion of the subject-matter of this volume is not primarily of entomological interest, it is given notice here because it contains not only an exceedingly interesting discus- sion of the outstanding desert insects and their near relatives, (chapter 5, pp. 45-66 inc., 10 illus.) but also records considerable ecological and other information concerning arid region insects. Among the principal insects considered are specialized desert forms of grasshoppers, (Bootettix argentatus and Anconia integra); crickets (Nemobius mexicanus); termites (4mitermes arizonensis and Reticulotermes tibialis); scales (Tachardiella larreae and Cerococcus quercus); leafhoppers (Oncometopius lateralis); cicadas (Diceroprocta apache); robber flies (Rhapion- idas xanthos); black flies (Leptonops kerteszi var. americanus); salute flies (Hippaletes flaviceps); horse flies (Tabanus punctifer) ; mosquitoes (Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles pseudopuncti- pennis, Theobaldia inornata, and Psorophora spp.); darkling beetles (Eleodes spp.); inflated beetle (Cysteodemus armatus); ants (Messor pergandeit, M. andrei, Pogonomyrmex barbatus, P. occidentalis and Myrmecocystus mexicanus); mutillids (Dasy- mutilla satanus, D. arenivaga and D. gloriosa); butterflies (Papilio multicaudata, Pieris beckeri, P. sisymbrii, Euchloe creusa lotta, and others); and moths (Fucaterva variaria). Related forms under consideration include scorpions, pseudo- scorpions, spiders, mites, millipeds and the like. There are also included discussion of effects of prolonged heat and extreme droughts on various insects and on their eggs, the curious summer sleep called aestivation, and related themes. Rich in information about deserts and desert life, and written in a sympathetic vein by one who gives abundant evidence of possession of an ample fund of experience pertaining to his subject, the book will prove to be a useful one to all desert habitues. —F. S. Wade. Actual date of publication, May 16, 1934. VOL. 36 MAY, 1934 No. 5 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON an F SS — Var ASONIAN LHS litt ‘fr 4 ‘jj yy \ hexs AW ity (aor \ Wind 6 J 19 4 5 M4 ‘3 : . SS “on thy) PS, eS SEV TAL MU pies. CONTENTS Se: Sa to GAHAN, A. B..—~A NEW SPECIES OF CIRROSPILUS WESTWOOD (CHALCIDOIDEA) 12 HOOD, J. DOUGLAS—-TWO NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF PHL OTHRIPID2 (GEELSAIN OPER S)) SABMENe ad on te so ee ee ae a Oe elle MATHESON, ROBERT-—NOTES ON MOSQUITOES FROM SOUTH AMERICA, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) . . 119 SHANNON, RAYMOND C.—THE GENUS MANSONIA (CULICIDAE) IN THE AIMTAZON] VANE ae ee as ee fs. ee Oe ee a OO PusiisHED MontHiy Excepr Jury, AuGust AND SEPTEMBER . BY THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM WASHINGTON, D. C. Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1919, at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., under Act of August 24, 1912. Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized July 3, 1918. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON OrcanizeD Marcu 12, 1884. The regular meetings of the Society are held in the National Museum on the first Thursday of each month, from October to June, inclusive, at 8 Pp. M. Annual dues for members are $3.00; initiation fee $1.00. Members are entitled to the ProcEEDINGS and any manuscript submitted by them is given precedence over any submitted by non-members. OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1939. Honorary Cresiaents 222) e & fe. Neate oe . .L. 0. HOWARD PE OSIGCTIE dp igh, Sk lane 1 e Ea IRS es en J. S. WADE First VicezPresident .\. .. sh eae ee oo ee eee Seconnelice-Presidenh. \-. 7.0) sp ee ee S. B. FRACKER IRECOLAINEASECTELATYE | 2a). i ee «abe es Pe WeOMeme Corresponding Secretary-Treasurer. . ©. ..... .; . 9. A. ROHWEE Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. EdiOn : <0 03 des dlee WS Glahene OE ee oe W. R. WALTON Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. Executive Committee: THe Orricers and W. H. Larrimer, H. E. Ewrne, F. L. Campse.t. . Representing the Society as Vice-President of the Washington Academy of Sesenaes, ot Mie... ee eek oe H. MORRISON PROCEEDINGS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON. Published monthly, except July, August and September, by the Society at Washington, D. C. Terms of subscription: Domestic, $4.00 per annum; foreign, $4.25 per annum; recent single numbers, 50 cents, foreign postage extra. All subscriptions are payable in advance. Remittances should be made payable to the Entomological Society of Washington. An author of a leading article in the Proceepincs will be given 10 copies of the number in which his article appears. Reprints without covers will be fur- nished at the following rates, provided a statement of the number desired accompanies the manuscript: 4 pp. 8 pp. 12 pp. 16 pp. 50 copies 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 100 copies 2.25 4.50 6.75 9.00 Certain charges are made for illustrations and there are available rules and suggestions governing the make-up of articles. Immediate publication in any number may be obtained at the author’s expense. All manuscripts should be sent to the editor. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOL. 36 MAY, 1934 No, 5 THE GENUS MANSONIA (CULICIDAE) IN THE AMAZON VALLEY .! By Raymonp C. SHANNON. The present communication is based on material collected during a general mosquito survey in the Amazon region from the latter part of March to the end of June, 1931. The species of Mansonia of the Amazon are of particular interest; they are the most troublesome of the wild mosquitoes of the region and doubtlessly are to be included among the outstanding pests of the country, so frequently alluded to by travellers. One species in particular, M. indubitans, is very troublesome at times, and at Iquitos, Peru, it invades houses to such an extent as to be as annoying as both Stegomyia and Culex fatigans combined. On the whole, however, mosquito pests were not found to be as troublesome along the Amazon as they are in certain other parts of the world, but this may have been due to the season. All but two of the known Brazilian species of Mansonia were collected during the course of the survey; in addition, two species (flaveolus and nigricans), which were hitherto known only from the northern part of the continent and from the West Indies, were obtained. The commonest and most widely spread species of the genus (¢/ti//ans) was not found, although it has previously been reported from the Amazon. The other species not found (chrysonotum, Peryassti) is known, to date, only from the coastal States of Brazil. SYSTEMATIC NOTES ON THE SPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS MANSONIA. The male terminalia of the species—Vhese organs are very distinctive in M. amazonensis and are fairly so in M. humeralis. Among the other species which form the /itillans complex, 1 The studies and observations on which this paper is based were conducted with the support and under the auspices of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation. The writer wishes further to acknowledge the opportunity granted him by the officials of the U. S. National Museum and the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, to study the Culicidae in the U. S. National Collection. 100, PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 5, MAY, 1934 however, they are very uniform. The style appears to be the only structure showing distinctive differences. Unfortunately, the differences are small and it is necessary to place the organs consistently in the same position in order to avoid misinter- pretations. Howard, Dyar, and Knab (1912) have figured the terminalia of M. titillans Wik. ) and M. flaveolus (Coq.); the distinguishing features, however, are poorly indicated. Later, Dyar (1918) reexamined those of M. flaveolus and concluded that the species was a homonym of M. fitillans. In 1928 he stated that it was merely an aberration of M. titillans. Bonne & Bonne-Wepster (1925) give an accurate illustration of fiti/lans. These authors were also the first to describe the terminalia of amazonensis (Theo.). Costa Lima (1929) gives the first illustrations for M. pseudo- titillans (Theo.) and 1n addition gives photographic reproductions of the terminalia of M. amazonensis and M. humeralis, although the latter is stated to be M. titillans. Dyar (1928) gives a figure of what he considered to be the terminalia of M. humeralis, Dyar & Knab. An examination of the specimen from which the illustration was made, however, discloses the fact that what he had was a typical specimen of M. titillans. This specimen was one of a series collected at Barranquilla, Colombia, which included a number of female M. humeralis, M. titillans, and what appears to be a new species closely related to M. titillans. Dyar made two slide mounts from this material, one of which he labeled M. ‘itillans. The style of this specimen is much broader than in the true M. titillans (See Chart I, Fig. 4) and may prove to be an undescribed species. Because the second specimen differed from the first he evidently considered it to be the male of M. Aumeralis, which at that time was unknown. The only figure extant for the terminalia of M. humeralis is, therefore, that given by Costa Lima (1929), which, as stated above, he presented under the name of M. titillans. KerY TO THE SPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS Mansonia. Adult Females. 1. Hind tibia rather strongly ciliate, at least on basal half, the girth appearing a little larger than that of the femur; anterior corners of the mesonotum with reddish brown areas clothed with golden SCaleg wee we eta ee eet eee humeralis Dyar & Knab Hind tibia not distinctly ciliate, the bia appearing more slender than the femur... Set us et eer mre ts eli bs eM Red ee Se 2 2. Abdomen covered entirely with bright golden scales; mesonotum generally yellowish brown, clothed with golden scales and isolated PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 5, MAY, 1934 101 patches of dark scales; palpi of the female exceeding one-half the length of the proboscis... flaveolus Coquillett Abdomen mostly dark scaled; palpi of female less than one-half the length of the proboscis... USE PEP epee picare Pe en at ek eh 3 3. Anterior portion of mesonotum reddish brown, clothed with small POlGEMES Gal ecm: ee At eh TEs ee UE 2 ees amazonensis Th. Mesonotum entirely reddish or dark brown, with sparse golden scales... 4 4. Antenna a little longer than the proboscis; palpi more than one-third the length of the proboscis. A rather large species... pseudotitillans Theo. Anitennara httlershonterathani ties prODOSClSee ee oe ee 5 5. Palpi about one-third the length of the proboscis. Small to moderate {INNS ZC ee et en ger a 1A ee eee oe ee Et titillans Walker Palpi about one-fourth the length of the proboscis. Uniformly SIMAUINS WECIES: = te eee ee ese ere aoe indubitans Dyar & Shannon M. titillans and indubitans are difficult to distinguish one from the other. In addition to the characters given in the key it may be noted that the last palpal segment (a minute organ) is more conspicuous in pserdotitillans, intermediate in fitillans and very small in imdubitans. CHART. 1.M. indubitans D.$S 3. titillans (Wik) ‘ “elb 5. flaveolus C % pseudotitillans (Th) 4.Variety() of Uitillans f See (Barr anquilla, Colombia) Inside view of the right side-piece and appendages of the terminalia of the species of the Subgenus Mansonia. All drawn to the same scale. 102 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 5, MAY, 1934 Mansonia (M.) titillans (Walker) 1848. This species was not found by the writer in the Amazon region. It has been reported from there on several occasions but the records, in at least some of the cases, appear to be erroneous. (1) Goeldi (1905) gives descriptions and colored illustrations. These appear to be based on specimens of M. Aumeralis. He also reproduces photographs of “‘¢zt//ans”’ in the act of oviposit- ing. Quite obviously the specimen shown belongs either to Psorophora confinnis (L. A.) or P. cingulata (Fabr.), both of which closely resemble species of Mansonia. (2) Converse (1914) states that larvae of M. titillans are found in millions in the pools along the open ditches of Iquitos. Most probably the larvae referred to belong to Psorophora con- finnis or P. cingulata. The writer found great numbers of these larvae in roadside ditches, etc., about Iquitos. (3) Bequaert (1926) records M. titillans from Manaos. It is probable that they belong to izdudbitans. (4) The M. titillans reported by Costa Lima from Obidos and Santarem, belong, at least in part, to Aumeralis. (5) Newstead & Thomas (1910) and Gordon & Evans (1922) also record M. titi/lans from the Amazon. No doubt the species does occur in at least some part of the valley. Mansonia (M.) indubitans Dyar & Shannon, 1925. M. indubitans has been described from females collected by Bequaert on the Amazon at Belém, Santarem, and Itacoatiara, and at Carmo, Rio Branco. Several specimens, including three males, were collected at Tonantins. In April, 1931, it was extremely abundant at Iquitos where it invaded the houses along the river front in large numbers. Owing to its numbers, its fearlessness in attack, and its activity at all hours of the day and night, it appears to be fully as troublesome indoors as both stegomyia and Culex fatigans combined. Very probably it has a seasonal abundance and therefore may not be so annoying at other seasons of the year. In fact, the mosquitoes were most in evidence several days after a heavy rain, following which they diminished rather rapidly in numbers. Usually, M. indubitans was the most abundant species collected on animal bait and on such occasions many individuals were observed to attack other mosquitoes and from them suck out the blood which had already been imbibed from the horse; the victimized mosquito mean- while continued to feed until it had acquired another meal. No Pistia was found growing about Iquitos; in fact this plant was not observed on the Amazon above the mouth of the Rio Javary. The roots of other aquatic plants were searched for larvae but without success. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36 H Goh . MANSONIA - MANSONIA - MANSONIA - MANSONIA a Sain itRSS a se ac el (MANSONIA) TITILLANS. (RHYNCHOTAENIA) ALBICOSTA. (RHYNCHOTAENIA) JUSTAMANSONIA. (RHYNCHOTAENIA) LYNCHI. PLATE 15 Drawings by Nelson Cerqueira. [ 103 | PLATE 16 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36 sisuauozewe eiuoSsUeL) SUBIIGNPU) eiuOSUeY, ‘PP. ‘eavan bia aN : } ByeoOINse; BuosueW a { me | } ’ } sebezjeqive eivosueyW { t } i J | 8 ee ee PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 5, MAY, 1934 107 The species was also found at Mandaos, Guajara-Mirim, Porto Velho, and Fordlandia, and in the coastal state of Bahia. Mansonia (M.) pseudotitillans (Theo.) 1901. This species was found only at Teffé and at Tonantins. Several males were collected at night on board a boat at the latter locality. It has been recorded by Costa Lima from Santarem and Obidos, and is known to occur in Surinam. Mansonia (M.) flaveolus (Coquillett) 1906. This species has been known to date only from a few specimens collected in widely separate regions. A single male was collected in St. Thomas, W. I., in 1906 (A. Busck) and a single female was found in Panama, 1912 (A. Busck). It was subsequently placed by Dyar (1918) as a homonym of M. ¢itillans and in 1928, Dyareadas: ~ A. light yellow form occurs rarely, aberration flaveolus Coquillett.” Tn addition, Bonne and Bonne- Wepster (1925) record two males and one female of M. flaveolus (as a variety of ¢iti/lans) from Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana. In view of the history of this species and the great distances between its known points of distribution, the discovery of M. flaveolus in the Amazon Basin is of unusual interest. A series of thirty specimens, including three males, was collected at Teffé and at Tonantins, all on board ship, in company with M. pseudotitillans, indubitans, and amazonensis. In addition to the slight differences in the male terminalia as compared with the other species, there is a striking difference in coloration and in the length of the female palpi. These characters are listed in the key to species. Mansonia (M.) amazonensis (Theobald) 1901. As far as is known, the present species has not been found outside the Amazon Valley. The specimens collected were one male and one female from Tonantins, and one female from Manaos. They were recorded by Bequaert from Belém, and Gordon & Evans from Macopa. Costa Lima states that he found the species to be very abundant at Obidos and at San- tarem. A series of specimens was collected by N. C. Davis at Belém. Mansonia (M.) humeralis Dyar & Knab, 1916. Next to ©. titi/lans this species has the greatest known range of any of the subgenus. It has been recorded by Dyar (1928) from Colombia, Venezuela, British Guiana, and the Amazon region. It also occurs in the middle coast states of Brazil. New Amazon records are: Iquitos, Peru (April); Guajara-Mirim, 108 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 5, MAY, 1934 Matto Grosso (May); Manaos, Amazonas (June). Only females were captured. Species of the Subgenus RHYNCHOTAENIA. Six of the eight known species of this subgenus were found. These are all included in the key to the species given by Shannon (1931). Mansonia (R.) nigricans (Coquillett) 1904. Hitherto recorded only from Cuba, Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela. Three females were collected at Iquitos, Peru (April). Mansonia (R.) albicosta (Peryassti) 1908. Two females from Iquitos, Peru, and two from the Rio Madeira, Guajara-Mirim. Also from Xerem and Belém, Para (Bequaert, 1926). It occurs likewise in the coastal states of Brazil, but has not been reported outside the country. Mansonia (R.) justamansonia (Chagas) 1907. Four females from Iquitos, Peru, and one from Guajara- Mirim, Matto Grosso. It is also found in the coastal States but has not been recorded outside Brazil. Mansonia (R.) fasciolata (Lynch Arribalzaga) 1891. — Mansonia venezuelensis (Theobald) 1912. This species appears to be the dominant one of the subgenus, occurring from Central America to Argentina; it frequently outnumbers, in point of individuals, all the others combined. It was common at Iquitos, nine males as well as a large series of females being captured. A few specimens were taken at Manaos. Bequaert and Davis have also collected it at Belém, Para. Dyar (1928) states that M. venezuelensis ditters from M. fasciolata in the possession of light scales on the anterior margin of the wing. However, this is a common characteristic of both species. A comparison of material in the U. S. National col- lection of both species disclosed no essential difference. Mansonia (R.) arribalzagae (Theobald) 1903. Although this species has a wide distribution, Panama and Surinam, as well as the Amazon region, it is regarded as a rare species. It was fairly abundant in heavily forested areas about Iquitos, fifty-four specimens being collected. Males were found rather commonly flying about the jungle, and seventeen of them were net-captured. The species occurs in Panama and PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 5, MAY, 1934 109 is also recorded by Gordon & Evans from the vicinity of Manaos, Amazonas. Mansonia (R.) lynehi Shannon, 1931. This species has previously been known only from the type specimens, two males and two females from Belém, Para (N. C. Davis). They were collected with larger numbers of M. arribalzagae. The two species, which closely resemble one another, differ markedly in adult coloration from the other species of the subgenus. Two males and two females of M. lynchi were found in the same forested areas about Iquitos in which arribalzagae occurred. Both species appear to be pri- marily day fliers. SUMMARY. Eleven species of the genus Mansonia were collected in the Amazon region (April, May, and June, 1931); five belong to the subgenus Mansonia: indubitans, D. & S., pseudotitillans (Th.), flaveolus (Coq.), humeralis D. & K., amazonensis (Th.); and six to. the subgenus RKhynchotaenia: nigricans (Coq.), albicosta (Pery.), justamansonia (Chagas), fasciolata (L. A.), lynchi (Shan.), and arribalzagae (Th.). M. flaveolus (here removed from fiti/lans as a homonym) and nigricans were previously unrecorded from Brazil. Two Brazilian species, titi/lans (the commonest and most widespread species of the genus) and chrysonotum, were not found, although the former has been recorded a number of times from the Amazon. All of the records for ¢iti/lans, however, are possibly erroneous, although in all probability the species is to be found somewhere in the valley. M. indubitans is the commonest and most annoying species occurring in the region. In Iquitos, Peru, it invades the houses in such large numbers that it is frequently as troublesome as the two domestic species (Stegomyia and C. fatigans) combined. Doubtlessly this species is to be classed as one of the outstanding pests of the region so frequently alluded to by travelers; but its annoyance probably is not so great as that caused by mos- quitoes in many other parts of the world. A new key is given for the American species of the subgenus Mansonia and the characters of the male terminalia are dis- cussed. REFERENCES. References to the original description of the species are not given as they are to be found in several of the standard works on Culicidae. 110 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 5, MAY, 1934 Bequaert, J. 1926. In: Strong, et al., Medical Report Hamilton Rice 7th. Exped. to the Amazon, 1924-1925. Part II, pp. 198-199. Bonne, C. & Bonne-WepstTER, J. 1925. Mosquitoes of Surinam, a study of neotropical mosquitoes. Royal Colonial Institute of Amsterdam, no. 21, Dept. Trop. Hyg. no. 13. Converse, G. M. 1914. The sanitation of Peru. Public Hlth. Rep. Washington, D. C. 29 (46) : 3030-3040. Costa Lima, A. Da. 1929. Sobre algumas especies de Mansonia encontradas no Brazil. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Supplemento das Memorias, no. 12 : 297-300. Goe.pi, E. A. 1905. Os Mosquitos no Para. Memorias do Museu Goeldi, IV, Para, Brazil. Gordon, R. M. & Evans, A. M. 1922. Mosquitoes collected in the Mandos region of the Amazon. Annals Liverpool School Trop. Med. and Parasit. 16 : 327. DyareElaG: 1918. Ins. Ins. Mens., 6: 112. Dyar, H. G. 1925. The subgenus of Mansonia. Ins. Ins. Mens., 13 : 140. Dyar, H. G. 1928. The Mosquitoes of the Americas. Carnegie Institution of Washington, DIC: Howarp, L. O., Dyar, H. G., & Knap, F. 1912. Mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 2 : plate 34, figs. 227 and 228. Newsteap, R. & Tuomas, H. W. 1910. The Mosquitoes of the Amazon Region. Ann. Trop. Med. & Parasit., 4: 141-149. SHannon, R. C. 1931. The classification of Brazilian Culicidae with special reference to those capable of harboring the yellow fever virus. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington. SG SOS = PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO..5, MAY, 1934 | TWO NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF PHLAZOTHRIPIDE (THYSANOPTERA). By J. Douctas Hoop, University of Rochester. The two new genera described below are unusual in that they are heavily sculptured and have seven-segmented antenne. The types are in the author’s collection. Genus STEGOTHRIPS nov. (oréyos, a roof; OptW, a wood-worm—in allusion to the form of the dorsum of the head.) Body reticulate and tuberculate dorsally, non-shining. Head much longer than wide, very deeply reticulated above; dorsum strongly elevated and arched as seen from the side (Pl. 17, fig. 4), angulate and roof-like when observed from the front; ventral surface concave; vertex rounded, slightly produced and over- hanging, bearing the forwardly-directed median ocellus at its extremity, without strong sete; eyes normal in position, small, rounded, finely-facetted, larger on ventral surface of head, and strongly protruding; postocular sete moderately long and stout, expanded at tip, arising from low tubercles; antenne 7-segmented but with a distinct suture on ventral surface between morphological seventh and eighth segments, intermediate segments short, subglobose, pedicel- late, with long sense-cones; mouth-cone heavy but acute, surpassing base of prosternum. Prothorax short and broad (in the genotype much less than half as long as head) with a deep transverse groove across middle, this groove with a fovea at either end; pronotum minutely tuberculate, anterior margin curved, posterior margin straight; epimeron largely fused with pronotum; all major sete present, stout, expanded distally, and arising from slight eminences; legs tuberculate, short; female with fore tarsus unarmed on inner surface but with a strong downwardly-directed claw on outec surface at apex of first segment (much as in many Urothripide); wings abruptly bent outward at middle but not narrowed beyond, fore pair with the basal portion tuberculate, no accessory setee. Abdomen with its segments short and transverse, in long-winged forms with a shallow longitudinal groove for the reception of the wings, the major sete on terga II-VIII (excepting the wing-retaining ones) short, stout, and apically dilated, those on IX much longer; tube long (in the genotype more than three times the length of tergum IX), thickened at sides, and constricted at apex, with short terminal sete. Genoty pe. Stegothrips sel appear at first glance to take its proper place in the Tribe Docessissophothripini, instead of in_ the Phleothripini where I have assigned it. The type-genus of the former tribe has the occipital region of the head elevated much as in the present genus; in fact, the similarity in this respect between Docessissophothrips titschacki Priesner and Stegothrips barronis is so close that the conclusion that they are related is almost inescapable. bF2 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 5, MAY, 1934 However, similarly elevated heads are found in such widely different genera as Megalothrips, Phleobiothr ips, and Tricho- thrips; but in the last genus they occur only in those species whose heads and mouth-spines have become elongated. The long, crested head has apparently been derived independently in several different portions of the Tubuliferous series as the result of mechanical necessity, so to speak, this being the only practi- cable method for increasing the length of the mouth-spines without decreasing the angle of their penetration. The character seems to be purely an adaptive one and of no phylogenetic significance whatever. This genus is related to Strepterothrips Hood and to the new genus described below, both of which it resembles in such structural features as wing-form, the number of antennal seg- ments, the general build of the abdomen (with its dorsal furrow, in long-winged forms, for the reception of the wings), the long tube, dilated sete, and dorsal sculpture. The italicized portions of the diagnosis given above should serve, however, to dis- tinguish it readily. Stegothrips barronis sp. nov. (Plate 17, Figs. 1-5.) Female (macropterous).—Length about 1.5 mm. (distended, 1.8 mm.). Color, by reflected light, blackish brown in head (black under low magnifications), with median line of head brown behind eyes and about concolorous with re- mainder of body; pterothorax paler at sides of notal plates, abdomen irregularly paler along sides of terga II-VIII and in segment I, tube brownish orange and tipped with black; subhypodermal pigmentation of two colors, white and red, the former producing a conspicuous white spot where it shows through the membrane between head and pronotum, a small white spot at anterior margin of mesonotum, and a whitish spot, more or less variegated with the red pig- mentation and interrupted by tergum I of abdomen, along sides and posterior margin of metanotum; antenne brown in segment I (apex slightly paler), clear lemon-yellow in II and III, blackish brown in IV—VII; legs blackish brown, paler than head, with distal ends of all femora and proximal ends of all] tibie yellow, tarsi brownish yellow, with darker brown cups. By ¢ransmitted light the white markings are not visible; wings pale brown, the fore pair darker in distal half and in anal area (“‘scale’’), with two narrow pale streaks in the bend of the wing, one near each margin; hind wings with a pale median line extending to near tip, in bend margined narrowly with nearly black and with a minute clear spot near posterior margin. Head (Pl. 17. fig. 1) about 1.77 times as long as greatest width, as broad at basal third as across basal collar and 0.93 as wide at narrowest place between, the cheeks nearly straight and converging to eyes, where they are rather abruptly narrowed and only 0.8 as broad as at widest part; dorsum of head roof-like, very strongly elevated along median line, where it is nearly carinate, much arched as seen from the side (PI. 17, fig. 4), angulate and almost roof-like when observed pw tte PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 5, MAY, 1934 113 from the front, heavily polygonally reticulate (excepting along the nearly smooth median line) with raised dark lines which in profile (as on the cheeks) appear as tubercles, and with a number of distinct setigerous tubercles which are more numerous and best seen along the cheeks, the smooth median area narrow and bordered on either side with a very regular row of 8-10 slender pointed sete; postocular sete strong, dilated at apex, 54 u long, arising slightly in advance of posterior margin of eyes, and 1.44 times as far apart as the latter, the measured interval between their bases 101 uw; vertex at a much lower level than highest part of occiput, evenly rounded and slightly overhanging, bearing the forwardly-directed anterior ocellus at its extremity, without strong sete, but with four pairs of short sete, one of these directly between posterior ocelli, one almost directly beneath them at sides of vertex close to eyes, one laterad of median ocellus, and one about midway between this last pair and the first mentioned; ocelli about 17 » in diameter, the posterior pair 45 w apart, the median one 15 uw in advance of front margin of eyes. Eyes normal in position, strongly protruding, but small, little more than one-fifth as long as head, about 1.5 times as long as wide, and nearly two-thirds ‘as wide as their interval. Antenne (Pl. 17, fig. 2) hardly 1.1 times as long as head, segment VIII fused with VII to form a large lanceolate and pedicellate segment which 1s the longest in the entire antenna and has an incomplete transverse suture on ventral surface; most of the segments roughened by distinct raised lines of sculpture; sense-cones moderately long and slender, segments III, V, and VI each with one on either side of apex, IV with two on either side, morphological seventh segment with the usual dorsal one. Prothorax (Pl. 17, fig. 1) along median dorsal line of pronotum only 0.33 (1) as long as head and (inclusive of coxe) three times as broad as long, without median thickening, but with a deep transverse groove across middle, this groove with a large irregular fovea at each end; anterior margin of pronotum emarginate, elevated at median line, posterior margin straight; surface of pronotum and epimeron with numerous small tubercles, the latter sclerite almost completely fused with pronotum; all major sete present, stout, expanded distally, and arising from distinct eminences, the anterior marginals 30 yu, anterior laterals 36 uw, midlaterals 27 u, epimerals 54 uw, posterior marginals 37 y, coxals 30 u; mesonotum tuberculate like prothorax, metanotum with the tubercles larger and more rounded. Legs short and stout, roughened by numer- ous low anastomosing rug and many setigerous tubercles; fore tarsus without tooth or claw on inner surface but with a strong downwardly-directed claw on outer surface at apex of first segment. Wings bent abruptly outward at middle (where they are slightly narrower than elsewhere), but not widened distally, the fore pair without vestige of longitudinal vein; basal portion of fore wing tuberculate in the region of the three subbasal sete, these equal in length (27 u long), stout, flaring outward from base, and arising from low tubercles; distal two-thirds of fore wing roughened; no accessory sete. Abdomen broadest at segment II, equal in width to pterothorax, with a longi- tudinal furrow for the reception of the wings, this furrow at sides in each of terga II-VII with two pairs of brown wing-retaining set, of which the posterior pair is in every case longer, broader, flatter, and less abruptly curved at extreme base; posterior margins of these same terga each with two pairs only of major 114 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 5, MAY, 1934 sete, both of them stout, dilated and divided at apex, arising from tubercles, and pale in color, the inner pair longer and stouter than the outer, on tergum V thei nner pair 65 w and the outer pair 42 4; tergum VIII (Pl. 17, fig. 3) with the outer pair 75 uw, stigmata borne on low tubercles; IX (PI. 17, fig. 3) with the dorsal pair of sete 135 uw and knobbed at tip, the upper lateral pair 240 u and pointed; tergum I with the middle portion subrectangular and much longer than wide; tube large, two-thirds as long as head, formed and sculptured as shown in Pl. 17, fig. 3, about 2.7 times as long as greatest subbasal width and 2.5 times as broad near base as at apex, its longest terminal sete 100 y, its sides thickened; entire dorsum of abdomen in segments II—-VIII and basal portion of IX lightly sculptured with anastomosing lines which are weaker in the distal half of the dorsal furrow in each of segments IJ—V and also in the lateral portions of III-VII at base, prolonged into dark aspere at sides of segments and also across base of segment II, some of the dark points projecting beyond posterior margins of sides of segments II-VIII and of middle of IX. Measurements of holotype (@): Length about 1.51 mm. (distended, 1.82 mm.); head, length 0.307 mm., greatest width (near base) 0.173 mm., width at basal constriction 0.161 mm., least width (at posterior margin of eyes) 0.137 mm., width across eyes 0.158 mm.; eyes, length 0.067 mm., width 0.045 mm., interval 0.070 mm.; prothorax, median length of pronotum 0.103 mm., width (inclusive of coxe) 0.308 mm.; pterothorax, greatest width 0.313 mm.; abdomen, greatest width 0.312 mm.; tube (length of segment X only) 0.207 mm., width near base 0.077 mm., width at apex 0.031 mm. Antennalssegmentsues se eee a 23> ee Se Omen Wenest ini (i) ee ee ee ee 35 53 53 51 44 42 58 WN itcl @sCgs) 222. = 8a tees ew O32) 335.31 385 29) Sees Total length of antenna, 0.336 mm. Described from one female taken on Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Panama, 1933 (probably in October), by Silvestre Aviles, from a branch of sour orange [Hood No. 1075]. The specimen was transmitted by Mr. James Zetek. Genus ARCYOTHRIPS nov. (dpxis, a net; Oply, a wood-worm—in allusion to the net-like reticulation of the head and _ pronotum.) Body reticulate dorsally, non-shining. Head longer than wide, deeply ‘reticulated above; dorsum somewhat elevated and arched as seen from the side; vertex rounded and slightly overhanging, bearing the forwardly-directed median ocellus at its extremity, without strong sete; eyes relatively small, ex- tending onto ventral surface in a forward direction and not at all involving sides of head; postocular sete very short; antenne 7-segmented, without trace of suture on ventral surface between morphological seventh and eighth segments, intermediate segments short, globose, pedicellate, II particularly large, III much shorter and narrower than either II or IV; mouth-cone acute, attaining base of mesosternum. Prothorax of normal form, reticulated above, with a shallow curved impression across middle and a shallow fovea on each side Samy ee PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 5, MAY, 1934 115 between mid-lateral seta and the curved anterior margin, posterior margin curved; epimeron not fused with pronotum; all major sete present, very short, broadly expanded, from base and hence somewhat fan-shaped, all arising from slight eminences; legs short, with minute tubercles, all of which are setose, and anastomosing ruge; female with fore tarsus unarmed and without a down- wardly-directed claw on outer surface at apex of first segment; wings bent abruptly outward at middle, where they are narrowest, and slightly expanded apically, fore pair with the basal portion tuberculate, no accessory sete. Ab- domen with its segments short and transverse, in long-winged forms with a distinct longitudinal groove for the reception of the wings, the major sete on terga II-VIII (excepting the wing-retaining ones) short, stout, and dilated; tube long (in the genotype more than twice the length of tergum IX), not thickened at sides, narrowed rather than constricted at apex, with terminal sete about half its length. Genotype.—Arcyothrips africanus sp. nov. From S¢repterothrips this genus differs principally in lacking the two pairs of strong and very prominent expanded sete on the vertex and occiput, and in having the postocular sete minute. Arcyothrips africanus sp. nov. (Plate 18, figs. 1-4.) Female (macropterous).—Length about 1.3 mm. (distended, 1.6 mm.). Color dark brown with head and tube blackish brown, pterothorax paler along anterior and posterior margins,! abdomen slightly paler along median line and distinctly so at base of segment I and in segment IX; head, thorax, and sides of abdomen with bright red subhypodermal pigmentation; legs concolorous with body, slightly paler at bases of femora, apices of tibie, and in tarsi; wings pale brown, the fore pair darker at tip and along anterior margin at base, with a short black median vein in bend, beyond the vein with an indistinct pale streak paralleling both margins of wing, pale in about posterior half of basal fourth; hind wings with dark median vein extending to near tip, this vein nearly black just before middle, the membrane of the wing nearly white behind it in about basal fifth and again briefly just before middle where the vein is nearly black, the wing darkest in its full width between these white areas and in distal portion; antenne nearly blackish brown, segments IV-VII and sides of II darkest, III yellow in pedicel and pale yellowish brown beyond. Head (Pl., 18 fig. 1) about 1.18 times as long as greatest width, broadest at posterior margin of eyes, the cheeks perfectly straight and converging between 1 T suspect that in life this species, like all of its close relatives, is marked with white. Such markings are due to the presence in the fat body of an opaque, light-reflecting substance which disappears after a short time in alcohol or other preservatives. If this suspicion is correct, the white will certainly show through the integument along the posterior margin of the metathorax and in the first - abdominal segment, and possibly also along the front margin of the mesothorax and in the membrane between the head and prothorax. 116 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 5, MAY, 1934 this point and one just in front of the slight basal collar, this least width 0.9 the greatest width; dorsum of head somewhat elevated and arched as seen from the side, with heavy dark lines of reticulation which give the cheeks a tuberculated appearance, and with a number of short, stout, pale sete (many, perhaps all, of them rounded at tip) which arise from tubercles situated fre- quently in the middle of reticles, the reticles themselves often more or less subdivided by dark incomplete ruge and decidedly smaller along median line of head; postocular sete very short (about 13 w) and stout, curved and broad- ened distally; vertex rounded and slightly overhanging, bearing the forwardly- directed median ocellus at its extremity, without strong sete but with a number of short curved ones; ocelli about 13 » in diameter, the: posterior pair 43 py apart, the median one with its posterior margin on a line with anterior margin of eyes. Eyes small, just one-fourth the length of head, a little longer than wide, and about two-thirds as wide as their interval, composed of relatively few facets, extending onto ventral surface of head in a forward, rather than lateral, direction and thus occupying the front, instead of the sides, of head. Antenne (Pl. 18, fig. 2) about 1.33 times as long as head, segment VIII completely fused with VII to form a large lanceolate and pedicellate segment which is the longest in the entire antenna, no trace of a transverse suture even on ventral surface; segment III particularly small and weak; II especially large, roughened, and with subcircular sensorium elevated; III-VI with prominent transverse lines of sculpture on dorsal surface; sense-cones absent (!) from III, IV with a large one arising on outer surface of apex and extending beneath the succeeding seg- ment and a smaller one arising ventrally on inner surface, V and VI each with a much slenderer cone on each surface and an additional minute one on outer surface, morphological seventh segment with the usual dorsal one. Prothorax (Pl. 18, fig. 1) along median line of pronotum nearly 0.6 as long as head and (inclusive of cox) about 2.3 times as wide as long, without median thickening, but with a shallow curved impression across middle and a shallow fovea on each side between midlateral seta and the roundly emarginate anterior margin, the posterior margin curved; epimeron distinct; surface reticulated like that of head, with numerous short curved pale sete arising from tubercles, posterior margin with numerous minute non-setigerous tubercles; major sete all present, very short (13-20 u), broadly expanded from base and hence some- what fan-shaped, all arising from slight eminences, epimerals longest (20 yu); metanotum and posterior part of mesonotum heavily reticulated like pronotum, the anterior part of mesonotum with asperate anastomosing lines. Legs short and stout, roughened by numerous low anastomosing rug and setigerous tubercles; fore tarsus unarmed and without a downwardly-directed claw on outer surface at apex of first segment. /Vings curving posteriorly in basal third, then recurving and continuing in the original direction, this distal portion of wing somewhat more than half the total length of wing and slightly widening to apex; basal third of fore wing closely tuberculate along anterior margin and with four or five widely separated sete which are similar to anterior marginals, equal to them in length, and which arise from tubercles; recurved portion of wing with a median vein-like thickening, distal portion roughened but scarcely reticulated; no accessory setz. Abdomen broadest at segment ITI, distinctly wider than either the pterothorax PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 5, MAY, 1934 117 or prothorax, with a longitudinal furrow for the reception of the wings, this furrow at sides in each of terga II-VII with two pairs of conspicuous dark brown wing-retaining sete, of which the posterior pair is in every case longer, broader, flatter, and more recurved at base; posterior margins of these same terga each with three pairs of major set, all of which arise from tubercles and are stout, pale yellow, and divided at apex, the inner pair longest, the middle pair much the shortest and fan-shaped, the outer pair similar to the inner but smaller (on tergum V these sete measure respectively 50 u, 20 wu, and 32 uw); tergum VIII (Pl. 18, fig. 3) with these sete more slender than on VII, the outer pair longer than its homologue on VII, the inner pair shorter than its, the middle pair pointed and with a companion midway between it and outer seta, one pair only of wing-retaining sete, two pores and five (six normally?) smaller setee between them (these forming a broad arc), and four pairs of sete in lateral portions of tergum, the stigmata borne on low tubercles; tergum IX (PI. 18, fig. 3) with the dorsal pair of major sete stout and 40 uw long, the others slender and pointed; tergum I much broader than long, trapezoidal, and distinctly polygonally reticulate with dark lines; tube three-fourths as long as head, slender, formed as shown in Pl. 18, fig. 3, and three times as long as greatest subbasal width, its longest terminal sete 133 uw; entire dorsum of abdomen in segments I-VIII and in basal portion of IX sculptured with anastomosing lines which are much weaker than those on head and prothorax, but thoroughly distinct even in the dorsal furrow, heavier, more raised and prolonged into dark aspere at sides of segments, some of these sharp points projecting beyond posterior margins of terga II-VII. Measurements of holotype ( 2 ): Length about 1.3 mm. (distended, 1.62 mm.); head, length 0.212 mm., greatest width (across eyes) 0.180, least width (near base) 0.163 mm.; eyes, length 0.053 mm., width 0.046 mm., interval 0.071 mm.; prothorax, median length of pronotum 0.126 mm., width (inclusive of coxe) 0.293 mm.; pterothorax, greatest width 0.307 mm.; abdomen, greatest width 0.323 mm.; tube (length of segment X only) 0.157, width near base 0.053 mm., width at apex 0.025 mm. Antennal segments: bere 2 eg lh OU Sa ee Se by a henge thr (2) ee se eee es Dye EXO) SiS} 400) SEB. SVT Wichita (2) een eee = eo D5 S6) Qihkis8, Sle 28a 28 Total length of antenna, 0.281 mm. Described from one female taken at Amani, Tanganyika Territory (East Africa), January 27, 1928, by Dr. C. B. Williams, from a dead branch [Hood No. 460]. PLATE 17 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36 FULT RR [118 | PLATE 18 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36 [119 } 120 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 5, MAY, 1934 =) J EXPLANATION OF PLATES. (Drawn by Miss Helen E. Rearwin; camera lucida.) Brare al 7 Stegothrips barronis gen. et sp. nov.; holotype, @. Fig. 1. Head and prothorax; all sete omitted from legs and antenne; sculpture of posterior part of cheeks not shown, Fig. 2. Right antenna. Fig. 3. Abdominal segments VIII-XI. Fig. 4. Head and prothorax; perspective view (freehand drawing). Fig. 5. Right fore wing. PraTeE 18. Arcyothrips africanus gen. et sp. nov.; holotype, @. Fig. 1. Head and prothorax; all setee omitted from legs and antenne. Fig. 2. Right antenna. Fig. 3. Abdominal segments VIII-XI. Fig. 4. Left fore wing. NOTES ON MOSQUITOES FROM SOUTH AMERICA, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (DIPTERA, CULICIDAE). By Roperr MarHEson. In several small collections of mosquitoes made by Dr. J. C. Bradley, Dr. Babiy and Dr. Forbes in various parts of South America I find some interesting records of distribution. In addition I find one quite distinct form not hitherto described. Aedes albifasciatus Macquart. Two males fron Ancud, Chiloe Island, Chile. One female from Butalcura, Chiloe Island, Chile. April 2—7, 1920. Aedes fulvus Wied. One female from El Encanto, Putumayo River, near Peru, Aug. 21, 1920; one female from Iquitos, Peru, Aug. 1, 1920. Aedeomyia squamipennis L. Arrib. Putumayo River, Peru, Aug. 7, 1920; Amazon River, near Peru, Aug. 9, 1920. Culex taeniopus Dyar & Knab. Two females, Amazon River, near Peru, Aug. 9, 1920; one male, Putumayo River, Peru, Aug. 14, 1920. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 5, MAY, 1934 121 Culex putumayensis, new species. Male.—Proboscis slender, black; palpi slender, black, the last two segments upturned, longer than the proboscis by the last two segments; last two seg- ments not enlarged and clothed with sparse, fine, blackish hairs. Antennae almost black, each segment except the last two clothed with dense whorls of black hairs; last two segments elongate with numerous short hairs. Occiput brownish with numerous narrow, curved, yellowish scales and erect, forked, yellowish scales; sides with broad, flat, whitish scales. Prothoracic lobes widely separated with a few scales and hairs. Mesonotum brownish-yellow, clothed with very small hair-like, golden yellowish scales with bronzy reflections and scattered black setae. Scutellum trilobed with long, black hairs and golden yellow scales on the lobes. Postnotum nude, dark brown. Abdomen densely clothed with black scales which give a bluish reflection in certain lights; basal white bands distinct and prominent except on the first and second and the last two segments; last two segments with prominent white lateral spots; venter brownish scaled with distinct basal whitish bands on the last four segments. Legs entirely black, the scales giving a metallic bluish reflection in certain lights. Wings with broadly ovate and narrow, brownish scales. Halteres with dark brown knobs, yellowish on basal part. Hypopygium (Figure 1).—Side-piece somewhat longer than wide, stout, clothed with scales and long spines; shorter spines on the lower surface. Apical lobe divided; base of inner lobe columnar, not divided and bears two elongate, parallel distorted filaments,—one hooked and the other sharply pointed; outer division columnar and bears a broad, angularly hooked filament, a stout spine, two peculiar spatulate structures supported on their outer sides by thickened borders, and a single short spine. Clasper a little more than one-half as long as Figure 1. Hypopygium of Culex putumayensis. Only the apical portion of the 10th sternite is shown. 122 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 5, MAY, 1934 the side-piece, thickly snout-shaped, the snout strongly crested, two setae below the groove, terminal horn and stout appendiculate spine. Tenth sternites slender, comb-shaped, each with about seven teeth. Mesosome consists of two narrow, elongate plates, expanded laterally near the middle but without teeth. Ninth tergites large, broadly elliptical, approximate, slightly oblique, and clothed with fine setae on their posterior half. Female and larva unknown. Type.—One male from the Amazon River, collected by Dr. J. C. Bradley, Aug. 7, 1920. Hypopygium mounted on a slide. U.S. National Museum No. 50353. Paratypes—TYwo males, Putumayo River, Peru, Aug. 10, 1920. Hypopygia mounted on slides; five males taken on the Amazon River, near Peru, Aug. 7, 1920. Two paratypes in the collection of the U. S. National Museum; the others in the collection of Cornell University. Mansonia amazonensis Theo. One male from Bella Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, Nov., 1919; one female from Porto America, Putumayo River, Brazil, Sept., 1920. Mansonia humeralis Dyar & Knab. Ucayali River, Peru, July, 1925; Sint Barbara Plantation, Surinam River, Surinam, Apr. 15, 1927; Kwakoegron and Ongelijk, Surinam, June 1 and May 1, 1927. Dyar (1928) records this species from Colombia, Venezuela, British Guiana and Brazil. Bonne and Bonne-Wepster (1925) record taking only a single specimen in Surinam. Trichoprosopon (Joblotia) splendens Lutz. One female from McKenzie River, British Guiana, June 23, 1927. This species has hitherto been recorded only from Brazil. A NEW SPECIES OF CIRROSPILUS WESTWOOD (CHALCIDOIDEA). By A. B. GaHan, Bureau of Entomology, U. 8. Department of Agriculture. The following description is published at this time in order to make the name available for use by Mr. Frank L. Marsh, to whom the writer is indebted for the material. i) o>) PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 5, MAY, 1934 1 Cirrospilus inimicus, new species. This species can be distinguished from others of the genus only by differences in the details of coloration. Female.—Length 2.4 mm. Head, except occiput, pale yellow, occiput black; mandibles reddish at apex; palpi and rest of mouthparts yellow; antennal scape yellow with a broad black longitudinal stripe on inner side; pedicel and flagellum black above, more or less yellowish beneath; prothorax black above and below, the prosternum narrowly bordered with yellow, and the pronotum with a broad oblong yellow spot at each lateral posterior angle, these spots broadly separated: mesoscutum yellow except for a large, irregularly semicircular area at the anterior margin of the median lobe; axillae yellow; scutellum and postscutellum bronzy black, propodeum entirely black; dorsum of metathorax black but with two transversely elongate yellow spots which are separated by the postscutellum; meso- and metathorax entirely black laterally and beneath; anterior coxae yellow, median and posterior pairs yellow at apex; all trochanters, all femora and the posterior tibiae yellow; anterior tibiae yellow but with a blackish posterior margin; median tibiae yellow with a broad, usually in- complete, black band near the middle; anterior tarsi fuscous, the median and posterior pairs, except apical joint, yellow; tegulae yellow; wings hyaline, the venation yellowish; abdomen black above and below, but with the apical half or more of first tergite and the lateral margins of tergites 2 to 5 yellow, the black area at base of first tergite triangularly produced caudad at the middle; ovipositor sheaths black. Both funicle joints longer than broad, subequal; head without distinct sculpture; thorax dorsally and ventrally with distinct shallow reticulate punc- tate sculpture, the axillae smooth and scapulae less distinctly sculptured than median lobe of mesoscutum; propodeum weakly reticulated, shining, with a distinct median carina but without lateral folds; abdomen about as long as head and thorax, with weak reticulate sculpture, the first tergite and yellow portions of following tergites apparently smooth. Male.—Length 1.75 mm. Color variable. The allotype specimen largely yellow with the following black markings. Antennal pedicel above, a large, semicircular area at base of prescutum, scutellum on apical two-thirds, propo- deum except for a small spot near each lateral posterior angle and one in the middle, sutures between mesopleura and metapleura, a moderately broad submedian band on each middle tibia, a broad apical band on dorsum of third tergite, all of fourth tergite dorsally and all of fifth tergite dorsally except for a large rounded spot at each anterior lateral angle. Wings hyaline; venation pale yellow. Eyes slightly reddish. The color in both sexes is variable but distinctly more so in the male than in the female. Some female paratypes have the head mostly black with only the frons and face yellow. The prothorax is sometimes entirely black, the coxae of at least one female are all blackish, and in several specimens the yellow area on abdomen is greatly reduced. The great majority of the females, however, agree with the type. Males may have the 124 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 5, MAY, 1934 head entirely yellow or yellow with a narrow transverse streak of blackish on the occiput, the prothorax mostly yellow with the anterior margin black, the scutellum entirely yellow to entirely black, the propodeum mostly yellow to entirely black, and the black area on abdomen slightly variable in extent. Among the females examined length varied from 1.5 to 2.5 mm. and among the males from 1.4 to 1.9 mm. Type locality.—Hinsdale, Ill. Type.—Cat. No. 50149 U. S. N. M: Described from 23 females and 6 males said to have been reared from Spilocryptus extrematis (Cresson) infesting Cecropia at Hinsdale, IIl., August 30, 1933, by Frank L. Marsh. MINUTES OF THE 455TH REGULAR MEETING OF THE ENTO- MOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON, APRIL 5, 1934. The 455th regular meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington was held at 8 p. M., Thursday, April 5, 1934, in Room 43 of the new building of the National Museum. Mr. J. S. Wade, president, presided. There were present 38 members and 37 visitors. Under notes and exhibition of specimens, Mr. John Smith of New Jersey discussed the mouthparts of the dragon fly and exhibited a mechanical model to show how they functioned. H. H. Richardson discussed briefly some phases of his work on the Phlox plant bug, Lopidea davisi Knight, and showed lantern slides of nymphs hatching. Among those present were Dr. J. Chester Bradley, Dr. V. S. L. Pate, and Major J. A. LePrince. Dr. Bradley, upon invitation, greeted the Society. Mr. A. B. Gahan presented a note on the identity of two Chalcidoid tick parasites of the family Encyrtidae, [xodiphagus texanus Howard and Hunterellus hookeri Howard, stating that at present these were the only known parasites of the tick. Dr. S. B. Fracker discussed the influence of the weather during the past winter on entomological work in various portions of the United States. The first communication on the regular program was by W. D. Reed of the Tobacco Insect Laboratory, Richmond, Virginia, and entitled “Infestation of Turkish Type Tobaccos.”’ Before proceeding with his discussion, Mr. Reed conveyed to the society the greetings of the following European entomologists: Dr. C. A. Isaakides, Director of the Benaki Institute, and Technical Advisor of the Minister of Agriculture of Greece; Nesip Bey, Director of the Scientific Section, Turkish Tobacco Monopoly, Instabul; Prof. F. Silvestri, Portici, Italy; Dr. Paul Marchal, Paris, France; and Prof. J. W. Munro and Mr. G. V. B. Hereford, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. During the period July 29 to October 16, 1933, Mr. Reed made a survey of tobacco districts in Greece and Turkey. This survey was made in order to determine the distribution and abundance of cured tobacco insects in the Near East and to cooperate with the importers of Turkish tobacco in working out satisfactory control measures. The principal insects attacking cured tobacco PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 5, MAY, 1934 [25 are the cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne Fab.) and the moth (Ephestia elutella Ubn.). A short account was given of visits made to various tobacco districts in Greece and Turkey and lantern slides of the cultivating, curing, and storing of Turkish tobacco were shown. A total of 68 tobacco warehouses were inspected for insect infestation. The warehouses were the property of American tobacco companies, Greek tobacco merchants, and the Turkish Monopoly. Infestation was found to be most severe where large stocks of old tobaccos were stored or where accumulations of scrap tobacco were allowed to remain in the building. This scrap is a by-product of the manipulation of Turkish tobacco into the various grades which meet trade requirements. The warehouses visited were divided into Groups A and B on the basis of the amount of old-crop tobacco and scrap in the building. Those in Group A, 30 in number, contained none or very small amounts of old tobacco and scrap, while the 38 in Group B contained large quantities of these tobaccos. In Group A 235 bales of tobacco were examined and in Group B 188 bales. The data obtained from these inspections showed the following per cent of the bales infested: Group A. Group B. Ep pe StvGNCIUECL ake) @ Tks eee ees SP) 90.4 Lastoderma serricorne Fab... 26.4 35.6 IMGCTOUAZCOM: HECELOTA (Say) eee 28.1 61.2 Aplastomorpha calendrae (How.)......... re ene 4 5.8 INemeritis canescens (Grav) = 0 5.8 Tenebroides mauritanicus VW. 0 8.0 Pediculoides ventricosus Newp....-------------- 0 2.0 The old tobacco and scrap stored in the warehouses support heavy infestations of insects and it is likely that this factor is responsible for the heavier infestation in the storage of Group A. Microbracon hebetor (Say) and Nemeritis canescens (Grav.) were parasitizing the larvae of Ephestia, and Aplastomorpha calendrae (How.), the larvae of the cigarette beetle. Tenebroides mauritanicus L. and the mite, Pediculoides ventri- cosus Newp., were preying on the larvae of the cigarette beetle. (Author’s abstract.) This paper was discussed by Dr. MeIndoo. The second communication on the regular program was by Dr. F. C. Bishopp, entitled ““Combating Mosquitoes with an Army of 25,000 Unemployed Work- ers.” Dr. Bishopp showed numerous lantern slides illustrating the type of work being done and told some of the difficulties encountered in its execution. An interesting discussion of this paper was given by Major J. A. LePrince. Meeting adjourned at 10.25 p. M. P. W. Oman, Acting Recording Secretary. Actual date of publication, May 25, 1934. VOL. 36 JUNE, 1934 No. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON CONTENTS GREENE, CHARLES T.——A REVISION OF THE GENUS ANASTREPHA BASED ON A STUDY OF THE WINGS AND ON THE LENGTH OF THE OVIPOSITOR SHEA THs (DIPTERA RRVBETUDA'E) 0 aj va say wet as. Ges sR eT ioe IT WALTON, Ws R.JOHN MERTON ALDRICH, PH.D. 4.4 2s «4 a ms. 0 80 AASOMAN LASTS A\\WOt AN IAS 7/77 5S \\ : Tig 193 fl JO 4 Y Pus.isHep Montruty Except Jury, Aucust anpD SEP BER) z ~ oF . ‘inner arm of V Numbers 1to6 - longitudinal veins Anastrepha wing hypothetical ) Fig. 1.—Wing of an Anastrepha, showing characters. Main pattern: Includes all the color pattern on the basal two thirds of the wing. There is usually a definite line marking the outer limits of this pattern, extending diagonally across the wing just beyond the anterior crossvein. Stigmal area: This is the space along the costal or anterior margin of the wing extending from the tip of the auxiliary vein to the tip of the first longitudinal vein and limited posteriorly by this latter vein. Hyaline costal area: This space begins at the tip of the first longitudinal vein and extends posteriorly across the wing at least to the second and usually to the third longitudinal vein. In some species this area continues beyond the third vein and is continuous with the hyaline area which includes: the second basal cell. It is absent in a few species. Interruption on third vein: This term means that the hyaline costal area is not continuous to the base of the wing to include the second basal cell. The yellow or brown pattern extends across the third longitudinal vein, causing an interruption of the hyaline space at this vein. When the hyaline costal area extends posteriorly from the costal margin to include the second basal cell it is then called ‘‘ continuous.” PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 6, JUNE, 1934 129 Anterior crossvein: A small crossvein near the middle of the wing, on the upper side of the discal cell, connecting the third and fourth longitudinal veins. Apical crossband: Yhe narrow portion of the color pattern along the apical costal portion of the wing. It is really a con- tinuation of the main pattern and terminates at the margin of the wing between the apices of the third and fourth longitudinal veins. Curvature of the fourth vein: The apical tip of the fourth longitudinal vein curves upward to the margin of the wing and unites with the tip of the costal vein. Inverted V: This portion of the pattern is shaped like the letter V inverted. The tips of the arms reach the posterior margin of the wing. The point at which the two arms join is called the apex and is usually at the third longitudinal vein or slightly anterior to this vein. The narrow arm, nearer the tip of the wing, is called the “outer arm”; the broad arm is called the “inner arm.” When the apex of the V is prolonged beyond the third longi- tudinal vein and connects with the main pattern it is termed “connected”? (dotted lines in figure 1 show it connected). When the apex of the V stops at the third longitudinal vein it is termed “disconnected” because a broad hyaline area separates it from the main pattern. For additional information on characters used in this paper see text figures | to 4, inclusive. Anas trepha acidusa Walker _- scute/llum _dorsocentrals a _ecrostichals ~ pos talar hae Female Abdomen /ateral view Thoracic bristles dorsal view Fig. 2.—Dorsal view of thorax of adult Anastrepha acidusa, showing bristles. Fig. 3.—Lateral view of thorax of adult Anastrepha acidusa, showing bristle, scutellum, postscutellum, and metanotum. Fig. 4.—Sheath of ovipositor of a female Anastrepha. 130 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 6, JUNE, 1934 Genus ANASTREPHA Schiner. Anastrepha was described by Schiner in 1868 (28, p. 263) in his Reise Novara, page 263. The genotype is Dacus serpentina Wied. Head hemispherical; eyes bare; front broad, slightly longer than wide; surface of front with numerous very short black setae; a vertical row of large bristles on each side; face vertically impressed on each side beneath the antenna; epistoma somewhat prominent, no vibrissae, mouth opening large; proboscis with large labellae; palpi rather broad; antenna with basal joints short, third joint slender, a little longer than first two together; arista long and slender, microscopically pubescent. Mesonotum slightly convex, with large bristles at the sides and a transverse row anterior to the scutellum; scutellum with four large bristles. Abdomen not much longer than thorax, with five segments; male genitalia somewhat prominent; abdomen of female projecting style-like; this projection or ovipositor ranges in length from two-thirds the length of the abdomen to a length slightly longer than head, thorax, and abdomen together. Legs rather long; front femora bristled below; middle tibiae with apical bristles; metatarsi not shortened. Wings large as a rule, with brown bands; apical portion of auxiliary vein bent forward almost at a right angle, into the costal vein; first and third longitudinal veins setulose; apical portion of fourth longi- tudinal vein curved up toward the third and joining with the tip of the costal vein; small crossvein beyond the middle of the discal cell; anal cell drawn out to a point on the posterior edge. This genus is most closely related to 4cidia and Hexachaeta. The scutellum has four large macrochaetae like the former, whereas the latter has six macrochaetae. It differs from both genera in having the apical portion of the fourth longitudinal vein curved forward to unite with the tip of the costal vein. This genus is found only in the western hemisphere and occupies the same position there as the genus Dacus occupies in the eastern hemisphere. For students interested in the genus A4nastrepha papers by Crawford (7), Dampf (8, 9), Darby and Kapp (/0), Greene (73), Isaac (75), Lima (/8), Mackie (22), McPhail and Bliss (27), Silvestri (30), and Wille (35) are included in the literature list, although having more of a biological or economic than a taxonomic bearing. The Aldrich Catalog (/) is listed because the genus Avastrepha is mentioned, although at the time this catalog was published there were no species known from the United States. The article by Bezzi (4) was included but the writer was: unable definitely to place the species mentioned. é i) PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 6, JUNE, 1934 131 TABLE OF SPECIES. Females. », [Denis lopetoniiat tele) Soveeaellsy; LoVe, GOONS a ee ee cat te eceeeeccencenecene 2 Naello was PECtes eA ee ah al Fe eS SAE IN ot, a ee ee 5 Hyaline costal area present Hyaline costal area absent . Hyaline costal area interrupted just before the third vein; only the inner arm of the V present, beginning near apex of sixth vein, extending upward along the posterior crossvein and ending at the third vein. Ovipositor sheath 3 mm. long. (West Indies, Trinidad, Mexico, Central America, Peru, Brazil, Ecuador). serpentina Wied., p. 142 Hyaline costal area continuous to the base of the second basal cell; only the inner arm of the V present, connected with the main pattern along the posterior margin of the wing and extending upward along, and ending just beyond the tip of, the posterior crossvein. Ovipositor sheath 3 mm. long. (Ecuador). ornata Aldrich, p. 143 . Wing mostly hyaline; a dark brown band along the costa to the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein; a dark brown band from the posterior border following the posterior crossvein to slightly beyond its tip; a dark band from the base of the wing extending to the tip of the sixth vein. Ovipositor sheath 2 mm. long. (BrazileiParaouciy) ee eee cose oe si Ne eR daciformis Bezzi, p. 143 Wing entirely infuscated, much darker in front of the third longi- tudinal vein; a darkened area at the base of the wing between the fifth and sixth veins, fading out just beyond the crossvein. Ovipositor sheath 5.5 mm. long. (Paraguay) _macrura Hendel, p. 143 » Dorsum) offthorax with) onelormore black markings= ses 6 Dorsumiof thorass with omtsrcaniyalolac kementskttn one ey eee 26 Dorsal markings im) the rosmuotia band on stripes =. es ee 7 Dorsal markings in the formyof ajspotor spotss. = 10 With a broad, transverse, dark brown band on the posterior margin of the thorax. Hyaline costal area broadly interrupted on third vein; V complete, its apex connected with the main pattern. Ovipositor sheath robust, three-fourths as long as the abdomen. (Mexico, Guatemala, Venezuela)... robusta, n. sp., p. 144 Withaventicaladankabrowinns thi cs seen note ees eens See 8 . Four vertical black stripes, the outer ones interrupted at the trans- verse suture and connected transversely on posterior edge of thorax. Abdomen with three transverse dark brown bands; last segment with two large brown spots. Inner arm of V very con- spicuously large and dark brown; outer arm very narrow, pale yellow. Ovipositor sheath as long as thorax and abdomen together (British#londunas) paar ee cordata Aldrich, p. 144 Two vertical black stripes interrupted at transverse suture 132 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 6, JUNE, 1934 9. Wing pattern dark yellow; inverted V with only the inner arm pres- 10. 11. 12" 3s 14. iNSe 16. 17. ent, located on posterior crossvein, extending from the fourth longitudinal vein to the posterior margin. Ovipositor sheath robust, one and one-fourth times as long as the abdomen. (Brazil, Peru, ‘Pataguay kee ie: = cent ood ee ee grandis, Macq., p. 145 Wing pattern yellow with some ae near base of wing; inverted V with both arms present, mostly brown, disconnected from main pattern. Ovipositor sheath robust, almost as long as the abdomen. (Mexico, Central America, Trinidad, West Indies, Bolivia)... striata Schiner, p. 145 With one spot at middle of posterior edge of thorax... 11 With two or three spots on posterior edge of thorax.........................---.----..-23 Hyaline costal area absent; inner arm of V connected at its apex and on the fourth longitudinal vein with the main pattern; outer arm absent. Ovipositor slightly longer than the abdomen. (Surinam Brazil) eee oe eee eee atrigona Hend., p. 146 Etyaline’costall area. presents. tec ee eee 12 Hyaline area interrupted on third jesewaninel Vell ssn 13 Hyaline area continuous to include second basal cell. 22 Abdominal segments 2, 3, and 4 each with a transverse black band. Inner arm of V usually extending to third vein; outer arm short, extending slightly beyond fourth vein. Ovipositor sheath half as long as head, thorax, and abdomen together. (Cuba, Isle of Pines) tricincta Loew, p. 146 Abdominal segments without black markings Costa with a broad, very dark brown band from base of wing to tip of first vein. Ovipositor sheath as long as last three abdominal segments combined. (Jamaica)... longimacula, n. sp., p. 146 Gostabnot’as above: 2 te eee ee ee eee Ovipositor sheath shorter than the abdomen... ---e i enecenenenceeeeeeee Ovipositor sheath as long as or longer than the abdomen V connected with main pattern; species of a more golden brown color; hyaline costal area usually interrupted on third vein. Ovipositor sheath as long as last three abdominal segments com- bined. (Puerto Rico, Cuba, Florida) ................. suspensa Loew, p. 147 V not connected with main pattern; species paler yellow... 7 Black spot on dorsum of thorax always present. Hyaline costal area interrupted on third vein; width of apical crossband never more than half the length of anterior crossvein; stigmal area with a brownish tinge. ‘Ovipositor sheath as long as last three abdomi- nal segments combined. (Peru, Chili)..__.peruviana Towns, p. 148 Black spot on dorsum of thorax usually absent. Hyaline costal area interrupted on third vein; width of apical crossband about three- fourths the length of anterior crossvein; stigmal area dark brown and a little longer than in peruviana. Ovipositor sheath as long as last three abdominal segments combined. (Brazil, Uruguay, Petia) fics 7 07 Mie OT peeimee Me ee RO ON, ee tee meee distans Hend., p. 149 18. 19. i nN 23. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 6, JUNE, 1934 Ovipositor sheath not longer than the abdomen. Interruption on third vein not more than one half the length of anterior crossvein; V not connected with the main pattern. Metanotum with a black sétipe on each side (Pera)... iy pilates net distincta, n. sp., p. Ovipositor sheath longer than the abdomen... Ovipositor sheath only a little longer than the abdomen _. Ovipositor sheath at least as long as thorax and abdomen... . Ovipositor sheath only slightly longer than abdomen. V not con- nected with the main pattern; interruption on third vein as long as anterior crossvein. Metanotum entirely yellow. (Panama)... panamensis, n. sp., p. Ovipositor sheath one and one third times as long as the abdomen. V not connected with the main pattern; interruption on third vein not more than half as long as anterior crossvein. Metanotum with a black mark on each side. (Mexico, Texas) .__/udens, Loew, p. . Ovipositor sheath slender, about as long as the thorax and abdomen together. Interruption on third vein about as long as anterior crossvein; V usually connected with the main pattern; inner arm of V mostly dark brown. (Canal Zone). passiflorae, n. sp., p. Ovipositor sheath very slender, slightly longer than head, thorax, and abdomen together. Interruption on third vein nearly equal in length to anterior crossvein; V not connected with the main jOMaterea ((Ceyneall 7Aoyate)) ts zeteki, n. Sp., Pp. . Inverted V incomplete; inner arm dark brown, not connected with main pattern; outer arm absent or at most represented by only a brown spot on or near fourth vein. Ovipositor sheath almost as long as the abdomen. (Guatemala, Honduras, Trinidad)... leptozona Hend., p. Inverted V complete, both arms complete, not connected with main pattern. Ovipositor sheath very slightly longer than the abdo- mens (Brazil Panama) Oooh 1214 ED similis, n. sp., p. With two black spots on posterior edge of thorax With three (rarely two) somewhat elongated black spots on posterior edge; scutellum with a black latero-basal spot on each side; basal third of scutellum reddish brown, apical portion pale yellow. Wing pattern pale yellow; hyaline costal area continuous to include second basal cell; inner arm of V broadly connected at its apex with the main pattern; outer arm absent. Ovipositor sheath slender, half as long as head, thorax, and abdomen together. (liexa’s, Melon ras) eee Be Biot hh sen bil Sl pallens Coq., p. 133 150 151 151 152 153 154 24. Bristles of thorax reddish; thoracic spots large, rounded. 25 25: Bristles of thorax black; thoracic spots small, not definitely rounded. Wing pattern mostly dark brown, sharply defined; hyaline costal area continuous; VY dark brown, arms narrow, usually not con- nected. Ovipositor sheath slightly longer than last three abdomi- naliseo ments (bhai) pean eee hens 2 brazilensis, n. sp., p- Abdominal segments 3 to 5 each with two dorsal brown spots. Hyaline costal area continuous to second basal cell; inverted V 154 134 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 6, JUNE, 1934 30. Silk 34. with both arms complete, narrow, reaching to the third vein but not connected together. Ovipositor sheath slender, almost as long as abdomen. (Brazil, Paraguay)... _.punctata Hend., p. 155 Abdominal segments without spots. Otherwise like punctata. (Brazil). eee oe ie henge ano sp pales Palpi broadly black tans anil care Ovipositor half as long as head, thorax, and abdomen together. (Bolivia)... veeeie Hen - PSEUDOPARALLELA 5 | FRATERCULUS ¢ | 10 — townsenpr ¢ PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36 PLATE 23 1 PALLIDIPENNIS 9 6 SOLUTA ¢ 9 scuausi ¢ a CONCAVA ¢ 7 = , % @ 7 7 ‘ om ae ae = _— * ~ | a’ tS ‘ '- ~ - omer at i ‘ Pet Bb vill — PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 6, JUNE, 1934 179 Plate 21. il. OUEST: hendeli Greene, female (type) (Sao Paulo, Brazil). We obscura Aldrich, male (paratype) (Trinidad). 3 hamata Loew, male (Brazil). tripunctata Van der Wulp, female (type) (Mexico). sylvicola Knab, female (paratype) (Trinidad). nigripalpis Hendel, female (type) (Bolivia). bivittata Macquart, female (locality unknown). ocresia Walker, female (type) (Jamaica). cry ptostrepha Hendel, female (type) (Peru). Plate 22. Anastrepha urichi Greene, female (type) (Trinidad). oe trinidadensis Greene, female (type) (Tabaquite, Trinidad). s acidusa Walker, female (type) (Castries, St. Lucia, B. W. I.). es lambda Hendel, female (type) (Peru). fraterculus Wiedemann, male (type) (Sao Paulo, Brazil). flavipennis Greene, female (type) (Boa Vista, Brazil). ethalea Walker, female (type) (Hermitage, Trinidad). obliqua Macquart, female (Barro Colorado Isl., C. Z.). pseudoparallela Loew, female (Trinidad). tawnsendi Greene, female (type) (Boa Vista, Brazil). SOR CO IONE ta aaa SSCS I Loa eS Sh Plate 23 Anastrepha pallidipennis Greene, female (type) (Medellin, Colombia). ee barnesi Aldrich, female (type) (Cayuga, Guatemala). chiclayae Greene, male (type) (Chiclaya, Peru). integra Loew, female (Trinidad). concava Greene, male (type) (Cano Saddle, Canal Zone). soluta Bezzi, male (Sao Paulo, Brazil). consobrina Loew, female (Brazil). parallela Loew, male (Sao Paulo, Brazil). schausi Aldrich, male (type) (Juan Vinas, Costa Rica). SOM oe ST oe ae co) 180 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 6, JUNE, 1934 JOHN MERTON ALDRICH, PH. D. At the 457th meeting of the Entomological Society of Wash- ington, June 7, 1934, the following announcement was made by W. R. Walton: “Mr. President, fellow members, ladies and gentlemen: It becomes my sad duty to announce to the Entomological Society of Washington the death of one of its most valued and beloved members, Dr. John Merton Aldrich, who passed away on May 27th, at Georgetown Hospital, Washington, D. C., after an illness of about three weeks, at the age of 68 years and 4 months. I shall omit for the present the details regarding his early life which I feel sure will be carefully collated and recorded by the Society subsequently, and speak now of Dr. Aldrich principally as a member of the Federal Bureau of Entomology and of the Entomological Society of Washington as we knew him. In 1913, immediately following his separation from the . University of Idaho, Dr. Aldrich accepted appointment as Entomological Assistant in the Division of Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations of the Federal Bureau of Entomology under the immediate leadership of the late F. M. Webster. He was assigned to a field station at West Lafayette, Indiana, where, at the request of Webster, he began in December of that year, a revision of the North American Sarcophagidae. This work finally culminated in 1916, in the publication, under the auspices of the Thomas Say Foundation, of the well-known volume entitled ‘Sarcophaga and Allies in North America.’ At the inception of this task Aldrich states in his Introduction to the book: ‘In the United States since the beginning of any in- digenous dipterology, about 1880, there has been a virtual blockade in this group, due to the vast number of old unrecog- nizable descriptions, of which the types were scattered in European museums or lost.’ When Aldrich’s ‘Catalog of the North American Diptera’ was published in 1905, ‘it included 106 nominal species of Sarcophaga of which hardly more than half a dozen were ever recognizably described.” In the absence of any clear under- standing of the specific characters in this group, Aldrich truly PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 6, JUNE, 1934 181 says that ‘this looked like the most hopeless field imaginable.’ However, the completion of his work saw the intricacies of the complex resolved most satisfactorily into 145 species and varieties, belonging to 16 genera, in a volume containing some 300 pages and 170 figures, which undoubtedly will stand as a model of taxonomic excellence for all time to come. During his service at Lafayette, Aldrich also conducted a series of biological experiments with several nominal species of Oscinis affecting small grains which resulted in the revelation of the presence in America of the European fruit fly Oscinis frit (Fab.) which had been masquerading under various specific names for many years although, curiously enough, it has never become of more than occasional economic importance here. It was during this period that I first became well acquainted with Dr. Aldrich although, in common with all students of the American Diptera, I had known him through his writings and especially through his monumental and indispensable catalog of the order. Upon the death of Webster in 1916, when the administration of the Division passed into my hands, I had frequent contact with Aldrich, both personally and through correspondence, as he was then making all routine identifications of the Diptera for us. In these circumstances, it was not only astonishing to observe the celerity with which Dr. Aldrich determined practically all of this material, but I was deeply impressed by his ever-present desire to furnish his correspon- dents, many of them personally unknown to him, with all information that could possibly prove pertinent to their work. No pains were too great, or no research of the literature so tedious, as to prevent the transmittal of whatever information Aldrich considered appropriate to the needs of the case. This admirable trait of the man persisted with the passage of the years, as I have within the last few months had occasion to remark its exercise in the case of a peculiarly involved taxonomic tangle in the tachinid parasites of the European corn borer. In this case Aldrich had not only resolved the snarl to its last convolution but, in the written discussion of it, he had even sent to our field men copies of his correspondence with European authorities in the group in order that no vestige of doubt should remain regarding the matter. I well remember my feeling of extreme gratification when, in 182 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 6, JUNE, 1934 the early months of 1919, Dr. L. O. Howard told me in private that he was seriously considering the nomination of Dr. Aldrich for the position of Associate Curator of Insects in the U. S. National Museum and I then expressed the opinion that none could fill the position with greater ability and honor than he. Shortly after his arrival in Washington that year, Aldrich began to interest himself in the affairs of our Society and very soon to publish in our Proceedings. His longer papers were, of course, included in the regular series issued by the Museum but those of lesser length usually came to us. Thus no less than 25 such articles have been contributed to the Society during the past 14 years. In addition to these generous contributions, Dr. Aldrich served the Society as its First Vice President in 1925, and in 1926 was elected President, filling the office with his usual efficiency and kindliness. He was a constant and most welcome contributor to the informal discussion of many papers presented before the Society as well as to our program; in point of fact, he was to have had a place on it this very evening. As a taxonomist in the American Diptera Dr. Aldrich was the peer of any who had preceded him, and I feel confident in saying that none survives who possesses his breadth of knowledge of this complex. In his work he had accepted Osten Sacken and Williston as his models and in this choice he could not have done better. His descriptive work possesses a quality that is ex- ceptional and his command of good English was indeed re- markable. All who knew him well will remember with wonder his amazing ability to converse on his beloved order almost ‘ad infinitum’ and at great speed, without faltering an instant for a shade of expression or a technical name. Dr. Aldrich, to the end, maintained his boyish enthusiasm and I can not refrain from quoting as an illustration of this a note received from him in 1931 which then impressed me as so characteristic that it was preserved. It was as follows: ‘Dear Walton: I seized the opportunity to send over a page of manuscript by Joe [Wade] yesterday, but it was a little premature, as, in the first draft, I found I had not covered the ground properly. So now I shall have to ask you to substitute the two pages enclosed for the one page sent yesterday. J feel quite jubilant to have at last found out what Eurycephalomyia is, it having been an enigma since 88/1!’ (The italics are mine.) PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 6, JUNE, 1934 183 Although he was then 65, and had been working continuously with the Diptera for at least 40 years, he still found delight in adding another morsel of knowledge to his already plethoric store. What further proof is wanting that Aldrich had indeed found his exact vocation in life? The sound quality of Dr. Aldrich’s work is universally ac- knowledged and, although always in a conservative vein, it 1s never reactionary. He kept abreast of the times in taxonomic advance, and, especially in recent years, when he devoted a large part of his attention to the taxonomy of the muscoidean flies, he provided a stabilizing influence which not only was greatly needed in this field but which will now be sorely missed. In addition to a vast store of knowledge of the Diptera and their literature, Dr. Aldrich possessed that rare and most desirable quality in taxonomic work, the judicial mind. This enabled him to view his problems uncolored by personal feeling, and in a detached and dispassionate manner that was ever admirable. Thus, even in the heat of argument, so inseparable from this type of research, we find him scrupulously courteous and polite toward his opponents. Although we, who mourn his loss, can not refrain from feeling that his end was both premature and untimely, John Merton Aldrich bequeathed to us a great work well done, and a scientific heritage of which entomology may well feel proud.” A more extended biography, together with a portrait of the late Dr. Aldrich, will appear in a subsequent issue of these Proceedings. 184 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 6, JUNE, 1934 MINUTES OF THE 456th REGULAR MEETING OF THE ENTO- MOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON, MAY 3, 1934. The 456th regular meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington was held at 8 p. m., Thursday, May 3, 1934, in room 43 of the new building of the National Museum. Mr. J. S. Wade, president, presided. There were present 28 members and 10 visitors. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. Under “Notes,” Dr. J. M. Aldrich read a letter from E. P. Van Duzee, of the California Academy of Science, calling attention to the recent death of M. C. Van Duzee, one of the leading authorities on Dolochopodidae. Van Duzee’s collection of flies of that family has been purchased by the California Academy of Science. Dr. Aldrich also called attention to the report of the committee on graduate instruction of the American Council on Education, and read the list of institu- tions considered by the council as being qualified to give doctorate degrees in Entomology. This note was discussed by Ewing. The first communication on the regular program was by Dr. F. W. Poos, and entitled “Notes on the genus Empoasca.” Dr. Poos gave a brief review of the more common species of the genus and the plants which they affect. He also showed slides with drawings illustrating the structures by which the species are separated taxonomically, charts giving a comparison of the life histories of some of the species, and pictures of the disease-like injury to legumes that is caused by Empoasca fabae. This paper was discussed by Cushman and MclIndoo. The second communication on the regular program was by W. B. Wood, entitled “Plant Inspection.” Mr. Wood limited his remarks to the inspection of introduced plants, most of which come into the country for propagation in nurseries or for experimental work by the Department of Agriculture. Most of the stock for propagation comes from European nurseries and because of the money invested it must be handled with extreme care during inspection and treatment. Treatment most frequently consists of fumigation with cyanide gas or carbondisulphide, often in connection with vacuum. Heat, hot water, and moist air are also used, depending upon the nature of the infestation or disease and the plants involved. This paper was discussed by Cushman. The third communication on the regular program was a paper by N. E. Good, entitled ‘‘ Biology of the flour beetles of the genus Tribolium.” Mr. Good gave a comprehensive discussion of the seven species of this interesting genus, three of which occur in the United States and two of which are almost cosmopolitan. The most widely distributed species are practically omnivorous, living on all kinds of seeds if the hull is broken. The genus is of particular importance as a pest of stored grains. This paper was discussed by Hyslop. Meeting adjourned at 10:05 p. m. P. W. Oman, Recording Secretary. Actual date of publication, Fuly 9, 1934. VOL. 36 OCTOBER, 1934 No. 7 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON CONTENTS SHANNON, RAYMOND C. AND PUTNAM, PERSIS—-THE BIOLOGY OF STEGO- MYIA UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS: I. THE ANALYSIS OF FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE LARVAL DEVELOPMENT Alaa. EE Re ALO PUTNAM, PERSIS, AND SHANNON, RAYMOND C.—_THE BIOLOGY OF STEGO- MYIA UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS: II. EGG-LAYING CAPACITY AD) HOGI AGSE Oly NDING) og a! no wigs Gb e ow sc pesca 7 PusiisHED Montuiy Except Jury, AucusT AND SEPTEMBER BY THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM WASHINGTON, D. C. Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1919, at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., under Act of August 24, 1912. Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized July 3, 1918. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Orcanizep Marcu 12, 1884. The regular meetings of the Society are held in the National Museum on the first Thursday of each month, from October to June, inclusive, at 8 P. M. Annual dues for members are $3.00; initiation fee $1.00. Members are entitled to the ProcEEDINGSs and any manuscript submitted by them is given precedence over any submitted by non-members. OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1933. FAGHOLGHY EV ESAGCHT. oe ccy cys, Peer eae eee .. -L.'O. HOWARD Presidents se du Bo Miele) 6 La en ee ee J. S. WADE JE AGS VAG Ba 2 6 4 0 8 - toe ke os ee ee os De ee a Seconda ice-Presiacnt ©. 8. 53 oe io ee ee ee S. B. FRACKER Recording Secrelary /.. a. e's a eee ay © ee P. W. OMAN Corresponding Secretary-Treasurer. . . 1... +24 S. A. ROHWER Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. PDRLOP aoc ebteyoy te eee) oe Ae hein Eee ae W. R. WALTON Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. Executive Committee: Tue Orricers and W. H. Larrimer, H. E. Ewine, F. L. CampseE-t. Representing the Society as Vice-President of the Washington Academy of SCLCHNCES RA Pn ete ES? cate Pn cr ar eaten amt a anes H. MORRISON PROCEEDINGS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON. Published monthly, except July, August and September, by the Society at Washington, D. C. Terms of subscription: Domestic, $4.00 per annum; foreign, $4.25 per annum; recent single numbers, 50 cents, foreign postage extra. All subscriptions are payable in advance. Remittances should be made payable to the Entomological Society of Washington. An author of a leading article in the ProcEeEpinas will be given 10 copies of the number in which his article appears. Reprints without covers will be fur- nished at the following rates, provided a statement of the number desired accompanies the manuscript: 4 pp. 8 pp. 12 ppy elope: 50 copies 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 100 copies 225 4.50 6.75 9.00 Certain charges are made for illustrations and there are available rules and suggestions governing the make-up of articles. Immediate publication in any number may be obtained at the author’s expense. All manuscripts should be sent to the editor. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON SJ VOL 536 OCTOBER, 1934 No. THE BIOLOGY OF STEGOMYIA UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS. ! By Raymonp C. SHANNON AND PeErsis PuTNnam. I THE ANALYSIS OF FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE LARVAL DEVELOPMENT. The main features relating to the life history of 4edes (Stego- myia) aegypti are well known. When we attempt to define conditions of nurture, however, we find that a state of confusion exists. Buxton and Hopkins (1927) have said: “‘One frequently wants a number of larvae for experimental purposes, all of precisely the same age. In our present state of ignorance one can only secure these accidentally by putting a lot of eggs into suitable water; three-quarters may hatch in an hour, or none may hatch in the first week.” The contradictions in the results of laboratory work may have resulted from different environmental conditions or from the fact that the cultural methods practiced did not give uniform and favorable results. Some of the difficulties may have arisen from the use of different strains. The material, for example, that Roubaud (1927-29) used in his experiments may belong to a different strain than the Brazilian material used by us, which may account for the different rate of hatching he obtained. Preliminary experiments (R. C. S.) which are being made on the Greek strain indicate that its incubation requirements differ from those of the Brazilian strain. In the course of two years in the Yellow Fever Laboratory in Bahia, Brazil, some of the causes of variation have been determined, and through their elimination a standard method of breeding has been devised, especially adapted to the normal conditions prevailing in tropical laboratories. This method must of necessity differ from those in practice in temperate climates, e. g., at the Wellcome Entomological Field Laboratory (MacGregor, 1931) and at the London School of Tropical Medicine (Lesson, 1932). The method devised has been thoroughly tested through two 1The studies and observations on which this paper is based were conducted at the Yellow Fever Laboratory, Bahia, Brazil, with the support and under the auspices of the International Health Pivision of The Rockefeller Foundation. 186 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 years of daily routine breeding during which several hundred thousand mosquitoes have been reared, constituting the type of material referred to as “standard stock” in various papers published from this laboratory. The individuals reared by this formula maintained a uniform rate of development in all stages. Mortality was low, and the adults attained what appeared to be maximum size and vigor for the species. Excellent material of known age in desired quantity was thus easily available. The detailed observations of large numbers of specimens made routinely throughout the period of development furnished excellent data for statistical analysis. We are able, conse- quently, not only to discuss the basis and technic of the method and its application, but also to describe the results biometrically and to evaluate some of the factors which influence them. The literature dealing with the biology of stegomyia is very extensive and scattered. Reference here will be limited to a few of the earlier and a few of the later papers. It may be stated, however, that most of the experiments to be described have been covered by others in the papers cited. The essential phases of the biology were worked out by the American Yellow Fever Commission in Cuba (Reed and Carroll, 1911). The minimum duration of the early stages of develop- ment, as indicated by Reed and Carroll, was nine and one-half days: incubation, two days; larval stage, six days; pupal, 36 hours. Goeldi (1905) obtained a minimum of four days for the larval stage, with males emerging on the fifth day. The duration of*egg and pupal stages as given by Reed and Carroll, and of the larval stage as given Pek Goeldi represent the minimum obtained by us. MacGregor (1931) states that the strain of aegypti used at the Wellcome Entomological Field Laboratory, when kept at 30° C. produces successive generations on the average of every 10 to 15 days throughout the year. He does not mention egg- production, larval mortality, or size and longevity of adults. Martini (1924) observed that mosquito larvae when subjected to warm temperatures produced smaller sized adults than those kept at cooler temperatures. It is probable, therefore, that MacGregor’s strain was rather dwarfed. The development and behavior of stegomyia under laboratory conditions will be discussed from two points of view: as observed under normal or standard conditions, and when subjected to special influences which may materially retard or alter their course. A third point to be mentioned will be the appearance , of a natural phenomenon of unknown origin adversely affecting development. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 187 STANDARD DEVELOPMENT. Equipment. All equipment is of a very simple nature and was originally installed by Bauer and Davis in August, 1928. 1. Breeding cages Screened cages of about one-half cubic meter capacity will readily accommodate from 100 to 250 female mosquitoes and an equal number of males. This number of females will supply from 500 to 1,000 eggs daily. Fresh adults are added once a month. An immobilized guinea pig is supplied every third or fourth day, and a dish with raisins is kept in the cage continuously. Receptacles for the eggs consist of flat pans containing a layer about one inch thick of wet cotton covered with filter paper. 2. Larval rearing jars—Any type of uncovered dish or jar with a capacity of one liter suffices. 3. Pupal tubes —Wassermann tubes are used to isolate the pupae. These are plugged with cotton and stored in wire racks. 4, Experimental cages for adult females.—These are 12 by 12 by 16 inches, with screened sides and an attached cloth sleeve. Procedure. Conditioning of the eggs.—At the time of oviposition the embryo has not as yet begun to form. The eggs are, therefore, kept im situ on the egg pans and placed in the open air to dry slowly. It requires from two to three days at temperatures from 25° to 27° C. for the embryo to form and to reach a state for immediate hatching. Below 25° the time is longer, and at 23.5° the eggs should be allowed to stand for at least four or five days. After eggs have been kept on moist filter paper for several days they may be dried and, if used within a month, serve as well as freshly conditioned eggs for routine rearing. For hatching the eggs—Properly conditioned moist eggs, when submerged in water with food, will hatch within 10 minutes’ time. If floated, eclosion is irregular, requiring one to five days or more. Rearing of the larvae—I\t was found that minimal larval development and mortality were obtained when lots were limited to 150 eggs or less. Conse- quently, our practice is to use 100 eggs per jar although the number may be increased to 150 or 200 without adverse results. Ordinary tap water and about 2 cc. of dried bread may be used exclusively. Dried blood serum in place of bread or a combination of both will also serve. Bacteria quickly develop in the water, and the larvae appear to be fully nour- ished. Care of the pupae-——Each morning the pupae are removed by means of a large-bore pipette and isolated in individual Wassermann tubes. Care of the adults —The tubes are examined daily for adults. The males are discarded and the females placed in the experimental cages. These are provided with two petri dishes, one containing wet cotton, the other honey overlaid with filter paper. Laboratory labor required.—One well-trained laboratory assistant can perform all the routine work, handling as many as 200 pupae and an equal number of 188 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 adults in four to five hours. Occasionally the assistant has handled fully a thousand of each in a day. Two experiments will now be described and their results analyzed to illustrate what may be expected through the application of the standard method. The first was carried out under routine laboratory conditions, and the second under what might be considered optimum conditions. Development of Stegomyia Larvae under Routine Laboratory Conditions. In this experiment a lot of 100 properly conditioned eggs in a rearing jar was set aside each day for 61 consecutive days. Daily records of pupation and emergence were kept for each jar. Temperature was recorded at 8:00 a. m. and 4:30 p. M., and a mean was computed for each day. No record was made of eggs that did not hatch, so that larval mortality as recorded includes that for both eggs and larvae. Time was counted from the day on which the eggs were placed in the jar. Table 1 contains the daily pupation records for each jar and the mean pupation day for each lot. It also contains a seven-day average temperature, which will be described here. TABLeE 1. DEVELOPMENT OF STEGOMYIA LARVAE UNDER RourTINnE LaBorATORY CONDITIONS. Daity Pupation Recorps or Lots or 100 Ova. NUMBER OF PUPAE ON MEAN PUPA-|MEAN TEMPERA- SUBSEQUENT DAYS TION DAY | TURE (Cc) FOR one OF __—————|roral] or tor | 7-DAY PeRie See eS aPl bali clic vin S.2 NASI aL aE fg Gas 1930 Sept. 13 TN EZ A 5s. | 90 9.57 23.8 14 4 OF G25 2S ales 7 2 83 10.23 23.6 15 DW lL es} 1 99 7.80 23.6 16 Ll) AU) PB SO Nh Ve! 2 2 89 Qe 23.6 itd 8 5206 76 HAS 23.4 18 14 | 66 9) 2 91 7.49 2383 19 39 | 49 1 89 70% 23.4 20 129) 384) 33 83 Galle 23e5 21 P| 58h |) 2 5 91 Foil 23, 22 O) || Ssh) 240) |) se. |] ala 2 92 Y) 33s) 23) ws ANY | US || 5 68 6.87 2889 24 10 2 OR AS ana 4 1 98 8.66 He) se) 25 SON 255 8 4 1 98 8.39 Whe 26 56 |) Sa] S 1 95 6.99 PST) 2 (Os) || 32 1 98 6.85 23.7 28 1/959) 6 1 1 94 7.56 23.6 29 10 | 40 | 28 4 2 84 7.88 230 30 SPN SI) jf hy alk 95 7.01 23.6 [TasLe 1 continued on next page.| PROC. ENT. SOC, WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 TaBLe 1—continued. DEVELOPMENT OF STEGOMYIA LARVAE Unper Routine LABORATORY Datty Pupation Recorps oF Lots or 100 Ova. 189 ConDITIONS, MEAN TEMPERA- TURE (C) FOR 7-DAY PERIOD NUMBER OF PUPAE ON MEAN PUPA- SUBSEQUENT DAYS ‘4 pare of] —_—___ en ———Jrorai| or tot i Berkel Se eS leon ete tao! LS Oct. 1 57a tou) a Teh 677 D DONCotulioy | I 96 7.42 3 36) 500 7 3 96 7.29 4 ia Ale eee S 94 OD ESP heal sil ad Nee 91 6.98 Gimplsles7 | 328) 2 1 93 6.92 FN s3NeG6. | 20 89 6.69 Simo shoal 4) 9 57 Pails. 9 Sar sieh3 87 6.93 10 BB i35/ 1 2 90 6.93 11 18 (637/830) 12 100 9.89 12 10050! he Glad 1 68 WB 13 FON) 1 od 1 85 6.76 1432 || 48.1 3 83 6.15 15127 | 69 13 99 6.26 1G S71 35-| 7 79 6.12 17) 3156 | 29 | 4 1 93 6.91 18| 21 | 62 | 11 94 6.39 19) 99)| 51 | 413 86 6.40 D0 1269) || D4 D 97 6.79 21 Bil 44 | 29") 12 93 7.98 22 Goel ooalesall 2 99 6.94 23| 40/10] 1 51 5.74 24| 53 | 34 87 5.89 25 40° | °42"|) f0-| 3 95 TNs 26 61) 3924 Onl e2ei te| A 83 8.14 Si Saale alle EU) eas 84 7.05 28| 14 | 67 | 6 87 6.41 59 ti’ | 67 | 4 82 6.41 BOO) 47 Vat | 78 6.42 Ses SR ease |e 91 7.09 Non IN) al Shi 2Ysy |] a3} 1 91 Wohl DS! VSIA Sule 89 6.62 BSH (248 le oGalecd 92 6.18 4| 26 | 46 72 6.14 SS os) 82 6.09 Pel e210) 66.4) eT A. 95 6.37 Te 56 (16 || 14 86 6.01 Cll Ge MeO S| 96 5.92 lieteiea e591") 20 Dia) 95 6.69 LOSS AT AL Suk 1 90 6.26 Malte) 50m) Sel.) 2 716 6.58 TOD 7 52 Ves 2 89 6.33 Total | 629 |2237/1508] 542|} 242/120] 49 | 14] 2 | 5343 7.16 in) i) Os Nn He BOIAMANNAN HOW WOOO 0 C00 OND DAD NUNN WOOD HANWN HOW DWDYIIDNW OS N Nn Oo 190 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 The mean pupation period or duration of larval stage, for all individuals in the 61 lots was 7.16 + .0O1 days. It seems de- sirable, therefore, to convert the daily temperature averages into a mean for a period that would approximate the interval required for the pupation of the individual lots. The seven- day moving average computed for any date in the table is the mean of the temperatures on seven days beginning with the date indicated. 28 27 26 25 Mean = 25.02° + 0,09° c, 24 Temperature in Degrees Centigrade 23 22 13 20 27 4 Uy 18 25 1 8 Sept. Oct. Nov. First Day of the Week for which the Average Temperature was Computed Figure 1.—Development of Stegomyia Larvae under Routine Laboratory Conditions. Seven-day Average Temperature, September 13-November 13, 1930. Figure 1 shows the time trend of these moving averages. It is evident that there was a steady rise in temperature during the period of the experiment, with relatively slight deviation from a straight line course. We may now compare the mean pupation period, or duration of larval stage, for each lot with its corresponding temperature average. This has been done in . Figure 2. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 191 15 14 13 al alt 10 9 8 te b 4 6 =| ed 5 ne] ° od o Ay a § 3 Rate of decrease in mean pupation period per Ono KCe 8 3 rise in temperature = 0.76 + 0.08% days a : a 23 24 25 26 27 Temperature Centigrade (Seven-day moving average) Figure 2.—Decrease in Pupation Period with Rise in Temperature in Routine Labora- tory Studies of Stegomyia Development. (Each symbol represents the pupation period for a lot of 100 stegomyia ova.) It was found that if the mean pupation periods were plotted on a logarithmic scale against the temperature on an arithmetic scale, a definite decrease in larval stage with rise in temperature appeared. Figure 2 shows the character of the relationship with the aid of the fitted regression line. From the equation 2 The equation for the line was: Log (mean pupation period in days) = log 8.1247 + log 0.9924 . temperature. (Temperature was expressed in units of one for each 0.1° from 23.2° C. as origin.) 192 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 for the line we obtain the mean rate of decrease in pupation period per rise of 0.1° in seven-day temperature average. The rate was 0.76 + 0.08 per cent days which, though slight, was nearly ten times its probable error and hence statistically sig- nificant. By means of the equation for the line it is possible to compute an expected mean pupation period for a given seven-day temper- ature average. For example, at 27° C., when temperature is considered more favorable for rearing, the computed duration of larval life would be 6.08 + 0.07 days. We shall see presently how well this period compares with actual results of rearing at this temperature. Table 2 contains the mean number of days to emergence of adult stegomyia males and females from these 61 lots. The decrease in these averages with rise in temperature is shown in Figures 3 and 4. The rate of decrease was the same in each case: 0.74 + 0.07 per cent days per 0.1° rise in average tempera- ture. The important difference here was the higher level of the emergence periods for females. Means for all individuals were as follows: Mean Emergence Periods. emval ese. -se2 9.64 + 0.02 days Mirai estan eee 9.05 = 0.02 days Difference... 0.59 + 0.03 days The emergence period of females was approximately 14 hours longer than that for males. ’ Regression equations: Log (male emergence period in days) log 10.2412 + log 0.9926 . temperature Log (female emergence period in days) log 10.8176 + log 0.9926 . temperature (Temperature was expressed in units of one for each 0.1° C. from 23.2° C. as origin.) PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 193 TABLE 2. DEVELOPMENT OF STEGOMYIA LARVAE UNDER RourINE LABORATORY CONDITIONS. Mean Day or EMERGENCE OF MALES AND FEMALES. MEAN DAY OF |MEAN TEMPER- MEAN DAY OF |MEAN TEMPER- DATE OF EMERGENCE ATURE (C) ||DATE OF EMERGENCE ATURE (c) SD AY |= ee |) EORISEVEN=«|\ST DAY =-scan cel Ge | EORESE VEN MALES |FEMALES| DAY PERIOD MALES |FEMALES| DAY PERIOD 1930 1930 Sept. 13} 11.68 12.46 23.8 Oct 15) 78.38 8.67 25.6 14, 12.03 | 13.48 2376 IG) Wore 8.50 D558 15]) 1O07 |) 10.88 23.6 7 SoS 9.48 25.8 1G) Wiss |) Aoi 23.6 1S}, Booz 8.84 DSI) U7) Dots |) 10.08) 23.4 ID) Basil 8.59 D5 18} 9.84 9.98 WBi8) 20} 8.57 9.17 Dot UH Passi ORS 23.4 21) 10.04 10.14 DSi. DO |i GE6S | Ong 2855) 22} 8.87 8.99 DS 6 pA ees} 10.46 Wah 28 750 8.50 2526 DP WSS. |) PAS Whe Tl DAS e9 8.29 DS ol PEM QO 9.17 2379 25] 9.05 9.70 25R8 24; 10.72 | 11.44 IBY) 26} 9.98 10.32 25.8 25\) 1Oe55 11.04 23.8 D7) Bots! 9.30 25.8 26) Ges 9.68 Die Hl 28) 8.01 hs 5 25.9 DT eis) 9.46 23m) 29) 827 8.61 25.9 28) 9.48 ORS2 23.6 SO} thasia/ 8.61 25n9 DS), O63) || IOLeY 23.6 31} 8.84 ©) 118) 25n9 30} 8.76 32 23.6 Nov. 1] 9.06 9.65 259 Oi, i), Boz 9.09 24.0 Dl 322 9.03 25.9 AN 28} 9.63 24.3 3) 7296 8.55 25.9 SH 92) 9°76 24.5 4) 7.67 8.08 26.1 re 0) 9.87 24.6 a fold 8.01 26.2 5 2) 9.39 24.7 6) 7.88 8.50 2665 6) 8.74 9.38 24.7 MW Boll 8.77 26.6 MN B.a9 ells 24.8 8] 7.60 8.26 26n5 8} 9.08 9.37 24.8 9} 8.40 9.01 26.6 D800 8) 3Y) 24.8 IQ) oa? 8.57 26m 10| 8.74 9.26 24.9 if 8 Seon, 26.5 Hilf TSS Po 533) Doh 1A 727 8.78 26.4 12 OE 24 9.81 DSP 13} 8.40 9.01 2553 Toll || O05 9.64 25.0 14, 7.79 8.67 2555 194 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 15 14 13 12 11 10 ¢) 1 ” £6 q of 5 a] ° od o 4 8 Rate of decrease in mean emergence period per O21 7 7G a rise in temperature = 0.74 + 0.07% days : 3 Fi i) =a 23 24 25 26 27 Temperature Centigrade (Seven-day moving average) Figure 3.—Decrease in Emergence Period for Males with Rise in Temperature in Routine Laboratory Studies of Stegomyia Development. (Each symbol represents the emergence period for a lot of 100 stegomyia ova.) PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 195 . fC) Rate of decrease in mean emergence period per Ol C. rise in temperature = 0.74 + 0.07% days Mean Emergence Period in Days 23 24 25 26 27 Temperature Centigrade (Seven-day moving average ) Figure 4.—Decrease in Emergence Period for Females with Rise in Temperature in Routine Laboratory Studies of Stegomyia Development. (Each symbol represents the emergence period for a lot of 100 stegomyia ova.) The interval between mean pupation and emergence periods for males and females was as follows: Males. Females. Bimergence=. 9.05 + 0.02 days Emergence............9.64 + 0.02 days Rupation 7.16 + 0.01 days Pupation == 7.16 + 0.01 days Difterencele. = 1.89 = 0.02 days Pe Ditterences =a 2.48 + 0.02 days 196 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 Under routine conditions, therefore, the interval from pupation to emergence of males was approximately 45 hours and for females 60 hours. The frequency distributions of individuals in all lots according to day of pupation and of emergence are shown in Figures 5 and 6. These figures show more scattering of the observations to the right of the means than to the left. 2500 2000 oO & 1500 é Mean = 7.16 + 0.01 deys a ° Standard deviation 1.218 + 0.008 days E Zi 1000 500 “YY (0) Le L, Yi // EID. — TOF Sai ae 13 Figure 5.—Development of Stegomyia Larvae under Routine Laboratory Conditions. Period from Eclosion to Pupation. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 197 1500 Males a” 2 1000 s Hw ° Mean = 9.05 + 0.02 days u oO F Y Standard deviation Z 500 Yj; g 1.254 + 0.012 days GY Z Y YY —Y y Hj 0 J U4 V4 y YY YEE Zo lo} ub CO 4 5 6 lg 43) 4 Vs] © 1000 Females a Oo fe 9 ‘ Mean = 9.64 + 0.02 days 2 500 g Standard deviation a 1.308 + 0.013 days Days from Eclosion to Adult Emergence Figure 6.—Development of Stegomyia Larvae under Routine Laboratory Conditions. Period from Eclosion to Emergence. Ege and larval mortality in the 61 lots was 12.41 + 0.29 per cent, since 757 individuals failed to pupate from the 6100 eggs set aside. Among pupae 364, or 6.81 + 0.23 per cent, died before emerging. The mean temperature for the entire period computed from the seven-day averages was 25.02 + 0.09° C. Development of Stegomyia Larvae under Optimum Laboratory Conditions. In this experiment five lots of 100 eggs each were bred under optimum laboratory conditions. These were the most favorable conditions existing in the Bahia laboratory and were doubtless as favorable as any occurring in nature in Brazil. The eggs had been kept eight days on damp filter paper, and eclosion 198 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 was effected in from 10 seconds to 10 minutes. All but about five per cent hatched. This experiment was carried out at midsummer temperatures averaging 27° C. Table 3 contains the pupation and emergence records for this experiment, and Figures 6 and 7 show the frequency poly- gons. The mean period of pupation for these lots was 6.40 + (.02 days, which was 18 hours less time than that required for the 61 lots reared under routine conditions. Furthermore, pupation was completed on the ninth day, and was limited almost wholly to the fifth to seventh days. TABLE 3. DEVELOPMENT OF STEGOMYIA LARVAE UNDER Optimum LABORATORY ConDITIONS. Lots or 100 Ova at 27° C. DAILY PUPATION RECORDS (NUMBER OF PUPAE) DAYS SINCE ECLOSION LOT MEAN INTERVAL 5 6 7 8 9 LOM 1 TOTAL IN DAYS 1 Gl: (eee 96 2 11 | 59 (eo, | 4 95 3 aa: | 47 We Gialon 90 4 2 | 69 | 24 2 97 5 a7|52 Wabash o 89 Moral 134,054: Neallnan lesen 467 6.40 +0.02 MALE EMERGENCE RECORDS. 1 Deedee | Sesion 52 2 {9 it] Sel 58 3 34| 8 | 2 44 4 31481 7 58 5 25 | 22 47 Total 2 |118/124| 14| 1 259 8.09 +£0.03 FEMALE EMERGENCE RECORDS. | 1 ile oa ees 42 3 Bete teal et 37 3 Fa ec a 44 4 16 | 20 36 5 Silkae 7 luge) 40 Total 241116| 53| 412 | 199 8.72 £0.03 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 199 Mean = 6.40 + 0.02 days aera ord iatio 0.740 + a 016 eae ays 160 Oo a Qa 3 Ay w ° = 220 oO E 80 40 ) (e) al 2 3 4 5 6 if 8 9 Days from: Eclosion to Pupation Figure 7.—Development of eae Larvae under Optimum Laboratory Con- ditions. Period from Eclosion to Pupation. Emergence of adults was also highly concentrated, particu- larly among males. e mean interval for males was 8.09 + 0. ce days and for females 8.72 + 0.03 days. This was ar rece tio from the time required in the first experiment of 23 hours = or males and 22 for females. The observations were Hie more concentrated than they were in the previous experiment. These differences are all significant. 200 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 Mean = 8.09 + 0.03 days Number of Males Standard deviation 0.623 + 0.018 days Mean = 8.72 + 0.03 days Y y as cy deviatio ty Y 3 715 + 0.024 riage Number of Females rs fon} fo ro) Days from Eclosion to Adult Emergence Figure 8.—Development of Stegomyia Larvae Under Optimum Laboratory Con- ditions Period from Eclosion to Emergence. The interval between pupation and emergence was shorter in the experiment under optimum temperature conditions. For males it was reduced from 45 to 40 hours, and for females from 60 to 56. The emergence of females still required 15 more hours than that of males. Mortality was less for individuals in this experiment than for those in the previous one. For eggs and larvae it was 6.67 + 0.75 per cent and for pupae it was 1.93 += 0.43 per cent. The developmental process was accelerated in this experiment, and the hazards to survival were fewer. The question arises, to what extent was the difference in the mean temperature of the two experiments responsible. The regression equations, expressing the relation between pupation period and tempera- ture and emergence period and temperature, enable us to PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 201 compute expected pupation and emergence intervals for a seven-day average temperature of 27° C. These expected intervals are in the form of geometric means since the regression was based on the logarithms of the original means. Conse- quently, they must be compared with geometric means of observations in the second experiment, although the arithmetic means that we have been discussing are not significantly higher. The following comparisons may be made: Comparison of Expected with Observed Results. Geometric mean Observed at Computed for Difference period in days Die TENG: Pupation period._............- 6.35 + .02 6.08 + .07 86) S= 107 Emergence period MEI eos. ieee 8.07 = .03 Tofil 2S Os 36 + .08 emaless.= 2 -- 8269) == 03 8.27 = .08 42 + .08 The results of this comparison are most interesting. The means computed on the basis of the experience with the 61 lots were significantly lower in every case than those actually observed under similar temperatures. That is to say, if the routine experiments had been continued until midsummer the results might have been as good as or better than those attained in this special experiment. Obviously, we cannot assume that the relationship between pupation and emergence periods and rise in temperature from 23.3° to 26.7° C. would necessarily continue for all higher temperatures. The justification for making the assumption in this case was the fact that the observed averages in the earlier experiment extended to within 0.3° of the desired point. In this connection MacGregor’s (1931) statement that at 30° C. only 10 to 15 days are required from egg stage to egg stage is of interest. In each of these experiments a larger number of males than of females was obtained. The proportion was 56.55 + 1.56 per cent males in the experiment under optimum temperature. In the routine experiment the proportion of males was 52.10 + 0.48 per cent. In each case the difference was significant. Owing to the fact that a significantly larger proportion of males was obtained under optimum conditions, the possibility of a correlation with temperature was investigated, but none that was significant was found. DEVELOPMENT UNDER ADVERSE CONDITIONS. In nature the development of the stegomyia is subjected to many influences favorable and unfavorable to its progress. In the experiments just described optimum conditions were 202 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 provided, the only variant being the temperature. Before the standard method was adopted, certain experiments were per- formed under adverse or suboptimum conditions of known character in order to measure their effect upon development. Many of these adverse factors are present in nature and affect development. The adaptablity of the species enables it to survive often in spite of most unfavorable conditions, as the following experiments will show: Ege Stage. The egg stage is the most resistant of the four major stages of stegomyia. The small size and black color of the eggs prevent detection—except where ants are concerned—and their ability to withstand desiccation after the full development of the enclosed larvae for from six to twelve months renders this stage the strongest link in the life of the species. In the egg stage the species are transported great distances (in water Jars, etc.) and no doubt this is one of the chief means of distribution. Reed and Carroll (1911) called attention to the fact that the eggs of stegomyia were remarkably resistant to drying, and that even though the adults could not survive a winter lasting three months, it would be entirely possible for the eggs to do so, especially since they are also resistant to freezing. Reports of investigators on ges teiiie for this stage give varying results. Bacot (1916), Young (1922-23), Buxton and Hopkins (1927), and Roubaud (1927-29), although fully aware that some time was required for incubation before the eggs woud hatch, state that frequently numbers of matured eggs would resist hatching indefinitely. These investigators are all agreed that the presence of organic matter, especially bacteria or yeast, stimulates hatching. Buxton and Hopkins and Roubaud have also shown that a variety of chemicals will produce a similar result although some of the substances used are lethal for the larvae. Preliminary experiments on the Greek strain (R. C. S.) suggest that this resistance may be peculiar to certain strains of stegomyia. Four classes of eggs will now be discussed, divided according to initial treatment: Class I.—Properly conditioned eggs are those that have been kept in the open air on moist filter paper until the enclosed larvae are fully developed and then placed in water containing food. _ The process was discussed under “Standard Develop- ment.” Approximately 95 per cent of the moist eggs properly conditioned will hatch within 10 minutes when submerged in water with food. Class II. These consist of freshly oviposited eggs less than twelve hours old. If placed immediately into water containing food, these eggs do not undergo as rapid or uniform a period of PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 203 development as the eggs that are air conditioned according to the method followed in Class I. The rate of hatching at 24° C. of six lots of 100 eggs each according to the period of air con- ditioning given them is shown in Table 4. TABLE 4. Ectoston Pertop or S1x Lots or 100 Eces Eacu AccorpincG To PERIOD OF Arr Conpitioninc (Att Eces Oviposirep Less THAn 24 Hours Berore THE BEGINNING OF THE EXPERIMENT). TEMPERATURE 24° C. pees aoe HOURS AIR HOURS REQUIRED FOR CONDITIONED FIRST HATCHING HOURS TOTAL LOT r REQUIRED FOR | PERIOD RANCE | MEAN | ADDITIONAL | CUMULATED | FINAL HATCH |IN HOURS HOURS HOURS Q)} (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 1 0-24 nl; 144 156 216 372 A || WARS 24 52 76 2 148 3) || SIES7/ 45 31 76 54 130 4 | 40-64 52 18 70 48 118 5 | 60-81 70 8 min. 70 24 94 || tai 99 2 min. 99 10 min. 29 There are several points of interest in this table. The interval, following that of air conditioning, which elapsed before hatching began was less for each lot given a longer period of conditioning. Hatching time was also less, decreasing from nine days for the first lot to 10 minutes for lot 6. From the biological point of view, there is another aspect of this table to be considered, and that is the variation in the complete interval from the time the lots were started (1) to the beginning of hatching, and (2) to the completion of hatching. These intervals are given in columns 5 and 7 of Table 5. Here we find that the interval to the beginning of hatching was approximately the same for lots 2 to 5. It was slightly longer for lot 6 and very much longer for lot 1. The time required for complete hatching was also much longer for lot | than for any of the others. The interval decreased with the longer period of conditioning for lots 2 to 5, and rose slightly for lot 6. What apparently happened was this: the eggs in lot | were not fully mature when they were placed in water, and their subsequent development was retarded. In lots 2 to 5 the increased interval of air conditioning did not affect the time required for the beginning of hatching, but the lots with the 204 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 longer preliminary treatment completed the process somewhat earlier. Lot 5 completed the entire process in the minimum time of 94 hours, conditioned for 70 hours and hatching in 24 hours. The entire interval required by lot 6 was covered by the con- ditioning process of 99 hours, since hatching was completed in 10 minutes. Class III.—Eggs in this class were air dried while less than 24 hours old and kept in this state a week or longer. When placed in water these eggs exhibited a high mortality. Many of our early routine breeding records for the summer of 1928-1929 show a mortality of 50 to 80 per cent, which we attribute to the fact that the eggs were dried before they were fully mature. Table 5 shows the results of experiments at 24° C. in which the eggs were dried shortly after oviposition and kept in this state for varying lengths of time. TABLE 5. Morratiry Due to Dryine FresHty Oviposirep Eaes, 100 Eces Per Lor, aT 24° C, DATE SUB- | DATE OF | DAYS KEPT |MERGED IN| EN VAL | INTERVAL | DER CENT LOT | OVIPOSI- Baie amma. |,TOLSERST || TO ENAILO| e ee TION HATCHING | HATCHING WITH FOOD 1 July 14 1 July 16 | 3 days 4 days 8 | 2 July 14 Zi July 22 | ¥% hour 1 hour 20 3 July 14 LW Aug. | 1 hour 8-16 hours 38 Although humid atmospheric conditions prevailed when these experiments were made, mortality was fairly high, par- ticularly when we consider that lot 6 in Table 4 of eggs air conditioned for 99 hours at the same temperature before being submerged had a mortality of only 3 per cent. Class IV.—These are eggs ripened on moist filter paper and then dried. Treated in this way the eggs may be stored for a period of six months without showing a high mortality. About 5 per cent will survive a year or more. Our experience with thousands of eggs which were dried within four weeks and then used in routine rearings gave such uniform results that it is possible to formulate the following rule for our Brazilian strain: Conditioned eggs, air dried from one to four weeks, begin to hatch within 30 minutes when submerged in water to which food has been freshly added; and when placed in water which has contained food 12 hours or more, they begin to hatch in about seven minutes. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 205 A large proportion will even hatch in distilled water. Better results in general may be obtained by using eggs less than 10 days old, or by moistening the older eggs several hours before submerging them in water. A small percentage of eggs which have been dried a month or more may resist hatching. If these are removed and re-dried, additional ones will hatch when again placed in water. If this process is repeated several times, all viable eggs will even- tually hatch. We have not observed such striking cases of resistance to hatching as recorded by Roubaud (1927-29), Buxton (1927), and others. Only one experiment with 5,000 eggs, which had been kept dry five to six weeks, is given below, but others also numbering thousands of eggs have given similar results. TABLE 6. Errecr Upon Eciosion or IMMERSING AND ReE-pryING Ecos PREVIOUSLY CoNnDITIONED AND DrieD For A Pertop or 5 ro 6 WeEEKs; 5,000 Eccs Usep. DATE IMMERSED NUMBER DATE UNHATCHED IN WATER WITH LARVAE EGGS REMOVED FOR FOOD HATCHED FURTHER DRYING March 2 4,500 + March 6 March 18 170 March 19 March 28 19 March 29 April 4 0 April 10 Total hatch 4,689 = These methods of treating newly oviposited eggs of stegomyia were designed to reproduce various events that may occur in nature so that their results might be evaluated. The wild female stegomyia lays her eggs preferably on the side of the water jar just above the water line, where the film ordinarily keeps the eggs moist until the enclosed larvae are mature. Some of the eggs may be laid on the surface of the water and maturation in this case must take place there. The laboratory experiments indicate that the moist side of the jar is more favorable to rapid development of the eggs than the water surface, but that sufficient water must be added to cover the eggs before they will hatch. The speed of hatching when water is added depends on the length of time the eggs had remained on the moist side of the jar. Eggs laid on the surface of the water develop more slowly, and the hatching process is longer 206 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT. 1934 than those ripened on the side of the jar. If water is removed and the eggs dry before they are ripe, mortality is doubtless high, but if they remain moist until thoroughly mature, they can withstand drying for some time. When water is added to the jar, they will begin to hatch, and repeated drying and sub- mergence will facilitate almost a complete hatch. Larval and Pupal Stages. These are the most critical stages in the life cycle of the stegomyia. Inasmuch as the female stegomyia prefers the domestic water container for oviposition, there is always the danger that the water may evaporate or be drawn off before the larvae have completed their development. Experiments in this laboratory show that larvae can survive at least 18 hours - on the damp sides of the container. Half-developed pupae when placed on a damp surface are still capable of producing adults. Young (1922) states that pupae kept dry 24 hours were able to produce adults. The strictly domestic habitats of stegomyia larvae are practically free from predatory enemies, and it may be for this reason that these larvae are more susceptible to predators added to their breeding jars than are the larvae of other species. This was discussed in detail in a former paper (Shannon, 1931). The following experiments describe the effect upon stegomyia larvae of (1) starvation, and (2) overcrowding. Starvation—In the first experiment 20 larvae were allowed to hatch in distilled water and were then transferred to isolation tubes containing distilled water. Another 20 larvae were given plenty of food until the third stage was attained. They were then thoroughly washed in distilled water and placed in isolation tubes with distilled water. Mean tempera- ture during this period was 23.5° C. Table 7 shows the number of days survived by the individuals in each group. a ae 207 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 Fs) 0) cr’ O st0 UOl{RIAICT plepury S 4 Fo 19°0 1210) {5 ce € (EW se (Vor (0) Chp0) Se AGS OS OSs Scer) POATAING SAvp URdTA] IUIIILIG AVAIL] advys PE AVAIL] 9503S IST I Peyover sem asv}s stya [Izun poo} jo Ajuatd yuIM aAIV] o5v3S pr — ~~ 79} ¥M Palyasrp ul payoivy s3Bo JO dvAIV] 95¥}S 1ST] OT Fae cee lh Ge Sn elf oa Sta ae CC —satalim NIE RY 2 OC 1 Neil a eo I I I Seah AO eeit eae ie SG NGS || MCC ONE No SHE || EI Siesta Wan | ere WP roy |) ae Ot TVLOL UALVM GATTILSIG NI GAAIAUAS SAva TD) GN NOILVAUVLS ALATINOY) OL aVAuv’] 10 FTONVLSISA YY "| ATAV I, 208 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 It is of interest to note that the survival period was no longer for larvae fed up to the time of reaching the third stage than for those starved from the time of hatching. Three weeks was the survival period for at least one individual in each group. Table 8 shows the effect upon survival when only a very small amount of food was present. The small pinch of dried beef serum was sufficient to stimulate hatching but not enough to enable the larvae to complete development. In this experi- ment the feeding jar was kept covered. TABLE 8. RESISTANCE OF 50 LarvaE TO ALMost CoMPLETE STARVATION. TEMPERATURE APPROXIMATELY 27° C. peeeeiok |) sicrvinell| sukien en REMARKS Dec. 1 50 Number eggs hatched Jan. 6 15 36 About one-third grown Jan. 11 iil 41 About one-half grown March 25 1 114 Very small, died pupating Although the survivors fed upon those which died, none of the 50 larvae in this experiment lived to complete pupation in spite of the fact that approximately one-third lived 36 days. This experiment was run during the summer, and experience with normal rearings at midsummer temperature under stand- ard development gave a mean pupation period of 6.40 + 0.02 days and a maximum interval of nine days. The effect of lack of food is therefore apparent. The maximum survival period in this experiment was 114 days. The ability of stegomyia larvae to withstand semistarvation and even to develop when there is but a minimum of food present is well shown in the following experiment in which Culex quinquefasciatus was included. In this experiment 100 stegomyia eggs and an equal number of culex eggs were put in a large pan of tap water, which was placed in a fairly dusty room. The only food available consisted of the dust and small insects settling on the water, any microorganisms which may have been in the water originally, and the larvae which died during the experiment. The results are given in Table 9. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 209 TABLE 9. Errect oF SEMISTARVATION ON 100 SrEGomy1a AnD 100 Culex quinquefasciatus LARVAE (Eces Piacep 1n A Larce Open Pan or Tap Water JUNE 19 1n A Fatrty Dusty Room. No Foop AppDED). PUPATION EMERGENCE MORTALITY SPECIES FIRST LAST Mates | FemaLes |=CC* #5? ip INTERVAL INTERVAL LARVABM | DATE IN DAYS DATE IN DAYS Stegomyia| July 18 29 Sept. 24 gy 43 28 17 12 Culex Aug. 11 53 Aug. 23 65 2 i 94 3 The differences are striking. Mortality was 29 per cent for stegomyia and 97 per cent for culex. Adult emergence for stegomyia was 71 per cent and for culex 3 per cent. Actually very few of the culex larvae had advanced beyond the second stage at the time of death, and one of the striking results of this experiment was that within four days the stegomyia larvae could be instantly distinguished from those of culex by their noticeably larger size. It is well known that stegomyia breeds preferably in fresh water supplies while Culex guinquefasciatus shows an equal preference for waste waters.’ The reason why stegomyia larvae can develop in a medium with but a small amount of surface food while nearly all of the culex larvae die in such a medium, apparently lies in the differences in behavior of the two species. The chief characteristic of stegomyia larvae, aside from their negative phototropic tendencies, is their extreme restlessness and their ability to feed from all parts of the body of water. They feed chiefly around the sides and bottom of the container, but are able to feed on suspended particles and from the surface of the water as well. The larva possesses two methods of feeding at the surface film. By means of the first, the body is raised and twisted so that the mouth parts are brought into contact with the surface. By retaining hold on the surface film with its respiratory tube, the larva is able to propel itself about in a circle by the movement of its mouth brushes, feeding as it goes. By the second method, the larva may feed on the lower side of the surface film by turning its body completely over, with the respiratory tube pointed downward, and by gliding along with the aid of the mouth brush movements. Culex larvae are also able to feed from the sides and bottom of the container and to pivot in a circle at the surface film, but they prefer to hang suspended from the surface film, feeding 210 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 upon the suspended particles within their reach. It may well be that culex larvae require a richer type of food than stegomyia. Certainly the experiment indicated that the stegomyia larvae were better able to find and utilize what food was present than were the culex larvae. This difference in the behavior of the two species suggests that in experiments dealing with the food of mosquito larvae, behavior as well as type of food should be studied. Christophers and Puri (1929) have shown the importance of this for anophe- line larvae. They speak of the tendency for particles of living and dead matter to accumulate just under the surface of the water without coming into contact with the surface film, and suggest that the horizontal position of anopheline larvae enable them to tap this special food supply. MacGregor (1929) has noted a phase of suspended develop- ment among tree-hold breeding species which he attributes to the temporary or complete disappearance of microorganisms from their breeding sources. He suggests that these micro- organisms help to convert organic particles in the water into suitable form for larval food. Hinman (1930) met with a type of development similar to that in the experiment described above when he attempted to rear stegomyia in water obtained from tubs previously used for breeding larvae in large numbers and which had been passed through a Berkefeld filter. All solid material and organisms were thus removed and only the organic and inorganic sub- stances in solution and colloids in suspension remained. He was successful, however, in rearing a few adults in from 9 to 17 days, while similar experiments with culex and anopheles were unsuccessful. His experiments also indicate a greater efficiency in searching for food on the part of the stegomyia larvae as compared with those of culex. Overcrowding—Table 10 gives mortality and the time re- quired for pupation at 27° C. of lots of stegomyia larvae according to their density in the rearing jar. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 211 TaB_Le 10. Errecr oF OVERCROWDING ON PupatTion PERIopD AND MorrALiry OF STEGOMYIA LARVAE AT 27° C. NUMBER DAYS TO DAYS TO NUMBER Peace OF EGGS FIRST FINAL OF EGG ped PER LOT PUPATION PUPATION PUPAE LARVAE MORTALITY ee 5 7 95 5.00 + 1.47 400 5 10 10 5550) Se DY 1000 ii 16 790 2000) == 0587 4000 10 60 2096 47.60 = 0.53 These results should be compared with those obtained at 27° C. under standard development. There we found a pupation period extending from the fourth through the ninth day and an egg and larval mortality of 6.67 + 0.75 per cent. These are virtually the same as the results in Table 10 for the lot of 100 larvae. Although the pupation interval for the lot of 400 larvae was not appreciably longer, mortality was nearly three times as high, 15.50 + 1.22 per cent. In lots of 1,000 eggs and more, both pupation interval and mortality were increased. One might be inclined to attribute the slow development and high mortality in the overcrowded jars to toxic action exerted by waste products in the water. It was found, however, that 25 larvae when placed in water that had been fouled by 2,000 larvae during two weeks’ time—the pH had dropped from 8.0 to less than 5.2—developed normally, completing pupation on the fifth day and producing large sized adults. The behavior of the stegomyia larvae may offer an explana- tion for this. Their sensitiveness to light and vibration is well known. Owing to their negative phototaxis, the larvae seek the darker side of the container. Their massing together and extreme restlessness may prevent them from feeding normally even when an abundance of food is present. De Buck, Schoute, and Swellengrebel! (1932) claim that it is necessary for anopheline larvae to maintain a constant stream of food passing through the body in order to develop normally, and that when they live in overcrowded conditions food may remain undigested in the alimentary tract from 12 to 24 hours. Apparently, too, when once growth has been arrested it is likely to continue so. The larvae remaining in a jar that was formerly overcrowded continued to develop slowly. Figure 9 shows the relative difference in size of the cephalothorax of a female stegomyia pupa developed under uncrowded conditions and that of one from an overcrowded Jar. 212 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 Stegomyia A. Opened cephalothorax of a Female pupa developed under uncrowded conditions. B. Same, but from a larva in an overcrowded yar. Magnification X 50 Figure 9. An ADVERSE PHENOMENON oF UNKNowN ORIGIN. In routine laboratory procedure an average of five larval jars were started daily. It was observed that once or twice a month from 50 to 75 per cent of the adults, usually from one jar, died shortly after emerging. Equal numbers of males and females were usually affected. Similarly full grown larvae in a single jar would die just before pupating. Instances of this may be found in Table 1. It is highly probable that a disease is the cause of this remarkable phenomenon, although as yet the laboratory staff has been unable to discover the cause. Neither has it been possible to propagate the cause in fresh jars. The fact is of interest in that it suggests the existence of a dis- PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 213 ease which attacks stegomyia larvae, which may kill them while they are still in the larval stage or which may not become effective until the adults have emerged. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The authors are indebted to Drs. J. H. Bauer and N. C. Davis, who installed the equipment for rearing stegomyia in the laboratory at Bahia and who began the routine breeding. Dr. Davis in his capacity as director of the laboratory con- tributed materially in practical and advisory ways. Dr. Hugo Muench in the New York Office assisted with the statistical analysis. SUMMARY. In this paper a technic for rearing stegomyia larvae has been described which was evolved in the Yellow Fever Laboratory, Bahia, Brazil. The method was found to give highly uniform results, with a minimum mortality and maximum development for the species, indicating most favorable conditions of nurture. A statistical analysis of records of two series of observations defined relationships and set up norms for comparison with results of subsequent experiments under similarly favorable or unfavorable conditions. Since stegomyia is essentially a domestic species, the laboratory affords an environment not unlike that encountered in nature. The standard method adopted was based on results obtained in experiments similar to those described under “Development under Adverse Conditions.” In summarizing, therefore, these results will be discussed in their relation to the technic adopted. This paper is concerned with egg and larval stages of stegomyia development. Egg laying capacity and longevity of adults will be discussed later. Egg stage-——The most rapid and complete hatching of stegomyia eggs was secured when they were allowed to ripen on moist filter paper from two to five days before being submerged in water. The time required depended upon the temperature. Although the total number of hours in the egg stage did not decrease materially for eggs conditioned more than 24 hours, the hatching process was accelerated by a longer period. In the experiment reported, eggs conditioned four days completed hatching in ten minutes when submerged in water containing food. Freshly oviposited eggs if placed immediately in water require a much longer interval for complete eclosion, possibly because the eggs are not ripe when placed in water. On the other hand, eggs that are dried before they mature show a high mortality. If conditioned first, they may be dried and kept six months without losing their viability. Some may survive for more than a year, The egg stage of the stegomyia is doubtless the most resistant period in the life cycle of the species owing to the ability of the egg to withstand drying and adverse temperature. Larval stage—The most favorable conditions for rearing larvae require an adequate food supply consisting of 2 to 3 cc. of dry bread, temperature ranging 214 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 from 23° to 27° C., and a maximum of 100 larvae per jar. In such an environ- ment pupation will occur in an average of 6 to 7 days, mortality will be low, and the size of the individuals will be large. It was found that stegomyia larvae were able to complete development on an amount of food wholly inadequate for Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Mor- tality was 29 per cent among stegomyia and 97 per cent among culex larvae in this experiment. Difference in larval behavior and feeding habits may account for this. Although stegomyia may survive for a considerable period on a minute quantity of food, pupation does not necessarily occur. Experiments in overcrowding indicated that mortality was significantly higher when 400 or more larvae were placed in the same jar. With 1000 or more larvae, the pupation period was also increased and the ultimate size of the individual larva was smaller. Improper nourishment due to massing habits of the larvae may account for this rather than an excess of toxic substances, since it was found that small numbers of larvae passed through a normal cycle when placed in water previously fouled by the presence of large numbers of larvae. An apparently natural phenomenon of unknown origin was also observed in the course of routine rearings which caused severe mortality among full-grown larvae and newly emerged adults. To illustrate the type of results attained in rearing stegomyia larvae according to the standard method, two series of observations were analyzed. The first applied to pupation and emergence periods for 61 lots of 100 eggs each, one started on each of 61 succeeding days. Daily mean temperature records were available for this series. The second series of observations were from five lots of 100 eggs each reared at an average temperature of 27° C. The results were analyzed statistically, and the findings will now be summarized: 1. A definite relationship was found to exist between the mean pupation periods of the 61 individual lots and rise in temperature. The decrease in mean pupation period was 0.76 + 0.08 per cent days per 0.1° C. rise in temperature. In computing this relationship the temperature records were converted into seven-day averages to correspond to the mean pupation period for all individuals in the 61 lots found to be 7.16 + 0.01 days. 2. A similar relationship was found between rise in temperature and emer- gence periods. 3. The average emergence period of females in the 61 lots was 14 hours longer than that of males. 4, Mean temperature for the entire rearing period of the 61 lots was 25° C. 5. Rearing at 27° C. was more rapid and the process more concentrated. 6. By means of the regression equations expressing the relation between pupation and temperature, and emergence and temperature, it was possible to estimate the mean pupation and emergence periods at an average temperature of 27° C. for comparison with the observed results at this temperature. This was done and the results agreed very well. 7. Mortality was less for lots raised under optimum temperature conditions. 8. In each series a larger number of adult males than females emerged. 9. The important statistical measures of larval development given by the two series of observations follow: PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7; OCT., 1934 215 61 lots at 5 lots at Phas ee DIONE: Egg and larval mortality... 12.41 = .29% 6.67 = .75% Bipalemogtalityee ee Oil Ss WI, 1.93 = 43% Mean pupation period... 7.16 = .01 days 6.40 = .02 days Mean emergence period P Male samen es bes Men rE 9.05 + .02 days 8.09 + .03 days emialeoesers mere. Skee as Ree 9.74 + .02 days 8.72 + .03 days Males per 100 pupae... 2... 52.10 + .48 S6r5 5° Ie 10. In a later paper it will be shown that at 27° C. the female can not produce eggs until six to seven days after emergence. Therefore, at this temperature and with the foregoing data at hand it can be stated that the interval from egg stage to egg stage averaged about 15 days. References. Bacor (A. W.), 1916 Report of the Entomological Investigation Undertaken for the Commis- sion for the Year, August 1914 to July 1915. Yellow Fever Commission (West Africa) Investigators’ Report. London, 3: 1-191. Bacor (A. W.), 1917-1918 A Note on the Period during Which the Eggs of Stegomyia fasciata (Aedes calopus) from Sierra Leone Stock Retain Their Vitality in a Humid Atmosphere. Parasitology, Cambridge, 10 : 280-283. Buxton (P. A.) and G. H. E. Hopkins, 1927 Researches in Polynesia and Melanesia, Parts I-IV (Medical Ento- mology) London, 260 p. CuristoPHers (S. R.) and IJ. M. Puri, 1929 Why Do Anopheles Larvae Feed at the Surface, and How? Transactions of the Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine, Seventh Congress Held in India, Dec. 1927; 2 : 736-739. Goetpi (E. A.), 1905 Os mosquitoes no Para. Memorias do Museu Goeldi (Museu Paraense) No. 4, 154 p. Hinman (E. H.), 1930 A Study of the Food of Mosquito Larvae (Culicidae). American Journal of Hygiene, 12 : 238-270. Ieessons (HE Ss) eal932 Methods of Rearing and Maintaining Large Stocks of Fleas and Mos- quitoes for Experimental Purposes. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 23) 25-318 MacGrecor (M. E.), 1929 Significance of pH in the Development of Mosquito Larvae. Parasitol- ogy, Cambridge, 21 : 132-157. MacGrecor (M. E.), 1931 The Nutrition of Adult Mosquitoes: Preliminary Contribution. Trans- actions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 24 : 465- 472. 216 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 Martini (E.), 1924 : Ueber jugoslavische anophelen mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Frage der misanthropen Rassen. Arch. fiir Schiffs-u. Tropenhyg. 28 (6) : 254-265. Reep (WaLrTerR) and James Carrot, 1911 The Prevention of Yellow Fever. Reprinted in “Yellow Fever. A Compilation of Various Publications. Results of the Work of Maj. Walter Reed, Medical Corps, United States Army, and the Yellow Fever Commission, Senate Documents.” (Washington, Gov’t Printing Office, D. C.) 61 : 131-148. Rovusaup (E.) and J. Coras-Betcour, 1927 Action des diastases dans le déterminisme d’éclosion de |’oeuf chez le moustique de la fiévre jaune (Stegomyia fasciata). Comptes Rendus _ Hebdomadaires des Séances de |’Académie des Sciences, Paris, 184 : 248. Rovusaup (E.), 1929 4 Recherches biologiques sur le moustique de la fiévre jaune. édes argenteus Poiret. Facteurs d’inertie et influences réactivantes du dé- veloppement. Les oeufs durable et leur importance dans le rajeunisse- ment du cycle évolutif. Annales de |’Institut Pasteur, 43 : 1093-1209. SHannon (R. C.), 1931 The Environment and Behavior of Some Brazilian Mosquitoes. Pro- ceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 33 : 1-27. Youne (C2 Jy 1922-1923 Notes on the Bionomics of Stegomyia calops in Brazil. Part I. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 16 : 389. ee PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 2nF THE BIOLOGY OF STEGOMYIA UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS.! By Persts Purnam AND RaymonpD C. SHANNON. II]. EGG-LAYING CAPACITY AND LONGEVITY OF ADULTS. The preceding paper contains an experimental and statistical analysis of various factors which influence the development of stegomyia eggs and larvae under laboratory conditions. te) @) (0) > aie Hea os (Shiba sya I! poy) as £25 3S ges (Jp) E-> o's as Y Aso) eas) qo} sa! ta} 49) e.808 abe ys (ett) Oo os) o gq v aT Staple) Ons n 224 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 Before actual variability can be compared, the standard deviations must be reduced to a comparable base, and this may be done by computing coefficients of variation from the formula: Coefficient of variation = 100 (Standard deviation) Mean These are given below: Attribute observed. Coefficient of variations. DD ays iliviectemen rere ee 45.21 = 6.03 Blood units consumed_..._... 82.07 = 14.13 Oviposition periods. See SPY yey ear Gils! Eeecidepostted =a 84.96 += 14.93 These coefficients indicate that the females varied most with respect to the number of oviposition periods and least with respect to the number of days lived. The differences between the coefficients were none of them as much as three times their probable errors, and so were not significant. They are given to show how the relative variability in performance of the indi- viduals in the group may be found. The purpose of varying the frequency of feeding was to see what the effect would be on blood consumption, oviposition, and the number of eggs deposited. Table 4 contains the means of the observations for each of the three groups.* Although these means differed considerably, none of the differences was statistically significant. It was possible, therefore, to proceed to the analysis of the data for all the specimens as a single group. The question next to be considered was what effect length of life, amount of blood consumed, and the number of oviposition periods had, severally and collectively, upon the egg-laying capacity. The correlation method was used for this analysis. In its simplest form this is illustrated in Figure 2 in which each individual was plotted according to the number of days lived and the number of eggs deposited in the course of its life. Each of the scales is arithmetic, and the straight line was fitted to the observations. This line shows graphically what the average increase in egg component was per unit increase in days lived. It was plotted from the equation: Mean eggs deposited during lifetime = 4.88 (days lived) — 90.19. 4 In computing probable errors the standard deviations applying to all twenty specimens were used, on the assumption that variability of the means of the subdivisions would be similar to that of the whole group. 225 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 700 600 500 io} oO =1) 400 n fe} Q, {0} (a) o & # 300 200 100 0 0) 20 40 60 80 100 120 Age on Day of Death Figure 2,—The Regression of Eggs Deposited on the Number of Days Lived for Twenty Stegomyia Females. From this equation we may estimate the average egg com- ponent of individual specimens living a specified number of days, but we also want to know how blood consumption and frequency of oviposition affected egg production. Table 5 contains the correlation coefficients giving the amount of association between attributes of various pairs of biologic functions and between pairs of functions with the effect of a third or a third and fourth held constant. 226 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 TaBLe 5. Ecc-Layinc Capacity or Twenty Srecomyi1A FEMALES. CoRRELATION BETWEEN (z) Eccs Deposirep, (x) AcE 1n Days, (y) BLoop Units Con- SUMED, AND (uz) OviposiT1on PERIODs. Coefficients of Correlation.* ZERO ORDER FIRST ORDER SECOND ORDER SUBSCRIPT ip SUBSCRIPT r SUBSCRIPT r Pa ap of IESE. KON/T/ || Bauer + .832 = .050'| zv.uy -- 50/7 = 21125 xy + .682 + .085 | zu.x + .943 + .018 | zuxny + .803 + .060 xu + .623 + .097 | yun + .862 = .042 | xuzy — Al4 = .140 ay + .913 + .026 | 2x.y +" .323 = .147)| zy.na 4-112) 22 Bley Zu + .960 = .012 | xuy + O11 = .164 | yuzx + 421 = 139 yu + .918 = .025 | zu.y too = 070 ZX.U =o Poe == alll} | ZV.U + .284 += .150 ne, “iE ol ano xy. + .090 + .162 yuz + 361 + .142 *N-2 was used to compute probable errors of zero order coefficients; N-3 for probable errors of first order coefficients; and N-4 for probable errors of second order coefficients. It may be well to state briefly how these coefficients should be interpreted. If for every increase of one unit in either of the two attributes compared there is a definite and proportional rise in the other, the correlation coefficient will be + 1. If the attribute of either function decreases while the other rises in a definite manner, the correlation coefficient will be — 1. In either case the correlation is said to be perfect. Conse- quently, coefficients in the neighborhood of + 1 or — 1 indicate a high degree of association. If the attributes are unrelated the correlation coefficient will be in the neighborhood of zero. If we examine the zero order coefficients in Table 5, we find good positive correlation between the attributes compared. This means that as one of the attributes increased the other rose in a definite fashion. The two most closely associated were the number cf eggs deposited and oviposition periods, r,,, = + 0.960 + 0.012. Egg components and blood units were also highly correlated, ‘zy = + 0.913 + 0.026, and so were oviposi- tion periods and blood units, 7,, = 0.918 + 0.025. Actual length of life apparently affected the number of eggs deposited less than either of the other two functions. From these zero order coefficients it is possible to set up regression equations from which mean egg-laying capacity << PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 227. may be computed in terms of each of the other attributes. This was done in Figure 2 for eggs deposited and length of life. To determine the effect upon egg components of two of the other functions, partial correlation coefficients of the first order were computed. These indicate the association between the attributes of two of the functions for a constant value of a third. For example, the correlation between eggs deposited and oviposition periods with blood units constant, 7, = + 0.756 + (.07G, represents the amount of correlation we should find if we compared the egg production and oviposition periods of those individuals only whose total blood consumption was the same. Actually, we are dealing with attributes of four interdepend- ent biologic functions, and holding one or another constant would necessarily decrease the amount of correlation between the two compared. Table 5 shows that the least reduction between zero order and first order coefficients occurred when length of life was held constant, ~,, = + 0.943 + 0.018. When either oviposition periods or blood units were held con- stant the correlation was considerably less. To express the association between egg-laying capacity and all three other functions the second order correlation coefficients in Table 5 were computed. These indicate the relation between attributes of two functions with the other two held constant. This step reduced the coefficients stiJl further. The largest one remaining was that between eggs deposited and oviposition periods with length of life and blood units held constant, y + 0.803 += 0.060. ~ BUX We find from this analysis that the number of eggs deposited was most closely associated with oviposition periods. Blood units were highly correlated with oviposition periods also, and when they were held constant the correlation between eggs deposited and oviposition periods were considerably reduced. It still persisted, however, even to the second order coefficient when length of life and blood units were both held constant. Regression equations from which egg-laying capacity may be computed from attributes of two and finally of three other functions have been set up and are given in Table 6. Since the correlation between eggs deposited and oviposition periods was highest, the equations in terms of oviposition periods give the best estimates. 228 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 TABLE 6. EQUuATIONS FOR THE ReEGREssION oF Ecos DeEposirED oN AGE IN Days, BLoop Unirs ConsuMED, AND Oviposirion PeErrops, IN StuDIES oF EGG-LAYING Capacity oF Twenty STEGOMYIA FEMALES. z = Eggs deposited x = Age in days y = Blood units consumed u = Oviposition periods Regression of eggs deposited on: Equation Age and blood units... z = 1.22% + 10.33y — 39.49 Blood units and oviposition eniod Soe ee, O32 Oy a eOLos Age and oviposition periods = 1.34% + 20.82u — 36.02 Age, blood units, and ovi- position periods... ll nQ Ion = we se a Se i The significance of these equations may be clearer if we ex- amine them graphically. The straight line in Figure 2 represents the regression of egg production on days lived. Points on the line indicate the average egg component for a given number of days lived, based on the experience of these twenty females. When the regression of egg-laying capacity is expressed in attributes of two other functions, the theoretical egg components computed from the equation lie in a plane, not on a straight line, and the graph showing the three variables is in three dimensions. This is illustrated in Figure 3. Here each of the twenty females is represented by a black-headed pin, its height determined by the total number of eggs deposited during life. The position of the pin on the rectangular base of the drawing is determined by the observed number of blood units consumed and the number of oviposition periods for that individual. The equation for the regression plane indicated is as follows: Mean egg component = 19.32 (oviposition periods) + 2.62 (blood units) -+ 20.58 The little ellipses indicate the points where the pins pierce the plane or where they would pierce the plane if they were tall enough to do so. The slope of the edge of the plane above the y axis shows how egg-laying capacity increases with rise in blood consumption when oviposition periods are held constant. The slope of the plane above the uw axis indicates the rise in eggs deposited with increasing frequency of oviposition when blood units are held constant. The steeper slope of this line indicates a greater correlation between these attributes. The maximum PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 229 _effect of both functions on egg production is indicated by the height of the plane with respect to the base of the figure at the back of the drawing. The diagonal trend and increasing height of the pins toward the far corner of the picture indicates how well the slope of the plane follows that of the observations. Eggs Deposited (z) Figure 3.—The Regression of Eggs Deposited on Oviposition Periods and Blood Units Consumed for Twenty Stegomyia Females. It is possible to illustrate in this way the relationship between egg-laying capacity and two other functions, but the final equation in Table 6 can not be graphed since it adds a third variable to the regression and calls for a figure in four dimen- sions. This completes the analysis of the total performance of the twenty isolated females. The results are highly gratifying. 230 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 We have shown that specimens living longer and consuming more blood will, on the average, have more oviposition periods and a larger total egg component. Furthermore, we have expressed this fact mathematically so that we may estimate the egg component for other specimens reared under similar con- ditions. When we consider that there were only twenty individuals, that the frequency of feeding was predetermined, and that the terms blood unit and oviposition period were arbitrarily defined, it 1s surprising that the correlations should be so definite and that the regressions should fit the observations so well. One of the requirements of a good fitting regression equation is that the standard deviation of the observations about the fitted plane should be appreciably less than that of the observations about the mean. Table 4 gave the standard deviation of egg components about the mean as 218.55 += 24.57. That for egg components about the regression plane shown in Figure 3 was 63.35 + 7.55, or less than one-third. It is true that we are considering functions obviously highly correlated, but it is gratifying to be able to give such a satisfactory mathematical expression to their interrelations. These regressions are based on completed performance only. We now come to the question of the activity of these individuals at stated intervals during their lives. Table 7 contains the weekly record of survivors, blood units consumed, oviposition periods, and eggs deposited for sixteen of these isolated females. The four specimens fed only once were excluded, since this fact obviously affected their subsequent activity. From the data in this table weekly rates per survivor were computed and are included. eS 231 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 69L‘F O8I F6E [eI0], 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I LI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 9] O'FI 0'°IZ Geli Cal Ga ¢ € Zz SI S$" FI 8's P 9° 67 (6 € 5 FI FU LASS Ct eG rd WG 6 SI 9 I ral 0°81 S*T Cal vaall (6) (6) 8 TI 6°11 6° 0 Sal (Gals L91 FI 97 8 Il th isrig a CG Se 8 CZ Ol Ol AVG Gl 01 9°] CCT II 81 II 6 S°ST (CAG 8° SEG IZI II ce el 8 (Tis L°I¢ OT (GG TIt Cl 6c el l O°LI O'LI Ol Ga 17 I ce ol 9 OI Calg Pe 6 6LT 6 ce I ¢ SEC S°€F Git 6 995 LI 87 Cl b PPC 6°75 eam ae 889 0% 67 Cl ¢ CHF 5°OS eal KG LOL 91 ag Fl (6 PIF 6° LS Pil an 698 IZ IZ SI I — — — tS ¢ I £5 91 0 qaoiad UOAIAUNS UAd UWOAIAUNS YWOATIAUNS MAAM ONIYVNAdG |WAAM ONIUAA | WAAM ONIUVNAAG MAAM AO AONYOUAWNA NOILISOdIAO Udd qdaLisodad Wad SGOMWad Wad qdaLisodad sqdoiutdd GaWwnsNnoo ONINNIOUVA LV} ONIMOTTIOS qiLlisOddd soog soogd NOILISOdIAO SLINO Goold Sood NOILISOdIAO SLINO GOOTH SUOAIAUNS MAAM *SATVNAY VIAWOOALG NAALXIC AOA GALISOdA] SOOFY ANV ‘SGOIWA NOLLISOdIAG ‘AAIWASNOZ SLIN() GOOTY ‘SHOATAUNAS 10 GAOOTY ATAITAA ‘/ aTaAV$§L 289. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 The number of individuals was obviously too small to justify any detailed analysis of these weekly rates. We shall examine them merely to see whether there were any definite time trends inactivity. Apparently, weekly blood consumption did not vary to any extent. The same was true of oviposition periods. Weekly egg components per individual, however, decreased with age. Although rates for later weeks varied oreatly, there was a definite downward trend during the first six weeks when they were more stable. The same was true of eggs deposited in terms of oviposition periods. For these few specimens we may say, therefore, that egg-laying activity was greater early in life, whereas blood consumption and frequency of oviposition con- tinued in much the same way until the end. The question of trend of egg-laying rate with increasing age will now be analyzed from observations on a larger group of individuals. The Trend of Egg-laying Capacity with Age. Egg-laying capacity and longevity were studied from records of 118 females subdivided into ten lots, half of which were offered blood meals once a week and the other half every three days. Daily records were kept of deaths and of the number of eggs deposited. All 118 individuals emerged on the same day and comprise Lot 6 of Table 2. Temperature at the beginning of the experiment was 27° C. The first question to be investigated was whether the frequency of feeding affected the longevity or total egg production of these specimens. Consequently, the mean age at day of death and the eggs deposited per female were computed from the origi- nal data. These are given below: 118 Females. Frequency of | Mean age on day Egg component blood meal of death per individual Onceaiweee 64.7 = 2.2 206.4 Everys sudays sn O57 e853 190.2 MiGtallas 3% see. 622) -=S kG 198.3 The difference in length of life between the two groups was insignificant. Probable errors for the mean egg components could not be computed since the records applied to lots, not to individuals, but the two means are so similar that this omission is unimportant. The two groups may be combined for further analysis. The records of eggs deposited by these 118 females were placed on a weekly basis and rates per survivor at the beginning of the week were computed and are given in Table 8. They are plotted in Figure 4. Eges per Survivor PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 TABLE 8. 233 OBSERVED AND Exprcrep EcGc-Ltayinc Rates oF CoNGREGATED STEGOMYIA FEMALES OFFERED A BLoop Meat Once a WEEK oR Every THREE Days. EGGS PER EXPECTED EGGS WEEK SURVIVORS EGGS SURVIVOR AT | PER SURVIVOR FOLLOWING | AT BEGINNING| DEPOSITED SEES Le Paes EMERGENCE OF WEEK DURING WEEK Sn iwese am wiSsIe (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) @) 118 0 0 0) 1 118 5,306 44.97 41.13 2 115 3,605 Sled 35.44 3 109 3,509 32.19 30.54 4 108 Psy DEES S53 5 98 DESO 26.19 22.67 6 88 1,726 19.61 19.53 7 79 1,220 15.44 16.83 8 67 925 13.81 14.50 9 59 472 8.00 12.50 10 51 458 8.98 10.77 11 39 466 11.95 9.28 12 29 184 6.35 7.99 13) 16 91 5.69 6.89 14 9 65 1622. 5.94 15 4 51 QS 6D 16 1 0 0 4.41 Week following Emergence of the Week. Figure 4.—Observed and Expected Egg-laying Rates per Survivor at the Beginning 234 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 It is apparent that the first weekly egg-laying rate was the highest and that later rates decreased more or less continuously. The actual amount of decrease was greater in earlier weeks, so we could not use a straight regression line here as we did in describing the relationship between total egg component and days lived shown in Figure 2. To obtain a mathematical expression of this relationship, it was necessary to use an exponential equation. The one plotted in Figure 4 was: Mean weekly egg component per survivor = 51.42. 0.1489 (age in weeks) This equation gives an average weekly rate of decrease in egg production of 15 per cent, and from ic theoretical egg-laying rates were computed. These are given in Table 8. They lie on the fitted curve in Figure 4. With the exception of the last two observed rates, the curve fits remarkably well, and may be considered a very satisfactory expression of the trend of these observations. From this equation we may also compute the maximum number of eggs per female by summating the weekly egg com- ponents throughout life and assuming that life continues until the ultimate egg-laying capacity is reached. For the group we are considering this would average 350 eggs per female. Longevity of Stegomyia Females. Two series of records formed the basis for the analysis of longevity, one obtained from the blood-fed lots of 118 speci- mens just discussed, and the other obtained from 190 specimens that were fed throughout life on honey and water only. The blood-fed lots were started in January, 1930, the non-blood-fed lots in October and December, 1930. The mortality records for these two series of observations were placed on a weekly basis and the number of survivors at the beginning of each week was determined. The results are given in columns (2) and (3) of Tables 9 and 10. From these populations and deaths mortality rates were computed and are given in column (4). 235 PROC, ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 sia 0S° 8 8 0°000‘T I I (G9 $l" 97 ay 0°0SL € F PL S0'1 Ga 9L 9°SSS S 6 L°6 SET 6S Sel S LEP i 91 LOI Ccaal OL SFT €' Str Cl 6c IF 10°7 58 ore £'°9ST Ol 6¢ 6°91 Gane 101 Ic EIGES ral 1S fe WG Sous 89 664 9°SEI 8 6S (GHE 09°¢ 89 L9S F'6ll 8 L9 0°87 00°F ZOI 699 6° ISI Gil 6L 9°I¢ TSF 9L StL £701 6 88 [°S¢ 10°S 58 0¢8 0°ZOI OL 86 $°8E os’s 58 S16 9°T6 Ol 801 L'S¥ tF'9 6 $6 Z'6 I 601 9° 6F 80°L its SL6, CCS 9 STI CSS 68°L v4 000° PSG € SII 7°79 68°8 0 000‘T 0 0 SII (8) (Z) (9) (S) (F) (¢) (Z) SAD, y x vq SYII AY *y ] MAIM MAAM x ‘ *5 ONTYNG AO ONINNIOUVSA 4000 I MAUM MAAIM AO SUOAIAUNS 2, ONIAG YAEWON LY HAITV UAAWON ‘ ONIYAAG ONINNIOA LV 000 I SHLVAd SUOAIAUNS APAM JO ONINNIOUA LV AAITV ANO HOV OL ONINIVNAY aiIT dO HLONAT AOVUAAV ONIOUAWA SATVWAL (YOY'T 10 Uudd SHLVAG — Onno twMwor~aon FAONAOUAWNA ONIMOTTOI MFG M “SAV( SAUNT AUAAY AO AAA V AON(C TVA] GoOTg Vv dguddiQ) SATVWAY VIAWOOALS da LVOAAONO*) IO ALIAAZONO'T 6 ATAV PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT,, 1934 236 0S” Os Ua C8" sy |! Lied: SEC Ss $6°C (Gots 664 €8°S (St) 082 08°8 08°6 SEO! sil IU! (8) (Z) oie Hua Laois ke _ Anon trotnronwsnonunoen CO ONO) FH ODA AN St st et ANOWOWO COOH HO OOM HE m-ONN Skog SYA MAIM JO ONINNIOAA LV AAITV ANO HOV OL ONINIVNAY adIT dO HLONAT ADVAAAV ONIAG YAAWON Madam ONTUNG 9 0°000'T I I 9 0 0 I 85 1° 606 OL II ee Tee I¢ tr $87 GiCCG ZI £5 CSF Lee ze 98 855 L’ 881 0t 901 PLL 6° 8L7Z If Ltl 696 1° 107 LES. $81 $6 eis I ssl $6 0 0 S81 066 0°91 ¢ 881 066 0 0 881 566 ox I 681 566 0 0 681 566 0 0 681 000°T SENG I 061 000'T 0 0 061 (S) (F) (¢) (7) x d 4 MIIM ‘ 4O ONINNIOUSA uc MAGUM MAAM AO LV GZAITV UAENON ¢ ONTUNG ONINNIOUVA LV 000 i SHLVAdG SUOAIAUNS ONIOVINA STIVWNIA YYO'T 10 Uwdd SHLVAAG ‘IVA GOOTY V AGIUIGIOQ WIAIN SAIVWIY VIAWOOALG AILVOAYONOD AO ALIATONO'T OT ATAVL, > SANAYNTNHOMOD m= wa FONIDUVINA ONIMOTION WIIM Survivors PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 237. To compare longevity in these two groups the distributions of survivors had to be put on a comparable basis. This was done by starting each with 1,000 individuals and computing the number of survivors at the beginning of each successive week by applying the death rates in column (4) and deducting the computed deaths. In this way columns (5) and (6) were obtained for each table. Column (5), indicating the number of survivors at the beginning of each week out of 1,000 emerging on the same day, gives the familiar /. curve of the life table which is plotted for each distribution in Figure 5. 1000 4 ——*— 4 x—_x—_ x ° Shs a 900 800 700 600 x 500 ~ ny ae «——~- Females offered a blood meal once a ‘ week or every three days x x Females never offered a blood meal 400 300 200 \ 100 Week following Emergence Figure 5.—Survivors at the Beginning of Each Week of Two Groups of 1,000 Stegomyia Females Emerging. The mean age at death of individuals in the non-blood-fed group was 82.2 + 0.77, which was twenty days later than that for the blood-fed group. We must compare columns (3) and (4) 238 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 36, NO. 7, OCT., 1934 of Tables 9 and 10 and the two curves in Figure 5 to see what this difference means. Table 10 indicates that practically no deaths occurred in the honey-and-water-fed group until the tenth week of life. During this week 37 specimens died, and mortality continued very high until all individuals were dead. Deaths among the individuals in the blood-fed group were scattered throughout life. Figure 5 shows the difference in the form of the curves very clearly. Survivors in the blood-fed group began to de- crease in number after the first week, while the honey-and- water-fed group remained close to the upper limit until the tenth week and then dropped precipitously. The last two columns in Tables 9 and 10 give the average expectation of life in weeks and in days for survivors at the beginning of the week. The blood-fed group started at emer- gence with a mean expectation of 62.2 days or nine weeks, the non-blood-fed group with 82.2 days or nearly twelve weeks. Beginning with the tenth week the mean expectation of life was the same in both groups. The difference in longevity between these two groups is clear-cut and unmistakable. The survivorship curve of the non-blood-fed specimens approaches in form that of the theoret- ical rectangular curve described by Pearl and Doering (1923) as approached in Proales decipiens and by Pearl (1928) in the wild type of Drosophila melanogaster. Individuals in this type of population nearly all survive to a given age and then die almost simultaneously. It is believed that this difference in longevity was probably due to diet. Howard (1925) pointed out the effect of blood consumption on the life of the female when he said: “Blood food, however, in hastening the development of the eggs shortens the life of the mosquito. A diet of honey, on the other hand, prevents the development of the eggs and prolongs life.” There was an interval of nine months between the experiment with the blood-fed specimens and the other, but both series were run during summer months when atmospheric conditions were presumably similar. Beeuwkes ef a/. (1933), found that humidity had a noticeable effect on the longevity of stegomyia females. Experiments were run in Yaba (Southern Nigeria) and Gadau (Northern Nigeria) and from the data given the following means were computed: Laboratory Mean tem- Mean relative Mean days perature, humidity, lived C. (per cent) Yaba(Ss Nigeria) ee 26.2 86.9 96.5 Gadau (N. Nigeria)._......-.---..-.- 26.8 49.7 41.7 en caliee i lily aap diy Ps Sw Gee — ee ial -e-eemaii ae = HA 7 roy lan! 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