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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

e PART IV.
1836.

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,

BY R. AND J. E. TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

LIST

or

CONTRIBUTORS,

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

Bewnerr, E. T., Esq.
Remarks upon a series of the Indian Antelope (Antilope

page

Ceara, DAS oo) ert cant Wig eainrare eutaye nko eee 34
On the Brush-tailed Kangaroo (Macropus penicillatus,
Gray)... Be eines ciel 2 entree aires merit Ban sienhonekalt 41
Benvyett, Frepericxk Dese1t, Esq.
Notes on the anatomy of the Spermaceti Whale (Physeter
MRAP ENC CUEING, ACS) oreo ntein acc 1G a hha, s, ans SK2 sia, « goress dpe oht 127
Bennett, G., Esq.
Notes relating to the habits of the Spermaceti Whale, and
to a large species of Grampus, called the Killer ...... tens oo
Observations on a species of Glaucus, referred to G. hexa-
aE Os Te TS A ee Oe aah ee neato tell! 113
a ae \ Donation of Birds from Swan River ...... 85
Bropenir, W. J., Esq.
Description of some new species of Shells belonging to
the genera Spondylus, Voluta, Conus, Purpura, and Bulinus. 48
Burov, E., Esq.
Description of a new species of Pipra ............. ave 1g
Cuvier, M. F.
Memoir on the genera Dipus and Gerbillus ............ 141
Dvuemorg, Rev. H.
Note respecting a Sea Eagle (Halietus albicilla, Sav.), in
the possession of Lieut.-Col. Mason, of Neeton Hall near .
Swaithank; Morale: 7 Gh eis o's oes SEL c alas OG

Fuuuzr, E., Esq. page
Notice of the rearing of two hybrids from a Barn-door Hen,
having a cross from a Pheasant, and a Pheasant cock...... 84

Garner, R., Esq.
On the anatomy of the Lamellibranchiate Conchiferous
GRINNED Sn ughales | Roe sh ee.2 2 pas Sogo) einen se hte 12

Goutp, Mr. J.
Characters of some new species of Birds in the Society’s

MoWlectworat - eects hace > Seuaiel'ove te ote eis of )aieladeretsnake te Renae 5
On a new genus of Birds, Kittacincla ........ Baad § %. 7
Exhibition of Trogon resplendens and T. pavoninus ...... 12
Characters of some new Birds in the Society’s Collection,

including two new genera, Paradoxornis and Actinodura, . 17

Exhibition of Birds from North Africa presented to the
Society by Sir Thomas Reade, with other specimens sent by

Ht. Pemminck to Mr. Gould)... 3 .i.0 dso ses eee eee 59
Characters of two new species of Birds constituting a new

SOUMIN, EPNOMIS Pre she tee = ve tian Sye sce 05 > = eh cee mineral 73
Characters of a new species of Ortyz from Mexico and two

new species of Zosterops from New South Wales.......... 75
Characters of three new species of the genus Striz...... 140
Characters of some new species of Birds belonging to the

genera Tamatia and Cursorius ......-- sess eeereee eres 80

Characters of some new species of Birds from Swan River 85
Exhibition of Birds allied to the European Wren, with
characters ‘of new SpeCles . . 22s seen s se as epee + hoe eee 88
Characters of new species of Birds from New South Wales 104
Exhibition of the specimens figured in the first part of
Mr. Gould’s work on the ‘Australian Birds,’ with characters
Of LNG EW ‘SPECIES y'..c 0 vin'ais + x sin unten ale heey ro auryerts 142

Gray, J. E., Esq.

Memoir on the genus Moschus of Linneus, with descrip-
tions: of tWOINEW SPECIES 2.5.) 3. \crcbes-c » Mints, ois 3 ice shee 63

Observations upon the tufts of hair observable upon the
posterior legs of the genus Cervus, as a character of that
group, and asa means of subdividing it into natural sections 66

Characters of some new species of Mammalia in the So-
ciety’s Collection, with remarks upon the dentition of the
Carnivora, and upon the value of the characters used by M.
Cuvier to separate the plantigrade from the lili Car-

PEROT Sica or olive <a inpe: pls, «a ae ee Sey 87
Remark upon the habits of the Cuckoo................ 104
On a peculiarity in the structure of the ligament in some

Divelve Shel so ces ab ws cin tee =8 eck <a> wenger 104

Remarks upon a specimen of Y eI aS with an Ocythoé
from the Cape of Good Hope. . earn Keer ener” ee |

Green, Capt.
Note describing a specimen of the Barn-door Hen which
had assumed the Cock plumage. ...

Harvey, J. B., Esq.
Note upon the thickening of the lip of Rostellaria pes Peli-
SOSLGATEM os See hots eo are G bcc cies tna se + gM eM
Letter referring to a collection of marine productions, in-
cluding a specimen of Capros Aper, Lacep,, and a new species
of Tubularia (T. gracilis, Hary.), collected on the south coast
of Devonshire, and presented by the writer to the Society . .
Notice of the occurrence of four specimens of Velella lim-
bosa, Lam., on the beach at Teignmouth ................
Exhibition of Fossils from Devonshire, and some species of
Ophiura and Asterias from that coast ..............44:-
Note respecting a specimen of the Electric Ray caught at
SUCIENIMOUCUL 40 fete Beckie Sl, pik die ecadt \> isis caus ata mee noe

Hewnine, Lieut., R.N.
Note addressed to Col. Sykes mentioning the capture of
am Albatross Dy Means OF & MOOK. oe... 2 og 0 tinny pee a

Heron, Sir R., Bart.
Notes on the breeding of Curassows at Stubton ........

Honesoy, B. H., Esq.
On some Scolopacide OL Mapal so. WORMS, TEI 1
On the lachrymal sinus in Antilope Thar, and Cervus Ari-
SEDERISO CILGIE OTIS, 255, BE $O27292 | Yi, HO, SATO,
Notice of seven species of Vespertilionide observed in the
cenittalresion of Nepal! 2/ 209, 02995, Foo) 127 283 Jey:
Description of a new species of Cervus (C. Barhaiya, Hodg.)

Mackay, R., Esq.
Letter describing the habits of a Vulture (Vultur Papa,
Linn.).. SSE bine FE ot? Ao -gresimee 2d4 atD-BIO4

Martin, ee
Notes of the Dissection of a Vulpine Opossum (Phalangista
ce rE oo: gece thee ako sear tesa inal mre ior pee —<
Notice of a rudimentary canine tooth in a female of a species
Gl Pieen Wain) SOUL FLINCLIC, «os san: cop seh ac cea os daa acs
Notes on the visceral and osteological anatomy of the Ca-
riama (Dicholophus cristatus, M.)..........0200...002..
Notes on the anatomy of Buffon’s Touraco (Corythaizx
Byant Nal ayes c50-9dtte-s9iseae wan 8 towcitanrasel!
Description of a new Mammal, (Cynictis melanurus, Mart.)
Notes on the anatomy of the Koala (Phascolarctos fuscus,
Dement stale OS EM ROCs ae dee) ks, SE
Description of two species of the genus Cercoleptes.... . .
Description of a new species. of the genus Felis ........

age

49

46

54
ae
104

109

107

vi

Maatin, Mr. W. (continued.)
Description of the osteology of the Sea Otter (Enhydra

marina; Flem.) (.\06:0. eee nce ce ne bane ce a ecec: v8 se
Notes on the dissection of the Chilian Bush Rat (Octodon
Cumingit, Benn.) as <... 2002 as aed e oeaies Wie emenes «staf

Oaitsy, W., Esq.

Observations upon the opposable power of the thumb in
certain Mammals, considered as a zoological character, and
on the natural affinities which subsist between the Bimana,
Quadrumana, and Pedimana ..........0ce cee reeeeens

Remarks upon the lachrymal sinus in the Indian Antelope
(Antilope Cervicapra, Pall.) ......++.++sse eres Bee os gis" avr

Remarks upon the probable identity of Cynictis melanurus
Mart., with a species noted by Boshman under the name of
REGRCTOG oo cca sss: EP ar WB tO

Remarks upon Chironectes Yapock, Desm. ........+...
Remarks upon two Antelopes (Koba and Kob of Buffon)..
Remarks upon Canis Himalaicus, Ogilb. ..........+-+-
Remarks upon some rare or undescribed Ruminants in the
Society’s Collection ............ eee e ecto e eee eeee
On the generic characters of Ruminants ......----+.«+

Owen, R., Esq.
Descriptions of some new or rare Cephalopoda collected by
Mr. George Bennett 2.0... ieee de dese eee ce eee ae
On the shell and animal of Argonauta hians, Lam.......
Remarks on the secretion in the lachrymal sinus of the
Indian Antelope (Antilope Cervicapra, Pall.), with a tabular
view of the relations between the habits and habitats of the
several species of Antelopes and their suborbital, maxillary,
post-auditory, and inguinal glands ............+-..--+-
On the morbid appearances observed in the dissection of
the Chimpanzee (Simia Troglodytes, Linn.) ......-.++.+--
Notes on the anatomy of the Wombat (Phascolomys Wom-
Dabs WET). . Were ee eat ees A ns.o s MO ne hisses, ltt gaa
Reference to Hunter’s opinion respecting the productive
powers of Hybrids 0... cece cect ee eee c teense eainn
On a new Orang (Simia Morio)........ 0022 eee eres
Anatomical descriptions of two species of Entozoa, from the
stomach of a Tiger (Felis Tigris, Linn.), one of which forms
anew genus, Gnathostoma........0. cere recente teers

Rein, James, Esq.
Description of anew species of the genus Perameles (P. La-
GOT) BL See ee Chen Vetoes Ne FR sie scohitis aint iene cut once

Riprevt, Dr.
On the existence of canine teeth in an Abyssinian Antelope
(A. montana, Rupp.)....,.... (2, BRE. RET NS OAL 2a

page

59

70

25
38
56
56
102
103

119
131

19
22

36
41
49
85
91

123

129

vil
Srrickianp, H. E., Esq.
List of Birds etieed 3 in Asia Minor in the winter of 1835,
Gmigrat ele Spring OF 1896. ..-..6in) 2). cueda ec oieinia olay vels al oveei
Exhibition of a skin of a variety of the common Fow (Canis
Vulpes, Linn.), from Smyrna, and a specimen of the Argo-
nauta, brought to Mr. Strickland with the animal alive ....

Tursaut, M.
Letter relative to the capture of the Giraffes ..........

Vicors, N. A., Esq.
Characters of a new and singular form among the Tinamous
(Tpnamotis: Pentlanadti Vie) 5 3. Laster iancka wins feos era e
Characters of two new Parrots in the Society's Collection
(Psittacus augustus, and Ps. Guildingit, Vig.) ......-.0++
Remarks upon the productive powers of female Hybrids. .

Warernovse, G. R., Esq.

Description of a new genus (Myrmecobius) of Mammiferous
animals from New Holland, probably belonging to the Mar-
FOIIMEC SMI ea cin 2a ee sn ran gni 8 oF Ansa as eVasny at Sal giana ch

On a second specimen of Myrmecobius.............045

Wi.uamson, W. C., Esq.
Notes on the appearance of rare Birds in the vicinity of
EMRERRDONR 165 Goh cee eter eae ass ors Goisya, «ary thea edelm, «7, sented

YarreLy, W., Esq.

Notice of the Dottrell (Charadrius Morinellus, Linn.)
breeding at Skiddaw, and of the gray Snipe (Macroramphus
griseus, Leach,) having been obtained near Carlisle........

Exhibition of part of Mr. Yarrell’s collection of British
Fish, with observations upon the method made use of in pre-
NOAIUL PGC Ags vite, nee shit Wet aial 3 leLehege ver staboe! eAlaLsaietbteats

Remarks upon the productiveness of Hybrids ..........

Notice of a large Carp taken at the Mere near Payne's Hill
SL So dani SIAR ait Ba meg URL ue 2 CAZES Risiaie Or gl

131

76

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ey Tes ies ca ‘a, 5 ies 2 Wrest Aai¥s _dvawnbine’ hk. x ? ma

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<i eS :

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 12, 1836.
William Yarrel], Esq., in the Chair.

A wore addressed to the Secretary by Sir Robert Heron, Bart. M.P.
was read. It referred to the writer’s success in the breeding of Cu-
rassows in the last summer at Stubton.

From two individuals in his possession, the male of which is en-
tirely black, and the female of the mottled reddish brown colour
which is regarded as characteristic of the Crazr rubra, Linn., Sir R.
Heron has hatched in the last year six young ones in three broods of
two eggs each: the eggs were placed under turkeys and common
hens. Respecting one of them no notes were made; but the other
five were all of the red colour of the female parent. Two of these,
which were at two or three weeks old very strong, being still in the
flower-garden, were killed ifi the night by a rat that had eaten its
way into the coop in which they were. Two others were sent to
the Earl of Derby, who wanted hens. The remaining one is now
nearly, if not quite, full grown; and Sir R. Heron proposes to place
it with the old pair.

«There is one great peculiarity,” Sir R. Heron remarks, “ attend-
ing the old pair. Their principal food is Indian corn and greens,
both which they eat in common: but whenever any biscuit is given
to them, as an occasional treat when visitors are here, the male breaks
it and takes it in his mouth; waiting, however long, until the hen
takes it out of his bill; which she does without the slightest mark
of civility, although on excellent terms with him. This proceeding
is invariable.” -

Mr. Yarrell, on behalf of T. C. Heysham, Esq., of Carlisle, ex-
hibited the egg, the young bird of a week old, one of a month old,
and the adult female of the Dottrell, Charadrius Morinellus, Linn.,
obtained on Skiddaw in the summer of 1835. Several pairs were
breeding in the same locality.

He also stated that a specimen of the grey Snipe, Macroramphus
griseus, Leach, a young bird of the year, has been obtained near
No. XXXVII.—Procrepines or THE ZoooaicaL Seociery,.

2

Carlisle in the past year. This is the third recorded instance of
the occurrence of the species in England.

The following notes by Mr. Martin of a dissection of a Vulpine
Opossum, Phalangista Vulpina, Cuv., were read.

««This animal, which died a short time since at the Gardens of the
Society, was a female. In the length of the body it measured 1 foot
43 inches, exclusive of the head, which from nose to occiput measured
33 inches: the tail somewhat exceeded 1] inches. There was no
abdominal pouch: the mamme were two in number, about a quarter
of an inch apart, very small, pointed, and retracted within the skin.
The body was loaded with fat, and a layer of. that substance, fully
half an inch in thickness, lined the abdominal and psoas muscles.

“On leaving the pylorus, the duodenum was found to dip down
to about the middle lumbar vertebra, where it crossed the spine, and
then making an acute turn ascended till it reached the pylorus, where
it again turned down abruptly, and lost, in the convolutions of the
succeeding portion, or jejunum, its distinctive appellation.

«The stomach was large and simple, with a considerable cardiac
pouch; when distended with air, its circumference measured 84
inches, and the great curvature 13.

«“The omentum was very extensive, and loaded with fat.

«The pancreas was thin and indefinite, blending with the fat of
the mesentery. It consisted of a main portion or body lying beneath
the stomach, whence it spread to the mesentery, a broad slip adhering
to the duodenum for about 2 inches.

«The liver was not unlike a fig-leaf in general outline, being deeply
split into six distinct lobes, three on the right, and three on the left,
besides the lobulus Spigelii. In the middle fissure was seated the gall-
bladder, its fundus being visible in situ naturali. The shape of this
vesicule was, as usual, oval. It was filled with yellow bile. Its duct,
which measured altogether 2+ inches, received, at about half an inch
from its commencement, several very small hepatic ducts, and en-
tered the duodenum, with the pancreatic, 3 inches below the pylorus.

“The spleen consisted of three processes or radii from a central
body: one of these processes adhered to the cardiac portion of the
stomach; another floated in the omentum; and the third, bound by
the mesentery, just covered the left kidney.

“The total length of the intestines was 11 feet 8 inches; the
length of the small intestines being 6 feet 10, and of the large 4 feet
10. The mean diameter of the small intestines was half an inch.
The mean diameter of the large at their origin was three quarters
of an inch; but they contracted as they proceeded to one quarter,
and the rectum subsequently enlarged to three quarters. The narrow
part was filled with irregular knotted feces. ‘There were no longi-
tudinal bands or sacculi. The texture of the large intestines was
thin, and the circular fibres very distinct. The cecum was long and
convoluted on the mesentery, and narrowed gradually to a point ; its
length was 1 foot 44 inches.

“The right kidney was higher than the left. The suprarenal

3

capsules adhered to their upper apex. These bodies were firm, of
small size, flat, and hollow. The length of the kidneys was 14 inch;
their breadth three quarters. The ¢ubuli converged to a single point,
not elevated into a distinct papilla.

“The lungs consisted of three lobes on the right and two on the
left side. Daubenton, in his description of a species of Phalanger,
states that he found but one lobe on the left side, which was a little
notched in the middle, but in the present animal the lobes were
fairly separate.

“The heart was elongated and pointed, the right ventricle not
extending to the aper. Its length was 14 inch.

“The anal, or rather common, opening, was surrounded by four
large glandular follicles, full of creamy fluid of a rank disagreeable
odour. The two on each side communicated together by means of
a very fine tube, hardly larger than a hair. The vagina was longi-
tudinally furrowed, its length to the orifices of the lateral tubes 2
inches. ‘The clitoris was small, and about 3 lines long; above
it were two small orifices, analogous perhaps to Cowper’s glands.
The body of the uterus was small, and its parietes thin and mem-
branous. It was covered by the bladder, which concealed both this
portion and its lateral canals and Fallopian tubes. These latter were
somewhat more than an inch in length. The ovaries were small
and compressed.

«The tongue was smooth: its length from the epiglottis to the
tip, 2} inches; its breadth three quarters: its apex was somewhat
acute. The epiglottis was broad and slightly bifid. The thyroid
glands were oval, and half an inch long. The thyroid cartilage was
remarkable for a rounded projection anteriorly, over which the os
hyoides formed an adapted arch, capable of moving up and down on
the projection, as drawn one way or other by its muscles.

«The morbid appearances consisted of great inflammation at the
pylorus, with patches of an almost gangrenous appearance; a knot
of enlarged mesenteric glands, which had begun to suppurate; and
extensive adhesions to each other of the small intestines.

A notice by Dr. Riippell, For. Memb. Z. S., of the existence of
canine teeth in an Abyssinian Antelope, Antilope montana, Riipp.,
was read. It was accompanied by drawings of the structure de-
scribed in it, which were exhibited.

The following is a translation of Dr. Riippell’s communication.

In several Mammalia of the order Ruminantia the adult males, and
even some females, possess canine teeth, which are more or less de-
veloped; to these teeth no other use has been attributed than that
of a weapon of defence. ‘The Camels (Camelus), the Musk Deer
(Moschus), and the Muntjak of India (Cervus Muntjak), possess these
canine teeth in both sexes. In the red Deer (Cervus Elaphus) and
in the rein Deer (Cerv. Tarandus), the adult males alone are provided
with them.

I have just ascertained that there is a species of Antelope which
possesses these canine teeth; but in which, by a singular anomaly,

+

it is only the young males that are furnished with them. In these
too they can only be considered in the light of half-developed germs;
for the cartilaginous part which covers the palate and the upper jaw
entirely conceals them.

It is the Ant. montana, which I discovered in 1824 in the neigh-
bourhood of Sennaar, and of which I published in my ‘ Zoological
Atlas’ the figure of an adult male, that is provided, in its youth, with
these anomalous canine teeth: the adults of both sexes, and the
young females, are destitute of them. I observed, in my last journey
in Abyssinia, many individuals of this species in the valleys in the
neighbourhood of Gondar: it is far from rare in that locality, but
the jungles mingled with thorns, which are its favourite retreat, ren-
der the chase of it extremely difficult.

At the time of the publication of my description of this new spe-
cies, in 1826, I was possessed of only a single adult male, and there
were consequently many deficiencies in my account of it. I am now
enabled to add to this notice that the females of this species are
always destitute of horns; that both sexes have, in the [groins] two
rather deep pits covered by a stiff bundle of white hairs ; and finally
that the species lives in pairs in the valleys of the western part of
Abyssinia, where it takes the place of Ant. Saltiana, an animal which
it exceeds in size by nearly one half. These two species are called by
the natives Madoqua, by which name the Abyssinians also designate
the Ant. Grimmia, which equally constitutes a part of the game of
that country, so rich in different forms of the Ruminant order.—E. R.

A note by Mr. Martin was subsequently read, in which it was
stated that it had once occurred to him to observe a rudimentary
canine tooth in the female of a species of Deer from South America,
the body of which had been sent to the Society’s house by Sir P.
Grey Egerton, for examination. Having noticed an enlargement of
the gum of the upper jaw, in the situation in which a canine tooth
might possibly be supposed to exist, he cut into it, and found the
germ of a canine tooth, about 3 lines in length, imbedded in the gum,
and destitute of fang.

January 26, 1836.
N. A. Vigors, Esq., in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of numerous Birds, chiefly from the
Society’s collection; and Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chair-
man, directed the attention of the Meeting to those among them
which he regarded as principally interesting either on account of
their novelty or for the peculiarity of their form.

They included the following species of the genus Edolius, Cuv.,
which were compared with numerous others placed upon the table
for that purpose.

Epotius eranpis. Ed. ater viridi metallice splendens ; capite cris-
tato ; rectricum duarum externarum scapis longissimis, vevillis
ad apicem late spatulatis.

Long. tot. (rectricibus externis exclusis) 14 unc. ; rostri, 13; ale,

63; caude, 7; tarsi, 14.

Rostrum pedesque nigri.

Hab. in Nepalia et (verosimiliter) in Sumatra.

This species may be distinguished from Hd. Malabaricus by its
superiority in size, and by the greater fullness and length of its
crest. The recurved feathers of the upper part of the head measure
an inch and a half in length.

Epouius Rancgoonensis. Ed. ater viridi splendens ; rectricum ea-
ternarum scapis longissimis, vevillis late spatulatis ad apicis mar-
ginem exteriorem preditis.

Long. tot. (rectricibus externis exclusis) 12 unc. ; rostr?, 14; ale,

6; caude, 52; tarsi, 1.

Rostrum pedesque nigri.

Hab. apud Rangoon.

Distinguishable from Ed. Malabaricus, to which it is nearly allied,
by its shorter beak, and by the total absence from its forehead of
the fine curled plumes which decorate that bird; the wing is also
somewhat shorter.

Epo.ius Crisuna. Ed. velutino-ater viridi metallice (presertim ad
alas) splendens ; gutturis plumis sublanceolatis, viridibus ; capite
pilis longissimis pluribus ornato ; rectricum externarum vevillis
spiraliter intortis.

Long. tot. (rectricibus externis exclusis) 12 unc. ; rostr?, 14; ale,

7; caude, 6; tarsi, 1.

Crishna Crow, Lath., Hist.

Hab. in Nepalia.

The bill of this species is more cultrated and lengthened than is

usual in the genus. The outer feathers of the tail, which are spi-

6

rally reflected inwards, are not so much produced as those of Ed.
Malabaricus. A very curious character is furnished by the long,
hair-like, black filaments which spring from the head and measure
nearly 4 inches in length.

Eportius viripescens. Ed. intense? splendenti chalybeo-viridis, su-
pra magis saturatus.

Long. tot. 11 unc.; rostri, 14; ale, 53; caude, 5; tarsi, 1.

Rostrum pedesque nigri.

Hab, apud Manillam.

The remaining previously undescribed Birds that were exhibited
were characterized by Mr. Gould as follows:

OrpnHEus MopuLATor. Orph. saturate brunneus, alis pallidioribus
albo bifasciatis ; corpore subtis, gutiure, genis, strigdque super-
ciliart cinerascenti-albidis ; rectricum (preter intermediarum
quatuor) apicibus late albis.

Long. tot. 10 unc.; rostr?, 7; ale, 43; caude, 5; tarsi, &.

Rostrum pedesque saturaté brunnei.

Hab. in Fretu Magellanico.

This is by far the largest of the genus, and is very similar in all
its markings to both Orph. polyglottus and Orph. minor. Although
the bird from which the above character is drawn is from the Straits
of Magalhaens, Mr. Gould is inclined. to believe that it occurs in
Brazil also, and considers it as being, very probably, the Turdus Or-
pheus of Spix, and the grey Pie of Brazil of Edwards.

The bands on the wings are produced by the white tips of the
secondaries.

Ixos tevcoris. [vos supra cinereo-brunneus, subtis pallidior ; ver-
tice, gutture, pectoreque nigris ; auribus genisque albis ; tectrici-
bus caude inferioribus ochraceis.; caudd ad basin cinered in ni-
grescenti-brunneum apicem versus transeunte, rectricum omnium.
apicibus albis.

Long. tot. 64 unc.; rostri, 2; ale, 34; caude, 3; tarsi, 2. .

Rostrum pedesque saturaté brunnei.

Hab. in India Orientali.

Cou.uricinexa Fusca. Coll. supra saturate brunnea, plumis omni-
bus pallidiore marginatis ; subtis cinereo-albida, plumis in medio
lunuld brunned notatis ; uropygii plumarum rectricumque apici-
bus albis.

Long. tot. 11 unc.; rostri, 54; ale, 54; caude, 5; tarsi, 1+.

Rostrum pedesque pallidé brunnei.

Hab. vel in Nova Zeelandia vel in Nova Cambria Australi.

This species is fully a third larger than the Coll. cinerea described

by Mr. Vigors and Dr. Horsfield in the ‘ Linnean Transactions.’

TRICHOPHORUS FLAVEOLUS. Trich. cristatus, supra olivaceo-flaves-
cens, subtts flavus ; alis cauddque olivaceo-brunneis ; genis gut-
tureque sordide albis.

?

Long. tot. 8 unc.; rostri, 1; ale, 4; caude, 34; tarsi, ¢.

Rostrum pedesque corneo-brunnei.

Hab. in montibus Himalayensibus, in Nepalid, &c.

The crest consists of elongated feathers, intermingled with the
hairy bristles usual in the genus.

GEOCICHLA RUBECULA. Geo. dorso, alis, cauddque saturate ceruleo-
cinereis, alis albo late fasciatis ; capite, collo, corporeque subtis
nitide ferrugineis ; crisso caudeque tectricibus inferioribus albis.

Long. tot. 8 unc.; rostri, 1; ale, 44; caude, 2!; tarsi, 1+.

Rostrum nigrum ; tarsi brunnei.

Hab, in Java.

This pretty species resembles in many respects the Red-breast,
Erithacus Rubecula, Swains. It belongs to an interesting group,
which was first characterized by M. Kuhl, and of which the Society’s
collection possesses four well-marked species.

Mr. Gould subsequently directed the attention of the Meeting to
a specimen of the Turdus macrourus of Dr. Latham, with the view
of explaining the characters which induced him to regard that bird
as constituting the type of a new

Genus KITTACINCLA.

Rostrum caput longitudine zquans, ad apicem emarginatum, rec-
tiusculum, compressiusculum.

Nares basales, plumis brevibus utplurimum tecte.

Ale mediocres, rotundate: remige 1m4 brevissima, 4t4 5tdque
subeequalibus, longioribus.

Cauda elongata, gradata.

Tarsi digitique longiusculi, tenues.

Oxs. Maribus color supra utplurimum niger; subtis brunneus
vel albus.

A paper by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., on some of
the Scolopacide of Nipal, was read; the copy transmitted by that
gentleman to the Society containing various corrections of his me-
moir which was published at Calcutta in the ‘Gleanings of Science’
for August, 1831.

Mr. Hodgson’s object in the present paper is to bring under the
notice of zoologists the various species of the family referred to
which occur in Nipal, on the natural history of which country he
has, during a residence of several years, been engaged in making
most extensive researches. The result of these it is his intention
immediately to publish, accompanied by finished representations of
the animals, taken from drawings made in almost every instance
from numerous living individuals of the several races.

Mr. Hodgson first describes in detail the common Woodcock, Sco-
lopax Rusticola, Linn., as it occurs in Nipal; where it is, in every
respect of form and colour, evidently identical with the European
bird. In Nip§l also it seems to be, as it is in Western Europe, of

8

migratory habits: and the periods of its arrival in, and departure
from, Nipal, correspond altogether with the seasons of its appearance
and disappearance in England.

He then proceeds to describe in detail the several kinds of Snipe
which occur in Nipal.

Two of these are so nearly related to the common Snipe of Europe,
Gallinago media, Ray, that Mr. Hodgson is induced to regard them
as being probably specifically identical with that bird: and he ac-
cordingly refers them to it as varieties, which are constantly distin-
guished from each other by the structure of the tail. In one of them
the tail-feathers are fourteen or sixteen in number, and are all of
the same form: in the other the tail-feathers vary in number from
twenty-two to twenty-eight; and the outer ones on either side, to
the number of six, eight, or ten, differ remarkably from those of the
middle, being narrow, hard, and acuminated. The latter bird may,
however, be regarded as the representative of a species to which the
name of Gall. heterura may be given.

The other two Snipes of Nipal are unquestionably distinct from
those of Europe. They are described as the solitary Snipe, Gall. so-
litaria, Hodgs., and the wood Snipe, Gall. nemoricola, Ej.

In the solitary Snipe the wings are remarkably long; the upper
surface, especially on the wings, is minutely dotted, barred, and
streaked, with white intermingled with buff and brown; and the ab-
domen is white, barred along the flanks with brown.

The wood Snipe has the general colourmg of the plumage dark
and sombre; the wings short; the abdomen and the whole of the
under surface thickly barred with transverse lines of dark brown on
a dusky white ground; and a tail of sixteen or eighteen, or very
rarely twenty, feathers.

Mr. Hodgson describes, with the greatest minuteness, each of
these birds, and adverts with the fullest detail to their several habits
and distinguishing peculiarities, as well of manners and of seasons
as of form and plumage.

February 9, 1836.
Rey. F. W. Hope in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by M. Thibaut, and
dated Malta, January 8, 1836. It communicated various particulars
relative to the Giraffes belonging to the Society, which have recently
been obtained by the writer and which are now in his custody, and
may be translated as follows :—

** Having learnt, on my arrival at Malta, that you were desirous
of information on the subject of the four Giraffes which the Society
has entrusted to my care, I regard it as a duty to transmit to you a
short statement, by which you will become aware of the difficulties
that I encountered in obtaining and preserving for the Society
these interesting animals, which are now, I hope, altogether out of
danger.

“* Instructed by Colonel Campbell, His Majesty’s Consul General
in the Levant, and desirous of rendering available for the purposes
of the Zoological Society the knowledge which I had acquired by
twelve years’ experience in travelling in the interior of Africa, I
quitted Cairo on the 15th of April, 1834. After sailing up the
Nile as far as Wadi Halfa (the second cataract), I took camels, and
proceeded to Debbat, a province of Dongolah; whence, on the 14th
of July, I started for the desert of Kordofan.

“ Being perfectly acquainted with the locality, and on friendly
terms with the Arabs of the country, I attached them to me still
more by the desire of profit. All were desirous of accompanying
me in my pursuit of the Giraffes, which, up to that time, they had
hunted solely for the sake of the flesh, which they eat, and of the
skin, from which they make bucklers and sandals. I availed myself
of the emulation which prevailed among the Arabs, and as the sea-
son was far advanced and favourable, I proceeded immediately to
the south-west of Kordofan.

“It was on the 15th of August that I saw the first two Giraffes.
A rapid chase, on horses accustomed to the fatigues of the desert,
put us in possession, at the end of three hours, of the largest of the
two: the mother of one of those now in my charge. Unable to
take her alive, the Arabs killed her with blows of the sabre, and,
cutting her to pieces, carried the meat to the head-quarters which
we had established in a wooded situation; an arrangement neces-
sary for our own comforts and to secure pasturage for the camels of
both sexes which we had brought with us in aid of the object of our
chase. We deferred until the morrow the pursuit of the young

No. XXXVIII.—Procrepines or THE ZooLoGicaL Society.

10

Giraffe, which my companions assured me they would have no diffi -
culty in again discovering. The Arabs are very fond of the flesh of
this animal. I partook of their repast. The live embers were
quickly covered with slices of the meat, which I found to be excel-
lent eating.

“ On the following day, the 16th of August, the Arabs started at
daybreak in search of the young one, of which we had lost sight
not far from our camp. The sandy nature of the soil of the desert
is well adapted to afford indications to a hunter, and in a very short
time we were on the track of the animal which was the object of
our pursuit. We followed the traces with rapidity and in silence,
cautious to avoid alarming the creature while it was yet at a di-
stance from us. Unwearied myself, and anxious to act in the same
manner as the Arabs, I followed them impatiently, and at 9 o’clock
in the morning I had the happiness to find myself in possession
of the Giraffe. A premium was given to the hunter whose horse
had first come up with the animal, and this reward is the more me-
rited as the laborious chase is pursued in the midst of brambles and
of thorny trees.

“« Possessed of this Giraffe, it was necessary to rest for three or
four days, in order to render it sufficiently tame. During this
period an Arab constantly holds it at the end of a long cord. By
degrees it becomes accustomed to the presence of man, and takes a
little nourishment. To furnish milk for it I had brought with me fe-
male camels. It became gradually reconciled to its condition, and was
soon willing to follow, in short stages, the route of our caravan.

“This first Giraffe, captured at four days’ journey to the south-west
of Kordofan, will enable us to form some judgement as to its probable
age at present; as I have observed its growth and its mode of life.
When it first came into my hands, it was necessary to insert a finger
into its mouth in order to deceive it into a belief that the nipple of
its dam was there: then it sucked freely. According to the opinion
of the Arabs, and to the length of time that I have had it, this first
Giraffe cannot, at the utmost, be more than nineteen months old.
Since I have had it, its size has fully doubled.

“ The first run of the Giraffe is exceedingly rapid. The swiftest
horse, if unaccustomed to the desert, could not come up with it un-
less with extreme difficulty. The Arabs accustom their coursers to
hunger and to fatigue; milk generally serves them for food, and
gives them power to continue their exertions during a very long run.
If the Giraffe reaches a mountain, it passes the heights with rapidity:
its feet, which are like those of a Goat, endow it with the dexterity
of that animal ; it bounds over ravines with incredible power ; horses
cannot, in such situations, compete with it.

“ The Giraffe is fond of a wooded country. The leaves of trees
are its principal food. Its conformation allows of its reaching their
tops. The one of which I have previously spoken as having been

li

killed by the Arabs measured 21 French feet in height from the
ears to the hoofs. Green herbs are also very agreeable to this ani-
mal; but its structure does not admit of its feeding on them in the
same manner as our domestic animals, such as the Ox and the
Horse. It is obliged to straddle widely ; its two fore-feet are gra-
dually stretched widely apart from each other, and its neck being
then bent into a semicircular form, the animal is thus enabled to
-collect the grass. But on the instant that any noise interrupts its
repast, the animal raises itself with rapidity, and has recourse to im-
mediate flight.

“ The Giraffe eats with great delicacy, and takes its food leaf by
leaf, collecting them from the trees by means of its long tongue. It
rejects the thorns, and in this respect differs from the Camel. As
the grass on which it is now fed is cut for it, it takes the upper part
only, and chews it until it perceives that the stem is too coarse for
it. Great care is required for its preservation, and especially great
cleanliness.

“It is extremely fond of society and is very sensible. I have
observed one of them shed tears when it no longer saw its com-
panions or the persons who were in the habit of attending to it.

“IT was so fortunate as to collect five individuals at Kordofan ;
but the cold weather of December, 1834, killed four of them in the
desert on the route to Dongolah, my point of departure for Bebbah.
Only one was preserved; this was the first specimen that I ob-
tained, and the one of which I have already spoken. After twenty-
two days in the desert, I reached Dongolah on the 6th of January,
1835.

** Unwilling to return to Cairo without being really useful to the
Society, and being actually at Dongolah, I determined on resuming
the pursuit of Giraffes. I remained for three months in the desert,
crossing it in all directions. Arabs in whom I could confide accom-
panied me, and our course was through districts destitute of every-
thing. We had to dread the Arabs of Darfour, of which country I
saw the first mountain. We were successful in our researches. I
obtained three Giraffes, smaller than the one I already possessed.
Experience suggested to me the means of preserving them.

** Another trial was reserved for me: that of transporting the
animals, by bark, from Wadi Halfa to Cairo, Alexandria, and Malta.
Providence has enabled me to surmount all difficulties. The most
that they suffered was at sea, during their passage, which lasted
twenty-four days, with the weather very tempestuous.

“ L arrived at Malta on the 21st of November. We were there
detained in quarantine for twenty-five days, after which, through the
kind care of Mr. Bourchier, these valuable animals were placed in a
good situation, where nothing is wanting for their comfort. With
the view of preparing them for the temperature of the country to
which they will eventually be removed, I have not thought it ad-

12

visable that they should be clothed. During the last week the
cold has been much greater than they have hitherto experienced ;
but they have, thanks to the kindness of Mr. Bourchier, everything
that can be desired.

«« These four Giraffes, three males and one female, are so interest-
ing and so beautiful, that I shall exert myself to the utmost to be of
use tothem. It is possible that they may breed; already I observe in
them some tendency towards mutual attachment. They are capable of
walking for six hours a day without the slightest fatigue. —G. T.”

Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, exhibited a specimen
of the Trogon resplendens, Gould, and one of the Trog. pavoninus,
Spix; and stated that he was indebted to the kindness of M. Nat-
terer, who was present at the Meeting, for the opportunity of de-
monstrating, by the juxtaposition of the Birds, the correctness of
the determination which he had made in regarding them as distinct
species. Mr. Gould directed particular attention to the several
characters and distinguishing marks which he had pointed out to
the Society on March 10, 1835, and which had subsequently been
published in the ‘ Proceedings,’ part iii. p. 29, and again dwelt
especially on the fact that in Trog. resplendens the hinder feathers of
the back, which are fully 3 feet in length, hang gracefully far away
beyond the tail; while in Trog. pavoninus the lengthened feathers of
the back are rarely equal in length to the tail: in only one instance
has M. Natterer known them, in the latter bird, to exceed the tail
by so much as a quarter of an inch.

The reading was concluded of a paper ‘‘ On the Anatomy of the
Lamellibranchiate Conchiferous Animals, by Robert Garner, Esq.,
F.L.S.,” a portion of which had been read at the meeting on No-
vember 24, 1835.

Founded principally on the author’s individual observations,
which have extended to the animals of several genera the anatomi-
cal structure of which is hitherto insufficiently known, this commu-
nication embodies also much information derived from the works of
Poli, Cuvier, Bojanus, Home, M. de Blainville, and others. It is so
arranged as to constitute a condensed memoir on the subject to which
it is devoted, comprehending a summary of all that is yet known
respecting it.

After some general remarks on the high importance of a know-
ledge of the structure of the animals that form those shells which
have at all times attracted the attention of the curious, but to an
acquaintance with which many naturalists, until of late years, have
been content to limit themselves, Mr. Garner proceeds to speak of
the position of the animal with respect to the shell ; and thence to
describe the variations in the form of the animal which occasion those
appearances in the shell on which rest the primary subdivisions

13

made by conchologists among the Lamellibranchiate Conchifera. He
regards Anomia as being in some measure intermediate between this
order and the Brachiopoda ; and in illustration of this view describes
with some detail the structure of the animal of that genus.

Mr. Garner then adverts to the mode of growth of the shells and
to their structure, and considers them in the variations in form
which some of them undergo in their progress from the embryo to
the adult state. He dwells also on the diversity of form assumed by
the several groups of Bivalves, and shows in what manner these are
occasioned by the form of the animal that produces the shelly cover-
ings; referring to the foot especially as exercising in this respect a
very remarkable influence.

The general review of the external form of the animal is succeeded
by an account of the several systems of which it is composed. These
are treated of in the following order: 1. Muscular system; 2. Ner-
vous system; 3. Digestive system; 4. Circulating system ; 5. Respi-
ratory system; 6. Excretory system; 7. Cilia (and into this part of
his subject the author enters with more than usual detail); and, 8.
Reproductive system. Under each of these heads a rapid review is
taken of the principal variations that occur in the order, and the
illustrative examples referred to are generally numerous.

Finally, the author devotes a section of his paper to the diseases
and the parasites of the animals on which he treats.

In conclusion, Mr. Garner submits the subjoined tabular view
of an

Anatomical Classification of the LaMELLIBRANCHIATE ConcuI-
FEROUS ANIMALS.

With but one adductor muscle. Monomyaria, Lam.

Tentacles very long, not distinct from the bran-
chi ; an additional muscular system........ Anomia.

Tentacles short, separate from the branchie.
Nooote oii SRere48 RS I PF SOxtred.
A foot.
Branchie disunited medianly.
Foot long, cylindrical ; ocelli at the edge
of thietm devtie "5-44 1, 302 OR RY Pecten.
Foot short, thick, with a disk at the ex-
tremity, from the centre of —

OCCUIE ee at Ti .. Spondylus.
Foot compressed ; no ocelli.’. | .. Lima.
Branchie conjoined medianly ...... ..-. Vulsella.*

14

With two adductor muscles. Dimyanrra, Lam.

Mantle without separate orifices or tubes.
Foot slender, byssiferous; tentacles fixed.. Avicula.*

Foot thick, rounded, with a callosity...... Area.
Foot compressed, securiform ............ Pectunculus.
Foot oval below, its margin tentacular, ten-
tacles'voluteosa Ft PN? Cores, fee Nucula.
Foot large, pointed anteriorly, bent at an
deere SE, Fee Oe ae te prea eo Trigonia.*

Mantle with a distinct anal orifice.
Foot small, byssiferous.
Anterior muscle small; retractile muscles
of the foot numerous ; byssus large.
Byssus divided to its base ........ Mytilus.
Byssus with a common corneous cen-
Fe SE ey eR ee Modiola.
Anus furnished with a long ligulate
WIG nin o's e* Sin ees Aare Pinna.*
Muscles equal; two pairs of retractile
muscles only; byssus rudimentary.... Lithodomus.
Foot large, not byssiferous ............+. Unio.

Mantle with a superior and inferior orifice; not
elongated into tubes.
Mantle widely open’: . oo... wes Cardium.
Mantle closed around the foot or byssus.
Foot short and discal, byssiferous; an-

terior muscle'small’. 3. Te: Tridacna.*
Foot small, cylindrical, bent at an angle;

lige Toles ee wo oe ... Chama.*
Foot small, sharp; lips simple ........ Isocardia.*

Mantle with two produced tubes, or siphons.
Branchie not produced into the lower tube.
Mantle closed around the foot ........ Loripes.*
Mantle open.
Tubes disunited ; foot lanceolate.
Foot large, rather falciform ; external
branchie shortened; mantle tenta-
cular ; labial tentacles large...... Donac.
Foot small; external branchie short-
ened; edge of the mantle simple;
tentacles small...........-.-.-- Psammobia.
Foot moderate; external branchie as
long as the internal; tentacles
large ; margin of the mantle en-
fire,..-2::).'. » sete eepiee . Tellina.
Foot small; branchia equal ; mantle
CRRAE MIE, ok '6 soe win i hie Amphidesma.

15

Tubes more or less united ; foot various.
Branchie united medianly.
Tubes small, partially divided ; foot
very long, obtuse............ Cyclas.
Tubes small, united to the ex-
tremity; foot very long and

POMEUCI isis tecidie es Lelere cele sake Mactra.
Tubes large, foot short and promi-
ene MeRING 2... as cee. .. Venerupis.

Branchie disunited medianly.
Foot lanceolate, prominent behind ;

tubes small, united .......... Cytherea.
Foot securiform ; tubes larger and
more or less distinct.......... Venus.

Branchie produced into, or attached to, the
lower tube; tubes always united.
Mantle only open inferiorly for the protru-
sion of the foot.
Tubes small; lips long.
Foot small; branchie of each side
united into one..../..... »-.... Pandora.
Foot larger; branchie separate .... Corbula.
* Tubes long; lips small.
Foot not byssiferous ; tubes large and
RUPGICCONS fe dina sie + Subs watts Mya,
Foot byssiferous; tubes moderate .. Hiatella.
Mantle open anteriorly.
Foot long, club-shaped ; tubes short .. Solen.
Foot very short, rounded.
Two distinct adductor muscles, the an-
terior one situated below a reflect-
ed portion of the mantle uniting
the beaks instead of a cartilage ;
tentacles large ......008.005.0: Pholas.
Body very elongated ; adductor mus-
cles united; end of the mantle with
two calcareous pieces; tentacles
small; no cartilage nor reflected
portion of the mantle ........ .. Teredo.

For the anatomy of the several genera marked in the above table
with an (*), the author acknowledges himself indebted either to
Cuvier, Poli, or M. de Blainville.

He refers occasionally to other genera, besides those enumerated,
= included in the groups distinguished by the characters given
above.

16

Mr. Garner’s paper was accompanied by numerous drawings of
the objects and structures described in it, which were exhibited in
illustration of his communication.

February 23, 1836.
The Rey. J. Barlow in the Chair.

Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, exhibited specimens
of numerous Birds forming part of the Society’s collection; and di-
rected the attention of the Meeting to those which he regarded as
the most interesting among them.

He stated that one of them was especially curious as exhibiting a
form of Insessorial Bird, not safely referrible to any known family ;
on which account he proposed to consider it as the type of a group
to be designated

PaRADOXORNIS.

Rostrum altitudine longitudinem superans, ad basin vibrissis in-
structum: mandibuld superiore valdé compressa ; culmine acuto,
valdé arcuato; tomio edentulo, apicem versus valdé incurvo, ad
basin producto: mandibuld inferiore ad basin lata, robusta; to-
mio emarginato.

Nares parve, rotundatz, pone rostrum site.

Ale breves, rotundate : remigibus 4ta, 5ta, et 6ta longioribus.

Cauda mediocris, gradata.

Tarsi robusti, leves.

Pedes magni, subtis lati: digitis magnis ; halluce ungueque postico
maximis.

Ptilosis ampla, laxa.

The breadth of the under surfaces of the feet is so great as to in-

dicate considerable powers of grasping.

ParADOXoRNIS FLAVIROsTRIS. Par. arenaceo-brunneus, subtis pal-
lidior ; capite nuchdque rufo-brunneis ; auribus partim aterrimis ;
facie guttureque albis nigro variis ; pectore nigro.

Long. tot. 8 unc.; ale, 34; caude, 44; tarsi, 14; hallucis (ar-
cuati), z.

Rostrum splendidé aurantiaco-flavum ; pedes ccerulescentes.

Hab. (verosimiliter) in Nepalia.

Mr. Gould regarded another of the Birds exhibited as the repre-
sentative of a new type among the Thrushes; and characterized it as
the type of the genus

, AcTINODURA.

Rostrum subcompressum, subarcuatum, ad apicem subemargi-

natum.

Nares basales, lineares, operculo magno tectez.

Ale molles, breviuscule, concave: remige 1ma brevissima, 4ta
5taque longioribus.

18

Cauda mollis, elongata, gradata.

Tarsi elongati.

Pedes majusculi: halluce ungueque postico longiusculis.

Ptilosis mollis, laxa.

The wings and tail in the birds of this group are transversely
barred. The typical species are crested.

Acrinopura Ecrrtoni. Act. cristata; supra nitide rufo-brunnea
olivaceo tincta, subtis pallidé rufo-brunnea; cristd, occipite, ge-
nisque brunnescenti-cinereis ; remigibus ad basin rufis, pogoniis
nigro flavoque fasciatis ; secundariis nigro brunneoque fasciatis ;
rectricibus sordide rufo-brunneis, lineis saturatioribus transversim
notatis, alboque apiculatis.

Long. tot. 8} unc.; ale, 33; caude, 43; tarsi, 14; rostri, 1.

Rostrum pedesque brunnei.

Hab. in Nepalia.

The specimen described was presented to the Society by Sir P.

Grey Egerton, Bart., M.P.

The following species were also characterized by Mr. Gould:

Corvus pEcrorauis. Corv. niger caruleo iridescens ; maculd nu-
chali latd fascidque lunatd pectorali albis.

Long. tot. 17 unc.; rostri, 24; ale, 114; caude, 74; tarsi, 24.

Rostrum pedesque nigri.

Hab. in China.

Statura Corv. Corone.

Corvus curvirostRis. Corv. niger chalybeo-ceruleo purpureogue
iridescens ; maculd dorsali fascidque latd ventrali albis.

Long. tot. 17 unc.; rostri, 21; ale, 122; caude, 74; tarsi, 24.

Rostrum pedesque nigri.

Hab. in Africa Occidentali.

Nearly allied to the Corv. scapulatus, Daud., a species of Southern
Africa; but smaller in all its proportions, and possessing a bill
which is rather feeble and considerably curved.

PRIONITES C@RULICEPS. Pri. iridescenti-olivaceo-viridis, pteroma-
tibus secundariisque magis viridibus ; caudd ad basin viridi, dein
ceruled, ad apicem nigrd; capite ceruleo, fascid frontali fla-
vescenti-viridi, linedque nigrd a nare per oculum auremque utrin-
que ductd et finem versus ceruleo submarginatd, notato.

Long. tot. 18 unc.; rostri, 14; ale, 54; cauda, 114; tarsi, 14.

Rostrum nigrum ; pedes brunnei.

Hab. in regione Tamaulipas dicta.

The two middle tail-feathers have their shafts naked towards the
end, as is usual in the genus, for the space of 2 inches; and the
bird is decorated with the ordinary tufts of black feathers springing
from the lower part of the throat.

19

Puycrotopuus PRopuctus. Plyct. rostro elongato ; brunneus, capite
nuchdque pallide brunnescenti-griseis, harum dorsique plumis sa-
turatiore marginatis ; uropygio, ventre, crissoque saturate rubris;
gutture pectoreque flavis, illo ad gulam rubro tincto ; alarum flex-
urd subtis flava olivaceo-rufo tinctd ; rectricibus ad basin auran-
tiaco-flavo brunneoque fasciatis ; remigum pogoniis internis ad
basin subtisque sordidé rufo brunneoque fasciatis.

Long. tot. 15 unc.; ale, 10; caude, 6; tarsi, 13; rostri, 24.

Rostrum pallidum ; pedes saturaté brunnei.

Hab.

The bill is exceedingly produced, the upper mandible extending

fully one half of its total length beyond the lower.

The bird belongs to that group which has been distinguished by

M. Kuhl among the Plyctolophi under the name of Nestor.

A paper by Mr. Owen was read, entitled, ‘‘ Descriptions of some
new or rare Cephalopoda, collected by Mr. George Bennett, Corr.
Memb. Z.S.” The subjects referred to in it included specimens of
Cranchia scabra, Leach; a small nondescript Loligo ; the head and
principal viscera of a Decapodous Dibranchiate-Cephalopod from Port
Jackson; a small nondescript species of Octopus; and a very small
specimen of Argonauta hians, with its Cephalopodous inhabitant (Ocy-
thoe Cranchii, Leach), and a large cluster of ova: all of which were
exhibited, in illustration of the communication, by permission: of the
Curators of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, of which
collection they now form part.

The specimen of Cranchia scabra was taken by Mr. George Ben-
nett in a towing net in lat. 12°15’ S., long. 10° 15' W.; and was
at first regarded by him as a species of Medusa: and Mr. Owen
observes, that from the uncommon form which this very remarkable
Cephalopod presents, one cannot feel surprised that it should have
been, at the first view, referred by its captor to a Radiate family,
with which the Cephalopods bear, in more than one respect, an ana-
logical relation. ©

As the type of its genus Mr. Owen eonsiders the Cranch. scabra
with reference to the generic characters that separate Cranchia from
the neighbouring groups: from Loligo and Onychoteuthis it is di-
stinguished by the continuity of its mantle with the dorsal parietes
of the head; and from Sepioteuthis, Sepiola, and Rossia by the pro-
portions and position of its fins. The form of the fins alone is evi-
dently insufficient in Cephalopods for generic distinctions, as will
appear from considering the variations in this respect that occur in
the several species of the well-marked genus Onychoteuthis, Licht. ;
and also in the several species of Loligo as at present restricted, some
of which, especially Lol. brevis, Blainv., make so close an approxi-
mation to Cranch. scabra in the rounded contour, as well as the ter-
minal position, of their fins, that were it not that the exterior margin
of the mantle is in all of them free on its dorsal aspect, the latter
Cephalopod, notwithstanding its singular form, could not be sepa-
rated generically from the Loligines on external characters alone.

20

As in the figures published by Férussac of the Cephalopods named
Cranch, cardioptera by Péron and Cranch. minima by himself, the
anterior margin of the mantle appears to be free on its dorsal aspect,
similarly to that of the true Loligines, it must be doubted whether
these species are correctly referred to the genus Cranchia: and the
same doubt may perhaps be extended to Cranch. Bonelliana, Fér.,
in the description of which no mention is made of the adhesion or
otherwise of the mantle to the posterior part of the head. This ad-
hesion Mr. Owen regards as an essential character of the genus.

The specimen of Cranchia scabra on which the genus was founded
by Dr. Leach, having been imperfect in some of its parts, Mr. Owen
carefully describes the species anew from the perfect individual ob-
tained by Mr. George Bennett; which is smaller than the original
specimen, measuring only 1 inch § lines in total length to the end
of the outstretched tentacle. The body is remarkable for its great
flaccidity, which is owing to the very small space occupied by the
viscera: these are situated at its anterior part, and not, as in Loli-
gopsis, at the bottom of the sac. Besides this disproportion between
the bulk of the viscera and the capacity of the containing sac, Cran-
chia has other relations with Loligopsis in the absence of the infun-
dibular valve, which exists in all the other Decapodous Cephalopods ;
and in the non-articulation of the base of the siphon by a double
ball and socket joint to the internal surface of the ventro-lateral -
parts of the mantle. In the Decapodous Cephalopods generally the
funnel is articulated to the mantle, at the anterior part of its base,
by two ball and socket joints, the projection being on the mantle
and the socket on the funnel; both consisting of cartilage, covered
with a fine synovial membrane. The projecting cartilage is of an
oval form in the Cuttle-fish: but in Loligo it forms an elongated
ridge; which in Onychoteuthis commences at the anterior margin of
the mantle and extends one third down the sac, forming two thin
lateral cartilaginous /amine placed rather towards the ventral aspect
of the mantle: an elongated groove in the opposite sides of the fun-
nel plays upon each of these ridges. In Loligopsis the sides of the
funnel adhere to the corresponding cartilaginous /amine, which differ
from the lateral cartilages of other Decapodous Cephalopods only by
their greater length and tuberculated form. In Cranchia, as in the
Octopoda, these cartilages are entirely wanting; but the ventral
parietes of the base of the siphon become expanded, thin, and trans-
parent; and adhere to and become continuous with the correspond-
ing parts of the mantle.

Mr. Owen regards as new the species of Loligo referred to, and
describes it under the name of Lol. laticeps : four specimens of it, the
largest of which measures only 14 inch from the extremity of the
mantle to the end of the outstretched tentacle, were obtained by
Mr. George Bennett among the Sargasso weed, in lat. 29° N., long.
47° W. When alive they were of a fine purple colour with dark.
red spots. The specimens are now destitute of colour on the fins
and on the under surface of the third and fourth pairs of arms, and
the spots are but few on the under part of the head and mantle;

21

on the inner surface of the first, second, and third pairs of arms the
dark pigment is disposed in broad, irregularly shaped, transverse
bands, passing across between each of the pairs of suckers.

The head, as is indicated by the trivial name, is comparatively
broad; and the arms which it supports are relatively longer than in
the Loligines generally, the second and third pairs being nearly
equal in length to the trunk. The body is subcylindrical and coni-
cal, gradually diminishing in circumference till it terminates in a
point at the posterior margin of the fins, which do not extend con-
joined together beyond this part. The fins are terminal and dorsal,
a space of about half a line intervening between their origins ante-
riorly, whence their bases converge and are united at the apex of
the trunk: their superior contour is an obtuse angle; their inferior
margin is rounded.

In the Cephalopod described as Cranchia cardioptera, Pér., to which
the species under consideration has a superficial resemblance, the
terminal fins have a semicircular contour, and their origins are
widely separated anteriorly; they also extend beyond the termina-
tion of the trunk: the trunk, moreover, is broader in proportion to
the head, and does not diminish gradually to a point, but is rounded
off at the posterior extremity. The Cranchia minima of Férussac
may be at once distinguished from Lol. laticeps by the extension of
the trunk beyond the small rounded fins, which gives a trilobate
contour to the termination of the body.

In internal organization Lol. laticeps agrees with the other Loli-
gines whose anatomical structure has been ascertained.

The fragments of the Decapodous Cephalopod obtained at Port
Jackson are too imperfect to allow of their being satisfactorily re-
ferred generically: they may, however, have belonged to a species
of Loligo or of Sepioteuthis. As in some species of both these
genera, the outer lip was characterized by eight short processes, on
the inner surface of which, at the extremity of each, were three or
four small suckers, attached by peduncles, and having precisely the
same structure as those of the eight large exterior arms. In this
repetition of the structure of the external series of cephalic processes
there is an evident analogy to the different series of labial processes
of Nautilus. In some species, as for instance Lol. Pealii, Le Sueur,
the acetabuliferous labial processes are more developed than in
Mr. George Bennett’s specimen. In Lol. corolliflora, Til., they have
been compared by Bojanus to the internal shorter series of tentacles
of a Medusa; affording another evidence of the analogy, though
remote, between the Cephalopods and the Radiata.

The two lateral processes at the termination of the rectum being,
in this instance, evidently adapted to form a valve for the closure of
the anus, Mr. Owen was induced to examine the corresponding
structure in other species; and to conclude, from his examination,
that similar appendages, although varying in form and position,
perform the same office in other Decapoda. The slenderness of the
anal processes in Onychoteuthis and Loligopsis being such as to pre-
clude the possibility of their acting as mechanical guards, it is in-

22

ferred that they may perform the function of instruments of sensa-
tion, and convey the stimulus to contract to the muscular parts
that close the outlet of the alimentary canal. In the Octopoda the
anus is not similarly provided; and, indeed, it may be generally re-
marked that valvular or other guards are developed among the Ce-
phalopoda only in such as have the power of propelling themselves
forwards in the water.

The generative apparatus forming part of the fragments referred
to, Mr. Owen examined it with some care. His most important
observation relative to these organs relates to a small round flat
fleshy body, attached near the anterior aperture of each of the two
nidamental glands, destitute of any outlet, and of an orange colour.
A single bilobed organ, of a bright orange or red colour, similarly
connected with the anterior extremities of the nidamental glands,
exists (as was long since pointed out by Swammerdam) in the Cut-
tle-fish. In Sepiola the corresponding body is single, and of a rose
colour. And there exist two such bodies in a small Cephalopod
taken by Capt. Ross on the shore of Boothia, which Mr. Owen has
recently described under the name of Rossia palpebrosa. Consider-
ing the bright colours which these bodies commonly present, and
their structure and relations to the generative apparatus, Mr. Owen
feels authorized in regarding them as analogous to the suprarenal
bodies, hitherto regarded as peculiar to the Vertebrate series.

The small Octopus described by Mr. Owen was obtained by Mr.
George Bennett, like the Loligo laticeps, among the Sargasso weed;
which forms, as it were, a bank in the midst of the ocean, affording
shelter to many marine animals of littoral genera. The condition
of the generative organs would appear to indicate that the specimens
brought home were not adult, and the species consequently may be
assumed to attain a greater size than that of the largest individual
in the collection, which measures only 14 inch from the end of the
sac to the extremity of the longest arm. Of the eight arms the first,
or dorsal, pair is the longest, as is the case in many species of Oc-
topus ; the second pair is nearly of the same length as the first; the
third pair (which in the Decapods is commonly the longest) is scarcely
half the length of the first; the fourth pair is nearly two thirds of
the length of the first. The musculo-membranous web, which is
usually extended between the bases of all the arms in the Octopi, is
in this species developed to the ordinary extent between the four
dorsal arms only: the webs between the second and third arms,
and the third and fourth arms, on each side, are very short; that
between the fourth pair is wanting. From this peculiarity Mr. Owen
proposes to name the species Octopus semipalmatus.

Its anatomy generally agrees with that of Oct. vulgaris.

The remaining specimens described by Mr. Owen are the shell
and animal of Argonauta hians, Lam. They were obtained in lat.
4°S., long. 17° W. The animal was alive at the time of its capture
by Mr. George Bennett, but fell out of its shell when it was moved
on the following morning. A mass of eggs was then exposed in the
involuted portion of the shell, which increased so greatly in size after

23

being put into spirit that they now occupy so much of the cavity
that not more than one third of the body of the parent could be
forced into it.

Referring to the fact that the Cephalopods hitherto found in the
shells of each species of Argonauta have invariably presented
characters as specifically distinct as those of the shells in which they
were found, each species of animal having appropriated to it its own
peculiar species of shell—a fact which extends not only to Arg.
Argo, Arg. tuberculata, and Arg. hians, but also to an undescribed
species obtained in the Indian seas by Capt. P. P. King, R.N., for
which Mr. Owen proposes the name of Arg. rufa, he is disposed to
believe that the shell really belongs to the animal that occurs in it.
On this account he speaks of the animal in question as the Arg. hians,
discarding the name of Ocythoé Cranchii applied to it by Dr. Leach.

In carefully describing the specimen before him, Mr. Owen cor-
rects some errors in the account given of the animal by its original
describer, and furnishes various particulars which, from the con-
tracted state of his individuals, were unobserved by Dr. Leach. He
also adverts to the statement made by that able zoologist, that
in this species all the internal organs are essentially the same as in
Octopus : and remarks that Arg. hians, like Arg. Argo, recedes from
the naked Octopods and approaches the Decapods in the structure of
the branchial hearts, which are provided with a fleshy appendage,
in the form of the appendages cf the vena cava, which are shorter
and thicker; and in the relative position of the lozenge-shaped ink-
bag, which is not buried in the substance of the liver, but lies in its
anterior concavity: the inferior salivary glands are also relatively
smaller. The following differences, as compared with Octopus, oc-
cur in other internal organs which adhere to the type of structure
that characterizes the Octopodous tribe of the Dibranchiata: the
laminated pancreatic bag is of a triangular form, and not spirally
disposed; the two oviducts are devoid of the circular laminated
glands which surround them in Octopus about the middle of their
course; they are also disposed in four or five convolutions as they
pass behind the roots of the branchie; and they terminate at a rela-
tively greater distance from the base of the funnel.

Mr. Owen then describes various portions of the internal struc-
ture of Argonauta; and especially its brain, its principal nervous
cords, and the lateral muscles, here at their minimum of develop-
ment, which attain in Nautilus, as the muscles of attachment to the
shell, so enormous a size. 7

The eggs are in nearly the same state of development as those
which have been described by Mr. Bauer and by Dr. Roget ; and
consequently afforded no conclusive proof as to the nature of the
connexion of the animal with the shell. In one of them, from the
form of the opake body contained within it, Mr. Owen for a moment
entertained the idea that the nucleus of the real shell might be
found: on tearing open, however, the external tissue, the contained
substance turned out to be nothing more than the yelk, separated
by an intervening stratum of clear fluid from the transparent mem-

24

brana vitelli; and the whole substance of the opake mass separated
into the flakes, granules, and globules of oil, of which the vitellus is
usually composed : there was not a trace of any consistent parts of
an embryo, nor the slightest particle of calcareous matter.

Mr. Owen concludes his communication by a tabular view of the
Cephalopoda, exhibiting the external and internal characters common
to the entire class; those of the several orders and families com-
prised in it; and the names of the genera included in each family.

25

March 8, 1836.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Ogilby read a paper, entitled “‘ Observations on the oppos-
able power of the Thumb in certain Mammals, considered as a zoolo-
gical character : and on the Natural Affinities which subsist between
the Bimana, Quadrumana, and Pedimana.”

In the summer of 1829 it occurred to Mr. Ogilby to observe that
two living individuals of Mycetes Seniculus did not use the extre-
mities of their anterior limbs for the purpose of holding objects be-
tween the fingers and thumb, as is common among the Quadrumana ;
and he ascertained also, on closer examination, that the thumb, as
it has generally been considered, was not in these animals opposable
to the other fingers, but originated in the same line with them.
Struck with the apparent singularity of the fact, he was induced to
pay particular attention to all the other animals, referred by zoolo-
gists to the Quadrumanous family. to which he had access; and the
continued observation of more than six years has assured him that
the non-opposable character of the inner finger of the anterior ex-
tremities, which he first observed in the specimens referred to, is
not confined to. the genus Mycetes, but extends throughout the
whole of the genera of the South American Monkeys, individuals of
all of which have now been seen by him in the living state. In
none of them, consequently, does a true thumb exist on the ante-
rior limbs : and as a further consequence it follows, that the whole
of them have hitherto been incorrectly referred to the Quadrumana
by zoologists generally. There is a solitary exception among de-
scriptive writers from this mode of viewing the subject, D’Azara
(as Mr. Ogilby has very recently become aware) having spoken of
the anterior extremities of some of the species observed by him as

. having five fingers originating on the same line with each other :

but the statements of that original observer appear, in this respect,
either to have been unnoticed by other authors or to have been
passed by as undeserving of attention, so entirely were they at va-
riance with the preconceived notions of all.

Of the eight natural genera which include all the known Monkeys
of the Western Hemisphere, one, Afeles, is entirely destitute of a
thumb, or has that member existing only ina rudimentary form be-
neath the skin. In five others, Mycetes, Lagothrix, Aotus, Pithecia,
and Hapale, the anterior thumbs (using the ordinary expression for
them) are placed absolutely on the same line with the other fingers,
are of the same form with them, act invariably in the same direc-
tion, and are totally incapable of being opposed tothem. In the two
remaining genera, Cebus and Callithrix, the extremities of the an-
terior limbs have a greater external resemblance to the hands‘of Man
and of the Monkeys of the Old World: the internal finger is placed

No. XXXIX.—Proceepines oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SocIETY.

26

further back than the general line of the other fingers, and has, on
that account, when superficially noticed, the semblance of being
opposed to them; but, as has been correctly observed by D’Azara
with reference to Ceb. capucinus, it is less separated than in Man:
it is, besides, of precisely the same slender form with the rest, is
weaker than them, absolutely without power of opposition to them,
and habitually acts in the same direction with them. ‘The impres-
sion derived from contemplating the hands of the Old World Mon-
keys might induce the belief that the extremities of the Cedi are si-
milarly constituted: but if the knowledge that in Mycetes, Pithecia,
&c., there are no opposable thumbs, lead to a close observation of ,
the anterior extremities of the Ced7, it will be found that they do
not act as hands,and cannot be considered as possessing the powers
of those organs. From innumerable observations of many species
of that genus Mr. Ogilby states that it was very evident, notwith-
standing the fallacious appearance occasioned by the backward posi-
tion of the organ, that they had not the power of opposing the
thumb to the other fingers in the act of prehension: and, in fact,
their principal power of prehension seems to be altogether indepen-
dent of the thumb, for, generally speaking, that member was not
brought into action at all, at least not simultaneously with the other
fingers, but hung loosely on one side, as Mr. Ogilby has seen it do,
in like circumstances, in the Opossums, Phalangers, and other ar-
boreal Mammals: when actually brought into play, however, the
thumb of the Cedi invariably acted in the same direction as the other
fingers. Cebus consequently agrees in the character of non-oppos-
ableness of thumb with the nearly allied genera. And in this hi-
therto unsuspected peculiarity zoologists obtain a far more impor-
tant character by which to distinguish the Monkeys of the Old. and
New World than that hitherto relied on, the comparative thickness
of the septum narium, or than the accessory aids afforded by the
absence of cheek-pouches and callosities. Hence, according to
Mr. Ogilby, as the Monkeys of America have now been ascertained to
be destitute of anterior hands, they can be no longer included among
the Quadrumana; and he proposes in consequence to regard them as
Pedimana. He-considers that in the latter series, the Monkeys of
America form a group parallel to that of the Monkeys of the Old
World among the Quadrumana: and viewing the Quadrumana as
consisting of two primary groups, that of which Simia forms the ~
type, and the Lemuride, he proceeds to analyse the Pedimana in
order to determine whether any group analogous to the Lemurs
exists in it. He finds such a group in the association of the genera
Didelphis, Cheironectes, Phalangista, Petaurus, and Phascolarctos,
(together with a new genus, Pseudochirus, which he has found it
necessary to separate from Phalangista as at present constituted) ;
and for this association he uses the name of Didelphide. Aware
that the modifications observable in the dentary systems of these
several genera have been regarded by many zoologists as betoken-
ing a difference of regimen, which has led to their being viewed as
constituting distinct families; he, in the first place, states, as the

27

result of his observation of the habits of the numerous species of all
these genera which have been, from time to time, exhibited in the
Society’s Gardens, that there is little or no difference, in this re-
spect, between the Opossums and Phalangers, but that all are equally
omnivorous ; and then proceeds to discuss the modifications that
exist among them in the number and form of the several kinds of
teeth, which are not, in his estimation, so very different in reality
between the Opossums and Phalangers as they appear to be at first
sight. In further support of his opinion that this association of ge-
nera forms a natural family, Mr. Ogilby refers to the gradual and
uninterrupted transition from the naked-prehensile-tailed Opossums
of South America, through the equally naked-tailed Couscous, Ba-
lantia, of the Indian Isles, to the true Phalangers; and from these
to the Petaurists directly on the one hand, and by means of the
Pseudocheirs to the Koalas on the other.

On the prehensile power of the tail Mr. Ogilby particularly in-
sists, as on a faculty possessed by the greater number of the Pedi-
mana, and as one which is, in truth, almost confined to them: only
chree known genera belonging to other groups, Synetherus, Myrme-
cophaga, and Cercoleptes, being endowed with it. He remarks on
this faculty as on one of considerable importance, affording as it
does, in some degree, a compensation for the absence of opposable
thumbs on the anterior limbs. Combined with the prehensile tail,
in every known instance, whether among the Pedimana or in other
groups, is a slowness and apparent cautiousness of metion, not ob-
servable in any of the Quadrumana except in the Nycticebi. In none
of the true Quadrumana is the tail prehensile.

Another evidence of the distinctness, as two groups, of the Qua-
drumana and the Pedimana, is furnished by their geographical distri-
bution. The Quadrumana are strictly confined to the limits of the
Old World : the Pedimana, almost as exclusively to the New World;
for Mr. Ogilby considers the continent of Australia to belong more
properly to America than to Asia. The very few apparent excep-
tions that occur to this latter position are in the presence of some
species of Phalangers in the long chain of islands that connect the
south-eastern shores of Asia with the north-eastern coast of Aus-
tralia; islands which may, in truth, be fairly regarded as belonging
partly to the one and partly to the other, and the productions of
which might consequently be expected to partake of the character
of both.

Mr. Ogilby subsequently adverts to another Pedimanous animal,
the Aye-Aye of Madagascar, constituting the genus Cheiromys ; re-
specting the affinities of which he speaks with hesitation, because,
having never had an opportunity of examining the animal itself, he
is acquainted with its characters only at second-hand. He is, how-
ever, disposed to regard it as representing a third group among the
Pedimana, to be placed in a station intermediate between the Mon-
keys of the New World and the Didelphide. With the latter he
would, in fact, be disposed to associate it, were it not destitute of
the marsupial character which belongs to all the other animals com-

28

prised in that group. In some of the Didelphide, the Phalangers
and Petaurists especially, there is a marked approximation to that
rodent form of incisor teeth which obtains in Cheiromys, and which
has hitherto been regarded as especially attaching to it an abnormal
character.

Man is the only other animal furnished with hands; and how-
ever distinct he may be as regards his moral and intellectual powers,
he must, zoologically, be considered on physical grounds. By his
structural characters he becomes associated with all those of which
mention has previously been made in Mr. Ogilby’s communication ;
although he unquestionably constitutes among them a peculiar group,
sensibly exalted above the rest, as well as above all other Mammals.

Mr.Ogilby concludes by proposing the name of Cheiropeds, Cheiro-
poda, to include all the Mammals that are possessed of hands ; and
by subjoining a table of the families and genera included in this or-
der, as he regards it. Of this table the following may be regarded
as an abstract.

Class. MamMaAtia.

Order. CHEIROPODA,

Mammals with opposable thumbs
On the anterior extremities only ............ Bimana.
On both anterior and posterior extremities.... QuapRuMANA-
And with anthropoid teeth,

Monkeys of the Old World.
abnormal teeth,
Lemuride.

On the posterior extremities only............ PEDIMANA.
And with anthropoid teeth,

Monkeys of the New World.
rodent teeth,
Cheiromys.

abnormal teeth,

Didelphida.

March 22, 1836.

Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair

The following Notes by Mr. Martin on the visceral and osteological
Anatomy of the Cariama, Dicholophus cristatus, Ill., were read.

“The Cariama, of the examination of which I made the following
notes, was sent to the Society by its President, the Earl of Derby, in
November, 1835. It was a female, and had died from the effects of
extensive visceral inflammation.

«The trachea, without making any curvature or loop, passed straight
into the chest. The esophagus, immediately before its entrance, pre-
sented a gentle but evident dilatation. On carefully dissecting away
the abdominal muscles, the gizzard appeared just below the apex of
the sternum, lying in a vertical position, so that its defined abdominal
edge seemed a continuation of the sternal apex. On each side above
was a large air-cell extending along the ribs, but separated from what
may be termed the thoracic air-cell ; and on each side below was
another, occupying the iliac region, the membrane being fixed to the
pubic bones. From the gizzard a kind of fatty omentum, if the term
be allowed, stretched over the intestines; this omentum, however,
was only the peritoneal membrane lining the abdominal muscles,
having fat disposed in a foliaceous manner between its two laminae.
Below the gizzard lay the duodenum, its loose fold sweeping round
that viscus in a horseshoe form. Each lobe of the liver was very soft,
and, as it were, decomposed in structure, of a rose pink colour, and
glued firmly to the peritoneal cavity by a layer of coagulated lymph
half an inch thick ; and the abdominal cavity was filled with bloody
serum.

“ The gizzard was of large size, thin, but muscular, with a radiating
tendinous patch on each side, of the size of half-a-crown. It was
lined with a strong coriaceous membrane, of a yellowish colour, irre-
gularly puckered. The proventriculus was lined for the extent of 2
inches above its entrance into the gizzard with a zone of thickly set
glands.

«« The duodenum, on leaving the gizzard, made a sweep of 6 inches,
from the right to the left, round that viscus, and then, returning sud-
denly upon itself, embraced in this flexure, as usual, the pancreas. The
whole of the small intestines were disposed in loops of a similar na-
ture, but of less extent. The duodenum at its commencement was a
little enlarged; but not into anything like a pyloric appendix as in
the Adjutant.

“« The gall-bladder was of the size of a walnut; and the biliary duct,

30

an inch in length, entered the duodenum at its second turn, where the
reflected portion returns to the gizzard. At half an inch from the
biliary duct an hepatic duct entered; and near this two pancreatic
ducts: but the pancreas was so disorganized that | failed in all en-
deavours to make out more.

“The total length of the small intestines was 2 feet 10 inches; of
the large, 5 inches, reckoning from the base of the ceca, which were
double, closely adherent to the small intestines, and 74 inches long.
The cloaca, at its entrance into which the large intestine was sur-
rounded by a sphincter-like valve, was divided by a fold into two
portions: beneath this fold entered the ureters and oviduct; and
below and between the ureters was the bursa Fabricii. The upper
portion of the cloaca was lined with a villous coat ; but the part below
had a smooth mucous lining. The villi of the large intestine were
disposed in longitudinal lines ; but this was not the case in the cloaca,
where the villous surface was uniform. ‘The length of the cloaca was
1 inch and 5 lines; its circumference 14 inch.

i" “The gizzard was filled with undigested flesh, feathers, and peb-
es.

‘The intestines were full of pus, and their villous lining was highly
inflamed.

‘In the whole of the visceral arrangement a close affinity may be
observed to the Grus tribe. In the Stanley Crane (Anthropoides pa-
radiseus, Bechst.) the intestines are similarly disposed in folds or loops,
and the two ceca, given off 6 inches from the anus, are 4 inches long.
In the Stanley Crane, however, the muscular coat of the gizzard is
thicker than in the Cariama, being in some parts an inch across,
while in the latter bird it is about 4 of an inch ; hence there is in this
point an index of a less vegetable regimen. In the Stanley Crane,
the total length of the intestines is 5 feet 3inches. In the Cariama,
it is 3 feet 53 inches.

** In its general aspect the skeleton of the Cariama is very remark-

able. The comparative shortness of the neck, the compactness of the
chest and stoutness of the ribs, together with the abbreviated condi-
tion of the wings, appear as if out of harmony with the length of the
limbs, especially of the tibia and tarsus; while the toes concluding
this length of limb are short, the hinder one being situated high and
not touching the ground.

‘©The skull, as in the Cranes, is arched above, but rises on the
vertex to a more abrupt elevation; the arch in the Stanley Crane
being a regular sweep from the base of the upper mandible to the
occiput. The orbits are large, and are separated by a bony septum with
a central and posterior perforation and aslight superior fissure. In the
Stanley Crane, the central perforation is large and continuous with
the posterior; the superior fissure being‘also more decided. The supra-
orbital process of the lacrymal bone is large, prominent, and directed
backwards, as it is in the Sianley Crane. There is also a large pos-

31

terior orbital process, forming part of the rim of the orbit ; and be-
fore the os quadratum there projects forwards and downwards a pro-
cess of the temporal bone, analogous, I suspect, to the zygomatic
process; for the long bone stretching to the upper mandible from the
os quadratum, which in the present bird is remarkably slender, cannot
be called a true zygoma. Between these two processes is the de-
pression for the temporal muscle. The nostrils are large, wide, ovoid,
and open.

“In the lower jaw there is nothing remarkable. It may be ob-
served, however, that a slit, or long foramen, marks the union of the
basal to the anterior portion of the bone, instead of a simple suture,
The coronoid process is very small.

«The vertebre are short and stout, and resemble more those of a
Gallinaceous Bird than of a Crane; in fact, they differ little from those
of the crested Curassow. Their number is as follows :

PER VICAR ao 5's ha 0.10 13
MRT dates: Raina © 7
i ap cian 12 apparently.
Caudal........ Santeti S

But that a rib arises on each side from it, the last or 7th dorsal ver-
tebra is so completely consolidated to the sacrum that it cannot be
distinguished from that portion of the column ;—this is also the case,
in the black-crested Curassow, with the last dorsal vertebra; and in the
Stanley Crane, with the last two.

“« The sternum differs considerably in figure from that of the Stan-
ley Crane. For, independently of the absence of a channel in the an-
terior edge of the keel for the reception of the trachea, the keel is
neither so deep, nor is its anterior apex even in contact with the
point of the os furcatum, (there being a firm consolidation in the
Stanley Crane,) while its posterior edge is narrow and prolonged as
in Gallinaceous Birds; whereas in the Stanley Crane it is broad and
squared. The total length of the sternum is 4; inches: the greatest
depth of the keel 13. The keel does not arise abruptly from the body
of the sternum, but the latter merges gradually into it.

“ The os furcatum is very slender and depressed towards the cora-
coid bones ; its figure is triangular, and the apex does not reach the
keel of the sternum by nearly half an inch. The Cariama is a bird of
feeble powers of flight, very different from the Crane in this respect,
and exhibiting a corresponding modification of the osseous parts con-
nected with aérial progression.

«‘ The ribs, seven.in number on each side, are short and strong; the
first two are false: in the Stanley Crane I can only find one false rib
on each side ; while all the rest are long, somewhat slender, and ex-
tend nearly 2 inches beyond the posterior margin of the sternum :
whereas in the Cariama, the posterior sternal apex extends beyond

32

the ribs, which here make a very obtuse angle at their junction with
the cartilages, or rather bones of sternal attachment.

“The clavicles offer nothing remarkable. .

“« The bones of the wings are short; the fore arm and humerus being
of equal length,—44 inches: the hand consists of the usual bones
in Berds, and is about 34 inches in length.

“The femur, as in the Crane, is short and strong, measuring 34
inches. The tibia is slender, measuring 8 inches in length; the pro-
jecting crista before its upper articulating surface is very bold: as in
the Crane, there is a large internal plate and an external pointed pro-
cess, with a deep hollow between them, occupying the front of the
upper end of the tibia. The fibula is, as usual, a slender stylet, and
3 inches long. ‘The tarsus is 63 inches long, of a squared form to-
wards its upper extremity, with an anterior and posterior groove very
strongly marked, and a slighter groove on each side. ‘The accessory
or little metatarsal bone, at the base of the hind toe, is very small,
and is situated about an inch from the lower extremity of the tarsus.
The toes are short and stout, but consist of the usual number of pha-
langes.

“ Though the Cariama, in its osseous structure, exhibits but little
resemblance to the Birds of the Raptorial order, it approaches that
order very remarkably in the structure of the eye, which is surround-
ed by a firm consolidated osseous ring. This ring departs materially
in its formation from what obtains among the Grallatores generally,
where it is imbricated and slight, and indeed scarcely merits the
name of osseous.

‘The choroid, the iris, and the lens present nothing remarkable.
The ciliary processes are 102 in number, and about the 12th of an
inch in length. The marsupiuwm nigrum is strong, large in proportion
to the eye, and much elevated.”

In illustration of Mr. Martin’s Notes, the mounted skeleton of the
Cariama was exhibited; as were also preparations of several of the

Viscera.

The following Notes by Mr. Martin, of the anatomy of a specimen
of Buffon’s Touraco, Corythaix Buffonii, Vaill., were subsequently
read.

«¢ The death of a specimen of Buffon’s Touraco in the Gardens of
the Society, has enabled me to investigate its visceral anatomy, and
to compare the details afforded by that species, with those given by
Mr. Owen respecting the Corythaix porphyreolopha. The individual
in question was a female of the Cor. Buffonii. In the total length
of the head, neck and body, exclusive of the tail-feathers, it measured

+ inches.

“‘On opening the abdomen, I found the viscera thus arranged.
Below the edge of the siernum, (which is a very short bone, its keel
being only 1+ inch long,) appeared the two lobes of the liver, (highly

33

tuberculated): on the left side was the gizzard ; and on the right, the
first portion of the duodenum with the spleen apparent. On turning
back the stomach, there appeared, dorsad, the coil! of intestines.

** Beginning with the esophagus, | found it a wide dilatable simple
tube, puckered longitudinally within, but these foldings disappeared
on dilatation ; lying compressed in situ its breadth was rather more
than $ an inch. Without any previous dilatation or crop, it entered
the proventriculus; its boundary line being a sphincter-like thicken-
ing. The whole of the proventriculus was covered internally with
small thickly set glands, of a flattened figure ; and its length from the
termination of the @sophagus to the gizzard was 3 of an inch.

“The tongue was tipped with a sharp flat horny point; but I could
find no bristles at its apex, as in the Toucans, and as was seen by
Mr. Owen in the Corythaix porphyreolopha. Its base was covered
with retroverted papille, which occurred again posterior to the rima
glottidis. The pharynx, or opening into the gullet, was beset with
numerous glands, the mouths of which were very visible. The trachea
was a straight tube ; but soon after commencing it gradually contract-
ed, and then gradually dilated for the space of an inch, contracting
again, and again dilating as it dipped into the chest. As this pecu-
liarity is not noticed by Mr. Owen in the species he dissected, I con-
clude that it does not exist in it. The sterno-tracheal muscles con-
sisted of a single pair.

“« The liver consisted of two lobes as usual, and beneath the right
lay the gall-bladder, of an oblong figure, which I found empty. Its
duct, 2 inches in length, entered the duodenum at the first angle, and
beneath the body of the pancreas, accompanied by an hepatic duct
which entered with it.

“The pancreas was small, and consisted of a lobulated portion
lying on the angle of the duodenum above mentioned, and giving off
a narrow slip along the first portion of the duodenum to which it was
closely attached. I could trace two small ducts from it entering near
the bile-ducts. The distance of this angle from the gizzard was about
1+ inch. I found the spleen adhering to the gizzard, and between
this and the right lobe of the liver. Its figure was oval, its size that
of asmall nutmeg, its structure soft and evidently disorganized.

** The heart presented nothing remarkable ; it was subacute and 14
inch long.

“The muscular parietes of the gizzard were thin; but this viscus
was lined by a leathery membrane of a whitish colour : its length was
14 inch; its diameter when lying compressed as usual 14. It con-
tained a little undigested vegetable matter.

“The duodenum, beginning small from « short pyloric canal, as
noticed by Mr. Owen, suddenly dilated to 3ths of an inch in dia-
meter; the pyloric canal was corrugated internally, these corruga-
tions verging to a sphincter.

“The small intestines were 11+ inches in length, terminating in’a

34

globular pouch or e@cum, not unlike the rudimentary c@cum found in
some land Tortoises. From this pouch to the anus the distance was
5 inches. The intestinal canal was full of purulent matter, and its
mucous coat was highly inflamed. I found no worms, though I looked
carefully for them, opening nearly the whole of the alimentary canal.

“‘ The oviduct and the ureters terminated in the cloaca as usual.
The ovary was nearly § of an inchlong. The kidneys were as usual.

‘* The eyes approximated closely in structure to those of the Parrot
tribe. The sclerotic coat had a narrow ring of ossification composed
of eleven plates, six of which were disposed in an imbricated manner,
the five at the lower and posterior part being only in juxtaposition.
Of these plates, however, the three superior alone could be termed
fairly osseous, The cornea was small in diameter and not very convex.
The optic nerve entered the infero-posterior portion of the sclerotic,
the retina springing from a tubercle under and around the marsupium,
which was very small. The vitreous humour and lens were as usual.
The membrana aquatica, as it is termed, was very visible. The ciliary
processes, the 12th of an inch long, were 96 in number. The wvea
was dark; the iris lake colour, and its sphincter fibres distinct; the
ciliary ligament broad; the pigmentum nigrum dark brown and in
large quantity. Many fibrils of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th pairs of nerves
pierced the sclerotic.”

Mr. Bennett directed the attention of the Meeting to an interest-
ing series of the Indian Antelope, Antilope Cervicapra, Pall., now at
the Society’s Gardens, It consists of four individuals: an adult and
aged male, brought by Col. Sykes from Bombay, and presented by him
to the Society nearly five years ago; a younger, yet adult, male, which
was presented, in an immature condition, about two years since; an
immature male, lately arrived in the Menagerie, and in about the
same state of development as that in which the last-mentioned indi-
vidual was when it was originally presented; and an emasculated in-
dividual of full growth. In the older of these Antelopes the rich deep
colour of the body generally is so intense as almost to approach to
black, and the horns are strong and fully developed: the possession
of horns and the depth of colouring, which are peculiar to the male
sex, are exhibited in it at their maximum. The second individual ap-
proximates nearly to it in the degree in which these secondary sexual
characters are developed. In the third, the youngest of the series,
there exist the horns characteristic of the male, but these organs are
yet of small growth, are only beginning to be annulated at their base,
and are commencing their first spiral turn; its colour, as is very
generally the case among the young of animals that in adult age are
differently coloured in the sexes, is that of the female, which in this
instance is a dull fawn with a pale stripe along the side: it has, con-
sequently, in these two striking particulars, full evidence of immatu-
rity. The emasculated individual was probably, at the period when

35

that accident or operation occurred which prevented the development
of its sexual characters, at nearly the same age as the one last ad-
yerted to: it has since continued to increase in bulk, and it even ex-
ceeds in size, as often happens in castrated animals, the perfect adult
male of the same species : but the secondary sexual characters of the
male have not been developed in it; it retains the dull fawn colour
of immaturity, and its horns have not acquired the strength, the annu-
lation, or the spiral turns which belong to those of the adult and per-
fect male. One of the horns has been broken off; perhaps the more
readily from some weakness in its structure, consequent on its unim-
portance to an animal so degenerated: the other retains, at a short
distance from its normally formed tip, a few rings, but beyond these
the surface has become smooth, the substance remains weak and
comparatively small, and the direction, instead of being in a succes-
sion of spiral turns, is in a single sweep, passing backwards above the
base of the ear and then descending along the curve of the neck : it
has, though weaker, much of the character of the horns of the African
race of Sheep. The general appearance of the animal is also sheep-
like and tame.

Mr, Bennett proceeded to remark that these animals, although cu-
rious and interesting on account of the variations exhibited by them,
in accordance with their several conditions, in those acknowledged
secondary sexual characters, colour and horns, were yet more. in-
teresting when considered with reference to the state of another organ,
the use of which has long remained a problem to zoologists, but which,
it appeared to him, must be referred to sexual relations; he alluded
now to the lacrymal sinus. Referring to its structure as to that of a
sac, opening externally by a lengthened slit, but perfectly closed
within, he remarked, that that organ could not possibly be in any
degree connected with the functions of respiration; there being no
aperture through it for the passage of air. Its inner surface is covered
by a smooth skin, with a few scattered and very short bristles, and
is defended by a dark-coloured and copious secretion of ceruminous
matter, which has a slight urinous or sexual odour. He did not_
feel himself competent, he stated, to explain the precise manner in
which this organ is available for’sexual purposes; yet he felt con-
vinced that such is its use, from the consideration of its relative de-
velopment in the several Indian Antelopes of the Society’s Mena-
gerie.

In the more aged of these individuals, as indeed in the adult Indian
Antelope generally, the large cutaneous follicle beneath the eye known
as the lacrymal sinus, is so prominent us to form a most striking feature
in the animal’s physiognomy: it never appears as a simple slit, its
thickened edges pouting so widely as to be at all times partially
everted. When the animal is excited, and it is constantly highly ex-
citable, the eversion of the bag becomes complete, and its thick lips
being thrown widely back, the intervening space is actually forced

36

forwards so as to form a projection instead of a hollow: the animal
is, on such occasions, delighted to thrust repeatedly the naked lining
of the sac against any substance that is offered to him, which soon
becomes loaded with the odour that has been referred to as belonging
to the secretion. In the second individual, although it is perfectly
mature, the protrusion of the inner surface of the sac is not quite to
so great an extent as in the more aged male; and the less thickened
edges of the sinus allow of a nearer approximation to its closure in
the unexcited state of the animal. The youngest male has the lips
of the sinus small and closely applied to each other, so as to hide
completely the whole of the internal lining of the sac, and to exhibit,
externally, a mere fissure: in it the lips are but slightly moved when
the animal is interested. The emasculated individual, notwithstand-
ing its full growth, has its suborbital sinus nearly in the same condi-
tion as that of the immature male : it is merely a slight fissure, the
edges of which are closely applied to each other; and in it those
edges do not appear to be at all moved, the animal being generally
careless and inanimate. It would consequently seem that the same
cause which induced the retention, by this individual, of its immature
colours, and which arrested the perfect growth of its horns, was ade-
quate also for the checking of the development of the suborbital sinuses.
Those organs, therefore, would appear to be dependent on sexual per-
fection ; and consequently to be, in some manner yet to be ascertain-
ed, subservient to sexual purposes, with the capacity for which they
are evidently, in the phases of their development, essentially con-
nected.

Mr. Owen, who had conceived it possible that the secretion of
these glands, when rubbed upon projecting bodies, might serve to di-
rect individuals of the same species to each other, remarked that he
had endeavoured to test the probability of this supposition by pre-
paring a tabular view of the relations between the habits and habitats
of the several species of Antelopes, and their suborbital, maxillary,
post-auditory, and inguinal glands; in order to be able to compare
the presence and degrees of development of these glands with the
gregarious and other habits of the Antelope tribe. He stated, how-
ever, that it was evident from this table, that there is no relation be-
tween the gregarious habits of the Antelopes which frequent the plains,
and the presence of the suborbital and maxiliary sinuses ; since these,
besides being altogether wanting in some of the gregarious species,
are present in many of the solitary frequenters of rocky mountainous
districts. The supposition, therefore, that the secretion may serve,
when left on shrubs or stones, to direct a straggler to the general
herd, falls to the ground.

Mr. Owen's Table is as follows :

37

Suborbital ( Antilope Sumatrensis. Hilly forests; habits of the
and maxil- } Goat.
lary sinuses. Cervicapra. Open plains of India; gregarious.
Suborbital si- quadriscopa. Senegal.
nuses large. melampus. Open plains of Caffraria ; flocks
, 2 of six or eight.
2 Forfex. Africa.
2 adenota. Africa.
2 quadricornis.
picta. Dense forests of India
- scoparia. Open plains of S. Africa; sub-
gregarious.
Tragulus. Stony plains and valleys ofS. Africa ;
in pairs.
5 melanotis. Plains, hides in underwood; in
3 pairs.
= Dorcas. Borders of the desert ; gregarious.
2 Kevella. Stony plains, Senegal; gregarious.
eS subgutturosa. Plains, Central Asia; grega-
2 rious.
; Bennettii. Rocky hills of Deccan; not gre-
i garious.
Arabica. Stony hills of Arabia.
Semmeringii. Hills in Abyssinia; not gre-
garious.
Euchore. Dry plains of S. Africa ; gregarious.
pygarga. Plains, S. Africa; gregarious.
Mhorr. Deserts of Morocco.
Dama.
ruficollis. Deserts of Nubia; gregarious.
Antilope Colus. Vicinity of lakes; gregarious, migra-
small. tory.
gutturosa. Arid deserts, Asia; periodically
c gregarious.
Suborbital ( Antilope Saltiana. Mountainous districts, Abyssinia ;
sinuses. in pairs.
2 Oreotragus. Mountains of the Cape; like
2. the Chamois.
= Thar. Hills of Nepaul; not gregarious.
o. d : Gazella. Senegal. 2
Suborbital = \ Antilope Bubalis. Mountains and deserts, Tripoli;
glands. a7 gregarious.
a Caama. Plains of S. Africa; gregarious.
ry | 2 lunata. S. Africa.
Gnu. Karroos of S. Africa ; gregarious.
L taurinas. Gorgon. S. Africa; gregarious.
Maxillary [ Antilope silvicultrix. Thickets and underwood, Africa.
sinuses. _ mergens. Forests and underwood, S. Africa;
8 in pairs.
=. Grimmia. Guinea.
a Burchellit.
rs platous.
g perpusilla. Bushes, S. Africa; in pairs.
“ Mazwellii.

pygmea.

58

No suborbital, (- Antilope Strepsiceros. Woods and banks of rivers,

or maxillary Caffraria; subgregarious.
sinuses. | sylvatica. Woods, Caffraria; in pairs.
scripta.
— Koba, Senegal.
B Kob. Senegal.
E. Eleotragus. Reedy banks, Cape; subgre-
B< garious.
z redunca. Goree.
be | Capreolus. Underwood, S. Africa; subgre-
- garious.
Landiana. Underwood, S. Africa; subgre-
| garious.
(Post-auditory Antilope Rupicapra. Mountains, Europe; subgrega-
sinuses.) by rious. ‘
No suborbital, { Antilope Addax. Deserts, N. Africa; in pairs.
or maxillary Leucoryx. Acacia groves, N. Africa; gre-
sinuses. garious.
im | Oryx. Woods and plains, S. Africa; sub-
° gregarious.
= | leucophea. Open plains, S. Africa; sub-
=f gregarious.
= barbata. Open plains, S, Africa; in pairs.
nee equina. Plains, S. Africa; in pairs.
g ellipsiprymnus. §S. Africa.
a Oreas. Open plains, S. Africa ; gregarious.
Canna. Deserts, Cape; gregarious.
Goral. Elevated plains, Himalaya; grega-
rious.

Mr. Ogilby remarked, with reference to this subject, that he had
had opportunities of observing, at the Surrey Zoological Gardens, a
female of the Indian Antelope, in which, when he first saw her, the
lacrymal sinus was in a state of quiescence : but when he observed
her again, a month afterwards, and probably in improved condition,
that organ was in a state as excitable as it is in the old male of the
Society's Gardens.

He added, as a general remark, which, however, he stated was not
universal, that in intertropical animals the lacrymal sinus is larger
than in more northern species, and in those whose range is limited to
mountainous districts.

He also described the lacrymal sinus of a species of Gazelle, which
he had observed after death: it consisted of a gland furnished with six
excretory ducts placed nearly in a circle, and with one central duct :
from the orifices of these ducts, when squeezed, there issued out
strings of a dense ceruminous matter.

Mr. Bennett stated in conclusion, that since making his observa-
tions on the Indian Antelope, which had led him to form the opinion
he had advanced with respect to the use of the lacrymal sinus, he had

39

received from Mr. Hodgson of Nepal, a Corresponding Member of
the Society, a letter in which, among other subjects, some remarks
are made on this organ as it exists in the Thar Antelope, and in the
Cervus Aristotelis: in the former of those animals, Mr. Hodgson’s
observations prove that during the breeding-season the lacrymal sinus
is in a high state of activity. Mr. Hodgson’s letter, which is dated
Nepal, June 18, 1835, refers also to other glands in some other An-
telopes, as will be seen by the following extract.

“The Chiru Antelope has exceedingly large inguinal sacs, which
hang by a long narrow neck from the loins. The longitudinal quasi
maxillary gland of the Cambin Otan I doubt the existence of, and
believe its ‘ suborbital sinus’ to be similar to that of Thar.

“ The latter differs essentially from that organ in any Deer or An-
telope I have seen; being furnished with a huge gland, filling the
whole cavity or depression on the scull, and leaving the cuticular fold
void of hollowness : it is filled up, like the bony depression, by the
gland; whereas the gland of this sinus, in most Deer and Antelopes,
is a tiny thing, and a dubious one. As to any Cervine or Antilopine
animal breathing through the suborbital sinus, it cannot be, unless
they can breathe through bone and skin! If you pass a fine probe
down the lacrymal duct, you see the probe through the bottom of
the osseous depression holding the cuticular fold called the suborbital
sinus. But, however thin the plate of bone at the bottom of the
former, it is there, without breach of continuity; and the cuticular
portion of the apparatus has a continuous course throughout, leaving
no access to the inside of the head. I am watching closely a live
specimen of Cervus Aristotelis, to discover, if I can, the use of this
organ. Ina recently killed male of this species, [ passed a pipe into
the nose, up to the site of the suborbital sinus, and tried, in vain, for
half an hour, with the aid of a dozen men’s lungs, to inflate the sinus.
Not a particle of air would pass; nor could I cause the sinus to un-
fold itself, as the live animal unfolds it, by means of a set of muscles
disposed crosswise round the rim of it. In dissecting the sinus, I
found only a feeble trace of a gland; so also, in the Muntyac.

« But in the Thar, the gland is conspicuous, being a huge lump of
flesh, bigger than, and like in shape to, the yolk of an egg. The live
Thar, too, in the spring especially, pours out a continuous stream of thin
viscid matter from the sinus; not so in any Deer. The Thar’s gland
seems to me connected with the generative organs: and I take its
profuse secretion to be a means of relieving the animal (when it has
no mate particularly) from the extraordinary excitement to which it
is liable in the courting-season. 1 have witnessed that excitement,
and have been amazed at its fearful extent, topical and general, for
six weeks and more.

“The Chiru’s \abial sacs, or intermaxillary pouches, are, most
clearly, accessory nostrils, designed to assist breathing at speed.

40 .

They spread with the dilatation of the true nostril, and contract with
its contraction. This species has but five molar teeth on each side of
either jaw.” —B. H. H.

41

April 12, 1836.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Bennett directed the attention of the Meeting to a living
specimen of the brush-tailed Kangaroo, Macropus penicillatus, Gray,
which had recently been added to the Menagerie; having been
presented to the Society by Captain Deloitte, Corr. Memb. Z. 8.
He remarked particularly on the peculiarity of its actions, as com-
pared with those of the typical Kangaroos; and especially on the
ease with which it vaults from the ground to any slight ledge, on
which it remains perched, as it were, with its tail extended behind
it: the tail, in fact, appearing to be in no respect aiding in the pro-
gression of the animal.

Referring to some observations which he had made on the exhi-
bition of a skin of the same species, at the Meeting of the Society
on January 13, 1835, (Proceedings, part iii. p. 1,) he stated it to be
his intention to reduce into order his various remarks on the subject,
and to accompany them by a figure of the animal taken from the
living specimen.

Mr. Owen read the following notes of the morbid appearances ob-
served in the dissection of the specimen of the Chimpanzee, Simia
Troglodytes, Linn., which lately died at the Gardens; and respecting
the habits and faculties of which some observations by Mr. Broderip
were read at the Meeting of the Society on October 27, 1835. (Pro-
ceedings, part ili. p. 160.)

* Adhesions of the abdominal viscera to the parietes of the
cavity existed in many parts, but more especially of the ascending
colon and cecum on the right side. On separating these adhesions
a purulent cavity was exposed, with which the t/eum, near its ter-
mination, communicated by an ulcerated aperture about half an
inch in diameter. An abscess also existed between the lower end of
the cecum and the peritoneum, and the whole of the fundus of the
cecum was destroyed by ulceration, together with part of the ver-
miform process ; the remainder of which was much contracted and
shrivelled, and was found adhering to the sound part of the cecum.
The efficiency of the adhesive process in repairing, or at least pre-
venting, the immediate evil consequences ofa solution of continuity in
the intestinal parietes, was remarkably exemplified in this instance ;
for notwithstanding the extent to which this had taken place, not
a particle of the alimentary matters had escaped into the general
cavity of the abdomen, nor was the mischief suspected until the ad-
hesions were separated.

“On laying open the zleum it appeared that the original seat of
the ulcer had been a cluster of the aggregated intestinal glands :

No. XL.—Procrepines or THE ZoonocicaL Society.

42

similar patches in the immediate neighbourhood were in a state of
ulceration ; and others were enlarged, or more than usually con-
spicuous, as they were situated farther from the seat of the disease.
In the commencement of the colon, the solitary glands presented
a state of enlargement and ulceration, and here and there an inor-
dinate vascularity ; but in the general track of the intestinal canal
traces of recent or active inflammation were very few. The con-
dition of the mucous membrane of the intestines closely resembled
that which is so generally observed in phthisical subjects; here,
however, the strumous matter was not developed in the lungs,
but was confined to the mesenteric glands and spleen. All the
mesenteric glands were more or less enlarged by a deposition of
caseous matter: two, which are usually found adhering to the ter-
mination of the ileum, were even in a state of suppuration and ul-
ceration, so that the parietes of the gut may have been attacked by
the ulcerative process on both side:,—from without by that com-
mencing in the mesenteric glands,—from within by that of the glan-
dule aggregate: it was most prokably, however, progressive from
the latter point.

“The spleen was greatly enlarged, measuring 5 inches long and
4 broad, with numerous small scattered tubercles, none exceeding
half an inch in diameter. Its substance was firm, but so disorganized
as to enable it to fulfil in a very slight degree the functions of a
reservoir of venous or portal blood.

“ The liver was enlarged about one third beyond its usual size,
and was of a pale colour; but upon a close inspection it presented no
other morbid appearance than a congested state of the portal veins:
a condition frequently associated with strumous viscera, and which
was very well marked in this case, and perhaps dependent on the
diseased state of the spleen. The gall-bladder contained thick
but healthy-coloured bile.

“The stomach seemed free from disease; but had a large perfo-
ration, the margins of whch showed that it had resulted from the
post-mortem action of the gastric secretion.

“The pancreas was healthy.

“In the chest there were no adhesions. The heart was healthy.
The lungs were somewhat firmer than usual, and the air-passages
contained an unusual quantity of fluid secretion, in some parts
stained with blood; but none of the air-cells had been obliterated
by either inflammatory action or strumous deposition: there had
been recent subacute inflammation of the mucous lining of the
air-passages, but nothing more.

“No Entozoa were met with in the dissection; although the ali-
mentary canal was carefully searched for them.

“The brain and its membranes were healthy.

“With respect to the organization of the Chimpanzee, so far as
the dissection was carried, the parts corresponded with the de-
scriptions given by Tyson in his ‘Anatomy of a Pygmie’; and by
Dr. Trail] m the ‘ Wernerian Transactions,’ vol. iii.

“The tunica vaginalis testis, which communicates with the ab-

43

domen in the Simia Satyrus, was here a completely closed or shut
sac, as in the human subject.”

The following “ Descriptions of some Species of Shells apparently
not hitherto recorded: by W. J. Broderip, Esq., V.P.Z.S., F.R.S.,
&c.” were read. The reading of the communication was accompa-
nied by the exhibition of specimens of the several species referred
to In It.

SponpyLus aLsipus. Spond. testd albidd, lineis elevatis frequen-
tissimis exasperatis, a cardine radiantibus, horrida: long. :%, lat. °o
poll.

Hab.?

This delicate shell is rough like a file, and has indeed somewhat
the aspect of a Lima.

Votuta Brexu. Vol. testa ovato-fusiformi, fulvd lineis subangu-
latis spadiceis inscriptd, transversim striata, strits minutis sub-
undulatis ; anfractibus tuberculato-subplicatis, ultimo longissi-
mo; spird mediocri; columella triplicatd; apertura ovato-~
elongata: long. 8%, lat. 4 poll.

Hab.?

Mus. Saul, Brod.

The body whorl of this fine species, which I have named after that
distinguished conchologist Dr. Beck, is upwards of 6 inches in
length.

I have Jong had a bleached specimen in my collection, but the
description above given is taken from one with more colour and
in better condition, though not good, in the cabinet of Miss Saul.
My specimen is somewhat shorter. There is a very large indivi-
dual lately added to the British Museum.

Voruta concinna. Vol. testé mitriformi, transversim subiilis-
simé striatd, striis elevatis, fulvd lineis longitudinalibus spa-
diceis, subirreguluribus, frequentissimis inscriptd ; anfractibus
plicatis, plicis subtubercularibus, anfractu basali elongato,
fasctis duabus distantibus pallidiortbus obscuris cincto; spird
mediocri, valde plicatd ; columella 4-plicatd ; aperturd angus-
tiore: long. 34, lat. 13 poll.

Hab. ?

Mus. Brod.

This is an elegant shell, approaching a little in some of its cha-
racters to Vol. Lyriformis, but differing widely from it in others. Of
the total length of Vol. concinna two inches and a half are occupied
by the body whorl, and it is only in the transversely striated plica-
tions of the spire, which are however more distant than those of ©
the spire of Vol. Lyriformis, that the resemblance occurs, for the spire °
of Vol. concinna is very short in proportion to its body whorl, while
the opposite character is strongly developed in Vol. Lyriformis. In
this respect it comes nearer to Vol. gracilis, as well-as in the form

44

and colour of the aperture and the plaits on the pillar. The
aperture of Vol. concinna is fulvous, and the inner lip, where the
mantle has extended, is of the same colour, with a few traces of the
longitudinal lineations not yet obliterated.

_My specimen is the only one I have seen.

Conus Apamsonu. Con. testd solidd, subcylindraced, glabra, albida
roseo pallido spadiceoque tessellatd ; anfractu basali superné et ad
basin sulcato, sulcis elevatis latis (interstitiis superiorum sub-
punctatis), fasciis tribus subequidistantibus spadiceo-maculatis

ornato ; spird brevi, anfractibus subconcavis, transversim striatis.
Hab. ?.

Mus. Adamson.

This species is nearly as solid and ponderous as Con. Stercus Mus-
carum, which it resembles somewhat in shape, though Con. Adamsonii
is longer in proportion. It has also points which remind the observer

of Con. bullatus ; but is more nearly allied to Con. discrepans, Conch.
Illustr. f. 28.

Purpura Graves. Purp. testd sordid? albd, muricatd, striis va-
lidis, elevatis, imbricato-squamulosis rugosdé ; anfractibus longi-
tudinaliter subplicatis, angulosis, angulis laminatis, serratis, re-
troversis ; anfractu basali strid validiore, submediali, elevatd
cincto : long. 34, lat. 1% poll,

Hab. in mari Mediterraneo.

Mus. Norris, Brod.

This shell was brought up on the fluke of the anchor of H.M.S.
Mastiff, surveying-vessel, under the command of Lieut. Graves (who
has already enriched this department of natural history by his acti-
vity in collecting, whenever the pressure of his professional duties
would allow him to do so,) from a muddy bottom, and a depth of ten
fathoms, off Napoli di Romania. The shell varies much, and other
specimens have not the carinations, &c. nearly so much developed.

There is a figure of this species in Mr. Sowerby’s ‘ Conchological
Illustrations,’ under the name of Murer cariniferus.

Buxinus Cricutonr. Bul. testd fusiformi, longitudinaliter costatd
et corrugatd, costis rugisque validis, subalbidd maculis spadiceis
notatd ; labio rosaceo-violaceo, labro pallidiore, expanso, subreflexo :
long. 3 (circiter), lat. 12 poll.

Hab. ad Ambo juxta Huanuco Peruviz.

Mus. Brod.

This curious shell, which at first sight reminds the observer of
Bulinus Labeo, Brod., (Zool. Journ., vol. iv. p. 222,) brought home
by Lieut. Maw, R.N., and presented by him to the Zoological Society
_ of London, from whose Museum it has been stolen*, differs strongly
from it, as will be seen by a reference to the figure in the ‘ Zoolo-

* This certainly was, and I believe (wherever it may be) is, the only spe-
cimen in Europe. It was in remarkably fine condition.

45

gical Journal’ which is very accurate, excepting that the longitudinal
lines in the engraving are rather too strongly expressed. The aper
of the shell under description, the only specimem I ever saw, is
broken, andits actual lengthis 2 inches and %. It will be observed
that the specimen is notched at the base, but I suspect that this arises
from accidental distortion.

The shell is named after my friend Sir Alexander Crichton, to
whose liberality I am indebted for this and the following species.

Buuinvus inruatus. Bul. testd fragili, subalbidd vel flavd, fusco
vel castaneo maculatd, anfractu basali castaneo fasciatd, fasciis
numerosis : long. 75, lat. +4 poll.

Hab. juxta Ambo Peruvie.

This pretty shell somewhat approaches Bul. guttatus, brought home

by Mr. Cuming. The species varies very much.

Buuinus Pusio. Bul.testd valde ventricosd, ovato-globosd, corned,
diaphand, longitudinaliter striatd ; labri margine albo ; umbilico
mediocri: long. +*;, lat. +5 poll.

Hab. in maris Mediterranei insulis Grecis (Syra).

This species was found in the island of Syra by Lieut. Graves,

during his late survey in H.M.S. Mastiff. There were but two spe-

cimens; in one the umbilicus is very visible: in the other it is nearly
closed.

46

April 26, 1836.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A Note was read, addressed to the Secretary by J. B. Harvey,
Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Teignmouth, April 24, 1836.
It referred to a series of specimens of Rostellaria Pes Pelicani, Lam.,
presented by the writer to the Society, and which he regards as in-
teresting on account of the evidence afforded by them of the curious
fact, that in the shells of this species the outer lip is most thickened
at a time antecedent to the full development of the shell; absorption
of the incrassated part of the lip taking place as the animal advances
in age. <“‘ This series,’ Mr. Harvey remarks, “clearly shows that

*the shell, when not more than one half or three quarters grown, is
much thicker than when all the processes are perfected: and that,
when each process has a groove or channel in it, the shell is quite
thin, and has arrived at its full period of growth.”

The shells referred to in Mr. Harvey’s letter were exhibited.

Characters were read of the Vespertilionide observed in the central
region of Nepal; being a communication transmitted to the Society
by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S. They have already been
published in the ‘ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta’.

The following are the species characterized :

Rhinolophus armiger, Hodgs.

Rhin. tragatus, Ej.

_ Pteropus leucocephalus, Ej.

Pter. pyrivorus, Ej.

Vespertilio formosa, Ej.

Vesp. fuliginosa, Ej.

Vesp. labiata, Bj.

Mr. Hodgson’s characters of these species are accompanied by re-
marks on the habits of the several genera of Bats which are repre-
sented by them in the district in which they occur.

A second communication by Mr. Hodgson was read, which has
also been published in the ‘Journal of the Asiatic Society of Cal-
cutta’. It was entitled “Specific Name and Character of a New
Species of Cervus, discovered by Mr. Hodgson in 1825, and indicated
in his Catalogue by the local name of Bdhraiya.”

The animal to which this paper refers is regarded by Mr. Hodgson
as constituting an important link in the chain of connexion between
the Deer of the Ruswn and of the Elaphine groups : possessing in the
numerous snags into which the summit of its horns are divided one
of the principal characteristics of the latter group; but agreeing

47

with the former in the absence of any median process on the stem
of the horn, and in the singleness of the basal antler. In stature
and aspect the species is intermediate between Cervus Hippelaphus,
Cuy., and Cerv. Elaphus, Linn. Its general resemblance to the
latter is indicated in the trivial name assigned to it by Mr. Hodgson,
that of Cerv. Elaphoides.

It is referred to in his ‘Catalogue of the Mammalia of Nepal’
(Proceedings, part ii. p. 99.) under the name of Cerv. Bahraiya,
Hodgs.

Specimens were exhibited of numerous species of British Fishes,
forming part of the collection of Mr. Yarrell. They consisted of
dried preparations of rather more than one half of the skin of each
individual: a mode of preservation peculiarly adapted, as Mr. Yar-
rell remarked, for travellers over land; specimens so prepared occu-
pying but little space, and being consequently as portable as dried
plants. An incision is made in the first instance round one side of
the fish, at a short distance from the dorsal and anai fins, and the»
whole of the viscera and flesh are removed, so as to leave only the
skin of the other side with the vertical fins attached to it, and with
rather more than one half of the head: the loose edge of skin left
from the side in which the incision has been made, is then fastened
by means of pins to a piece of board, so as to display the entire side
of the fish which it is intended to preserve, and it is then hung up
to dry in an airy but shady situation. The more rapidly the drying
is completed, the more effectually will the colours be preserved. As
soon as the skin is dried it is varnished; and the loose edge of the
skin on that side from whence the operation of removing the flesh
has been effected is trimmed off with a pair of scissors, as being no
longer useful. The preparation is then completed, and consists of
the entire skin of one side of the fish, of the vertical fins, and of ra-
ther more than one half of the head, the latter being important for
the preservation of the vomer, so as to show the absence or presence
of teeth on that bone, and their form. All the essential characters
of the fish are consequently preserved, if care be taken that the skin
be so attached to the board on which it is dried, as to retain its ori-
ginal dimensions of length and depth: the due thickness of the fish
may be secured in the preparation, if it be considered desirable, by
inserting beneath the skin, when extending it on the board, a suffi-
cient quantity of prepared horse-hair.

After explaining the mode which he had adopted in the prepara-
tion of the specimens exhibited, Mr. Yarrell made various remarks
on those which he regarded as the most interesting among them ;
and particularly on a series of Trout and Charr from different loca-
lities, and varying in colour according to situation, to season, and
also, in some instances, to food.

He then directed the attention of the Meeting to the specimens of
the British species of Rays which formed part of the collection, and
pointed out particularly the difference, as regards surface, which ob-
tains in the sexes of many of these fishes; the skin of the female

48

being, in every instance, comparatively smooth. He added also, by
reference to these specimens, and to specimens of the jaws exhibited
for that purpose, an explanation of the differences which exist, in
adult individuals, in the teeth of the sexes respectively ; those of the
male becoming exceedingly lengthened and pointed, while in the fe-
male they retain very nearly their original flattened surface: the form
of the teeth, equally with the armature of the surface, constituting
in these fishes a secondary sexual character, although both the one
and the other have repeatedly, but erroneously, been considered as
adapted for the establishing of specific distinctions.

May 10, 1836.
The Rey. J. Barlow in the Chair.

The following Note by the Rev. H. Dugmore was read.

“« Lieut. Col. Mason, of Neeton Hall (four miles from Swaffham),
has had a Sea Eagle, Haliaetus albicilla, Sav., in confinement for the
last sixteen years. About amonth since, it dropped an egg, which
is now in my collection. The egg is perfectly white, and not quite
so large as that of a Goose: the shell is rather harder.”

A letter was read from Capt. Green of Buckden, Huntingdonshire,
descriptive of a very fine specimen of the barn-door Hen in his pos-
session, which has assumed the Cock plumage: the change took place
about three years ago. The bird has since been presented to the
Society by the writer.

Mr. Owen read the following Notes on the Anatomy of the Wom-
bat, Phascolomys Wombat, Pér.

«The anatomy of the Wombat having already engaged the atten-
tion of Cuvier (‘Lecons d’Anat. Comparée, passim) and Home (Phil.
Trans. vol. xcviii. 1808, p. 304,) but little remains to be added on
that subject.

«« The individual lately dissected at the Museum of the Zoological
Society had lived at the Gardens upwards of five years. ‘The one
which was dissected by Sir Everard Home in 1808 was brought from
one of the islands in Bass’s Straits, and lived as a domestic pet in
the house of Mr. Clift for two years. This animal measured two feet
two inches in length, and weighed about 20lbs: it was a male. The
Society’s specimen was a female, and weighed, when in full health
in October 1833, 592]bs.

«* On removing the integuments of the abdomen, much subcuta-
neous fat, of the lard kind, was observed.

«« The muscles of the abdomen presented the same arrangement as
in other Marsupiata; the internal pillars of the external abdominal
rings being formed by the marsupial bones, round which a broad cre-
master, emerging from each ring, wound inwards and upwards to ter-
minate by spreading over the mammary gland.

«The digestive organs in the abdominal cavity presented a de-
velopment corresponding generally to that which characterizes the
same parts in the phytiphagous Rodents.

*« The stomach precisely corresponded with the description and
figure given by Home; but the occurrence of cardiac glands in the
Dormouse and Beaver renders a similar structure in this Marsupial, ©
in which the Rodent type of dentition exists, less extraordinary than

No. XLI.—Procrepines or THE ZooLoGicaL Sociery.

50

it might otherwise appear. The duodenum commenced by a large
pyriform dilatation, similar to that in the Capybara and Spotted Paca;
beyond this part it presented a diameter of an inch; the small intes-
tines then gradually widened to a diameter of 14 inch, and as gra-
dually diminished again to the diameter of an inch: their entire
length was 11 feet 3 inches.

«« The ileum entered obliquely the wide sacculated co/on, the bulging
commencement of which represented a short and wide cecum; and
from the angle between this part and the i/ewm, a cylindrical vermi-
form process 2 inches long, and 3 lines wide, was continued.

«« The colon continued to be puckered up by two wide longitudinal
bands into large sacculi, which could be traced becoming less and less
distinct along an extent of the gut measuring five feet 2 inches. Cu-
vier observes that the large intestines were hardly more voluminous
than the small*; in our specimen the colon measured 24 inches in
diameter, being more than double that of the ileum. But a more im-
portant difference was observed in the presence of a second cecum
at the distance from the first above mentioned. This consisted of a
pyramidal pouch projecting 3 inches from the side of the gut, and
communicating freely with the same at its base: its parietes were
thinner than those of the rest of the large intestine ; it was situated
below the pyloric end of the stomach, had only a partial investment
of peritoneum, and adhered by acellular medium to the duodenum and
pancreas. Below this second cecum, or lateral dilatation, the colon
formed a large sacculus, and was then disposed in a series of smaller
sacculi, which at length disappeared at a distance of 6 feet from the
second cecum; the rest of the large intestine, 3 feet in length, was
of simple structure, and of smaller diameter, viz. 14 inches.

«« The internal surface of the small intestines presented some slight
transverse corrugations; that of the colon was smooth, except below
the second cecum, where the lining membrane was corrugated irre-
gularly; and a small patch of glands was here observable.

«The rectum terminated, as in other Marsupials, immediately be-
hind the urethro-sexual aperture, and within a common outlet, both
the excretory orifices being embraced by a common cutaneous
sphincter.

‘« The liver was more completely separated into lobes than in the
specimen dissected by Cuvier. Home is silent as to the structure
of the liver; his observations respecting the digestive organs are li-
mited to the peculiarities of the stomach. In our specimen the liver
was divided by an extensive longitudinal fissure into two lobes, the
right of which was again deeply subdivided into two, the gall-bladder
being lodged in this second fissure: the gall-bladder was of an oval
form, 2+ inches in length.

“ The pancreas and spleen were both well developed, and had each

* “Dans le Phascolome, les grosintestins ne sont guére plus volumineux
que les petits.” Legons d’Anat. Comp., nouv. ed.

51

the descending process which characterizes these parts in the Mar-
supial animals.

“ The parotid glands were very thin, situated upon, and partly on
the inner side of, the posterior portion of the lower jaw; they mea-
sured each 1+ inch in length, and + inch in breadth; the duct passed
directly upwards and outwards till it reached the orifice of the sterno-
cleido-mastoideus ; here it was buried in the cellular substance anterior
to that muscle, then turned over the ramus of the jaw, and continued
its course over the masseter, where it was slightly tortuous; it en-
tered the mouth just anterior to the edge of the dbuccinator. The
submaxillary glands were each about the size of a walnut; their
ducts terminated, as usual, on each side of the frenum lingue.

«The heart of the Wombat presented the usual peculiarities oc-
curring in this part of the Marsupial organization; viz. Ist, the two
appendages of the right auricle, one passing in front and the other
behind the ascending aorta; 2ndly, the absence of the annulus and
Sossa, ovalis; and 3rdly, the absence of the terminal orifice of the co-
ronary vein which empties itself into the cava superior sinistra just
before the wide termination of the latter vein in the auricle by the
side of the cava inferior. The right auriculo-ventricular opening is
widely open, and is guarded by an irregular narrow membranous
valve, the outer portion of which is attached to the tendons of three
carnee columne ; two of which are of a large size as compared with
the third, and arise, as in the Kangaroo, from the septum near the
angle where this is joined to the parietes of the ventricle. The mus-
cular walls are continued obliquely upwards in a conical form to the
origin of the pulmonary artery, somewhat resembling a bulbus arte-
riosus. This peculiarity is still more marked in the Kangaroo. 'The
right ventricle descends nearer to the apew of the heart in the Wom-
bat than in the Kangaroo, and the form of -the heart is longer and
narrower. ‘The left auricle is smaller and more muscular than the
right; the valve between it and the ventricle is, as usual, broader
and stronger, and its free margin is attached to the tendons of two
thick columne carnee, having the usual origins distinct from the
sepium, leaving that part of the inner surface of the ventricle smooth
for the passage of the blood to the aorta. The pulmonary veins ter-
minate by two trunks in the left auricle.

“« The lungs consisted of one lobe on the left side, and one on the
right, with the Jobulus medius; which was a small strip extended be-
tween the heart and diaphragm.

« The thyroid glands were elongated bodies of a dark colour, reach-
ing from the thyroid cartilage to the seventh tracheal ring on each
side.

«The kidneys were each 23 inches long, and 2 inches broad, and
of a somewhat compressed oval figure; the tubuli terminated on a
single obtuse mammilla.

** The specimen dissected by Cuvier being, like that examined by
Home, a male, the female organs of the Wombat are only known by

52

the description appended to the paper of the latter author, which.
relates to an impregnated individual. I found no part of the struc-
ture which supports the view taken by Sir Everard Home relative to
the passage of the fecundating fluid to the uterus; the only natural
communication between those cavities and the urethro-sexual canal
being by the two lateral vaginal canals. The female organs consist,
as in the Opossum, of two ovaries, two Fallopian tubes, two uteri,
each opening by a separate os tince into a distinct vagina; the vagine
having no intercommunication, but terminating in the common pass-
age of Tyson, or urethro-sexual canal.

“The urethro-sexual canal is 13 inch in length; its inner sur-
face is disposed in thick folds. The two anterior ones commencing
united together form a semilunar fold above the urethral aperture ;
these folds are deeply intersected with oblique rug@, the margins of
which are villous, the villi becoming longer and finer as they approach
the orifices of the true vagine. These commence } an inch above
the urethral orifice: their parietes are very thick for the extent of
one inch, and the lining membrane of this part is disposed in minute
longitudinal ruge; it is then disposed in larger, coarser, and villous
rug@, similar to those of the first vagina, beneath which membrane
several small vesicles were developed. Each of the true vagine hav-
ing ascended with an outward curve for 2 inches, receives the os tince
of its respective side, which is very projecting, and divided by deep
fissures into numerous processes, resembling a short tassel. The va-
gine then descend to the upper part of the urethro-sexual canal, form-
ing each a deep and large cul de sac, the inner surface of which is
characterized by irregular villous ruge, and the whole is highly vas-
cular. The culs de sac are separate as in the Opossum, and do not
communicate as in the Kangaroo.

“ The uteri are each 2 inches long, and ¢ of an inch in diameter,
somewhat flattened, pyriform, and giving off the oviducts from the
inner or mesial part of their fundus. For the extent of an inch, the
lining membrane presents a series of small but well-defined longitu-
dinal ruge@, beyond which it assumes a fine texture, like velvet. The
peritoneal covering of the uterus is reflected from it upon the ovarian
ligament, the oviduct and the numerous vessels passing to the uterus
on the outer side of this ligament, the duplicature or broad liga-
ment containing which parts is 14 inch in breadth, and attached by
its outer margin to the lumbar region of the abdomen as high as the
kidney : just below this gland it is reflected upon the ovary, forming
a large capsule for that part, and for the expanded extremity of the
Fallopian tube, which presents an extraordinary development of fringe-
like processes.

‘« The ovary presents the most distinct racemose structure which
I have ever observed in the class Mammalia, consisting of about
thirty ovisacs, of which the largest is half an inch, the smallest half
a line in diameter; the whole ovary being of an oblong irregular
figure 14 inch by 1 inch in dimensions. The mouth of the ovarian

53

capsule is about 1 inch in width, the length of the Fallopian tube
3 inches.”

Some Notes by Mr. George Bennett, Corr. Memb. Z.S., were
read. They were transmitted from Sidney, New South Wales, in a
Letter addressed to the Secretary, and bearing date October 25,
1835. They related to the habits of the Spermaceti Whale, and of
the large species of Grampus known by the name of the Killer.

54

May 24, 18386.
William Ogilby, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter addressed to the Secretary by J. B. Harvey, Esq., Corr.
Memb. Z.S., and dated Teignmouth, May 18, 1836, was read. It
referred to a collection of various marine productions of the south
coast of Devonshire, which accompanied it, and which were pre-
sented to the Society by the writer. These were exhibited.

Among them was a specimen of Capros Aper, La Cép., captured
in Mr. Harvey’s neighbourhood: and with the view of illustrating
the colours of this species, he forwarded with it a painting made from
the fish while yet recent. This also was exhibited.

With the collection were several specimens of a Tubularia, nearly
related to Tub. indivisa, of which Mr. Harvey furnished a detailed
description, accompanied by numerous figures. The description was
read, and the figures were exhibited.

Mr. Harvey first observed the Tudularia in question at the steam
bridge on the river Dart, where it grows in clusters between the
links of the chain over which this floating bridge is propelled. The
specimens obtained by him in this locality were necessarily injured
in the hurried manner of taking them off during the rapid motion
of the bridge; but as they were immediately placed in sea-water
most of them have survived the force used in separating them, and
he has thus been enabled to observe them for a week or ten days,
during which he has carefully studied their form and structure. His
drawings are intended to illustrate many of the different positions
of the polype in various conditions as to growth, expansion, &c.

“This animal,” Mr. Harvey remarks, “ is evidently a Tubularia.
It is something like Tub. indivisa figured by Ellis, Plate XVI. no. 2.
fig. c., but differs in several particulars. The tube of Ellis’s Tubu-
laria is jointed; the head has a lateral groove or opening; and the
central projection (which is an elongation of the membrane covering
the body) is much larger and higher, and is not surmounted by a
row of slight long feelers. This Tubularia (for which, as a distinc-
tion, I submit the term Tub. gracilis,) has the tube hollow through-
out and single ; the body has no lateral groove ; the central process
has a row of fine long feelers near its termination, and placed round
the orifice : their office is to direct the food to the mouth. On the
circumference of the cup is a row of very long flexible feelers, having
much freedom of motion, and between each two of them is a smaller
red feeler; from the circumference to the origin of the central pro-

cess are two or three confused rows of alternate white and red short
papille, giving the animal much the appearance of a flower.

55

.. “The powers of contraction and dilatation very much resemble
those of the Caryophyllia, which I have still alive, and which I have
kept for two years. Upon the slightest touch all the feelers are in-
stantly contracted ; but the shaking of the water does not at all in-
commode them. I kept several clusters in the same bowl with my
Caryophyllia ; but I found that, every time they came nearit, (either
by being touched or by shaking the vessel) they were devoured: I
therefore, now keep them by themselves, but I fear that I shall not
be successful in preserving them, as the river tide cannot be imitated
in confinement.

“The locality of this polype is very confined. The Dart floating
bridge is propelled upoa two chains, about 6 feet distant from one
another, and stretching across the river. Onthe western chain not
a cluster could be seen, but on the eastern one there were upwards
of a hundred groups of them, in spite of the immense friction to
which they were exposed. They are only found within 100 feet of
the northern shore at low water. I have since observed the same
animals growing on the links over which the floating bridge at De-
vonport runs, and there they do not occupy a space exceeding 150
feet.

“The most singular circumstance attending the growth of this
animal, and which I discovered entirely by accident, remains to be
mentioned. After I had kept the clusters in a large bowl for two
days, I observed the animals to droop and look unhealthy. On the
third day the heads were all thrown off, and lying on the bottom of

- the vessel; all the pink colouring matter was deposited in the form
of a cloud, and when it had stood quietly for two days, it became
a very fine powder. Thinking that the tubes were dead I was going
to throw them away, but I happened to be under the necessity of
quitting home for two days, and on my return I found a thin trans-
parent film being protruded from the top of every tube: I then
changed the water every day, and in three days time every tube had
a small body reproduced upon it. The only difference that I can dis-
cover in the structure of the young from the old heads, consists in
the new ones wanting the small red papille, and in the absence of
all colour in the animal.”

The skin was exhibited of a species of Cynictis, Og., which had
recently been presented to the Society by Captain P. L. Strachan,
by whom it was obtained at Sierra Leone. The exhibition was ac-
companied by a description of the animal by Mr. Martin, which was ~
read.

Mr. Martin regards the animal as especially interesting on ac-
count of its presenting the second instance of the new form among
the Viverride which was described by Mr. Ogilby at the Meeting
of the Society on April 9, 1833, under the generic appellation of
Cynictis, and of which a detailed description and figure has since
been published in the Transactions, vol. i. p. 29. It agrees with that
genus, which is intermediate between Herpestes and Ryzena, in its
general form ; in the number of the toes with which its feet are fur-

56

nished ; and in the number and form of its teeth, as far as they are
preserved in the specimen exhibited, which, however, is that of a
young individual. The points of the teeth are consequently in it
unworn and acute: while in the specimen of Cyn. Steedmanni de-
scribed by Mr. Ogilby, which was evidently an aged individual, the
teeth were much worn down. The only other differences which
exist between the teeth of the new species and those of Cyn. Steed-
manni consist in the presence, in the outermost incisor in the upper
jaw of the former, of a minute but decided internal tubercle, which
is not found in the corresponding tooth of Cyn. Steedmanni; and in
the inner lobe of the carnassier of the upper jaw being acute and
conical, instead of blunt: the teeth behind this, in both jaws, are
wanting in the specimen of the new species. The feet of the new
species differ from those of Cyn. Steedmanni by their comparatively
shorter claws; and by having a naked line extending along the un-
der surface of the tarsus from the pad to the heel, the whole of the
under surface of the tarsus being covered in Cyn. Steedmanni with
hair.

The new species may be thus characterized :

Cynictis MELANURUS. Cyn. saturate rufus nigro punctulatus, ad
latera pallidior ; guld sordidé flavescenti-brunned ; artubus interne
abdomineque sordidé flavescenti-rufis; caudd apicem versus late
nigra, ad apicem floccosd.

Long. corporis cum capite, 12 unc.; caude, pilis inclusis, 11; ca-

pitis, 2 unc. 1’lin.

In addition to the distinctive characters which have been noticed -
above, it may be remarked that Cyn. melanurus differs from Cyn.
Steedmanni in the greater smoothness, shortness, and glossiness of
the fur; in the less bushy character of the tail; in the dark tint of
the head, back, and limbs; in the dusky colour of the throat; and
in the black tip of the tail, the corresponding portion of this organ
in Cyn. Steedmanni being white.

Mr. Ogilby remarked, that the animal described by Mr. Martin
might probably be identical with the one noticed by Bosman under
the name of Kokeboe; but added, that the notice given of it by that
traveller was not sufficiently precise to admit of its being determined
with certainty.

A specimen was exhibited of the Chironectes Yapock, Desm., on
which Mr. Ogilby remarked as follows.

‘«T am indebted to Mr. Natterer for the opportunity of examining
this rare and curious animal, of which he brought various specimens
from Brazil. That now exhibited is a male, and possesses the same
anomaly in the generative organs which characterizes the rest of the
Marsupials. 1 have not seen the female, but Mr. Natterer informs
me that the abdominal pouch is complete. The species is found in
all the smaller streams of Brazil, and appears to extend from the
southern confines of that empire, to the shores of the Gulf of Hon-
duras; Buffon’s specimen came from Cayenne, and a skin was re-
cently obtained by Mr. W. Brown Scott, labelled ‘ Demerara Otter.’

57

Both this and Mr. Natterer’s specimen agree with the figure and
description of Buffon, except that they are of a larger size, and in-
stead of a grey mark over each eye, have a complete band of that
colour extending entirely across the forehead. In Mr. Natterer’s
specimen the terminal half-inch of the tail only is white; in Mr.
Scott’s on the contrary, the last 4 inches are of this colour: the
tail is exactly of the same length as the body; it measured 10 inches
in the former specimen and 12 in the latter, but Mr. Natterer in-
forms me that he has other specimens which measure 14 or 15 inches
in length.

««The teeth of this animal are altogether different from those of
the Opossums (Didelphis); and I am at a loss to reconcile my own
observations with those of M. F. Cuvier upon this subject, as given
in ‘Les Dents des Mammiféres’ p. 73, unless by supposing that
there must have been some mistake about the skull referred by
M. Cuvier to the Yapock. For my own part, I could not be deceived
in this matter, as the skull which I examined had never been ex-
tracted from the specimen. The incisors and canimes are of the same
form and number as in the true Opossums, the two middle incisors
above being rather longer than the lateral, those below broader and
a little separate. The molars are five on each side, two false and
three real, both in the upper and under jaws. The first false molar
is rather small and in contact with the canine, both above and be-
low: the second is half as large again, and both are of a triangular
form, with apparently two roots. The three real molars are of the
normal form of these teeth among the Opossums. The first of the
upper jaw is longer than it is broad, and has four sharp elevated
tubercles with a low heel projecting backwards; the second resem-
bles it in general form, but is larger and broader; the third is small
and resembles the tuberculous molars of the true Carnivora. In the
lower jaw the three real molars do not materially differ in point of
size. They are narrower than those of the upper, have their tuber-
cles arranged in a single longitudinal series, a single large one in the
centre, and a smaller on each side.

“The Yapock has very large cheek-pouches which extend far
back into the mouth, and of which the opening is very apparent.
This circumstance, hitherto unobserved by zoologists, throws con-
siderable light upon the habits of this rare animal, which thus ap-
pears, like the Ornithorhynchus, to feed upon freshwater Crustacea,
and the Jarve of insects, spawn of fishes, &c. which it probably stows
away in its capacious cheek-pouches. For 2 inches at the root the
tail is covered with the same description of fine close fur as the body;
from this part it tapers gradually to the point and is covered with
small scales, arranged in regular spiral rows, and interspersed with
bristly hairs, particularly on the under surface, a fact perfectly con-
clusive against the generally received opinion of this organ being
prehensile in the Chironectes. Indeed, the tail so perfectly resem-
bles that of the Hydromys chrysogaster, even to the white tip, that
it would be impossible to distinguish these organs if separated from
the respective animals. The useless appendage of a prehensile tail

58

to an aquatic animal, must consequently be henceforth discarded
from the history of the Chironectes, and the animal allowed to take
its place among conterminous genera, not as a compound of anoma-
lous and contradictory characters, but as a regular component link
in the scale of existence. That its habits are purely aquatic, and
that it has not the power of ascending trees, is further proved by
the structure of the extremities. ‘The hind feet are broad like those
of the Beaver ; the toes, including the thumb, united by a membrane,
and, with the exception of the thumb, provided with small falcular
claws; the thumb, as in all the other Didelphidous Pedimana, is
without a claw. The fore-fingers are separate, very long and slen-
der, (the middle and ring-fingers the longest of all,) and the last
joint expanded and flattened as in the Geckos. The thumb is
placed rather behind the general line of the other fingers, and seems
at first sight to be opposable: it perfectly resembles those of the
American Monkeys. 'The claws are very small and weak; they do
not extend beyond the points of the fingers, nor even so far, and
are absolutely useless either for climbing or burrowing. Consider-
ably behind the others, on the outside of the wrist, there is a
lengthened tubercle resembling a sixth finger, but much shorter
than the others and without any bone. What purpose this unique
organ may serve in the economy of the animal’s life, it is impossible
to conjecture, but the long slender fingers are probably used to pick
out the food which it carries in the cheek-pouches.”—W. O.

June 14, 1836.
William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of various Birds from Northern Africa,
which had recently been presented to the Society by Sir Thomas
Reade, Corr. Memb. Z.S. They included the Anas marmorata,
Temm., on which Mr. Gould remarked that in the form of the bill
it approached nearly to the Pin-tailed Duck, Anas acuta, Linn., al-
though it is altogether destitute of the elongation of the middle
tail-feathers which occurs in that bird; the crested Duck; the Gad-
wall; the Garganey; the Ruff, and the black-tailed Godwit, in their
winter dress; the Golden Oriole; and cther species: all of which
were severally brought under the notice of the Meeting by Mr, Gould,
at the request of the Chairman.

Mr. Gould subsequently exhibited specimens of various Birds
which he had recently received from M. Temminck: including a
new species of Ptarmigan from Siberia; and a Trogon from the In-
dian Islands, nearly allied in almost every particular to the Trog.
erythrocephala of the Himalaya, but having the wing fully an inch
shorter, with a tail bearing a relative proportion.

The Secretary announced the arrival in the Menagerie, since the
last Meeting of the Society, of the four Giraffes, the capture of
which was described by M. Thibaut in a letter read at the Meeting
on February 9, 1836, and translated in the ‘ Proceedings’ at p. 9.

He also directed the attention of the Members to a specimen of
Temminck’s Horned Pheasant, Tragopon Temminckii, Gray, which had
recently been added to the Menagerie by the liberality of J. R.
Reeves, Esq., of Canton: to a pair of the Serin Finch, Fringilla
Serinus, Linn., brought from Italy for the Society, and presented to
it by Mr. Willimott ; and to a monstrous variety of the Indian Tor-
toise, Testudo Indica, Linn., which had also been lately added to the
Menagerie, and which is remarkable for the great irregularity of the
surface of its shell, each of the plates being raised into high conical
eminences.

A paper was read by Mr. Martin ‘ On the Osteology of the Sea
Otter, Enhydra marina, Flem.” It is founded on a perfect skeleton
of the animal contained in the collection made by that energetic
traveller the late David Douglas, and acquired, subsequent to his
decease, by the Society. This skeleton was exhibited. .

Mr. Martin refers in the first instance to the dentary characters
of this remarkable animal, which were correctly described and

No. XLII.—Procrrpines or raz ZoonocicaL Sociery.

60

figured by Home in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for 1796 ; and
then adverts to some erroneous statements which have since been
made respecting its molar teeth by various authors, including
Cuvier, who appear to have possessed no opportunities of examining
specimens. In the course of his communication he describes in
detail the number and form of the teeth, which consist of six in-
cisors in the upper jaw and of four in the lower, the outer one
on each side in either series being larger than the others and as-
suming, in the upper jaw, somewhat of the form of the canines ;
of a strong canine on each side of the incisors in either jaw ; and of
four molars on either side in the upper, and five in the lower jaw, of
which two in the upper and three in the lower are false and suc-
cessively increase in size towards the true molars, the latter being
large, broad teeth, with flattened crowns somewhat depressed in the
middle : in the upper jaw the hindermost of the true molars is much
larger than the other, while in the lower it is comparatively small.

The total length of the skeleton is 3 feet 2 inches; of which the
skull measures 5 inches, and the tail, 10.

The general form of the skull nearly resembles that of the Common
Otter, Lutra vulgaris, Storr ; but it is proportionally broader, and is
more convex on its lateral parietes, in this respect approaching to
many of the Seals: the nasal bones form a broad plane, and do not
gradually decline, like those of the Common Otter, towards the nasal
opening; they are also shorter in proportion than in that species:
the breadth of the nasal opening is greater than its depth, propor-
tions which are reversed in the Common Otter: the post-orbital space
is less contracted: on the base of the skull the space between the
pterygoid processes is more considerable: and the whole contour of
the cranium is not only broader but deeper also. The lower jaw
maintains the same general tendency to greater compactness, and is
stouter and shorter than in the Common Otter.

Detailed admeasurements are given by Mr. Martin of the skull of
an individual more advanced in age than the one whose skeleton is
preserved, and in which the entire length of the eranium is 5 inches;
the greatest breadth, being across the occipital ridge behind the
auditory foramen, nearly 4 inches, the breadth between the zygo-
mata being the same; the depth from the point of union of the in-
ter-parietal with the occipital ridge to the foramen magnum, 14; the
distance from the foramen magnum to the bony palate, 22; and the
length of the bony palate, 22.

The chest is rather wide in form, but much compressed ; being 6
inches across at the sixth rib, while its greatest depth from the ver-
tebral column to the sternum is 24 inches. The direction of the
ribs is obliquely backwards, and they are rather slender: their num-
ber is thirteen, (not fourteen, as is stated by Home,) the last five
being false and attached by very long cartilages to the cartilages of
the true ribs.

The lumbar vertebre are six in number.

61

The anterior extremities are short and small. The scapula is 3
inches in length and 2 in its greatest breadth: its spine is feeble
and but slightly elevated. ‘The humerus is 3 inches in length ; and
is stouter and less laterally compressed than that of a common Otter
of the same longitudinal dimensions. The ulna and radius are stout,
and are separated from each other by a greater interval than in the
common Otter. The paws are remarkable for their diminutive size.
In the common Otter, from the extremity of the radius to the nail of
the last phalane of the third finger the measurement is 3 inches; in
the Enhydra it is 24.

The pelvis is long and narrow, measuring from the crest of the
ilium to the tuber ischii 6 inches: in the common Otter, the measure-
ment is but 4. The iliac bones are remarkably thick and solid, and
turn out from the spinal column. The distance from the centre of
the acetabulum to the crest of the i/ium is 3 inches; the breadth of
the idium 12.

It is in the posterior limbs that the great power of the Enhydra
appears to be developed. The os femoris is short but very thick,
and its trochanter is bold and prominent: the trochanter minor is
small. The head of the femur is globular, and is destitute of the
ligamentum teres, as in the Seals: in the Otter this ligament exists
as usual. The length of the thigh bone from the great trochanter
to the condyles is 3} inches. Both the ¢ibia and fibula are large
and of great comparative length: in the common Otter, they do not
exceed the femur; but here they exceed it by more than an inch,
the measurement being 44 inches.

It is in the hind paws or paddles, Mr. Martin remarks, that the
greatest difference exists between the Ofter and the Enhydra. They
are here admirably constructed as organs of aquatic progression:
Their length from the os calcis to the last phalanx of the outer toe
is 74 inches; and as the toes are long and connected by intervening
webs they form broad efficient oars. The toes graduate regularly
from the inner toe, which is the shortest, to the outer or fifth toe,
which is the longest. The metatarsal bone of the inner toe measures
14 inch, the toe analogous to the thumb and composed of only two
phalanges measures the same—the other toes have three phalanges
as usual; the metatarsal bone of the fifth toe measures 21 inches ;
the toe itself 3 inches. The breadth of the foot, measured obliquely
across from the end of the metatarsal bone of the first toe to that
of the fifth is 2 inches.

The nails of the fore paws are small and sharp; those of the pad-
dles are blunt, but curved.

The os penis is a stout bone 34 inches in length.

Mr. Martin concluded by remarking that as the hinder extremi-
ties are placed far backwards, and when stretcbed out in the act of
swimming exceed the tail, this organ will appear placed between
them, almost as much as it is in the Seals; between which animals
and the Otters the Enhydra forms, in his estimation, a palpable link

62

of union, approximating, in some portion of its osseous structure,
even more to the former than to the latter.

Mr. Martin added that it was his intention, with the view of ren-
dering his communication more complete, to review the osteology
of the Hnhydra in detailed comparison with that of the common
Otter and of the Seal.

A drawing was exhibited of a Saurian Reptile of the family Scin-
cide and of the genus Tiliqua, Gray, which forms part of the Museum
of the Army Medical Department at Chatham, and which is regard-
ed by Mr. Burton, Staff-Surgeon, in charge of the Museum, as
hitherto undescribed.

It was accompanied by the subjoined character and description by
Mr. Burton.

Tit1qua Fernanvi. Til. auribus profundis, latis, margine antico
simplici ; squamis dorsalibus valde tri-carinatis ; supra pallideé
brunnea strigis saturatioribus ornata, infra albescens ; lateribus

_ brunneo variis alboque maculatis ; guld brunneo lineata.

Long. corporis capitisque 6 unc.; capitis collique, 24; caude, ?

Hab. apud Fernando Po.

«« There are eight rows of hexagonal imbricated scales on the back
and tail, and two additional rows between the fore and hind legs ;
the lateral scales are irregular in form and size. Submental scales
large, in three transverse rows ; the first containing a single scale, the
second a pair, the third a pair with an intermediate rudimentary
one. Subcervical and ventral scales in eight rows; subcaudal in
five rows, of which the middle row is the larger. There is a single
row of anal scales, curved upwards. Scales of the upper surface of
the body 3-keeled, of the lower smooth. A semicircular series of five
plates over each orbit separated by a long narrow frontal: five occi-
pital plates, the posterior ones largest: nasal, post-nasal, and labial
plates varied in form and size.

‘Head, back, tail and upper surface of the extremities reddish
brown, a blackish line intersecting each row of scales ; sides lighter,
marked by a series of irregular blackish streaks ; belly and under
surface of tail a brownish white; throat alternated longitudinally with
light and dark-brown lines ; submental scales whitish, bordered with
a broad dark-brown edge.

«A single row of blunt teeth on the margin of the jaws.

“« Body of nearly uniform shape from the commissure of the lips
to the tail.”

63

June 28, 1836.
William Yarrell, Esq., V.P. in the Chair.

A note addressed to Colonel Sykes by Lieut. Henning, R.N., was
read. It noticed the capture of an Albatross by a hook; and stated
that the bird, while so attached, was fastened on by another of the
same species, but whether with the intention of endeavouring to re-
lease it, or with the view of taking advantage of its helpless condi-
tion, the writer did not attempt to determine.

Some observations were read by Mr. Gray ‘‘ On the genus Mos-
chus of Linnzus, with descriptions of two new species.”

The only character, Mr. Gray remarks, by which this genus, as
established by Linneus and others, differs from the genus Cervus,
consists in the absence of horns; for the elongated canines are com-
mon to it and most of the Indian species of Cervus, especially the
Cerv. Muntjac. The character of the fur, the degree of hairiness or
nakedness of the metatarsus, and the presence or absence of the
musk-bag in the male, offer, however, good characters for the sub-
division of the group into three very distinct sections or subgenera.

The first of these divisions, for which Mr. Gray would retain the
name of Moschus, comprehends only the Thibet Musk, Moschus mos-
chiferus, Linn. In common with the Deer and Antelopes it has the
hinder and outer side of the metatarsus covered with close erect hair;
like many of the Deer also, its fur is quill-like and brittle; it has,
moreover, a throat entirely clothed with hair; and the males are
provided on the middle of the abdomen with a large pouch secreting
musk. Its young, like those of most of the Deer, are spotted, while
the adult animal is plain-coloured.

The division to which Mr. Gray in the year 1821, in a paper in
the Medical Repository, gave the name of Meminna, also consists of
but a single species, the Moschus Meminna, Linn. In this group the
hinder edge of the metatarsus is covered with hair, but there is on
its outer side, a little below the hock, a rather large smooth naked
prominence, which is flesh-coloured during life; the fur is rather
soft, spotted and varied with white, which becomes less conspicuous
in the older specimens, but does not appear ever to be entirely lost;
the throat is entirely covered with hair; and there is no musk-bag
in either sex. The false hoofs are distinct, although denied to the
animal both by Linnzus and Buffon.

The third and last subdivision is characterized by Mr, Gray, under
the name of Tragulus, as having the hinder edge of the metatarsus
nearly bald and slightly callous, a character which distinguishes them
at once from all other Ruminants ; the fur is soft, and adpressed like
that of Meminna, but not spotted even when young; the throat is

64

provided with a somewhat naked, concave, subglandular, callous disk,
placed between the rami of the lower jaw, from which a band ex-
tends to the fore part of the chin; and they have no musk-bag.
Like all the other species of the Linnean genus Moschus, they have
false hoofs; and most of them have the edges of the lower jaw,
three diverging bands on the chest, and the under surface of the
body more or less purely white. The species of this division scarcely
differ in colour in the various stages of their growth; the young
fawn resembling the adult in every particular except in size.

In this division, the synonymy of which is extremely confused,
Mr. Gray reckons four species, two of which he describes as new,
arranging and characterizing them as follows:

Moscuvs Javanicus. Mosch. ferrugineus nigro variegatus ; collo
saturate brunneo griseo nebulato ; menti margine, strigis pec-
toralibus tribus posticé latioribus, pectore, abdomine, femoribus
interne, cauddque subtis, albis ; pedibus, capitis lateribus, prym-
ndque nitide fulvis ; occipite nigrescenti. Long. corp. capitisque
simul poll. 24; metatarsi 44 poll.

Moschus’ Javanicus, Gmel., Syst. Nat. 1. p. 174. ex Pallasio.

Raffles in Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 261? Benn., Zool. Gard., p. 41.

Tragulus Javanicus, Pall., Spic. Zool. xii. p. 18. in notd.

Moschus Indicus, Gmel., Syst. Nat.1, p. 172.

Cervus Javanicus, Osbeck, Iter, p. 273.

Moschus Napu, F. Cuv. Mamm. t.

Chota Beta, Rou de Ramon, Cab. Madr. t. 9.

Hab. in Insulis Java et Sumatra.

This species, Mr. Gray states, is at once known by its larger size,
pale colour, and the white of the entire under surface of the body,
with the exception of the two longitudinal dusky stripes which sepa-
rate the three white stripes of the chest from each other, and of a
simple narrow pale band across the chest.

2. Moscunus Kancurn. Mosch. fulvus, nigrescenti variegatus ; nu-
cha strigd latd nigrd longitudinali; guld, colli corporisque lateribus,
pallid flavescentibus, pilis nigro-apiculatis ; antipedibus nitide
fulvis ; menti marginibus, strigis tribus pectoralibus, pectore,
abdomine, femoribus postice, cauddque subtis, albis; pectore ab-
domineque strigd longitudinali, in illo saturatiore, in hoc palli-
diore. Long. capitis corporisque simul poll. 20; metatarsi 34

oll.

aici Kanchil, Raffles in Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 262.

Le Chevrotain adulte, Buffon, Hist. Nat. tom. xii. p. 344.

Le Chevrotain de Java, Buffon, Hist. Nat. Suppl. tom. vi. p. 219.

zt. 30. :

Javan Musk, Shaw, Zool. t. 173, ex tab. Buffon.

Hab. in Java.

This species Mr. Gray states to be easily distinguishable from the

former by its smaller size ; darker colour; the strength and distinct-
ness of its nuchal streak; the width of the band across its chest,

65

which is besides continued backwards into a narrow streak ; and the
yellow band along the middle of the belly. These characters are
common to two specimens of different ages in the collection of the
British Museum. The lateral white streaks on the fore part of the
chest are linear, the median one subtriangular, being narrow in front
and widening backwards. ‘The two dark streaks by which they are
separated are linear, of the same colour with the sides of the neck,
and do not unite together in front.

3. Moscuus Frutviventer. Mosch. fulvus, nigrescenti variegatus ;
nuchd strigd longitudinali latd nigrd; guld, colli lateribus, anti-
pedibusque rufescenti-fulvis; lateribus subtisque flavescenti-fulvis ;
menti marginibus, strigis tribus pectoralibus, strigd latd utrin-
que in pectore abdomineque, femoribus interne anticeque, cauddque
subtis, albis.

Le jeune Chevrotain, Buffon, Hist. Nat. vit. p. 342. t. 42, 43.

Hab. in Insulis Malaicis, et in Peninsula Indiz Orientalis ?

Very like the last, but differing from it in the under surface being
pale fulvous with four white streaks, and in the lateral streaks on the
chest being isolated anteriorly by means of a narrow transverse band
which separates them from the white of the chin, while the median
one is bounded in front by the union of the two dark streaks.
There is also a small brown spot on each side of the chin just below
the angle of the mouth, which is not found in the other species.
The fawns only a few weeks old do not differ in colour from their
parents. None of the three specimens in the collection of the British
Museum have their habitats accurately marked. Two of them were
from the collection of General Hardwicke, and the third was pre-
sented by Mr. Edward Burton of Chatham. Mr. Gray thinks it pro-
bable that this may be the animal indicated by Sir Stamford Raflles
under the name of Pelandoc.

4. Moscuus Stanteyvanus. Mosch. rufescenti-fulvus, pilis nigro-
apiculatis, subtis minus nitidus ; collo pectoreque nitide fulvis ;
menti marginibus, strigis tribus pectoralibus, pectore, femoribus
interne anticeque, cauddque subtis, albis ; syncipite, pedibusque a
genubus inde saturatioribus; rhinario, strigd utringue oculos
ambiente, auriculisque extis et ad margines, nigris.

Var. menti marginibus minis albis ; strigis pectoralibus interruptis
minis conspicuis ; guldque pauld saturatiore.

Hab.

This is immediately distinguishable from all the other species by
the brightness of its colouring, and by the absence of the nuchal
streak, and of the white on the under surface of the body. There
are at present four living specimens in the magnificent collection of
the Earl of Derby at Knowsley; and two others, consisting of a spe-
cimen of each of the varieties, in that of the Society, to which they
were recently presented by Her Royal Highness the Princess Victo-
ria. It is not known from what exact locality any of them were
obtained.

66

Mr. Gray discusses the synonymy of the species above charac-
terized as belonging to the subgenus Tragulus, especially with re-
ference to the descriptions of Buffon, Pallas, Raffles, and M. Frederic
Cuvier. From the imperfect manner in which they are described
and figured, he is unable to identify with any of the foregoing spe-
cies, or to separate from them as distinct, the Pelandoc figured in
Marsden’s Sumatra, or the Pygmy Musk of Sumatra figured in Mr.
Griffith’s edition of Cuvier’s ‘ Animal Kingdom,’ on which Fischer
has established his Moschus Griffithii. The Mosch. pygmaeus of Lin-
neus Mr. Gray states to belong to the genus Antilope; the hinder
part of the tarsus being covered with hair, and the false hoofs very
small and rudimentary, and entirely hidden under the hair of the
feet ; the Mosch. Americanus appears by its spotted livery to be the
fawn of a species of Deer: and the Mosch. delicatulus, or Leverian
Musk of Shaw, is also undoubtedly the fawn of a Deer. It is curious
that Dr. Shaw quotes as a synonym of the last-named species the
figure of Seba, on which alone the Mosch. Americanus is founded,
while at the same time he enumerates the Mosch. Americanus as a
distinct species.

Mr. Gray also made some observations “ On the tufts of hair ob-
servable on the posterior legs of the animals of the genus Cervus, as
a character of that group, and a means of subdividing it into natural
sections.”’ These tufts are found on the inside, or on the outside, or
sometimes even on both sides, of the hinder legs of all the Deer
which Mr. Gray has had an opportunity of examining, with the ex-
ception of the Muntjac, on which he has not been able to detect
them either in the living state or in preserved skins. This circum-
stance may, however, have arisen from the fact of the. living animal
examined being confined in a cage; for he has uniformly found them
much more conspicuous in animals which have a wide range than in
such as are confined to small inclosures. Thus the various species of
Deer in the magnificent parks of the Earl of Derby at Knowsley, in
which the Ruminant animals are allowed an extensive range, and
preserved in a state nearly approaching to wildness, exhibit the tufts
in question in a much more ample state of development than such
as are seen in menageries; and one of the Avis Deer at the Gardens
of the Society, which has the run of a small paddock, displays them
much more evidently than another specimen in the Gardens, which
is confined to a stall. This difference of development, Mr. Gray
suggests, may account for the little notice that has hitherto been
taken of them by zoologists, who have only spoken of them inci-
dentally, and with reference to one or two species of the group.
They are found at all ages and in both sexes; and afford, therefore,
a valuable adjunct in the determination of the species of the hornless
females, as well as in distinguishing them from the females of the
genus Antilope, in which no indication of them is to be observed ;
the tufts or scope that occur in some of the species of that genus
being on the fore knees and evidently serving a very different pur-
pose, :

67

They were noticed in the American Deer by Button, who speaks
of them as surrounding ‘‘un lichen noirdtre long de neuf lignes, fort
étroit, entouré par des poils blancs et longs, qui paroissoient former
dussi une sorte de brosse ;’’ and according to M. F. Cuvier, who ob-
served them in the Wapiti, they surround a narrow long horny sub-
stance, which is the appearance of the part in the dry state; but
Col. Hamilton Smith, in his description of the same species,
takes a different view of the structure with which they are connect-
ed, which he states to ‘be “‘a gland imbedded in hair secreting an
unctuous fluid.” That the tufts really cover a glandular apparatus
is rendered probable by the circumstance that in the living animal
they generally assume a conical form as though imbued with some
oily secretion; and the specimens preserved in spirit which Mr. Gray
has examined, seem to justify this opinion; but he has had no op-
portunity, since his observations upon the subject were made, of
confirming the fact by anatomical examination. ‘They are generally
of a paler colour, than the rest of the hair upon the legs; and in
some species, the Cervus Virginianus for instance, they are of a pure
white which renders them very conspicuous.

To the existence of these tufts as a generic character common to
all the Deer, Mr. Gray states that, among the species which he has
had an opportunity of examining, he has met with only one excep-
tion, that of the Muntjac before mentioned; and he thinks that if this
animal should prove to be really destitute of the appendages in ques-
tion, it would afford an additional motive, combined with the perma-
nence of its horns and some other characters, for excluding it from
the genus Cervus. But these tufts have also another value, that of
affording by the differences in their number and position three ob-
vious sectional divisions, which have an evident advantage over those
derived from the form of the horns and other characters of a sexual
and temporary nature, in being permanent at all ages and common
to both sexes. These sections Mr. Gray arranges as follows :

The first has a pencil of hairs seated on the outer side of the hinder
part of the metatarsus, about one third of the distance from the
caleaneum towards the hoofs. This section includes Cerv. Elaphus,
Canadensis, Avis, porcinus, Hippelaphus, Dama and its varieties, and
niger, as well as the Stag in the Museum of the Society, called the
greater Muntjac, Cerv. Tunjuc, Vig. and Horsf., in the Catalogue
for 1829, p. 17, No. 303, which Mr. Gray believes to be a species
of the Rusan group of Col. H. Smith with deformed horns. In
Cerv. Canadensis, and perhaps also in some other species, Mr. Gray
states that there is a large pad of close erect hairs on the hinder
edge of the metatarsus, conimencing with this tuft.

In the second section there exist two tufts of hair, one seated on
the outer side of the hinder part of the metatarsus, about two thirds
of the distance from the calcaneum to the hoof; and the other on the
- inner side of the hock or heel. This structure occurs in the Virgi-
nian Deer, Cerv. Virginianus, and in its variety Cerv. Mevicanus, as
well as in an allied species of which the female exists in the So-
ciety’s Museum. The internal pencil is very distinct in the Virgi-

68

nian Deer; and the external is also very conspicuous in consequence
of the whiteness of the hairs composing it. Lord Derby’s game-
keeper, however, stated to Mr. Gray that there are two varieties of
this species in Knowsley park, in one of which this tuft is much
more conspicuous than in the other.

The third section comprehends those species which have a very
distinct tuft on the inside of the hock, but none on the outer side of
the metatarsus. Mr. Gray has observed this structure in two living
specimens of a species from Demerara in the menagerie of Lord
Derby, which agrees best with Cerv. rufus, Desm.; in another South
American species, allied to the former but apparently different,
which was presented to the Society in 1828 by Sir Philip Egerton,
and is now in its Museum; and in a very young spotted Fawn (almost
a foetus) preserved in spirits in the collection of the British Museum.
He suspects that the Brockets of South America may have the same
character ; and thinks he could observe the internal tufts on the spe-
cimen of the Rein Deer in the Society’s Museum, but no trace of
the external, the entire hinder edge of the metatarsus being covered
with a uniform very thick coat of hair. ;

From an examination of the skin of the E/k in the British Mu-
seum, Mr. Gray is of opinion that it will probably enter into a fourth
section ; in as much as it appears to have very distinct tufts on the
inner side of the hock, and others also on the outer side of the meta--
tarsus about one third of its length from the heel, as in the first sec-
tion ; but of the existence of the latter tufts he is by no means cer-
tain, on account of the age and state of the specimen.

69

July 12, 1836.
Thomas Bell, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Waterhouse, at the request of the Chairman, read a Paper,
entitled “ Description of a new genus of Mammiferous Animals from
New Holland, which will probably be found to belong to the Marsu-
pial type.”

The skin on which this description was founded had been lent to
Mr. Waterhouse, for the purpose of describing, by Lieut. Dale, of
Liverpool, who procured it whilst on an exploring party in the inte-
rior of the Swan River Settlement, about 90 miles to the S.E. of the
mouth of that river. Two specimens were seen; both of which took
to hollow trees on being pursued, and one of them was unfortunately
burned to death in the attempt to dislodge it from its retreat. The
country abounded with decayed trees and ant-hills; and Mr. Water-
house is of opinion, from this circumstance and from some peculiari-
ties in the structure of the animal, that it lives chiefly, if not wholly,
upon ants, for which reason he proposes for it the generic name of

MyrmMeEcosivs.
5-5

Dentes incisores = canini ‘—*, pseudo-molares ;—7, molares —=48.

Pedes antici 5-dactyli, digitis tribus intermediis longioribus ; pos-
tici 4-dactyli, digitis duobus intermediis internum superantibus; ex-
terno brevissimo; unguibus longis acutis subfalcularibus. Scelides
antipedibus longiores. Caput elongatum; rhinario producto ; auri-
culis mediocribus acutis. Corpus gracile. Cauda mediocris,

Mr. Waterhouse details at length the peculiarities of the denti-
tion and other structural characters of the animal under considera-
tion, and particularly notices the statement of Lieut. Dale that, when
it was killed, the tongue was protruded from the mouth to the ex-
tent of two inches beyond the tip of the nose, its breadth being
three sixteenths of an inch; which circumstance, combined with the
dentition of the animal, confirms him in the belief that it feeds upon
ants. With respect to its immediate affinities he confesses himself
at aloss. In skinning the specimen, the part where the pouch
would be placed in a marsupial animal, has been so mutilated as to
render it difficult to determine whether or not it possessed one : it
appears, however, to have been a female, and to have two mamme
and the remains of a pouch. Mr. Waterhouse is of opinion that it
will prove to be allied to the genus Phascogale ; and there are also,
he states, points of resemblance between it and Tupaia, as well as
with the ground Squirrels, the genus Tamias of modern authors.

The species Mr. Waterhouse proposes to name Myrmecobius fas-
ciatus: he describes it as follows: ‘“‘ Length from the nose to the
root of the tail (measuring along the curve of the back) ten inches ;

No. XLIII.—Proceepines or tHE ZooLocicat Soctsty.

70

of the head, from the tip of the nose to the base of the ear, one inch
and seven eighths; of the tail six inches and a quarter. The colour
above is reddish ochre, interspersed with white hairs, the posterior
half of the body being adorned with alternate black and white trans-
verse fasciz, disposed in amanner somewhat similar to those of Thy-
lacinus cynocephalus. 'The under parts of the body are yellowish
white; the anterior legs of the same colour on their inner sides, and
of a pale buff colour externally ; and the posterior legs of a pale
buff colour, with the fore part of the tibize whitish, and the sole en-
tirely bare. The hairs of the tail are mixed black, white and red-
dish ochre, each of these colours predominating in different parts.
The reddish hue of the fore part of the body is gradually blended
into the black, which is the prevailing colour of the posterior half,
and which is adorned with nine white fascix; the first of these
fasciz (which is indistinct) commencing rather before the middle of
the body, and being, in common with the second, interrupted on the
back by the ground colour of the body; the third, fourth, and last
extending uninterruptedly from side to side; and the fifth, sixth,
seventh and eighth, extending over the back, passing without coming
into contact, and thus as it were dovetailing, with those of the op-
posite side. The hair on the head is very short and of a brownish
hue above, (being composed of a mixture of black and reddish-brown
with a few white hairs); and whitish beneath. ‘The nose and lips
are blackish; and there are a few long black hairs springing from
under the eyes and from the sides of the muzzle. The body is co-
vered with hair of two kinds; the outer of which is moderately long,
rather coarse, and compact on the back and fore parts of the body ;
but over the haunches, and on the under surface, where the pouch
is situated in the Marsupials, the hair is long. The under fur is
short, fine and rather scanty. The tail is furnished throughout with
long hairs.”

In illustration of his paper Mr. Waterhouse exhibited the skin,
together with drawings of the animal, of its skull, and of its dentary
characters.

The following notes of the dissection of a specimen of the Chilian
Bush Rat, Octodon Cumingii, Benn., by Mr. Martin, were read.

“ The individual examined was a male measuring in the length
of the head and body 7 inches: the tail was imperfect.

“On removing the skin from the chest and abdomen, the shape of
the xiphoid cartilage was observed to be reniform.

«The abdominal cavity being exposed, the order of the viscera
was as follows. Occupying its usual situation the liver extended
from side to side, while below its edge appeared a portion of the
great curvature of the stomach, and also the pylorus emerging from
beneath its right lobes; the duodenum passing from the pylorus
suddenly dipped down, crossed the upper end of both kidneys, and
then made a curve upwards and merged in the jejunum. The chief
portion of the abdominal cavity, of comparatively spacious Mr egca
was filled with the convolutions of the intestinal canal.

71

“The ‘liver (which was highly disorganized) consisted of two
neatly equal left lobes, and of two right lobes of which the outer-
most was partially divided, but not so completely as to make the
number of right lobes three. The lobulus Spigelit was small.

“In a cleft in the first or central right lobe, a little to the right of
the ligamentum latum (which was thin), appeared the gall-bladder,
small, globular, and empty: its duct received several small hepatic
tubes, and entered the duodenum half an inch below the pylorus.

«'The spleen was attached to the lower part of the esophagus and
the cardiac sacculus by a riband of mesentery, half an inch in
breadth when extended. In figure this viscus was pointed at both
ends, and three-sided, or prismatic: its length was 14 inch; its
greatest breadth half an inch.

«« Beneath the cardiac portion of the stomach and the spleen, lay
the pancreas, a soft indefinite mass spreading through the mesentery:
a portion of it followed the course of the duodenum for about an
inch. Its duct entered the intestine along with the biliary duct.

“The stomach, 2 inches in length, and somewhat more than 1
inch in depth, was of a regular figure, its cardiac sacculus projecting
but little beyond the entrance of the wsophagus; between which and
the pyloric opening there intervened a good distance, (about } of
an inch). The pyloric portion of the stomach was of equal volume
with the cardiac, and did not diminish rapidly but was globular.
Internally, the stomach had a cuticular and villous portion; the cuti-
cular lining, occupying about a third of the whole, covered the car-
diac end, commencing anterior to the entrance of the esophagus.

«« The small intestines measured 2 feet 6 inches in length.

“The cecum was large and sacculated, being puckered into saccult
by two strong muscular bands. It measured 3 inches in length, was
loaded with fecal matter, and was ulcerated through in several
points, from which the feces had escaped in small quantity. It was
so tender that it could not be distended.

“The colon formed a loop 5 inches in length, analogous to that
which exists in Capromys and Coypus: at the part where the intes-
tine leaves this duplicature the feces assumed distinct oval forms.
The first length of this fold or loop of the colon was larger than the
second or returning length; and this portion with the rest of the
large intestines scarcely equalled the small in diameter.

«The total length of the large intestines was 1 foot 54 inches.

“The right kidney was placed higher than the left: the kidneys
were of an oval shape, and 3 of an inch in length. The papilla was
large and single.

«The renal capsule was of the size of a pea, round, of a yellow-
ish grey colour, and soft internally.

«The lungs consisted of three right and two left lobes.

«The heart presented nothing remarkable.

“The penis, measured from the pubis, was 14 inch in length.
The glans was supported by an osseous stylet, and its upper sur-
face was rough with numerous minute but horny retroverted papille.
At the orifice of the urethra were four long, conical, horny papille,

72

projecting forwards, two on each side: they appeared to be four of
the horny papille of the glans elongated and developed, for these
papillé surrounded their base and were there rather larger than lower
down on the glans.

‘I found, as in Capromys and Coypus, a decided decussation of the
pubic pillars of the recti abdominis muscles.

“The testes, of an oval shape, were within the abdomen, as high
as the top of the haunch bones ;—the epididymis formed a knot at
the end of the ¢estis, adhering closely to it, whence it sent a tube
along the ¢estis to the opposite or small end; arriving there it
formed a knotted congeries of fine convolutions, from which emerged
the vas deferens. To this congeries there proceeded from the abdo-
minal ring (which was imperforate) a muscular, tubular sac, or cre-
master, the fibres of which embraced it. The ring being imperforate,
the testis, I imagine, never passes externally into the groin.

“The vas deferens emerging from this congeries of tubes, turned
round, crossed the small end of the ¢estis, and descended over the
vesicula seminalis of its own side.

“The vesicule seminales were 1 inch in length, slender and con-
voluted.

“The prostate gland was double ; Cowper’s glands were of the
size of peas, and round. The membranous part of the urethra was
= of an inch in length.

“‘ The fauces were not funnel-shaped, but constricted by a lateral
pillar rising up from the base of the tongue on each side to the pa-
late, which wants tonsils and velum pendulum: the aperture thus
formed just admitted the top of a pencil. The nares opened 2 or 3
lines beyond this constricted portion just above the rima glottidis ;
they were not therefore visible, until the fauces were fairly laid
open. The contraction of the fauces is less decided than in the
Coypus.””.

73

July 26, 1836.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould exhibited specimens
of two new species of Birds from the Friendly Islands and New
Holland, of which he proposed to form a genus. He stated them
to approximate, in his opinion, in nearly an equal degree to the
genera Lanius, Turdus, and Lamprotornis ; but believed that they
might with propriety be arranged among the Thrushes. Their cha-
racters were given as follows:

APLONIS.

Rostrum capite pauld brevius, robustum, subcompressum ; man-
dibula arcuata, ad apicem emarginata.

Nares basales, ovales, patule.

Ale breves ; remigibus 2do et 3tio longissimis, 1mo et 4to zequali-.
bus.

Cauda brevis, lata, quadrata vel sub-bifurca.

Tarsi robusti ; digitis magnis; unguibus magnis curvatis, hallucis
precipué valido.

In both species the feathers of the head are lanceolate ; and the
general plumage above has a slight glossy hue, especially on the
head and back of the neck, The species were characterized as
follows :

Aptonis MARGINATA. Apl. pileo metallic? brunneo ; noteo satu-
rate brunneo, remigibus secundariis margine externo albescenti-
bus ; humeris fer? nigris ; remigibus cauddque saturate brunneis ;
rostro tarsisque nigrescenti-brunneis ; gastreo pallid? brunneo,
rachibus plumarum fere albis.

Long. tot., 7+ poll.; rostri a rictu ad apicem, 1; ale, 33,; cauda, 23;

tarsi, 1+.

Hab. in Insulis Amicorum.

This species formed part of a collection made by Mr. Mathews,

who has lately visited these islands.

Artonis rusca. Apl. pileo et regione paroticd obscure nigro-
splendentibus ; noteo pallide brunneo ; gastreo pallidiore ; remi-
gibus cauddque brunneis ; rostro tarsisque nigris.

Long. tot., 63 poll.; rostri & rictu ad apicem, vix 3; ale, 34;

cauda@, 24; tarsi, vix 1.

Hab. ad ripas fluvii Murrumbidgee, in Nova Hollandia Australi.

74

This species was collected, together with many other rarities, by
Captain Sturt, during his expedition in the interior of Australia, and
presented by him to the Society.

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August 9, 1836.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

A specimen was exhibited of an Ortyx which Mr. Gould regarded
as hitherto undescribed.

At the request of the Chairman he pointed out the distinguishing
peculiarities of the new species, which he named and characterized
as follows :

Orryx ocettatus. Ortyx nigro-brunneus, dorso punctis rufo-brunner
adsperso, lateribus ocellis albi-flavidis notatis, femoribus nigris.
Long. corp. 63 unc. ; ale, 44; tarsi, 14.
Hee species ad Ort. Montezume in affinitate proxima.

« Bill black, strong, and arched ; top of the head, which is slight-
ly crested, blackish brown; a large white mark extends over each
eye and passes on to the back part of the neck; beneath the eye is
an oval mark of blueish black; from the base of the lower mandible
extends another white mark which spreads upon the front of the
neck and is bounded by an abrupt margin of black; a large patch
of the latter colour occupies the chin and throat ; the general colour
of the whole of the upper surface is brownish olive, each feather
having a decided central line of chestnut followmg the direction of
the shaft and becoming spatulate at the tip; the web of each feather
is transversely barred and blotched with black; the chest and ab-
domen is sandy chestnut, becoming more intense on the under tail-
coverts; sides of the chest and flanks transversely spotted with yel-
lowish white ona blueish grey ground; thighs black; tail very short
and partly hidden; tarsi brown.

This bird differs from Ortyx Montezuma in several particulars, but
to that species it is most nearly allied.

Mr. Gould also brought before the notice of the Meeting two new
species of Birds from New South Wales, where they had been col-
lected, and subsequently presented to the Society by Captain Sturt.
They are referrible to the genus Zosterops of Messrs. Vigors and
Horsfield; a group among the Sylviade, and of which but two species
were known at the time those gentlemen instituted the genus. Mr.
Gould placed on the table six additional species, a portion of which
was from the Society’s collection, and the remainder from his own.
In the course of his remarks, Mr. Gould adverted to the surprising
augmentation of species which has now taken place in nearly every
group in ornithology; and characterized the new species mentioned
above as

ZosTEROPS ALBOGULARIS, Gould.

Zost. corpore superne, alis, cauddque, olivaceis ; dorso, tectricibus

alarum, caudeque, castaneo-brunneis; oculo plumulis albis circum-
No. XLIV.—Procrepines or THE Zootoeicay Suciery.

76

dato ; genis macula nigrd notatis ; auricularibus griseis; guld, ventre,
crissoque albis ; lateribus castaneis ; rostro pedibusque purpurascenti-
griseis.
Long. corp. 54 unc.; rostri, 2; ale, 3; caude, 23; tarsi, 1.
Hab. in Australia, apud flumen Murrumbidgee dictum.

ZOSTEROPS TENUIROSTRIS, Gould.

Zost. vertice capitis, nuchd, guld, thoraceque viridi-flavis ; oculo
plumulis albis circumdato ; dorso, scapulis, olivaceo-griseis ; primariis
rectricibusque viridi late marginatis ; ventre, crissoque brunneo-flavis ;
rostro pedibusque brunneis.

Long. corp. 5% unc.; rostri, {; ale, 23; caude, 24; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in Australia apud flumen Murrumbidgee dictum.

They are the two largest known species of the genus.

Notes by W. C. Williamson, Esq., Curator to the Natural History
Society, Manchester, on the appearance of rare Birds in the vicinity
of Scarborough were then read, of which the following is an abs-
tract. °

“The prominent position of Scarborough with its projecting
headlands separated by deep bays and its high hills covered with
wood, render the neighbourhood a favourite retreat for various tribes
of birds. Among the spring visitors the Siskin may be enumerated,
which appears in April, remaining only a few days apparently on its
route to breeding-places farther north. It is never seen at any other
period of the year, though considered by authors as a winter visitor.
Several examples of the Hoopoe, and one specimen of the Roller,
have been shot in the neighbourhood. The stomach of the latter
was filled with the elytra and other remains of a species of Curculio.
Of the Water Ouzel or Dipper it is stated that, when flying down a
stream it drops into the water and dives under any rails laid across
from bank to bank, rather than fly over them, rising on the opposite
side and pursuing its course. The nest of this bird is occasionally
seen so placed under a projecting ledge that a fall of water was con- ~
stantly rolling over it, thus rendering it secure from any attacks :
the birds entering by the sides of the fall.

«The Redwing has been seen as late as May; these birds are re-
markable for a peculiar cry uttered when disturbed and about to take
flight.

‘“The Hooded Crow has been known to breed near Scarborough
on two or three occasions. In one instance, a female Hooded Crow
was observed to pair with a Carrion Crow on a large tree at Hack-
ness, where they succeeded in rearing their young. The Carrion
Crow was shot by the gamekeeper, but the following year the
Hooded Crow returned with a new mate of the same sable hue as the
former one to her old nest. The carrion and young crows were
again all shot; the old female by her vigilance escaped all the ef-
forts of the keepers to destroy her, and a third time returned with
a fresh mate; she was not. however again so successful, but was
shot, and is now preserved in the Scarborough Museum, The young

77
birds varied, some resembling the Hooded and others the Carrion
Crow in their plumage.

“The Great or Thick-kneed Plovers breed on the fallows, and often
startle the midnight traveller by their shrill and ominous whistle.
This is supposed to be the note so beautifully alluded to by Sir
Walter Scott in his poem of The Lady of the Lake,

‘ And in the Plover’s shrilly strain
The signal whistle ’s heard again.’

for it certainly sounds more like a human note than that of a bird.

“The Rough-legged Buzzard breeds occasionally in a precipitous
dell near Hackness. A marked female returned the following year
with a new mate to her former favourite haunt.

“Three species of the genus Lestris, the Glaucous Gull, Little
Gull, Great Northern Diver, Little Auk, and Long-tailed Duck are
obtained generally during the prevalence of strongnorth-easterly winds.
Temminck’s Tringa and the Olivaceous Gallinule have been killed near
Scarborough. The Sanderling visits the shore in May and Septem-
ber. Good sport is sometimes gained at Woodcock-shooting in March,
when from any cause these birds are prevented continuing their
journey northward. In one or two instances a Woodcock has been
seen there as late as June.”

August 23, 1836.
Thomas Bell, Esq., in the Chair.
In consequence of the lamented decease of the Secretary, E.

T. Bennett, Esq., the usual routine of scientific business was sus-
pended.

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September 13, 1836.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A communication was read from J. B. Harvey, Esq., of Teign-
mouth, a Corresponding Member of the Society, on the occurrence
of four specimens of the Velella limbosa of Lamarck, which were
found on the beach at Teignmouth after a continuation of southerly
winds and smooth water.

A specimen was forwarded for the Society, and representations of
it in four different points of view accompanied the communication.

Mr. Vigors called the attention of the meeting to a Bird, present-
ing a singular form among the Tinamous, which‘he had exhibited at
one of the evening meetings in the year 1832, but which, from ac-
cidental circumstances, had not been characterized in the Proceed-
ings. The birds of this group, which forms an immediate connect-
ing link between the Tinamous and the Bustards, were first observed
by. Mr. Pentland on ahigh elevation in the Andes, and the specimen
before the meeting was brought by that gentleman to this country
and presented to the Society. Mr. Vigors described in detail the
characters of the genus, to which he assigned the name of Tinamotis,
and also pointed out the specific characters of the bird; to which he
had on, a former occasion given the name of Pentlandii, in honour of
the distinguished traveller who first discovered the group.

TINAMoris.

Rostrum forte, subrectum, Ofidis rostra persimile ; culmine plano.

Ale mediocres, rotundate; remigibus prima et septima feré eequali-
bus, brevissimis, tertid et quarta longissimis.

Pedes tridactyli; tarsis sublongis fortibus; acrotarsiis reticulatis
squamis inferioribus grandibus; digitis longitudine mediocribus, me-
dio ceteris, que sunt feré-equales, longiore, omnibus membrana
utrinque marginatis ; acropodiis scutellatis, squamis maximis; ur-
guibus grandibus, planis, dispansis.

Cauda brevis, subrotundata.

Tinamotis Penttanpu. Tin. corpore cinereo-brunneo sordidoque

_ fulvo fasciato, capite colloque’similiter striatis ; crisso femori-

busque rufis ; mento albescente.

Plumulee capitis colli ventrisque magis albido, dorsi caudeque ma-
gis fulvo notate ; narum notis maculis simulantibus. Longitudo cor-
poris, 15; ale, a carpo ad apicem remigis 8tie, 10; restri adfrontem,.
1}, ad rictum, 13; tarsi, 2; digitorum, unguibus inclusis, medii, 12,
externorum, 1}. ;

Mr. Vigors took the same opportunity of describing and naming
No, XLV.—Procrepines or THE Zoouoeica Society.

80

two Parrots in the Society’s Collection, one of which, now alive in
the Menagerie, distinguished by a brilliant purple plumage over the
head, nape, and breast, and which came from South America, he
characterized under the name of Psittacus augustus ; the second, of
which two specimens had been procured from the late Rev. Lans-
down Guilding’s collection, received from the Island of St. Vincent,
but the precise locality of which was not known, he described by
the name of Psittacus Guildingii.

Psirracus augustus. Psitt. viridis, capite, colld corporeque subtis
splendide purpureis, sincipite viridi tincto, torque nuchali satura-
tiore ; humeris rectricibusque coccineo notatis, his ad apices pur-
purascenti-fusco tinctis.

Plumule nuche corporisque infra nigro ad apices marginate ; in-

terscapulti tectricumque femoris azureo leviter ad apices tincte. Mag-
nitudo Platycerci Vase.

Psrrracus Guipinei. Psitt. capitis fronte albescente, sincipite
genisque flavis, occipite mentoque azureis, nuchd viridi ; alis viri-
dibus in medio fascid aurantiaco-flavd notatis, ad apices nigris ;
caudd ad basin aurantiacd, deinde fascid viridi in medio lazulind
nutatd, ad apicem flava.

Plumulz occipitis ad basin flavescentes, deinde azure, fascia gra-
cili nigro-brunnea; nuche virides fascia latiore notate. Remigis
primaria ad basin flave, secundaria aurantiace ; ad apices nigre ; in-
teriorum plumis externis lazulino tinctis, rhachibus nigris. Rectricis
supra ad basin flave, deinde aurantiaco viride marginato notate,
postea externé lazuline, externé nigre, ad apices aurantiaco-flave,
rhachibus nigris; subtiis ad basin aurantiace, in medio virides, ad
apices flave. Rostrum album. Long. corp. 173 unc.; ale a carpo
ad apicem remigis 4te, 12; tarsi, %; caude, 8; mandibule supe-
rioris, 13; inferioris, 12.

Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, exhibited to the
Meeting two tribes of Birds, viz. the Tamatias, from the warmer
parts of America, and the Coursers, from the arid regions of Africa
and India. Mr. Gould observed, that of the first group, only five
species appear to have been known to Linnzus; eleven others had
since been added, making sixteen: the Society’s collection contained
thirteen species. Mr. Gould exhibited a series of drawings in illus-
tration of the group, and characterized one new species under the
name of Tamatia bicincta, as follows:

Tamatia Bicincta. Tam. guld et corpore inferne subtis ochraceo-
Sulvis ; pectore duabus fasciis nigris transversim striato ; lateribus
flavido-albis nigro maculatis ; plumis auricularibus griseis, mar-
ginalibus subtis brunned fuscd tinctis ; fascid nuchali grised ; cor-

. pore summo cauddque superneé brunneis ; tectricibus alarum secun-
dariis ad apicem ochraceo-albis hoc colore dorso guttato; rectrici-
busque externis marginalibus.

Long. tot. 8 unc. ; rostri, 13; ale, 34; caude, 3; tarsi, %.

Hab. Cayenne?

81

Mr. Gould stated in conclusion, that this formerly limited group
now constitutes a considerable family, or subfamily, whose members
appear naturally to form themselves into at least three or four genera:
thus divided, the genus Tamatia, Cuv. (Capito, Vieill.) contains 9
species, that of Lypornix, Wagl., 3 species; that of Monasa, Vieill., 3
species; and that of Chelidoptera, Gould, 1; the latter being a generic
title provisionally instituted hy Mr. Gould for the Lypornix tenebrosa,
Wagl., a species which differs in many essential characters from all
the other members of the group, possessing as it does a very length-
ened wing, and being in every way adapted for powerful flight. He
observed, that he had consulted with M. Natterer on the propriety
of separating this bird from the other members of the group, in which
opinion that eminent naturalist had coincided, and at the same time
stated, that it usually resorted to the topmost branches of the trees,
whence it sallied forth over the forest in search after its insect food,
while, on the other hand, all the other members of the group kept to
low thickets and the neighbourhood of the ground. In their general
economy they offer a striking resemblance to the Shrikes and Fly-
catchers ; they are, however, more indolent in their disposition, and
sit motionless on a dead branch for hours together, until their atten-
tion is drawn to some passing insect, when they sally forth, capture
it, and return to the same branch, which they are known to frequent
for months together. With the exception of three or four species
all the members of this group are confined to the Brazils.

Mr. Gould exhibited six species of the genus Cursorius, one of
which was described as new by the appellation of Cursorius rufus.

Cursorius rurus. Cur. fronte castaneo-rufo ; occipite griseo, fascid
alod cincto hac supra et infra lined angustd nigrd marginatd ;
nucha rufescente ; corpore summo rufescente brunneo ; guld albidd ;
pectore pallido fulvo hoc colore in faciam ventralem nigram mer-
gente ; abdomine posteriore, crissoque albis ; remigibus primariis
nigris ; secundariis albis ; prymno? rectricibusque caud@ ad basin
brunneo-griseis harum duabus intermedius notd nigrd apicali ex-
ternis fere albis reliquis pliis minisve ad apicem albis nec non
nigra macula griseum colorem singente ; rostro nigro; digitis ni-
grescentibus ; tarsis? albido flavis.

Long. tot., 9 unc.; rostri, 14; ale, 51; caude, 2; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in insulis Oceani Indici.

The new species of Cursorius was from the islands of the Indian
Ocean, but from what particular locality Mr. Gould had not been
able to ascertain. It differs from Curs. Asiaticus, by being smaller
in all its proportions, by having the whole of the upper surface of a
rich rufous brown, and by not possessing a white band across the
rump. In its affinities it is closely allied to both Curs. Asiaticus and
Curs. Temminckii.

Mr. Martin placed on the table two examples of the Potto or
Kinkajou from the Society’s Museum, and, at the request of the
Chairman, read some notes describing the differences in colour, size,

82

and comparative measurements of parts in the two specimens, of
which the following is an abstract.

“The differences which exist in two specimens of the Kinkajou in
the Society’s Museum have led me to introduce them to the atten-
tion of the Meeting, as it is not improbable that they may ultimate-
ly prove to be distinct species. ‘The Kinkajou, however, is so rare
an animal both in the museums and menageries of our country, that
we want the means of ascertaining whether or not, like that allied
animal the Coati, its colour be subject to variations of tint and mark-
ing. But independently of the great difference in colour which
obtains in the two specimens before the meeting, and on which,
taken as a solitary character, we should hesitate to ground a specific
distinction, at least until we had compared several specimens, it ap-
pears that the ears of the rufous specimen (which was lately pre-
sented by George Vaughan, Esq.) are more elongated than those of
the other, which died in the Society’s Menagerie, where it had lived
for many years. It is on this difference, rather than on that of co-
lour, that I have suspected a specific distinction ; though I confess
my suspicions are strengthened by the latter as a concomitant. A
knowledge of the precise localities from which each specimen was
obtained would be of great use, but on this point, unfortunately, I
have not been able to gain any information.

“In distinguishing between the two species of Kinkajou, I consider
it best to drop entirely the specific title caudivolvulus, (which is ap-
plicable to both, and is descriptive rather of a generic than a speci-
fic character,) the only mode in fact by which to avoid all possibility
of confusion.

“Our first species will stand as Cercoleptes megalotus. It is di-
stinguished by the form of the ears, which are elongated, narrow,
rounded at the tip, and somewhat flapping; their length is 1 inch
3 lines, their breadth 7 lines.

“Internally they are sparely covered with thinly set soft hairs ;
externally they are fully clothed with hairs of a pale yellowish
white.

“The fur is close, short, thick, and rigid; the general colour is
deep reddish yellow, or fulvous, with an obscure band of a darker co-
lour, down the top of the head, the back, and upper surface of the
tail, approaching to chestnut. The sides of the body and the insides
of the limbs are pale fulvous ; the abdomen and_ throat are nearly as
dark as the back, and a stripe of deep chestnut commences about the
end of the sternum, and is continued to the inguinal region. The
tail is slender, and the hairs of this part are very rigid.

‘To our second species we propose to give the name of Cercoleptes
brachyotus.

‘‘ The fur is full, soft, and moderately long; of a universally glossy
yellowish grey clouded with brown, especially over the nose, on the
top of the head, and down the back; and indeed little less so on the
sides of the body and outer surface of the limbs. The abdomen, the
insides of the limbs, and the throat are dusky straw colour. The ears
are broad, short, and rounded ; covered, but somewhat sparingly, on

83

the outside with fur of the same colour as that of the body: their
length and breadth are equal, namely, 1 inch.

“The tail is moderately thick, being covered with fur of the same
character as that of the body.”

Sp. 1. Crrcozerres mecaxorus. Cercolept. let? rufus, strigd
saturatiore, per totam longitudinem capitis, dorsi medii, caudeque
supra excurrente ; lateribus pallidioribus ; abdomine guldque rujis,
strigd castaned abdominali ; auriculis longis, angustis, rotundatis
subpendentibus et extern? pilis pallide flavis, indutis caudd gracili ;
vellere denso brevi, atque rigido.

Sp. 2. Cxercorzrres sracuyorus. Cercol. vellere denso, molli,
et longiusculo, griseo flavescenti, at brunneo, undato, hoc colore in
capite, summoque dorso, saturatiore : abdomine et guld stramineis
auriculis latis, mediocribus, et erectis, pilis rarioribus fuscis ex-
terne indutis.

84

September 27, 1836.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

A communication from Edward Fuller, Esq., of Carleton Hall,
near Saxmundham, was read, which stated that his gamekeeper had
succeeded last year in rearing two birds from a barn-door Hen, hav-
ing a cross from the Pheasant, and a Pheasant cock; that the birds
partook equally of the two species in their habits, manners, and ap-
pearance ; and concluded by presenting them to the Society.

The gamekeeper of Edward Fuller, Esq., in a short note which
accompanied the birds, stated that he had bred them, and they were
three-quarter-bred Pheasants.

The living birds were exhibited at the Meeting, as was also a
living hybrid, between the Pheasant and common Fowl, which was
one of several that had been some years in the Menagerie of the
Society.

Several specimens of hybrids, from the preserved collection in the
Museum of the Society, were placed on the table for exhibition and
comparison. These had been bred between the Pheasant and common
Fowl, the common Pheasant and the silver Pheasant, and the common
Pheasant with the gold Pheasant.

The specimens of the three-quarter-bred Pheasants were consider-
ed interesting, the opinion of the older physiologists having been
that animals bred between parents of two distinct species were un-
productive.

Mr. Yarrell stated, that although generally such an opinion pre-
vailed there were still exceptions. The Proceedings of the Society
for 1831 exhibited one already recorded at page 158. This com-
munication was received from the Honourable Twiselton Fiennes,
who having succeeded in rearing a brood between the common Duck
and the Pintail, found in the following season these hybrids were
productive. Other instances are also on record which were adverted
to. Mr. Yarrell stated, that he had had opportunities of examining
the bodies of hybrids, both of Gallinaceous Birds and Ducks, and
found that the sexual organs of the males were of large size, those
of the females deficient in size, and not without some appearance of
imperfection. The crosses produced by the breeders of Canaries
were mentioned, and the objects ef obtaining them explained. Mr.
Yarrell expressed his belief that the attempt to breed from a hybrid
was most likely to be successful when a male hybrid was put to a
female of a true species.

Mr. Vigors said this was the first instance that had come to his
knowledge of a female hybrid being productive, and he had hitherto

85

considered that they were not so: he expressed his desire to see the
female hybrid that had produced the three-quarter Pheasants then
in the room, and hoped that the opportunities which the Menagerie
- of the Society afforded of obtaining additional evidence on this in-
teresting subject would not be lost sight of.

The Chairman stated, that it was the opinion of John Hunter
that hybrids were not productive except in cases where the gene-
rative organs were in a state of perfection, which might be regarded
as unnatural in hybrids, as in the rare cases recorded of fertile
Mules, between the Horse and Ass. Constant fertility in the hy-
brid proved, in the opinion of Hunter, that the parents were varie-
ties of the same species, not distinct species. But the Chairman
stated, that the experiments recorded by Hunter in the ‘ Animal
CEconomy’ relative to the fecundity of the hybrids from the Dog
and Wolf and Dog and Jackal were incomplete, from the cir-
cumstances of the hybrids having always bred from a perfect
species and not having propagated the intermediate variety inter
se. He trusted that in a short time this test would be applied in
experiments now in progress at the Society’s Menagerie, and thus
an additional element be gained towards the solution of this inter-
esting question.

A small collection of Birds from Swan River, presented to the
Society by Lieut. Breton and Capt. Brete, were on the table. Mr.
Gould, at the request of the Chairman, observed upon the collection
generally, and selected two species which he considered as unde-
scribed, a Gallinule and a species of Duck, the latter strictly refer-
rible to the genus Oryura of L. Bonaparte, Prince of Musignano,
(genus Undina of Gould). Mr. Gould named the Gallinule, Gallinula
ventralis, and the Duck, Oxyura Australis, this being the only in-
stance he had seen of this limited group from Australia. Of this spe-
cies the collection contained both male and female, the latter of
which, in the general distribution of its markings and colouring,
bore so close a resemblance to the Hydrobates of Temminck that
the bill alone presented the obvious distinction.

Mr. Gould characterized the Gallinula as follows :

GALLINULA VENTRALIS. Gall. guld pectore et inferioribus corporis
partibus fusco-cinereis, lateribus albo guttatis, remigibus caude
crissoque nigris ; toto corpore superne olivaceo-brunneo ; alis cas-
taneo tinctis ; mandibuld superiore olivaced ; inferiore ad basin

_rubrd, ad apicem olivaced ; pedibus olivaceis.
Long. tot. 15 a 17 unc.; rostri, 14; ale, 9; caude, 34; tarsi, 2}.
Hab. in Australia apud flumen Cygnorum.

Oxyura Austratis. Mas. Oxy. capite toto et colloque nigris ;
pectore, dorsolateribusque nitide castaneis ; remigibus tectricibusque
caud@ nigrescentibus, uropygio nigricante brunneo inornato ; ub-
domine crissoque brunneo cinereis brunneo transversaliter obscure
striatis, rostro pedibusque plumbeis.

86

Fem. Differt toto corpore nigricante, obscuris lineis guttisque casta-
neis notato ; partibus inferioribus corporis pallidioribus,
Long. tot. 15 unc.; rostri, 2; ale, 6; caud@, 3; tarsi, 1}.
Hab, Australia:
Heec species typum generis constat, alis brevibus atque concavis
rectricibus caudee rigidis plumisque corporis nitidis.

October 11, 1836.
Joseph Cox Cox, Esq., in the Chair.

A series of Mammalia selected from the collection of the Society
was exhibited. Mr. Gray made some remarks upon them illustra-
tive of the value which he conceived was to be placed on the cha-
racters used by M. Cuvier to separate the plantigrade from the
digitigrade Carnivora, and he concluded by stating that he did not re-
gard the nakedness of the sole as a good character to separate the
genera into larger or smaller groups, though from its permanence in
all ages and the state of the species, it furnished excellent characters
to distinguish species, to separate them into sections, and often to
characterize the genera of carnivorous animals; and in proof of the
latter, he referred to the excellent character which it furnished to
distinguish the species of the genera Herpestes, Mephites, and Lutra.
He further observed, that in many instances the extent of the naked-
ness of the soles appears to depend upon the temperature of the coun-.
try that the animal inhabited, and mentioned that several of the
animals living in countries covered with snow, which apply the
whole of the soles of their feet to the ground, have this part entirely
covered with hair, as the Wolverine, the Panda, the Seals, and the
Polar Bear ; but that this was not universally the case, for the Ben-
turing, which inhabited the same country as the Panda, has the
soles bald and papillary. He further observed, that the nakedness
of the soles did not appear to be permanent even in the specimens
of the same species in the Squirrel and other Glirine animals; for
he had observed that the specimens of the grey Squirrels, in the
Northern part of the United States, had this part covered with hair,
whilst those of the Southern parts, had the soles entirely bald ; and
he also observed, that the various species of the Spermophile differed
greatly amongst themselves in the extent of the nakedness of this
part.

Mr. Gray then proceeded to make some remarks on the alteration
in the situation of the teeth, and on the change which takes place
in the form of the carnivorous tooth, in the milk and permanent
teeth of the Carnivora; and stated, that the milk carnivorous tooth
of the Cat, Dog, Vison, Skunk, Viverra, and indeed of all the genera
which he had been able to examine, had a small central internal
lobe, whilst the same tooth in the permanent set always had a large
anterior lobe; he also stated, that he had observed that the tuber-
cular grinders of the Mustele often vary considerably in size in the
various specimens of the same species, showing that implicit re-
liance cannot be placed in the size of these teeth as a specific cha-

No. XLVI.—Procerpines oF THE ZooLoeicaL Socrery.

88

racter, which several persons have been inclined to do, as it is well
known that the size of such teeth does not depend upon the age of
the animal, as they never alter their size after they are once com-
pletely developed. Mr. Gray then proceeded to point out the cha-
racters by which the new species exhibited were distinguished : two
were said to have formed part of the collection of the late Sir Stam-
ford Raffles, and were therefore supposed to have come from Sumatra;
one of them was a new species of Paradocurus, called P. leucomy-
stax from its strong white whiskers, and the other Mr. Gray regard-
ed as the type of anew genus which he called Cynogale, which ap-
peared to be intermediate between Paradoaurus and Ictides, by dif-
fering from both in the length of the face, the compressed form of
the false canines, and the small size and triangular form of the car-
nivorous grinder. Mr. Gray proposed to call it Cynogale Bennettit,
after his late friend, who, he believed, intended to have described
this animal if he had lived. Then followed the description of two
Foxes, (C. Magellanicus and €. griseus), which formed part of the
collection made by Capt. P. P. King, during his survey of the coast
of South America, and a Squirrel (Sciurus Douglasii), and three
Hares, (Lepus longicaudatus, L. Californica, and L. Douglasii), dis-
covered by the late Mr. Douglas in North America. Then the de-
scription of three new species of flying Squirrels from various parts
of continental India, viz. Pteromys Melanotis, P. albiventer, and P.
Leachii; the latter, presented by Mr. Mellish to the Society, is pecu-
liar for being coloured exactly like the American Sciwroptera, but is
at once distinguished from them by the length and cylindrical form
of its tail ; and an Herpestes from the Indian Islands, like the black
Herpestes of the Cape, but differing from it in colour and in the
shortness of the tail, therefore called H. brachyurus. Mr. Gray then
proceeded to point out the character, taken from the form of the
soles of the hind feet, by which the Skunks could be divided into
three sections or subgenera, and showed the character in the four
species in the collection of the Society, and referred to some other
species belonging to these sections which were in the collection of
the British Museum, where also he stated other specimens of several
of the species, as the Dog, flying Squirrel, and Herpestes, now de-
scribed, were to be found.

Mr. Gould exhibited several specimens and drawings of Birds ul
lied to the well-known Wren of Europe; and, at the request of the
Chairman, proceeded to comment upon, and characterize the unde-
scribed species as follows :

Trociopytes Maceiianicus. Trog. corpore infra griseo-fulvo,
vinaceo tincto ; crisso rufo, supra brunneo ; dorso scapulisque striis
nigrescentibus obscure ornatis ; alis cauddque rufis, nigro striatis ;
mandibuld superiore nigrd, inferiore, nec non pedibus, pallidé brun-
neis.

Long. tot., 42 unc. ; rostri, $; ale, 2; caude, 2; tarsi, %.

89

Hab. in Fretu Magellanico.
Differt & specie Trog. Zquinoctialis, Swains., magnitudine majore
corporis ; rostro minore.

TrogLopytEs LEvcocastRa. Trog. corporis parte superiore re-
migibusque caude brunneo-rufescentibus ‘olivaceo tinctis ; caude
et remigibus secundariis lineis brunneis transversaliter striatis ;
strigd superciliosd, gutture, pectore, abdomineque albis ; lateribus,
Femoribus, crissoque pallidi-brunneis ; mandibuld superiore fused,
inferiore sub-albidd ; pedibus brunneis. +

Long. tot., 2% unc.; rostri, 4; ale, 2; caude, 14; tarsi, 5.

Hab. in Mexico, in loco Taumalipus dicto.

Turyoruorus cutratus. Thry. capite supra brunneo-rubro ; strigd
superciliosd albd lineis quim minimis nigris interruptd; dorso
brunneo, plumis longitudinaliter albo striatis ; alis albo et brunneo
alternative striatis ; remigibus caude duabus intermediis brunneo-
nigro guttatis, duabus propinguis nigrescentibus ; marginibus ex-
ternis guttis pallide brunneis adspersis rectricibus duabus, externis
albo atque brunneo striatis ; harum externd ad apicem albo notatd ;
guld et pectore griseo-albis maculis nigris guttatis ; abdomine la-
teribusque albis guttis nigris parvis adspersis ; pedibus brunneis ;
mandibuld superiore gricescente, inferiore fusco.

Long. tot., 6 unc.; rostri, 1; ale, 3; caude, 3; tarsi, 1.

Hab. Mexico.

Mr. Gould also proposed a new genus in the group of Wrens,
under the name of Scytalopus, and which he characterized as fol-
lows :

Genus ScyTaLorvus.

Rostrum capite brevius, compressum, obtusum leviter recurvum.

Nares basales, membrana tectz.

Ale concave, breves, rotundate, remige prima abbreviata, tertia,
quarta, quinta et sexta eequalibus.

Cauda brevis, rotundata, (pennis externis brevissimis,) laxa.

Tarsi elongati, atque robusti, antrorsim scutellis tecti; posteriis
fasciis angustis cincti, squamis serpentum abdominalibus, haud dis-
similibus ; halluce elongato et robusto; ungue elongato; digitum
anteriorum, medio elongato et gracili.

Scyratorus ruscus. Scy. corpore toto fuliginoso-nigro ; capitis
plumis nonnunquam argentato-griseis ; rostro nigro ; pedibus brun-
neis.

Long. tot., 2% unc.; rostri, 3; ale, 1£; caud@, 14; tarsi, .

Hab. in Fretu Magellanico, Chili, &c.

Hoe genus ad illud in quo Troglodytes vere amplectuntur maxi-

mam affinitatem demonstrat.

90

ScyTaLorus atpocutaris. Scy. capite ceruleo-nigro ; corpore su-
periore ferrugineo-brunneo, lined transversali nigrd ; caudd pal-
lide rufo-brunned ; guld, pectore, abdomineque intermedio albis,
lateribus et crisso pallido ferrugineis lined transversali nigra ;
mandibuld superiore nigrd brunned ; pedibus brunneis.

Long. tot., 3} unc.; rostri, 3; ale, 14; caude, 13; tarsi, %.

Hab. in Brasilia.

October 25, 1836.
Dr. Bostock in the Chair.

Two skulls of the Orang-Utan of Borneo, and a skin, including
the cranium, of an immature Orang-Utan of Sumatra, were exhibited.
They were transmitted to England by Dr. W. Montgomerie of Sin-
gapore, with a statement that the young Sumatran Orang had died
in that gentleman’s possession soon after having acquired additional
grinders.

Mr. Owen availed himself of the occasion to make the following
observations on each of the above specimens.

He stated that the skin of the young Sumatran Orang agreed in
the rufous colour, texture, disposition, and direction of the hair, with
the adult female Sumatran Orang, presented to the Zoological So-
ciety by Sir Stamford Raffles; like that specimen also, it had no
nail on the Aallux or thumb of the hinder hands. ‘The posterior
molares on each side of each jaw correspond to the first permanent
molares of the adult; the rest of the teeth consisted of the 8 deci-
duous bicuspides, the 4 small deciduous canini, and the 8 decidu-
ous incisores. This state of the dentition was similar to that of the
human child at the 7th year; but it would be unsafe to infer from
this circumstance that the age of the Orang corresponded : it being
more probable, from the characteristic duration of the immature
state in the human species, that the shedding of the teeth takes
place at a later period than in the Orang.

Of the two crania of the Bornean Orangs, one differed materially
from the other in size and in the development of the cranial ridges.
The larger specimen before the Society, closely resembled the cra-
nium of the Bornean Pongo or adult Orang in the Museum of the
College of Surgeons, and differed, in precisely the same respects as
that specimen, from the cranium of the Pongo (supposed to be Su-
matran) in the possession of Mr. Cross, described and figured in the
lst volume of the Society’s Transactions, (p. 380. Pl. 53), which
induced Mr. Owen to entertain more strongly his original suspicion,
that that cranium belonged to an Orang specifically distinct from the
great Bornean species (Simia Wurmbii, Fischer). With respect to
the differences alluded to, he stated that the cranium of the great
Bornean Orang was characterized by the more oblique plane of the
orbits, and consequently the straightness of the contour of the skull
between the forehead or glabella and the incisor teeth: the external
boundaries of the orbit were broad and had a rough irregular surface,
probably in consequence of the development of the callous protube-
rances which characterize the sides of the face in the adult males of
this species. The symphysis of the lower jaw was also proportion-
_ally deeper than in the (supposed) Sumatran Pongo. The craninm

92

of that animal in the possession of Mr. Cross, Mr. Owen regarded
as being that of a male individual from its size and from the deve-
lopment of the cranial ridges.

The sexual peculiarities observable in the cranium of both the
Bornean and Sumatran Pongos are well marked, and are exemplified,
first in a difference of relative size, that of the female being about
4th smaller; secondly, ina much smaller development of the cranial
ridges ; and thirdly, in the symphysis menti being of less depth, the
cranium of the female approaching in these respects, according to
the usual law of sexual development, towards the characters of the
immature animal. The smaller of the crania of the two Bornean
Orangs, Mr. Owen regarded as indicative of a species of Simia, Erxl.,
equally distinct from the great Pongo of Borneo (Simia Wurmbii,
Fischer, Synopsis Mammalium, p. 32, No. 43), and from the Orang
of Sumatra (Simia Abelii, Fischer, ibid. p. 10, No. 2*); and whilst
regretting that his conclusion as to the specific distinction of the
smaller Orang, (which, ceteris paribus, must be at least one third less
than either of the two preceding Orangs) necessarily reposed on a
comparison of the cranium alone, he at the same time observed that,
as the cranium in question was in every respect entire, and with
the series of teeth complete, it served to establish that deduction on
the sound basis of dental and osteological characters.

Mr. Owen therefore proposed to designate the lesser Orang of
Borneo, Simia Morio, and proceeded to describe the cranium as fol-
lows :

“The size and form of the cranium of the Simia Morio at first
suggests the idea of its being an intermediate stage of growth be-
tween the young and adult Simia Satyrus, or Pongo; but this is dis-
proved by comparison of the teeth of S. Morio, with the permanent
teeth in the adult Pongo, and with the deciduous ones in the
young Simia Satyrus, as well as with the germs of the permanent
teeth concealed in the jaws of the latter. For while the teeth of
S. Morio are much larger than the deciduous teeth of the young
S. Satyrus, they have different relative sizes one to another from those
which are observed in the permanent teeth of the full-grown: the
molares and bicuspides of the S. Morio being smaller, the canini much
smaller, while the upper incisores have nearly, and the lower in-
cisores fully, the same dimensions as those of the great Pongo.

‘« The teeth in the jaws of a quadrumanous cranium may be known
to belong to the permanent series, by the absence of the foramina,
which, in an immature cranium, are situated behind the deciduous
teeth, and which lead to the cavities containing the crowns of the
permanent teeth. This character is very conspicuous on comparing
the cranium of Simia Morio with that of a young Simia Satyrus, in
which the deciduous series are present; together with the first per-
manent molares. ‘The deciduous teeth in the young Orang, besides
their smaller size, are more or less protruded from their sockets, and
thrust apart from one another by the vis d tergo of their huge suc-
cessors, while the teeth of S. Morio are lodged firmly in the jaws;
and, with the exception of the characteristic interval between the

93

@anines and incisors, are compactly arranged in close contiguity with
each other.

«I have re-examined with much interest several crania of imma-
ture Orangs, in order to ascertain if any of these might be the young
of the species in question ; but they have all presented the crowns
of the permanent molares of too large a size,—of a size which shows
that the great Pongo, either of Wurmb or Abel, represents their adult
state*, And these immature erania also indicate the condition to
which they are destined to attain by the size of the orbits, which
exceeds that of the orbits of the S. Morio, the eye having, like the
brain, already in the young Pongos acquired its full size.

“That the cranium of the Simia Morio here desoribed, belonged
to an adult is proved by the small interval between the temporal
ridges at the crown of the skull, corresponding to the extensive sur-
face of origin of the crotophyte muscles; and by the obliteration of
the intermaxillary sutures: that it belonged also to an aged indivi-
dual is highly probable from the extent to which the teeth are worn
down, and from the obliteration, notwithstanding the absence of in-
terparietal and lambdoidal crests, of the sagittal and lambdoidal su-
tures. j

«The cerebral portion of the skull of Simia Morio equals in size
that of the Pongo, and indicates the possession of a brain at least as
fully developed as in that species, while the maxillary portion is pro-
portionally smaller; so that, as the cranium rises above the orbits,
and is, like that of the Pongo, more convex on the coronal aspect
than in the Chimpanzee, and wants the prominent supraciliary ridge
which characterizes the African Orang, it presents in the Simia Morio
altogether a more anthropoid character.

“There are, however, the rudiments of the ridges which so re-
markably characterize the cranium of the mature Pongo. Those
which commence at the external angle of the frontal bone pass back-
wards, upwards, and slightly converge, but do not meet; they gra-
dually diminish in breadth, and, after passing the coronal suture,
subside to the level of the skull; they are then only traceable by a
rough line, which leading parallel to the sagittal suture, and gra-
dually bending outwards, rises again to be continued into the lam-

* The permanent teeth in the Bornean and Sumatran Pongos so closely
correspond in size and shape that I am unable to refer the crania of the
immature Orangs which I have hitherto examined to either species exclu-
sively from comparison of the crowns of the concealed permanent teeth ;
in speaking of the immature specimens of the great Pongo, I therefore use
the term Simia Satyrus; in comparing the Simia Morio with the adult
Pongo, I would be understood as always referring to the Bornean species,
with cheek-callosities, or the Simia Wurmbii of Fischer. If the specific dif-
ferences of Simia Wurmbii and Simia Abelii be admitted, the term Simmia
Satyrus must merge into a synonym, as having been applied indiscriminate-
ly to the young of both these large Orangs. In each case, the generic term
Simia is applied in the restricted sense in which it is used by Erxleben in
his ‘Systema Regni Animalis,’ 8vo, 1777, and with which the term Pithecus,
substituted by Geoffroy for the genus of Orangs, is synonymous.

94

bdoidal ridges ; thus circumscribing the origins of the temporal mus-
cles. The lambdoidal and mastoid ridges are broader and more de-
veloped than in the Chimpanzee, but inferior in both respects to
those of the Pongo. The inial region of the occiput is almost
smooth, and is convex, without the mesial ridge, and strong muscu-
lar impressions observable in the Pongo, where a preponderating
weight in front calls for the insertion of powerful muscles behind
to counterbalance it.

The temporal bones join the frontal in Simia Morio as in the Tro-

.glodytes niger; but this structure occasionally is present on one or
both sides of the skull in Simia Satyrus.

The additamentum suture lambdoidalis is present on both sides
in the S. Morio, and the beginning of the lambdoidal suture may be
faintly traced, but the remainder is obliterated.

Directing our attention to the base of the skull of S. Morio we
observe the occipital foramen to be less posteriorly situated than in
the Pongo, but more so than in the Chimpanzee. The plane of the
foramen is also less oblique than in the Pongo. The occipital condyles
are as far apart anteriorly as in the Chimpanzee. The anterior con-
dyloid foramina are double on each side as in the Pongo: the carotid
and jugular foramina open within the same depression; they are rela-
tively further apart in the Chimpanzee: the petrous portion of the
temporal bone, as in the Pongo, is relatively smaller than in the Chim-
panzee, and the articular cavity, or surface for the lower jaw, forms
a larger proportion of the base of the skull.

The other characters of the basis cranii correspond with those
of the Pongo; and the smaller size of the meatus auditorius externus
is probably associated in both species with a smaller auricle, as com-
pared with the Chimpanzee.

On the bony palate the relative position of the foramen incisivum
corresponds with the development of the incisive teeth, showing the in-
termaxillary bones to be of larger size in the S. Morio than in the Chim-
penzee: the situation of the sutures joining these bones to the max-
illaries is indicated by vascular grooves, but otherwise obliterated ;
while in the cranium of a young Pongo of nearly the same size as
that of the Simia Morio, the intermaxillary sutures still remain, cor-
responding to the non-development of the permanent laniaries. It
will be interesting to determine at what period these sutures are ob-
literated in the more anthropoid Simia Morio.

The os nasi is a single narrow long triangular bone, slightly di-
lated at its upper end or apex, with the basal margin entire, pre-
senting no indications of original separation into two parts, as has
been observed in skulls of the Chimpanzee.

In the contraction of the interorbital space, and the general
form of the orbit and its boundaries, the Simia Morio resembles the
Simia Satyrus, but the orbital cavity, as before observed, is smaller.
In the plane of the orbit and straight contour of the upper jaw, the
Simia Morio resembles the Bornean species of Pongo or Simia Wurmbii,
rather than the Simia Abelii or Sumatran Pongo.

The orbital process of the os male is perforated in the S. Morio

95

as in the Pongo, by several large foramina. There is one principal
and two very small infraorbital foramina on either side ; the upper
maxillary bones are relatively smaller, as compared with the other
bones of the face, and especially the intermaxillaries, than in the Pongo;
a structure which coincides with the smaller proportional develop-
ment of the canine teeth. The nasal aperture has the same form as
in the adult Simia Wurmbii, being more elongated than in the imma-
ture Orang.

The main and characteristic difference then between the Simia
Morio and the Pongo, whether of Borneo or Sumatra, obtains in
the size of the laniary or canine teeth, to the smaller development of
which in the S. Morio, almost all the other differences in the cranium
are subordinate or consequent. The laniary teeth, it may be ob-
served, have little relation to the kind of food habitual to the Orangs;
had they been so related they would have been accompanied with a
structure of the glenoid cavity fitting them, as in the true Carnivora, to
retain a living prey in their gripe, till its life was extinguished or resist-
ance effectually quelled. But the flattened surfaces on which the con-
dyles of the lower jaw rotate are in subserviency to the flattened tu-
berculate molars, showing the mastication of vegetable substances to
be the habitual business of the jaws, and the application of the lani-
aries to be occasional, and probably defensive in most cases. We
perceive the utility of formidable canine teeth to the Orangs, whose
stature makes them conspicuous and of easy detection to a carnivo-
rous enemy; such weapons, in connexion with the general muscular
strength of the Pongos, enable them to offer a successful defence
against the Leopard, and may render them formidable opponents even
to the Tiger; but in the smaller species, which we have been describing,
to which concealment would be easier, the canines are of relatively
smaller size, and those of the lower jaw are so placed as to be worn
down by the lateral incisors of the upper jaw ; they were reduced in
the specimen described, to the level of the other teeth ; and the points
of the upper canines were also much worn. The size, forms, and
proportions of the teeth which relate more immediately to the food
of the Orangs, viz. the molars and incisors, show indisputably that
the Simia Morio derives its sustenance from the same kind of food as
the larger Orangs. ‘The singular thickness or antero-posterior dia
meter of the incisors, which are worn down to a flattened surface,
like molar teeth, show that they are put to rough work; and it is
probable that their common use is to tear and scrape away the tough
fibrous outer covering of the cocoa-nut, and, perhaps, to gnaw through
the denser shell.

With respect to minor differences not noticed in the description,
these may be deduced from the subjoined table of comparative ad-:
measurements.

96

Table of Admeasurements.

Length of the skull from the verter to the base
Orie occipit concyices eee ee ee
Length of the skull from the posterior plane of
the occiput to the margin of the incisors . .
Length of the skull from the posterior plane of
the occiput to the fronto-nasal suture ......
Length of the skull from the fronto-nasal suture
to the margin of the incisors..............
Greatest lateral diameter of the skull (at the post-
ogi Akash sO OBR areata esac
Smallest lateral diameter of the skull (behind the
Ae Sererreendeoetcrererdad cnppiesd nage ices, }
Distance between temporal ridges..............
Diameter of-the skull at the zygomata..........
Length of the zygomatic fossa ................
Diameter of skull taken between the outsides of
Vag) 5S smetramrag sa epegap nee. Lage ete \
PCCTOn Ce ee ree cen ee te ee eee
Transverse diameter of orbital cavity ..........
Vertical diameter of orbital cavity ............
Vertical diameter of nasal aperture ............
Transverse diameter of nasal aperture ..........
Interspace between infraorbital foramina........
Distance between the inferior margin of the nasal
bone and the inferior margin of the intermaxil-
Say Ee eee Ree ee ses en ee te
From the anterior margin of the occipital foramen
to the posterior margin of the bony palate... . \
Length of the bony palate along the mesial suture.
From the anterior margin of the intermaxillary
bones to the anterior palatal foramina ......
Breadth of the crown of the first incisor, upper jaw.
Breadth of the crown of the second incisor, upper
2 So Serer manete ne rireem
Breadth of the four incisors, in situ, upper jaw. .
Longitudinal extent of grinding surface of the
molares, bicuspides included, of one side, upper

Length of the enamelled crown of the ane
CGEM, MIST JAW. ca ue ss aan tere eine clare eo
Premiere cc on weenie tea cma mae ater
Length of the lower jaw from the condyle to Nai
anterior surface of the sockets of the incisors
Length of the ramus of the lower jaw ..........
Greatest breadth efditto 0. eb. eek eae

Simda

Morio,

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= bea © "a bas ES

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adult,

7

10

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STOR OQWOF DMD OFS ie)

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Simla
Wurmbii,
adult
male,

inch. lin, | inch. lin.
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10 6
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29
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pay
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97

Mr. H. E. Strickland read the following list of Birds noticed or ob-
tained by him in Asia Minor, in the winter of 1835 and spring of 1836.

He stated that the winter of last year was one of unusual severity
in all parts of Europe. At Smyrna, where he resided from Novem-
ber to February, the weather, which had been mild in the early
part of December, underwent a sudden change about Christmas-
day. A north wind and violent storms of snow brought vast flocks
of northern Birds to take shelter in Smyrna Bay. A frost of more
than three weeks followed, a circumstance almost without parallel
at Smyrna, which is situated close to the sea and in the low latitude
of 382°, This statement will explain the occurrence in the follow-
ing list, of many Birds whose usual abode is in high northern lati-
tudes.

In the month of February he visited Constantinople, and returned
overland to Smyrna, which he reached at the end of April. A great
change had now taken place in the ornithology of that neighbour-
hood. The spring was now at its height, and numerous summer
birds had arrived, of a more exotic race than those which had been
observed during the winter. Mr. Strickland was now, however, com-
pelled to return to Europe; but the few days which passed before
he left Smyrna, served to give him a taste of the rich ornitholo-
gical harvest which might be reaped by a summer’s residence in Asia
Minor.

Of those species in the following list which have an asterisk at-
tached, specimens had been obtained by Mr. Strickland and were
exhibited.

« Vultur, Ul.

Aquila, rahe,

Two or three species of each of these families frequent the neigh-
bourhood of Smyrna, but all my endeavours to procure specimens of

these wary birds were unavailing.

*1. Falco Aisalon, Linn. Smyrna; rare.

_ *2. Falco Tinnunculus, Linn. Smyrna; rare.

*3. Falco tinnunculoides, Temm. Very abundant in Asia Minor
during the spring. It frequents the Turkish villages, and builds in
the roofs of the houses. Its mode of hovering is similar to that of the
common Kestrel, but it is more gregarious in its habits than that bird.

*4. Accipiter Fringillaria, Ray. Smyrna.

*5. Buteo vulgaris, Bechst. Smyrna.

*6. Circus cyaneus, Flem. Smyrna.

*7. Circus rufus, Briss. Smyrna.

8. Otus brachyotus, Cuv. Smyrna.

*9. Ulula Stredula, Selby. Smyrna.
*10. Bubo maximus, Sibb. Smyrna.
*11. Noctua nudipes, Nilss. Very common in the Levant.
*12. Lanius minor, Linn. Smyrna, in April.
*13. Lanius rufus, Briss. Smyrna, in April.
*14, Lanius Collurio, Linn. Smyrna, in April.

15. Turdus Merula, Linn. Smyrna.

16. Turdus solitarius, Linn. Frequents the rocks and hills near
Smyrna.

98

17. Turdus viscivorus, Linn. Smyrna, during the winter.

18. Turdus pilaris, Lim. Smyrna, during the winter.

19. Turdus musicus, Linn. Smyrna, during the winter.

20. Turdus iliacus, Linn. Smyrna, during the winter.

21. Cinclus aquaticus, Bechst. Rivulets near Smyrna. I cite
this bird with some doubt, not having been able to obtain a specimen.
It is possible that the Smyrna Cinclus may be the C. Pallasii, Temm.,
though I am inclined to refer it to the former species.

*22. Oriolus Galbula, Linn. Smyrna, April.

*23. Saxicola Rubicola, Bechst. Winters at Smyrna.

*24. Saxicola aurita, Temm. Arrives at Smyrna in April. Its
habits are similar to those of our Wheatear, and from its shy and
restless motions it is very difficult to procure.

*25. Saxicola Ginanthe, Bechst. Smyrna, in April.

26. Savicola Rubetra, Bechst. Common at Smyrna during the
winter.

27. Phenicura suecica, Selby. I believe that I saw this bird near
Smyrna in April.

*28. Phenicura Tithys, Jard. and Selb. This bird is common on
the bare rocky hills near Smyrna, where it remains during the
winter.

29. Philomela luscinia, Swains. First heard on the 5th of Aprilat
Hushak in the interior.

30. Salicaria phragmitis, Selby. Seen at Smyrna in December.

31. Curruca cinerea, Bechst. Smyrna, April.

*32. Currucamelanocephala, Bechst. This delicate little bird, which
is only found in the most southern parts of Europe, remains through
the winter in the neighbourhood of Smyrna. It is a retired solitary
bird, frequenting sheltered ravines thickly beset with various ever-
green shrubs.

*33. Sylvia rufa, Temm. Shot near Smyrna in November.

*34. Sylvia brevirostris, mihi. Also killed in November near
Smyrna. This species, which I believe to be new, may be thus cha-
racterized:

Sytvia BRevirostris. Sylv. corpore supra olivaceo brunneo, sub-
tus albido ; pedibus nigris.

Plumage closely resembling that of S. Trochilus. Above brown
with a tinge of olive. A pale yellow streak over the eye. Throat and
breast pale fulvous with a slight tinge of yellow; belly whitish.
Inner wing-coverts of a pale yellow. Remiges: the 4th and 5th long-
est and equal: the 2nd equal to the 8th. Beak dusky; legs black.

Long. tot. poll. 44; rostri, 4; caude, 24; ale, 22; tarsi, %.

Differs from S. rufa in its greater size, and from S. Trochilus in
the shortness of the beak, and the dark colour of the legs.

Habitat prope Smyrnam. Hyeme occisa. .

*35. Accentor modularis, Cuy. Killed near Smyrna in the winter,
but is rare.

*36. Regulus ignicapillus, Cuy. Frequents the olive groves near
Smyrna.

*37. Troglodyles europeus, Linn. Common near Smyrna. Un-
distinguishable from English specimens.

99

88. Motacilla alba, Linn. Smyrna.

39. Motacilla boarula, Linn. Smyrna.

*40. Anthus pratensis, Bechst. Common at Smyrna.

*41. Anthus aquaticus, Bechst. Killed on the coast near Smyrna.

42. Hirundo rustica, Linn. I believe that all the British species
of Hirundinide frequent the Levant, but have only ascertained the
above species.

*43. Alauda arvensis, Linn. Immense flocks of this bird arrived
from the northward at the commencement of the severe weather at
Christmas.

*44, Alauda cristata, Linn. Very common.

*45. Alauda arborea, Linn. Smyrna; common.

*46. Alauda calandra, Linn. Arrived during the cold weather.

*47, Parus major, Linn. Smyrna.

*48. Parus ceruleus, Linn. Smyrna.

*49. Parus lugubris, Natt. Smyrna.

*50. Emberiza miliaria, Linn. Common.

*51. Emberiza Cia, Linn. Frequents the rocky hills near Smyrna.

*52. Emberiza Cirlus, Linn. Haunts the vicinity of streams. It
seems to replace the E. citrinella, which I never noticed in Asia
Minor. :

*53. Emberiza palustris, Sav. The habits of this species of Reed
Bunting exactly resemble those of E. Scheniclus. The beak is rather
less gibbous than in the Dalmatian specimens.

*54. Emberiza cesia, Cretzsch. Killed at Smyrna in April. It is
frequent in Greece and in the Ionian Islands.

*55. Emberiza hortulana, Linn. Smyrna, April.

*56. Emberiza cinerea, mihi. This new species is thus character-
ized:

Empenriza cInEREA. Emb. capite viridi-flavescente ; corpore supra
cinerascenti, subtis albo.

Male. Crown of the head greenish yellow, becoming cinereous at
the nape. Back cinereo-fuscous with an obscure streak of brown in
the middle of each feather. Rump cinereous; tail dark brown; the
two lateral pairs of feathers white on the inner webs for near half
their length towards the extremities.

Wings dark brown, the coverts and quills margined with whitish,
the scapulars with fulvous. Chin and throat yellow, becoming green-
ish on the cheeks.

Breast cinereous; abdomen white, sides cinereous.

Bill dusky; legs flesh-coloured.

Long. tot. poll. 6; rostri, 2; ale, 34; caude, 23; tarsi, %.

" The beak of this species most nearly resembles that of Hmberiza
ia.

Habitat in collibus juxta Smyrnam. Mense Aprili occisa.

57. Pyrgita domestica, Cuv. This is the common house Sparrow
of the Levant.

*58. Pyrgita hispaniolensis, Cuv. A single specimen was ob-
tained in April at Smyrna.

*59. Linuria cannabina, Swains. Common.

60. Carduelis elegans, Steph. Common.

100 ie

*61. Fringilla Celebs, Linn. Very common in the Levant.

62. Fringilla Montifringilla, Linn. Occurred during the winter.

*63. Fringilla Serinus, Linn. Gregarious during the winter. As-
sembles in large flocks, which chirp incessantly in a small low note.

64. Coccothraustes Chloris, Flem. Common.

65. Sturnus vulgaris, Linn. Smyrna.

66. Corvus Coraz, Linn. Smyrna.

67. Corvus Corniz, Linn. Common near Smyrna.

68. Corvus Monedula, Linn. Common near Smyrna.

Ozs. The common Rook was not noticed, and I do not believe that
it exists in the country.

69. Pica caudata, Ray. Common in the Levant.

*70. Garrulus melanocephalus, Bonelli. This bird was first described
by M. Gené in the Memoirs of the Academy of Turin, vol. xxxvii.
p. 298, Pl. I., from specimens in the Turin Museum, received from
Lebanon. It is common in the vicinity of Smyrna, and its note and
habits are identical with those of the European Jay, whose place it
supplies.

*71. Sitta syriaca, Ehrenb. Frequents the open hills near Smyrna,
where it is seen climbing up the masses of rock, or perched on their
summits. It never is seen on trees. ‘The note is a loud clear
warble.

*72. Sitta europea, Linn. Inhabits the groves of aged olive trees
which abound in the bottoms of the valleys. The specimens are
smaller than British ones, but not otherwise distinguishable.

73. Upupa Epops, Linn. . Seen at Hushak in April.

*74, Alcedo ispida, Linn. Common.

*75. Alcedo rudis, Linn. This bird may often be seen in the salt-
water marshes west of Smyrna. It never seems to follow the rivers,
but always remains near the coast. It sometimes hovers for several
minutes, about 10 feet above the water, and then drops caer
larly on to its prey.

76. Picus martius, Linn. I saw a specimen of this bird in the
possession of Mr. Zohrab at Broussa. It was shot in the pine forests
of Mount Olympus. e

*77. Picus major, Linn. Common near Smyrna.

*78. Cuculus canorus, Linn. Smyrna, in April.

79. Phasianus colchicus, Linn. Common near Constantinople on
both sides of the Bosphorus. It has probably migrated thither spon-
taneously from Colchis, its native country.

80. Francolinus vulgaris. | Occurs in the marshes of the Hermus
and the’ Cayster, whence it is sometimes brought to market at
Smyrna.

*81. Perdix saxatilis, Meyer. Abundant on the hills round Smyrna
82. Coturnizx dactylisonans. Remains near Smyrna during winter.
83. Columba Palumbus, Linn. Smyrna.

84. Columba Ainas, Linn. Smyrna.

*85. Columba Turtur, Linn. Smyrna, in April.

*86. Columba cambayensis, Lath. ‘This bird inhabits the Turkish

burial-grounds at Smyrna and Constantinople, which are dense forests
of cypress trees. It is strictly protected by the Turks, and it was

_

101

with some difficulty that I obtained a specimen. It was, perhaps,
originally introduced by man, but now seems completely natu-
ralized.

87. Otis tarda, Linn. Frequents the plains south of Smyrna. It
is called wild Turkey by the European residents.

*88. Otis tetrav, Linn. Abundant during the winter in the poultry
shops at Smyrna.

89. Cidicnemus crepitans, Temm. Said to occur in this part of
Asia Minor.

90. Vanellus cristatus, Meyer. Appeared in vast flocks at the
commencement of the cold weather.

91. Grus cinerea, Bechst. A flock seen in the plain of Sardis the
end of April.

*92. Ardea Egretta, Linn. Frequents the sea marshes west of
Smyrna.

*93. Botaurus stellaris, Steph. Smyrna.

*94. Ciconia alba, Bellon. Very abundant in Turkey during sum-
mer. It swarms in every village, and is protected with the same
strictness by the Turks as by the Dutch. It is said to have quite
deserted Greece, since the expulsion of its Mahometan protectors.

95. Numenius arquatus, Cuv. Smyrna.

96. Scolopar Rusticola, Linn. So abundant were Woodcocks at
Smyrna during the severe weather, that many were killed in small
gardens in the midst of the town.

97. Scolopax Gallinago, Linn. Abundant in the marshes near

98. Scolopaxr Gallinula, Linn. { Smyrna.

*99. Tringa variabilis, Meyer. Common on the coast.

*100. Tringa Temminckii, Leisl. Smyrna, in winter.
*101. Totanus Glottis, Bechst. Smyrna, in winter; rare.

102. Totanus Calidris, Bechst. Common in the marshes.

103. Totanus ochropus, Temm. Seen on the coast.
*104. Recurvirostra Avocetta, Linn. Smyrna; rare.

*105. Rallus aquaticus, Linn. Smyrna.
106. Crex pratensis, Bechst. Smyrna, in winter.
*107. Crex porzana, Bechst. Smyrna, in winter.

108. Gallinula Chloropus, Lath. Smyrna, in winter.

109. Fulica atra, Linn. Smyrna in winter.

*110. Glareola torquata, Meyer. A pair of these birds were brought
to me at Smyrna in April.

*111. Podiceps cristatus, Lath. The young of this bird is abundant
in the harbour at Constantinople, where, in common with all other
waterfowl, it is strictly protected.

*112. Pufinus Anglorum, Ray. Flocks of this bird are constantly
seen flying up and down the Bosphorus. ‘They are rarely seen to
alight, and from their unceasing restlessness, the Franks of Pera
have given them the name of dmes damnées. I am not aware that
this bird has before been noticed in the southern parts of Europe.
*113. Larus ridibundus, Linn.

*114. Larus argentatus, Brunn. These two species of Guill fre-
quent the Golden Horn at Constantinople, where they are so tame
that they may easily be struck with an oar.

102

115. Pelecanus Onocrotalus, Linn. Frequents the marshes near
Smyrna, where it remains during the winter.
*116. Phalacrocorax Carbo, Briss. Abounds in the harbour of Con-:
stantinople, and roosts on the roofs of the houses.

*117. Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Briss. Shot near Smyrna in winter.
118. Cygnus Olor, Linn. Visited Smyrna Bay in the winter.
119. Clangula vulgaris, Leach. Smyrna, during the winter. *
120. Fuligula ferina, Steph. Smyrna, during the winter.

121. Fuligula cristata, Steph. Smyrna, during the winter.

*122. Rhynchapsis clypeata, Shaw. Smyrna, during the winter.
123. Tadorna Vulpanser, Flem. Smyrna, during the winter.

124. Querquedula acuta, Selby. Smyrna, during the winter.

125. Anas Boschas, Linn. Smyrna, during the winter.

126. Mareca Penelope, Selby. Smyrna, during the winter.

127. Tadorna Rutila, Steph. Frequent in the poultry shops at:
Smyrna, but owing to the Turkish practice of cutting the throats of
birds as soon as shot, I was unable to obtain a perfect specimen.

128. Querquedula Crecca, Steph. Smyrna, in the winter.

*129. Mergus albellus, Linn. Smyrna, in the winter.”

Mr. Strickland also exhibited the skin of a variety of the common
Fox, Canis Vulpes, Linn., which occurs near Smyrna: together with
a specimen of the Lepus hybridus, Pall., from the South of Russia,
purchased of a furrier at Rome.

Also a specimen of an Argonauta, Linn., which was brought to him
in Cephalonia with the animal alive in it. Mr. Strickland stated
that he kept it for some hours alive, and when dead it fell out of
the shell with its own weight; proving that there is no muscular
connexion between the animal and the shell. In this instance the
shell did not contain any ova.

Mr. Ogilby called the attention of the Society to two Antelopes
at present living in the Gardens, which he regarded as the Koda and
Kob of Buffon. He expressed his pleasure at having it in his power
to identify two animals originally described imperfectly, and of which
the zoological characters have been hitherto almost unknown; ob-
serving that the re-discovery of an old species was at all times more
gratifying to him, and, he considered, more beneficial to the science
of zoology, than the original description of twenty that were new ;
because, whilst it equally added an authentic species to the substan-
tive amount of our knowledge, it had the further merit of dispelling
the many doubts and surmizes which unavoidably obscured the sub-
ject. Mr. Ogilby entered at some length into the identification of
these two interesting species, referring to the scanty materials afforded
by the original descriptions of Buffon and Daubenton, and pointing
out the various other Ruminants with which subsequent naturalists
had confounded them; at the same time reserving his more detailed
demonstration of this subject, and his descriptions of the animals
themselves, for the monograph which he has been long preparing for
the Transactions of the Society. Among other errors, he pointed
out that the Koba of Pennant (4. Senegalensis) was the Caama;

103

and that the Korrigum of Denham and Clapperton’s. Travels, identi-
fied with A. Senegalensis by Mr. Children and Colonel Smith, was a
very distinct animal from the Koba, and even belonged to a different
natural genus. It has horns in the female sex and lachrymal si-
nuses, both of which characters are absent in the Koda: he there-
fore proposed to distinguish the Bornou animal by the specific name
of A. Korrigum. Thesame observation applies to the two species
which Colonel H. Smith has described under the names of 4. Ade-
nota and A. Forfex, and which he identified with the Kob and Gam-
bian Antelope respectively; both these animals had lachrymal sinuses,
whereas, both Buffon and the more accurate Daubenton, expressly
declare that the Kod is without this character. The animals in the
Gardens, however, corresponded in all respects with the original de-
scriptions; their comparative size, their colour, their habitat, their
zoological characters, as far as they were reported, and, in the case
of the Koba, even the name, were identical; and it therefore gave
him peculiar satisfaction to be able to congratulate the Society on
the possession of two of the rarest and most interesting Antelopes
ever brought together. He observed, in conclusion, that the female
of the Kod had been observed by him six or eight months ago in
the Surrey Zoological Gardens, but that he had only recognised its
identity with Buffon’s animal on the arrival of the fine male speci-
men at present belonging to the Society.

Mr. Ogilby afterwards exhibited the skin of a For from the Hima-
layan mountains, which he has described in the Zoological Part of
Mr. Royle’s “Flora Himalaica,” under the name of Canis Himalaicus.
This animal, of which Mr. Ogilby stated that he had examined three
skins, two belonging to the Zoological Society, and one procured by
Mr. Royle at Mussooree, (the two former in their summer, the latter
in its winter dress,) appears to be rare in Nepaul, since Mr. Hodg-
son has never been able to procure a specimen, but contents himself
with indicating its existence (vide Proceed. Zool. Soc. I]. 97); it is
not uncommon, however, in the Doon, in Kumaon, and the more
western and elevated parts of the Mountains, where it is called the
hill Fox by the Europeans, and greatly admired for the beauty of its
form, and the brilliancy and variety of its colours. The whole length
to the origin of the tail is 2 feet 6 inches; that of the tail, 1 foot 6
inches; that of the ears, 4 inches; and the height may be about 1 foot
4 or 5 inches. The animal agrees with the common European and
American Fozes, (C. Vulpes and C. fulvus,) in the black marks on
the backs of the ears, and in front of the hind and fore legs. The
coat consists of long close rich fur, as fine as that of any of the Ame-
rican varieties, and of infinitely more brilliant and varied colours. It
consists of two sorts of hair, an interior of a very fine cottony tex-
ture, and anu external of a long silky nature, but perfectly pliant, and,
like the fur of the Sadle, lying almost equally smooth in any direc-
tion. The inner fur is of a smoky blue or brown colour along the
back, as is likewise the basal half of the outer silky hair, which, up to
this point, is of the same soft cottony texture as the interior fur; it
then assumes its harsher silky character, is marked with a broad

104

whitish yellow ring, and terminated by a long point of a deep bay
colour....Hence, along the whole upper surface of the head, neck,

and back, the uniform colour is unmixed deep and brilliant red. On
the sides of the neck, on the throat, ribs and flanks, is pure white,
changing to light smoky blue on the last-named parts. The outer
hair of the hips and thighs is tipt with grey instead of red, which
gives these parts a hoary appearance, and this colour predominates
on. all the upper parts of the Society’s two specimens, in which the
fur is moreover much shorter and coarser, and the colours less bril-
lant and varied than in Mr. Royle’s. The whole under surface of
the body is of a smoky brown colour, without any intermixture of
long silky hairs. The external colours of the body are, therefore,
bright bay on the back, yellowish red on the sides of the body,
white on the sides of the neck, hoary grey on the hips, and smoky
brown on the throat, breast, and belly. The ears are pretty large
and elliptical, their outer surface black; a stripe of the same colour
runs down the front of the legs, both fore and hind; the soles of the
feet,are thickly covered with hair of a yellowish brown colour, ex-
cept the balls of the toes, which are naked. The brush is large and
well finished, of the same colour as the body throughout the greater
part of its length, and terminated by a large white point.

Mr. Gray related a series of facts in reference to the habits of a
Cuckoo, which appearéd to prove that the female, though she leaves
the eggs to be hatched by another bird, sometimes at least takes
care of the young bird and feeds it after it leaves its nest, and teaches
it to fly. They may explain how they are taught to migrate.

He also expressed some doubt respecting the eggs of Cuckoos be-
ing laid in the nest of Granivorous birds, and stated an instance
where a chicken had been hatched under a Pigeon, that the Pigeon
neglected it when it found that it would not eat the soaked peas, and
eventually ejected it from its nest.

Mr. Gray then exhibited and explained a peculiarity in the struc-
ture of the ligaments of bivalve shells, and pointed out the pecu-
liarity of some mactraceous shells which had this part, contrary to
the general structures, inclosed in the cartilage pit, observing that
this structure was found in his genus Gnathodon, and in a new genus,
which Mr. Gray had called at the British Museum Mulinia, of which
he described five species ; and he also stated the necessity for forming
anew genus, of which Mactra Sprengleri may be regarded as the type.

Mr. Harvey, of Teignmouth, exhibited various fossils from Devon-
shire. Of these, sections in different directions had been made, and
the surfaces highly polished. The structure was thus rendered
beautifully apparent.

Mr. Harveyalso’exhibited various specimens of Asteriasand Ophiura
from the Devonshire coast, and explained the mode by which they
had. beeuw prepared,

Mr. Gould brought under the notice of the Mceting several spe-

105

cies of Birds from New South Wales, which he considered to be
new to science, as they are not contained in the collection of the
Linnean Society; nor, as far as he is aware, described in any publica-
tion. Mr. Gould embraced this opportunity to characterize and
name ten species, and stated that at subsequent meetings of the So-
ciety he would bring forward the remainder of his collection,

Mr. Gould more particularly pointed out a species of Petroica; a
new and interesting species of Ptilonorhynchus, allied to Ptil. nu-
chalis, and which he proposed to make the type of a new genus; a
new species (belonging to the Society) of the genus Calyptorhynchus,
which he compared with all the other members of the group then on
the table, and described as Calyptorhynchus Naso; and four new spe-
cies of the genus Amadina, Swains., which he named Amadina cincta,
ruficauda, modesta, and Castanotis. ‘The characters of the above spe-
cies are as follows : :

PrTroica PH@NICEA. Mas. Pet. corpore supern? fuliginoso-griseo
fronte, naribus, marginibusque anterioribus remigum tertialium
albo notatis ; remigibus primariis rectricibusque griseo-nigris,
harum evternis plumis penitus albis, guld fuliginosa; corpore
subtus coccineo ; crisso albo ; rostro pedibusque nigris.
Fom. Corpore superné toto brunneo, tectricibus ale rufo-griseo
; emarginatis ; rectricibus externis albis corpore subtis rufescenti-
...griseis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.
_ Long. tot. 53 unc.; rostri, 3; ale, 34; caude, 2;: tarsi, %.

Hab. Nova Hollandia.

' Amapina Castanoris. Am. corpore superne cinereo-fusco; uro-
pygio albo, tectricibus caude nigris, albo guttatis ; genis castaneo-
rufis lined albd ad basin rostri; pectore griseo lineis nigris trans-
versim siriato; notd nigrd in medio pectoris; abdomine albo, crisso
ochraceo, lateribus castaneis albo guttatis; rostro aurantiaco ;

pedibus subflavis.

‘Long. tot. 43 unc.; ale, 24; caude, 13; tarsi, 4.

' Hab. Nova Hollandia.

AMADINA MoDEsTAa. Ama. fronte sanguinolentd; corpore superiore
_. Fusco; alis albo-guttatis ; uropygio crissoque alternatim striatis
. Uineis albis atque fuscis ; rectricibus nigris, duabus lateralibus ex-

ternis ad apicem albo notatis ; guld nigra; corporis inferiore parte
cinereo-albido lineis transversis fuscis striato, abdomine intermedio
oo, erissoque albis ; rostro nigro, pedibus nigrescentibus.
Long. tot. 43 unc.; ale, 24; caude, 2; tarsi, 3.
Hab. in Nova Hollandia.

Amanpina cincta.**Ama. capite toto argentato cinerco; guld nigrd;

_ corpore toto pallid? castaneo ; fascid nigrd corporis inferiorem
partem cingente ; tectricibus caude superioribus et inferioribus
albis ; caudd nigra ; rostro nigro ; pedibus brunneis.

Long. tot. 44 unc.; ale, 23; caude, 24; tarsi, 3.

Fab. in Nova Hollandia.

106

AMADINA RUFICAUDA. Mas. Ama. fronte genisque coccineis his
albo striatis; corpore superne olivaceo-fusco ; tectricibus caude
cauddque fusco-coccineis, illis guttis pallido-rubris ornuatis ; guld
corporeque inferne olivaceis, griseis, albo transversim notatis, ab-
domine intermedio crissoque flavidi-albis ; rostro coccineo ; pedi-
bus pallidi-brunneis.

Fom., vel mas junior. Corpore toto cinereo fusco, abdomine interme-
dio albo; caudd rufescente-brunned.

Long. tot. 44 unc.; ale, 23; caude, 14; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia.

Catoprera macuLATA. Cal. capite supra auricularibus, et guld
nitide brunneis, scapuld plumd cinereo-argentato cinctd ; fascia
nuchal rosaced ; corpore superne cauddque intensé brunneis ; apici-
bus plumarum in dorso, uropygio, scapulisque, fulvo large guttatis ;
remigibus albidis ; rectricibus flavido-albis, ad apicem notatis ;
corpore subtis cinereo ; lateribus transversaliter brunneo striatis ;
rostro pedibus fusco brunneis.

Long. tot. 114 unc.; rostri, 14; ale, 6; caude, 4%; tarsi, 12.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia.

Differt 4 Ptilonorhyncho nuchale, Jard., magnitudine inferiore, nec

non maculis superné sparsis.

Cracticus HypoLeucus. Cract. nuchd, dorso, tectricibus caude,
crisso, rectricibusque caude ad basin, albis, reliquis partibus
nigris, rostro ad basin plumbeo in nigrum transeunte.

Long. tot. 143 unc.; rostri, 2; ale, 93; caude, 5%; tarsi, 2.

Hab. Van Diemen’s Land.

Differt a specie Cracticus Tibicen appellata, rostro et tarsi breviori-

bus, aque ac dorsi albo colore.

Hab. in Terra Van Diemen dicta.

Cracticus FuLIGINosus. Cract. corpore toto fuliginoso; remigiis,

rectricibusque caude ad pee albis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.
Long. tot. 18 unc.; rostri, 23; ale, 10; caude, 7; tarsi, 24.
Hab. in Terra Van Diemen dicta.

CatyprorHyncuus Naso. Mas. Calyp. capitis cristd, et toto cor-
pore nitide nigris, rectricibus caude duabus intermediis exceptis ;
fascid late coccined cinctis ; rostro pregrandi ad basin pallide
plumbeo ; pedibus ceruleo nigris.

Foem. Differt cristd genis corpore superne guttis flavis adspersis ;
corpore inferiore transversis lineis coccineis atque flavis ornato ;
fascid caudali coccined, lineis nigris interruptd, rostro albo.

Long. tot. 22 unc.; mensura rostri verticalis, 2% unc.; ale, 14
caude, 103; tarsi, $

Hab. in Nova Hollandia, ad fluminem Cygnorum.

Calyptorhynchus Naso differt a reliquis generis speciebus rostri

magnitudine, sed corporis magnitudine preter unam omnibus in-
feriore.

a

107

November 8, 1836.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter, addressed to the Secretary, by Robert Mackay, Esq., the
British Vice-Consul at Maracaibo, and a Corresponding Member of
the Society, was read, describing the habits of a Vulture (Vultur
Papa, Linn.) forwarded to the Society forthe Menagerie, but which
had unfortunately died during the voyage.

After noticing the peculiar habit attributed to these birds, (which
frequently congregate to the number of three hundred,) of paying
deference to an individual differing from the rest in plumage, and
to which the inhabitants of Maracaibo give the title of king, Mr. Mac-
kay proceeds to state :

«These birds, in their flights, ascend to such a height as to be
lost sight of, and from their elevation, discover objects of prey.

«They reside in the savannas of a warm and dry temperature ;
and their travels do not extend beyond five or six leagues of the
place where they have been bred.

“They lay their eggs, and hatch their young, in the small con-
cavities of mountains.

«« At a distance from towns, villages, and frequented roads, they
generally assemble in large numbers; but in the immediate vicinity of
such situations the king never deigns to associate with his vassals.”

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. W. Martin read the follow-
ing description of a new species of the genus Felis.

«The beautiful species of Felis to which I beg leave to call the
attention of the Meeting was brought from Java or Sumatra, and
obtained, with other specimens from the same locality, from Mr.
Gould. The only writer, as far as I can learn, who notices it, is
Sir W. Jardine in the ‘ Naturalist’s Library,’ in which work are two
figures from specimens in the Edinburgh Museum; but he there
confounds it with the Felis Diardi of Cuvier, to which species, as
indeed also to the Felis Bengalensis, it bears a close affinity in the
style and colour of its markings. It will be easy, however, to show
that the Felis Diardi isa very different species to the present. The
first description of the #, Diardi is in the fourth volume of Cuvier’s
_ Ossemens Fossiles, p. 437. ‘There is,’ says Cuvier, ‘in Java an-

other wild Cat larger than Felis Bengalensis, very remarkable for the
beautiful regularity of its blotches, of which Messrs, Diard and Du-
yaucel have transmitted to us a skin and a drawing. We shall de-
signate it Felis Diardi.’ After describing its colour, he adds, ‘ The
head is six inches, the tail 2 feet 4 inches, the body 2 feet and a
half, and its height at the shoulder must be 18 inches.’ (French mea-
' sures.) With regard to the Felis Diardi, it is somewhat questionable
whether it be distinct from the Felis macrocelis, or not; at all events

No, XLVII.—Procrepines or THE ZooLoGicaL Society.

108

it is a large Cat closely allied to, if not identical with that animal,
but certainly distinct from the Cat before the Meeting.
«The admeasurements of this species are as follows:

Feet. Inches.

Headtand) bodyanvet Seats 6 eee 1

Head from nose to occiput, following \ AW:
the arch of the skull .......... a

(her) eee ane eet eee ee eee eae

Heiehtiat shoulder... 5 «sy. jcscn ashe ssis 0 103

ata TERE i 3.» ve 5,4 asa teeta 3. 2g

“Tt may be observed, that the individual is adult, as proved by
the state of the dentition; its colouring agrees closely with that de-
tailed by Sir W. Jardine. The ground tint is rusty grey the rufous
tinge prevailing on the top of the head down the middle of the back,
over the cheeks, chest, scapulee, fore limbs, and thighs. On the top
of the head are two longitudinal markings of black inclosing a space
cut up by irregular small rings or dashes of black, and external to
these begin two decided black lines (commencing over each eye),
which become broader on the occiput and back of the neck, on
which latter part they converge, but do not come in contact with
each other; they then sweep over the top of each shoulder blending
with the markings of the body.

“« Continued from the first-described central markings on the head,
there runs between these two decided stripes a broken line, as-
suming between the shoulders the form of elongated open Spots, and
ultimately a black dorsal stripe continued to the base of the tail ;
on the haunches, however, it divides into two parallel stripes. The
ears are short and somewhat rounded, black at the tips, grey in the
centre, and black at and around their base; beyond the black mark
at their base, there is a space of dusky grey, which merges into the
colour of the neck. The sides of the neck, scapule, fore and hind
limbs, are thickly spotted with black. The sides of the body are
marbled with obliquely longitudinal marks of dark grey, each mark
having an irregular margin of black.

«The lower angle of each eye is black, and two black lines cross
the cheek, passing into a throat-mark carried across beneath the
angle of the lower jaw; below this is a similar mark but more in-
definite; the chest is spotted with black. The abdomen is dirty white
which is crossed by rows of black spots in regular order. The upper
surface of the tail is grey, the lower yellowish grey; it is marbled
by spots of black forming indistinct rings, which, tqwards the tip,
assume a more definite character; the extremity being black. The
fur of the body is moderate and sleek; on the tail it is full and soft.

“« For this beautiful species of Cat I venture to propose the title of
Felis marmorata. Though inferior in size to the Felis macrocelis,
this species is related to it, not only in the style of the markings
of the fur, but in the elongation of its form, and the length and
thickness of the tail; it is a Rimaw Dayan in miniature; nor, though
larger than the Felis Bengalensis, is it less allied to that species, be-
tween which and the former it constitutes an intermediate grade.” ;

’

ee a

109

November 22, 1836.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

A communication from Mr. Harvey, of Teignmouth, in Deyon-
shire, was read, which referred to a specimen of the electric Ray
then on the table, The fish was caught in a trawl-net near Teign-
mouth, and was presented to the Society by Mr. Harvey. When
taken, part of a specimen of the small spotted Dogfish was hanging
from its mouth. The fishermen handle the electric Ray while it is
alive without being at all affected by it, always taking care to lay
hold of the tail.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited a very large Carp taken by a net in a piece
of water called the Mere, neare Payne’s Hill, in Surrey. The length
of the specimen was 30 inches, the girth of the body at the com-
mencement of the dorsal fin 24 inches; the weight, 22 pounds. The
fish belonged to Edward Jesse, Esq., author of the “ Gleanings in
Natural History,” by whose permission it was exhibited. Mr. Yar-
rell observed, that he could find no: record of any Carp so large
having before been taken in this country.

Mr. Martin, at the request of the Chairman, read the following

notes on the anatomy of Koala, Phascolarctos fuscus, Desm.
_ ‘The acquisition of a young male Koala preserved in spirits, and
presented to the Society by Captain Mallard, has afforded me the
opportunity of examining the viscera of this rare and curious animal ;
which I did with the utmost care. Differing from the Wombat in
its dental formula, in which respect it closely resembles the Kanga-
rops, the visceral anatomy of the Koala closely approximates to that
of the former animal, as will be perceived by comparing the follow-
ing notes with the description of the anatomy of the Wombat by
Mr. Owen.

“On reflecting the skin of the abdomen, there appeared a small
transverse muscle arising from the skin on either side, which passed
over the marsupial bones, towards their upper extremity, acting as
a support to, and a compressor of them.

«The pyramidalis muscle, to which, on its outer side is attached
the inner edge of the marsupial bone, radiated from this bone to the
middle line, and sent off a broad fascia of fibres over the rectus mus-
ele to the cartilages of the ribs. The rectus began broad from the
‘cartilages of the lower ribs, its fibres appearing to mix with those of
the pectoralis; it continued its course broad to the pubis, and was
inserted in the usual manner. The external oblique was thick and

110

its fibres remarkably strong; the internal oblique gave off a strong
cremaster, which ran down the spermatic cord as far as the festis.

*« The transversalis as usual.

‘«« The first head of the triceps adductor femoris was connected by
aslip of fibres to the external apex of the triangular base of the
marsupial bone, giving to that bone, by its contraction, a slight ex-
ternal motion.

‘The panniculus carnosus was very strong, especially over the
back and sides.

«The capacity of the thorax was very small in comparison with
that of the abdomen.

“‘ The stomach occupied the left side of the abdominal cavity,
scarcely passing the mesial line; its pyloric portion bent down
abruptly, forming a narrow arch through which protruded the /o-
bulus Spigelii of the liver.

‘The liver consisted of two equal parts, a right and left, both
closely attached by membranous (or peritoneal) processes to the
diaphragm; the ligamentum latum verged towards the left side. The
right portion of the liver was divided into three foliaceous lobes, the
left into two: the free edges of this viscus were deeply and abruptly
fissured, as if cut with a knife; and its under surface presented an
irregular congeries of small Jobuli or appendages, clustered thickly
together; on the left side, the outer lobe of the liver passed com-
pletely behind or dorsad of the stomach, the cardiac portion of which
advanced as low as the left kidney. ‘The outer lobe of the liver on
the right side advanced in a pointed form, and passed behind the
whole of the dorsal surface of the right kidney. The great mass
of the liver had, in fact, a dorsad position, the anterior portion being
comparatively very trifling.

«The gall-bladder was seated in the fissure between the first and
second lobes, reckoning from the right side; it was very large, but
empty. Of great width at its base, it narrowed gradually to an al-
most vermiform apex, and its total length was 3] inches. Its duct,
of considerable calibre, terminated exactly one inch below the py-
lorus.

«The spleen was long, thin, and tongue-shaped; it lay loosely
adhering to the cardium; its greatest breadth was } an inch, its
length, 2} inches; its edges were very thin and slightly crenulated.

«« The pancreas presented a thin, flat portion, attached to the
spleen, whence ran a broad slip attached to the peritoneal reflection
at the back of the stomach, and advancing round to the duodenum.
Its duct joined that of the gall-bladder } of an inch from its inser-
tion.

«The stomach was divided by a contraction, into two distinct
portions ; of these, the cardiac was large and almost globular, its
breadth across being 2, its length across 23 inches; its parietes were
much thinner than those of the pyloric portion, which, as we stated,
bent down abruptly, so as to form a narrow arch. The breadth of
the pylorus at its commencement, was little more than an inch, but
it swelled out into a sacculus, whence it narrowed to the pyloric

111

orifice. Following its greater curve it measured 24 inches, along
its smaller, only $ of an inch. It was slightly puckered transversely
on the sides by a posterior longitudinal band of fibres. Anterior to
the entrance of the esophagus, and occupying the space of the smaller
curvature of the stomach, between the wsophagus and the contraction,
was situated a large thick gland, opening by numerous ducts, whose
mouths clustered together, formed a sort of network. On each side
of this gland the inner membrane of the stomach was longitudinally
corrugated with small ruge, whence larger plice, and more distinct
from each other, were continued down the inner surface of the py-
lorus, to its orifice, which was closed with a strong sphincter-valve;
the cardiac pouch was lined with a thin smooth cuticular membrane.
The duodenum began pyriform with a small sacculus 4 of an inch in
breadth, whence it narrowed to 3 of an inch; this being its average
breadth. Its course was as follows: Leaving the pylorus, and bound
to the spine by mesentery, it advanced over the right kidney, then
crossed the spine, turned up on the left side under the cardiac por-
tion of the stomach, and merged into jejunum. The whole of the
inner membrane of the small intestines exhibited a beautiful velvety
tissue.

*« The cecum was of enormous magnitude, and slightly puckered
equidistantly or nearly so throughout its whole length into saccult,
by a slight longitudinal (mesenteric) band of muscular fibres ; there
appeared also, faint traces of an opposite band. Turning spirally
on itself and beginning large, it gradually narrowed, the decrease
of its last portion, for the length of 18 inches, being very marked ;
this portion running to a long vermiform point. The total length
of the cecum was 4 feet 2 inches. Basal breadth, 2 inches. ‘The
colon, resembling in character the first portion of the cecum, was
slightly contracted into large sacculi, the first sacculus just below
the entrance of the i/ewm, being more decided and larger than those
which succeed; it was, however, nothing more than a simple en-
largement, without any pyramid figure. After a course of 17 inches,
the colon decreased in size to the breadth of % of an inch; the total
length of the large intestines was 6 feet 4 inches. ‘The inner mem-
brane of the rectum was corrugated longitudinally.

«The lungs consisted of 3 right lobes, one large, and two small ;
and of two left lobes, the lower by far the largest.

«The heart was compressed and pointed; its length was two
inches.

“The aorta gave off as usual 3 branches for the supply of the an-
terior portion of the body. ‘The first or arteria innominata, however,
almost immediately divided into carotid and subclavian. ‘The right
auricle presented at its upper part a semilunar notch fitting to the
base of the aorta, two points rising up, one on each side of the aorta,
as auricular appendages. Into the upper part of the auricle just be-
hind the right appendix entered the right vena cava superior; and
into the inferior portion of the auricle close to the entrance of the
vena cava inferior, entered the left vena cava superior. The vena
azygos running up on the left side of the aorta, entered the left vena

112

cava superior an inch from its termination. This arrangement of
the vene cave appears to be normal in the Marsupials, as Mr. Owen
has previously observed*.

* Six coronary veins entered the right auricle round its junctional
margin with the ventricle.

“« The auriculo-ventricular opening on the right was of moderate
size, with a simple valve, the edges of which were bound down by
the tendons of two distinct carnee columne ; a third fasciculus of
fleshy fibres, but very indistinct, were to the right of these, but they
could hardly be said to constitute a third carnea columna. The
right ventricle does not approach the apex of the heart by 3 of an
inch. No trace of foramen ovale. Pulmonary artery very wide,
dividing after a course of } an inch in two branches, a right and
left. Right ventricle very thin; the left, very thick and firm.

“ Of the kidneys, the right was seated higher, nearly by its whole
length, than the left ; the lower end of the former and the upper end
of the latter being parallel. “In shape, these organs were oval, and
but slightly compressed. Their pelvis was small, the papilla single
and obtuse; the cortical and cineritious layers very distinct. Length,
13 of an inch; breadth, $ of an inch.

“The penis, of small size and conical figure, was placed imme-
diately anterior to the anus ; it was slightly bifurcate, or rather had
two projecting papille, one on each side of the urethral orifice.
Length of spongy portion, # of an inch. Bladder small, oval, and
much contracted. Testis, of the size of a horsebean. ‘Total length
of vasa deferentia, 23 inches; their entrance was below and external
to the ureters, which opened as usual. Prostate small. Vesicule
seminales small; they entered % of an inch below the bladder, with
Cowper’s glands, which were as large as a tare.

** The thyroid glands were oval, compressed, and small; their co-
lour pale; they began at the 4th ring of the trachea from the thy-
roid cartilage, and extended to the 9th or 10th.

«There was a round subzygomatic gland the size of a pea on the
masseter, and two others of the same character were placed on the
front of the neck, on the platysma myoides.

“The submaxillary glands were thin and long, measuring | inch
in length. Their situation was as usual.

“The parotid glands, very extensive but superficial, occupied the
usual situation ; the duct passed over the masseter, and entered op-
posite the 3rd molar, anterior to the edge of the buecinator.

“The sterno-cleido-mastoideus was attached not only to the mas-
toid process, but also to the whole extent of the occipital ridge; it
consisted of two portions arising as usual, from clavicle and ster-
num.

“The tongue was thick at its base, which rose abruptly from a
deep furrow surrounding its root; the distance from its root to the
epiglottis £ of aninch. Its form was narrow, equal, and rounded at
the tip; its surface was velvety, and one large central papilla was

* Proceedings of Zool. Soc. April 10, 1832, p. 72.

118

séated near its base. Length altogether 2 inches. Breadth } an
inch. Length of free part { of aninch. The palate was divided
by elevated transverse midget: into 8 furrows.

‘* Pharyne spacious, and lined with a corrugated membrane.
(sophagus narrow, its inner membrane being puckered longitudi-
nally.

«The anterior surface of the thyroid cartilage was regularly con-
vex, but not so protuberant as in the phalangers; nor did the os
hyoides play freely over it.”

Mr. Edward Burton, of Fort Pitt, Chatham, communicated a de-
scription of a small species of Pipra received from the Himalaya
mountains, and considered by Mr. Burton to be the first species of
this genus yet discovered in those regions.

Genus Pirra, Linn.

P. squalida, capite et cervice supra brunneis ; interscapulio, dorso,
alis et caudd viridescenti-brunneis ; hdc ad regicnem subapicalem
brunned saturatiori, sed apice externo albo graciliter fimbriatd ;
alarum caudeque pogoniis externis olivaceo leviter tinctis; corpore
infra ubique albido.

Mandibula ae Susca, inferior albida apice fusco, Pedes nigri.

Longitudo 34 poll. Ale caudam equantes.

Hab. apud Montes Himalayenses.

In Museo Medico-Militari, Chatham.

The following observations on a species of Glaucus, referred to
the Glaucus hexrapterygius, Cuvier, by George Bennett, Esq., F.L.S.,
Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society, Surgeon and
Superintendent of the Australian Museum at Sydney, New South
Wales, were read.

“ On the 20th of April, 1835, during a voyage from England to
Sydney, New South Wales, in latitude 4° 26’ N., and longitude 19°
80!’ W., with light airs and calms prevailing at the time, about 3
P.M., a number of damaged and perfect specimens of the Glaucus
hevapterygius, Cuv., were caught in the towing net. On being im-
mediately removed from the net and placed in a glass of sea water,
they resumed their vital actions and floated about in the liquid ele-
ment, exhibiting a brilliancy of colour and peculiarity of form,
which did not fail to excite the admiration of the beholders.

«<The back of the animal, as well as the upper surface of the fins
and digitated processes, and the upper portion of the head and tail,
was of a vivid purple colour, varying occasionally in its intensity ;
appearing brighter in colour when the animal was active or excited,
and deeper when remaining floating tranquilly upon the surface of
the water. The abdomen, and under surface of the fins, are of a
beautiful pearly white colour, appearing as if it had been enamelled.
The usual length of my specimens, measured from the extremity of

114

the head to the tail, when extended floating upon the surface of the
water, was 14 inches; sometimes one or two lines more or less.
The body of the animal is subcylindrical, terminating in a tail, which
gradually becomes more slender towards the extremity, until it
finally terminates in a delicate point. The head is short, with very
small conical ¢entacula in pairs; two superior, and two inferior;
three (and in G. octopterygius, Cuv., four) branchial fins on each
side, opposite, palmated, and digitated at their extremities; the num-
ber of digitations, however, varying; and the centre digitations are
the longest; the first branchial fins, those nearest the head, are
larger and denser than the others. The mouth is armed with bony
jaws; the body is gelatinous and covered by a thin and extremely
sensible membrane.

“« These little animals were very delicate and fragile in their struc-
ture, and although many, indeed, I may say numbers, were caught,
yet very few in comparison were found to be in a perfect condition,
some being deficient in one, two, or more fins, and others being com-
pletely crushed. Not one of the specimens caught on this occasion,
or during the voyage, had the silvery line or streak running down
the back, from the head to the extremity of the tail; branching off
also to the fins and along the centre of each of the digitations. Seve-
ral Porpite were also captured in the net at the same time with
these animals, and serve as food for them.

“It caused much regret to see the change death produced in the
beauty of these interesting little animals, and all means of preserving
them were found to be useless. When placed in spirits, the digits
of the branchial fins speedily became retracted, the beautiful purple
gradually faded and at last disappeared, and the delicate pearly white
of the under surface of the body and fins peeled off and disappeared;
thus did this beautiful mollusk become decomposed in less than the
space of an hour. Some mollusks quickly lose their colour after death,
but retain their form for a long time; but these speedily change
after death, both in form and colour, and the beauty before so much
admired perishes never to be regained.

«‘ When taken in the hand, the under surface of the animal soon
becomes denuded of the beautiful pearly white it previously had,
and at that time appears like a small transparent bladder, in which
a number of air-bubbles are observed, together with the viscera. On
the abdomen being laid open, a large quantity of air-bubbles escaped,
and perhaps a query may arise how far they assist the animal in float-
ing upon the surface of the water?

«The figure of Glaucus hexapterygius in Cuvier’s work ‘ Sur les
Mollusques,’ is tolerably well executed, but no engraving can convey
to the beholder the inconceivable delicacy and beauty of this mollusk;
in the engraving alluded to, there is an inaccuracy at least as compared
with the specimens before me,—in the digitated processes of the fins
not being sufficiently united at the base; in the living specimens
before me, they were united together at the base, and then branch-
ing off became gradually smaller until they terminated in a fine
point. Again, in the engraving in Cuvier’s work, the anal orifice is

115

placed on the right side, whereas in my specimens it was situated
on the left; for in all the specimens I examined, I found the anus
was disposed laterally and could be plainly distinguished situated on
the left side of the animal, a little below the first fin. This I con-
sider also the orifice of generation, as in some of the specimens ex-
amined, a rather long string of dots resembling ova were seen to
protrude from it. One of the animals discharged from this orifice a
large quantity of very light brownish fluid; this no doubt was the
@ces.

: « But few of these animals were caught after the 20th until the
24th of the same month, in latitude 2° 26’N., longitude 19° 51’ W.,
when having light airs from S. by E., nearly calm; in the morning
a great number were seen floating by the ship, and it was not diffi-
cult, by aid of my towing-net, to capture as many as I required, for
they swam very superficially upon the water. The whole of those
taken proved to be of the same species (G. herapterygius) as those
before caught. I again placed several of the specimens in a glass
of sea water; they were full of life, sometimes moving about, not
very briskly, however,—and at other times remaining floating upon
the surface of the water, merely gently moving the fins. As they
floated upon the surface of the water in the glass, the sides of the
head, back, tail, fins, &c., exhibited at the time a light silvery blue
colour, which was admirably contrasted with the deeper blue of the
upper surface, and falling into the elegant pearly or silvery white of
the under surface of the animal, displaying an exceedingly rich and
elegant appearance. Often, when at rest, the animal would drop one
or more of the fins, but on touching them, they would be immediate-
ly raised to the former position, and that organ was turned back as
if to throw off the offending object, followed at the same time by a
general movement of the whole body. On touching the animal upon
the back, it seemed to display more sensitiveness in that than in any
other part of the body, judging from tke effects produced, in com-
parison with similar experiments on other portions of the body; for
instance, the centre of the back was touched lightly and rapidly with
a feather; which caused the little creature to smk as if under the
pressure of the touch, throwing at the same time the head, tail, and
all the fins upwards, followed by a general distortion of the whole
body of the animal, as if the gentle touch had been productive of
severe pain. I invariably found every part of the upper surface of
the body very sensitive when touched, and displayed a general move-
ment of uneasiness throughout the whole of the body of the crea-
ture.

«‘ These creatures have a peculiar manner of throwing the head
towards the tail, and flouncing the tail towards the head, when they
are desirous of removing any object of annoyance. Itis at that time
these animals seem to recover from their torpidity, and evince the
greatest activity in their movements. When much annoyed, they
throw the body about with great activity, coiling up the head, tail,
fins, &c., in a somewhat rotundiform position; and if the tormenting

116

object is not removed, dash out again in full activity of body, then
return to the rotundiform position, and there remain for a short
period apparently exhausted by their efforts. But on the cessation
of the irritatmg cause, the animal quietly resumed its original po-
sition, perhaps dropping one or two of its wearied fins according
as its own sensations of ease or comfort might dictate.

*“When nothing iritated this tender mollusk, it would remain
tranquilly floating upon the surface of the water with scarcely any
movement but that which proceeded from the undulating movements
of the digitated extremities of the fins, as well as an occasional
slight twisting motion of the same organs.

«I felt much interest in the beautiful display of a circulating fluid
on the dorsal surface of these animals, which was afforded me by
the assistance of a microscope. Through the semi-transparent mem-
brane of the back, a fluid could be readily perceived close to the sur-
face, evidently flowing in two directions, one taking a course down-
wards, and the other returning upwards; but I was unable to di-
stinguish two distinct vessels for these separate actions.

«These animals seemed to be very torpid in their movements,
although sometimes, when floating upon the water, they would
be seen busily engaged in moving their fins about, but those actions
were soon suspended and their fins were suffered to hang lazily
down, as if fatigued with the short exertion, which did not move
them one inch about the glass of water; and even when the little
indolent creatures did take the trouble to move themselves from one
side of the glass to the other, it was effected by a tardy motion,
stirring themselves first with one fin and then with the other, ac-
cording as circumstances might require.

‘JT placed some small specimens of Porpita in the glass of water
containing the Glauci, to observe if they would attack them; for
some time one of the Glauci was close to a Porpita and was even
annoyed by the ¢entacule of the latter touching its back, yet the
Glaucus bore this, although with the usual characters of impatience,
yet without attempting to attack it. At last it seized the Porpita
between its jaws, and by aid of a powerful lens, an excellent oppor-
tunity was afforded me of closely watching the devouring process,
which was effected by an apparently sucking motion; and at this
time all the digitated processes of the fins were floating about, as at
other times when the animal was at rest; but I did not observe, in
one single instance, that they were of any use to the animal, either
to aid in the capture or to securely hold their prey when in the act of
being devoured; for the animal seems to depend merely upon the
mouth in capturing its prey, as in this and other instances, which
I had opportunities of observing, they seized their prey instantly
with the mouth, and held it by that power alone, whilst by a kind
of sucking motion the prey was devoured. The digitations may
therefore only be regarded as appendages to the fins to aid the ani-
mal perhaps in the direction of its movements, as it was observed
that they turned and twisted them about during the progressive mo-

117

tion, (that is, when this tardy animal is pleased to progress, which
appeared to me very rarely to meet with its inclination,) as if in some
way or other to direct the movements of the animal.

“The Glaucus, after eating the tentacles and nearly the whole of
the soft under surface of its prey, left the horny portion, and re-
mained tranquilly reposing upon the surface of the water after its
meal, the only motion visible in the animal being the playing of the
digits of its fins. The mutilated remains of the Porpita sank to the
bottom of the glass.

« Soon after, another Glaucus began a devouring attack upon an-
other Porpita which had been placed in the glass, eating a little of
it and then ceasing after a short meal, occasionally renewing the at-
tack at short intervals. On examining the Porpita, which had been
partially devoured by the ravenous Glaucus, i found the disc had
been cleared of the tentacles and other soft parts ; a small part of the
fleshy portion only remaining upon the disc. Only one part of the
horny disc exhibited any injury, and that appeared to be the place
where the animal was first grasped by the Glaucus.

«« When any of these animals came in contact with another in the
glass, they did not display any annoyance, or coil themselves up,
nor did they evince any savage propensities one towards the other ;
and they would often float about, having their digitated processes in
contact one with the other, without exhibiting any signs of annoy-
ance; even when placed or pushed one against the other, they did
not manifest any irritation, but remained undisturbed as in their
usual moments of quiet repose.

‘© On the back of the animal being seen in a strong light, a black
line could be discerned on each margin, and passing down the centre
of each fin, and sometimes varied in having two black lines on the
upper part of one fin, although the opposite fin may display but one.
_ “The margin between the falling of the purple colour of the back
into the silvery white of the abdomen often exhibited beautiful tints
-of a golden green; but these variations were probably produced by
the effect of different rays of light.

«« These animals soon perished ; I could not preserve them for any

length of time in the glass of sea water, although the water was
changed as often as it was thought necessary; the digitated pro-
cesses of the fins were observed to shrink up on the death of the
animal, and the process of decomposition rapidly took place, the
‘whole body becoming a shapeless mass, having a bluish colour of
‘deadly hue for a short period, and then became of a blackish or
brownish black colour. I have seldom seen a gelatinous animal
which appeared so firm whilst in the water, that proved so speedily
‘to decompose when removed from it ; even the beautiful purple of
the back, the silvery or enamel of the abdomen, and the silvery blue
of the sides, all speedily vanish, indeed instantly disappear, upon the
death of the animal, as if it had been washed off; the expansive, de-
licate, and beautiful fins and digitated processes’ are no longer seen;
they shrank up to nothing.

«Even on taking the animal alive out of the water and placing it

118

upon the hand, that instant almost, from its extreme delicacy, it was
destroyed: the digitations of the fins fell off, the least movement
destroyed the beauty of the animal; it speedily lost all the deep
purple and silvery enamelled tints, and became a loathsome mass.
Thus do we too often find animals beautiful in external adornments,
curious in their habits and organization, and calculated in every re-
spect to supply us with inexhaustible sources of intellectual gratifi-
cation, doomed speedily to perish; brief is the period allotted to
them in the busy theatre of animated existence; but doubtless, with
the gift of existence, they have received from the bounteous hand of
their Creator, the means of enjoying their fleeting lives.

“« To place these little animals in the glass of water from the towing
net without injury to their delicate structure required care; so that as
soon as they were captured in the net, attached to the meshes, they
were not handled, but carefully washed off, which was effected by
dipping the meshes in the glass of water, when the animal soon
detached itself without sustaining any injury, and floated in the
water.

*« Although these animals are so fragile, so easily destroyed on
being taken out of their natural element, yet they fling themselves
about in the water without sustaining any injury, without even the
loss of any of the digitated processes of the fins; yet when there is
much movement of the water in carrying the glass from one place
to another, they are evidently disturbed and restless, and the fins
are dropped; if therefore, a slight motion of the water disturbs them,
what can become of these delicate mollusks during tempestuous
weather ; can they be similar to the delicate Hphemeris, doomed to
live merely for the space of a day and perish in myriads? From the
immense number seen only from the ship—and how many myriads
more extended beyond our range of vision!—it conveyed to the mind
some idea of the profusion of living beings inhabiting the wide ex-
panse of ocean, and a feeling of astonishment at the inconceivable
variety of forms and constructions to which animation has been im-
parted by creative power.

««The tail of this animal has been described as resembling that
of a Lizard; the comparison is good, not only with regard to form,
but also, with perhaps a little more flexibility of motion, when in
action. Sometimes the animal throws its tail up to the body, as if in-
tended to brush off any annoying object, and at other times, it has
been observed to turn the head towards the side as if for a similar
purpose. It seems, in the action of eating, to resemble a Cater-

illar.
ae? No more of these animals were seen until the 15th of May at
10 p.m., when in lat. 24° 185, long, 31° 01 W., moderate
breezes and fine weather; a number of Glauci were captured as well
as Porpite; some of the latter had been partially devoured, and in
some only the horny disc remained; this, there was no doubt, from
the previous knowledge of the carnivorous propensities of the
Glaucus, was their work, more especially as we had positive proof
that tribes of them were wandering or prowling about the ocean to-

i19

night. This was the last time during the voyage the Glauc: were
captured.

‘‘From these animals devouring the Porpite, we had positive
evidence of their carnivorous habits, independent of the structure of
the jaws ; and the ftentacula of the Porpite were no protection against
their enemies; indeed, these appendages were first devoured and the
horny dise was alone left, in many instances being quite picked
clean ; from this circumstance we may infer, that the horny discs of
the Porpite and Velelle, which previously, and for the last four days
were found in the net, were the remains of those which had been de-
voured by the Glauci or similar carnivorous mollusks, among which
Wwe may with safety include (from the structure of its jaws, and
from often capturing it attached to Velel/a,) the inhabitant of the
Janthina fragilis or violet shell.

«©The more we pursue the investigation of the actions of living
objects, the more we see of the unbounded resources of creative
power; and, after all our reasoning, must conclude that some wise
purpose, though dimly perceptible to our imperfect understandings,
is no doubt answered by this great law of organic formation,—the
law of variety.”

Mr. Ogilby called the attention of the Meeting to the various
preserved specimens of Antelopes then exhibited, and made the fol-
lowing observations on some hollow-horned Ruminants.

‘In arranging the Society’s collection subsequent to the late re-
moval from Bruton Street, the following rare or undescribed species
of Ruminants were observed, which it is thought proper to bring
under the public notice of the Society.

“1. Ivalus Probaton. A single skin of the very anomalous animal
to which I propose assigning this name, was presented to the So-
ciety by Dr. Richardson, and has been considered as the female of
A. Furcifer, from which, however, it differs in some of the most
important characters. Of its origin there can be no reasonable
doubt ; it was contained in the same box with the skins of A. Fur-
cifer, and other animals obtained by the celebrated zoologist just
mentioned, during Capt, Franklin’s memorable expedition, and
the hay with which it was stuffed contained numerous small locks
of the very peculiar hair of A. Furcifer. The specimen is a male
about the size of a fallow Deer, the length from the nose to the
end of the tail being 4 feet 10 inches. The head is 94 inches long,
the tail, 5} inches; and the ear, 3f inches. Though the skin is
that of an “adult individual, as is puoved by the incisors, which are
all of the permanent class and considerably worn down, the head is
without horns, having only two small, naked, flat scales, in the po-
sitions usually occupied by these organs ; yet the bones of the skull
remain beneath, and the specimen is unquestionably the spoil of a
male animal. In form, as well as size, the animal resembles the fa/-
low Deer (Cervus Dama). The colour is a uniform pale reddish
brown above and on the outsides of the members ; the breast, belly,
and inner face of the anus and thighs are greyish white ; the lower

120

part of the cheeks, the lips and beneath the chin are of the same
colour, but the whole throat or under surface of the neck is pale
reddish brown, like the back and sides. The tail is covered above
with short reddish hair like that of the body, but it is perfectly naked
beneath, and in form and length resembles the tail of some species
of Deer (Cervus). The nose is hairy like that of a Goat; the animal
is furnished with lachrymal sinuses of considerable size, opening by
very obvious apertures of a circular form; it has mguinal pores and
two teats, as in the common Antelope (A. Cervicapra); large spurious
hoofs, and no appearance of scope or knee-brushes either on the
anterior or posterior extremities. These characters will not permit
it to be associated with any known group of Kuminants. That it is
not merely a Deer which has cast its horns, is proved by the absence
of the pedestals which support these organs in the solid-horned Ru-
minants, as well as by the hairy lips, two teats and inguinal pores;
neither can it be a Sheep or a Goat, as is evinced by the lachrymal
sinuses, inguinal pores, and the length and form of the tail, which,
in the wild species of these genera, is nearly tuberculous. The sup-
position of its being the female of 4. Furcifer is disproved by the sex
of the specimen; in other respects, the existence of large spurious
hoofs shows plainly enough that it has no affinity to that animal.
There is but one other supposition: may it not be a species of An-
éelope allied to the typical group of that genus? and may not the
abortive horns of the present specimen be the result of some acci-
dent? This may certainly be the case; the other characters of the
specimen agree with those of the common Indian Antelope, and if the
animal should eventually prove to belong to that genus, it may bear
the specific name of A. Iralus, which the classical scholar will re-
cognise as the name of an undetermined species of Ruminant men-
tioned in the Iliad.

“°2. Antilope Eurycerus. Of this magnificent and hitherto unde-
scribed species, two pairs of horns, one attached to the skull, the
other to the integuments of the head, have long existed in the So-
ciety’s collection. Their origin is unknown, but I have reason to
believe that they come from Western Africa. Their length in a
straight line is 2 feet 13 inch; on the curve, 2 feet 73 inches;
their circumference at the base is 10 inches; their distance at base
1 inch, and at the points 11 inches. In form they bear some re-
semblance to those of 4. Strepsiceros, being wrinkled as in that spe-
cies, and having a prominent ridge on their posterior face ; but they
form only one spiral twist instead of two, and their direction through-
out lies in the plane of the forehead, whilst in the Koodoo these two
planes form an angle of about 100°. The characters of the skull are
likewise similar to those of the Koodoo, but it is broader and larger
than in that animal. The points of the hornsare of an ivory colour.
The animal has a large muzzle, but is without lachrymal sinuses ; it
has a white band across the face, immediately under the eyes, and two
white spots on each cheek. All these characters are distinctive of
the natural group which includes the Koodoo, the present species,
the Boshbok, the Guib, and the beautiful species mentioned by Mr..

121

ez .- 3
Bennett (Proc. Zool. Soc.; 1838) p. b.) which is a real Antelope, and
which I hope shortly to have an opjortunity of describing in detail
under the name of 4. Doria, asa friend, who has connexions with the
West Coast of Africa, has kindly undertaken to procure me skins.

«3. Antilope Philantomba. Two females of this minute specieslived
for some time in the Society’s Gardens: they were brought from
Sierra Leone and presented by Mr. M‘Cormick. Mr. Rendall, who
saw them with me at the Gardens, assured me that they were the
Philantomba of the Sierra Leone negroes. The larger and older spe-
cimen has small horns about 1} inch long, bent slightly forwards
and surrounded at the base with 5 or 6 small rings: the species is
distinguished from the pygmy Antelope of the Cape by its longer tail
and ears, the latter clothed with white hair on the inside, by the
darker mouse-colour of the body and the uniform hue of the legs,
which instead of being sandy red as in-the Cape species, are of the
same colour as the body, only rather paler. But for the circumstance
of the female possessing horns, I should have been inclined to iden-
tify this animal with the 4. Marwellii of Col. Smith.

«<4, Antilope Sumatrensis. This species and A. Thar were exhibit-
ed together for the purpose of pointing out the similarity of their
zoological characters, and correcting a mistake into which Messrs. F.
Cuvier, Desmarest, and Col. Smith have fallen with regard to the
former species. According to these zoologists the Cambing Outan
(A. Sumatrensis) possesses both the lachrymal sinus and the longi-
tudinal gland on the maxillary bone, which distinguishes the Duy-
kerbok (A. Mergens) and some other Antelopes : in reality the lachry-
mal sinus is sufficiently distinct, but there is not the slightest trace
of any maxillary gland. The same zoologists represent the female
Cambing as being without horns and having only two teats: the spe-
cimen exhibited, a young female, had tolerably large horns and di-
stinctly showed four teats, thus agreeing in all respects with the adult
female Thar with which it was compared.

“5. Antilope palmata. Colonel Smith has described the horns of
this species from an imperfect pair preserved in the Museum of the
College of Surgeons, but was undecided whether it should be con-
sidered as a distinct species or only a variety of the Prongbaick (A.
Furcifer). The present perfect pair, with the skin of the head at-
tached, goes far to prove the specific distinction, but the habitat is
widely different from that assigned by Colonel Smith, The speci-
men came from Mexico, where Dr. Coulter informs me it is sufficient-
ly common. The horns are twice or thrice as large again as those of
A. Furcifer, and instead of preserving a tolerable degree of parallelism,
as in that species, spread widely, and are much hooked at the points.
The face also is of a very dark brown colour, whilst in 4. Furcifer it
is of the same light fawn as the upper parts of the body.”

Mr. Gray exhibited a specimen of Argonaut with an Ocythoé
from the Cape of Good Hope, and stated that as the subject had
been brought forward at the last meeting, he was induced to remark
that every time he considered it, and compared it under its various

122

bearings with the relations of other Molluscans and their shells, he
was more and more inclined to believe that the animal found in the
shell of Argonauta was a parasite. He gave the following reasons
for this belief.

««], Theanimal has none of those peculiarities of organization for the
deposition, formation, and growth of the shell, nor even the muscles
for attaching it to the shell, which are found in all other shell-
bearing Molluscans ; instead of which it agrees in form, colour, and
structure with the naked Mollusca, especially the naked Cephalo-
pods.
«©2. The shell, although it agrees in every respect with the shells
of other Molluscans in structure, formation, and growth, is evidently
not moulded on the body of the animal usually found in it, as other
shells are; but exactly agrees in every point (except in the form of
the spire), with the shell of Carinaria, which coincided with the other
Molluscans in all these respects.

«<3, The body of the animal does not appear to have the power of
secreting calcareous matter, for it does not, like all the Mollusca
which have that power, secrete either a solid deposit or distinct septa
to adapt the cavity of the shell to the increase of the body, nor does
it cover over with calcareous matter any sand or other extraneous
bodies which may have accidentally intruded themselves between the
mantle and the shell, but leaves the sand, which is often found mixed
with the egys, free, without taking any means to prevent it from
irritating the skin.

«4, The young shell of the just hatched animal which forms
the aper of the shell at all periods of its growth, is much larger
(ten times) than the eggs contained in the upper part of the cavity of
the Argonaut.

Mr. Gray further stated, that he does not think that any inference
can be drawn in favour of the opinion that the Ocythoé forms the
shell, from either of the three arguments which haye been produced
in favour of that hypothesis, which he then examined in detail.

«© 5. He believes that Poli must have been misled when he thought
that he had discovered the animal in the egg of an Ocythoé covered
with the “‘ rudiment of a shell,” because all the Molluscans which
he has seen in the egg (Cephalopods as well as others) were covered
with a well-developed shell, even before all the organs were deve-
loped, and the figure which Poli gives of the rudiment does not
agree with the nucleus found on the aper of the shell of the Argo-
nauts. Unfortunately, none of the eggs of the Ocythoés that have
been examined by other observers have been enough developed to
show the feetal animal.

«6. The different species of Argonauta are said to be inhabited by
different species of Ocythoé; but allowing this to be the case, it
only proves that each of these genera have local species: the same
may be observed with respect to the Hermit Crabs, without proving
anything in favour of their being the framers of the shell they live

in.
«7, That though some specimens of Ocythoé preserved in their

123

shells are marked with cross grooves resembling the grooves on the
shell, yet these grooves are only formed by the pressure of the dead
animal against the shell; for the specimens of the animal which are
found out of the shell, or which are taken out of the shell while re-
cent, are always destitute of these grooves, or of the compressed
form of the cavity of the shell. ‘That some specimens which he
had received from the Cape (of which that now on the table was
one), which had been packed on their sides, had the upper side
of the animal smooth and rounded, and the lower flat, and curved
like the shell on which it was pressed by its own weight; while a
specimen which he had received from the Mediterranean packed
erect, with the mouth upwards, so that the animal was equally pressed
against each side of the shell, was flattened and curved on each side,
like the specimen examined by M. Ferussac.

Mr. Gray also stated that, so far from the animal using the finned
arms as sails, they were the means by which it retained itself in the
shell; and he further observed, that it was very difficult to distin-
guish the species of Argonauta, as they varied greatly in shape, and
that on a comparison of many specimens, he had found that the
presence cer absence of the spines or ears at the back of the mouth
were of no importace as a specific character, specimens of each of
the recorded species having this process developed only on one or the
other side.

The Chairman, after premising some observations on the diseases
to which the mortality of the larger feline animals in the Society’s
Menagerie was attributable, proceeded to read the following descrip-
tion of two Entozoa infesting the stomach of the Tiger, (Felis Tigris,
Linn.,) one of which forms the type of a new genus of Nematoidea.

“«T received a few days ago, from the Medical Superintendent of
the Society’s Menagerie, a portion of the stomach of a young Tiger
(which died of rupture of the aorta), exhibiting on the internal or
mucous surface what were considered to be scrofulous tumours.
They were five or six in number, of a round and oblong form, vary-
ing in size from half an inch to two inches in the largest diameter,
and the largest of them projecting about half an inch from the plane
of the inner surface: they made no projection externally. The mu-
cous membrane covering the smaller tumours was puckered up into
minute reticulate rug@: the surface of the largest tumour was smooth.
On wiping away the tough thick mucous secretion from the tu-
mours, and examining more closely their surface, two or three orifices
presented themselves in the larger, and a single orifice in each of the
smaller tumours. These orifices conducted to irregular sinuses which
were the zidi of two kinds of Nematoid Entozoa, some measuring
nearly an inch in length and a line in thickness; the others being
more minute, not exceeding 5 lines in length, and about 1, of an
inch in diameter. Only a pair of the larger Entozoa were found ia
each of the three largest tumours; the smaller species existed in
countless numbers.

‘ Before proceeding with the description of the worms, I may

124

briefly conclude the history of the tumours by observing that they:
were composed of condensed accumulated layers of the sub-mucous
cellular tissue, presenting a flat surface next the muscular coat, to
which the larger tumours firmly adhered, and projecting with a
rounded convexity towards the cavity of the stomach, where the si-
nuses opened and terminated. They did not contain any of the
caseous secretion characteristic of struma, but were most probably
caused by the irritation of the Entozca.

‘The dimensions of the larger Entozoa above given are those of
the female : the male is about one fourth smaller. In both sexes the
body is slightly attenuated at the two extremities ; the caudal ex-
tremity is more inflected and more obtuse in the male; the oral ex-
tremity in both is obtuse and truncate.

“The surface of the body appears to the naked eye to be mi-
nutely striated transversely: it is variegated by the white genital,
and amber-coloured digestive tubes appearing through the transparent
integument. When examined with a lens of half-inch focus, the
anterior two-thirds of the body are seen to be covered with circular
series of minute reflected spines, which, viewed with a still higher
power, present three distinct points, one large one in the middle and
two small lateral ones.

“The mouth is surrounded by a tumid circular lip armed with six
or seven circular rows of well-developed spinous processes of a simi-
lar complex structure to those on the body. The oral orifice itself
presents the form of a vertical elliptical fissure, bounded on each
side by a jaw-like membranous fold or process, the anterior margin
of which is produced in the form of three straight horny points or
processes, directed forwards. These lateral processes can be pro-
truded beyond the circular lip by compressing the smooth spineless
skin behind the latter; and the elasticity of the structure causes them
to be again retracted on remitting the pressure.

‘The vulva is situated at the junction of the middle and posterior
thirds of the body; the anus in the female is in the form of a trans-
verse semilunar fissure immediately behind the obtuse posterior apex,
and on the concave side of the inflection.

«<The anus of the male, from the anterior part of which a single
slightly-curved intromittent spiculum is protruded, is surrounded by
eight distinct pointed papille, three of which are placed in a vertical
row on each side, and two smaller ones at the lower boundary of
the common opening to the rectum and male gland.

“On comparing this Nematoid worm with those already described,
it approaches most nearly to some species which are referred by
Rudolphi to the genus Strongylus, as the Strongylus trigonocephalus,
R., (Hist. Entoz. ii. pl. I. p. 231.,) in which species the ‘ Bursa maris
subglobosa, biloba, multiradiata,’ presents an approximation to the
structure of the external male organs above described, in which the
eight tubercles surround the opening somewhat after the manner of
rays. But on pursuing the comparison we find that here the re-
semblance ceases; there is no subglobose bilobed sheath to the in-
tromittent organ in the species here described; the head is sur-

125

rounded by a circular instead of a trigonal lip; the Strong. trigono-
cephalus is placed by Rudolphi in the section c, ore nudo, while
the armature of the mouth, in the present species, is so remarkable,
as to induce me to regard it as the type of a new genus, which I pro-
pose to denominate Gnathostoma*.

“ Gen. Cuar. Corpus teres, elasticum, utrinque attenuatum. Caput
unilabiatum, labio circulari tumido integro; os emissile, processibus
corneis maxilliformibus duobus lateralibus denticulatis. Genitule
masculum spiculum simplex, ad basin papillis circumdatum.

“Sp. Gnath. spinigerum. Gnath., capite truncato, corpore seriebus
plurimis spinulorum armato.

“ The generic difference indicated by the external peculiarities of
the Entozoa above described, is confirmed by the internal anatomy,
which presents some peculiarities which appear not to have been
hitherto detected in the class Entozoa: I refer more particularly to
a distinct salivary apparatus, conformable to that which exists in the
Holothuria and other Echinodermata, This apparatus consists of four
elongated straight blind tubes, each about two lines in length, which
are placed at equal distances around the commencement of the ali-
mentary canal, having their smaller extremities directed forward,
and opening into the mouth, at the base of the lateral tridentate
processes, and their closed obtuse ends passing backwards into the ab-
dominal cavity. When examined with a lens of + inch focus, the
parietes of these salivary tubes present very distinct oblique or spiral
decussating fibres; their contents are semi-pellucid in the recent
worm, but become opake in spirit of wine.

“The coexistence of these salivary glands with an oral apparatus
which is better adapted for trituration than any that has hitherto
been detected in the Entozoa, is conformable to the laws which re-
gulate the existence and condition of the salivary apparatus in higher
animals ; and is highly interesting on that account. The only allu-
sion which I can find to salivary organs in other Entozoa is in Clo-
quet’s ‘Anatomie de l’ Ascaride Lombricoide,’ in which he considers the
thickened glandular parietes of the esophagus to serve for an analo-
gous secretion.

‘The first portion of the alimentary canal or stomach, is about 3
lines in length; it contains a milk-white substance, and is separated
by a well-marked constriction from the remaining portion, which we
may regard as intestine: this is filled with a pulpy substance of an
amber colour, which grows deeper in tint as it approaches the anus.
The intestine enlarges slightly as it passes backward; it is wide and
straight: is not tied down to the parietes of the body by mesenteric
filaments as in the Strongylus gigas, &c.; its surface is irregular, and it
seems to contain a spiral tube or valve, but this appearance arises
from the nature of the internal surface of the intestinal tunics, which
is beset with large regular obtuse lozenge-shaped processes arranged
in alternate longitudinal rows.

“The lateral lines of the body consist distinctly of two vessels,

* yuubos maxilla, etouu Os,

126

which project into the interior of the body, being attached by a small
part of their circumference; and becoming very wide and free near the
head. The dorsal and ventral nervous cords are plainly visible in
the midspace of the Jateral vessels. The muscular tunics of the body
are well developed, consisting of external transverse and internal
longitudinal fibres. The latter are lined with a layer of pulpy floc-
culent substance.

«The male organs consist of a slightly-curved slender single
spiculum, projecting from the caudal extremity of the body, as
above described. The base of this spiculum communicates with a
dilated receptacle, 2 lines long, of an opake white colour, which is
separated by a slight constriction from the rest of the seminal tube ;
this is, as usual, single: it is semi-transparent, and gradually grows
smaller to its blind extremity, which is attached by cellular tissue to
the middle line of the ventral surface of the body, half-way between
the two extremities. The whole length of the seminal tube is ten
times that of the entire worm.

‘The female organs consist of the vulva, vagina, uterus bicornis,
and oviducts or ovarian tubes.

“From the vulva, the situation of which has been already men-
tioned, the vagina is continued, at first wide, then narrower, and lastly
widening again to pass into the uterus: it exceeds an inch in length.
The two cornua of the uterus are each about 3 aline in diameter, and
5 lines in length; they diminish and are continued without any con-
striction into the ovarian tubes ; these are of immense proportional
length, each exceeding, by 30 times, the length of the body ; their at-
tenuated extremities or beginnings are not attached to the parietes
of the body; although the coils of the oviducts appear at first sight
to be inextricably interwoven around the intestine, they in reality
cover it in aggregate folds, which are easily separated from the in-
testine, and unravelled.”

Mr. Owen stated in conclusion, that preparations exhibiting the
male and female organs thus unfolded, with the digestive canal and
salivary apparatus, had been deposited in the Museum of the Royal
College of Surgeons.

127

December 13, 1836.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

Part of a paper by M. Frederick Cuvier was read, on the Family
of the Dipodide, including the Jerboas and Gerbillas*.

Mr. F. Debell Bennett, Corresponding Member of the Society,
then read some Notes on the anatomy of the Spermaceti Whale,
(Physeter macrocephalus, Auctorum,) principally relating to its den-
tition, and to the structure and appearances presented by the soft
parts.

Mr. Bennett remarks that a greater disproportion exists between
the sexes in this species of Whale than is observed in any other
cetaceous animal; for while the usual length of the largest male
Cachalots, taken in the South Seas, is about 60 feet, that of full-
grown females is only 28, and rarely, if ever, exceeding 35.

When the young male Cachalot has attained the length of 34 feet,
its teeth are perfectly formed, though not visible until it exceeds 28.
The upper jaw usually described as toothless, has on either side a
short row of teeth, sometimes occupying the bottom of the cavities
which receive the teeth of the lower-jaw, but generally corresponding
to the intervals between them. The entire length of these teeth is
about three inches; they are slightly curved backwards, and elevated
about half an inch above the soft parts, in which they are deeply
imbedded, having only a slight attachment to the maxillary bone.
Their number is not readily ascertained, because the whole series are
not always apparent; but in two instances Mr. Bennett found 8 on
each side. These teeth exist in adult Whales of both sexes, and
though not visible externally in the young Cachalots, may be seen
upon the removal of the soft parts from the interior of the jaw.

“The eye of the Cachalot is small, and placed far back on the head,
above and between the pectoral fin and angle of the lower jaw. Its
situation is chiefly marked by a raised portion of integumerit around
it. The aperture for vision does not exceed 2 inches in the longitu-
dinal, and 1 inch in the vertical direction. The eyelids are without
cilia and tarsal cartilages ; they are composed of two horizontal bands
of integument, each, in the example from which I describe (viz. a half-
grown male), two inches in depth, and connected with each other at
the inner and outer canthus. Between each of the eyelids and the
blubber exists a distinct line of separation, marked by a somewhat
deep groove, haying a duplicature of thin membrane, serving as a
surface or hinge on which the lids move. At these lines of demar-
cation all integument partaking of the nature of fat ceases, and the
texture of the farsi thus insulated is composed solely of common
skin and cellular and other membranes, together with a dense layer

* The abstract of this and the concluding part of the Memoir will be
found in the Proceedings for December 27, 1856.
No. XLVIII.—Procenpines or THE ZOOLOGICAL SocIETY.

128

of muscular fibres deposited in its centre. The conjunctiva of the lids
is highly vascular, injected with blood, and covered with orifices of
mucous ducts. At the inner canthus of the eye it forms a thick
duplicature, of crescentic form, constituting a rudimental third eye-
lid, not unlike the haw of the horse. The globe of the eye is chiefly
lodged in the soft parts, but little if any of its substance entering
the bony orbit. It is deeply set within the lids, and does not in size
much exceed that of an ox. Its size in an adult female was 24 inches
in the longitudinal, and the same in the vertical direction. The in-
terior or cavity was 14 inch in each of the last-named directions, and
its depth 2rds of an inch only.

«<The globe at its greatest circumference was 7} inches: the trans-
parent cornea at its transverse or broadest diameter measured 1] inch,
and in its vertical or narrowest 3ths of an inch. The muscles of the
globe formed a dense mass surrounding the sheath of the optic nerve,
and were inserted in one continuous line over the circumference of
the globe at its greatest convexity.

««The optic nerve before penetrating the sclerotic is continued to
some length. It does not exceed the circumference of a crow’s quill,
but is surrounded by a dense fibrous sheath nearly 4 inches in peri-
meter, and which, where the nerve perforates the globe, terminates
on the posterior surface of the latter. Around the globe and its
muscles much cellular tissue and true fat are deposited. The eyeball
in shape is not a perfect sphere; its anterior and posterior surfaces
are flattened : that portion of the conjunctiva of the globe immediately
surrounding the cornea, and the only portion exposed between the
aperture of the lids, is of an intense black hue. It is possible this
dark portion may be a membrane distinct from the conjunctiva, since
around the extent it occupies, it terminates by an irregular margin,
and is capable of being detached from the conjunctiva, when it presents
the form of a delicate layer of cuticle, with a black pigment deposited
beneath its surface*.

«The cornea of the Cachalot is dense, and composed of many
layers; when divided, a small quantity of limpid aqueous humour
flows forth: the anterior chamber of the eye is very limited, and the
crystalline lens projects into it through the pupillary aperture. The
iris is a coarse membrane of a dull-brown colour, with a narrow zone
of lighter hue surrounding its outer margin. Its inner and free margin
is very thin, and embraces the protruding convexity of the lens.

“The lens is small, certainly not exceeding in size that of the human
eye: it forms nearly a perfect sphere: the vitreous humour tolerably
abundant. The retina was spread with beautifully delicate arbo-
rescent vessels, and afforded a small bright spot at the insertion of
the optic nerve. Beneath the retina was spread a ¢apetum of dense
membranous texture, and yellow-green or erugo-green colour. The
sclerotic at its posterior third is thick, fibrous, and resisting, whilst
its anterior third is thin and flexible; no lachrymal apparatus
exists.”

* A slight dark tint around the cornea is not uncommon amongst the
dark-skinned natives of warm countries.

129

In the description of the organs of generation; the cavity in the
head containing the spermaceti; and some more of the soft parts,
Mr. Bennett’s observations coincide with those of Hunter and other
comparative anatomists.

A fetus apparently of mature growth, taken from the abdomen of
a Sperm Whale, measured 14 feet in length and 6 in girth; its
position in the uterus was that of a bent bow.

Mr. Reid brought before the notice of the Meeting a new species
of the genus Perameles, and read a paper giving some account of its
habits, and pointing out its distinguishing characters.

The author states that he was indebted to William Holmes, Esq.,
of Lyon’s Inn, for the opportunity of exhibiting this specimen, which
was brought from Van Diemen’s Land, where these animals are said
to be common. The same species is also found in Western Australia,
and is there called by the natives Dalgheit, and by the colonists the
Rabbit, under which name it is mentioned by Cunningham in his
work on New South Wales. Widdowson, in his account of Van
Diemen’s Land, notices it; but neither of these writers has given
any description of the animal. From its resemblance to the Rabbit,
Mr. Reid proposes for it the specific name of Lagotis.

Perame.es Lacortis. Per. griseus, capite, nuchd, et dorso, castaneo
lavatis ; buccis, lateribus colli, scapulis, lateribus, femoribus extus,
cauddque ad basin, pallide castaneis ; mento, guld, pectore, abdo-
mine, extremitatibus intiis anticegue, antibrachiis postice, pedi-
busque supra albidis ; antibrachiis externé pallid? griseis, femo-
ribus extus posticeque saturate plumbeis ; caudd, pilis longis albes-
centibus ad partem basalem, indutd, dein pilis nigris tectd, parte
apicali albd, pilis longis supra ornatd. Vellere longo molli.
Cauda pilis rudis vestitd ; pilis ad pedes brevissimis. Labio su-
periore, buccisque, mystacibus longis sparsis. Auriculis longis,
ovatis, intis nudis, extus pilis brevissimis brunneis, ad marginem,
albescentibus indutis, pilis ad bases eos plumbeis, apicibus albis
aut castaneis, illis in abdomine omnind albis. Marsupio ventral
magno, mammis novem, in faciem posticam ; quarum una centra-
lis est, reliquis circumdata, intervallis equalibus, gyrumque fact-
entibus, transversim unciam cum quadrante reddentem.

poll. lin.

Lone hedpiticca. .aplinwiadenys oaeisn wee 5 «3

COLPOMS iy ais Sea eae els Rel 13. O
eee CRUE ft ah Ghia i canipheate he Nello ais (a LOO
= aniCulee. citan a Setsreaclimsreig ps? 5 3 10
p= pantihvachideraics iar :abetists states eile ten Ds
=== PEIS, ADIGA fo) 25. ose e avid henge Bod
PADI hs haifa bi5 ae) ales od inl al www ONG Wetec 3.9
—— pedis posticl ..........eeeeeeee 4 6
— ab auricule basi usque ad oculum.. 2 O

ab oculo usque ad nasum ........ 2 8
Latitudo auricule ....0... 00.800 ee ees. Did

Hab. In Australiad Occidentali et in Terra Van Diemen.

1380

“The ears are long, broad, and ovate, having several semitransparent
dots scattered over their surface (the remains of sebaceous glands).
On the anterior extremity the nails are much elongated ; the second
and third are about {th of an inch longer than the first; they are
all flattened at the tips, thus furnishing the animal with a very
efficient apparatus for burrowing. The tail offers many differences
from that of the other species of the genus Perameles. The basal
fourth is clothed with hairs about the same length and colour as those
of the body. The middle half is black, the hairs on the upper part
being elongated; the remaining part is white, with a ridge of long
white stiff hairs forming a crest.

“The pouch in this specimen (a female) is large, and has 9 nipples
on its posterior surface; one being placed in the centre, and the
remainder at equal distances form a circle, the diameter of which is
1 inch 3 lines.

“The skull is perfect, but the state of the skin was such as totally
to prevent its removal, and the description is therefore defective in
particulars concerning the bones of the face. The interparietal and
occipital crests are clearly defined and large. The bulla of the ear
is large, and its shape that of a flattened ovoid. The tympanum was
entire, and on removing it the manubrium of the malleus was found
to be twice the length of its body. The zygomatic arch is imperfect
for about the space of } an inch. The lower-jaw is slender, with a

. P bab —1
salient process at its angle. Dent.: Prim. ">, Can. = Mol. spur.

3—3 es
=a Mol. ver. ay = 48.

“The two front superior incisors are nearly a line apart, small, and
quadrangular ; a small space intervenes between these and the three
succeeding, which are larger, and placed in a continuous series. The
fourth and fifth incisors are about the same distance from each other
as the two anterior. Posterior to the incisors is a space about 5 lines
in width, for the reception of the inferior canines. The canines are
well developed : another space intervenes between them and the false
molars, which latter are all rather widely separated, of a conical
shape, and have a small tubercle anterior to the body of the tooth.

‘«* The molars of Perameles, as figured by M. F. Cuvier in his ‘ Dents
des Mammiféres,’ consist of two prisms fixed to a slightly curved
base, with the concavity towards the inside of the jaw; but in
this species the molars are quadrangular, having had but two sets
of tubercles, and in the present specimen these teeth are worn
down and present a square surface, inclosed by enamel, having a
band of the same running transversely across the middle of the tooth.
The two last molars of the upper jaw approximate so closely, as to
require careful examination to detect the line of separation. The
teeth of the lower jaw, except in number and in the circumstance of
all the incisors forming a continuous series, do not differ from those
of the upper. When the jaws are closed, the posterior molars of the
upper and lower jaws are in contact.

‘A friend of Mr. Gould’s, residing in Western Australia, states that
these animals are found beyond the mountains of Swan River, in

131

the district of York. They feed upon large maggots and the roots
of trees, and do considerable damage to the maize and potato crops
by burrowing. A specimen kept by him in confinement became in
a few days very docile, }ut was irritable, and resented the slightest
affront or ill usage. It took bread, which it held in its fore-paws.
A young one to which it gave birth unfortunately escaped, after
being carried in the mother’s pouch for several days.”

Mr. Reid considers the distinctions between this and the rest of
the species belonging to the genus Perameles so marked, that should
more of the same form be discovered, the above characters would
constitute a subgenus to which the name of Macrotis might be
applied.

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited a second specimen of Myrmecobius,
and directed the attention of the Meeting to certain differences ex-
isting between it and the one upon which he had founded the cha-
racters of the genus, and described under the specific name of ‘fas-
ciatus.’

The present animal differs from the one previously described in
having the black and fulvous colouring of the back less decided,
owing to a larger proportion of interspersed white hairs. The fascie,
instead of being white, are of a yellowish cream-colour, and they also
differ in number and arrangement. Commencing from the tail, the
three first are distinct and uninterrupted, the intermediate spaces
being about } an inch in width, black, with white hairs interspersed,
and a few of an ochraceous colour. The fourth is also distinct, but
instead of being continued across the back, it is met by two fascie
from the opposite side. The two following are continuous, but less
distinct than either of the foregoing. Beyond these, the fascie are
almost obsolete, there being only faint indications of them on the
sides of the body.

The most important distinction, however, exists in the teeth, the
present specimen possessing altogether four more molars than the
one brought before the notice of the Society on a previous occasion.
The entire number of teeth is 52, (26 in each jaw), and the 5 posterior
molars are placed closely together, differing in that respect from
those of the previously examined specimen.

The animal was brought from Van Diemen’s Land, and others
similar to it were observed scratching at the roots of trees, and
feeding upon the insects which are generally abundant in such situ-
ations. Their favourite haunts are stated to be the localities in
which the Port Jackson willow is most plentiful.

Mr. Waterhouse remarked that although the differences between
the two animals were considerable, yet he did not consider the di-
stinctions such as to justify his characterizing the one then before
the Meeting as a second species.

A Paper was then read by William Ogilby, Esq., with a view of
pointing out the characters to which the most importance should be
attached in establishing generic distinctions among the Ruminantia.

132

Mr. Ogilby commences by observing that ‘‘ It has been justly re-
marked by Professor Pallas, that if the generic characters of the Ru-
minantia were to be founded upon the modifications of dentition, in
accordance with the rule so generally applicable to other groups of
Mammals, the greater part of the order would necessarily be comprised
in a single genus; since the number, form, and arrangement of the
teeth being the same in all, except the Camels and Llamas, these
organs consequently afford no grounds of definite or general distinc-
tion. Hence it is that naturalists have been obliged to resort to other
principles to regulate the distribution of ruminating animals ; and the
form, curvature, and direction of the horns, selected for this purpose
at a period when the extremely limited knowledge of species permitted
the practical application of such arbitrary and artificial characters
without any very glaring violation of natural affinities, still continue
to be the only rule adopted by zoologists in this department of Mam-
malogy. The illustrious Illiger forms a solitary but honourable ex-
ception ; he first introduced the consideration of the muzzle and la-
chrymal sinus into the definitions of the genera Antilope, Capra, and
Bos ; but his labours were disregarded by subsequent writers, or his
principles applied only to the subdivision of the genus Antilope. It
is obvious, however, that as the knowledge of new forms and spe-
cies became more and more extensive, the prevailing gratuitous rule
above mentioned, founded as it is upon purely arbitrary characters
which have no necessary relation to the habits and ceconomy, or even
to the general external form, of the animals themselves, would even-
tually involve in confusion and inconsistency the different groups
which were founded upon its application; and such has long been
its acknowledged effect. The genus Antilope, in particular, has be-
come a kind of zoological refuge for the destitute, and forms an in-
congruous assemblage of all the hollow-horned Ruminants, without
distinction of form or character, which the mere shape of the horns
excluded from the genera Bos, Ovis, and Capra; it has thus come to
contain nearly four times as many species as all the rest of the hollow-
horned Ruminants together ; so diversified are its forms, and so in-
congruous its materials, that it presents not a single character which
will either apply to all its species, or suffice to differentiate it from
conterminous genera.

«To meet this obvious evil, MM. Lichtenstein, De Blainville, Des-
marest, and Hamilton Smith have applied Illiger’s principles to sub-
divide the artificial genus Antilope into something more nearly ap-
proaching to natural groups; the reform thus effected, however, was
but partial in its operation; the root of the evil stil] remained un-
touched, for none of these eminent zoologists appears to have been
sufficiently aware of the extremely arbitrary and artificial character
of the principal group itself, which they contented themselves with
breaking up into subgenera, nor of the actual importance and exten-
sive application of the characters which they employed for that pur-
pose. By mixing up these characters, moreover, with others of a
secondary and less important nature, the benefit which might have
been expected from their labours has been, in a great measure, neu-

133

tralized; and even the subdivisions which they have introduced into
the so-called genus Antilope, are less definite and comprehensive than
they might otherwise have been made.

«The truth is, however, that the presence or absence of horns in
one or both sexes; the substance and nature of theze organs, whether
solid or concave, permanent or deciduary ; the form of the upper lip,
whether thin and attenuated as in the goat, or terminating in a broad
heavy naked muzzle as in the Oz; and the existence of lachrymal
sinuses and interdigital pores, are the characters which really influ-
ence the habits and cconomy of ruminating animals, and upon
which, consequently, their generic distinctions mainly depend. These,
with the assistance, in a very few instances, of such accessory cha-
racters as the superorbital and maxillary glands, the number of teats,
and the existence of inguinal pores, are sufficient in all cases to de-
fine and characterize the genera with the strictest reference to logical
precision and zoological simplicity. It is not my intention to discuss
the value of these characters, or to state the reasons which induced
me to adopt them in preference to those more generally employed in
this department of Mammalogy; these will form the subject of a
future communication, and I shall content myself for the present
with observing, that the presence or absence of horns in the females
regulates, in a great measure, the social intercourse of the sexes,
that upon the form of the lips and muzzle, the only organs of touch
and prehension among the Ruminantia, depend the nature of the food
and habitat, making the animal a grazer or a browser, as the case may
be; and that the existence or nonexistence of interdigital glands,
the use of which appears to be to lubricate the hoofs, has a very ex-
tensive influence upon the geographical distribution of the species ;
confining them to the rich savannah and the moist forest, or enabling
them to roam over the arid mountain, the parched karroo, and the
burning desert.

“Having thus briefly explained the necessity of reforming the
characters of the different groups of the Order Ruminantia, as they
are at present constituted, and the nature and value of the principles
which I propose to employ for that purpose, I shall at once proceed
to their practical application, confidently anticipating that their
employment will remove the most serious objections which exist
against the present distribution of the order, and place our knowledge
of these interesting animals, in point of scientific accuracy, precision,
and affinity, on a par with the more generally cultivated departments
of zoology.

Fam. I. CaMeip&.

Pedes subbisulci, subtis callosi, digitis apice solo distinctis; un-
gule succenturiate nulle; cornua nulla; dentes primores supra.
duo, infra sex.

2 Genera.

1. Cametus, cujus characteres sunt :
Digili conjuncti, immobiles.

154

Rostrum chilomate instructum, labro fisso.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fosse interdigitales nulle.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.

-

2. AucHENIA :
Digiti disjuncti, mobiles.
Rostrum chilomate instructum, labro fisso.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fosse interdigitales nulle.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme due.

“The Camelide form what Mr. MacLeay would call an aberrant
group; they differ essentially from other Ruminants in the structure
both of the organs of locomotion and of mastication, and their ge-
neric distinctions consequently depend upon characters which have
no application to the remaining groups of the order. On the other
hand, the principles of generic distribution which subsist among the
rest of the Ruminantia appear to furnish negative characters only
when applied to the Camelide; but though necessarily expressed
negatively, the absence of lachrymal, inguinal, and interdigital sinuses
forms, in reality, positive and substantial characters, and as such, as
well as for the sake of uniformity, should be introduced into the de-
finition of these, as well as of other genera, in which they unavoid-
ably appear under a negative form.

Fam. IJ. Crervips.

Pedes bisulci ; cornua solida, plerumque decidua, in mare solo, aut
in utroque sexu; dentes primores supra nulli, infra octo.

6 Genera.
1. CaMELOPARDALIS.
Cornua in utroque sexu, perennia, simplicia, cute obducta.
Rihinaria nulla.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fosse interdigitales parve.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.
Duo species sunt C. Aithiopicus et C. Capensis.

2. TaRanvuvs.
Cornua in utroque sexu, subpalmata, decidua.
Rhinaria nulla.
Sinus lachrymales exigui.
Fosse interdigitales parve.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.
Typus est Tarandus Rangifer (Cervus Tarandus).

135

3, ALCcEs.

Cornua in mare solo, palmata, decidua.
Rhinaria nulla.
Sinus lachrymales exigui.
Fosse interdigitales magne.
Follicult inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.

‘Typus est Alces Machlis (Cervus Alces).

4. CrErvus.

Cornua in mare solo, ramosa, decidua.
Rhinaria magna.
Sinus lachrymales distincti, mobiles.
Fosse interdigitales magne.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.

Typi sunt C. Hlaphus et C. Saumer aut Hippelaphus, Cuy.

5. Caprea.

Cornua in mare solo, subramosa, decidua.
Rhinaria distincta.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fosse interdigitales magne.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.

Typus est C. Capreolus.

6. Prox.

Cornua in mare solo, subramosa, decidua.
Rhinaria magna.
Sinus lachrymales maximi, mobiles.
Sinus duo supraorbitales ad basin cornuum, magni, mobiles.
Fosse interdigitales magne.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.

Typus est Pror Moschatus (Cervus Muntjac).

Fam. III. Moscuipaz.

Pedes bisulci; cornua nulla; dentes primores supra nulli, infra
octo.
2 Genera.
1. Moscnus.
Rhinaria magna.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fosse interdigitales nulle.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.
Typus est Moschus Moschiferus.

2. IxauLus?
Rhinaria nulla.

136

Sinus lachrymales exigui, distincti.
Fosse interdigitales nulle.
Folliculi inguinales exigui.
Mamme due.

Typus est Izalus Probaton, Proc. Zool. Soc., Part IV. page 119.

“The genus Ivalus, founded upon the observation of a single spe-
cimen, may eventually prove to belong to a different family ; it differs
little, indeed, from the true Antelopes: but even supposing it to
be correctly placed among the Moschide, other forms are still want-
ing to fill up the chasms which evidently exist among the characters
of that group. Two are more especially indicated, and our know-
ledge of the laws of organic combination and of the constituent parts
of other groups, gives us every reason to believe in their actual
existence, and to anticipate their discovery. They will be character-
ized nearly as follows, and will probably be found, one in the tropical
forests of the Indian Archipelago, and the other on the elevated table
lands of Mexico or South America.

Hinnv.vs.
Rhinaria magna.
Sinus lachrymales distincti.
Fosse interdigitales nulle.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.

CapREOLUs.
Rhinaria nulla.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fosse interdigitales parve ?
Folliculi inguinales ?
Mamme due.

“It may appear a bold, perhaps a presumptuous undertaking, thus
to predict the discovery of species, and define the characters of
genera, of whose actual existence we have no positive knowledge ;
but, as already remarked, all the analogies of nature, whether derived
from organic combination or from the constituent members of similar
groups, are in favour of the supposition; and I may observe further,
that the recent discovery of the genus Jalus, if indeed it eventually
prove to be a genus, of which I had long previously defined the
characters, as I have here done for the presumed genera Hinnulus
and Capreolus, strengthens my belief in the actual existence of these
forms, and increases the probability of their future discovery.

Fam. IV. Carripz.

Pedes bisulci; cornua cava, persistentia; rhinaria nulla; dentes
primores supra nulli, infra octo.

7 Genera.
1. Mazama.
Cornua in mare solo.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fosse interdigitales distinct.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.
Typus est M. Furcifer (Antilove Furcifer).

2. Mapoaqua.
Cornua in mare solo.
Sinus lachrymales distincti.
Fosse interdigitales distinct.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.
Typus est M. Saltiana (Ant. Saltiana et Hemprichit).

3. ANTILOPE.
Cornua in mare solo.
Sinus lachrymales distincti, mobiles.
Fosse interdigitales maximz.
Folliculi inguinales maximi.
Mamme due.
Typus est A. Cervicapra.

4, GazELLa.
Cornua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales distincti, mobiles.
Fosse interdigitales maxime.
Folliculi inguinales maximi.
Mamme due.
Typus est Gazella Dorcas (Ant. Dorcas).

5. Ovis.
Cornua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales exigui, immobiles.
Fosse interdigitales parve.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme due.
Typus est Ovis Aries.

6. Capra.
Cornua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fosse interdigitales parve.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme due.

* Typus est Capra Hircus. Ad hoc genus pertinent Ovis Tragelaphus,
et Antilope Lanigera aut Americana, Auct.
7. Ovipos.

Cornua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.

138

Fosse interdigitales?

Folliculi inguinales nulli.

Mamme quatuor.
Typus Ovibos Moschatus.

Fam. V. Bovipz.

Pedes bisulci; cornua cava, persistentia ; rhinaria distincta, nuda ;
dentes primores supra nulli, infra octo.
9 Genera.
1. Tracutus.
Cornua in utroque sexu.
Glandule mazillares oblonge.
Fosse interdigitales nulle.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.
Typus est T. Pygmeus (Ant. Pygmec).

2. SyLvicarra.
Cornua in mare solo.
Glandule mazillares oblongz.
Fosse interdigitales parve.
Folliculi inguinales distincti.
Mamme quatuor.
Typus est S. Mergens (Ant. Mergens).

3. TRAGELAPHUS.

Cornua in ware solo.

Sinus lachrymales magni.

Fosse interdigitales distinct.

Folliculi inguinales nulli.

Mamme quatuor.

Typus est T. Hippelaphus (Ant. Picia) ; the Neel-ghae, and not

the Saumer Deer of India, as I shall show elsewhere, is the animal
described by Aristotle under the name of Hippelaphus.

4, CaALuiore.
Cornua in mare solo.
Sinus lachrymales mulli.
Fosse interdigitales nulle.
Folliculi inguinales distincti.
Mamme quatuor.
Typus est Calliope Strepsiceros (Ant. Strepsiceros).

5. Kemas.
Cornua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fosse interdigitales magne.
Follicult inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.
Typus est Kemas Ghoral (Ant. Goral).

139

G. CaPRICORNIS.
Cornua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales magni.
Fosse interdigitales distincte.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.
Typus est C. Thar (Ant. Thar, Hodg.).

7. Busatus.
Cornua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales exigui, distincti.
Fosse interdigitales magne.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme due.
Typus est Bubalus Mauritanicus (Ant. Bubalus).

8. Oryx.
Cornua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fosse interdigitales magne.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.
Species sunt O. Capensis (Ant. Oryx), Leucoryx, Leucophea, &c.
9. Bos.
Cornua in utroque sexu. °
Sinus lachrymales mulli.
Fosse interdigitales nulle.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.
Typus est Bos Taurus.

‘‘T have here confined myself strictly to generic characters; the
synonyma and discrimination of species will form the subject of a
future monograph ; in the mean time, with the assistance of the Ar-
ticle ANTELOPE in the Penny Cyclopedia, or, with the proper cor-
rections, of Col. Smith’s Treatise on the Ruminants in the fourth
volume of Griffith’s Translation of the ‘ Regne Animal,’ the student
will have no difficulty in referring any particular species to its appro-
priate genus. He will thus be enabled to judge of the correctness or
incorrectness of the affinities here indicated, and consequently to form
a tolerable estimate of the value of the characters by which I propose
to distinguish the genera of ruminating animals; and indeed it is
principally from the wish to excite the attention of zoologists to
more extensive observation than I myself possess, that I have been
induced to publish the present analysis of my own investigations in
this department of Mammalogy.”

Mr. Gould exhibited numerous examples of the genus Sérir (as
at present restricted), from numerous parts of the globe, including
three undescribed species from Australia, which he characterizes as
follows:

140

Srrix casranops. Str. disco fasciali castaneo, ad marginem satu-
ratiore, et nigro circumdato; corpore supra alis cauddque lete
rufo-brunneis, plumis singulis fasciis latis saturate brunneis, dis-
pariter ornatis ; capite humerisque maculis sparsis minutis albis ;
corpore infra flavescenti-brunneo ; lateribus colli corporisque gut-
tis nigris sparse ornatis ; femoribus tibiisque flavo-brunneis pedi-
bus flavescentibus ; rostro flavo-fusco.

Long. tot. 18 unc.; rostri, 24; ale, 15; caude, 7; tarsi, 33.

Hab. In Terra Van Diemen.

This is the largest known species of the restricted genus Striz, of

which the common Barn Oul is a typical example.

Srrix Cycrors. Str. disco fasciali albo, venusté annulo saturate
brunneo, circumdato ; corpore supra albo ; dorso humerisque pal-
lid2 stramineis, maculis brunneis et albis lentiginosis ; primariis,
fasciis alternis stramineis brunneisque ; pogoniis externis apici-
busque lineis brunneis rectis, frequentibus, et retortis ; caudd albd
fasciis brunneis ; interstitiis albis brunneo crebre guttatis, corpore
infra albo, maculis brunneis ; femoribus tarsisque albis ; pedibus
flavo-fuscis ; rostro livido.

Long. tot. 15 unc.; rostri, 1}; ale, 113; caude,53; tarsi, 23.

Hab. In Nova Cambria Australi.

This is one of the most beautiful species of the genus.

Strix pEvicatutus. Str. disco fasciali albo, margine stramined
circumdato ; corpore supra pallidé cano-fusco, flavo tincto, notis
nigricantibus et albidis intermiztis delicatulis frequentibusque
ornato ; alis pallide fulvis, fasciis lineisque rectis retortis, pallide
brunneis ; primariis ad apicem guttd albd notatis ; caude@ rectri-
cibus quoad colorem remiges fingentibus at guttd apicali albd ob-
scuriore ; corpore infra albo ; pectore lateribusque maculis brunnes-
centibus ‘sparse notatis ; ; femoribus tibiisque albis ; pedibus flaves-
centibus rostro livido.

Long. tot. 14 unc.; rostri, 13; ale, 11; caude, 4; tarsi, 2}.

Hab. In Nova Cambria Australi.

This species in some respects very closely resembles the common

British Owl, St. flammea ; but it has a longer bill, and is considerably
smaller.

December 27th, 1836.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

The remainder of M. F. Cuvier’s Paper on the Jerboas and Ger-
billas was read.

M. Cuvier commences this memoir with observing that his atten-
tion has been particularly directed to the Rodentia, with a view of
arriving at a natural classification of the numerous species composing
that order, among which considerable confusion had hitherto pre-
vailed, particularly in the genera Dipus and Gerbillus, the relations
of which to other allied groups have been but very imperfectly un-
derstood by previous writers.

The species included in the genus Dipus have been formed by
M. Lichtenstein into three divisions, which are distinguished by the
absence and number of rudimentary toes upon the hind feet. In the
first section are placed those with three toes, all perfectly formed ; in
the second, those with four, one of which is rudimentary ; and in the
third, those with five, two of these being rudimentary. M. Cuvier
states that he is unacquainted with the second division of M. Lich-
tenstein, but in the examination of the species belonging to the first,
in addition to the absence of rudimentary toes, he finds they are also
distinguished from those of the third by the form of the teeth, and
the osteological characters of the head. These points of difference
he considers of sufficient importance to justify his making a distinct
genus for the Jerboas with five toes, adopting the name Allactaga,
given by Pallas to a species, as the common generic appellation.

«We know,” observes M. Cuvier, ‘‘ that the three principal toes
of the Allactagas, as well as the three only toes of the Jerboas, are
articulated to a single metatarsal bone, and that the two rudimentary
toes of the first genus have each their metatarsal bone; whence it
results that the penultimate segment of the foot is composed of three
bones in the Allactagas, and of one only in the Jerboas. The incisors
of the Allactagas are simple, whilst those in the upper-jaw of the
Jerboas are divided longitudinally by a furrow. The molars of the
latter genus are complicated in form, and but little resemble those of
the former. They are four in number in the upper-jaw, and three in
the lower, but the first in the upper is a small rudimentary tooth,
which probably disappears in aged individuals.”

The structure of the grinding teeth is then described in detail, and
illustrated by drawings which accompanied the paper.

“<The general structure of the head of the Allactagas and Jerboas
is evidently the same, and is characterized by the large size of the
cranium, the shortness of the muzzle, and above all by the magnitude
of the suborbital foramina. 'The cranium of the Jerboa is distin-
guished by its great breadth posteriorly resulting from the enormous
development of the tympanic bone, which extends beyond the occi-

142

pital posteriorly and laterally as far as the zygomatic arch, which
is by no means the case in the Allactagas, where all the osseous parts
of the ear are of moderate dimensions. Another differential character
between the two genera, is presented by the maxillary arch, which
circumscribes externally the suborbital foramina, and which, in the
Allactagas, may be said to be linear, and presenting a very limited
surface for the attachment of muscles. Lastly, we may note a dif-
ference in the relative development of the jaws, the lower being com-
paratively much shorter in the Allactagas than in the Jerboas.”

The author then proceeds to describe a new species of Allactaga,
a native of Barbary, for which he proposes the name of A. arundinis.
Its length from the origin of the tail to the end of the muzzle, 5 inches;
length of the tail, 5 inches and 2 or 3 lines; of the ears, 1 inch; length
of the tarsi from the heel to the extremity of the toes, 22 lines. All
the upper parts of the body are of a beautiful greyish yellow, with
yellowish sides and tail of the same colour, terminated by a tuft of a
blackish brown at its origin, and white at the extremity. The sides
of the cheek, the ventral surface of the body, and the internal limbs
are white; large brown moustaches adorn the sides of the muzzle.
The incisors are white and entire, the ears almost naked.

M. Cuvier next proceeds to consider the characters and affinities
of the genera Gerbillus and Meriones, and enters into a critical ex-
amination of all the species referred to that group. To these he adds
another species, the habits of which he details, and describes at length
under the name of G. Burtoni. The species which he thus includes
are, Ist, G. Egyptiacus, syn. Dipus Gerbillus, Meriones quadrima-
culatus, Ehrenberg ; 2nd, Gerbillus pyramidum, syn. Dipus pyramidum
Geoff., Meriones robustus Rupp. ; 3rd, G. pygargus, syn. Meriones
Gerbillus, Rupp.; 4th, G. Nidicus, syn. Dipus Nidicus, Hardwicke ;
5th, G. Africanus, syn. Meriones Schlegelii Smutz., G. Afra Gray ;
6th, G. brevi-caudatus ; 7th, G. Otaria; 8th, G. Burtoni. The author
enters into detailed descriptions of each of these species from original
specimens. M. Cuvier lastly considers the affinities of the Gerbillas
and Allactagas to the Gerboas, and concludes that the Gerbillas have
a much nearer affinity to the Muride.

Mr. Gould exhibited to the Meeting all the species from which the
drawings had been taken for the first part of his new work on the
Birds of Australia, among which were several new and very remark-
able forms. The following hitherto undescribed genera and species
were named and characterized.

Ocyprervs suprEerciLiosus. Oc. facie, guld, pectoreque nigrescenti-
griseis ; lined superciliari alba ad basin rostri excurrente ; summo
capite, corpore superiore alisque fuliginosis ; abdomine crissoque
castaneis ; rectricibus griseo-fuliginosis, ad apicem albescentibus,
intermediis duabus exceptis ; rostro plumbeo, ad apicem nigro;
pedibus plumbeis.

Long. tot. 7 unc.; rostri, 1; ale, 4%; caude, 3; tarsi, %.

Hab. In Noyé Cambria Australi.

143

VANGA CINEREA, Mas. Vang. capite et nuchd nigris loro albo ; dorso,
humeris et uropygio griseis ; tectricibus caude albis, rectricibus
caude nigris, interné ad apicem albis, duabus intermediis exceptis,
secondariis in medio, tectricibus majoribus, guld et corpore subtis,
albis ; rostro ad busin plumbeo, ad apicem nigro ; pedibus nigris.

Long. tot. 123 unc.; rostri, 13; ale, 6; caude, 53; tarsi, li.

Hab, In Terra Van Diemen.

Vanea nicrocutaris. Mas. Vang. capite, collo, et pectore nigris ;
torque nuchali, ptilis, pteromatum strigd longitudinali, dorso imo,
uropygio, abdomine, crisso, rectricumque lateralium apicibus albis ;
rectricibus duabus, intermediis omnino nigris; rostro ad basin
plumbeo in nigrum transeunte ; pedibus nigris.

» Foem. vel mas jun.? Partibus que in mare nigris in hoc cinerascenti-
brunneis, vittd occipitali fere ubsoletd ; guld pectoreque fulvo
brunneis ; partibus reliquis ut in mare adulto.

Long. tot. 134 unc.; rostri, 14; ale, 7; caude, 6; tarsi, 14.

Hab. In Nova Cambria Australi.

STRUTHIDEA.

Rostrum yalidum, robustum, tumidum, supra arcuatum, altitudine
latitudinem excellente; gonyde angulato; naribus rotundatis
opertis; mandibula inferiore ad basin incrassata, et in genas
pereunte ; ale mediocres, rotundate ; remige primo brevi, quarto
et quinto longissimis, remigibus secundariis elongatis et latis ;
tarsi mediocri longitudine et robusti, anticé scutellati, postice
plani; digitis subvalidis ; pollice medio digito breviore et va-
lidiore.

Srrurnipea cinergA. Struth. capite, collo, partibusque corporis
inferioribus griseis ; singulis plumis ad marginem pallidioribus ;
alis brunneis ; rectricibus caude@ nigris, metallic? viridi nitentibus ;
rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 11} unc.; rostri, }; ale, 5}; caude, 6; tarsi, 14.

Hab. In Nova Cambria Australi.

TROPIDORHYNCHUS CITREOGULARIS. Trop. summo capite, dorso,
uropygio, alis, cauddque brunneis, his pallidioribus ; pogoniis ex-
ternis remigum secundariorum olivaceo marginatis ; caudd ad
apicem grised ; nuchd ac lateribus colli albescenti-griseis ; mandi-
buld inferiori ad basin notdque nudd pone oculos ceruleis ; guld
et lateribus pectoris citreis; abdomine pallid? griseo; rostro
nigro ; pedibus plumbeis. V

Long. tot. 10} unc, ; rostri, 14; ale, 54; caude, 43; tarsi, 14.

Hab. In Nova Cambria Australi.

Me.irHaca Penicituata. Mel. facie plumisque auricularibus fla~
vidis ; pone has penicilld sericed albd oriente ; corpore -superiore
flavescenti-griseo ; pogoniis remigum externis latioribus ; corpore
subtis pallid? brunnescenti-cinereo ; rostro pedibusque brunneis,

Long. tot. 64 unc.; rostri, 8; ale, 3; caude, 3; tarsi, $.

Hab. In Nova Cambria Australi, .

144

Metrewaca sericea. Mel. summo capite, guld, et regione circa
oculos nigris ; strigd frontali albd supra oculos tendente ; penicilld
pilosd albd, genas auresque tegente; dorso brunnescenti-cinereo,
longitudinaliter nigro striato ; corpore subtis albo singulis plumis
in medio longitudinaliter nigris ; alis brunnescenti-nigris, pogoniis
remigum externis, lete flavidis ; rectricibus caude brunneis, pogo-
niis ad marginem flavescentibus ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 64 unc.; rostri, £; ale, 25; caude, 23; tarsi, 3.

Hab. In Nova Cambria Australi.

HamatTors.

Rostrum capite brevius, levitér arcuatum, acutum, sine denticulo
ad apicem; compressiusculum: zaribus longitudinalibus, et
operculo tectis, setis nullis ad rictum: ale mediocres, remige
primo brevi, tertio et quarto feré equalibus et longissimis :
caudd mediocri, zquali vel leviter forficata: tarsi mediocres,
sub validi halluce et ungue, digitum medium et unguem zquan-
tibus; digitis externis longitudine paribus ; revi sanguinolenti
supra oculos.

Hamators vaLipirostris. Ham. summo capite splendidé nigro,
viitd occipitali albd, pone oculos oriente ; plumis auricularibus,
mento, et nuchd nigris ; summo corpore olivaceo, griseo lavato ;
uropygio rectricumque pogoniis externis letioribus ; alis brunneis,
olivaceo leviter tinctis ; guld albd, corpore subtis brunnescenti-
griseo; rostro nigro, et ad apicem depressiusculo ; pedibus
carnosis.

Long. tot. 63 unc.; rostri, ; ale, 3}; caude@, 3; tarsi, §.

Hab. In Terra Van Diemen.

Hamators cuLaris. Ham. summo capite nigro, vittd occipitali
albd pone oculos oriente ; plumis auricularibus et nuchd nigris ;
dorso et uropygio aurato-olivaceis ; alis cauddque brunneis ; guld
cinerascenti-albd, strigd nigrd per mediam partem tendente ; cor-
pore subtis cinerascenti-brunneo ; rostro nigro ; pedibus pallid?
brunneis.

Long. tot. 6 unc.; rostri, $; ale, 33; caude, 2%; tarsi, £.

Hab. In Nova Cambria Australi.

NEoMoRPHA.

Rostrum longitudine caput excellens ad latera compressum, arcu-
atum, corneum, solidum, acutum ad apicem denticulo; nares
opertz, in sulco basali; carina mandibulz superioris in pontem
tendente ; lingua dura, gracilis, ad apicem setosa; anguli oris
carunculis carneis pendentibus conferti; ale ; pedes

; cauda corpus longitudine zquans.

NeromorpuHa acutrrostris. Neom. rostro gracili, elongato, arcuato,
colore corneo, in plumbeum ad basin transeunte ; carunculis late
aurantiacis ; corpore toto nigro ; caudd large ad apicem alba.

Long. tot. 163 unc. ; rostri, 51; ale, —; caude, 7; tarsi, —.

145

Nxeomorrua. CRAssIRosTRIS. Neom. rostro subarcuato, valido,
aculo, corneo colore, in plumbeum ad basin transeunte ; corpore
nigro; caudd large ad apicem albd.

Long. tot. 17} unc.; rosiri, 2}; ale,—; caude, 73; tarsi, —.

Remark. It is to be regretted that the only examples known of

both these species are imperfect, wanting the feet and the greater
portion of the wings: they form a part of the Zoological Society’s
collection, and were obtained from the captain of a vessel, who had
received them from a native chief in New Zealand.

Popicers cunaris. Pod. summo capite, et nuchd, intense nigres-
centi-brunneis, olivaceo lavatis ; gutture genisque nigris ; strigd
castaned pone oculos oriente et per latera colli excurrente ; corpore
supra nigrescenti-brunneo ; tectricibus ale secundariis albo mar-
ginatis, hoc colore vittam transversam faciente ; collo imo, pectore
et corpore subtis argenteo-griseis, hoc colore in brunneum ad la-
tera transeunte ; rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tot. 10 unc.; rostro, 1£; ale, 4}; tarsi, 1}.

Hab. In Nova Cambria Australi.

Poprcers Nestor. Pod. capite plumis elongatis sericeis albis in-
duto ; gutture et occipite nigris ; corpore supra intense brunneo,
subtis argenteo-griseo, ad latera brunneo lavato ; rostro nigro ad
apicem pallidiore ; tarsis olivaceo-nigris.

Long. tot. 9 unc.; rosiri, 1; ale, 41; tarsi, 13.

Hab, In Terra Van Diemen et in Nova Cambria Australi.

CaLopERA.*

Rostrum validum, arcuatum, capite brevius, naribus basalibus rotun-
datis, feré apertis, mandibula superiore ad apicem levitér inden-
tata marginibus sulcatis; margine mandibule inferioris in sul-
cum superioris recepto; ales mediocres, remige primo brevissimo ;
tarsi validi, antrorsim scutellati, pollice cum digito interno con-
juncto, hdc ejusque ungue, validis, at medio digito ungueque,
brevioribus ; wzgues incurvati et acuti; cauda mediocris, penitis
zqualis.

* The species belonging to the genus Calodera, are characterized at page 106.
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INDEX.

The names of New Species and of Species newly characterized are printed
in Roman Characters: those of Species previously known, but respecting which

novel information is given, in Italics :

those of species respecting which

Anatomical Observations are made, in CapiTats.

Page.

Actinodura, n. g., Gould...... eas Wf
Egertoni, Gould. ... 18

Alces, Ill. ..... Weweowadivevaessttlten 135
Allactaga, n. g., F. Cuvier ...... 141
arundinis, F, Cuvier..... 142
Amadina Castanotis, Gould...... 105
cincta, Gould.........6.. 105

modesta, Gould......... 105
ruficauda, Gould ...... 106

Anas marmorata, Tem..,......+0+6 59
Anthropoides paradiseus, Bechst. 30
Antilope, Pall. ce ccscseeceseeeeees 137
adenota, H. Smith ...... 108
Cervicapra, Pall......... 34
Eurycerus, Ogilb....... .» 120

Forfex, H. Smith ...... 103

hob, Ogilb. ..........0000. 102

Koba, Ogilb. ...0.s.000e 102
Korrigum, Ogilb......... 103
montana, Riipp. .......+. 3
palmata, H. Smith...... 121
Philantomba, Ogilb. 121
Sumatrensis Desm. ...... 121
Aplonis, n. g., Gould...... 2 SeeraS 73
fusca, Gould...........000- 73
marginata, Gould ...... 73
Argonauta Argo, Linn. ......... 102
hians, Lam...,......0++ 22

rufa, Owen .....0000. . 28

Auchenia, Ill. ..ccscescceccesoveses 184
ros: LaAininia. Ss Teed onc nesee 139
Bubalus, n. g., Ogilb.....ccsceseeee 139
Bulinus Crichtoni, Brod. ......... 44
inflatus, Brod, ............ 45

pusio, Brod......ccccccvees 45
Calliope, n. g., Ogilb............06- 138
Calodera n. g., Gould .........06. 145
maculata, Gould ...... 106

Calyptorhynchus Naso, Gould... 106

Page.

Camelopardalis, Linn. ........+44. 134
Giraffa, Linn. ... 9

Camelus, Linn, ...ececcsccccececones 133
Canis Himalaicus, Ogilb., ......... 163
Capra, Linn. ...cccccsecsecesscneeees 137
Caprea, n. g., Ogilb. ...csseeseeeese 135
Capreolus,-n. g., Ogilb........0060 136
Capricornis, n. g., Ogilb. ......... 139
Capros Aper, La Cep. ........066+ 54
Cephalopoda ...... Weaeteveals Seeteds 19

Cercoleptes brachyotus, Mart.... 83
megalotus, Mart. ... 83

Cervus, Linn. csiiast. oesevecesseuse. 135
Aristotelis, Cuv...ccocsees . 39
Barhaiya, Hodg......+.++++ 46
Muntjac, Gmel............ 66

Charadrius Morinellus, Linn. ... 1
Chironectes Yapock, Desm....... 56

Colluricincla fusca, Gould......... 6
Conus Adamsonii, Brod. ......... 44
Corvus curvirostris, Gowld......... 18
pectoralis, Gould ......... 18
Corytuarx Burronit, Vaill....... 32
Cracticus fuliginosus, Gould...... 106
hypoleucus, Gould...... 100
Cranchia.Bonelliana, Fér......... 20
cardioptera, Peron...... 26

minima, Fer. ..sseeesseee 20

scabra, Leach ......... 20

Crax rubra, Linn. ........00068 sat tolll

Cursorius rufus, Gould .. Bo BL
CyNicTIS MELANURUS, Mart. oo. «96

Cynogale, n. g., Gray ......+. +. 88

Bennettii, Gray ...... 88
Cyprinus carpio, Linn. ............ 109
DicuoLopuus cristTatus, Ill...... 29
Dipodidas 2s wopeweesitn.. oe. 127
Dipus, Schreb. ......0c0eeee0e esoee LAT

Edolius Chrishna, Gould ......... 5

148

Page.
Edolius grandis, Gould..........+. 5
Rangoonensis, Gould ... 5
viridescens, Gould ...... 6
Emberiza cinerea, Strickl.,........ 99
EnuypRA MARINA, Flem. .......-- 59
Felis Diardi, Cuv. ..scssse- FaSaIS 107
marmorata, Mart. .....008. 107
Tigris, Linn. ...ccsessereeeeees 123
Fringilla serinus, Linn. ......-..+++ 59
Gallinago heterura, Hodg. ...... 8
media, Ray ....ssereeee 8
nemoricola, Hodg. ... 8
solitaria, Hodg.......... 8
Gallinula ventralis, Gozld......... 85
Gazella, n. g., Ogilb...cesseweseeees 137
Geocichla rubicola, Gouwld......... 7
Gerbillus, Des...ecocccesceseeeeres 141
Glaucus heaapterygius, Cuv....... 113
Gnathodon, Gray ..secerservseres ». 104
Gnathostoma, n. g., Owen.......-. 125
SPINIGERUM, Owen 125
Heematops, n. g., Gould ......006 144
gularis, Gould......... 144
validirostris, Gould... 144
Halietus albicilla, Sav......++0+ wed
Herpestes brachyurus, Gray... 88
Hinnulus, n. g., Ogilb. ......eee00 136
Ixalus, n. g., Ogilb. s.ccsseseeeeees 135
Probaton, Ogilb......s.ss0+ 119
Ixos leucotis, Gould ......0ceeeeeee 6
Kemas, n. g., Ogilb. .. sserseeveeee 138
Kittacincla, n. g., Gould 1... 7
Lepus Californica, Gray ....-.++ 88
Douglasii, Gray......++00+ 88
longicaudata, Gray ...... 88
Loligo corolliflora, Til. sesseeeeee 21
laticeps, Owen ...--.2-0eee 20
Pealit, Leach.....+..esssees 21
Macropus penicillatus, Gray... 41
Macroramphus griseus, Leach... 1
Mactra Sprengleri, Linn........+. 104
Madoqua, n. g., Ogilb. ...sse+00e . 18
Mazama, n, g., Ogilb. ...... Seemed,
Meliphaga penicillata, Gould ... 148
sericea, Gould...... see 144
Meriones, IIl,....++.++ iidibce asain oa. 142
Micetes seniculus, Desm. ...++.+++ 25
Moschus, Lann. ......+0e0cceerencers 135
Americanus, Linn....... 66
delicatulus, Shaw. ...... 66
fulyiventer, Gray ...... 65
Griffithii, Fisch.......... 66
Javanicus, Gmel. .«..... 64
Kanchil, Raffisccccsecees 64

-_ Meminna, Linn... 68

INDEX,

Pege.

Moschus Moschiferus, Linn. ..... "63
pygmeus, Linn. ......4.. 66
Stanleyanus, Gray...... 65

Mulinia, n. g., Gray ....cecscereeee 104

Myrmecobius, n. g., Waterhouse. 69
fasciatus, Waterh. 69, 1382
Neomorpha, n. g., Gould ......... 145
acutirostris, Gould... 145
crassirostris, Gould.. 145
Octopon Cumineu, Benn.
Octopus semipalmatus, Owen ... 22

Ocypterus superciliosus, Gould... 142
OCYthOG Wes acd cates ateeareeeeser esas 121

Cranchii, Leach ......++. 19
Orpheus modulator, Gould ...... 6
Ortyx ocellatus, Gould............ 75
Oryx, n. g., Ogilb...creccssersseves . 139
Ovibos, De Blainv.......... acacia 137
Ovis, Linn......+ sAcmemenueee eee Cae 137
Oxyura Australis, Gould ......... 85
Paradoxornis, n. g., Gould ...... 17

flavirostris, Gould. 17
Paradoxurus leucomystax, Gray. 88
Perameles Lagotis, Reid .........
Petroica Phcenicea, Gould.........
PHALANGISTA VULPINA, Cuv. ... 2
Puascotarctos ruscus, Desm... 109

Puascotomys Womsar, Per....... 49
Physeter macrocephalus, La Cep. 127
Pipra squalida, Burton ........+... 113
Plyctolophus productus, Gould... 19
Podiceps gularis, Gould.........0.. 145
Nestor, Gould ......... 145

Porpitd ....+.00006 san eaaeeaeaee seals 116
Prionites cceruliceps, Gould ...... 18
Prox, n. g., Ogilb. .,...0+++ a eee 135
Psittacus augustus, Vig........s0. 80
Pteromys Guildingii, V/2g.......... 80
albiventer, Gray ...... 88

Leachii, Gray ........ 88
melanotis, Gray ...... 88

Purpura Gravesii, Brod............ 44
Rostellaria pes Pelicani, Lam.... 46
Sciurus Douglasii, Gray ......... 88
Scolopax Rusticola, Linn.......... 7
Scytalopus, n. g., Gould. ......... 89
albogularis, Gould.... 90

fuscus, Gould ......... 89

Simia Morio, Owen ...... she ck wars 92
Satyrus, Linn....sccceesees 91
Trocuopyres, Linn. ... .. 41
Wurmbii, Fisch. .....0..000. 91
Spondylus albidus, Brod. ......... 43
Strix castinops, Gould, .........0es 140

Cyclops, Gould. c.csceoeeere 140

INDEX 149
; Page. Page.
Strix delicatulus, Gould ...... --- 140 | Troglodytes leucogastra, Gould . 89
Struthidea, n. g., Gould .....000 143 Magellanicus, Gould 88
cinerea, Gould ...... 143 | Trogon pavoninus, Spix ......+. «. 12
Sylvia brevirostris, Strickl......... 98 resplendens, Gould ...... 12
Sylvicapra, n. g., Ogilb.........60 . 138 | Tropidorhynchus _ citreogularis,
Tamatia bicincta, Gould .......... 80 GOUld) 5. cacoscanoneense eaten «. 143
Tarandus, n. g., Ogilb. ........00+ 135 | Tubularia gracilis, Harv. ......... 54
Testudo Indica, Linn. ............ 59 indivisa, Ellis ......+++ 54
Thryothorus guttatus, Gould...... 89 | Turdus macrourus, Lath. ......... 7
Tiliqua Fernandi, Burton......... 62 | Vanga cinerea, Gould ............ 143
Tinamotis, n. g., Vig. ....0..0006 79 nigrogularis, Gould ...... 143
Pentlandii, Vig. ...... 79 | Velella limbosa, Lam. ............ 79
Torpedo vulgaris, Flem. ........- 109 | Vespertiliontd@ ......0.0.000,000000 46
Tragelaphus, n. g., Ogilb.......... 138 | Voluta Beckii, Brod. ............ 43
Tragopon Temminckii, Gray...... 59 concinna, Brod. ........+-.- 43
Tragulus, Gray, n. div..........64+ 63 | Vultur Papa, Linn. .............++ 107
Tragulus, n. g., Ogilb. .........0.- 138 | Zosterops albogularis, Gould ... 75

Trichophorus flaveolus, Gould... 6

tenuirostris, Gould ... 76

THE END.

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,

BY R. AND J. E. TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

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OVO FO

LIST

OF

CONTRIBUTORS,

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

AsgzorT, K. E., Esq. page
Letter announcing a donation of Birds’ Skins from Erze-
TOUM ses cee cece eee ree eee eee esses ee «- (0

ADAMSON, Rev. J.
Letter acknowledging the receipt of the Society’s Transac-
tions atthe South African Literary and Scientific Institution 15

Autis, T., Esq.
Letter addressed to Mr. Gould respecting the Sclerotic
Ring in the Podargus..... Meek inecsysee y- onde era OF

Barry, Dr. M.
Exhibition of a living specimen of the Proteus anguinus . 107

BELL, T., Esq.
Observations on the Genus Galictis, and the description of
a New Species ( Galictis Allamandi) .......... ae 40

Bennett, F. De Bevt, Esq.
On the Natural History of the Spermaceti Whale (Phy-
SCLET. TRACT OCEDNGIUS): ooo us a5, ©» 19 0 0 ye, 0 9 9 %e, 0 due 37, 39
Onymarine Voctice@) . ate ote «eel «. as «0. 6-4 chavaia 50, 51

BennetT, G., Esq.
Observations on the Phosphorescence of the Ocean, made
during a voyage from England to Sydney .......... 1
Observations on Physalia pelagica ... 1... eee0e, 43

Bryrtu, Mr. E.
On the Osteology of the Great Auk (Alcea impennis). . . 122

Bonaparte, C. L. (Prince of Musignano).
Exhibition of a Lithographic Print of the Gigantic Sala-
MANdEr. . ea sccecverseesesssccecvveger 6

lv

Bonaparte, C. L. (Prince of Musignano).

age
On the Habits of the Long-tailed Trogon ( Trogon hs ,
splendens, Gould)... «meee ere tee ee tee eee 101
Description of new or interesting Birds from South America
AMEN ER ICOM 9 os aie 5 Lolnlla tele ae Way No + bos) e vo! » ode aaa 108
Bostock, Dr.
Analysis of the Fluid found in the chambers of the Spon-
Aylus varius s+ vse e eee ren cees a ee 66
Burton, E., Esq.
Description of a New Kingfisher (Ceyx microsoma), and
a female specimen of Caprimulgus monticolus ........ 89

CHAMBERS, R., Esq.
On a simple method of taking Impressions of Feathers

BUGQM EGAIEN, nmi oye tee hele ofieiis cee sss fevais Pale ols venaets 36
On the Habits and Geographical Distribution of Humming-
OTS En 8 cee eee emer Sista, BPS RPE Sh ay
CHARLESWORTH, Mr. E.
Remarks upon the mode of Reparation in the animal of
PWG WATE ONAUE irs, 6.\0, 0. 's)» 09. euaiie seco le nisiie latin by inane 84
Cumine, H., Esq. te
Letter accompanying a donation of Skins from Manilla . 70
Darwin, C., Esq.
Remarks upon the Habits of the Genera Greospiza, Ca-
marhynchus, Cactornis, and Certhidea of Gould ....... 49
Denny, H., Esq.
Letter addressed to N. A. Vigors, Esq., M.P., noticing the
capture of a male specimen of the Snowy Owl at Selby... 45
Dessarvins, M. J.
Letter from, accompanying a Memoir of the late Charles
Telfair, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S. ... 6... 6+ AEE St toys 15
Eyton, T. C., Esq.
Notice of some Osteological Peculiarities in different skele-
tonsvof the Gentis Sas. 20. Fe ce a nse 3: w ote 23
Goutp, Mr. J.
Remarks on a group of Ground Finches from Mr. Darwin’s
Collection, with characters of the New Species. ....... 4
Exhibition of Australian Birds from his own Collection,
and characters of New Speeies = 2)... . - =. + ale shtie ee 7, 88
Observations on the Raptorial Birds in Mr. Darwin’s Col-
lection, with characters of the New Species.......... 9
Exhibition of the Fissirostral Birds from Mr. Darwin’s
Collection, and characters of the New Species ........ 22
Characters of New Species of Australian Birds ...... 24

a.

Goutp, Mr. J. d page

On a New Rhea (Rhea Darwinii) from Mr. Darwin's

OUCRION teint a S86 5 os oe wo we MeO Se OM 35

On a New Species of Oréyx from the Collection of the late
Mr. David Donglas, and a New Species of the Genus Po-
TT ANOLE AA i ct tie) o/ fats) sec) so} 0, 6-~ 0: ose eeal alone 42

Exhibition of some rare European Birds received from
ERC a eth alent Sasiad “yet gas i 2°, <8P th Seaiks 48

Remarks on the Common British Wagtail (Motacilla
he sl alek eh kink a: <ep denial ole) a abs Mt grag ae wile 7508

Exhibition of Mr. Darwin’s Birds, and description of a
New Species of Wagtail (Motacilla leucopsis from India. . 77

Characters of New Birds in the Society’s Collection 79

Description of a New Goldfinch ( Carduelis Burtoni) from
thewviuseum at Fort Pitt,:Chatham 20.5. « « «s\« « + mete 90

Observations on the Raptorial Birds of Australia and the
adjacent islands «1 s+ «+ 40-0 wee oes eee bee 96

Description of a New Genus (Amblypterus) among “ihe
Caprimulgide, and characters of New Birds from Australia. 105

Observations upon a small collection of Birds from Erze-
roum, with characters of the New Species .........- 126

Characters of a New Grouse (Lyurus Derbianus) from the
Collection of the Earl of Derby .. ... 2... se ee ee wie - 132

Characters of a New Genus (Sericornis) of Australian
BGO oe I ira ore Pee jo: whe! anata epee CAEN Tena COC aan 133

Characters of a large number of New Species of Australian
PIR gs at ty bp wh, hoc ove coy eh’) pan Mee of ok apled'd > «aie sine 138

Gray, J. E., Esq.
Exhibition of the Horn of a supposed New Species of Deer,
with remarks upon the enlargement of the Eggs of Buccinwm
ALBATE So oo owe a sein! s) < yc the. se pm oe sass ae 0) Mahe POE 45
On a New Species of Paradoxure (Paradoxurus Derbia-
nus), with remarks on some Mammalia recently purchased by
the British Museum, and characters of the New Species 67
Remarks on the Boring of Patella and Pholas, and exhibi-
tion of a drawing of a New Species of Tetrapturus (T.
Tae Ble ee te a Piey yok Sik eae aM oles aeons - 101
Revision of the Genus Sorex, Linn... .... 2+ see ee 123
General arrangement of the Reptilia. .......... - 131
Description of a New Fox ( Vulpes dorsalis) from Senegal,
and exhibition of a very young specimen of the Genetta Se-
negalensis, Geol. . 2 2 sees eee n mse cw sree seces 132
Revised arrangement of the Ophidians........... 135
Hamixton, H., Esq.

Letter announcing a donation of a Chilian Eagle ..... 67
Harvey, J. B., Esq.

Letter accompanying a donation of Radiata and Fish .. 79

vi

Jones, T. W., Esq.
On the mode of closure of the Gill-apertures in the Tad-
poles of Batrachia~. 1... seeyeesessee ae siwisiee
Lowe, Rev. R. T.
Synopsis of the Fishes of Madeira ......-.....-
Martin, Mr. W.
Observations on three specimens of the Genus Felis pre-
sented to the Society by Charles Darwin, Esq., Corr. Memb.
CREME. Shit BRC Reka dae cere ae rear ey ric?

Observations upon a New Fox from Mr. Darwin’s Collec-

ton Values pudbipes) Ses es ee ns 3 se oes ee whe
Observations on a Specimen of Dasypus hybridus, Desm.,
from Mr, Darwin's Collection .......+++-+s+ee0,%
Notes on the Anatomy of the Proboscis Monkey (Simia

FUTROIE ein 5c <! =i'p' © = atincs Tels aus fate Kencential <<: ane
Description of a New Bat (Rhinolophus Landeri) from
Fernando Po, and a New Hedgehog (Erinaceus concolor)
fei EVEMICOUE 65 sips es) 6 2 ss ss ie ys Mle on ohel alm
Mixer, Professor.
Remarks on Dr. Smith’s revision of the Linnean Genus
PILE oo be, aia nd Ye hac main ®, » aalies 9. ¥ap abs ARs osvinmenees
Natrerrer, M. J.
Letter to Mr. Gould describing a New Species of Aragari
(Pteroglossus Gouldit) 010 ee eee ee eee
Ocitsy, W., Esq.
On a New Gibbon (Hylobates Choromandus), and a New
Species of Colobus (C. leucomeros) ... +++ ++ er eee
Exhibition of the Skins of Two Species of the Genus

Sv aiires |S NS Mee fle one Al iat hidiaT ite, DESL Ms vapeieltaba se
On a New Phalanger (Phalangista viverrina), from Van

PUIG UAL ve So fo wc oe ew a on os we onl ot
Owen, R., Esq.
Dissection of the Head of the Turkey Buzzard and that

of the Common Turkey .....-.2-+50- sees eee
On the Structure of the Shell of the Water Clam (Spon-

dylus VaTiUS) 2+ 5+ ee eee ee ee tee eee ee ee
Remarks upon the Cranium of an Oran Utan (Simia

Warmbit) 0.25 1s Scie gue =e gle es 2 2 oe eee eee
Exhibition of a Foetal Kangaroo, proving the existence of

mila AA MOTUGES 4's (ss apleredaie he ened she insets. eres A ebaten ets
Remark respecting the mode of reparation of the Shell of

the Argonaut 22. < 3.6 5.9 (op ee ie Wie ee es SS
Reap, C. R., Esq. .

Letter accompanying a donation of Birds’ Skins from

Singapore ..-. e500 te eee eee ete tec e ee

Rei, Mr. J.
Notes on several Quadrupeds in Mr. Darwin’s Collection .

On a New Species of Monkey (Semnopithecus obscurus) .

age

101

86

44:

68
81
131

34:
63
82
82
84:

4:
14

vil

Rippett, Dr. page
Notice of the Phytotoma tridactyla of Abyssinia .... - 50
SELLs, W., Esq.
On the Habits of the Vultur aura... 1... eee eee 33

Snort, T. K., Esq.

Remarks upon the Habits of Apteryx Australis, Shaw .. 24
Smitn, Dr. A.
Exhibition of the Drawings. made during his Expedition
into the interior of South Africa... 2... .+2 eee ees 49
Exhibition of some small Quadrupeds collected in South
POMEL has su aytt s aylat o SP4 eho: Siclectagniisy of Sl A fi owabal atone 69
Revision of the Groups included in the Linnean Genus
PRS 8.) sal st aje lade! saesmueliel mia ailsife\ eva sh eveyeus 85
Sykes, Lieut.-Col. W. H.
On the identity of the Wild Ass of Cutch and Indus,
with the Dzeggetai ... 2-2 ee eee eee eee eee ee 91
Tuompson, W., Esq.
Notes relating to the Natural History of Ireland, with a
Description of a New Genus of Fishes (Hehiodon)..... « 52
Wacener, R., Prof.
On the Blood-globules of the Proteus anguinus..... + 107
WarernouseE, Mr. G. R. |
Characters of New Species of the Genus Mus, from the
Collection of Mr; Darwin .°.°829.52 290. sere es ee 15, 27
Characters of Two New Genera of Rodentia (Reithrodon
and Abrocoma), from Mr. Darwin's Collection. ....-.--
Characters of some New Species of the Genera Mus and
PPRINCOUTET Seren ras cl. acetals «Tees eye, oes) ener etsney® 75
Characters of a New Galago (G. Alleni) and a New
Pteromys (P. Horsfieldii), in the Society’s Collection . . . . 87
Description of a New Species of Kangaroo (Macropus
Bennetti) and a Mouse (Mus subspinosus) from the Cape of
ChQUd ER Pere shoe rene eet aN ee eeneMe el tarot eel «tere ais 103
WEIssenBoRN, Dr.
Letter relating to the Habits of the Hamster ( Cricetus
RIUM) cen nls 2os ehefe\'s sus <unteeuseh pe spn aneenel she 50
Westwoop, J. O., Esq.
Characters of some New Coleopterous Insects belonging
to the Family of Sacred Beetles... - +++ ee eee ees 12
Characters of New Insects from Manilla. ......--+> 127
YArRRELL, W., Esq.
Exhibition of a Quill, filled with a species of Pediculus,
from thé wing of a Harpy Eagle... . +--+ ++ +++ees 127
Exhibition of a very large White-bait .....-+-++-> aL
13

Exhibition of a Hybrid Pheasant. . +... +++ eee es

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 10, 1837.
W.B. Scott, Esq., in the Chair.

A paper was read, entitled ‘“‘ Observations on the Phosphorescence
of the Ocean, made during a voyage from England to Sydney,
N.S. Wales.” By George Bennett, Esq., F.L.S., Corresp. Member
of the Society.

The author commences this paper with adverting to the very slight
progress which naturalists have made in their attempts to elucidate
the history of the phenomena connected with the phosphorescence
of the ocean, and notices some of the imaginary advantages which
former observers have attributed to its presence; among others that
of its indicating to mariners the existence of shoals and soundings,
a circumstance which his own experience has not enabled him to
confirm. He then proceeds to remark, that the sea, when phospho-
rescent, exhibits two distinct kinds of luminosity, one in which its
surface appears studded witii scintillations of the most vivid descrip-
tion, more particularly apparent as the waves are broken by the vio-
lence of the wind or by the passage of the ship through them, as
though they were electric sparks produced by the collision, and which
scintillations he considers are probably influenced, in some measure,
by an electric condition of the atmosphere, as at those particular
times they were observed to be much more vivid and incessant than
at others. The other kind of luminosity spoken of has more the
appearance of sheets or trains of whitish or greenish light, often suf-
ficiently brilliant to illuminate the vessel as it passes through, being
produced by various species of Salpa, Beroé, and other Molluscs,
while in the former case the scintillations, which adhere in myriads
to the towing net when drawn out of the water, probably originate
in animalcules so minute that the only indication of their presence
is the light which they emit.

The author remarks that “ the luminosity of the ocean is often
seen with greater constancy and brilliancy of effect between the la-
titudes 3° and 4° north and 3° or 4° south of the equator, than at
any other part of the tropicalregions. This circumstance, which I
have observed myself, if found to be borne out by repeated obser-
vations, may be occasioned by the eddies arising from currents, for
it is a curious fact worth noticing, that where currents are known to
exist, the luminosity of the ocean has been observed to assume a

higher degree of brilliancy. Now the westerly current is supposed

to run between those parallels of latitudes from 20° or 22° west lon-
No. XLIX.—Procexpines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

2

gitudes towards the Brazilian coast perpetually, and it is not im-
probable that nearly at the termination of the north-east trade wind
a current joins with a similar current carried by the south-east trade
wind ; both uniting in forming the westerly current may thus cause
a greater assemblage of the various tropical molluscs and crustaceous
animals, a number of which possessing luminous properties may im-
part by their presence a higher degree of phosphorescence in that
particular portion of the ocean than is observed in other situations
except from similar causes. That the diffusion of the phosphoric
light possessed by these molluscs does not solely depend on the
creatures being disturbed (such as the passage of the ship through
the water, or other somewhat similar causes,) is evident, as a lumi-
nous mass may frequently be observed to gradually diffuse its bril-
liant light, at some distance from the ship, without any apparent
disturbance ; and often during calm nights a similar glow of light is
diffused over the water, without there being any collision of the waves
to bring it forth; and if a light breeze springs up during the same
night, the passage of the vessel leaves no brilliant trace in its wake,
although the same spontaneous diffusion of light is observed in the
water at some distance to be repeated as before; the phosphoric
light being confined apparently solely to the occasional groups of
molluscs, which when we succeeded in capturing them in the towing
net, resembled for the most part pieces of crystal cut into various
fantastic forms, round, oval, hexagonal, heptagonal, &c. From the
bodies of these a faint or a bright light (according to the greater or
less duration of time the animal may have been removed from the
water, that is, we may say, by the intensity of its light we can
judge of its healthy or vigorous state,) would be seen to issue in mi-
nute dots from various parts; and on the examination of both large
and small specimens, the large with the naked eye and the small
under a powerful lens, I could not detect any one peculiar secreting
organ for this luminous excretion.

“‘ It has often occurred during the voyage that the ocean became
suddenly brilliantly luminous, and at other times merely a constant
succession of scintillations were visible. Again, it was remarked
that no luminosity of the ocean was visible except what proceeded
from the wake of the ship, the other parts of the ocean exhibiting no
phosphorescence.

“‘On the 15th of April, 1835, in lat. 8° 45’ north, and longitude
21° 02’ west, during the day large quantities of a beautiful pink
Medusa were taken in the towing net, which species I was pre-
viously aware possessed luminous powers, and as expected, at night
the ocean was brilliantly luminous, which luminosity continued until
about 8 p.m., after which time it had almost totally disappeared.
During the time the phosphorescence was visible, the Medusa before
mentioned was captured in large numbers, but on the disappearance
of the luminosity no more were caught, evidently showing that the
phosphorescence of the sea this evening was occasioned by their
presence. I have frequently remarked that when the ocean appears
brilliantly luminous, besides the animals producing the phosphores-
cence, several crustaceous animals and a number of small fish are

3

usually taken in large quantities: the presence of these may proceed
from their being attracted by the phosphoric light. Sometimes
during heavy rains within the tropics the sea would become suddenly
luminous, as rapidly passing off again, and the effect of the sudden
transitions was exceedingly splendid to the beholders. During its
continuance luminous species of Salpa, Beroé, Pyrosoma, and other
molluscs were captured in the towing net if the weather admitted of
its being placed overboard.”

On placing some of these luminous Meduse in a bucket of water,
Mr. Bennett observed that the phosphoric light is not emitted from
any one particular part of the animal, but commences at different
points, gradually extending over the whole body, sometimes suddenly
disappearing, and at others slowly dying away. Upon squeezing the
animal the hands became covered with a profusion of the luminous
secretion, which could be communicated from one object to another.
In conclusion several additional instances are related, occurring in
different latitudes, of the beautiful and varied appearances presented
by the phenomena of marine phosphorescence.

Mr. Martin directed the attention of the Meeting to three speci-
mens of the genus Felis, recently presented to the Society by Charles
Darwin, Esq. One of these appeared to be a cat of the domestic race,
shot in a wild state at Maldonado, differing only from our common
cat in the elongation and greater size of the head. ‘The second was
the ‘‘ Chat Pampa”’ of Azara, Felis Pajeros of Desmarest, shot at
Bahia Blanca in latitude 33. The third and most interesting speci-
men, which had been shot at Buenos Ayres, Mr. Martin was dis-
posed to consider as the Yagourondi or a closely allied species, since
it agrees with that animal in its elongate form, stout limbs and small
head, but differs from it in the greater proportionate length of tail,
and also in its entire dimensions, as recorded by Desmarest, who
gives the following :

ft, in. lin.
Length from nose to the root of the tail. 111 0
URES a 1 701 A a ayspegemtens «is iidlhe Lis 9
Length from nose to the ear .......... Oi Bae

In the present specimen, which is evidently adult, the measure-
ments were found to be as follows:

ff.’ inv lin:

Length from nose to root of tail........ gee
PLA ee ens te ee eee Lee

On’ HERE tO ear ee oO” 37.9

Freieht at shoulders’... Pe ree mo
BeEUnCHER, |. . ¢. 56s «dc weneds | ie, a

lg oa tll pte aml ebony Ege 3 el wae
Breadth of ear...... OEIC SSS HEHE ot
Brotimeamereaeye 22 a ee Oe hz

; The hair is black, annulated with ochre, and sometimes with whi-
tish yellow; each hair is pale brown at the base and then alternately
black and yellow, the colours being repeated two or three times.

4

Upon the head the yellow colour is most prevalent. The under fur
is thick and of a pale brown colour. The hair is about the same
length or rather shorter than in the domestic cat, and much harsher
to the touch. The hind feet are black beneath from the heel to the
toes, and there is a streak of black about an inch and a half in
length, passing upwards from the front paw on the outer side. The
hair of the tail is long and bushy; the legs thick and moderately
long; the general form is slender; the head small in proportion to
the body, and considerably arched above. The region of the ante-
rior angle of the eye is black, with a yellowish white spot immedi-
ately above it. The eyes are very small; the ears short, broad, and
obtusely pointed, thickly covered with hair, which on the outside is
of a similar colour to that on the top of the head, excepting at the
tip, where it is margined with black. Inside the ears the hair is of
a paler hue. The under parts of the body are of the same general
hue as the sides. The tail is of the same general colour as the body,
but the hairs become gradually less annulated towards the tip, their
basal portions being brown and the apices black; the under side is
of a somewhat paler hue than the upper. ‘The lips and nose are
black.

Mr. Martin remarked, that there was some reason for supposing two
species were confounded under the same name, for he was aware of
the existence of a cat with a shorter tail, agreeing very closely with
Azara’s description of the Yagourondi. Without, however, being in
possession of more ample materials he did not like to characterize
the present specimen as a new species, but in the event of its ulti-
mately being considered distinct, he proposed that it should be called
Felis Darwinit.

Mr. James Reid read some notes on several quadrupeds, also from
the collection of Mr. Darwin, including a new species of Opossum,
which he characterized as Didelphis hortensis*. He also noticed a
very young specimen of the Viscache, Lagostomus trichodactylus of
Brooks. This example, not much larger than our common Rat, dif-
fers from the adult in wanting the ridge of stiff black hairs over the
eyes so conspicuous in old specimens, and in wanting also the
grooves on the teeth.

Mr. Gould exhibited from Mr. Darwin’s collection of Birds, a
series of Ground Finches, so peculiar in form that he was induced to
regard them as constituting an entirely new group, containing 14
species, and appearing to be strictly confined to the Galapagos
Islands. Mr. Gould believed the whole of these Birds to be un-
described, and remarked that their principal peculiarity consisted in
-the bill presenting several distinct modifications of form, while the
general contour of the species closely assimilated. He proposed to
characterize them under the separate generic appellations of Geo-
spiza, Camarhynchus, Cactornis, and Certhidea.

* The characters of species newly described which have not yet been
furnished by the respective authors, andare the refore necessarily omitted,
will be inserted, if subsequently sent in, at the termination of the volume.

=

o

GrosPiza.

Corporis figura brevissima et robusta.

Rostrum magnum, robustum, validum, altitudine longitudinem
preestante ; culmine arcuato et capitis verticem superante, apice
sine denticulo, lateribus tumidis.

Naribus basalibus et semitectis plumis frontalibus.

Mandibuld superiori tomiis medium versus sinum exhibentibus, ad
mandibule inferioris processum recipiendum. Mandibula inferior
ad basin lata, hoc infra oculos tendente. Al mediocres re-
mige primo paulo breviore secundo, hoc longissimo.

Cauda brevissima et equalis.

Tarsi magni et yalidi, digito postico, cum ungue robusto et digito
intermedio breviore; digitis externis inter se xqualibus at di-
gito postico brevioribus. Color in maribus niger, in foem. fuscus.

GrosPizA MAGNIROSTRIS. (Spec.typ.) Geos. fuliginosa, crisso ci-
nerascenti-albo ; rostro nigro brunnescente lavato ; pedibus nigris.
Long. tot. 6 unc.; ale, 34; caude, 2; tarsi, 1; rostri, $; alt.
rost., 1.
Feem., vel Mas jun. ; corpore intense fusco singulis plumis oliva-
ceo cinctis ; abdomine pallidiore ; crisso cinerascenti-albo ; pe-
dibus et rostro, ut in mare adulto.

Grospiza stRENUA. Geos. fuliginosa, crisso albo, rostro fusco et
nigro tincto ; pedibus nigris.

Long. tot. 54 unc.; ale, 3; caude, 1% ; tarsi, }; rostri, 3 ; alt.

rost. 3.

Foem. Summo corpore fusco singulis plumis nec non illis alarum
caudeque, pallide cinerascenti-olivaceo cinctis ; guld et pectore
fuscis; abdomine lateribus et crisso pallidé cinerascenti-fuscis ;
rostro brunnescente.

Geosriza Fortis. (eos. intense fuliginosa, crisso albo; rostro
rufescenti-brunneo, tincto nigro ; pedibus nigris.

Foem. (vel Mas jun.) Corpore supra pectore et gutture intense
fuscis, singulis plumis cinerascenti-olivaceo marginatis ; abdomine
crissoque pallide cinerascenti-brunneis ; rostro rufescenti-fusco
flavescente ad apicem ; pedibus ut in mare.

GrospizA NEBULOSA. Geos. summo capite et corpore nigrescenti-
Suscis ; singulis plumis cinerascenti-olivaceo marginatis ; corpore
subtus pallidiore, abdomine imo crissoque cinerascentibus ; rostro
et pedibus intense fuscis.

Long. tot. 5 unc.; ale, 24; caude, 13; tarsi, 3; rostri, 3; alt.

rost., 4.

Grospiza FuLIGINosA. Geos. intense fuliginosa, crisso albo, ros-
tro fusco ; pedibus nigrescenti-fuscis.

Long. tot. 44 unc. ; ale, 24; caude, 12; tarsi, $; rostri, 14; alt.

rostri, 3.

Fem. Summo corpore, alis, cauddque intense fuscis ; singulis plumis
cinerascenti-ferrugineo marginatis ; corpore infra cinereo, singulis
plumis medium versus obscurioribus ; rostro brunneo ; pedibus ni-
grescenti-brunneis. .

6

GerosPIzA DENTIROSTRIS. (Foem. Mas ignotus.) Mandidule su-
perioris margine in dentem producto; vertice corporeque supra
Fuscis ; singulis plumis medium versus obscurioribus ; secundariis
tectricibusque alarum ad marginem stramineis ; gutture et pectore
pallide brunneis, singulis plumis medium versus obscurioribus,
imo abdomine crissoque cinerascenti-albis ; rostro rufo-fusco ;
pedibus obscuré plumbeis.

Long. tot. 42; ale, 23; caude, 14; rostri, 4; alt. rost. Z.

Grosriza pARVULA. (Mas.) Geos. capite, gutture, et dorso fuli-
ginosis ; uropygio cinerascenti-olivaceo ; caudd et alis nigrescenti-
brunneis ; singulis plumis caude et alarum cinereo-marginatis ;
lateribus olivaceis fusco guttatis ; abdomine’et crisso albis, ros-
tro et pedibus nigrescenti-brunneis.

Long. tot. 4 unc.; ale, 23; caude, 1}; tarsi, }; rostri, $; alt.

rost., +75.

Fem. Summo capite et dorso cinerascenti-brunneis, gutture, pectore,
abdomine crissoque pallidé cinereis, stramineo tinctis.

Geosriza puBIA. (Foem. Mas ignot.) Geos. summo capite et
corpore supra fuscis, singulis plumis cinerascenti-olivaceo margi-
natis ; strigd superciliari, genis, gutture corpore infra cinera-
scenti-olivaceis, singulis plumis notd centrali fuscd ; ulis cauddque
brunneis singulis plumis olivaceo-cinereo marginatis ; rostro sor-
didé albo, pedibus obscure fuscis.

Long. tot. 3% unc.; ale, 2%; caude, 13; tarsi, £; rostri, $;

altitud. rostri, 3.

Camaruyncuvs (subgenus).

Camaruyncuvs differt a genere Geospizd, rostro debiliore, mar-
gine mandibule superioris minis indentato ; culmine minis ele-
vato in frontem et plus arcuato; lateribus tumidioribus ; man-
dibuld inferiore minus in genas tendente.

CAMARHYNCHUS PSITTACULA. (Spec. typ.) Cam. summo capite
corporeque superiore fuscis ; alis cauddque obscurioribus ; gutture
corporeque inferiore, cinerascenti-albis, stramineo tinctis ; rostro
pallide flavescenti-fusco ; pedibus fuscis.

Long. tot. 45 unc. ; ale, 27; caude, 1%; tarsi, £; rostri, 3; alt.

rostri, 3.

CAMARHYNCHUS CRASSIROSTRIS. (Foem.) Cam. corpore superiore
intense brunneo, singulis plumis cinerascenti-olivaceo marginatis ;
gutture pectoreque cinerascenti-olivaceis, singulis in medio plumis
obscurioribus ; abdomine, lateribus crissoque cinereis tinctis sira-
mineo.

Long. tot. 53 unc.; ale, 34; caude, 2; tarsi, 14; rostri, 3; alt.

rostri, 4.

Cactornis (subgenus.)

Cacrornis differt a genere Geospizd rostro elongato, acuto, com-
presso, longitudine altitudinem excellente ; mandibule superio-

-
/

ris margine vix indentato; zaribus basalibus et vix tectis ;
tarsis brevioribus, wnguibus majoribus et plus curvatis.

CactTornis scANDENS. (Spec.typ.) Cact. intense fuliginosa, crisso
albo ; rostro et pedibus nigrescenti-brunneis.

Long. tot. 5 unc. ; rostri, =; ale, 23; caude, 14; tarsi, 3,

Foem., vel Mas jun. Corpore superiore, gutture pectoreque in-
tense brunneis, singulis plumis pallidiore marginatis ; abdomine
crissoque cinereis, stramineo tinctis ; rostro pallidé fusco ; pedi-
bus nigrescenti-fuscis.

Cacrornis assrmitis. (Mas jun.?) Cact. corpore supra fuligi-
noso, nec non gutture abdomineque, iliorum plumis, cinereo mar-
ginatis ; rostro pallid rufescenti-brunneo ; pedibus nigrescenti-
brunneis.

Long. tot. 54 unc.; rostri, 4; ale, 2%; caude, 1%; tarsi, 3.
§ z § a

CrrtuipEa (subgenus).

Crrrurpra differt a genere Geospizd rostro graciliore et acutiore ;
naribus basalibus et non tectis ; mandibule superioris margine
recto ; tarsis longioribus et gracilioribus.

CreRTHIDEA OLIVACEA. Cert. summo capite, corpore superiore, alis
cauddque olivaceo-brunneis ; gutture et corpore infra cinerets ;
rostro pedibusque pallidé brunneis.

Long. tot. 4 unc.; rostri, 3; ale, 2; caude 1}; tarsi, %.

Of the groups here characterized, Geospiza, Camarhynchus, and
Cactornis, belong to one type ; but with regard to Certhidea, Mr. Gould
remarked that although he confidently believed that it should also be
referred to the same group with the three former, yet in its slighter
form and weaker bill it has so much the appearance of a member of
the Sylviade, that he would by no means insist upon the above view
being adopted until the matter shall have been more fully investigated.

Mr. Gould deferred entering into any further details respecting
the species under consideration until Mr. Darwin had furnished him
with some information relating to their habits and manners.

Mr. Gould then resumed the exhibition of a portion of his own
collection of Birds from Australia, and characterized the following
new species :

HeEMIPODIUS MELANOGASTER.

Hem. capite, auriculis, guld abdomineque nigris ; lined super oculum
oriente et ad nucham excurrente, plumis singulis maculd ad apicem
albd; nuche plumis nigris et castaneis, maculis pluribus albis ;
dorso superiore castaneo-fusco, plumis singulis maculd albd, lineis
duabus nigris cum fascid unicd nigrd apicali ; scapulis, tectricibus
primariis secundariisque rufo-brunneis, plumis singulis maculd
albd nigro circumdatd; remigibus primariis saturate brunneis ;
Femoribus et tectricibus superioribus et inferioribus caude brun-
neis nigro fasciatis et irroratis ; rostro pallidé brunneo ; pedibus
carneis.

8

Long. tot. 84 unc. ; rostri, 1; ale, 4}; caude, 1%; tarsi, 1g.
Habitat in Nova Cambria Australi, vel Terra Van Diemen.

Hemiropius MELanotus. Hem. capite nigro, plumis apicibus brun-
neis ; loro, lined supra-oculari, buccisque, pallide flavo-brunneis ;
plumis buccarum apicibus extremis nigris ; nuchd leté castaneo-
rufa, plumis singulis fascia latd nigra centrali linedque cervind ad
latera externa; dorso superiore uropygio et tectricibus caude su-
perioribus nigris, singulis plumis brunneo minuté variegatis, nec
non maculis obscure fulvis; caude tectricibus externe, et alarum
tectricibus majoribus minoribusque stramineis, harum plumis sin-
gulis maculd nigra centrali; rectricibus brunneis ; guld albes-
centi ; collo antice pectoreque saturate stramineis ; lateribus colli
et corporis pallide stramineis, vittd oblonga transversd nigrd cen-
trali ; abdomine tectricibusque inferioribus caude flavo-albidis ;
rostro pedibusque fuscis.

Long. tot. 64 unc.; rostri, 4; ale, 31; caude, 2; tarsi, 32.

Hab. In Terra Van Diemen.

Corurnix pectorauis. Cot. loro, auriculis guldque fulvis ; summo
capite nuchdque saturate brunneis, lineis duabus stramineis super
oculum ; lined stramined @ rostro ad nucham excurrente ; nuchd
brunned, plumis singulis lanceolata centrali stramined, et ad latera
nigro guttatis ; dorso tectricibusque superioribus caude fuscis,
lineis angularibus nigris transversim notatis, strigdque lanceolatd
centrali stramined ; alis fuscis lineis angularibus griseis et nigris
transversim fasciatis; remigibus primariis cum maculd pectorali
nigris ; lateribus pectoris brunneis ; abdomine albo, plumis singu-
lis lined centrali nigrd ; lateribus corporis saturate brunneis, plu-
mis singulis strigis tribus, quarum exteriores nigre sunt, inter-
medid albd ; rostro nigrescenti ; pedibus fusco-carneis.

Long. tot. 62 unc.; rostri, 33 ale, 34; tarsi, t.

Habitat in Nova Cambria Australi.

Mr. Gould also exhibited a new and interesting species of Parrot,
presented to the Society by Mr. John Leadbeater, and which he
characterized, on behalf of the donor, as Platycercus ignitus.

PuLaTYCcERcus 1GNITUS, Leadb.

Plat. capite summo auriculis, uropygio, pectore, corporeque subtus
coccineis ; buccis albis ; plumis singulis dorsi ad medium nigris,
marginibus coccineo et flavo intermixtis ; ald medid ceeruled pri-
mariis quintis ad basin albis, apicibus brunneis ; rectricibus qua-
twor intermediis albis coccineo pallide tinctis ; rectricibus reliquis
ceruleis ad basin albis, ad apicem albescentibus ; rostro livido ;
pedibus saturate fuscis.

Long. tot. 12 unc.; ale, 6; cauda, 6%; tarsi, %.

Hab. Australia.

January 24, 1837.
Rey. John Barlow, in the Chair.

Mr. Gould exhibited the Raptorial Birds included in the collec-
tion recently presented to the Society by Charles Darwin, Esq., and
after some general observations upon the geographical distribution

of the known species, proceeded to characterize the following as
new to science :

PorysBorvus GaLapacoensis. Pol. intensé fuscus ; primariis ni-
gris; secondariarum pogoniis internis albo et fusco transversim
striatis ; cauddé cinerascenti-fuscd, transversim lineis angustis
et frequentibus intensé fuscis notatd ; rostro obscure corneo;
pedibus olivaceo-flavis.

Long. tot. 20 unc.; rostri, 14; ale, 14}; caude, 9; tarsi, 3}.

‘Foem. jun. Capite et corpore intensé stramineis fuscoque variega-
tis ; illo in pectore et abdomine prevalente ; primariis fusco-
nigris ; caudis rectricum, pogoniis externis cinerascenti-fuscis,
internis pallide-rosaceis ; utrisque lineis angustis et frequenti-
bus fuscis transversim striatis, apicibus sordide albis ; rostro
nigrescenti-fusco ; pedibus olivaceo-flavis.

Long. tot. 22 unc. ; rostri, 12; ale, 17; caude, 104; tarsi, 34.

Obs. Were I not assured by Mr. Darwin that the habits of this bird
strictly coincide with those of the Caracara (Polyborus Brasiliensis),
its mode of flight and cry being precisely the same, I should have
been induced to regard it as rather belonging to the genus Buteo
than to Polyborus ; but as I have satisfactorily ascertained by a
close investigation, it forms a beautiful intervening link between
‘these genera, as is evidenced by the scaling of the tarsi and the
produced form of the beak; while its habits place it within the
limits of the latter genus.

It is on the authority of Mr. Darwin also that I rely for the as-
surance of the two birds above described being the male and the

female of the same species, so great is the difference between them
both in size and colour.

Hab. In insulis Galapagorum.

Potyzorus (Phalcobenus) atpocutaris. Pol. fuscescenti-niger,
marginibus plumarum inter scapulos fulvis ; primariis secon-
dariisque albo ad apicem notatis ; guld pectore corporeque subtus
albis ; lateribus fusco sparsis ; rostro livido ; ceré flavd ; tarsis
olivaceis.

Long. tot. 20 unc.; rostri, 13; ale, 184; caude, 9; tarsi, 3.

Obs. I have some doubts as to whether this bird may not eventually

prove to be a variety of Phalcobenus montana, D’Orb. The prin-
cipal difference between this bird and the one described and figured

10

by M. D’Orbigny is, that the throat and chest of the latter are
brownish black, while the same parts in this bird are white.
Hab. Santa Cruz.

Bureo varius. But. vertice corporeque supra intense fuscis, plu-
mis fulvo marginatis vel guttatis ; primariis secondariisque ci-
nereis, lineis fuscis frequentibus transversim striatis ; caudé ci-
nered, lineis angustis et frequentibus fuscis transversim notatd;
singulis plumis fiavescenti albo ad apicem notatis ; guld fuligi-
nosd ; pectore fulvo lined interrupta nigrescente circumdata a
gula tendente; abdomine imo lateribusque stramineo et rufescenti-
Susco variegatis ; femoribus crissoque stramineis lineistransversa-
libus anfractis rufescenti-fusco ornatis ; rostro nigro ; cerd tar-
sisque olivaceis.

Long. tot. 214; ale, 16%.

Obs. The fine individual above described was the only example of
the species contained in Mr. Darwin’s collection; and it is evidently
in astate of change from youth to maturity.

Hab, Santa Cruz.

Circus mecasritus. Cire. vertice corporeque supra intense fus-
cis, lined stramined a naribus supra oculos ad occiput tendente ;
hoc rufescenti-fusco, primariis intensé fuscis ad basin cinereis,
lineis nigris cancellatis ; tectricibus caude albis ; rectricibus in-
termediis cinerets externis cinereo-stramineis ; omnibus lineis
latis fuscis transversim notatis ; lined ultimd latisima apice sor-
dide stramineo ; guld et pectore stramineis, fusco sparsis ; cor-
pore subtus stramineo ; plumis pectoris et laterum strid centrali
Sfusco notatis ; rostro nigro ; cerd tarsisque flavis.

Long. tot. 21 unc.; rostri, 14; ale, 17; caude, 103; tarsi, 34.

BuTEo venTRALIS. But. vertice corporeque intense et nitide-fus-
cis, plumis dorsalibus purpurescentibus ; primariis nigris ;
caudé fused lineis frequentibus obscurioribus, cancellaté ad
apicem sordide albdé ; guld abdomine medio crissoque stramineo
albis ; lateribus pectoris corporisque fascidque abdominali nec-
non femoribus flavescente-albis fusco notatis, notis in femoribus
rufescentibus ; tarsis per mediam partem antice plumosis,
rostro nigro ; cerd tarsisque flavis.

Long. tot. 214 une.; ale, 154; rostri, 94; tarsi, 34.

Orvs (Brachyotus) Ganapacornsis. Ot. fascid circa oculos fu-
liginosd ; strigd supereiliari plumis nares tangentibus et circa
angulum oris, gulé et disci fascialis margine albis ; vertice cor-
poreque supra intense stramineo fuscoque variegatis; primariis
intense fuscis ad apicem, stramineo fasciatis ad basin ; corpore
subtus stramineo notis irregularibus fasciisque fuscis ornato ;
femoribus tarsisque plumosis rufescenti-stramineis ; rostro et
unguibus nigris.

Long. tot. 134; rostri, 1; ale, 11; caude, 6; tarsi, 2.

Obs. This species belongs to that section of the horned owls which

11

comprehends the short-eared owl of England, and numerous other
nearly allied: species which are distributed universally over the
globe, from all of which it may be distinguished by its smaller size
and darker colouring. I am led to regard the members of this sec-
tion as possessing characters of sufficient value to justify their being
separated into a distinct genus, for which I propose the name of
Brachyotus.

Mr. Martin described a species of For brought by Mr. Darwin
from the island of Chiloe, respecting which he made the following
remarks :—

The animal in question is probably identical with the Culpeu of
Molina, especially as the account of its surprise at the presence of
man, uncombined with any exertions to escape, as given by Mr.
Darwin, agree with the observations of Molina. Still, however, the
description of the Culpeu is too vague to render its identity with the
present species a matter of certainty ; and as I regard it to be the
best and safest plan in all doubtful cases to set the matter in such a
light as to prevent if possible any confusion, I shall here describe
and name the animal, for which 1 propose the specific title fulvipes.

Vutres rutvires. Vulp. robustus, artubus brevibus caudd medi-
ocri ; corporis colore cano nigroque commixtis ; hoe in dorso
prevalente: capite sordidé fulvescente, cano irrorato, rostro
fusco, labiis superioribus ad marginem sordide albis, mento fuli-
ginoso, auribus externe castaneis ; brachiis interne, tarsis digi-
tisque fulvis ; genis, guld, corporeque subtus, sordide albis ;
cauda vellere breviore per tertiam partem indutd, apice floccoso
et fuliginoso.

ft
Longitudo corporis ad basin caudz...... 2
caudz ad apicem velleris .... 0
rostriad oculos ...... ci... 0
0
0
0

AUTIUM PIVOTS YL ot 2b fais.
tarserum ad plantam digitalem
Altitudo apud humeros

Hab. Chiloe.

The Vulpes fulvipes is remarkable for the stout form of the body
and the shortness of the limbs: the tail is rather short, and covered
with hair of moderate length, except at the extremity, where it
forms an abrupt and full tuft tipped with sooty black. The general
fur is full, moderately deep, and rather harsh; on the body the co-
lour is hoary mixed with black, the latter being more decided down
the top of the back; the head inclines to fulvous, grizzled with
hoary. The muzzle and skin are dusky, but the edges of the lips
are white; the ears are rather short and of a chestnut brown; the
outside of the fore limbs is dusky black freckled with fulvous inner
side and toes pale fulvous brown ; a dark mark approaching black
above the tarsal joint ; tarsi and toes fulvous brown. Under parts
dirty white. Hair of two sorts, viz. those which constitute a soft

Ce

12
under vest of a dusky greyish brown, through which pass long hairs
of a dusky brown at the base with a black band, followed by a yel-
lowish white band and tipped with black ; a mixture producing the
grizzled character of the fur of the body.

The Secretary read a communication from J. O. Westwood, Esq.,
describing several new species of Insects belonging to the family of
the Sacred Beetles.

After noticing the interest which is attached to the family of the
Scarabeide, not only on account of their curious habits, whence they
were raised to the rank of objects of worship by the Egyptians, but
also from having led to the publication of the Hore Entomologice
by Mr. MacLeay, in which an analysis of the Linnean Scarabei was
given; the author gives an abstract of the classifications of this fa-
mily respectively proposed by MacLeay, Latreille, (Regne An., 2nd
edition), and Serville and Saint Fargeau (Encyclop. Méthod. vol. x.),
with a notice of the genera more recently proposed by various authors
referrible or allied thereto. From a review of these distributions in
conjunction with the natural economy of the insects of which the fa-
mily is composed, the author is disposed to consider the family as
divisible into two natural groups, those with long hind legs and those
which have their legs short and conical; and also that the characters
of the genus Scarabeus and subgenus Heliocantharus must either be
modified so as to exclude the species which are destitute of a distinct
spur at the extremity of the intermediate ¢ibie, or that the Ateuchus
Adamastor (Enc. Méth.) and the insects subsequently described must
be regarded as referrible to the genus Scarabeus, although possessing
two spurs at the extremity of the intermediate tibia, agreeing in all
other material respects with the true Scarabei.

The following is an abstract of the characters of the insects, the
descriptions of which were accompanied by figures exhibiting the
various essential organs in detail, and by observations upon the
structural peculiarities of the two groups.

Typus ScELIAGEs.

Corpus latum, subdepressum. Caput subtrigonum clypeo trilobato,
lobo intermedio valdé emarginato. Antenne clava subglobosa, arti-
culo 7™° magno inferné producto, articulos duos terminales in sinu
ejus includente, ultimo 8vo minori. /Palpi maxillares breves sub-
filiformes, labiales abbreviati 3-articulati, articulis magnitudine de-
crescentibus. Thorax abdomine paullo latior. Tibie antice magne,
pone medium intus curvate. Tibie intermedie bicalcarate.

ScreiraGes Iopas.

Ater nitidus levis, elypet dentibus intermediis duobus obtusis sub-
elevatis, capite anticé punctatissimo, thorace levissimo, elytris
punetis nonnullis minutissimis irregularibus striisque sex longi-
tudinalibus simplicibus fere obliteratis.

Long. corp. 10 lin. Africa Austral. Mus. Hope et P. Walker.

13

Typus Anomropsis.

Pedes elongati, tibie intermedi curvate bicalcarate, calcaribus
mobilibus interno, elongato acuto, externo breviori spatuliformi, tarsi
pedum anticorum obsoleti, quatuor posticorum depressi setosi, un-
guibus nullis; palpi maxillares filiformibus, articulis tribus ultimis
longitudine fere zqualibus ; labiales difformes, articulo 2do maximo
transverso-ovato, ultimo minutissimo interné et obliqué inserto.

Aniomiorsis DioscorrpEs.

Ater, nitidus punctatissimus ; elytris 6-punctato-striatis ; capitis
thoracisque lateribus, femoribus anticis tarsisque quatuor posticis
longé rufo-hirtis.

Long. corp. 13 lin. Mus. P. Walker et C. Darwin.

Hab. Patagonia.

Anomiopsis STERQUILINUS,

Ater, nitidus punctatissimus, convexus, capite cornu elevato verti-
cali, thorace impressione centrali valdé irregulari, elytris semi-
circularibus striis sex simplicibus in singulo, capite thorace tar-
sisque breviter rufo-hirtis.

Long, corp. 10 lin. Habitat. —? Mus. P. Walker.

Mr. Martin called the attention of the meeting to a specimen of
the Dasypus hybridus, in the collection presented to the Society by
C. Darwin, Esq. This animal, the tatow mulet of Azara, has been
characterised in all systematic works, as closely related to Dasypus
Peba, and as having large ears; whereas the ears are much smaller
than in D. Peba, and but little larger than those of D. minutus. In
reference to this species, which he at first was unable satisfactorily
to identify, he observed that the vague and unsatisfactory account
given in systematic works would, he conceived, justify him in laying
before the meeting a more complete and definite description of the
animal than he had been able to meet with, the want of which he
had himself experienced, which he thus ventured to supply.

In Dasypus hybridus the contour of the body is short and stout,
the limbs are robust, and the muzzle is shorter in proportion than in
D. Peba. ‘The admeasurements of the specimen in question are as
follows :

inch. lin.
Length from the tip of the nuse over the back 13 3
to the root of the tail ........
from the top of the frontal plate to 3 0
the end of the nose..........
from the anterior angle of eye to 17
COOLOE HORE os. «nea peat \
from the same to base of ear ...... 1 5
GE CHIR oie cia. <= a:cap soem LO, LO
Extent of shoulder plate, from back of neck 2 10

to its posterior edge

aC COUN

14

inch. lin.

Haunch plate, from its anterior to its pos-
; : : 2 10

terior margin above the tail... .

Rhenpth of tal "7 SOP Ee Ea 6 9
Circumference of its basal ring, from which it 0
rapidly tapers to a slender point

Number of dorsal bands 7.

In a small specimen of D. Peba, measuring from nose to root of
tail 1 foot 2} inches, the ears measure 14 inch in length; and ina
somewhat larger specimen (from nose to root of tail, 1 foot 3 inches)
13th inch.

In the smaller specimen of D. Peba the extent of the shoulder plate
is 25 inches,—of the haunch plate 4 inches.

The length of the head 3} inches, and the distance from the an-
terior angle of the eye to the end of the nose, 22 inches.

Tail imperfect, but much longer than in D. hybridus.

Between D. hybridus and D. Peba, independently of the differences
in the proportion of the ears and length of snout, the characters ex-
hibited by the scutelle of the plates are very distinct. In D. hybridus
the scutclle of the helmet are of moderate size, those in the centre
of the upper part being elongated, and many sub-triangular, the rest
occupying the space between the eyes and downwards are of an ir-
regular figure, some nearly square, others pentagonal and hexagonal.
In D. Pebathe scutelle are not only much larger, but of a more de-
finite figure, being mostly hexagonal, with sides of unequal length.

In D. hybridus the scutelle of the shoulder plate consist of ele-
vated oval tubercles in transverse rows, the intervals being filled with
smaller, very irregular, and less elevated granuli. The same obser-
vation applies to the haunch plate, in which the elevated oval seu-
telle are remarkably distant and large, while somewhat smaller and
flatter scutelle form a rosette round each. In the D. Peba the larger
scutelle of this plate are round, and are encircled by others of very
small size.

In D. hybridus the ears are delicately granulated,—in D. Peba
coarsely.

As respects the Das. minutus there can be no possibility of con-
founding it with the D. hybridus.

Mr. James Reid exhibited to the Meeting, and characterized as
new, under the name of Odscurus, a dark-coloured monkey, from
the Society’s collection, belonging to the genus Semnopithecus.
The locality of the particular specimen before the Meeting was
unknown.

February 14th, 1837. |
William Brown Scott, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read from M. Julien Desjardins, a corresponding
member of the Zoological Society, dated from the Mauritius, 15th
July, 1836. The letter was accompanied by two copies of a memoir
on the late Charles Telfair, Esq., President and Founder of the
Natural History Society of that island. The memoir was written
by M. Desjardins.

A letter dated Capetown, July 5th, 1836, from the Rev. James
Adamson, a corresponding member, was read; the letter acknow-
ledged the receipt of the printed Proceedings and Transactions of
the Society, with thanks from the South African: Literary and Scien-
tific Institution.

A letter was also read from C. R. Read, Esq., a corresponding
member, dated Singapore, September 2nd, 1836, announcing a pre-
sent of 56 skins of birds, and the skin of an alligator of large size,
which have been received.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Waterhouse brought under
the notice of the Meeting numerous species of the genus Mus, form-
ing part of the collection presented to this Society by Charles Dar-
win, Esq., a Corresponding Member. The specimens placed on the
table had been collected at various parts of the Southern Coast of
South America, viz. Coquimbo, Valparaiso, Port Desire, Maldonado,
Bahia Blanca, &c.

Most of these numerous species were considered by Mr. Water-
house as hitherto undescribed, and drawings were exhibited by him
illustrative of the modifications observable in their dentition.

3 fds specific characters of the species above referred to are as
ollows :

Movs tuminus. WM. brunneus, nigro lavatus, rostro ad apicem,
labiis, mento, gulé, pectore, abdomineque albis, naso supra ni-
grescente; mystacibus atris; capite magno ; auribus mediocribus
rotundatis, pilis nigris et griseis intermixtis, vestitis ; corpore
erasso; caudd capite corporeque breviore, pilis nigricantibus,
subtus albescentibus prope basin, vestitd ; artubus pedibusque
grisescentibus ; vellere longo, molli; pilis dorsi ochraceo annu-
latis apicibus nigris ; pilis laterum apicibus fuscescenti-griseis ;
pilis omnibus ad basin plumbeis ; unguibus longis.

une. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 6 9
ICT ERCP ee 5 = a oie 5 4

— ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi O 9
ab apice rostri ad basin auris.... 1 8

tarsi digitorumque.............. BisG
Ra a 9 PL ae G7

Hab, Maldonado.
No. L. and L1,—Procrrpines of THE ZooLoGIcAL Society.

16

Mus. nasutus. M. supra obscure flavescenti-fuscus, ad latera ful-
vescens; subtus obscure fulvo tinctus : pedibus pilis obscure fus-
cis tectis ; unguibus longis ; auribus mediocribus ; caudd cor-
pore breviore, supra fuscd, subtus sordidé albé: rhinario pro-
ducto: vellere longo et molli.

une. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caude basin 5 2-
GUUDEY Sakche surter Gok dadeteniys (s<%2- 2 8

—- ab apice rostriad marginem oculi.. 0 72
co ab apice rostri ad basin auris.... 1 3

———— tarsi digitorumque.............. 1 O%
RIOR cescicd so Vai wh.r ts jest og oat <3 he Saree ee aa

Hab. Maldonado.

Mus osscurus. M. supra fusco-nigrescens, subtus flavescens ;
pedibus obscure fuscis ; unguibus longiusculis ; auribus medio-
cribus; caudé corpore breviore, supra nigrescente, subtus sordidé
albé;: vellere mediocri, molli.

une, lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caude basin 5 3
enade Ti wits. odd hts. alist Io 2007
———— ab apice rostriad marginemoculi.. O 6
————— ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... -1 24
———— tarsi digitorumque...... sidooble os 0 114
nurs eu? ct. bainoaeu, doitesliog .ediQo H

Hab. Maldonado.

Mus toneiriuis. MW. supra obscure griseus, flavo lavatus; subtus
griseus ; pedibus fuscis, unguibus longiusculis, auribus mediocri-
bus ; caudd corpore breviore, supra nigrescente, subtus fusces-
cente; rhinario sub-producto : vellere longissimo, molli.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostriusque ad caude basin 5 4
; COMME” oF nate orate Papa oat oats eee
— ab apice rostriad marginem oculi.. 0 64
———— ab apice rostri ad basin auris.... 1 2
tarsi digitorumque............-. 1 O$
SAS LUTIR ain xe Vs tetyy + euqere aachitnehegale’ > 0 63

Hab.. Coquimbo. :

Mus otivaceus. IM. corpore supra subolivaceo, subtis cineres-
cente; auribus mediocribus, rotundatis, pilis parvulis fusces-
centibus obsitis ; caudd corpore breviore, pilosa, at sqyuamas osten-
dente, supra fuscd subtis albescente ; pedibus pilis fuscescentibus
tectis.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caude basin 5 1
COWDR, v0 40.2 35 onshore TUM < THES 28
——_——— ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi. 0 6
——_———- ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 1 2
——_——. tarsi digitorumque...........-.. 011
GUNES) ies + con he Se : 0..5

IEEY MADE CHD. GPE pent aRES An eeceeinte absaabhbo@t fh

17

Hujus speciei pili corporis omues longi sunt, laxi, mollesque, plum-
beo colore, sed in dorso ad apicem flavescente ; abdomine, albes-
centes ; pili longiores dorsales apicem versus nigricantes, cineras-
centes desinunt: mystaces pilos tenues ostendunt cinereo colore, sed
ad basin nigrescentes.

Hab. Valparaiso.

Mus micropus. JM. supra cinerascenti-fuscus flavo lavatus ;
subtis obscuré flavo tinctus; pedibus pilis sordideé albis tectis,
antipedibus parvulis ; auribus mediocribus ; caudd, quoad lon-
gitudinem, corpus feré equante, supra fused, subtus sordide alba.

unc. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caude basin 6 0
COME Sinn Aaae es wemay XE. ..20)a> 3.8
ab apice rostriad marginemoculi.. 0 7}
— ab apice rostri ad basin auris.... 1 4
tarsi digitorumque.......0.04 day Ay OZ
— GUIS AS lan, Darvatdo. CIO Wee «etrereee_gO).H6

Hab. Santa Cruz.

Mus sracniotis. M. supra obscure fuscus, subtus obscure griseo
tinctus ; pedibus griseo-fuseis ; auribus parvulis ; caudd, quoad
longitudinem, corpus feré equante: vellere longo et molli.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caude basin 4 9
COU Gy = waltin. 2 s.eieis 5 nla 3 eels Ped SS:)
ab apice rostriad marginem oculi,, 0 64
ab apice rostri ad basin auris..,. 1 2
—— LAVSt CeQitOT UN Guerra echoiriaeys as 0 11

UTI . evn vnneccneccnnsaenes 0 3
Hab. in insula parvula apud Midship Bay, Chonos Archipelago.

Mus xAntuoruinus. JM. supra griseus, subtus albus, rhinario
flavo; auribus parvulis, intus pilis flavis obsitis ; mystacibus

longis, canis, ad basin nigrescentibus: eaudd corpore brevivre, ver
supra fused, ad latera flavescente, subtus sordidé alba : pedibus ges
anticis tarsisque flavis, digitisalbis : vellere longo, moll. yew Sse |
; une. lin... Kw Fy naa
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basn .. 4 0. ) a” 3 gt te
COUd@ .... 3s Aaeatyy CT MatoR 2-1 Oiins “| a
ab apice rostriad marginemoculi.. O 5 SL Vig, Bea WP
ab apice rostri ad basin auris.... 1 0} 2S
tarsi digitorumque...... 6... eee lle «5 | [537
OUris.c ising. bye arkeea os Ht ining 7 ee
Statura mure musculo pauld major. eer ft 4 B.fl. Mo.
Hab. Santa Cruz. wer ait er su" ‘ be 12.24 15%.

Pa \* LL

>

Mus canescens. MM, supra canescens, subtus albus pallide flavo
lavatus ; oculis flavido cinctis ; auribus parvulis, pilis pallideé
flavis et plumbeis obsitis ; mystacibus mediocribus, canis, ad basin
nigricantibus ; caudd vix corpore breviore, supra fusco-nigrd,

18

subtus sordide albd ; pedibus canescentibus ; vellere mediocri,
molli, supra pilis pallidé et sordidé flavis, nonnullis cinerascenti-
bus intermiztis.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 3 4
CHUA, nk ik ee eee ee eV 2 10
ab apice rostriad marginem oculi.. O 5}
ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 0 113
tarsi digitorumque.............. a
ADEE OPE A ERE 0 33

Statur4 muri musculo appropinquat.
Hab. Port Desire.

Mus Aarenicota. WM. supra fuscus, subtis cinerascenti-albus, pal-
lidé flavo tinetus; auribus medioeribus rotundatis, pilis flavis
Suscisque obsitis: cauddé quod ad longitudinem pertinet corpus
equante, pilis subvestitd, syuamisque apparentibus, supra fused,
infra albescente; pedibus obscuré albis, Vellere longo, molli ;
puis ad bases plumbeis, illis capitis, dorsi, laterumque apicem
versus sordideé flavo et fusco-nigrescente variegatis ; mento, guld,
pectore, abdomineque, pilis ad apicem flavo-albidis ; mystacibus
plenis, brevibus tenerrimis ad basin fuscescentibus, ad apicem

grisescenti-albis.

une. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caude basin 4 3

COMERS Fits So ee. Se te 2-9
ab apice rostriad marginem oculi.. O 5?

ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 1 0O

tarsi digitorumque...... mite © 50a, DOO
GREE Ste PSTLGC” kere tar Oo 44

Hab, Maldonado.

Mus simacutatus. WM. vellere pallidé ochraceo, pilis nigrican-
tibus adsperso, his ad latera rarioribus; rostri lateribus, notd
magnd pone aurem utramque, corporeque subtus niveis: mys-
tacibus albis, ad basin nigrescentibus ; auribus majusculis, pilis
flavis atque albis intermixtis obsitis : caudd, quoad longitudinem,
corpus feré equante, carned, pilis albis brevissimis obsitd ; artu-
bus albis; pedibus pilis albis sparsim tectis ; tarsis ad caleem
pilis argenteo-candidis obsitis.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 3 1
COU E 5.2 I Sa a oe 1 11
— ab apice rostriad marginemoculi. 0 44
ab apice rostri adauris basin.... O 8}
———— tarsi digitorumque..........-.... 0 8
TE ee ay = 5S aco, SSR © 5 O 42

Hee species mure musculo minor; auribus paululim grandiori-
bus ratione ad totam magnitudinem habité ; pili gule, pectoris ab-
dominisque albi sunt usque ad radices.

Hab, Maldonado.

19

Mus evecans. UM. supra flavus, vellere pilis fuscescentibus ad-
sperso, his ad latera et prope oculos, rarioribus: pilis pone
aurem utramque, labiis, corpore subtis, pedibusque niveis: au-
ribus magnis, intis pilis flavis,externé, ad partem anteriorem fus-
cis obsitis: mystacibus nigrescentibus, ad apicem albescentibus ;
caudé capite corporeque paulo longiore, pilis albis, supra fusces-
centibus, obsitd: tarsis longis, ad calcem pilis albis tectis.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 3 7
COUN 5, «: a; ayocermialer dy ote, «b's a: eae |
ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi. O 6
— ab apice rostri ad basin auris .. 1 0
—— tarsi digitorumque........-+. sfoys app On LO
IR Hic GROOM OIC soup a yellagere 0 6

Hee species staturaé muri musculo appropinquat. Vellus in gula
usque ad radicem album, in abdomine pallidé cinereum ad basin.
Hab. Bahia Blanca.

Mus cracitires. M. supra fuscus flavo-lavatus ; hoc colore apud
latera et in artubus letiore; pilis pone aurem utramque, labiis, cor-
poreque subtus, albis: pedibus parvulis, gracilibus, carneis, supra
et ad calcem pilis albis tectis: caudd gracili, carned, pilis albis in-
structé: auribus majusculis, pilis flavescentibus obsitis: vellere
mediocri et molli, pilis omnibus ad basin plumbeis: mystacibus
nigrescentibus ad apicem albescentibus ; nonnullis omnino albis.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caudz basin.... 2 10
————— COU wee eceeerecerins oc 1-7
ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi. O 44
ab apice rostri ad basin auris . O 8}
tarsi digitorumque............ ee? SOnrGe
MUPES ce 0d L Cemun Bt ve 0 4}

Hab. Bahia Blanca.

Mus rravescens. M. supra colore cinnamomeo, lateribus capitis,
corporisque, egue ac pectore, auratis ; guld abdomineque fla-
vescenti-albis : pedibus albis: auribus mediocribus rotundatis,
pilis flavis obsitis ; illis ad marginem superiorem extrinsecis
intensé fuscis ; caudd corpore capiteque longiore, gracili, supra
fused, subtis sordidé alba.

ee unc. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri usque adcaude basin 3 9
————— COUdE 6... ceccccceveceee 4 iL

ab apice rostri ad marginemoculi. 0 54
ab apice rostri ad basin auris.... 1 0O
tarsi digitorumque...... 9 ist ais sa hr Ce
Serene esl CPE cep cco aral «4. o& ero) yaad tee « va O48
Hab. Maldonado.

Mus BrRevirostris. M. supra fuscus fulvo lavatus; ad latera
‘ . x . . “ye . .
Slavescens, subtus sordideé ochraceus; auribus magnis, pilis indi-

20

stincté obsitis, illis internis auratis; caudd capitem corpusque
fere equante, pilis paree tectd ; supra obscure fused, subtus pal-
lide fuscd ; pedibus fuscescentibus, digitis albicantibus ; mystact-
bus fusco-mgris: vellere brevi, molli.; capite parvulo, brevi.

une. lin
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin’... 3 2
> cande@... § 2.9

ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi . 0 31
ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... O 7
tarsi digitorumque...........4.. \Saperacs)
QUTES VUEAIOR BB THOS SOKA OF. — 0 42

Hee species muri musculo appropinquat; differt attamen capite
minore, (ratione ad magnitudinem habita,) rostro breviore, tarsisque
longioribus.

Hab. Maldonado.

Mus Maunus. WM. pilis subrigidis, supra purpurascenti-nigris,
subtus fusco-plumbeis ; eapite fusco-nigro, rostro fusco; auribus
parvulis sordide albis, pilis minutissimis pallidé fuseis obsitis :
caudd corpus feré equante, nigra, pilis sparsé vestitd: pedibus
fuseis ; mystacibus fuseo-nigris, ad apicem grisescentibus.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin .. 11.38
Muda cand Lair a Dinas Aaw Aone 7.6
—————. ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi.. 1 0
———— ab apice rostri ad basin BUPES eee ree eee
tarsi digitorumque......-2 0. dee 1 8

MUTI 0 ee ee He “~~ 0-6}

Hee species colore muri ratto appropinquat, at purpurascenti-
fusco tincta. Quoad staturam murem decumanum pergrandem zequat ;
vellus quoad texturam feré.est ut m.mure decumano; et ad basin
plumbeum ; pilis albis in dorso lateribusque intersparsis.

Hab. Maldonado.

“Though in the foregoing description I have retained the ge-
neric title Mus, I have here to state that the above species natu-
rally divide themselves into several subordinate groups, the characters
of which are sufficiently evident, not only between ‘themselves, but
also between each group and that to which the term Mus ought, I
conceive, to be restricted, and of which our common mouse (Mus
musculus) may be regarded as the type. To these groups I shall here
assign subgeneric titles, and at the same time point out their chief
distinguishing characters without entering into any minute details
respecting them, as I shall shortly have an opportunity of illustrating
my views by means of drawings both of the teeth and of the animals,
without which it is impossible to convey 2 clear idea of the subject.”

Subgenus 1. Scarreromys*.

Molars with enamel deeply indented in the crown. In the front
molar of the lower jaw the enamel is indented twice on the outer

* Scapteromys, from Sxaarryo, a digecr, and Mus.
’ i Bott)

21

margin and three times on the inner; in the second molar the enamel
is indented once on the outer margin and twice on the inner; and
in the last molar once on the outer, and twice on the inner. Fur
long and soft. Tail moderate, well clothed with hair. Claws long,
but slightly curved and formed for burrowing. Fore-feet mode-
rately large. Thumb furnished with a distinct claw. Ears moderate,
well clothed with hairs.
Species Mus (Scapteromys) tumidus.

Subgenus 2. Oxymycrerus*.

Molars with the folds of enamel penetrating deeply into the body
of the tooth. Front molar of the lower jaw with three indentations on
the inner side and two on the outer; second molar with two on the
outer side and the same number on the inner; the last molar with
one indentation of the enamel on each side. Fur long and soft.
Claws long, but slightly curved, and formed for burrowing. A di-
stinct claw on the thumb. Tail short, moderately furnished with
hair. Nose much elongated and pointed.

Species Mus (Owymyeterus) nasutus.

Subgenus 3. ABRoTurix }.

’ Folds of enamel penetrating deeply into the sides of the molars.
The front molar of the lower jaw has three folds of enamel on the
inner side and two on the outer; the second molar has two on the
inner side and one on the outer; and the last molar has one on each
side. Fur long and soft. Tail short, well furnished with hair.
Thumb with a short rounded nail. Ears well furnished with hair.

Type Mus (Abrothrix) longipilis.
Species 2. Mus (Ab.) obseurus.
gi Ee eens

olivaceus.
4 ——_———-. micropus.
5. ———_—— brachyotis.
6 ——_—_——_ xanthorhinus.
7 ——————- camescens.
8 ——_—_——- arenicola.

In general appearance these animals resemble Arvicole.

Subgenus 4. Catomyst.

Fur moderate, soft. Tarsus almost entirely clothed beneath with
hair. Front molar with three indentations of enamel on the inner
side and two on the outer; second molar with two on the inner
and two on the outer; and the last molar with one on each side.

Type Mus (Calomys) bimaculatus.

Species 2 Mus (Cal.) elegans.
3 gracilipes.

Mus maurus and M. brevirostris I regard as belonging to the re-
stricted genus Mus. In Mus flavescens the dentition differs slightly
* from that of the ordinary mice.

* Oxymycterus, from Ogus, sharp, and Muxrye, nose.
+ Abrothria, from ‘ AGeos, soft or delicate, and Ogs€, hair.
+-Calomys, from Keaos, beautiful, and Mus.

22

Mr. Gould exhibited, in continuation, the Fissirostral Birds of
Mr. Darwin’s collection, recently presented to the Society, and
characterized from among them the following new species :

CAPRIMULGUS BIFASCIATUS. Cap. nigro, fusco, et fulvescente
ornatus ; caudé albo bifasciatd, fascid terminali lato: prima
angustd ; primariis nigrescentibus fascid angusta alba ad medi-
um: alis spuriis maculé albé notatis; gutture lunuld albd ;
secondariis tectricibusque alarum macula fulvescente ad apicem ;
erisso pallidé rufescente ; rostro pedibusque fuscis.

Long. tot. unc., 92; ale, 63; caude, 5; tarsi, 2.

' CAPRIMULGUS PARVULUS. Cap. intensé fuscus, guttis minutis
cinereis ornatus ; vittd rufa cervicem cingente ; gutture scapu-
laribusque ad marginem, secondariis ad apicem stramineis ;
pectore et abdomine lineis fuscis transversis ; primariis nigres-
centibus, tribus fasciis inequalibus pallidé rufescentibus; cauda
Sfasciis pallidé fulvescentibus et fuscis ornatd.

Long. tot. unc., 7}; ale, 5; caude, 4; tarsi, .

Hirunpo FronTALis. Hir. vertice plumis auricularibus dorso
et lunuld pectorali nitidé ceruleo viridescentibus, nota albé super
nares, guld corporeque subtus albicantibus, crisso niveo, alis cau-
daque fuscis viridi tinctis, rostro nigro, pedibus intense fuscis.

Long. tot 43 unc. ale, 43; caude, 2; tarsi, 4.

Hab. Montevideo.

Hirunpo concotor. AHir. nitidé eerulescenti niger.
Long. tot. 53 unc. ale, 5; caude, 23; tarsi, 3.
Hab. in insulis Galapagorum.

HALCYON ERYTHRORHYNCHUS. Hale.vertice plumis auricularibus,
et nuchd fuscescenti-cinereis, guld pectore et abdomine medio albis,
lateribus abdomine imo crissoque castaneis, alis humerisque nigris
secondariis ad marginem dorso medio tectricibusque caude metal-
licé viridibus, ceruleo tinctis, caudé ceruled superne, subtus fus-
cd, rostro pedibusque rubris.

Long. tot. 72 unc. ; rost., 2; ale, 32; caude, 24; tarsi, 4.

Hab. in insula St. Jago.

23

February 28th, 1837.
The Rev. John Barlow, in the Chair.

The following notice by T. C. Eyton, Esq. of some osteological pe-
culiarities in different skeletons of the genus Sus was read.

«* Having during the last year prepared the skeleton of a male Pig
of the pure Chinese breed, brought over by Lord Northampton, I
was surprised to find that a very great difference existed in the
number of the vertebrz from that given in the “‘Legons d’ Anatomie
Comparée,” vol. i. Ed. 1835. pag. 182, under the head either of San-
glier or Cochon Domestique. A short time afterwards, through the
kindness of Sir Rowland Hill, Bart., M.P., I prepared the skeleton
of a female Pig from Africa; this also differed, as also does the En-
glish long-legged sort as it is commonly called.

“The following table will show the differences in the number of
the vertebrz in each skeleton with those given in the work above
quoted.

English African Chinese Legons
Male. Female. Male. d’Anat. Comp.
Sanglier. Coch. dom,

Ceryis ab ve (ee He eae dx ee ae 7
Dorss.” . .../eie: 15 sia) Aveo er get ee Pe
Lumb. ...... Ge. bt: ee RE Sen 5
a SIE Me el a a RN ee a Ae
Caud. ...... QW PMe LShiis easel a5 ey QO dite ews
Total io. 8.8 G5 oe 4am “ype 207 50. Fineess

It is possible that some of the caudal vertebree may be missing.

“The Chinese Pig was imported into this country for the purpose
of improving our native sorts, with which it breeds freely, and the
offspring are again fruitful. I this winter saw a fine litter of Pigs
by Sir Rowland Hill’s African Boar, imported with the female I de-
scribed, the mother of which was a common Pig; time will show
whether they will again be fruitful:

‘ From what has been stated the result appears to me to be that
either the above three Pigs must be considered as distinct species, and
which, should the offspring of the two latter again produce young,
would do away with the theory of Hunter, that the young of two di-
stinct species are not fruitful, or we cannot consider osteological
character a criterion of species.

“‘T have been induced to offer the above not with any desire of
species-making, but of adding something towards the number of re-
corded facts by which the question what is a species must be an-
swered.”

24

A letter was read from Thomas Keir Short, Esq., dated Launces-
ton, Van Diemen’s Land, August 10th, 1836, containing some re-
marks upon the Apteryz, two living specimens of which had been
seen by the writer. The general correctness of the description pub-
lished by Mr. Yarrell of this bird is confirmed by the observations
of Mr. Short, with the exception of its progressive powers, which
are stated to be remarkably great. The natives employ two methods
of capturing it; one by hunting it down with very swift dogs, the
other by imitating its call at night, and when by this means the bird
is decoyed within a short distance, it is suddenly exposed to a strong
light, which so confuses it that it is then readily taken. The usual
position is standing, with the head drawn back between the shoul-
ders, and the bill pointing to the ground. The food is stated to be
principally worms and insects, and these birds are strictly nocturnal
in their habits, feeding only during the night. Mr. Short remarks,
that he has not: been able to learn the place in which the Apteryx
builds its nest, or the number of eggs which it lays. In conclusion,
he promises to use his utmost endeavours to procure specimens for
the Society.

Mr. Gould resumed the exhibition of his collection of Australian
Birds, as also several species, from the same country, forming por-
tions of the collections of the United Service Museum, and of King’s
College, London. Among his own birds Mr. Gould characterized
two new species of Meliphagide, constituting a subdivision of that
family, including Meliphaga tenutrostris of authors. - For this new
group he proposed the generic title of Acanthorhynchus, and for the
two new species the names of 4. superciliosus and A. dubius.

Acantuoruyncuus. (Gen. char.) Rostrum elongatum gracile et
acutum ; ad latera compressum ; tomiis incurvatis ; culmine acuto
et elevato.

Nares basales elongate et operculo tectz.

Lingua ut in Gen. Meliphaga.

Ale mediocres et sub-rotundate, remigibus primis et quintis feré
zqualibus; tertiis et quartis intense zqualibus et longissimis.

Cauda mediocris, et paulultim furcata. :

Tarsi elongati, fortes ; halluce digito medio longiore et robustiore ;
digito externo medium superante.

Ungues curvati.

Typus, Certhia tenuirostris, auct.

ACANTHORHYNCHUS SUPERCILIOSUS. Ae. summo capite, corpore
superiore, alis, caudeque rectricibus sex intermediis ciherascenti-
fuscis, rectricibus reliquis nigris albo amplé terminatis ; loro
plumisque auricularibus nigrescenti-fuscis ; gutiure summo,
genis linedque superciliari albis ; gutture colloque nitidé et pal-
lide castaneis ; illius colore vitté albdé infra circumdato, cui vitta
nigra accedit ; abdomine crissoque pallidé cinerascenti-fuscis ;
rostro pedibusque nigris.

25

Long. tot 54 unc. ; rostri, 1}; ale, 2}; caude, 2}; tarsi, #.
Hab. in terra Van Diemen.

ACANTHORHYNCHUS DUBIUS. Ac. swnmo capite intense cine-
rascenti-viridi ; loro, plumis auricularibus, lunulaé in utroque
pectoris latere, rectricibusque caude sex intermediis nigrescenti-
fuscis, rectricibus reliquis nigris ad apicem albis; nuchd obscure
rufa; secundariis, tectricibus ale majoribus, et uropygio cinerets ;
guld pectoreque cinerescenti-albis, illa rufo tinctd ; abdomine cris-
sogue nitide at pallidé castaneis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 54 unc.; rosiri, 1; ale, 25; caude, 21; tarsi, 2.

Obs. Although I have given the name of dudius to this species on

account of its close resemblance to Acanthorhynchus tenuirosiris, 1
have but little doubt that it will ultimately prove to be distinct,

Hab. in terra Van Diemen.

The following species, also in Mr. Gould’s collection, were named
and characterized :

Parpatotus arrinis. © Pard. fronte nigro ; vertice nigro, singulis
plumis lined centrali alba ; lined supereiliari flava ad basin ros-
tri oriente, cum lined albdé conjunctd occiput versus tendente ;
nuchd dorsoque sordidé olivaceo-fuscis ; uropygio tectricibusque
caude flavide olivaceo-fuscis ; alis nigris, primariis nota alba
apicali ornatis, plumd tertid albescente ad marginem externum ;
secundariis albo rufoque marginatis; ald spurid ad apicem
flavé; caude rectricibus nigrescenti-fuscis transversim albo ad
apicem notatis; auriculis genisque cinerescentibus; guld flava ;
pectore abdomineque mediis pallidé flavis, albo intermiatis ; la-
teribus flavide olivaceo-fuscis; rostro nigro; pedibus fuscis.

Long. tot. 3} unc. ; rostri, 3; ale, 2%; caude, 11; tarsi, 1%.

Obs. This species differs from Pardalotus striatus in havmg a

larger bill, a longer wing, and a longer tarsus, and in the absence
of the white margination of the five primaries ; the tips of the spu-
rious wing in the present species is yellow, while in Pardalotus
striatus the same part is scarlet. I am somewhat disposed to be-
lieve that the bird figured by Dr. Latham may be referable to this
species, and not to the following.

Hab. \n terra Van Diemen.

Nanopes evecans. Mas. Nan. vittd frontali purpured, supra
lined metallicé ceeruleé marginatéd ad auriculas tendente ; loro
splendidé flavo ; capite, genis, dorso, tectricibusque caude oli-
vaceo-viridibus aureo lawatis ; humeris ceruleis, primariis ni-
gris, primis quatuor ad marginem viridescentibus ; secundarits
aldque spurid nigris ; guld pectoreque viridescenti-flavis, hoc
colore in flavum, abdomine crissogue transeunte; abdomine
centrali pallidé aurantiaco ; rectricibus caude duabus inter-
mediis viridescenti-ceruleis, reliquis ad basin ceeruleis, ample
flavo terminatis ; rostro pecibusque intense fuscis.

26

Foem. vel Mas Junior vittd frontali caret, et colorem habet indi-
stinctiorem.

Long. tot. 9 unc.; ale, 43; caude, 54; tarsi, 5.

Hab. In terra Van Diemen ?

Puatycercus FLAveouus. Plat. fronte coccineo ; buecis pallidé
ceruleis ; summo capite, nuchd, et dorso, uropygio, tectricibus
caude superioribus, corporeque inferné pallidé flavidis, plumis
dorsi parteque inferiori tectricum ale majorum centris nigris
externé flavescentibus ; alis mediis cyaneis ; ald spurid pri-
martisque externé ad basin saturaté violaceis ; reliquis prima-
rium saturate brunneis ; rectricibus duabus intermediis caude
ad basin viridescentibus, ad apicem ceruleis, reliquis rectricum
ad basin exteriorem saturaté ceruleis, apicibus pallidioribus,
plumis interné feré per totam longitudinem brunneis, apicibus
extremis albis ; rostro livido ; pedibus fuscis.

Long. tot. 133 unc. ; ale, 7; caude, 7}; tarsi, 2.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi. -

Himantorus tEucoceruatus. Him. albus; nuchd, dorso, alis-

que nigris, nitore viridi ; rostro nigro ; pedibus rujis.

Long. tot. 15 unc.; rostri, 24; ale, 84; caude, 3; tarsi ad
primum articulum 4, spatii nudi super eum 23.

Obs. This is a well-known species, but has hitherto been con-
founded with the Himantopus melanopterus, under which title it
has been described by various authors.

Hab. Australia et insulis Java, Sumatra.

Mr. Gould also characterized two new species of the genus Sterna,
from the collection in King’s College, and a species of Cormorant in
the United Service Museum, and three species of the genus Or-
pheus, from the Galapagos, in the collection of Mr. Darwin.

Srerna potiocerca. Stern. fronte cinerascenti-albo in nigrum ad
occiput mergente ; gutture, collo anticé et posticé, corporeque
subtus albis ; corpore supra, alis, cauddque cinerascentibus ;
rostro flavo ; pedibus nigris.

Long. tot. 174 unc.; rostri, 23; ale, 123; caude, 7 ; tarsi, 1.

Hab. in terra Van Diemen.

Srzrna macrotTarsa. Stern. vertice et nuchd nigris ; corpore su-
pra primariisque argenteo-cinerascentibus ; partibus reliquis
corporis albis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 15 unc.; rostri, 24; ale, 12; caude, 5}; tarsi, 13.

Hab. in terra Van Diemen.

PHALACROCORAX BREVIROSTRIS. Phal. rostro flavo culmine ad
basinque nigrescenti-fuscis ; gutture plumis auricularibus genis-
que albis. Nuchd pectore corporeque subtus cum caudé nitidé

27

nigris; dorsi alarumque plumis intense cinereis, nigro margina-
tis, pedibus nigris.
Long. tot. 23 unc.; rostri, 23; ale, 94; caude, 75; tarsi, 1}.

Orruevs Trirascratus. Orph. vertice, nuchd, et dorso nigres-
centibus ; uropygio rufo pallidé lavato ; alis nigrescentibus tectri-
cibus nota albescente terminali, fascias tres transversas facienti-
bus rectricibus caude duabus intermediis nigrescentibus, reliquis
ad apicem pallidioribus ; plumis auricularibus strigd superci-
liari, guld, et corpore subtus albis, lateribus notis guttisque
fuscis ornatis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 105 unc.; rostri, 13; ale, 5; caude, 54; tarsi, 14.

Orrurvus mevanotis. Orph. vertice, nuchd, dorsoque pallide fus -
cis ; plumis capitis et dorsi ad medium colore saturatiore ; alis
intense fuscis singulis, plumis ad marginem pallidioribus, seconda-
riis, tectricibusque mujoribus notd albd terminali, fascias duas
transversas facientibus ; caude rectricibus nigrescenti-fuscis ad
apicem albis, loro, plumisque auricularibus nigrescenti-fuscis ;
laterum plumis notd fuscd centrali, abdomine albo ; rostro pedi-
busque nigris.

Long. tot. 94 unc. ; rostri, 13; ale, 41; caude, 44; tarsi, 1%.

Orpnevs parvutus. Orph. vertice, nuchd cauddque intense fuscis,
hujus rectricibus ad apicem albo notatis ; alis fuscis secondariis
tectricibusque notd albé apicali fascias duas transversas facien-
tibus ; loro, plumisque auricularibus nigrescentibus, guld, colli
lateribus pectore, et abdomine albescentibus ; plumis laterum notis
fuscis per medium longitudinaliter excurrentibus.

Long. tot. 8} unc. ; rostri, 1; ale, 35; caude, 33; tarsi, 1}.

Mr. Waterhouse resumed the exhibition of the small Rodents,
belonging to the collection presented by Mr. Darwin to the Society.
Among them were three species allied to the genus Mus, but offering
some slight modification, not only in the external form, but in the
structure of the teeth. ‘They have the fur soft and silky ; the head
large, and the fore legs very small and delicate ; the tarsus mode-
rately long and bare beneath; in the number and proportion of the
toes they agree with the true rats; the tail is moderately long, and
more thickly clothed with hair than in the typical rats. ‘The ears
are large, and clothed with hair. Like the true rats, they have
twelve rooted molars; the folds of enamel, however, penetrate
more deeply into the body of each tooth, and enter in such a way
that the crowns of the teeth are divided into transverse and some-
what lozenge-shaped lobes, or in some instances into lobes of a
triangular form. In the front molar of the upper jaw the enamel
enters the body of the tooth twice, both on the outer and inner
sides; and in the second and posterior molars, both of the upper
and under jaws, the enamel penetrates but once externally and in-

28

ternally in each. In the front molar of the lower jaw the enamel
enters the body of the tooth three times internally, and twice ex-
ternally.

As the above-mentioned characters, in Mr. Waterhouse’s opinion,
evidently indicated an aberrant form of the Muride, he suggested
the propriety of constituting a subgenus under the name of Phyllo-
tis* for the reception of the species. :

They were characterized as follows :—

Movs (Puyuuioris) Darwinu. MM. supra pilis cinnamomeis et ni-
grescentibus intermixtis ; unte oculos cinerascentibus ; genis,
lateribus corporis, et cauddé prope basin, fulvo-cinnamomeis ;
partibus inferioribus pedibusque albis ; duribus permagnis, feré
nudis ; caudd caput corpusque feré equante, supra fusco-nigri-
cante, subtus alba.

unc, lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caude basin 6 O
MURR i55)¢ Shien > < eel sess = 4:9

ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi. 0 84
ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 1 44

tarsi digitorumque ........ 2... 1.13
——— auris ......4 y opbb -Tatinis: soe 0 113
Arsmrbetigude spar cine ts Hare he eae ew ocole 0 113

Hab. Coquimbo.
This little animal is remarkable for its large leaf-like ears.

Mus (Puyxuotis) xantuoryeus. WM. supra pallidé brunneus
Jflavo-lavatus, ad latera flavescens, subtus albus; capite gris-
cescente ; natibus flavis; pedibus albis; auribus majusculis
puis albis et flavis intermixtis obsitis ; caudd longitudinem cor-
ports feré equante, supra nigricante; subtus albd; vellere
longo et molli; pilis corporis omnibus ad basin plumbeis ;
mystacibus perlongis albescentibus, ad basin nigris.

une, lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostriad caude basin .. 5 3
EET Le RR AI eee Rs pe 3 10

ab apice rostriad marginem oculi. O 63

ab apice rostri ad basin auris . 1 3

tarsi digitorumque \.......4. rice bel

Fane gr arte igs: Precnc ant Bi. YZ
Apris JatiGgor oa seta. ae ELE SOR tr Be! ge 3

Hab. Santa Cruz.

Mus (Puyzzoris) criszo-riavus. WM. supra griseus flavo-lava-
tus, ad latera flavus, subtus albus; pedibus albis ; auribus
magnis et fere nudis; eaudd caput corpusque ferée equante,
supra fusco-nigricante, subtus alba ; vellere longo, molli ; pilis
ad bases plumbeis.

* Phyllotis, from ®varoy, a leaf, and Ov, wros, an ear.

29

—
he
=

une,

Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caudw basin 6 8
OME is eect eh ee ae 5. 6
ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi. O 8
ab apice rostri ad basin auris ..... 1 44
tarsi digitorumque .......62... 1 25
——- aris ........ ePID), BOY wa peOi se
Latitudo auris............ SUD. GOT) S 0 83

Hab. Rio Negro.
This species may be readily distinguished from MM. xanthopygus
by the greater proportionate length of its tail.

Two species of small Rodents were next characterized as consti-
tuting examples of a new genus, for which Mr. Waterhouse proposed
the name of :

REITHRODON.*

“« Dentes primores 2; inferioribus acutis, gracilibus, et anticé levi-
bus; superioribus gracilibus, anticé longitudinalitér sulcatis.
Molares utrinque § radicati; primo maximo, ultimo minimo: primo
superiore plicas vitreas duas externé et interné alternatim ex- °
hibente ; secundo, et tertio, plicas duas externé, interné unam :
primo inferiore plicas vitreas tres externé, duas interné; se-
cundo, plicas duas externé, unam interné; tertio unam externe
et interné, exhibentibus.
Artus ineequales: antipedes 4-dactyli, cum pollice exiguo unguiculato :
pedes postici 5-dactyli, digitis externis et internis brevissimis.
Ungues parvuli et debiles. Tarsi subtis pilosi.
Cauda mediocris, pilis brevibus adpressis instructa.
Caput magnum, fronte convexo : oculis magnis : auribus mediocribus.
“In the present genus, the incisors, compared with those of the
true rats, are rather smaller in proportion, and those of the upper
jaw also differ in having a longitudinal groove, a character which
exists in Euryotis (Brants), Gerbillus, Otomys (Smith), Dendromys,
and some other genera, but not combined with molars similar in
structure to those above described, nor yet with similar external
characters. In other respects the incisors resemble those of the
genus Mus; that is to say, those of the lower jaw are long, slender,
and pointed, and those of the upper are deep from front to back, and
somewhat flattened at the sides and in front. The molars gradually
decrease in size from the front to the last posterior tooth. The
folds of enamel penetrate deeply into the crowns of these teeth, so
that those from one side are in contact with those of the other; these
folds of enamel are each nearly opposed to the salient angles of the
opposite side.
“In the two species of this genus with which I am acquainted the
fur is long, very soft, and consists of hairs of two lengths. The

* Pedpos, a channel; Oday, a tooth.

30

arched. form of the head and the large eyes produce in these ani-
mals a slight resemblance to young rabbits; their affinity, however,
is with the Muride.”

Reiruropon trpicus. Seithr. vellere supra pilis flavescenti-fuscis
et nigrescentibus intermixtis composito; regione circa oculos, genis
lateribusque corporis auratis, pilis pallidé fuscis intermixtis ;
partibus inferioribus auratis ; rhinario ad latera flavescenti-
albo ; auribus magnis, intus pilis flavis, extis Jlavis et fuscis,
indutis ; caudd supra pallideé fused, subtus sordidé albd ; pedi-
bus albis.

unc. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caude basin 6 0
ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi. 0 81
ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 1 41

tarsi digitorumque ............ ere
Ss QUIS ES is 5a bos Whe Sie o athe ath AIMEE (0) 82
Latitudo auris .......... ETON S A SIO 0 8%

Hab. Maldonado.

REITHRODON CUNICULOIDES. Feith. supra griseus, flavo-lavatus,
pilis nigris intermixtis ; abdomine guldque pallidé flavis ; nati-
bus albis; pedibus albis; auribus mediocribus, intus pilis flavis,
extus pilis pallidé flavis, obsitis, maculd nigrescente ad mar-
ginem anteriorem positd ; pone aures, noté magna albescenti-
flava ; caudd corpore breviore, supra pallideé fused, subtus alba.

unc. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caude basin 6 5
SOME iT innit eandited cilia etree
ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi. 0 94

ab apice rostriad basin auris .... 1 4
tarsi digitorumque ............ 1 43

QUEER rays LiattilivspSbeteres ls seos Faas MIDS Diy

Hab. Santa Cruz.

In conclusion, two other new Rodents were characterized under
the generic name of

.

AsBROcOMA.*

Dentes primores 2 acuti, eradicati, anticé leves : molares utrinque

+ subeequales, illis maxille superioris in areas duas transver-
sales ob plicas vitreas acuté indentatas divisis; plicis utriusque
lateris vix zqué profundis ; illis mandibule inferioris in tres
partes divisis, plicis vitreis bis interné, semel externé indenta-
tis, area prima sagitte cuspidem fingente, ceteris acuté trian-
gularibus.

Artus subzquales.

Antipedes 4-dactyli, externo brevissimo, intermediis longissimis et
feré zqualibus.

* “ABpos, soft; Kogen, hair.

31

Pedes postici 5-dactyli; digito interno brevissimo. Ungues breves
et debiles, illo digiti secundi lato et lamellari; omnibus setis
rigidis obtectis.

Caput mediocre, auribus magnis, membranaceis; oculis mediocribus.

Cauda breviuscula.

Vellus perlongum, et molle.

“‘ The genus Abrocoma is evidently allied on the one hand to Oc-
todon, Ctenomys, and Pephagomys, and it appears to me almost as
evidently allied on the other hand, to the Chinchillide. The denti-
tion, however, differs considerably from either of the above-men-
tioned genera, or, from either of those of the family Chinchillide, and in
fact indicates a new genericform*. From Ctenomys and Pephagomys
the present genus is readily distinguished, by the comparatively large
size of the ears, the small delicate claws, and smaller size of the inci-
sors; and from Octodon by the uniform length of the hairs on the
tail.

“ In the structure of the feet the genus Abrocoma approaches very
nearly to Octodon, not only in the form, but in having the soles both
of the fore and hind feet (which are devoid of hair) covered with mi-
nute round fleshy tubercles. In Octodon, however, the toes have on
their under side transverse incisions as observed in the Muride, a
character, however, not found in Abrocoma; here the under side of
the toes is, like the sole of the foot, covered with tubercles.

“ The extreme softness of the fur of the animals about to be de-
seribed, suggested for them the generic name of Abrocoma. ‘The
fur consists of hairs of two lengths, and the longer hairs are so ex-
tremely slender that they might almost be compared to the web of
the spider. The specific names applied are those of the distinguished
naturalists who first made us acquainted with the two genera Qcto-
don and Pephagomys, these being very nearly allied to Abrocoma.”

ABROCOMA BENNETTIU. A. corpore supra griseo, ad latera pal-
lidiore et pallidé cervino lavato, subtis albescenti-cervino; guld
albescenti-grised ; pedibus sordidé albis: auribus amplis, ud
marginem posticum rectis, fere nudis, attamen extus ad bases
vellere, sicut in corpore, obsitis: caudé corpore breviore, ad ba-
sin erassiusculd, pilis brevibus incumbentibus vestitd.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caude basin 9 9
CS AS eS IR PE 6 5 0

———— ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi. 0 113
——_——— ab apice rostri ad basin auris ..... 1 11
— tarsi digitorumque............+. 1 4
A eral ol aca (a aca «age ee geomet 0 10

DUPER So ola oo: 4.2) wa ne sence gs 1 Of

Hab. Chili,

ce “I may here mention that the folds of enamel in the dentition of the
lower jaw very much resemble those in the teeth of the genus Arvicola.”

32

Aprocoma Cuvier. Abd. supra grisea, levitér ochraceo lavata ;
abdomine guldque albescenti-griseis; pedibus sordidé albis; au-
ribus amplis, ad marginem posticum distincté emarginatis, feré
nudis attamen extus ad bases vellere, sicut in corpore, obsitis :
caudé corpore multo breviore, et nigrescente.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caude basin 6 6
MM tay CURED es ats boo an peace: afc, others See
1.24. 186. ——_—— ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi. 0 632
ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 1 4
—— tarsi digitorumque .......++4+: be
TAS Ns i eniitet< w Winaitate dyad use 0 7
Tatts (OUhse pei P25, bis tla Feu iee 1568 athe ee

Hab. Valparaiso.

33

March 14th, 1837.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

A paper was read, ‘On the habits of the Vultur aura,” by Mr. W.
Sells, with notes of dissections of the heads of two specimens, by
Mr. R. Owen.

The writer states that this bird is found in great abundance in the
Island of Jamaica, where it is known by the name of John Crow ; and
so valuable are its services in the removal of carrion and animal filth,
that the legislature have imposed a fine of £5 upon any one destroy-
ing it within a stated distance of the principal towns. Its ordi-
nary food is carrion, but when hard pressed with hunger it will seize
upon young fowls, rats, and snakes. After noticing the highly offen-
sive odour emitted from the eggs of this bird when broken, Mr. Sells
relates the following instances which have come under his own per-
sonal observation, for the purpose of proving, that the Vultur aura
possesses the sense of smell in a very acute degree.

«It has been questioned whether the vulture discovers its food by
means of the organ of smell or that of sight. I apprehend that its
powers of vision are very considerable, and of most important use to
the bird in that point of view; but that it is principally from highly
organized olfactories that it so speedily receives intelligence of where
the savory morsel is to be found will plainly appear by the following
facts. In hot climates the burial of the dead commonly takes place
in about twenty-four hours after death, and that necessarily, so ra-
pidly does decomposition take place. On one occasion I had to make
a post-mortem examination of a body within twenty hours after
death, in a mill-house, completely concealed, and while so engaged
the roof of the mill-house was thickly studded with these birds.
Another instance was that of an old patient and much-valued friend
who died at midnight: the family had to send for necessaries for the
funeral to Spanish Town, distant thirty miles, so that the interment
could not take place until noon of the second day, or thirty-six hours
after his decease, long before which time, and a most painful sight
it was, the ridge of the shingled roof of his house, a large mansion
of but one floor, had a number of these melancholy-looking heralds
of death perched thereon, beside many more which had settled in
trees in its immediate vicinity. In these cases the birds must have
been directed by smell alone as sight was totally out of the question.

“Tn opposition to the above opinion, it has been stated by Mr. Au-
dubon that vultures and other birds of prey possess the sense of smell
in a very inferior degree to carnivorous quadrupeds, and that so far
from guiding them to their prey from a distance, it affords them no
indication of its presence, even when close at hand. In confirmation
of this opinion he relates that he stuffed the skin of a deer full of hay

No. LI.—Procrepines or THE Zoonocica Society, _

34

and placed it in a field; in a few minutes a vulture alighted near it
and directly proceeded to attack it, but finding no eatable food he at
length quitted it. And he further relates that a dead dog was con-
cealed in a narrow ravine twenty feet below the surface of the earth
around it and filled with briers and high canes; that many vultures
were seen sailing in all directions over the spot but none discovered
it. I may remark upon the above experiments that in the first
case the stag was doubtless seen by the birds, but it does not follow
that they might not also have smelt the hide, although inodorous to
the human nose; in the second case, the birds had undoubtedly
been attracted by smell, however embarrassed they might have been
by the concealment of the object which caused it. I have in many
hundred instances seen the vulture feeding upon small objects under
rocks, bushes, and in other situations where it was utterly impos-
sible that the bird could have discovered it but through the sense of
smell ; and we are to recollect that the habit of the vulture is that
of soaring aloft in the air, and not that of foraging upon the ground.”

Mr. Sells’s communication was accompanied by the following let-
ter from Mr. Owen, addressed to the Secretary, W. Yarrell, Esq.

«* Dear Sir,—I received the heads of the John Crow, which I sup-
pose to be the Vultur aura or Turkey Buzzard, and have dissected
the olfactory nerves in both; as also in a Turkey which seemed to
me to be a good subject for comparison, being of the ‘same size, and
one in which the olfactory sense may be supposed to be as low as in
the Vulture, on the supposition that this bird is as independent of
assistance from smell in finding his food as the experiments of Audu-
bon appear to show. There is, however, a striking difference be-
tween the Turkey Vulture and the Turkey in this part of their organi-
zation. The olfactory nerves in the Vulture arise by two oval ganglions
at the anterior apices of the hemispheres from which they are con-
tinued 14 line in transverse diameter, and 2 lines in vertical diameter,
and are distributed over well-developed superior and middle spongy
bones, the latter beg twice the dimensions of the former. The
nose is also supplied by a large division of the supraorbital branch
of the 5th pair, which ascends from the orbit, passes into the nose
crossing obliquely over the outer side of the olfactory nerve, extend-
ing between the superior spongy bone and the membrane covering
the middle spongy bone, then descending, and after supplying the
inferior and anterior spongy bone escaping from the nasal cavity to
supply the parts covering the upper mandible. This olfactory branch
of the 5th pair is about 4th the size of the true olfactory nerve.

“In the Turkey the olfactory branch of the 5th nerve is about the
same size as in the Vulture, and is superior in size to the true olfac-
tory nerve, which is only about }th the size of that in the Vulture.
The olfactory nerve does not form a ganglion at its commencement,
but is continued as a small round chord from the anterior apex of
each hemisphere, and is ramified on a small middle spongy bone,
there being no extension of the pituitary membrane over a superior
turbinated bone as in the Vulture. Indeed the difference in the
development of the nasal cavity is well marked in the different forms

35

of the head in these two species. In the Vulture there is a space
between the upper parts of the orbits in which the olfactory gan-
glions and nerves are situated, and the nasal cavity anterior to these
is of a much greater breadth and also longer, as well as exhibiting
internally a greater extent of pituitary surface, than in the Turkey.
In this bird the olfactory nerves are compressed within a narrow in-
terorbital space, which would not admit of the lodgement of gan-
glions; the olfactory nerves after passing through this space then di-
verge to the nasal cavity.

«In the Goose the olfactory nerves are developed to the same size
as in the Vulture, and expand upon superior spongy bones of similar
form, but placed wider apart, and these supply the middle spongy
bones which are longer but not so broad as in the Turkey. The
olfactory branch of the 5th pair is double the size of that in the
Vulture or Turkey ; it gives, however, not a greater proportion of
filament to the nose than in those birds, but is mainly expended upon
the membrane covering the upper mandible.

“The above notes show that the Vulture has a well-developed
organ of smell, but whether he finds his prey by that sense alone,
or in what degree it assists, anatomy is not so well calculated to ex-
plain as experiment.

‘‘T will bring my preparations showing the above at next meeting,
and am truly yours,

“Royal College of Surgeons, March 7th.” «RR. Owen.”

Mr. Gould brought before the notice of the meeting, from the col-
lection of Mr. Darwin, a new species of Rhea from Patagonia, and
after offering some observations upon the distribution of the Stru-
thionide, and upon the great interest attending this addition to that
family, he remarked that the new species is distinguished from Rhea
Americana of authors, in being one-fifth less in size, in having the
bill shorter than the head, and the farsi reticulated in front in-
stead of scutellated, and in being plumed below the knee for several
inches. It has also a more densely plumed wing, the feathers of
which are broader, and all terminated by a band of white.

Mr. Gould, in conclusion, adverted to the important accessions to
science resulting from the exertions of Mr. Darwin, and to his libe-
rality in presenting the Society with his valuable Zoological Collec-
tion ; to commemorate which he proposed to designate this interest-
ing species by the name of Rhea Darwinit.

Mr. Darwin then read some notes upon’ the Rhea Americana, and
upon the newly described species, but principally referring to the
former.

This bird abounds over the plains of Northern Patagonia and the
United Provinces of La Plata; and though fleet in its paces and shy
in its nature, it yet falls an easy prey to the hunters, who confound
it by approaching on horseback in a semicircle. When pursued it
generally prefers running against the wind, expanding its wings to
the full extent. It is not generally known that the Rhea is in the
habit of swimming, but on two occasions Mr. Darwin witnessed their

36

crossing the Santa Cruz river, where its course was about 400 yards
wide and the stream rapid. They make but slow progress, their necks
are extended slightly forwards, but little of the body appears above
water. At Bahia Blanca, in the months of October and September,
an extraordinary number of eggs are found all over the country.
The eggs either lie scattered about, or are collected together in a
shallow excavation or nest; in the former case they are never hatched,
and are termed by the Spaniards Huachos. The Gauchos unani-
mously affirm that the male bird alone hatches the eggs, and for
some time afterwards accompanies the young. Mr. Darwin does
not doubt the accuracy of this fact, and states that the cock bird
sits so closely that he has almost ridden over one in the nest. Mr.
Darwin has also been positively informed that several females lay in
one nest, and although the fact at first appears strange, he considers
the cause sufficiently obvious, for as the number of eggs varies from
20 to 50, and, according to Azara, even 70 or 80, if each hen were
obliged to hatch her own before the last was laid, the first probably
would have been addled; but if each laid a few eggs at successive
periods in different nests, and several hens, as is stated to be the
case, combine together, then the eggs in one collection would be
nearly of the same age. Mr. Burchell mentions that in Africa two
ostriches are believed to lay in one nest.

Mr. Darwin then proceeds to notice the other species of Rhea,
which he first heard described by the Gauchos, at River Negro, in
Northern Patagonia, as a very rare bird, under the name of Avestruz
Petise. The eggs were smaller than those of the common Rhea, of
more elongated form, and with a tinge of pale blue. This species is
tolerably abundant about a degree and a half south of the Rio Negro,
and the specimen presented to the Society was shot by Mr. Martens
at Port Desire in Patagonia, (in latitude 48). It does not expand
its wings when running at full speed, and Mr. Darwin learned from
a Patagonian Indian that the nest contains fifteen eggs, which are
deposited by more than one female. It is stated in conclusion that
the Rhea Americana inhabits the country of La Plata as far as a little
south of the Rio Negro, in lat. 41°, and that the Petise takes its place
in Southern Patagonia.

Mr. Chambers then brought before the notice of the Society a
simple process for taking impressions from feathers, which is effected
by placing the feathers between two sheets of paper, the lower one
being previously well damped, and the upper covered with printers’
ink; both are then passed through the rolling press of a copper plate
printer, and on removing the upper sheet perfect figures of the fea-
thers will be left, which may be coloured when dry, and will then
have the resemblance of feathers placed on paper.

37

March 28th, 1837.
Dr. Bostock, in the Chair.

Mr. Chambers read a paper upon the habits and geographical dis-
tribution of Humming Birds, and exhibited the nest and eggs of the
only species (Trochilus colubris,) which visits the United States, and
which is there very commonly bred in confinement. Mr. Chambers
adverted to the probability of success if attempts were made to do-
mesticate these birds in this country. A lady residing at Boston
informed him that in that city they are readily reared in cages, and
she expressed great surprise on hearing that only one instance had
occurred of their being domesticated in England, as the climate so
nearly corresponds.

The first part of a paper was then read by F. Debell Bennett,
Esq., corresponding member, on ‘‘ The Natural History of the Sper-
maceti Whale.”

Mr. Yarrell then brought before the notice of the meeting “A
Synopsis of the Fishes of Madeira,” by the Rev. R. T. Lowe, Cor-
responding Member of the Society. ‘This synopsis includes all the
Fishes hitherto found at Madeira, with observations upon many of
the species, and the character of such genera and species as are
new. The Author has also drawn up a table, showing the com-
parative number and distribution of the British, Mediterranean, and
Maderan Fishes. It appears from this, that notwithstanding the
uniformity of its shores, both in structure and materials, occasioning
a corresponding uniformity in food and shelter, that the number of
marine species found at Madeira equals two thirds the amount be-
longing to the British seas.

With the exception of the genus Anguilla, the fresh-water species
are entirely absent, the physical structure of the island preventing the
formation of lakes and pools, and reducing its streams to the cha-
racter of rapid rivulets or mountain torrents. A result indicated by
the table just referred to, and which Mr. Lowe particularly notices,
is, that Madeira possesses as many species in common with Britain
as it has with the Mediterranean, and also that there is a variation
in the ratio between the marine Acanthopterygians and Malaco-
pterygians proportionate to the latitude. In Britain the marine Acan-
thopterygians are to the marine Malacopterygians as one and a quarter
to one; in the Mediterranean, as two and three fifths to one; while
at Madeira the ratio increases to three and a half to one.

The Author’s remaining observations principally relate to the
particular periods of the year, and to the comparative abundance in
which certain species are met with.*

* The paper will appear in the Society’s Transactions.

38

A Notice by Thomas Wharton Jones, Esq., was then read, “On
the mode of closure of the gill-apertures in the tadpoles of Batrachia.”

Mr. Jones observes, that when the right gill of the tadpole disap-
pears, it is not, as is usually supposed, by the closure of the fissure
through which it protrudes, but by the extension of the opercular fold
on the right side towards that of the left, forming but a single fissure,
common to the two branchial cavities, through which the left gill
still protrudes. He also remarks that conditions analogous to those
which occur during several stages of this process exist in the branchial
fissures of the anguilliform genera, Sphagebranchus, Monopterus, and
Synbranchus.

39

April 11th, 1837.

The Rev. John Barlow, in the Chair.

The reading of Mr. F. De Bell Bennett’s paper ‘‘ On the Natural
History of the Spermaceti Whale,” was resumed. j

Mr. Bennett first notices the gregarious habits of the sperm Whales,
which are usually found in parties consisting of half-grown males, or
of females attended by their young, and guarded by one or more
males of the largest size. If a solitary Whale be ever observed, it
almost invariably proves to be an aged male, probably driven from the
society of its companions.

From the author’s observations he is inclined to consider that the
speed of an alarmed Cachalot does not exceed from eight to ten miles
an hour, although when harpooned its temporary velocity may be
estimated at from twelve to fifteen miles per hour.

When thus flying from pursuit, the spermaceti Whale moves with
a regular and majestic although rapid pace, and with a gently leap-
ing gait; the anterior and upper portions of the colossal head raised
above the water, and a portion of the back being also often exhi-
bited above the surface of the sea. When flying in parties they
often move in lines like a troop of horse, exerting their pecu-
liar leaping action, descending, rising, and often even spouting in
unison. .

When descending, the spermaceti Whale assumes a vertical po-
sition, raising the caudal fin or flukes perpendicularly in the air; an
action that is performed leisurely, and one that distinguishes this
from most other species of cetaceans. This manceuvre is not, how-
ever, invariably performed, since, when leisurely feeding, or carelessly
avoiding a boat, the Cachalot will descend very gradually, lowering
itself, or as it is technically termed, ‘ settling down.’

The following are Mr. Bennett’s observations upon the spouting
of the Cachalot :—

«Fyrom the position of the Jarynz, as well as the mouth being con-
stantly beneath the water in the natural posture of the body, the
only medium for respiration is through the nostril or spiracular canal,
and from the external aperture of this organ a constant succession of
jets of vapour is cast whilst the Cachalot continues on the surface of
the water; each spout succeeding the other, after an interval of ten
or fifteen seconds, and with a regularity highly characteristic of this
kind of Whale. The respiratory jet, or spout, is thrown im a direction
obliquely upward and forward, in the form of a dense white mist or
cloud composed of many minute and scattered drops of condensed
vapour. It is sent forth by one continued effort, seldom rises higher
than six or eight feet, remains suspended in the air but a short time,
and is accompanied by a prolonged rushing sound, resembling that

No. LII.—Procrrpines or THE ZooLoGicaL Socrety.

40

of a moderate surf on a smooth beach, the anterior portion of the
head being raised higher above the surface of the sea at each ex-
plosive effort. The spout is neither abruptly terminated nor suc-
ceeded by any audible sound of suction or ‘ drawback’ (produced by
succeeding inspiration), as is the case with the spouting of some
other of the less valued cetaceans, as fin-backs, &c. Thesound, in-
deed, attending the spouting of the Cachalot is so peculiar that
the practised whaler can detect the close vicinity of this Whale as
well by sound as by sight, and in the darkness of night as by the light
of day. Although a secondary use for the spiracle may be found
in clearing the mouth of water received with the food, it is yet tole-
rably evident that the ordinary spouting of Whales is the simple act
of breathing, and the moisture ejected the ordinary halitus of ex-
piration more or less condensed in the atmosphere. This appears
proved by the regular and constant renewal of the spout in corre-
spondence with the rhyme of respiration, it being neither intermitted
nor varied in aspect when Whales are alarmed and swimming rapidly
through the sea, and their closed mouths admitting no water, and by
its being equally well timed and unchanged when the spiracle is
raised high above the calm and level sea, as when liable to be washed
by turbulent waves. It is also reasonable to suppose that the neces-
sity for casting forth sea water by this channel would exist to a
greater degree, during their visits to the ocean’s depths where they
seize and generally devour their prey, and where it would be impos-
sible for the spiracular canal to contain all the fluid thus received
until the return to the air. Nor, indeed, could such delay be neces-
sary, since the operation for its expulsion through the spiracle could
be as completely performed, if required, under water. The nature
of the spout, moreover, is rather that of a light mist, and can in no
way be compared to a volume of water. It appears to me that the
clearest idea and most correct view we can entertain of the nature of
the Whale’s spout, may be derived from the cloud of vapour produced
by the expiration of terrestrial animals under a low temperature. as
during the frosty weather of this climate; the sole difference existing
in the vast bulk and capacity of the lungs in cetaceans causing the
halitus of expiration to be evident under all temperatures, whilst in
the smaller mammalia it is only to be noticed when the thermometer
maintains a low grade.

‘Tt is not unusual during a close encounter with the Cachalot for
the Whale to spout into the boats amongst the crew, when those
who experienced its contact described it to me as foetid in odour and
producing an acrid effect.”

From the facility with which the Whale is approached by boats,
provided they are not brought within the line of vision, Mr. Bennett
infers thatthis animal possesses the sense of hearing in a very imperfect
manner, a deficiency, however, which appears to be in some measure
compensated for by the perfection in which it possesses the sense of
touch, through the medium of a smooth skin, abundantly supplied
with nervous papille. It even appears as though the Cachalots had
the means of conveying impressions one to another through the water

41

at considerable distances, for it is a fact well known to the southern
whalers, that upon a Cachalot being struck from a boat, others that
are miles distant will almost instantaneously display by their actions
an apparent consciousness of what has occurred, and either take them-
selves off or come down to the aid of their injured companion. ‘This
intelligence Mr. Bennett supposes can only be communicated by a
concussion of the water. Speaking of the general temper and dispo-
sition of this species, he remarks, ‘like most terrestrial animals that
are gregarious and herd together in great numbers, spermaceti Whales
are naturally timid, and prone to fly from the remotest aspect of dan-
ger, and although many instances occur amongst them of a mis-
chievous and combative temper, attacking and destroying boats and
men with their flukes and jaws, (as I shall have occasion elsewhere to
notice,) such is rather to be deemed appertaining to the individual
than the common character, and on a par with similar traits of temper
and excited by similar causes, as we find occasionally prevail amongst
horses, oxen, and other Herbivora, between the cetacea and which
a closer parallel of comparison may be drawn, both as regards mental
character and anatomical structure, than upon a superficial view of
the two tribes of animals would appear possible. A shoal of Por-
poises mingling with and jumping amongst them is sufficient to alarm
and put to flight a party of Cachalots, and when on a well-beaten
cruising ground, where the Whales are usually exceedingly watchful
and wary, the whaler is well on his guard not to excite or confirm
their suspicion until he has secured his prizes. The signs exhibited
by the sperm Whale of a suspicion of danger are, lying motionless in
the manner of listening, occasionally ceasing to spout, sweeping their
flukes slowly from side to side, and turning upon the side to bring
the axis of vision upon any object above them.”

«« When pursued and attacked a shoal of these Whales may be con-
sidered to exhibit two degrees of alarm, viz., that of a less degree,
which puts them to the top of their speed to escape, and which fre-
quently baffles pursuit; and a more powerful and overwhelming im-
pression of fear, arising either from the close approach of their ene-
mies or from one of their number beinginjured or destroyed, when they
often lie huddled together motionless and trembling, or make such
confused and irresolute efforts to escape as afford the attacking boats
every chance of success. It commonly occurs when female Whales
are harpooned that they mutually assist each other, and remain around
their injured companions for a long time; whilst the males, under the
same circumstances, commonly make a speedy retreat, and leave their
afflicted comrades to their fate. When suddenly surprised by a
boat, the Whale, although uninjured, is seen to tremble, and void its
excrement, which is semi-fluid, foetid, and resembles coffee grounds
spread on the water.”

After detailing some circumstances connected with the gestation
of the sperm Whale and its mode. of copulation, the author remarks,
‘There is much reason to suppose the Cachalots are very prolific ;
sucking calves appear to be noticed at all seasons of the year.. We

42

observed them during the voyage in the months of January, February,
May, June, July, August, September and December.”

It appears that the sperm Whale is not like the Balena mysticeius,
constantly found with Baraacles and other parasites adhering to its
skin, a circumstance accounted for by Mr. Bennett from the former
species inhabiting deep water, while the latter frequents soundings,
and is also much more sluggish in its movements. One species of
Barnacle, the Otion Cuvieri, is sometimes found attached in a single
cluster to the lips or lower jaw of the Cachalot, and a few small
Onisez occasionally adhere to the skin; in its blubber also numerous
cysts of a species of Cysticercus are met with.

Mr. Bennett, in the latter part of his memoir, notices the obsti-
nacy and determination which these Whales often display when at-
tacked or wounded, and also enumerates some of the different spe-
cies of animals which are thought to indicate their approach, and he
concludes with a reference to their occurrence in the British seas,
and some observations upon their geographical distribution.

Mr. Gould then called the attention of the meeting to a new and
beautiful species of Ortyx, a native of California, from the collection
of the late Dayid Douglas, and characterized it under the name of
O. plumifera.

Ortyx PLUMIFERA.

Ort. capite, nuchd, pectoreque intensé cinereis; plumis duabus gra-
cilibus et subpendentibus e vertice nigris ; guld intensé castaned
ad latera lined albd, infra oculos noté nigra ; loro sordidé albo ;
corpore superiore olivaceo-fusco ; rectricibus caude fuscis nigro
erroratis ; ale primariis brunneis, pogoniis externis, pallidiori-
bus ; abdominis lateribus intensé castaneis ; supra lined albé
marginatis ; infra fasciis nigris atque albis ornatis ; abdomine
medio crissoque castaneis ; rostro nigro ; pedibus pallide-brun-
nescentibus.

Long. tot. 92 unc. ; rostri, 3; ale, 51; caude, 3}; tarsi, 18.
Hab. California.

Fem. vel mas junior a mare adulto differt, corpore minore, coloribus

obscurioribus, plumisque capitis brevioribus.

He remarked that this genus was first brought before the Society
eight or nine years ago by Mr. Vigors, at which time only five spe-
cies were known, but since that period the number had been doubled ;
and from the remarkable development of the feathers forming the
crest in the species then exhibited Mr. Gould anticipates the dis-
covery of others, which shall connect Ortyxr plumifera with those
species in which this character is less prominently shown. In sup-
port of this opinion Mr. Gould directed attention to the genera
Larus, Trogon and Caprimulgus, which possess certain characters
largely developed ; but the degree of development increases gradually
from the species in which it is least apparent to those in which it
attains its greatest extent.

43

Mr. Gould then exhibited a new species of the genus Podar-
gus, from Java, which he proposes to name P. s¢ellatus.

PoparGus STELLATUS.

Podarg. corporis plumis, alis, cauddque crebre guttulis, notisque irre-
gulariter interruptis, his pallide brunneis, illis fuscis, ornatis, colli
plumis lined angustd nigrd fasciatis ad apicem latis, et albescenti-
bus lunulam facientibus ; post oculos plumis pilosis elongatis ori-
entibus, et postice directis tectricibus alarum ad apicem margi-
nis interioris notd albescente, nigro postice cinctd, ornatis scapu-
laribus inferioribus pallidioribus ; pectoris plumis nonnullis flaves-
centi albo guttatis ; rostro pedibusque pallide fuscis.

Long. tot. 8 unc.; rostri, 1}; ale,4; tarsi, 5.
Hab. Java.

Some observations on the Physalia, by George Bennett, Esq.,
F.L.S., Superintendant of the Australian Museum at Sydney, and
Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society, were then read.

Some specimens of Physalia pelagica having been captured by
Mr. Bennett while on his voyage to Sydney, he had an opportunity
of observing the action of the numerous filamentary bodies attached
to the air-bladder of this animal.

The longest of these appendages are used by the Physalia for the
capture of its prey, and are capable of being coiled up within half
an inch of the air bladder, and then darted out with astonishing
rapidity to the distance of 12 or 18 feet, twining round and paraly-
zing by means of an acid secretion any small fish within that di-
stance. The food thus seized by the tentacula is rapidly conveyed to
the short appendages or tubes, which are furnished with mouths for
its reception. These tubes appear to constitute the stomach of the
animal, for upon a careful dissection nothing like a common recept-
acle for food could be observed, nor could Mr. Bennett detect any
communications between them and the air-bladder, to the inferior
portion of which they are attached by means of a dense muscular
band. After an examination of an immense number of specimens,
Mr. Bennett was unable to discover the orifice usually stated to
exist at the pointed end of the bladder, nor could he ever succeed
in expelling any portion of the contained air without a puncture
being previously made. This organ consists of two coats, the outer
of which is dense and muscular, readily separating from the inner,
which resembles a cellular membrane.

The partial escape of air from the bladder did not at all affect the
buoyancy, or appear in any way to incommode the Physalia; and
even when it had completely collapsed, the animal still floated on
the surface ; upon removing the bladder entirely, the mass of ten-
tacula sank to the bottom of the vessel, and though their vitality re-
mained, all power of action was entirely destroyed.

44

A letter was then read, addressed to Mr. Gould, from M. Nat-
terrer, describing a new species of Pteroglossus, from Para in Brazil,
which the writer proposes to name P. Gouldii, in commemoration of
the valuable contributions which ornithology has derived from the
labours of Mr. Gould.

PreroctLossus Goutpil.

Piero. summo capite, nuchd, gutture, pectore, abdomineque nigris ;
plumis auricularibus aurantiaco-flavis ad apicem stramineis ;
fascia semilunari nuchali flava ; dorso, alis, caudéque olivaceo-
fuscis ; hujus rectricibus sex intermediis apice castaneo ; lateri-
bus aurantiaco-flavis 3 femoribus castaneis, erisso coccineo, cute
circa oculos viridi ; rostri mandibuld superiore nigra, apicem
versus livide corned, apice albo, fascidque angusta alba ad basin ;
mandibulé inferiore alba fuscid nigrd, apiceque livide corneo,
pedibus plumbeis.

Femina differt partibus, que in mare nigre, in illd castaneis, et
lateribus plumisque auricularibus pallidioribus.

Long. tot. 11 unc.; rostri, 24; ale, 5; caud@, 43; tarsi, 1%.

xe"

April 25th, 1837.
Thomas Bell, Esq. in the Chair.

A letter was read addressed to N. A. Vigors, Esq., M.P., from
Mr. Henry Denny of Leeds, stating that a fine male specimen of the
Snowy Owl had been recently captured at Selby in Yorkshire.

Mr. Gray then exhibited the horn of a Deer supposed to come
from India, which he considered as characteristic of a new species
peculiar for the elongate acute form of the basal branch, which ap-
pears to have been depressed, and directed obliquely across the fore-
head of the animal. ‘his horn, which had not attained its full period
of growth, agreed with that of the Rein Deer, in being palmate, and
in having the basal frontlet depressed, in which latter character it is
allied to an Indian species called by Mr. Gray Cervus Smithii,
known by a drawing belonging to the collection of General Hardwick
in the British Museum.

Mr. Gray then adverted to some observations which he had made
on a former occasion during a discussion upon the nature of the re-

lation existing between the Argonaut shell and the Cephalopod
which inhabits it. On that occasion, one argument made use of by
him in favour of the parasitic nature of this animal, was, that the
nucleus of the Argonaut shell is larger than could be contained
within the eggs which often accompany the Ocythée. He is now
disposed to attach less importance to this circumstance, having re-
cently observed that the eggs of some mollusca, as the Buccinum
undatum, prior to the period of hatching, are eight or ten times as
large in diameter as when first deposited.

A paper was then read by Thomas Bell, Esq., entitled ‘‘ Observa-
tions on the genus Galictis, with a description of a new species.”
Mr. Bell in 1826 laid before the Zoological Club of the Linnean
Society some remarks upon a living female Grison which had been
several years in his possession, and he then proposed to consider the
species as constituting a new generic type, to which he gave the
name of Galictis, but without assigning its distinctive generic cha-
racters. Since that period the examination of a specimen in the
collection of the Zoological Society, exhibiting a distinct specific dif-
ference from the former, but agreeing with it in the more essential
particulars, has confirmed the propriety of establishing this genus;
and in the present communication the author points out the charac-
ters and affinities of Galictis, and gives a description of the new
species under the name of G. Allamandi, M. Allamand having figured
a specimen in the fourth edition of Buffon’s Natural History, which
may perhaps be identical with this second species. In constituting
this new genus of Mustelide, Mr. Bell has been guided solely by the
semiplantigrade form of the foot, for in no other important charac-
ter does it deviate from the typical genus of that family. A know-

46

ledge of this character led Thunberg to place it among the Urside
under the name of Ursus Brasiliensis, to which group it slightly ap-
proximates, and in which it may probably be represented by the
genus Ratellus. By Desmarest it is arranged in the genus Gulo, and
the name Gu/lo vittatus given to it by that author has been adopted
by the Cuviers, and all other subsequent writers, with the exception
of Dr. Traill, who in the third volume of the Memoirs of the Werner-
ian Society restores it to its proper family, the Mustelide, but under
the erroneous name of Lutra vittata, for it has no nearer affinity to
the Otters than any other genus of that family. By Schreber it
was placed among the Viverre, under the name of Viverra vittata,
and the name has been retained by Gmelin and others.

The characters of Galictis, and the description of the two species
which at present constitute this genus, are as follows.

Fam. Musreripz.

Genus Galictis, Bell.

Cuar. Gen. Dentes molares spurii =

Rostrum breve.

Palme atque plante nudz subplantigrade.
Ungues breviusculi, curvi, acuti.

Corpus elongatum, depressum.

Sp. 1. Galietis vittata,

G. vertice, collo, dorso, atque caudd flavescenti-griseis ; rostro gulda
et pectore fuscescenti-nigris ; fascid a fronte usque ad humeros
vescenti-albidd ; pilis longis laxis.
Viverra vitiata, Scureser, Langth., p. 447, t. cxxiv. Gmel.,
Syst. Nat. Linn., I. p. 89.

Ursus Brasiliensis, Tuuns., Mem. Acad. Petersb., VI. p. 401,
t. xili.

Lutra vittata, Trartt, Mem. Wern. Soc., III. p. 437, t. xix.

Gulo vittatus, Desmar., Mammal., p. 175, sp. 268. Isip. Guorrr.
in Dict: Class., VII. p. 384. Frep. Cuv. in Dict. des Sc.
Nat., XIX. p. 79.

Galictis vittata, Bett, Zool. Journ., II. p. 552.

Petit furet, D’Azara, Essai sur )Hist. Nat. de Parag. (Trad.
Fran¢.), I. p. 190.

Fouine de la Guyane, Burron, Suppl., III. p. 161, t. xxiii.

Grison, Saaw, Gen. Zool., J. p. 392. Cuv., Reg. An., I. p. 146.
Frep. Cuv., Mam., I.

Haditat in Guyana, Paraguay, Brazilia.

«« The general form, attitudes, and movements of this animal resem-
ble those of the common Polecat. The head is depressed; the
muzzle moderately acute, but not attenuated, projecting beyond
the lower jaw; the eyes are moderately large, the iris dark brown
or nearly black; the ears short, broad, and rounded; the teeth
are almost exactly similar to those of true Mustela, particularly
M. putorius ; the body is elongated and much depressed, covered with

47

rather long, loose hair, the under hair soft and short ; the tail more
than half the length of the head and body ; the hair of the tail very
long and lax: the legs are rather short; the toes five on each foot,
with short, strong, curved, rather acute claws; the upper part of the
toes hairy; the soles of the feet naked; the fore feet with a thick
pad under each toe; the palm furnished with a broad tubercle con-
sisting of three elevated portions, with a slight one internally, and a
round simple one at the wrist, behind the little or outer toe; the
hinder foot likewise furnished with a thick pad beneath each toe, and
a broad trifid tubercle beneath the metatarsus; there is also a long
tubercle beneath the heel, at the outer side: the whole of these parts,
that is to say the soles of all the feet, are covered with a soft naked
skin, and are evidently placed on the ground in progression.

«The colours are very remarkable and the markings distinct and
decided. The whole of the upper part of the head, the neck, the
back, the flanks, and the tail, are a yellowish or light brownish grey,
produced by the mixture of a dirty yellowish white with brownish
black, the hairs being brownish black for about two thirds of their
length, the tip dirty yellowish white; the muzzle, the cheeks, the
throat, the under part of the neck, the belly, the anterior legs, and
the hinder feet, are black with a brownish tinge, lighter towards
the back part, and on the belly interspersed with a few whitish hairs ;
the grey of the upper, and the black of the under parts, are separated
by a rather broad fascia extending on each side from the centre of
the forehead above the eye backwards as far as the shoulder, in-
cluding the ears; this fascia is of a buff or yellowish white colour.

“ There is a large round follicle situated on each side the anus, co-
vered with a muscle, and opening by a round duct within the anal
orifice, secreting an unctuous matter, less foetid than that of the
Polecat, but not possessing the rather agreeable odour of the Martin
or the powerful perfume of the Viverre. The stomach is very simple,
the pyloric extremity long, cylindrical, and curved; there is no
c@cum.

GauicTis ALLAMANDI.

G. vertice, collo, dorso, atque caudd nigricanti-griseis ; partibus infe-
rioribus nigris ; fascid a fronte usque ad collum utringue albd ;
corpore pilis brevibus adpressis.

Habitat.

«« This species, although evidently distinct from the former, exhibits
the same general character of colour and marking, with some remark-
able differences however, which, though not easily expressed in a
specific phrase, are tangible and important. The whole of those
parts which in the former species are yellowish are here perfectly
white ; and those which are blackish brown in the former are in this
pure black. The base of the hairs on the back therefore is black,
and the tips quite white, forming a pure blackish grey, or black with
white points and lines; whilst all the under parts of the throat and
front of the belly are black. The fascia extending from the forehead
back te the sides of the neck is also white. This fascia does not

48

extend in the specimen described so far back as in the former spe-
cies. The hairs of the whole body are very short in comparison,
and much stiffer and more closely set. The animal is considerably
larger, as far as can be ascertained, and the tail, for a stuffed speci-
men, shorter in proportion.”

Specimens of both species were upon the table, and Mr. Bell ex-
hibited drawings, showing the plantigrade character of the foot,’and
some of the internal organs.

Mr. Gould exhibited a small collection of rare European birds
which had just been received by him from M. Temminck of Leyden.
Among them were examples of Grus leucogeranus, Striz ascala-
phus, LimosaTerek, Pyrrhula rosea, Emberiza Lesbia, Larus Audouinit,
and a rare species of Harrier which had been killed on the banks of
the Rhine; this, Mr. Gould observed, was the Circus pallidus lately
characterized by Col. Sykes in his Catalogue of the Birds observed
by him in the Dukhun, and published in the second part of the
Proceedings (1832.).

49

May 10th, 1837.
William S. Macleay, Esq. in the Chair.

The group of groundfinches, characterised, at a previous meeting,
by Mr. Gould, under the generic appellations of Geospiza, Cama-
rhynchus, Certhidea, and Cactornis, were upon the table; and Mr.
Darwin being present, remarked that these birds were exclusively
confined to the Gallapagos Islands; but their general resemblance in
character, and the circumstance of their indiscriminately associating
in large flocks, rendered it almost impossible to study the habits of
particular species. In common with nearly all the birds of these
islands, they were so tame that the use of the fowling-piece in
procuring specimens was quite unnecessary. They appeared to sub-
sist on seeds, deposited on the ground in great abundance by a rich
annual crop of herbage.

The remainder of the evening was occupied with the examination
of an extensive series of drawings, taken from various subjects in
zoology, during the progress of the late exploring expedition into
central Africa; and which will form the materials for a separate
Work, now preparing for publication by Dr. Andrew Smith.

A considerable proportion of the illustrations were those of new
and highly interesting species; and Dr. Smith stated that it was his
intention, on a future evening, to bring a part of his collection before
the Society, that the Members might have the opportunity of ex-
amining the original specimens, from which the drawings had been
taken.

No. LITI.—Procrrpines or tHE Zootoeicay Society.

May 23d, 1837.
W. S. Macleay, Esq. in the Chair.

A letter was read addressed to the Secretary, by Dr. Weissenborn
of Weimar, Saxony, expressing the very high opinion he entertained
of the value of the scientific publications of the Zoological Society,
and the pleasure which it would give him to promote the interests
of the Society, if it lay in his power. The letter was accompanied
by a very interesting preparation of the head and cheek-pouches of
the black variety of the German Marmot (Mus Cricetus, Linn.).

A second letter was then read from Dr. Weissenborn, addressed
to the Assistant Zoological Secretary, containing some new informa-
tion upon the economy of the Marmot. Dr. Weissenborn states that
when this animal hybernates, the entrance to its burrow is closed by
earth, which is moulded into pellets of the size of a pea or bean, so
that the external air is not entirely excluded. Upon putting a number
of these animals in a place of confinement, although supplied with
abundance of food, they fought with and devoured one another, until
only a few of the strongest were left.

This letter was accompanied with a donation of a stuffed specimen
of the usual colour.

The first part of a paper on ‘‘ Marine Noctiluce,” by F. De Bell
Bennett, Esq., Corresponding Member of the Society, was then read.

A communication was then read from Dr. Riippell, entitled, “A
Notice of the Phytotoma tridactyla of Abyssinia.” Dr. Riippell
states that during his travels in Abyssinia, he endeavoured, but un-
successfully as he then supposed, to discover the bird described by
Bruce, and known to naturalists as the Phytotoma tridactyla; since
then, while engaged in the publication of the birds from that part of
Africa, he found that the Phytotoma tridactyla was a species be-
longing to the genus Pogonias, and which had been referred by
Lord Stanley to the genus Bucco, under the name of Bucco Salti.
This Dr. Riippell proposes to change to Pogonias Brucei, in honour
of Bruce, who was the first describer.

Dr. Riippell sent along with this communication two copies of a
plate from his Abyssinian Fauna, containing figures of the above
bird, and stated that he had previously deposited stuffed specimens
in the British Museum and the Collection of the Zoological Society.

June 13th, 1837.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

The reading of Mr. Frederic Debell Bennett’s paper upon Ma-
rine Noctiluce was resumed.

Mr. Bennett’s notes upon the phenomena connected with the lu-
minous appearances so often exhibited by the ocean, made during a
voyage round the globe, agree in their essential details, and lead to
the same general inferences, as the observations of his brother, Mr.
George Bennett, published in the Society’s Proceedings for Ja-
nuary 1837; the experiments in all instances, as recorded in the
present memoir, tending to show that where the condition of marine
phosphorescence obtains, organized bodies, secreting phosphoric light,
will be found in greater or less abundance distributed throughout
the ocean; these bodies being sometimes so minute as not to be de-
tected by the naked eye, whilst at other times the luminosity appears
to originate in the presence of vast numbers of Pyrosomata and
Meduse, which latter, when removed from the water, retain, while
vitality lasts, their luminous properties, and are capable of commu-
nicating the phosphoric matter to objects with which they may be
brought in contact. An interesting fact noticed by the author is
that the Cleodora cuspidata, which is found floating in great numbers
on the surface of the sea in various parts of the Pacific Ocean, ex-
hibits a speck of delicate blue light, shining through the apex of its
extremely thin shell.

In the following passage Mr. Bennett refers to a paper communi-
cated by him on a previous occasion, and published in the Society’s
Proceedings.

‘On the night of the 11th of last October, when in lat. 4° S., long.
18° W.,I again witnessed the beautiful spectacle afforded by the pre-
sence in the sea of vast numbers of the Pyrosoma Atlanticum. Upon
this occasion their number must have been very great, since the ship,
proceeding at a rapid rate, continued during the entire night to pass
through distinct, but extensive fields of those molluscs, floating, and
glowing as they floated, on all sides of her course, and capable of be-
ing captured by net to almost any amount. Not far from the same spot
I first noticed these luminous molluscs, during a voyage to India; and
an account of their effects in illuminating the ocean, accompanied by
some obtained specimens, I communicated in a paper to this Society,
published in No. 6 of the Proceedings. To that account I have to
add, from more recent observations, that since the Pyrosoma is en-
veloped by a firm membranous tunic, and the luminous power resides
in small brown particles abundantly imbedded in the parenchyma-
tous structure of the body, no luminous matter is communicated from
its surface to any fluid or solid in contact with it. But if the Py-

No.LIV.—Procerepines or THE ZooLoGIcaL Sociery.

52

rosoma be cut open and immersed in water, the brown particles that
escape diffuse themselves through the fluid, and shine as numerous
scintillations, independent of the perfect structure. It is also wor-
thy of remark that general friction or contact is not essential to elicit
the perfect light of Pyrosoma, since touching one small portion of
the body is sufficient to produce a brilliant glow throughout the
whole. When first removed from its native element, the broader
extremity of this aggregate of molluscs presented a wide and circular
orifice, forming nearly a continuous surface with the central tube
constituting the interior of the body; but when kept in a vessel of
sea-water, or much handled, this orifice was closed by the contraction
of a smooth, dense membrane at its margin, and which either obli-
terated the aperture, or left but a minute central orifice ; water at the
same time being contained in the barrel or tube of the body. Ex-
cept in the action of this sphincter-like membrane, no motive power
was perceptible in the Pyrosoma.

“Fresh water appears to act as a powerful and permanent stimulus
on marine Noctiluce. Those who have intervals of repose from their
phosphorescence immediately emit their light when brought in con-
tact with fresh water, and this fact was very strikingly exhibited in
the Pyrosomata. When placed ina vessel of sea-water and permitted
to remain quiet, these molluses afforded no light, and when touched,
gleamed forth only as long as the irritating cause remained, and then
gradually returned to their original state. When, however, the same
creatures were placed in a vessel of fresh water, they never ceased
glowing with their brightest refulgence until life was extinct, which
was not until after the lapse of several hours. When also the same
molluscs were mutilated, or so near death as to refuse to emit light
upon irritation in sea-water, immersing them in fresh water produced
at least a temporary revival of their brightest gleam; indeed I have
always felt assured that the contact of fresh water in a darkened
room would ever elicit the luminous power of a marine creature,
were the latter of aluminous nature.”

At the request of the Chairman the following notes, relating
chiefly to the natural history of Ireland, were read by W. Thompson,
Esq., V.P., Nat. Hist. Society of Belfast.

Of the species so marked *, specimens were exhibited.

Mammatta.

* Vespertilio Nattereri, Kuhl. Reddish-grey Bat. I am induced
to exhibit a specimen of this bat, which I obtained in July 1835
among the ruins of Harlech Castle, North Wales, it being hitherto
only known as British from individuals procured in the east and
south-east of England.

* Mus Hibernicus. Irish Rat. On questioning a person some years
ago respecting a black rat which he had seen in the north of Ireland,
my curiosity was excited by the statement that it had a white breast.
In autumn last a similar description was given me of one that had

53

been caught some time before in Tollymore Park, county of Down.
Mr. R. Ball, of Dublin, informs me that black rats, with the breast
white, have been reported to him as once common about Youghal,
county of Cork, though they are now very rare or perhaps extinct.
But until April last, when a specimen was sent from Rathfriland,
county of Down, to the Belfast Museum, I had not an opportunity
either of seeing or examining the animal. This individual differs
from the M. Rattus as described by authors, and also from speci-
mens preserved in the British Museum, and in the collection of this
Society, in the relative proportion of the tail to that of the head and
body ; in having shorter ears, and in their being better clothed with
hair, as is the tail likewise; and in the fur of the body being of a
softer texture. The difference in colour between the M. Rattus and
the present specimen is, that the latter exhibits a somewhat trian-
gular spot of pure white extending about nine lines below the breast,
the fore feet being of the same colour.

The following is a comparison of this specimen with the M. Rattus
as given by Mr. Jenyns. The same dimensions, with the very trivial
difference of the ears being half a line less, appear in Mr. Bell’s
‘“« British Quadrupeds.”

M. Hibernicus. M. Rattus.

in. line. in. line.
Length of the head and body ........ 19 Bt 7 4
HRA eS 2 ct She RN Sis Lew H.2; 1 10
GHTBTES Seiya «Wai a Shei 8 O49 wets SOFTEE
Garbnds, ees eee Ut. op ek Bi GK Are 7 11
from the base of the ear to the 1 6
snout ...... Aaensienare agapthenenstaretastte
from the tarsal joint to the end 1 6
of the toes .......... Se SL aN ae

These differences incline me to consider this animal distinct from
M. Rattus, and being unable to find any species described with which
it accords, I propose to name it provisionally M. Hibernicus. Should
future investigation prove it to be a variety only of M. Rattus, it can
be so considered under the present appellation.

* Lepus Cuniculus, Linn. Rabbit. Persons who take rabbits in
the north of Ireland distinguish two kinds, the one they call the
burrow, the other the bush rabbit. The meaning of the former term
is obvious, but of the latter it may be stated that the animal is so
designated, in consequence of having a “‘ form” like the hare, and
which is generally placed in bushes or underwood. ‘The circumstance
is noticed at present in connection with a specimen of each kind
which I have the pleasure of presenting to the Society.

Cervus Alces, Linn. Elk. A horn of the true elk, C. Alces, was some
time since presented to the Natural History Society of Belfast, as that
of the fossil Irish species, C. Hibernus. On inquiry from the donor
I learned that it had been given him by a relative residing in Tyrone,
and in whose possession it had for a long time been on account of
the value attached to it as a relic dug out of a peat-bog on his own
property in that county. Further particulars cannot now be ob-

54

tained, as the gentleman is since deceased, but I have thought it
proper to lay the statement as I received it before this Society, with
the additional remark that the horn is quite perfect and appears re-
cent; but again, might not this be attributed to the well-known
preservative property of the soil in which it is said to have been
found ? The number of snags upon the horn, and its dimensions show
that it belonged to a very old animal: its breadth, measured in a
straight line across the centre, without the curve being reckoned, is
35 inches ; its height, similarly estimated in a straight line from the
base, 264 inches.

As the elk inhabited a wide range of latitude on the continent of
Europe it does not appear singular to me that it should have been a
native of Ireland, especially when the Cervus Hibernus, a species of
greater magnitude, was indigenous to the country. In the Annales
des Sciences Naturelles for 1835, t. iv. (new series), portions of the
horn of the Cervus Alces are figured and described by M. Christol,
from specimens found in a fossil state at Pézénas.

Birps, new to Ireland.

Striz Scops, Temm. Scops-eared Owl. I have been informed
by Robert Ball, Esq., of Dublin, that an ow] of this species was shot
in the month of July a few years ago by the gamekeeper at Lough-
crew, county of Meath, the seat of J. W. L. Napier, Esq., in whose
possession it now is. The specimen was kindly sent to Dublin for
the examination of Mr. Ball, who states in a letter to me that it
proved identical with a Strix Scops that I have seen in his collection.

Colymbus arcticus, Linn. Black-throated Diver. In the collec-
tion of Dr. J. D. Marshall, of Belfast, there is a specimen of this
bird, which was shot during winter in Larne Lough, county of An-
trim. It is in the plumage of the first year.

* Procellaria Puffinus, Linn. Cinereous Shearwater. Of this species
one individual only has yet been recorded with certainty as British.
I have now to notice a second specimen, respecting which Mr. Ro-
bert Davis, Jun., of Clonmel, has favoured me with the following
particulars. ‘‘ It was taken in August 1835, by a boy who saw it
scrambling towards a hole at the base of a cliff near Dungarvan,
county of Waterford. They are called hagdowns by the fishermen,
‘who say that they breed there and live in holes in the rocks, but are
at all times very scarce. The specimen was sent to me alive, and
apparently in good health, but it would not eat any thing, and died
after having been in my possession for about ten days or a fortnight.
It had an extremely rank, fishy, or oily smell at all times, but I never
saw any appearance of oil being discharged from its mouth or nos-
trils. It seemed unable to walk, but scrambled along with its breast
about an inch from the ground. Although its wings were perfect
and uninjured, it made no attempt to fly, but if let fall from a height
dropped heavily to the ground. It showed an inclination to climb,
having several times mounted up the handle of a long spade that

55

rested against the wall of the yard in which it was kept. It did not
ramble about, nor care much for water, but when put in a large tub
very dexterously pulled itself up by the hooked bill, until the claws
got on the edge. When handled, it bit severely.”

The specimen now belongs to Mr. W. D. King, of Sudbury, to
whom I am indebted for the opportunity of examining it, and also of
exhibiting it here. It accords well with Temminck’s description of
the adult bird.

FIsHEs.

The first to be described in this class is a new genus of the family
Tenioidee, for which I propose the name of Echiodon. It is founded
upon a specimen obtained on the coast of the county of Antrim, by
Dr. J. L. Drummond, in June 1836,

Ecuropon.

Head oval; body much elongated, compressed, narrow, lanceolate;
snout moderately long; mouth cleft obliquely, both jaws terminated
by large cylindrical teeth; no ventral fins, nor scales instead ; fin-
rays all soft; dorsal and anal fins continued throughout almost
the entire length; branchiostegous membrane with seven rays.

Considered relatively to the other Tenioidee it agrees with Tri-
chiurus and Stylephorus, in wanting ventral fins, but not im any
other generic character; from the head posteriorly it approaches
most nearly to Cepola, but in the form of the head and in dentition
differs remarkably from all the other genera.

* Echiodon Drummondii. Length 11 inches, depth 6 lines, breadth
3 lines, head one-ninth of the whole length, eye occupying the en-
tire upper half of head, teeth numerous and small, except two, which
are large and fang-like at each side the extremity of the upper jaw,
and one long cylindrical tooth terminating the lower jaw on each
side ; upper jaw the longer; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins united ;
body without scales (?); lateral line inconspicuous; vent 1} inch
from point of lower jaw; vertebre 98.

D. 180? A. 180? P. 16? C. 12?

*® Crenilabrus microstoma, Couch MS. Small-mouthed Wrasse.
In June 1836, Dr. Drummond found a Crenilabrus,.on the beach at
Cairnlough, county of Antrim, which he liberally handed over to me,
and appearing to be a new species, I at once drew up a detailed
description of it. I now find that the same Wrasse has been met
with in Cornwall by Mr. Couch, who likewise considered it as new
and sent two specimens to Mr. Yarrell, under the appropriate name
of Cren. microstoma, a term, though unpublished, which I consider
it but fair to adopt, as Mr. Couch had the priority in obtaining the
species.

My specimen is about 3 inches long and moderately deep in pro-
portion, its depth being to its length as 1 to34. Its most prominent
characters are,—mouth small, jaws equal, teeth few in number and

56

without serratures, a single row in the lower, and two rows in the
upper jaw ; scales very large, those of the body concealing the base’
of the dorsal and anal fins, but none apparent on the fins; anal fins
with six spinous rays, ventral scale half the length of ventral fin ;
pre-opercle strongly denticulated.

D.19+6; A.6+7; P.13; V.1+5; C. (which is injured) 14?

* Crenilabrus multidentatus. Ball’s Wrasse. Three specimens of a
Crenilabrus, taken at Youghal in the summer of 1835, have been
sent me for examination by Mr. Ball. As in the instance of the last
noticed, I cannot by careful research find any species described with
which they agree, I, though with hesitation, bring them forward as
new, under the name of Cren. multidentatus. The specimen from
which the description has been drawn up is 24 inches in length. Its
chief characters are,—form elongated, mouth large and powerfully
armed, upper jaw the longer, pre-opercle slightly denticulated, scales
of moderate size, ventral scale one-fourth the length of ventral fin ;
a blackish spot behind the eye, another at the base of the last ray of
the dorsal fin, and a third at the lowermost portion of the tail, bran-
chiostegous membrane five rays.

D.19+10; A.3+8; P. 14; V.1+45; C. 13, well developed.

* Abramis Buggenhagii. Large-scaled Bream. Cyprinus Buggen-
hagii, Bloch. Part 3, tab. 95. On inspecting the produce of a fishing-
rod at the river Lagan, near Belfast, on the 6th of May, 1836, I de-
tected a bream differing from the common species, and secured it for
examination. It agreed so fully with Bloch’s description of the Cy-
prinus Buggenhagii as to satisfy me of its identity, the only difference
consisting in the number of rays in the pectoral fin, 12 being enume-
rated by him, and 18 appearing in the specimen; several of them,
however, being very short, may have escaped Bloch’s notice.

The description drawn up from my specimen the day it was pro-
cured, is as follows: Length, 53 inches; depth, 14 inch; head one
fourth of the entire length; diameter of the eye equal to one fourth
of the length of the head; scales on the lateral line about 45, about
9 rows between it and the dorsal ridge and 5 rows below it; under
point of the caudal fin longer than the upper. Colour of the sides
silvery, tinged with blue towards the back ; irides very pale yellow;
the dorsal, pectoral, ventral, and anal fins nearly transparent, or very
slightly tinged with dusky, chiefly towards their extremities; cau-
dal fin pale yellow.

D. 11; P.18; V.1+9; A. 20 (first extremely short); C.18.

This species, which is new to Britain, is stated by Bloch to be
found in Swedish Pomerania, in the river Pene, and in the lakes
communicating with it *.

* On my showing this specimen to Mr. Yarrell, he immediately produced
from his own collection another example of this species of much larger size,
measuring fourteen inches in length, which had been presented to him by a

a7

New to Ireland.

* Trigla Cuculus, Bl. Red Gurnard. Of this fish two small spe-
cimens, taken at Youghal in the summer of 1835, have been sub-
mitted to my examination by Mr. Ball. In both, the second ray of
the first D. fin is the longest.

Mugil Chelo, Cuy. Thick-lipped Grey Mullet. The common
“ mullet” of the north of Ireland is of this species, as are likewise
the only two specimens that I have seen from the southern coast.

Gobius gracilis, Jenyns. Slender Goby. From the coasts of
Down and Louth I have obtained two specimens of this fish. The
difference in colour between them and Gob. minutus attracted me at
first sight; but I did not examine further, until my attention was
directed to them by Mr. Jenyns’ description of God. gracilis, with
which they in all respects agree.

* Crenilabrus rupesiris, Selby. Jago’s Goldsinny. In Septem-
ber, 1835, I procured two individuals of this species at Bangor,
Down, where they were taken along with Cren. tinca and Cren. cor-
nubicus.

Salmo eriov, Linn. Bull Trout. The first specimens of this
trout which occurred to me were three, about 20 inches in length,
that were taken with Sal. trutta, in the sea at Donaghadee.

* Gadus callarias, Linn. Dorse. Amongst fishes kindly forwarded
for my inspection by Mr. Ball are specimens of the Gad. callarias,
caught at Youghal in the autumn of 1834. On subsequently look-
ing over some captures from Larne, county Antrim, presented with-
out regard to species to the Belfast Museum, I also found one of
these fishes.

* Gadus minutus, Linn. Poor. From three localities in Down
and Antrim I have the Gad. minutus, and in the collection of Mr.
Ball have recently seen two specimens from the coast of Cork.

* Motelia glauca, Jenyns. Mackrel Midge. I include here,
though unable to see any specific difference between it and Mot.
mustela. The only {rish specimens I have seen sufficiently minute
to be considered Mot. glauca, were brought by Mr. Ball from the
South Islands of Arran.

Phycis furcatus, Flem. Common Fork-beard. To C.G. M. Skin-
ner, Esq., of Glynn-park, I am indebted for a very fine male speci-
men of this fish, 25 inches in length, which was caught near Car-

friend, who caught it in the waters of Dagenham Breach, in Essex, from
which place others have since been taken. This bream is at once distin-
guished from both the other species of British bream, by the much greater
thickness of its body.

8

wre

rickfergus in February, 1836. The chief characters of this species,
given in the ‘ Régne Animal,’ and adopted in the ‘ Manualofthe British
Vertebrata,’ are, ‘‘ Sa premiére dorsale plus relevée, et son premier
rayon trés élongé, les ventrales deux fois plus longue que la téte,”
2nd edit., p.335. In the first character only as here given my spe-
cimen agrees, the third ray of its first dorsal fin being considerably

the longest, and the ventrals being only one fifth longer than the
head.

* Platessa pola, Cuv. Pole. In Belfast market on the 26th of
April last, I procured six individuals of this species. They were
from 12 to nearly 15 inches in length, and were taken in a trawl-
net near Ardglass, in the county of Down. On the 5th of May I
obtained a seventh specimen from the same place.

* Solea lingula, Rond. Red-backed Sole. In August, 1836, three
small specimens of this fish were captured by Mr. Hyndman and
myself, when dredging off Dundrum, county of Down.

Anguilla latirostris, Yarr. Broad-nosed eel. Inhabits loughs
Neagh and Erne, the river Shannon, &c.

Ammodytes tobianus, Bl. Wide-mouthed Sand-eel. I have from
several localities on the Down coast, and from one on that of
Antrim.

Syngnathus typhle, Linn. Syng. equoreus, Linn. Syng. ophidion,
Bloch. The first native specimens of these three species that I have
seen were taken on the coast of Cork in 1835, and forwarded for my
inspection by Mr. Ball; subsequently I have had all three from the
coast of Antrim.

Hippocampus brevirostris, Cuv.? Sea-horse. In July, 1821, a
recent specimen of Hippocampus, presumed to be this species, was
found on the beach at Red-bay, county of Antrim, by William Ogilby,
Esq., F.L.S.

Petromyzon planeri, Cuv. Fringed-lipped Lamprey. Specimens
procured in the vicinity of Naas, county Kildare, have been presented
me by Mr. Ball.

Miscellaneous notes.

Gasterosteus brachycentrus, Cuv. Short-spined Stickleback. In

Minster-pool, Lichfield, I captured an immense specimen of this fish
in July, 1836.

* Labrus lineatus, Don. Lab. maculatus, Bloch. Lab. psittacus, Risso?
On September 26, 1835, I obtained at Bangor, Down, two specimens
of a Wrasse, which agreed pretty well with the L. lineatus of Dono-
van, a species but little understood. They seemed also identical
with the L. psittacus of Risso, used as a synonym of the L. lineatus

59

in the works of Mr. Yarrell and Mr. Jenyns; by the latter author
it is marked with doubt. At the same time I could not consider
these specimens else than the young of L. maculatus, an opinion
which subsequent examination has tended to confirm, as in the
same individual I have seen the lineated marking of L. lineatus and
the spots of L. maculatus. The specimens alluded to as corresponding
with Donovan’s L. lineatus are small, as he describes the species to
be; those conspicuously spotted over were large, and the indivi-
duals presenting partially both appearances were of an intermediate
size; hence it would appear that the L. lineatus generally* is the
young fish, and the L. maculatus the adult. It must be added that
specimens of equal size, taken at the same time and place, vary
much in colour and in the relative depth of the body. The head
too is more elongated in the young than in the mature fish.

In concluding his description of the Labri, Pennant observes,
«« Besides these species we recollect seeing taken at the Giant’s
Causeway, in Ireland, a most beautiful kind, of a vivid green spotted
with scarlet ; and others at Bandooran, in the county of Sligo, of a
pale green.” He adds, ‘‘ We were at that time inattentive to this
branch of natural history, and can only say they were ofa species
we have never since seen.” I have no hesitation in saying that the
beautiful kind of a vivid green, spotted with scarlet, was the ordi-
nary L. maculatus, and as little in stating my belief that the pale
green kind was also the same species. On examining the produce
of one rod after a day’s fishing, I have seen specimens varying from
the palest green to the very darkest tint of this colour.

As the three names under which this fish appears, viz., L. linea-
tus, L. psittacus (when it is uniformly green), and L. maculatus, ap-
ply to the individual rather than to the species, and thus tend to
confusion, it seems to me desirable that there should be an appella-
tion under which all the varieties could be brought, and as such I

would suggest Labrus variabilis.

* Crenilabrus tinca, Risso. Cren. cornubicus, Risso. Cren. gib-
bus, Flem. In the autumn of 1835 an attentive examination of spe-
cimens of the C. tinca and C. cornubicus, of all sizes, and in a recent
state, satisfied me of their identity. The depth of C. tinca in pro-
portion to its length being found to vary considerably, though not
to the extent described in the Gibbus Wrasse of Pennant, together
with the general accordance of other characters, disposed me at the
same time to believe that the C. gibbus is but an accidental variety
of it.

* Leuciscus Lancastriensis, Yarr. Graining. Several very small
individuals of this species occurred to me in the river Leam, near
Leamington, in July, 1836.

* Cobitis tenia, Linn. Spined Loche. In July, 1836, when

* I have seen some specimens of the largest size entirely green, and displaying
the lineation in a darker shade of this colour.

60

using my net for fresh-water Mollusca, in a drain near Guy’s Cliff
Warwick, a specimen of this minute fish was captured.

* Platessa flesus, Flem. Flounder. The specimen exhibited is
from Strangford lough, Down, and presents a malformation of the
head, precisely similar to that of the brill (Pleuronectes rhombus,)
figured in Mr. Yarrell’s British Fishes, vol. ii., p. 242.

Pleuronectes hirtus, Mull. Muller’s Top-Knot. ° If not inconsist-
ent with the brevity characteristic of the ‘ Zoologica] Proceedings,”
I would remark that the fish which I exhibited at the meeting of
this Society, on June 9, 1835, under the name of “‘ Pleuronectes punc-
tatus, Penn.” is identical with the “ P. hirius, Mull.” of Mr. Jenyns’s
« Manual of the British Vertebrata’ and the ‘“‘ Rhombus hirtus”’ of
Mr. Yarrell’s ‘ British Fishes,’ a circumstance which reference to
the synonyma of this species might indeed indicate, but I am induced
to notice the subject on account of the specific name ‘‘ punctatus”
being applied in both works to a nearly allied species.

My specimen, critically examined when recent, exhibited the fol-
lowing characters, which are unnoticed in the description of P. hirtus,
given in the above-mentioned works.

P. fin, which is quite perfect, on the upper side 94 lines long, and
containing 6 rays, on the under side 64 lines long, and having 12
rays. Lateral line on the under side less strongly marked than on
the upper, and considerably less curved towards its origin. A bright
silver spot, two lines in diameter, at the base of the P. fin on the
upper side ; inides silvery, clouded with brown: they are described
as sea-green by Hanmer, (Penn. Brit. Zool., vol. iti. p. 323, ed. 1812.)
It is in allusion to this dividual, which J had the pleasure of show-
ing Mr. Yarrell, when in London in June, 1835, that he remarks,
«< T have a record of one {Rhombus hirtus] that was caught on the
coast of the county of Down in Ireland.” Brit. Fish. vol. ii. p. 245.

Syngnathus lumbriciformis, Jenyns? Yarrell. As it has recently
been discovered that two species of Syngnathi have hitherto been
confounded under the name of S. Ophidion, it should be stated, that
those which I brought under the notice of this Society on June 9,
1835, as taken in Strangford lough, are identical with the S. lumbri-
ciformis, as described by Mr. Yarrell, (Brit. Fish., vol. ii. p. 340.) It
may be added that from Mr. Ball I have since received nine speci-
mens which were taken by him in June, 1835, at the South Islands
of Arran, off Clare, and from Captain Fayrer, R.N., several, likewise
caught in the same month at Donaghadee.

The dorsal fin and vent in all these specimens, including one from
Belfast bay, 19 in number, which are from under 3 to 6 inches long,
about one-third of the entire length from the snout, and the head
occupying about one-twelfth of the whole length. In these charac-
ters they correspond with Mr. Yarrell’s description. Mr. Jenyns
describes the “‘ dorsal and vent at about the middle of the entire
length,” and the head ‘“ scarcely one-seventeenth” of it. Some of
them exhibit ova ‘‘ in hemispheric depressions, on the external sur-

61

face of the abdomen, anterior to the vent,” as mentioned in the
* Manual of the British Vertebrata,’ p. 489.

I cannot conclude without acknowledging the benefit I have re-
ceived, not only on this, but on all previous occasions, when visiting
London, from Mr. Yarrell’s liberality, in affording me the unlimited
use both of his library and of his extensive collection of British
fishes.

* Trigla peciloptera, Cuv. and Val. Little Gurnard.

Amongst a number of fishes submitted to my examination by
Mr. Ball, is a Gurnard, apparently of this species, which was taken
at Youghal, I believe, along with sprats, (Clupea Spratius,) early in
the summer of 1835. In form, it agrees in every character by which
the T. peciloptera is said to be distinguished, (Cuv. and Val. Hist.
de Pois., t. iv. p.447.) Judging from its present appearance, I have
little doubt that when recent it would in colour also have corresponded.
Its length is 2 inches, D. 10, (last extremely short)—15. P. 10—3,
free. V.+ 5. A. 15. C. 15.

Second dorsal ray longest ; 25 dorsal spines; caudal fin a little
forked ; lateral line spinous. Thence to D. fin, and to about an
equal distance below the line, rough with spinous scales; (this is
not mentioned by Cuv. and Val.) lower portion of sides smooth.

With the T. aspera, Viviana, as described in the last-quoted
work, t. iv. p. 77, and which in length is stated like the Tri. peci-
loptera to be about 4 inches, the present specimen agrees in many
respects, but chiefly differs in the profile being less vertical, in the
anterior lobes of the snout, and in the negative character of wanting
“une échancrure transversale et profonde,” behind the posterior or-
bital spine ; nor with the highest power of a lens can any of the an-
terior dorsal spines be distinguished as “ dentelée,” nor the first and
second rays of the D. fin as serrated, both of which characters are
attributed to T. aspera*.

In the course of this examination specimens of T. cuculus, Bl., T.
lineata, T. hirundo, T. pini, Bl., and T. Gurnardus were before me,
T. lyra was not available, but the remarkable development of the an-
terior lobes of the snout in this species would have rendered its com-
parison with the specimen under consideration unnecessary.

The T. pecilopiera has previously been obtained only at Dieppe,
where it was discovered by M. Valenciennes.

* Gobius Britannicus. British Black Goby.

When at Galway-bay, on the western coast of Ireland, accom-
panied by Mr. Ball, in June 1834, I captured a species of Goby,
whose thicker and more clumsy form at once led me to consider it
different from a G. niger taken at Youghal, with.which I had been

* Since the above was written I have had an opportunity of comparing
the Trigla here treated of with two specimens of 7’. aspera,—one 33, the
other 44 inches long, which are part of a collection of fishes, sent last year’
from Corfu, to the Belfast Natural History Society, by Robert ‘Templeton,
Esq., Roy. Art. This comparison served strongly to confirm every thing
above stated. ‘The T. aspera is admirably described by Cuv. and Val.

62

favoured by that gentleman. On a recent examination it proved
identical with the G. niger of Cuvier and Valenciennes, whilst the
latter corresponded with the G. niger of Montagu (Yarrell’s Brit.
Fish., vol. i. p. 252.) and Jenyns, This species is considered by Cuv.
and Val., but without reccurse being had to a comparison of speci-
mens, to be the same as theirs; but the two individuals under con-
sideration, unquestionably distinct, agree so well with the detailed
descriptions of those just quoted under the same name, as to leave
not a doubt upon my mind as to the propriety of separating them.
Amongst other differential characters, they present the following :

G. niger, Mont.

(from Youghal.)
Jaws, the lower one the longer.
Teeth, several irregular rows in

G. niger, Cuv. and Val.
(from Galway.)
Jaws equal.
Teeth, outer row very much the

_ both jaws, those of the outer
row not very much larger than
the others, and, like them,
straight and truncated at the
summit.

Sulcus, extending from the head
to D. fin. ;

Papille* so numerous on the
head as to give it the appear-
ance of being delicately carved
all over.

D. 6—14. P. 18. V. 2 each. A,
12. C. 15, and some short.

largest, and curving inwards.

Sulcus, wanting.

Papille less numerous by half.

D. 6—16. P. 20—21. V. 5. A.
13. C.14.

Though of British authors, the G. niger of Montagu and Jenyns
only is quoted with certainty; the species described as such by
Pennant and Yarrell appears to be the same, the exceptions being
that two rows only of teeth are attributed to it by the former, and
17 rays are described by the latter as contained in its 2nd D. fin.
The G. niger of Donovan and Fleming is the G. Ruthensparii (G. bi-
punctatus, Yarr.) of Euphrasen.

Bloch’s G. niger does not agree with either species here treated of ;
as like Pennant’s, it is stated to have but two rows of teeth. It differs,
more especially from that of British authors as now restricted, in the
jaws being of equal length, the teeth pointed, and having 16 rays in
the 2nd D. fin; and from that of Cuv. and Val. in the shortness of
the P. fin, a character represented both in his figure and description.
The G. niger of Risso having the jaws equal, and the teeth curved,
approximates it to that of Cuv. and Val., but the number of fin-rays
differs considerably.

The species taken at Galway, which is new to the British cata-
logue, occurs also in the Mediterranean, the collection of fishes from
Corfu, alluded to in the note to Trigla peciloptera, as being in the

* With respect to these resembling the G. geniporus, as described by Cuy.
and Val., t. xii. p. 32, but very different in other characters.

63

Belfast Museum, containing an individual in all respects, but that of
size, quite identical.

Although the G. niger of Montagu and Jenyns accords better with
the description of Linneeus—consisting only of the number of fin-rays
—than the species for which Cuv. and Val. have adopted his name,
yet, as several other European Gobies equally well agree with the brief
characters in the ‘ Systema Nature,’ and it being necessary to give
one of the two which have been confounded together a new name,
it appears to me that the species described as G. niger in the ‘ His-
toire Naturelle des Poissons’ of the last-named authors,—the greatest
and most comprehensive work yet attempted on the subject—should
retain the term there given it, and that it is to the Gobius niger of
British authors that the new appellation should be applied. With
this view I propose the name of Gobius Britannicus, not to indicate
its existence only on the British shores, but in the hope that it may
perhaps better than any other term mark it as the species of British
authors.

As M. Valenciennes has observed that ‘‘ M. Yarrell a publié une
charmante figure de nétre gobie,” (t. xii. p. 18.) it must be added
that this figure is more illustrative of my G. Britannicus than what
I have considered the G. niger of Cuv. and Val.; in hypercriticism
all it indeed wants to be a perfect representation of that fish is—the
lower jaw a little longer, and the teeth smaller, less regular and
truncated.

Mr. Owen then laid before the Meeting the following observations
upon the structure of the shell in the Water-clam, (Spondylus varius.
Brod.) ?

Having been led to reflect, while considering the uses of the
camerated part of the shell of the Nautilus, upon the degree or ex-
tent to which that structure might depend upon the mode of growth
of the animal and its shell, and how far it was a necessary physical
consequence of the increase and change of position of the animal, in-
dependently of any special purpose served by the forsaken parts or
chambers of the shell, I have paid attention to all the cases that
have come under my observation of the formation of chambers in
shells, by the secretion, on the part of the animal, of a nacreous layer,
forming a new basis of support to the soft parts, and cutting off the
deserted portion of the shell from the chamber of occupation.

It is well known that this process is not the only mode adopted
to suit the shell to the changing form and bulk or other exigencies
ofits occupant. Inthe genus Magilus the part of the shell from which
the body gradually recedes is filled up bya continuous compact se-
cretion of calcareous matter, and a solid massive elongated shell is
thus produced, which would be a great incumbrance to a locomo-
tive mollusc, but is of no inconvenience to an univalve destined by
nature to live buried in a mass of lithophytous coral.

In Helix decollata, again, the deserted part of the shell, after
being partitioned off by the nacreous layer secreted by the posterior
part of the mantle, is broken away by some yet unexplained process,
and consequently no chambers nor any solid apex of the shell remains.

64

The retention of the deserted chambers and the interception of
certain spaces of the shell by calcareous septa, though not unknown
in the gastropodous univalves, is more common in bivalves.

An oyster kept without food will frequently expend its last ener-
gies in secreting a new nacreous layer, at a distance from the old
internal surface of the concave valve, corresponding to the diminu-
tion of bulk which it has experienced during its fast, and thus adapt
its inflexible outward case to its shrunken body.

In the calcareous tube exuded from the elongated mantle of the
Septarie, Lam., the closed extremity of the tube is divided into
chambers by a succession of layers at a distance of half an inch
from each other, having a regular concavity towards the open ex-
tremity of the shell. ‘These concave septa are composed entirely of
the nacreous constituent of the shell; in one example which I have
examined, they were six in number; they are thin, smooth, and
closely resemble the partitions in the Nautilus and Spirula save in
the absence of the siphonic perforation,

Among Bivalves the Ostree not unfrequently present shallow and
irregular chambers in the substance of the shell: the Htherie again
have vesicular cavities interposed between the testaceous lamine ; but
the most constant and remarkable example of the camerated struc-
ture of the shell is presented by a large Spondylus or Water-clam, so
called from the fluid which (until lost by slow evaporation) occupies
the chambers, and which is visible in the last-formed chamber
through the thin semitransparent exposed septum.

In order to examine this camerated structure, and more especially
to see how it was modified by the presence and progressive change
of place of the adductor muscle, I had a fine specimen sawn through
vertically and lengthwise. In the specimen now on the table, which
measures eight inches in length, the substance of the concave valve,
which is two inches one-third in thickness, at the thickest part in-
cludes fourteen chambers, separated from each other by very regu-
larly formed and stout partitions, composed, as in other chambered
shells, of the nacreous portion or constituent of the shell. The septa
are slightly undulating in their course, but present a general con-
cavity towards the outlet of the shell. Not any of these parti-
tions are, however, continued freely acrcss the shell, but each be-
comes continuous at the muscular impression, which is near the
middle of the shell with the contiguous septa. In general, also,
the septa commence singly from the cardinal or upper wall of the
valve, and divide into two when about one-fourth of the way towards
the opposite or lower wall; the thickness of the undivided part of
the septum being equal to, or greater than that of the two divisions
or layers into which it splits.

We can readily understand why the septa must necessarily become
united together at the point of insertion of the adductor. The muscle
never quits its attachment to the valves; while the lobe of the mantle,
except in its circumference, and where it is attached to the adductor
muscle, must detach itself from the surface of the valve which is about
to be partitioned off, when it secretes upon the interposed fluid the new

65

septum or basis of support. It is obvious, therefore, from the condi-
tions under which the partitions are successively secreted, that they
must adhere not only to the circumference of the valve, but to the pre-
ceding and succeeding septum at the part occupied by the adductor
muscle, and for an extent corresponding to its circumference. ‘The
progressive change in,the position of this muscle by the absorption
of the posterior fibres, and the addition of others anteriorly, changes
in a corresponding degree the relative position of these subcentral
confluent parts of the septa, and a beautiful undulated disposition of
the whole chambered part results. If the adductor muscle were a
tube instead of a solid mass, the central confluent part of the septa
would of course be perforated, and a siphon would result, the calca-
reous walls of which, from the proximity of the chambers, would no
doubt be continuous, as in many fossil Polythalamous shells.

A disposition to form chambers is manifested, but in a much less
degree, in the smaller flattened or superior valve of the Water Spon-
dylus. Inthe specimen here described there are three chambers,
with narrower intervals, and much thicker partitions than in the
lower valve. These partitions are confluent opposite the muscular
impression, as in the lower valve, and each partition expands from
this attachment in an infundibular manner, which reminds one of
the emboitement of the calcareous parts of the siphon in the Spirula.

The secreting power of the lower lobe of the mantle in the Spon-
dylus is greater than in the upper; and the layers of nacre which
are successively deposited on the cardinal margin push forward in a
corresponding degree the upper valve, leaving a heel or umbo be-
hind the hinge of the lower valve, which, from the inactivity of the
secreting surface of the upper lobe of the mantle, is not opposed by
a corresponding wmbo in the upper valve.

The laminz, which are deposited in a continuous series of super-
imposed layers at the hinge of the lower valve, are not continued ina
like state of superposition throughout ; they soon separate from each
other, and do not again unite except at the space corresponding to
the adductor muscle, and at the circumference of the valve.

The interspaces of these successive layers of the growing Spon-
dylus cannot, from the absence of a medium of intercommunication,
serve any purpose hydrostatically with reference to locomotion: it
is a singular fact, indeed, that the Spondylus, in which the chambered
structure is constant, and the Ostree, and other bivalves, in which it
is occasional, are cemented to extraneous bodies by the outer surface
of the shell, generally by the concave valve. So that the septa must
be regarded as mere dermal eruvie stillleft adhering to the animal,
to which, as a motionless bivalve, they are no incumbrance. It is
highly probable that all the chambers are originally filled with fluid,
as more or less is found in the outer ones of the specimens brought
to this country.

In the Testaceous Cephalopods a new structure is added, viz., the
siphon, whereby the exuvial layers of the old shell and the deserted
chambers are converted into a hydrostatic instrument, subservient to
the locomotion of the animal. The operation of the siphon and

66

chambers has been ably explained by Dr. Buckland in the Nautilus,
where the calcareous inflexible tube protecting the membranous si-
phon is not continuous. The working of the siphon is, however, less
intelligible in those species in which the outer calcareous tube is con-
tinued from chamber to chamber, as in the Spirule, Orthoceratites,
&c., and it is with respect to camerated shells of this kind that I
would ask how far the reasoning suggested by the chambers in the
water Spondylus may be applicable in their case ; and whether a
final intention can be clearly traced beyond the diminution of specific
gravity occasioned by a large proportion of the shell being converted
into receptacles of gas; if indeed we have sufficient evidence to as-
sume that they do not contain a denser fluid, like the Spondylus.

Mr. Owen placed upon the table, as illustrative of his observations,
sections of both valves of a large specimen of the Water-clam, and
also stated that Dr. Bostock had kindly undertaken to submit the
fluid contained in the chambers of the shell to a chemical analysis.

Dr. Bostock being present laid before the Meeting the following
remarks upon the fluid in question.

Mr. Owen having put into my hands, for examination, a fluid
which was obtained from the cavities in the valves of the Spondylus
varius, I obtained from it the following results.

It was turbid, had an acid saline taste, and a rank disagreeable
odour. After standing for twenty-four hours, it deposited a whitish
curdy sediment, and became clear and transparent. The clear fluid,
amounting to 54™., was poured from the sediment, and was subjected
to various tests. It was neither acid nor alkaline ; it produced avery
copious precipitate with the nitrate of silver, indicating the pre-
sence of a large proportion of muriatic acid; the muriate of barytes
indicated a slight trace of sulphuric acid, while the appropriate tests
of lime, magnesia, and iodine produced no effect. A portion of the
fluid was evaporated by a gentle heat, when a quantity of crystals
of the muriate of soda was obtained, amounting in weight to very
nearly twenty per cent of the fluid. After the removal of the crystals,
a little brown matter was left in the capsule, but in too minute a
quantity to enable me to ascertain its nature and properties, except
that it was not soluble in alcohol; we may, however, presume that
it gave the fluid its peculiar flavour and odour.

It appears therefore that the fluid in question consisted almost en-
tirely of a solution of pure muriate of soda, differing therefore, in its
chemical constitution, from sea-water.

The sediment mentioned above I returned to Mr. Owen; it ap-
peared to consist of small globular or rather pyriform bodies, pro-
bably of an organic origin.

67

June 27th, 1837.
Fila

Thomas Bell, Esq., in the Chair.
Jom dr. 1838,

A Letter was read addressed to Mr. Gould, from Mr. Thomas Allis
of York, in which the writer remarks that the sclerotic ring of the
great Podargus does not present the slightest appearance of distinct
plates, being simply a bony ring ; the first instance in which Mr. Allis
had observed this peculiarity.

(Su 035.1963

busy]

A Letter was also read from His Excellency Hamilton Hamilton,
Esq., Her Majesty’s Minister at Rio, announcing the present of a
Chilian Eagle for the Society’s Gardens.

Mr. Gray exhibited a specimen of a Paradorurus which had been |
presented to the Museum of the Society by the President, the Earl
of Derby, and for which he proposed the specific name of Derbianus.
|
:
j

Parapoxurus Dersianus. Parad. pallidé fuscescenti-albus,ros-
tri lateribus, strigd superciliari, notd in medio fronte et in utroque
latere capitis super aures nigris, necnon strigd ad utrumque
latus colli in humeros obductd, vittis tribus, quatuor, vel quin-
que transversis in dorso (ad latera angustioribus), annuloque
ad basin caude, cum hujus dimidio postico. Artubus cineres-
centi-fuscis.

Hab. in Peninsula Malayana.

Mr. Gray also brought before the notice of the Meeting some
Mammalia, which he had lately purchased for the British Museum
from a collection made by the late Colonel Cobb in India, among
which was an adult specimen of the Once of Buffon (Hist. Nat.), on
which Schreber formed his Felis uncia, which has been regarded by
Cuvier, Temminck, and most succeeding authors as a leopard, but
which is a distinct species, easily known by the thickness of its
fur, the paleness of its colour, the irregular form of the spots, and
especially by the great length and thickness of the tail. Mr. Gray
observed that a more detailed description of this animal was unne-
cessary, as it agreed inall particulars with the young specimen de-
scribed by Buffon.

Two new species of Sciuroptera, which agree with the Ame-
rican species in colour, but differed from one another in the size,
make, and form of the soles of the feet, were described as follows :—

ScruRoPTERA FIMBRIATA. Sciur. vellere longo molli cine-
rescente, nigro variegato ; pilis superné plumbeis, complanatis,
pallide fuscis, ad apicem nigris ; facie albidd, regione circum-
oculari nigrd, mystacibus lonyissimis, nigris ; mento corporeque

No. LIV. and LV.—Procgrepincs or THE Zootogicat Society.

68

subtus albis, caudé latd, paululium decrescente, fulvd, pilis ba-
salibus ad apicem nigris. Pedibus anticis latis, pollice minuto ;
pedibus posticis penicillé lata ad marginem externum indutis ;
plantis tuberculo oblongo parvo ad medium marginis externi,
tuberculo antico, et tuberculis duobus inequalibus interné ad par-
tem posticam.

Hab. in India.

SciuroprErA TurNBULLI. Sciur. vellere brevi, molli, nigres-
cente, pilis annulum albidum subterminalem exhibentibus ; buccis,
mento, corporeque subtus albis ; regione circum-oculari, et mysta-
cibus nigris ; cauddé angustd, decrescente, nigrescenti-fuscd, sub-
tus pallidiore; pedibus anticis parvulis, pollicibus minutis; pe-
dibus posticis externé vix fimbriatis, plantis angustis sine tuber-
culis centrulibus ad marginem externum, tuberculo attamen an-
teriori, necnon duobus inequalibus posticis ad marginem in-
ternum.

Long. 114 unc.; caude, 8 unc.

Hab. in India.

A new species of Foz, nearly allied to Vulpes Bengalensis, but evi-
dently larger, Mr. Gray designated as Vulpes xanthura. In describing
this species, he remarked, that it had a large gland, covered with
rigid brown hair, on the upper part of the base of its tail, very di-
stinctly marked ; and that on looking at the tail of the several other
species of this genus;.as V. Bengalensis, V. vulgaris, V. fulva, and
some others, a similar gland was easily recognisable, though it ap-
peared to have been hitherto overlooked.

Mr. Ogilby afterwards characterised a new species of Gibbon (Hy-
lobates), which had been presented to the Society many years ago,
by the late General Hardwicke, and hitherto considered as the female
of the Hoolock. A specimen of the latter species had been presented
to the Society at the same time, and from the same locality; but
their specific identity was sufficiently disproved, not only by the fact
of both specimens being of the same sex, and from our being perfectly
acquainted with both sexes of the Hoolock, but likewise by the marked
difference of colour and external structure exhibited by the two ani-
mals, The greater height of the forehead and prominence of the nose
in the new species were pointed out as alone sufficient to distinguish
it from all the other Gibbons ; whilst its ashy-brown colour and large
black whiskers rendered it almost impossible to confound it with
the Hoolock, which has fur of a shining black, and a pure white
band across the forehead. Mr. Ogilby observed, that we have had
two distinct instances of real Apes from the continental parts of India;
and referred to various passages of Pliny, in which the Roman natu-
ralist professed to describe different races of human beings from the
remote provinces of India, whom he relates to have teeth like dogs,
to live among trees, and to converse by frightful screams. These
distorted accounts Mr. Ogilby conceives to have been founded upon

69

the vague tales brought back by the few Greek and Roman travellers
who at that time penetrated beyond the Ganges, and proposed
therefore to call the new Gibbon by the name of Hylobates Choro-
mandus, the name of one of the supposed tribes of men described by
Pliny. The same gentleman afterwards exhibited and described the
skin of anew species of Colobus, or four-fingered monkey from Africa;
for which he proposed the specific name of Colobus leucomeros, on
account of the white colour of the thighs, the rest of the animal being
a deep shining black.

Dr. Smith exhibited some small Quadrupeds, forming part of the
collection obtained during his recent expedition into South Africa.
They consisted of some new or rare species belonging to the genera
Macroscelides, Chrysochloris, Pteromys, and Otomys. Dr. Smith en-
tered into some interesting details respecting their habits, which will
be published in his forthcoming work on African Zoology.

70

July 11th, 1837.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read from Mr. Hugh Cuming, Corresponding Mem-
ber, dated Manilla, December 24th, 1836, addressed to the late Se-
cretary, E. T. Bennett, Esq.

Mr. Cuming states in this letter that he is actively engaged in
his favourite pursuit, that of collecting objects in various deport-
ments of natural history, and he speaks very highly of the assistance
afforded him by the public authorities at Manilla in prosecuting his
researches. ‘This letter was accompanied by a large box of skins of
birds and quadrupeds, part of which were a donation to the Society.

A letter was read from Keith Edward Abbott, Esq., Correspond-
ing Member, dated Erzeroum, May 12, 1837, stating that he had
dispatched a box of bird-skins for the Society.

Mr. Martin then laid before the meeting the following observa-
tions on the Proboscis Monkey, or ‘ Guenon a long nez.’ (Simia Na-
salis.)

The genus Nasalis, of which the ‘‘ Guenon 4 long nez” of Buffon,
(suppl. vii.,) or Proboscis Monkey of Shaw is the type, was founded
by Geoffroy St. Hilaire in his ‘ Tableau des Quadrumanes,’ published
in the ‘ Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle’ for 1812. In this
outline of the Simiade, the genera Semnopithecus and Cercopithecus
are blended together under the latter title; but from this group are
excluded two monkeys, the Douc, constituting the type of the genus
Pygathriz (Lasiopyga, Ml.) and the ‘‘ guenon 4 long nez”. With
respect to the genus Pygathrix or Lasiopyga, founded upon the al-
leged want of callosities, most naturalists I believe, (aware of the
error committed both by Geoffroy and Illiger, in describing from an
imperfect skin,) have regarded it as merging into the genus Semno-
pithecus, at least provisionally, until the internal anatomy of its as-
sumed representative be known.

The characters of the genus Nasalis, formed for the reception of
the ‘‘ Guenon a tong nez,” (Simia Nasica, Schreb. Cercopithecus lar-
vatus, Wurmb,) are laid down as follows :

“‘ Muzzle short, forehead projecting, but little elevated ; facial an-
gle 50°; nose prominent, and extremely elongated; ears small and
round ; body stout; cheek-pouches, anterior hands, with four long
fingers, and a short thumb, ending where the index finger begins ;
posterior hands very large, with fingers stout, especially the thumb ;
callosities large ; tail longer than the body.”

At a subsequent period, however, in his ‘ Cours de l’Histoire Na-
turelle,’ published 1828, Geoffroy, adopting the genus Semnopithecus,
established by Fred. Cuvier, places the ‘‘ Guenon a long nez,” within

71

its limits, doubtfully it is true, and with the acknowledgment that
his genus Nasalis has not been generally adopted, but at the same
time with a bias in its favour; for observing that the manners of these
monkeys are those of the Semnopitheci, he adds,—‘* Cependant, il
ne nous parait encore démontré que le singe nasique soit une véri-
table semnopitheque, et il est fort possible que lorsque l’espece sera
moins imparfaitement connue, on soit obligé de rétablir le genre
Nasalis, dans lequel on V’isolait autrefois, mais que n’est pas été ad-
mis par la plupart des auteurs modernes.”

Setting aside the singular conformation of the nose, so remarkable
in the Simia Nasalis, its external characters are not different from
those of the Semnopitheci in general, and it is to be observed that
in a second species, lately added by Mr. Vigors and Dr. Horsfield,
under the title of Nasalis recurvus, the proportions of this part of
the face are much diminished, and its form also modified. This
species (which though doubted by some as being distinct, is, we be-
lieve, truly so) takes an intermediate station between the Simia
Nasalis, and the ordinary Semnopitheci with flat noses, thereby
showing that the transition in this particular character is not abrupt;
even were it so, an isolated point of this nature does not form a
philosophical basis upon which to ground a generic distinction.

So far I have alluded to external characters only; it remains for
me to give some account of the anatomical characters of this singular
monkey, of which, as far as I can learn, modern naturalists do not
appear to be aware.

It would seem that M. Otto*, who described the sacculated form
of the stomach in one of the monkeys of the genus Semnopithecus,
is not the first observer of this peculiarity, for I find that Wurmb,
in the Memoirs of the Society of Batavia, notices this point in the
anatomy of an individual of the Simia Nasalis. After giving some
interesting details respecting the habits and manners of the species,
he proceeds as follows :—‘‘The brain resembles that of man; the
lungs are of a snow-white colour; the heart is covered with fat, and
this is the only part in which fat is found. The stomach is extraor-
dinarily large, and of an irregular form; and there is beneath the
skin a sac which extends from the lower jaw to the clavicles.” Aude-
bert (with whose work ‘ Histoire des Singes,’ Geoffroy St. Hilaire
was well acquainted,) refers to this account of Wurmb ; yet Geoffroy
does not, as far as I can find, advert to these points, unless indeed
his statement of the presence of cheek-pouches be founded on the ob-
servation of a sac extending from the lower jaw to the clavicles ;
and if so, he has made a singular mistake, for the sac in question is
laryngeal, and the words as they stand cannot be supposed to mean
any thing else; I knowof no monkey whose cheek-pouches extend be-
neath the skin to the clavicles; but the laryngeal sacs in the Orang
and Gibbons, and alsoin the Semnopitheci themselves are remarkable
for development. It is evident, however, from the silence of M.
Geoffroy St. Hilaire respecting the laryngeal sacculus in the Proboscis

* See his paper in the “ Nova Acta Academie Czxsarez,” vol. xii.

72

Monkey that he was not aware of the real character of the structure
to which Wurmb had alluded. With respect to the structure of
the stomach, neither Wurmb nor M. Otto drew any general infer-
ences from it; they described it as it presented itself in single species,
and regarded it in an isolated point of view; it is, if I mistake not,
to Mr. Owen that we owe its reception as an anatomical character,
extant throughout the Semnopitheci. (See his paper on the subject,
in the Proceedings for 1833, and in the Transactions of the Zoolo-
gical Society.)

This is perhaps scarcely the place in which to introduce any spe-
culations, but I cannot help observing that the same structure may
be expected in the genus Colodus, which in form is a mere repetition
of the genus Semnopithecus, except that the thumb of the forehands,
which in the latter begins to assume a rudimentary character, is in
the former reduced to its lowest stage of development. In both
genera the teeth precisely agree, and present early that worn surface
which is the consequence of a continued grinding rodent-like action,
upon the leaves and herbaceous matter which constitute the chief
diet of the animals.

The statement of Wurmb respecting the stomach and laryngeal ap-
paratus of the Proboscis Monkey I have lately been enabled to con-
firm.

Among the specimens in store brought within the last few months
from the Gardens to the Museum occurred an example of the Pro-
boscis Monkey, in brine, but in a state of decomposition which in-
duced me to lose no time in making such an examination as its con-
dition would admit, being indeed extremely anxious to ascertain
the relationship of this curicus monkey to the other groups of
Indian Simiade, groups to which I have been lately directing my
attention.

The specimen in question was afemale, measuring from the verter
to the ischiatic callosities one foot nine inches.

The body was meagre and slender, and the limbs long and slim ;
the contour of the animal being very unlike that displayed in the
mounted specimen in the Museum of the Society, which gives the
idea of great robustness.

The abdominal cavity had at some former period been opened
and tbe liver removed, in doing which the stomach had been cut,
but not so much as to spoil it entirely. In every essential point
this viscus is the same as in all the Semnopitheci hitherto examined.
It consists of a large cardiac pouch with a strong muscular band,
running as it were around it so as to divide it into two compart-
ments, an upper and lower, slightly corrugated into sacculi ; the car-
diac apex of the upper pouch projects asa distinct sacculus of an oval
form, and is not bifid... From this. upper pouch runs a long and
gradually narrowing pyloric portion, corrugated into sacculi by means
of three muscular bands, of which. one is continued from the band
dividing the cardiac pouch into two compartments. The elongated
pyloric portion sweeps around the lower cardiac pouch.

The esophagus enters the first compartment about four inches

73

from its terminal apex, giving off a radiation of longitudinal muscular

fibres over the central portion of the first compartment. The second
or lower compartment is the largest and deepest, and is embraced by
longitudinal muscular fibres from the cesophagus to the division-band,
but unlike the same compartment in the stomach of the Semnopithecus
Entellus, it is very slightly sacculated ; indeed it can scarcely be said
to be so at all. The admeasurements are as follow:

feet. inches.
1st compartment, round the greater curve...... hha
2nd compartment, measured in the same manner 1 84
From the entrance of the cesophagus, round the

2nd compartment to the division-band ...... yey
The same measurement, round the lst compart-

“ET ELD 3m tpg lp ae ae Sead! Barkypip alae Se han 0 8st
Length of pyloric portion ............ ih 6 a:
G@incumiterence At, UABE 6 t.. cin nye one sua cs iene 4 = 0 94
Circumference just above pyloric orifice........ QO 5%
Length of small intestines ..........---.+--- 18 0
Length of large intestines .............----- 6 2

The average diameter of the small intestines, lying flat, was ? of
an inch; the ileum, however, was rather more, but not quite an
inch.

The cecum is of a pyramidal figure, 5 inches in length, pointed,
and somewhat sacculated by three slight muscular bands. Circum-
ference at the base, 54 inches.

The large intestines are puckered into sacculi by two longitudinal
bands; they commence large, becoming gradually smaller, the
bands in the meantime gradually disappearing. Advancing towards
the rectum the intestine again enlarges, and here, to the extent of
24 feet from the anus, all trace of bands is lost.

The circumference of the large intestines at their commencement
is 34 inches.

The lungs consisted of two lobes on each side, the fissure dividing
the lobes on the right side being the most complete.

The laryngeal sac was of enormous size, and single. It extended
over the whole of the throat, and advanced below the clavicles, com-
municating by means of a single but large opening with the larynx.
This opening is on the left side, between the larynx and the os hyoides,
and is capable of being closed by means of a muscle arising from the
anterior apex of the os hyoides, and running down the central aspect
of the trachea to the sternum. The contraction of this muscle draws
the os hyoides down, so as to press upon the edge of the thyroid
cartilage.

There were no cheek-pouches nor any traces of them.

The teeth were much worn, but the fifth tubercle of the last
molar tooth of the lower jaw was very distinct.

Mr. Gould afterwards called the attention of the Meeting to the
common British Wagtail, and stated his firm conviction of its being

74

distinct from the Motacilla alba of Linneus. He proposed for it the

name of M. Yarrellii, and observed, that it might be easily distin-
ished from the continental one, with which it had hitherto been

confounded, by an attention to the following characters.

The pied wagtail of England (M. Yarrellii) is somewhat more ro-
bust in form, and in its full summer dress has the whole of the head,
chest, and back of a full, deep, jet black; while in M. alba, at the
same period, the throat and head alone are of this colour, the back
and the rest of the upper surface being of a light ash-grey. In winter
the two species more nearly assimilate in their colouring; and this
circumstance has doubtless been the cause of their being hitherto
considered identical; the black back of M. Yarrellii being grey at
this season, although never so light as in M. alba. An additional
evidence of their being distinct (but which has doubtless contributed
to the confusion), is, that the female of M. Yarrellit never has the
back black, as in the male; this part, even in summer, being dark
grey; in which respect it closely resembles the other species.

75

July 25th, 1837.
E. S. Hardisty, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Waterhouse directed the attention of the Meeting to several
small Quadrupeds which he considered undescribed, and which he
proceeded to characterize as follows :

PuascoGaLe FuAvipes. Phase. fuscescenti.flava, pilis nigris in-
termixtis ; corpore subtus pedibusque flavis; guld albidd ; caudd,
corpus quoad longitudinem excellente, nigrescenti, subtus flavd,
pilis minutis et adpressis vestita.

unc. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostriad caude basin.... 4 8
Cena i eakieeh Dalal aR BR fag PANE
—. ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 1 0O
tuner digttorwngue hs cis egen, Oy Oe
UTES nt. Nevo ed oa SHAS A 0 6

Hab. North of Hunter’s River, New South Wales.

The fur of this animal is moderately long, not very soft, and con-
sists of hairs of two lengths. On the back the shorter hairs are of a
palish ochre colour at the apex, and the longer hairs are black: on
the sides of the body and limbs the ochreous hue prevails, the black
hairs being less numerous: the under parts of the body are of a yel-
low colour, inclining to white on the throat and mesial line of the
belly ; all the hairs are of a deep gray at the base both on the under
and upper parts of the body. The general hue of the head is gray,
a tint produced by the mixture of black and white hairs; the eyelids
are black: the hairs immediately above and below the eye are of a
yellow-white colour, as are also those of the upper lip and lower
part of the cheeks. The moustaches are moderately long; the hairs
are black at the base and grayish at the apex. The ears are of mo-
derate size, and have the hinder portion emarginated ; they are fur-
nished externally with minute hairs, those on the inner side being
chiefly of a yellow colour. The feet are of an uniform deep ochre
colour. The tail is about equal in length to the body and half the
head, and is furnished with small and closely adpressed hairs, between
which rings of scales are visible ; on the apical portion of the tail the
hairs are longer, slightly exceeding one eighth of an inch in length ;
the hairs on the under side of the tail are of a deep buff colour, and
those of the upper side are black and yellow, excepting at the apex,
where all the hairs are black.

The teeth in this species agree in number with those of Phascogale
penicillata, and in fact scarcely differ in any respect, making allow-
ance for the difference in the size of the animals. The two front in-
cisors of both upper and lower jaws are perhaps smaller in propor-
tion, and the third false molar in the lower jaw is decidedly smaller
in proportion, being scarcely visible unless the gum be removed.

76

The last molar of the upper jaw is of the same narrow form, and placed
obliquely as in P. penicillata.

Not having a skull of P. penicillata, I am guided in my observations
by M. Temminck’s figure in the ‘ Monographies de Mammalogie.’ *
Upon comparing the skulls of P. flavipes with the same figure, the
resemblance is great; in the smaller animal, however, the skull is
somewhat narrower in proportion (especially the fore part) ; the na-
sal bones are not so broad at their base.

Puascocate MurinA. Phase. cinerea levitér flavo lavata; cor-
pore subtus pedibusque albis; cauddé, corpus quoad longitudi-
nem excellente, pilis albis valdé minutis et adpressis vestita.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostriad caude basin.... 3 O
Geis RI peta Re Ranh tea MA Tea Qed

ab apice rostri ad basin auris..... 0 83

tarsi digitorumque.............. 0 7%

PTR 2s can iets i Sian O 4}

Hab. North of Hunter’s River, New South Wales.

This species may be readily distinguished from the former by its
much smaller size, being in fact rather less than the common mouse
(Mus musculus), or less than half the bulk of P. flavipes. The fur is
rather short and soft; its general hue is gray with a faint yellowish
tint, the longer hairs on the upper parts of the body being gray at
the apex, and the shorter hairs tipped with pale yellow or cream
colour ; the feet and under parts are white, as are likewise the sides
of the face beneath the eye. All the hairs of the body are of a deep
slate colour at the base. The tail is covered with very minute closely
adpressed silvery white hairs. The dentition is evidently that of an
adult animal: the canines and anterior incisors of both upper and
lower jaws appear to be smaller in proportion than in P. flavipes.

Mus Hay. Mus auribus majusculis, rostro obtuso, tarsis elon-
gatis, caudé corpus cum capite quoad longitudinem excelente ;
corpore supra fusco ; lateribus flavis ; pedibus corporeque subtus
albis; pectore notd flavescente notato.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 3 8
CRIED EYE FOL Bh NS ASE BES BAe te 3 10

ab apice rostri ad basin auris ..... 0 112
tarsi digttorumque:............. O11

WPIR NOMA BEM BOGE FP SUIS Tey 0 62

Hab. Morocco.

* In M. Temminck’s figure the three lateral incisors of the upper jaw are
represented as being close to the anterior pair. There is, however, a space

between the anterior incisors and the lateral, both in P. penicillata and in
the two species here described.

77

This species, which is rather larger than Mus musculus, was pre-
sented to the Zoological Society by E. W. A. Drummond Hay, Esq.,
Corr. Mem., after whom I have taken the liberty of naming it.

Mus Autent. Mus auribus parvulis, eaudd corpore eum capite,
longiore, corpore supra nigrescenti-fusco, subtus cinereo ; pedibus

obscuris.
une. lin
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 1 93
COGMart). bo. 6:1. AO ee OBE Cease 1 11
ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... O 7
tarsi digitorumque............+. QO 74
IAS KEENE TSR TR ITO RIED EAORNS

Hab. Fernando Po.

This species is less than the harvest mouse (Mus messorius), and
of a deeper colour than the common mouse (Mus musculus), being
in fact almost black. The ears are smaller in proportion, and more
distinctly clothed with hairs. The tail is very sparingly furnished
with minute hairs. The tarsi are covered with blackish hairs above;
the toes are dirty white.

I have named the species after Lieut. W. Allen, R.N., Corr. Mem.
by whom it was discovered and presented to the Zoological Society.

Mus Arzorrir. Mus auribus mediocribus, caudé corpore cum
capite longiore : corpore supra intense fusco, subtus canescente ;
pedibus obscuris.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 1 6
Mea atthe ate ld alan He's ehechels ae |

ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 0 62

tarsi digitorumque.............. 0 7

ABIES Eb tee al ais Saiasetdtee sist «ies oi 0 4

Hab. Trebizond.

This species is less than the harvest mouse (Mus messorius), and
of a deeper colour than the Mus musculus, in which respects it agrees
with Mus Alleni; from this, however, it may be distinguished by the
tail being longer in proportion, the ears larger, and the tarsi more
slender. It was presented to the Zoological Society by Keith E.
Abbott, Esq., Corr. Mem., after whom it has been named.

Mr. Gould then continued the exhibition of Mr. Darwin’s Birds,
a series of which were upon the table. One only among them was
considered new, a species belonging to the genus Pyrgita from the
island of St. Iago. Mr. Gould characterized it under the name of

Pyrerra Iacornsts. Pyr. summo capite, et maculé parvé gulari
intense nigrescenti-fuscis, strigad superciliari, collo, humeris dor-
sogue intense castaneis, hujus plumis strigd fusca centrali nota-
tis; alis cauddque brunneis, tectricibus alarum minoribus albis,

78

qui color fasciam transversam efficit ; lined angusté a nare ad
oculum ; genis corporeque subtus albis, hoc colore in cinereum ad
latera transeunte ; rostro, pedibusque fuscis.

Long. tot.,5 unc.; caud., 24; ale, 24; rost. 4; tarsi, 3.

Hab. St. Iago.

Obs. This is in every respect a typical Pyrgita, and rather smaller
than the common species, P. domestica. ;

Mr. Gould then called the attention of the Members to some spe-
cimens of M. alba and M. Yarrellii, which presented in a very de-
cided manner the distinctions referred to by him at the last Meeting.

He afterwards characterized a new species of that genus under the
name of

Moracrita tEvcopsis. Mot. facie, vertice, plumis auricularibus,
guld, abdomine, crisso, rectricibus caude duabus externis albis :
primariis, tertialibus, tectricibus majoribus minoribusque alarum
albis ; notd pectorali semilunari, occipite, collo, dorso, humeris,
uropygio, rectricibusque octo caude intermediis nigris, primariis
ad apicem et intern nigrescenti-fuscis ; rostro pedibusque nigro-
Sfuscis.

Long. tot., 7 unc.; ale, 32; caud., 32; rost.,2; tars., 1.

Hab. India.

79

August 8th, 1837.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read from J. B. Harvey, Esq., of Teignmouth, Devon-
shire, Corresponding Member, addressed to W. Yarrell, Esq., accom-
panying a donation to the Society of some very beautifully preserved
specimens of Radiata and Fish.

Mr. Gould then called the attention of the Meeting to the con-
eluding part of his work on the Birds of Europe, which he laid on
the table as a donation to the Library ; and he expressed the grati-
fication which he felt at having brought to a successful termination
a publication upon which he had been engaged with almost unre-
mitting attention for more than five years.

The Chairman, in returning the thanks of the Meeting to Mr.
Gould for his donation, spoke of the advantages accruing to the
Society from being connected with a naturalist whose works on Or-
nithology were justly held in the highest estimation both here and
on the Continent.

Mr. Gould then characterised the following birds from the So-
ciety’s collection as new species :

Corvus nosiLis. Corv. corpore toto nitidé nigro, non sine ful-
gore purpureo ac viridi precipue ad alas ac scapulas, necnon
ad gulam pectusque ubi plume sunt elongate et lanceolate ;
caudd lata et gradatd ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 25 une. ; rostri, 31; ale, 18 ; caude, 11 ; tarsi, 3.

Hab. Mexico.

Obs. This beautiful species is a true raven, and may be distin-
guished from the European, and from that inhabiting the United
States of America, by the more metallic lustre of its plumage, by its
more lengthened and slender bill, the greater length of its primaries,
and the more cuneate form of its tail.

Ortyx GuTTatTa. Ort. capite cristato ; summo capite nigres-.
centi-brunneo ; fronte et lined supra-oculari usque ad occiput ten-
dente pallidé brunneis, singulis plumis ad apicem pallidioribus ;
gutture nigro in longum lineis albis exiguis striato. Plumis
auricularibus, lined utriusque colli lateris ad nucham coales-
cente, castaneo-brunneis ; dorso rufo-brunneo, plumis singulis
lineis obscuris subfuscis delicate fasciatis, strigd centrali albes-
centi-cervind interpositd. Scapularibus aleque tectricibus ma-
Jjoribus magis brunneis, notis conspicuis nigerrimis, transversim
et irregularitér striatis, interspatiis guttulis undulatis repletis:
plumis scapularibus, tectricibusque majoribus ct minoribus notam-

No, LVI & LVII.—Procegpines or rH Zoonogicat Sociery.

80

triangularem cervinum ad apicem ostendentibus ; uropygio pal-
lidé luteo obscuré nigro guttato ; caudd fuscescenti-nigrd notis
Sfasciisque rufescenti-cervinis irregulariter ornatd ; pectore abdo-
mineque intense fuscis, héc colore in rufum ad latera transeunte ;
singulis plumis ad apicem notam albam triangularem plis mi-
nusve nigro cinctam exhibentibus ; rostro nigro; pedibus ni-
grescenti-brunneis.
Long. tot., 10 unc.; rostri, $; ale, 5%; caude, 3 ; tarsi, 13.

Obs. This is one of the largest species of the genus, and is from
the Bay of Honduras. Presented to the Museum of the Society by
Captain Barlow.

THAMNOPHILUS FULIGINOSUS. Thamn. Mas. Capite, cristd,
genis, gutture et pectore nigerrimis. Dorso, alis, corpore subtus,
cauddque cinerescenti-fuliginosis, hujus pogoniis internis lineis
angustis transversis albis fasciatis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Foem. Summo capite, dorso alisque castaneo-fuseis ; loro, lined su-
per oculos, plumis auricularibus, colli lateribus, gutture, corpore
subtus et cauda intensé cineraceo-ceruleis ; plumis singulis lineis
cinerescenti-albis fasciatis ; pogoniis internis rectricum albis li-
neis fasciatis ; rostro pedibusque nigro-brunneis.

Long. tot., 74 unc.; rostri, 14; ale, 3}; caude, 3; tarsi, 1}.

Hab. Demerara.

Obs. This species is distinguished from the other members of the
genus by its robust and powerful frame. The female is of the same
size as the male, or a trifle larger in all its proportions.

Mr. Gould from his own Collection presented to the Society, and
characterised a fourth species of his genus Dendrocitta, under the
name of

DenprocitTa ruFicaster. Dend. facie, summo capite plumis
auricularibus, gutture, pectoreque brunneis, héc colore gradatim in
rufo-brunneum transeunte apud abdominem ; lateribus crissoque
nitidé castaneis ; occipite et nuchd cinerescenti-albis ; dorso rufo-
brunneo ; uropygio tectricibusque caude superioribus cineres-
centibus ; rectricibus caude duabus intermediis nigrescenti-gri-
seis, ad apicem nigris, utrisque proximis nigris, ad basin ni-
grescenti-griseis ; rectricibus ceteris nigris ; alis nigerrimis, pri-
mariis omnibus ad basin (externis exceptis) albis, qui color notam
conspicuam in alis mediis efficit; femoribus grisets ; rostro nigro ;
pedibus brunneis.

Long. tot. 164 unc.; rostri, 13; ale, 75; caude, 113; tarsi, 13.

Hab. India.

Obs. This species is nearly allied to, but differs from Dendrocitta leu-
cogaster in its shorter tail, and in the less extent of the black colour-
img on the tips of the two centre tail feathers, in the chestnut brown
colouring of the under surface, and in its thickened and more robust
bill.

81

Mr. Ogilby exhibited skins of two species of his new genus Kemas,
and directed the attention of the Society to their generic and specific
characters. Mr. Ogilby observed, that the genus in question occu-
pied an intermediate station between the goats and the Oryges,
agreeing with the former in its mountain habitat and general con-
formation, and with the latter in the presence of a small naked muzzle
and four teats in the females. Of the two species exhibited, one
was a fine male specimen of the Iharal, presented by James Far-
rall, Esq., and the other a new species from the Neilgherry Hills,
known to Madras and Bombay sportsmen by the name of the Jungle
Sheep, and which Mr. Ogilby had long looked for. In form and
habit of body, as well as in the character of the horns, this animal
is intermediate to the Jharal and Ghoral; the specific name of Kemas
Hylocrius was proposed for it in allusion to its local appellation.
The body is covered with uniform short hair, obscurely annulated
like that of most species of deer, and more nearly resembling the
coat of the Ghoral than that of either the Zharal or Chamois, the
other species of which the genus is at present composed. The horns
are uniformly bent back, surrounded by numerous small rings,
rather flattened on the sides, with a small longitudinal ridge on the
inner anterior edge: the ears are of moderate length, and the tail
very short. Mr. Ogilby entered at some length into the characters
and relations of the genus Kemas; he observed that naturalists and
commentators had greatly puzzled themselves to discover the deri-
vation of the word Kemas, and the animal to which the ancient
Greeks applied that name. Among others, Col. H. Smith applies it
to the Chira, with which the ancients certainly were not acquainted :
but Mr. Ogilby observed, that the root, both of the Greek Kemas and
the modern Chamois, was manifestly traceable to the German word
Gems, which is still the name of the Chamois eastward of the Rhine,
and which the Dutch colonists have transferred to the Cape Oryz
(Oryx capensis).

82

August 22nd, 1837.
Thomas Bell, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Owen brought before the notice of the Society, through the
kindness of Mr. Edward Verreaux, the cranium of an Orang
Outang (Simia Wurmbii, Fisch.), exhibiting an intermediate or trans-
itional state of dentition, there being in the upper jaw the first or
middle incisors, and first and second molares on each side belonging
to the permanent series, and the lateral incisors, the canines, and
the first and second molares (which are replaced by the bicuspides)
belonging to the deciduous series; and in the lower jaw, both the
middle and lateral incisors, and first and second molares on each side
belonging to the permanent series, and the second left lateral de-
ciduous incisor (not yet shed), the deciduous canines, and the first
and second deciduous molares.

The permanent teeth, which were in place, corresponded in size
with those of the great Pongo of Wurmb, and prove that the Orang
differs from man in the order of succession of the permanent teeth,
having the second true molar, (or fourth if the bicuspides are reckoned
as molars), in place before the appearance of the permanent canines.’

Mr. Owen remarked, that the intermaxillary suture still remained
unobliterated in the immature cranium exhibited, and he conceived
that the ultimate obliteration might be caused by the increased vas-
cularity of the parts during the protrusion of the great laniary teeth.
In the Chimpanzee this obliteration takes place at a much earlier
period.

Although the marks of immaturity, and consequently those which
impress an anthropoid character upon the skull of the Orang, were
generally present in the head exhibited, yet, on a comparison of it
with the skull of a younger Orang in which all the deciduous teeth
were retained, an approach to the condition of the mature cranium
might be observed in the greater protrusion of the intermaxillaries,
the lengthening of the maxillary bones, a thickening and greater
prominence of the external and superior boundary of the orbit, an
enlargement and thickening of the malar bone and zygoma, in the
commencement of the development of the cranial ridges, and in the
widening and deepening of the lower jaw.

Mr. Owen then directed the attention of the Meeting to an ex-
ceedingly interesting preparation of a foetal Kangaroo, with its ac-
companying uterine membranes, upon which he proceeded to offer
some observations. He remarked, that in a paper read before the
Royal Society in 1834, he described the foetus and membranes of a
Kangaroo (Macropus major), at about the middle period of uterine
gestation, which in that animal lasts thirty-eight days. In this in-
stance the condition of the membranes, and the relation of the foetus
to the mother, were essentially such as are found to exist throughout

83

the ovo-viviparous reptiles, with the exception of there being no trace
of the existence of an allantois. Mr. Owen, in order to determine
whether an allantois was developed at a subsequent period of the
growth of the embryo, dissected very young mammary fcetuses of
different marsupial animals, as the Kangaroo, Phalangista, and Pe-
taurus; and finding in them the remains of a uwrachus and umbilical
vessels, he stated that ‘‘it would appear that an allantois and um-
bilical vessels are developed at a later period of gestation, but pro-
bably not to a greater extent than to serve as a receptacle of urine.”
(Phil. Trans., 1834, p. 342.)

The examination ofa uterine foetus of a Kangaroo kindly placed at
Mr. Owen’s disposal by Dr. Shearman, and exhibited on this occasion
to the Society, has proved the accuracy of this prevision. The chorion,
which enveloped and concealed the foetus, was a sac of considerable
capacity,exceeding probably by ten times the bulk of the foetus and
its immediate appendages, and adapted to the smaller cavity of the
uterus by being disposed in innumerable folds and wrinkles. ‘It did
not adhere at any part of its circumference to the uterus, but pre-
sented a most interesting modification not observed in the previous
dissection of the Kangaroo’s impregnated uterus, viz., that it was in
part organized by the extension of the omphalo-mesenteric vessels
upon it from the adherent umbilical sac. The foetus was further ad-
vanced than the one previously described in the Philosophical Trans-
actions. The digits on the hinder extremities were distinctly formed.
The umbilical chord extended nearly three lines from the abdo-
minal surface of the foetus; the amnios was reflected from this point,
to form the usual immediately investing tunic of the foetus; and,
beyond the point of reflection, the chord divided into a very large
superior vascular sac, organized by the omphalo-mesenteric vessels,
corresponding in all respects with the vitelline sac described and
figured in Mr. Owen’s first paper; but below the neck of this sac
there extended a second pyriform sac, about one-sixth the size
of the vitelline sac, having numerous ramifications of the umbilical
vessels, and constituting a true allantois. This sac was suspended
freely from the end of the umbilical chord: it had no connexion, at
any part of its circumference, with the chorion, and consequently
was equally free from attachment to the parietes of the uterus in
which the foetus was developed*.

* The following note has been communicated by Mr. Owen to be ap-
pended as a postscript to the above remarks. “ Having been anticipated
in the description of my preparation, so far as relates to the allantois,
by M. Coste, I here subjoin, by permission of the Committee of Publi-
cation, a statement of the circumstances which enabled that embryologist
to announce the discovery of the allantois to the Academy of Sciences.
Tn a recent work on Embryogeny, M. Coste * has stated that the Marsupiata
differ from other Mammalia in the absence of an allantois,—a statement
which appears to have arisen from a misconception of my memoir in the
Philosophical Transactions for 1834, in which, although the allantois was

* Embryogenie comparée, p. 118.

84

Mr. Charlesworth then exhibited a series of specimens of the paper
nautilus, in several of which injuries to a very considerable extent
had been repaired with new substance agreeing in every respect
with the original shell; affording the most decisive evidence that
the animal by which they were constructed possessed the same re-
parative powers as other testaceous molluscs. It would appear from
the observations of Captain Rang, who had recently repeated at
Algiers the experiments originally undertaken by Madame Jeanette
Power at Messina, that the Poulp does not fill up the breaches arti-
ficially produced in its habitation by a deposit of shelly matter, but
with a transparent diaphragm, which has neither the texture, white-
ness, or solidity of the original shell. This fact, in connection with
the specimens exhibited to the Meeting, appeared to Mr. Charles-
worth strongly to confirm the opinion entertained by Mr. Gray, De
Blainville, and others, of the parasitic character of the genus Ocythée.

Mr. Owen remarked, that he could not admit the validity of the
line of argument adopted by Mr. Charlesworth, because the dif-
ferences in the nature of the reproduced portions might depend
upon the particular part of the shell in which the perforation or
fracture had been effected, and a consequent difference in the repro-
ductive powers of the corresponding part of the mantle.

not developed in the embryo, whose dissection is there figured, (Pl. VII.
fig. 1.), yet the evidences of the ulterior development of an allantois in dif-
ferent marsupial genera, are described in the text, (p. 338, 342.) I therefore
took the opportunity of showing to Dr. Coste during his visit to England the
foetal Kangaroo with the allantois now before the Society; and Mr. Coste
having expressed some doubts respecting my determination of the two ap-
pended sacs, we together dissected the foetus, and found that the vessels ra-
mifying on the larger sac, which I had before described as the umbilical
vesicle, had the usual disposition and connections within the abdomen of
omphalo-mesenteric trunks, corresponding with the figure above-cited in the
Philosophical Transactions, and that the allantois was continued from an
urachus, such as is represented in figs. 6, 7 and 8, pl. VII., Philos. Trans.,
1834.”

September 12th, 1837.
Dr. Bostock in the Chair.

Some observations were made by Dr. Andrew Smith, Corresp.
Member, on the necessity for a revision of the groups included in
the Linnean genus Squalus.

Dr. Smith commenced with stating that in the course of his ex-
amination of the Sharks which he had obtained while at the Cape,
he found that although they could all readily be referred to the ge-
nus Sgualus, as defined by Linneus, yet there were many forms among
them which would not admit of being placed in any of the subdi-
visions proposed by Cuvier, This led him to perceive the necessity
of either altogether remodelling Cuvier’s groups, or of establishing
additional ones for the reception of the new species. After mature
consideration, he determined upon the adoption of the latter course,
finding the new forms so distinct and numerous that they could not
with propriety be included in any divisions which only ranked as
sub-genera.

Dr. Smith stated that he could not attempt to indicate the higher
groups of the family of Squalide, but he was satisfied that all the
sub-genera of Cuvier would receive such alterations and additions as
would raise them to the rank of sub-families. In the very first sub-
genus Scyllium, he had detected nine distinct minor groups, most of
which included several well-marked species. Since fixing upon names
for these groups, he had learned that several of them had been de-
scribed as genera about a month previously by Prof. Miiller and Dr.
Henle of Berlin, and he had consequently adopted their nomencla-
ture in preference to the terms under which it was his intention to
have characterized them, with only this difference, that he regarded
these divisions as sub-genera rather than genera.

Dr. Smith enumerated the sections above referred to of the genus
Scyllium as follows :

1. Scyllium, restricted, includes four species, Scyl. stellare, Linn.,
Squalus Canicula, Bioch, Scyllium capense, Smith, Scyl. bivium, id.

2. Catulus, Willoughby, (three species,) Squalus Canicula, Linn.,
Scyl. marmoratum, Bennett, Catulus Hdwardii, Smith.

3. Poroderma, Smith, (four species, all found in the Cape seas,)
Scyllium Africanum, Cuv., Poroderma pantherinum, Smith, Por. sub-
maculatum, id. Por. variegatum, id.

4. Ginglymostoma, Miiller and Henle, (one species) Squalus Gata,
Garra.

5. Chiloscyllium, Miller and Henle, (two species) Scyllium plagi-
osum, Bennett, Le Squale dentelé, Lacep.

6. Stegostoma, Miiller and Henle, (two species) Squalus fasciatus,
Bloch, Squal. maculatus, id.

No. LVII.—Procrepines or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

86

7. Hemiscyllium, Miller and Henle, (one species) Squalus ocella-
tus, Bloch.

8. Chrossorhinus, Miiller and Henle, (one species) Squalus lobatus,
described in Phillips’s Voyage to Botany Bay.

9. Pristiurus, Bonaparte, (one species) Scyllium melanostomum,
Bonap.

Some drawings were exhibited by Dr. Smith, of the forms pre-
sented by the teeth of the species composing several of the above
sections, and he remarked that on a future evening it was his in-
tention to lay before the Society some further observations upon
other groups of the cartilaginous fishes.

Professor Miiller of Berlin being present confirmed the views en-
tertained by Dr. Smith as to the number of divisions which might
properly be made of the family Scyllium, several of which he had
already published, as mentioned by Dr. Smith. As to the rank which
these groups should hold in a systematic arrangement, he considered
this a point upon which we are hardly in possession of sufficient evi-
dence to justify a decided opinion.

September 26th, 1837.
Richard Owen, Esq. in the Chair. .
Two small quadrupeds from the Society’s collection were exhi-
bited by Mr. Waterhouse, who stated that he believed them to be

undescribed species. The first was characterised as

Gataco AtLten1. Gal. auribus permagnis, digitis perlongis ; vellere
intense plumbeo, rufescente lavato ; corpore subtis flavo lavato.

une. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caudz basin. ... . ce 205.0 Br

i LN Ae Ra al EDP are eg Me BE DO AO. 29g0 | ae

CUTIE 2. STEEP Sdn tere tetera ¢ TEER So. Sree Car
Mat tUAUN atm Stte clei ae. Ne ie kis ony he meslns 0 11 SIS
Longitudo pollicis antipedum................ Oveg 72.8

degitt longisstme Ha... ce. ees eee Disco 295

pollicis pedum posticorum ........ PRY Sve 4550

digite longiesimen” oP Neat Ja. 0

pedis postici a calce ad apicem digi-
ia MM acs Otel Ar EE Lh: a ol RE ih « as gh J 2 Woe
Hab. Fernando Po.

Obs. This specimen, which has four incisors in the upper jaw, and
six in the lower, is about the same size as the Galago Senegalensis, but
may be readily distinguished from that species by the greater size
of the ears, (the length of which is equal to the distance between
the tip of the muzzle and the base of the ear,) and the great length
of the fingers and toes. In the colouring there is also a difference,
G. Senegalensis being grey, washed with yellow, whereas G. Alleni is |
of a deep slate grey, all the hairs of the upper parts being of a rusty
yellow at the apex, or, as on the fore legs, rusty at the tip. The :
under parts of the body are of a paler hue than the upper, the hairs
being of a dirty yellow colour at the tip; but like those of the upper |
parts, they are of a slate grey for the greater portion of their length: .
on the throat and chin each hair is whitish at the apex. The hairs 2
covering the feet are of a deep brown colour. The tail is dusky
brown.

The animal here described was presented to the Zoological So-
ciety by Lieut. Wm. Allen, R.N., Corres. Memb.

Preromys (Sciuropterus) HorsrizLpi1. Pter. fuscus, pilis flaves-
centi-fuscis crebré intersparsis ; corpore subtis flavescenti-albo,
genis et patagio lumbari ad marginem rufescenti-flavis ; caudd
subtis nitide ferrugined ; auribus mediocribus.

858

une. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caudex basin ...... 9 6
UT es ea Ae 0 7

tarsi digitorumgue .............22.- jee rs

Obs. This species is of a larger size than the Pteromys sagitta, from
which it differs in having the ears larger in proportion; the tail
more bushy and of an uniform bright rust colour beneath; the mar-
gin of the flank skin is of a reddish yellow colour, as are also the sides
of the face below the eye. On the upper parts of the body the fur
is of a deep brown, each hair being grey at the base; the inter-
spersed longer hairs, which are abundant, are of a bright brown or
reddish-yellow colour at the apex. The general tint produced by
this mixture is rufous brown. On the under parts of the body the
hairs are of a yellow or yellowish white colour, and not grey at the
base.

The specimen from which the above description is taken was pre-
sented to the Zoological Society by the Earl of Derby, and is either
from Java or Sumatra. I have taken the liberty of naming it after
the author of the “‘ Zoological Researches in Java,” &c.

Mr. Gould exhibited from his Australian collection of Birds two
species of the genus Platycercus, which he considered new: for one
of these he proposed the specific name of hematonotus, from the red
spot upon itsrump; and for the other, which he had very recently
received, and which he remarked was one of the most beautiful spe-
cies of the genus hitherto discovered, that of hematogaster.

PLATYCERCUS HZMATONOTUS. Plat. summo capite, fronte, genis,
nuchad pectoreque smaragdino-viridibus ; dorso fuscescenti-vi-
ridi ; uropygio coccineo ; articulo humerali, ald spurid et po-
goniis externis primarium ad partem basalem nitidé ceruleo-
nigris, notd sulphured humerali. Remigibus majoribus et
minoribus, rectricibusque caude duabus intermediis viridibus,
hoe colore in ceruleum transeunte ad apicem, apicibus ipsis
nigro-fuscis ; rectricibus reliquis ad bases viridibus, ad apices
et ad pogonia externa cineraceo-albis ; abdomine medio flavo ;
femoribus obscure ceruleo-viridibus ; crisso cineraceo-albo ;
rostro corneo ; pedibus fuscis.

Long. tot. 11 une. ; ale 5 ; caude 63; tarsi 3.

Putus intra annum primum, ab ave adultd differt partibus, que in
hdc smaragdino-viridibus, in illo cinerescentt-viridibus ; necnon
crisso haud coccineo, abdomine haud flavo ; ast primariis nonnullis,
secondariisque ad bases albis.

Hab. Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. This species unites Platycercus to Nanodes, and is in fact so
directly intermediate between these genera in size and other charac-
ters, that it is difficult to decide to which group it should be referred ;
but I am induced to include it among the Platycerci.

89

PLATYCERCUS HAMATOGASTER. Plat. fronte facieque ceruleis ;
summo capite, nuchd, plumisque auricularibus flavescenti-cine-
reis ; pectore cinereo tincto brunneo ; plumis auricularibus ad
partem superiorem stramineis ; uropygio, tectricibusque supe-
rioribus caude cerinis; articulo humerali pallidé ceruleo ;
primariis intensé fuscis et ad apicem acutis ; secondariis tectri-
eibusque majoribus violaceo-ceruleis ; tectricibus minoribus
alisque ad partem superiorem intense coccineis ; lateribus tec-
tricibusque inferioribus pallidé flavis ; abdomine medio nitidé
coccineo; plumis duabus intermediis caude ad bases pallidé
olivaceo-viridibus ad apices in ceruleum transeunte. Reli-
quis plumis ad bases intensé ceruleis ad apices in album trans-
eunte ; rostro corneo; pedibus fuscis.

Long. tot. 12 unc.; ale 3; caude7 ; tarsi 3.

Hab. Nova Cambria Australi.

Mr. Gould also exhibited, on the part of Mr. Burton, a new spe-
cies of Kingfisher, from the collection at Fort Pitt, Chatham, be-
longing to the genus Ceyz, of Lacepéde. Mr. Burton had proposed
to characterize it under the specific name of microsoma.

Cryx microsoma. Ceyx subcristata, capite cauddque supra,
nuchd et humeris rujfis ; strigd ab oculis ad nucham (poné ocu-
los leviter, apud nucham intense) dorso et uropygio hyalino
splendentibus ; alis brunneis, pogoniis remigum internis rufo
marginatis, tectricibus punctis hyalinis ornatis: infra pallideé
rufa hoe colore apud ventrem dilutiore ; mento, guld et strigd
auriculari albidis: rostro pregrandi, aurantiaco. Pedibus
rubris.

Long. corp. 43 unc.; capitis 2; rostri ab apice ad rectum 12;
caude 1.

Hab. in India Maderaspatanéa.

Mr. Gould afterwards exhibited, on the part of the same gentle-
man, a specimen of the genus Caprimulgus, supposed to be the fe-
male of C. monticolus, and of which Mr. Burton had furnished the
following description :

CAPRIMULGUS MoNTICOLUS, Franklin*. Foemina? Capr. pal-
lidior mari: remigibus maculd notatis rufa, ubi mas gaudet
alba ; jugulo rufo tincto ; caudd rufa nigro fasciatd et inspersd,
rufo rectrices apud exteriores dominante, cauddque externd maris
albo omnino carente.

Formé et staturd mari simillima.

Hab. in India septentrionali. In Muszo Medico-militari, Chat-

ham.

Obs. The general form, character and colouring of this specimen
harmonize so perfectly with those of Caprimulgus monticolus, that
I have thought it safe to consider it as the female, until local obser-

* Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence (Zool. Soc.),
1830-1.

90

vation or dissection shall have decided the stegmmane at all events, it
is new, and hitherto undescribed.

A species of the genus Carduelis, also from the collection at
Chatham, was characterized by Mr. Gould as

CarpvELis Burtoni. Card. fronte et regione circum-oculari pul-
chré roseis ; vertice genisque nigris ; corpore obscure fuscescenti-
roseo, alis externé nigris, singulis plumis plus minusve albo ad
apicem notatis ; ald spurid albd ; rectricibus caude nigris ; duabus,
intermediis ad apicem albis, duabus proximis longius ad apicem
albis, reliquis albd notd interne ad basin excurrente, ornatis ;
rostro, pedibusque pallidé fuscis.

Long. tot. 64 unc.; rostri, 3; ale, 34; caude, 24; tarsi, 3.

Hab. Himalaya.

Obs. I am indebted to the collection of Fort Pitt, at Chatham, for
the knowledge of this very fine species of Carduelis: the specimen
here characterized is, as far as I am aware, unique. It departs in
some respects from the other members of the genus, particularly in
the robust form of the beak, which is slightly angulated at the base :
the form of its wings and tail, together with their peculiar markings,
however, clearly points out that it is only an aberrant species of that

oup.

By have been induced to give this fine bird the specific appellation
of Burton, for the purpose of paying a just compliment to Staff-Sur-
- geon Burton, for the warm interest he took in the formation of the
Fort Pitt collection, and for the readiness he has at all times evinced
to aid in any way the advancement of zoological science.

91

October 10th, 1837.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

A paper was read by Colonel Sykes ‘‘ On the identity of the
“« Wild Ass of Cutch and the Indus, with the Dzeggetai (Equus He-
“< mionus of Pallas).”

The author commences with observing, ‘it is somewhat strange
and anomalous, that an animal known to and named by Aristotle, and
noticed by lian, Pliny, and subsequent authors, down to our own
day, an animal remarkable for its beauty of colour, the antelope
lightness of its limbs, and the tales of its swiftness, and its classic
locality, should have attracted so little the attention of men of
science, that it was not even figured* until Pallas put it before the
public. The magnificent work of Buffon does not boast a representa-
tion of it; and as the proceedings of the scientific body at Peters-
burg are necessarily rare, and confined to some few great public
libraries, it was in fact scarcely known to the European world, even
though Pennant copied Pallas’s account in 1793. ‘To remedy this
defect we are indebted to M. Isidore Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, who
took advantage of the importation by M. Dussumier, of a female
into the Paris Menagerie, to have a correct coloured figure made to
accompany his paper, ‘ Sur le Genre Cheval,’ in the Nouvelles An-
nales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturellet. But even in this case the
defect of it not appearing before the public in a sufficiently accessible
and popular form, limited the benefit that should have resulted from
M. Saint Hilaire’s zeal and talents. Though I have been an ama-
teur of Natural History for a great part of my life, I must confess
that it is to a private copy of M. St. Hilaire’s paper, obligingly
presented to the Zoological Society of London, that I am indebted
for my first view of a coloured representation of the Dzeggetai,
and it was only last week that this fell into my hands. I have
been thus particular in noticing the want of readily accessible fi-
gures of animals (for my observation will apply to many other ani-
mals beside the Dzeggetai,) as this want of means to correct my
judgement led me into the belief that a recently imported Wild Ass
of Cutch, which was sent to England by an old friend of my own
from Bombay, was a different species from the Dzeggetai of Pallas,
which is represented as inhabiting the desert regions between the
rivers Onon and Argun, on the southern parts of Siberia, through
Tartary, even to the frontiers of China and Thibet; and I might have
been justified in my supposition had I attached the same weight that

* In the Novi Commentarit Academie Scientiarum Petropolitane, t. xix.
1774, p. 417.

} t. iv. p. 97.
No. LVIII.—Proceepines or roe ZooLocicaL Society.

92

some naturalists do, to the opinion that the geographical distribution
of animals is regulated by mean temperature, the Dzeggetai of Pallas
inhabiting the borders of the arctic regions, the Wild Ass of India the
borders of the torrid zone. There might be yet further question for
doubt, did we take the description of colour from Griffith’s edition of the
‘Régne Animal,’ in which it is stated ‘there is a black dorsal line
which enlarges on the crupper. In winter the hair is very long;
but of a smooth and shining appearance in summer. The colour of
the body is an uniform light bay, but in winter it partakes more of
red* ;’ and the forehead is described as ‘ flatted and narrow.’

““M. St. Hilaire, who describes from the life, says ‘ Les deux cou-
leurs dominantes de I’ Hemione, le blanc et V’isabelle passent l'une a
l’autre par nuances insensibles sur le ventre, vers sa partie inférieure,
et sur le cou, presque a égal distance de son bord supérieur, et de
son bord inférieur. Sur la téte au contraire, le blanc n’occupe
guére que le museau et la gorge, le cou étant presque enti€rement
isabelle. Sur les membres, contrairement @ ce quia lieu sur le corps,
c’est le blanc qui domine, &c.’ Again, ‘Tout ce systeme de colo-
ration est rebassé supérieurement par une bande dorsale longitudi-
nale, zon pas noire comme on l’a dit, mais d’un brun legérement rous-
satre.’ And now with respect to the change of colour with the season
of the year, instead of getting redder in winter it would appear from
the observations of M. Fred. Cuvier, that the ‘ animal a le poil plus
gris, plus pale et plus long l’hiver que l’été.’ These discrepancies
would have afforded to those strongly disposed to multiply species,
some feeble grounds (particularly when I come to notice a point of
conformation in the head,) for asserting the right of the Wild Ass of
Cutch to the dignity of a specific character, for it will be borne in
mind that M. St. Hilaire describes his specimen, which was a native
of Cutch; while in Griffith’s Cuvier the description refers to the Dzeg-
getai, whose habitat is from southern Siberia to Thibet and China;
and we do not want instances of equally trifling discrepancies having
been made available for multiplying species.

*« And now with respect to the animals in the Zoological Gardens,
the one being called Dzeggetai, and marked on its ticket Mongolia
and Asia; the other known positively as the Wild Ass from Cutch.
The first, a male, has been in the possession of the Society since the
srd of March 1832, and was presented to the Society by Captain
Glasspoole, R.N. Its birth-place is not known, but from the nature
ot Captain Glasspoole’s maritime duties, which carried his ship along.
the coasts Cutch, Scind, and Persia, there is little doubt of its being
from one of these states; and as it is absolutely identical with the
animal I am about to speak of, my own judgement is formed on the.
subject. This creature has long been known in the gardens from its.
great beauty, its fine condition, its vivacity, and its wickedness.
The second animal was sent while quite a colt by an old friend of
mine, the British Minister in Cutch, to the Military Auditor General
of Bombay. It was allowed for a considerable period, (pending an
answer from me, whether or not I would accept of it,) to amuse the

* Quarto edit., vol. iii, p. 460,

93

children ; it was permitted to attend at breakfast-time, and eat from
the table; but manifesting as it grew up symptoms of ill nature (no
doubt having been heartily teased, ) it was put on board the Marquess
of Hastings, Captain Clarkson, and brought to England: there can-
not therefore be any doubt respecting its origin and its history; and
having one animal certainly from Cutch, we have a positive standard
of comparison. Like the preceding it is a male, and with the ex-
ception of being younger and smaller, and with a less short and
glossy coat, it is identical with it in every feature; and these two
agree in all essentials with M. St. Hilaire’s very able and minute de-
scription and coloured figure of a female in the Paris Menagerie.
There is one point only in which there may be a difference, and there
are two or three others in which there is a difference. M. St. Hi-
laire does not state whether the forehead be flat or prominent ; and
though the figure represents it to be somewhat raised, it is certainly
not so much so as in the animals in the Zoological Gardens: with
them the frontal development is a very prominent feature ; such fea-
ture, however, being opposed to the descriptions in Griffith’s
‘Régne Animal.’ M. St. Hilaire also mentions another character,
which it required some little perseverance to discover in the larger
animal in the Zoological Gardens, the smaller animal being absolutely
destitute of it. He states that on the isabella colour on the limbs,
there are transverse lines or very narrow bands of a darker isabella,
in the manner of the markings of the Zebra. These lines had never
been observed by the keepers in the Zoological Gardens, and for
sometime I could not discover them; but at last with a reflected
light I could just discern the transverse lines noticed by M. St. Hi-
laire, but I was not so fortunate with the smaller animal. M. St.
Hilaire, on the authority of M. Geoffroy-Chateau, who sent to him a
description of a male Dzeggetai in Cross’s Menagerie in London,
states that there was a disposition in the dorsal band on that animal,
by lateral projections at the withers, to form a small cross, like that
of an ass. There is not the slightest trace or manifestation of such
a thing in either of the animals in the Zoological Gardens. Finally,
M. St. Hilaire speaks of the blending by insensible degrees of the
isabella and white markings of the Dzeggetai, but in our animals the
lines of demarcation are sufficiently strong.

««M. St. Hilaire’s humorous description of the habits of kicking of
the female at Paris, is laughably exact with respect to our animals,
particularly the smaller one. I had sent one of the keepers into its
yard with some hay, to throw down before it, to keep it stationary
(at least its body) while I took a rapid sketch of it with the assistance
of the camera lucida. The moment the hay was thrown down, the
creature turned round and commenced flinging out most vigorously
for some time, although the man was gone, and the odd beast all the
time was gravely munching its hay. So petulant were both these
creatures, that after having sketched them I could not get any of the
keepers to take their measurements, nor could I succeed in obtaining
them, but by getting them thrown down, which I declined to do. With
respect to the swiftness of the Wild Ass of Cutch, without quoting

94

from Griffith ‘that it runs jiterally with the rapidity of lightning,’
or from M. St. Hilaire, who says, ‘it appeared to him to go as fast
as the best race horses ;’ I will mention in confirmation of its extra-
ordinary swiftness, that my friend Major Wilkins, of the Cavalry of
the Bombay Army, who was stationed with his regiment for years
at Deesa, on the borders of the Run or Salt Marshes, east of Cutch,
in his morning rides used to start a particular Wild Ass so fre-
quently that it became familiar to him, and he always gave chase to
it; and though he piqued himself upon being mounted on an exceed-
ingly fleet Arabian horse, he never could come up with the animal.

__“ It now remains to express my reasons for believing with M. St.
Hilaire, that the Wild Ass of Cutch is the same as the Equus Hemi-
onus of Pallas. There are certainly sundry discrepancies in the ac-
counts of the two animals; in the colour, the dorsal line, the fore-
head, and above all in the difference of mean temperatures between
the northern and southern habitat of the species. But all the dis-
crepancies of descriptions may be easily remedied by the supposition
that animals examined by different individuals at different seasons
of the year, did really slightly differ, owing to the difference of
seasons ; and some part of the differences may be attributed to in-
attention to terms. There are slight discrepancies between M.
St. Hilaire’s description and mine, both taken from life, and the
animals n the same locality ; no one therefore can doubt their
identity. In the main features the Dzeggetai and the Wild Ass
of Cutch, perfectly agree ; and with respect to the extent of geo-
graphical distributions, I have elsewhere proved that it is no bar to
the identity of species inhabiting mean temperatures varying nearly
40° of Fahr., and separated by half the earth in longitude. But in
the case of the Dzeggetai and the Wild Ass of Cutch, there are not
any insuperable difficulties of geographical position. The Wild
Ass of Cutch and the north of Goojrat, is not found further south
in India than Deesa on the banks of the Bunnas river, in lat. about
23° 30, nor have I heard of it to the eastward of the 75° of longitude
in the southern side of the Himalayan Mountains. In Cutch and
Northern Goojrat it frequents the salt deserts and the open plains of
Thoodpoor, Jaysulmer, and Bickaneor. By swimming the Indus it
may communicate through Scind and Buloochestand with Persia ;
and in Persia it evidently exists from Sir Robert Kerr Porter’s de-
scriptions ; to the east and north of Persia abuts upon the peculiar
localities of the Dzeggetai, through Bucharia to the deserts of Cobi,
where it delights in the salt marshes, as it does in India, and thence
to Tartary, ‘Thibet, and South Siberia. The latitudinal range may
be from 35° to 40°; but the longitudinal range is necessarily very
great, probably from the 45° to the 130° or 140°, or 95° of longi-
tude; but in case it ever was found in Cappadocia it would have a
still greater range, or 100°. If it be desirable to believe that the
animal migrates according to the season, there do not appear to be
“any insuperable physical impediments ; and its extraordinary fleet-
ness and hardihood would sanction the belief in its making very
long journeys, even to the banks of the Indus. But the animal of

95

Cutch and the Burmass river, would have to cross the Indus and its
branches to get to the north and west ; and as they are seen at all
seasons of the year in their Indian localities, I am quite content to
believe that the Dzeggetai of Southern Siberia and the Wild Ass of
Cutch are identical in species, and yet do not wander further than is
necessary for forage from their respective localities. I say little of
the advantage of domesticating this beautiful animal in Europe,
but I do say that it would be worthy of the reputation of the great
Society, to continue the attempt until success crowned its efforts.

«« T have yet one other object in laying this paper before the Zoolo-
gical Society. I have stated the difficulties under which I laboured in
obtaining the means to enable me to assist my judgement with respect
toform. Language is sufficiently precise to enableus to judge correctly
of descriptions of colour in animals ; but the most lucid mind, and the
most studied terms and phraseology, cannot give just impressions of
the contour and outlines, in fact the ensemble of animals. I would
therefore through the medium of the Society’s Proceedings call the
attention of naturalists, amateurs, and ordinary travellers, who can-
not even draw at all, to the means the camera lucida affords them of
recording outlines with celerity and precision. I exhibit to:the So-
ciety five sketches of the two Wild Asses in the Zoological Gardens ;
and though I do not profess not to be able to draw, I do not hesitate
tosaythat I can give muchmore correct figures of animals Jyits means
than withoutit. It may be objected that the restlessness of animals
renders the use of the camera lucida abortive; but I say thatthe rapid-
ity with which the lines may be traced with the pencil, enable a person
using it to make twenty sketches, where the draughtsman would other-
wise make but one, and it will be hard if more than one of the twenty
do not prove just. The five sketches exhibited were made in a few
minutes ; and only one proved abortive, making six attempts in all;
and yet I have not used the camera lucida since 1830. ‘The out:
lines have been subsequently traced in ink. I trust therefore this
notice may lead to its more extended use; a use in natural history
that cannot fail to be beneficial to the science. One word in con.
clusion. J have beenadeclaimer in the Transactions of this Society
against the modern habit in natural history of generalization from a
limited number of facts; and in pursuing the above inquiries I met
with a new proof of the risk to truth of such a system. In the hi-
story of the Domestic Ass it is stated, ‘The countries most suitable
to the Ass are those of the south. Accordingly it is in Persia, Egypt,
and Arabia that the strongest and finest varieties of this species are
to be found. Some, very different from the small and feeble natives
of our climates, almost equal the Horse in magnitude and stature.
Spain also possesses some fine races of the Ass, which are also occa-
sionally to be found in the southern provinces of France; as we ad-
vance northward, the animal diminishes in size and becomes more and
more difficult of preservation.’ Opposed to this is the fact, that in
Western India, which it will be admitted is sufficiently far to the
south, the Asses are not much larger than good-sized Newfound-
land dogs. They are used in droves to carry small loads of salt or

96

grain; they are also used by the pot-makers to carry their clay ;
and they are always seen, as in Europe, associated with gipsies.”

The Prince of Musignano exhibited to the Meeting a lithographic
print of the Gigantic Salamander, brought by Dr. Siebold from
Japan, and preserved alive at Leyden.

Mr. Gould called the attention of the Meeting to a collection of
Birds from Australia and the adjacent islands, belonging to the Rap-
torial Order, and upon which he proceeded to offer the following
observations.

‘« Myattention during the last few days having been directed to the
Raptorial Birds of Australia and the adjacent islands, and my own
collection from those parts being particularly rich in the birds of
this order, 1 am induced to lay before the Society a slight sketch
of all the species found in that portion of the globe, and to exhibit to
the Meeting a few which I conceive to be now for the first time
made public. From our limited knowledge, however, of this vast
continent, my observations will more particularly refer to the birds
of the southern parts of Australia and Van Diemen’s Land, these
being the districts which up to the present time have been most ex-
tensively explored.

‘« Most of the forms now exhibited will be found to bear a striking
resemblance to those inhabiting Europe; indeed, the similarity
is so strikingly obvious as to leave no doubt of the influence of tem-
perature on the form of animals.

‘‘ A remarkable deficiency, and that a very important one, is the to-
tal absence of any of the Vulturide, or of any form by which this
family might be represented. It is true that a bird has been described
by Dr. Latham under the name of ‘New Holland Vulture;’ but
this bird is now almost universally admitted to belong to a totally
different order, that of the Rasores. I have placed an example of
this singular species on the table, an examination of which will en-
able any member present (who has not before had an opportunity of
inspecting it,) to judge of the impropriety of assigning it a place
among the Raptores. The nearest approach to the Vulturide, said
to be from New Zealand, and brought from thence by Captain Cook,
is the Polyborus Nove-Zelandia, the Falco Nove-Zelandie of Dr. La-
tham: now as I conceive that the specimen brought home by Cap-
tain Cook will prove to be identical with those so frequently trans-
mitted from the Straits of Magellan, as I am not aware of any other
specimen except Captain Cook’s having been received. direct from
New Zealand, and, moreover, that the form is strictly confined to
America and its adjacent islands, some mistake may have arisen in
labelling the specimen brought home by our celebrated navigator,
a circumstance which, if my opinion be correct, has involved the
history of the species in considerable confusion.

‘‘ Of the genus Aquila only one species has as yet been discovered,
viz., the Aguila fucosa of Cuvier, which doubtless represents in Au-
stralia the Golden Eagle of Europe, from which it may be readily

97

distinguished by its more slender contour, and by its lengthened and
wedge-shaped tail.

“ Of the genus Haliaetus or Sea Eagles, there are four species, the
largest of which, clearly the analogue of the European H. albicilla,
is one of the species which I consider to be new, and which from the
wedge-shaped form of its tail I would characterise as H. sphenurus.
I cannot but consider the form of the tail in this species as particu-
larly interesting, inasmuch as it is a character peculiar to all the
species of Eagle inhabiting Australia, although in a less degree to the
others than to the present species. The second is a small species,
described by Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield in the Linnean Transac-
tions as Hal. canorus, the European representatives of which are
not so clear to me as those just alluded to. ‘The third is the Ha-
liaetus Calei of Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield, of which a single spe-
cimen exists in the collection of the Linnean Society, and which I
should be rather inclined to assign to the genus Astur than to that of
Haliaetus. In size this species equals the Common Buzzard, but has
the rounded wing and several other characters peculiar to the genus
Astur. The fourth is the White-breasted.Kagle of Dr. Latham, a
species inhabiting the continent of Australia and Van Diemen’s Land.
At a cursory glance this powerful bird might be said to represent the
Haliaetus leucocephulus of northern Europe and America, and al-
though I cannot but admit their resemblance, I discern characters
sufficiently distinct to warrant its separation into a new genus. I
am not, however, prepared to make this division at the present mo-
ment; still I am of opinion this bird will prove to be one of a group
ranging between Haliaetus and Pandion, vf which latter genus the
Osprey of Europe may be regarded as the type, and of which a single
species inhabits Australia. This bird appears to accord most accu-
rately with European specimens excepting in its smaller size; and if
this should ultimately prove to be identical with our bird, it may
then be said to be universally distributed over the Old World. The
Osprey of America, on the contrary, presents us with some slight
differences, which being constant, may I think be safely regarded as
specific.

‘* Of the genus Falco, the Peregrinus is replaced by a species most
nearly allied to and hitherto considered identical with that bird: the
experienced eye of the ornithologist will, however, readily distinguish
an Australian specimen when placed among others from various parts
of the globe, so that there will be but little impropriety in assigning
to it a separate specific name. As, however, my engagements have not
allowed me to make that minute examination which is necessary to
determine the point, I defer for the present affixing a new specific
name for this species. The Hobby, so familiar as a European
bird, is represented by the Falcon, for which I now propose the
specific name of rufiventer, as I believe it to be undescribed. The
third species, which I have provisionally followed Messrs. Vigors and
Horsfield in placing among the true Falcons, is the Walco Berigora,
whose lengthened and slightly-formed tarsi indicate a difference in
structure, which may ultimately prove to he generic. The Cerchnis

98

cenchroides (Falco cenchrotdes of Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield,) ex-
hibits a beautiful analogy with the Common Kestril of our island,
but although nearly allied possesses several important and permanent
differences.

“The great variety of changes to which the members of the genus
Astur are subjected, has led to vast confusion, and it is only by a
minute examination of the numerous examples in my collection in
various stages of plumage, that I have been able to determine the
species with satisfaction to myself; and if I have found it necessary
to consider as identical two or three species of this genus charac-
terised by Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield, I feel confident that it was
owing to the absence of sufficient materials at the time the Linnean
collection was so ably named by those gentlemen, that they were
described as distinct.

“« My attention has of course been directed to the great difference
in size which exists between the males and females, and the various
changes from youth to maturity which occur in the members of the
genera Astur and Accipiter, and I must now call the attention of
the members present to the beautiful analogy which exists between
the Accipiter torquatus and the Astur approximans of Messrs. Vigors
and Horsfield, of which several examples are on the table; I say
analogy, because it is in colour alone that so great a similarity exists
between them. These gentlemen having applied the names of ap-
proximans and fasciatus to two birds which I believe to be synony-
mous with the Falco radiatus of Dr. Latham, whose description was
taken from a young bird, I retain the name of Astur approximans in
preference to radiatus, from the near approach of these two birds to
Accipiter torquatus. It will, perhaps, not be out of place to say a
few words on the difference in structure of these birds, which in
outward appearance offer so close aresemblance to each other. The
females in both these minor groups far exceed the males in size, and
both groups appear with a trifling deviation to be subject to the same
changes of plumage; while in their structure they exhibit con-
siderable differences, the chief of which are the more delicate,
slender, and lengthened form of the legs of Accipiter, the great pro-
longation of the middle toe, and the square or forked form of the
tail. On comparison it will be found that the centre toe of the little
male Accipiter on the table is fully as long as that of the male Astur
approzimans, a bird nearly double its size ; that the tarsi in the latter
bird are comparatively shorter and more robust ; and that the middle
tail-feathers are the longest, giving a rounded form to that organ.

“It may be truly said that Australia abounds in anomalies, witness
its Black Swan and White Hawk, which latter bird has not a little
puzzled me, and I am not yet satisfied as to whether it be not a per-
manent albino variety of another species, examples of which are now
on the table with a corresponding number of birds in the white plu-
mage. Much difference will be found in their size, but this may be
readily accounted for by the difference of size in the two sexes.

“The males and females of the white birds agree so accurately in
their measurements with those in the grey plumage, as to induce me

99

to believe that they are identical; and after a close examination I
am also led to consider the Astur Raii of the Linnean Catalogue as
the young of the same species.

“Of the genus Milvus my collection contains two species, and two
more beautiful representatives of the two species inhabiting Europe
cannot be imagined ; for one of these, whose affinities ally it closely
to the Common Kite of England, I would propose the name of Mil-
vus Nove-Hollandie ; and for the other, which is equally allied to the
Milvus ater, that of M. aterrimus.

«« The bird which has hitherto been considered as identical with the
Elanus melanopterus of Africa, is evidently distinct from that species;
an unerring difference may be found in the jet black spot on the
white part of the under surface of the wing; for this hitherto unde-
scribed species I would propose the name of notatus.

**One species of Harrier only, but a very interesting one, inasmuch
as it represents there the Circus rufus of Europe, has come into my
possession. I believe the female of this species to be the Circus affi-
nis of Messrs. Jardine and Selby; but as the male has not yet been
characterised, and moreover differs very much from the female, to
which alone the name of affinis would apply, I propose to drop that
appellation and to give that of Jardinei instead.

“On examining the family of Strigide or Owls, we cannot but ob-
serve the deficiency which exists in some of the subgenera, and the
abundance of others; thus while we have never seen any birds be-
longing to the genera Bubo, Otus, Scops, &c., we have numerous
species of the restricted genera Striz and Noctua : the name of Noc-
tua, however, having been applied by Linnzus to one of the tribes
in Entomology, ought not perhaps to be adopted ; that of Athene, pro-
posed by M. Boje, and employed by some German naturalists, may
be used in its stead.

“Four species of this genus are now on the table, the two largest
of which are new to science. For the largest I would propose the
name of Athene strenua, and for the other that of A. fortis. The third
has been characterised by Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield as the Noc-
tua Boobook, and the Noctua maculata of these gentlemen seems to
be identical with it. For the fourth and last species of the genus,
which is from Van Diemen’s Land, and which is evidently distinct
from either, I propose the name of leucopsis, from the white colouring
of its face. The species of the genus Strix which I have called de-
licatus, together with my Strix cyclops and Strix castanops and the
Strix personata of Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield, may be said to be
closely allied, but distinct species.

“In conclusion it may be remarked that the birds belonging to the
Raptorial Order inhabiting Australia and the adjacent islands are
extremely few in number, when compared with those found in other
countries; at the same time, as our knowledge of this part of the
world is very limited, the number will in all probability be consider-
ably increased as these countries become more fully known to us.

“« At present the species are twenty-six in number, and are distri-
buted as follows.

iw)
& | OD wet mt CO 0D oY

100

True Eagle .... Aguila.
Sea Eagles .... Haliaetus.

Qaprey «|S sales Pandion.

Falcons........ Falco.

Hawks ........ Astur and Accipiter.

Kategiadi a ganado 2 Milvus and 1 Elanus.

New form allied to Pernis.

Hanriers. tuiden . Circus.

Oise. Ae Striz and Noctua or Athene.”

101

October 24th, 1837.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

The Prince of Musignano read a short communication upon the
Long-tailed Trogon (Trog. resplendens of Gould).

Through the exertions of M. Gonzales, Minister of the United
States of Central America, at Washington; and Mr. Rebello, who
represented the Brazilian government in that city, the Prince suc-
ceeded in procuring some slight information respecting the above
species, the most beautiful of the Trogon family.

The Quesalt, the native name of this species, is a rare bird, and
very shy in its habits; it is confined to restricted limits, being solely
found in a peculiar section of the mountainous district of Vera Paz
in the province of the same name, now forming one of the five inde-
pendent states constituting the Federal republic of Central America.
A single instance is on record of its having been domesticated. It
builds its nest in the shape of a barrel or bag, open at both ends, by
which means injury to its long tail-feathers is avoided. The Prince
stated that he had communicated the present notice of the history of
the Long-tailed Trogon to an American Journal some years since,
and that so long as the year 1826, he had proposed that the specific
name of Paradiseus should be given to the species.

Mr. Gray exhibited a drawing of a new species of the genus Te-
trapturus, in the British Museum, which had been obtained at the
Cape, and for which he proposed the specific name of Herschelit.

Mr. Gray afterwards called the attention of the Meeting to some
pieces of chalk, which he had recently found in the cliffs at Brighton,
exhibiting perforations made by the Patella and Pholas, and pre-
senting appearances which he considered to have been produced in
the case of the latter genus by the rotatory action of the valves.

The remarks of Mr. Gray elicited considerable discussion as to
the manner in which certain molluscous genera penetrate limestone
rocks and other hard substances, a phenomenon which Mr. Owen
thought could not be explained upon the supposition of its being
exclusively caused by a rotation of the valves, but that it was chiefly
due to the mechanical influence of the currents of water produced by
the vibratile cilia of the animal, as noticed by Mr. Garner in acom-
munication made to the Society in 1835.

Mr. Martin exhibited a new Bat from Fernando Po, belonging to
the genus Rhinolophus, which he characterised as

Rurnotornus Lanperi. Rhin. vellere molli, et pulchre castaneo-

102

rufescente ; auribus acutis, patulis, erectis, ad latus exterius emar-
ginatis, et lobo rotundato accessorio instructis ; prosthemate du-
plice ; anteriore bidentato cum scypho parvulo ad basin anticam,
héc ferro-equino membranaceo circumdato ; prosthemate posteriore
ad basin transversim sinuato, ad apicem acuto ; ferro-equino mem-
branaceo, lato, margine libero anticé bifido ; pollice brevi, gracili,
in membrand subtis per dimidium incluso: ungue parvulo ; anti-
brachiis robustis ; cruribus gracilibus ; patagiis nigricantibus.

; j . unc. lin.
Longitudo corporis cum capite .......... 1 44 rs
CHUL AAS eit et ee 5 Bg
aurtUMm. LP ee aia tar Sie re ere 74
antibrachit .......... 2 a iT? oa? i
CHMIUS Son gra tereve sk peak gaa tee be 8
COULCON CII sn teres 2s oe RDECECACRELC 44
Prosthematis longitudo ........ idee eeremis Dp
ANGE GTAPUTMAO eis ee wae cnc 's ts neste 9

Habitat in Insula Fernando Po.

«< This beautiful little species of Bat is a genuine Rhinolophus ; the
nasal appendages consist of a horse-shoe, a crest, and an elevated
leaf. The horse-shoe is broad with indications of a double furrow;
its outer margin is free and bifid anteriorly. In its centre is placed
a little cup-like depression with an elevated rim, from the back of
which rises a bifid crest not much elevated: the larger apex is the
posterior of the two. On each side of this crest and behind it, the
skin continued from the horse-shoe, and forming the base of the leaf,
is furrowed by two deep but unequal su/ci, with a marked posterior
ridge, elevated across the base of the leaf, which latter ends in a
short acute lanceolate point; posteriorly it is covered with short hairs,
anteriorly it is nearly naked. Its length is two lines. The ears are
large, broad, and pointed; the outer margin is emarginate, and passes
into a large rounded accessory lobe, closing the ear anteriorly. The
anti-brachia are short, the thumbs small, the ¢ibia slender.

“The fur is soft and delicate, and of a fine light or rufous chestnut,
a little darker on the middle of the back; the wings are blackish.

‘««T have ventured to name this species in honour of the late enter-
prising, but unfortunate Mr. Lander, during whose expedition it was
taken at Fernando Po.”

Mr. Martin also communicated to the Meeting the following no-
tice of a new species of Hedgehog.

«« Among the specimensof Natural History, from the neighbourhood
of Trebizond, presented to the Society by Keith Abbot, Esq., is a
species of Hedgehog, decidedly differing from our well-known British
species, and appearing to be at present undescribed. It is much
smaller than the Hrinaceus Europeus, measuring from the tip of the
muzzle to the root of the tail, over the arch of the back, only 94inches.
The spines advance upon the forehead, and overshadow the eyes ;
the general colour presented by the spines ‘ en masse’ is mahogany

103

brown, but each spine individually taken is yellowish brown for three
parts of its length from the basal extremity; this colour then becomes
darker, and again passes into yellowish brown at the extreme apex ;
the annulation, however, is far less decided than in the British ani-
mal.

«« The ears are short and rounded, a white patch is placed before
them, and also on the forehead ; the chest is dirty white; the sides
of the muzzle, and the whole of the under surface are intensely
blackish, or umbre brown, several long white hairs being intermixed
with the rest on the shoulders, extending from the chest.

“ The farsi are longer than in E. Europeus. Ina very large speci-
men of the latter, measuring from the nose to the root of tail, over
the back, 143 inches; the foot from the heel to the end of the middle
toe, excluding the nail, measures 1 inch *, while in this smaller
species it measures 1 inch #.

«« For this species I propose the name of Erinaceus concolor. It may
be thus characterised.

« Erinaceus concotor. Er. obscure fuscus, spinis in frontem, et
super oculos obductis ; spinis rigidis, flavescenti-fuscis ad basin,
apicem versus intense fuscis, apice extremo pallide rufescenti-brun-
neo ; auribus parvis, rotundatis ; rostro breviusculo ; in frontem
notd albd, necnon ante aures ; pectore sordide albo, vellere cor-
poris subtiis nigrescenti-fusco, pilis longis albis ad humeros
sparsim intermiatis.

unc. lin.
«« Longitudo corporis, a rostro ad caude basin, super
GONSUM a0 te ciake sdetade » atthe ales om aalsleleinete 9
« Longitudo pedis postici a calce ad apicem digiti
intermedii ungue excluso...... bis SS. serials; 74

“ Habitat apud Trebizond.”

Mr. Waterhouse called the attention of the members to two spe-
cies of Kangaroos, which were upon the table. One of these had
lately been procured by the Society, and was from the neighbour-
hood of Hunter’s River, the other had died in the Menagerie. Of
this latter species the Society has possessed several living specimens ;
and there is still one in the Gardens, which was bred there. +

Mr. Waterhouse stated that his object in bringing the animals in
question before the Meeting, was to show that the specimen from the
Menagerie was not, as had been supposed, the Macropus ualabatus of
Lesson, but that it was in fact an undescribed species, being distin-
guished from that of Lesson, (which Mr. Waterhouse considered as
identical with the specimen from Hunter’s River,) by the following
characters :—the under parts are grayish white, instead of buff yel-
low; the ears are rather longer in proportion, and the tail hoary gray,
white beneath, and with a white tip, instead of being almost totally
black. Mr. Waterhouse proposed that the name Macropus Bennetti
be adopted for this species, and proceeded to characterise it as follows :

Macrorus Bennetri. Mac. intense cineraceus, regione scapulari,

104

clunibus, et regione curcum-oculari, rufo-brunneis ; corpore subtis
cinerescenti-albo ; rostro, auribus postice, digitis anticis posti-
cisque nigris ; lined albescenti vix distinctd ab angulo oris, ad
genas excurrente ; caudd cinerescente, ad apicem nigrd, et subtis
sordide flavescenti-albd.

une. lin

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin .... 24 10
DONE cay akg pi hie ~ wild 0 lsc oa clsQdny of

— ab apice rostriad marginem oculi .. 3 O
ab apice rostri ad basin auris ...... 5 10

— tarsi digitorumque (sine unguibus).. 8 9
BUNS od aheit: aikk sitet Ress Gonne .% stint 82 7d

Hab. Nova Cambria Australi.

“The fur of this animal is rather long and moderately soft; the
longest hairs on the middle of the back measure about two inches,
and the shorter about one and a half inches in length. Its general
line is a very deep gray, inclining to black on the back, somewhat
paler on the sides of the body, and a rust-like tint is observable on
the back of the neck and base of ears externally, over the haunches
and shoulders and in the region of the eye. The under parts of the
body, and the inner side and fore part of the hinder legs, are of a
grayish white colour. The muzzle is black, and the crown of the
head is brown black; an obscure whitish line extends backwards
from the corners of the mouth, and becomes obliterated on the cheeks;
the hairs on the lips are dirty white ; the chinis blackish. The ears
are furnished with white hairs internally, and longish black hairs
externally, excepting at the base. The limbs externally are of the
same hue as the sides of the body; the fore feet, and the toes of the
hind feet are black, the outer side of the heel is also black. The
hairs of the tail (excepting at the base, where they are of the same
colours and character as those of the body) are rather harsh, black,
and broadly annulated with silvery white near the apex ; the general
tint is hoary gray, the white portion of each hair being most conspi-
cuous ; the apex of the tail is black, and on this part the hairs are
long and form a kind of tuft; the under side of the tail is white.
The hairs on the upper part of the body are of a deep slate colour at
the base, the remaining portion of each hair is black annulated with
white, or more generally with pale rust colour; on the under parts
of the body, the hairs are of a deep slate colour with the apical por-
tion white.

‘« The above descriptions and dimensions are taken from an adult
male; the two females in the Society’s Museum are of a smaller
size and paler colour, their prevailing tint being reddish gray:
around the entrance to the pouch the hairs are of a deep rusty brown
colour.”

A species of Mouse from the Cape of Good Hope was next de-
scribed by Mr. Waterhouse under the name of

Mus sussrinosus. MM, pilis subspinosis, corpore supra fuscescenti-

105

griseo ; ad latera flavescente ; sublis niveo, oculis flavido cinctis ;
caudd cupite corporeque breviore ; auribus mediocribus.

une. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin .. a OF
GHUE ee ea aon chp ouslegs = <j8:~ o 3 60) (ste ae
ab apice rostri ad basin auris ...... 0 103
tarsi digitorumque.........+.-.--. O +

—-- Whee: 2s ss 2 gt EY NAR IAL AR CS

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

«« This species is allied to the Mus Cahirinus of Geoffroy; it is,
however, not so large; and although the hairs are flat and bristle-
like, they are less harsh than those of the North African species; it
also differs in its colouring.”

Mr. Gould introduced to the notice of the Meeting a very singu-
lar form among the Caprimulgide for which he proposed the generic
appellation of

AMBLYPTERUS.

Rostrum debile et elongatum.

Nares elevate et rotundate.

Rictus setis robustis instructus, rostro longioribus.

Ale truncate ; remigibus externis sextis feré zequalibus et falcatis ;
remigibus 2%, 3t°, 4'° ad externum pogonium emarginatis, 7™°, 8°°,
9° ad apices elongatis et attenuatis, 10° abrupte brevi; secondariis
brevissimis, rotundatis et ab tertiariis tectis, his longissimis.

Cauda brevissima et quadrata.

Pedes ambulatorii.

Tarsi elongati, graciles, squamis indistinctis antice et postice fas-
ciati; digito intermedio longissimo et gracillimo; digitis lateralibus
brevibus et equalibus ; digito postico parvo, debili et libero ; ungui-
bus elongatis, ungue medio pectinato.

AmpiypTerus ANoMALUS. Amb. summo capite, corpore supra et
alis cinereo-fuscis, singulis plumis nigro irregulariter sparsis et
maculatis ; primariis nigris, ad bases rubrescenti-cervinis, ad
apices albis ; secondariis cervinis, nigrescenti-fusco irregulariter
fasciatis ; rectricibus caude cervinis, nigrescenti-fusco irregula-
riter fasciatis et maculatis ; duabus centralibus cinereo-fuscis ;
gutture, pectore et abdomine ad partem superiorem nigrescenti-
Fuscis, singulis plumis cervino maculatis ; abdomine imo pallide cer-
vino, singulis plumis nigrescenti-fusco transversim fasciatis ; ros-
tro fusco ; pedibus pallide fuscis.

Long. tot. unc. 63; rostri, 1; ale, 53; caude, 3; tarsi, §.

Obs. Mr. J. E. Gray believes this bird to be from Demerara, or
the Brazils ; the specimen is in the collection at the British Museum,
and so far as I am aware is unique.

.

106

Mr. Gould afterwards exhibited a species of Ibis, having many
characters in common with the Jbis religiosa of Cuvier, and two new
species of the genus Plutalea, which were accompanied with the fol-
lowing descriptions.

Inis stRICTIPENNIS. Jb. capite et collo superiore nudis, et nigre-
scenti-fuscis, ceruleo lavatis ; corpore toto, et alis albis, cervino
lavatis ; plumis in guld longis, angustis, lanceolatis et rigidis ;
primariis ad apices ceruleo-viridibus ; tertiariis valde productis
et nigro-ceruleis, albo sparsis; tarsis et spatio nudo sub ald
rufo-fuscis.

Long. tot. unc. 30; rostri, 6; ale, 144 ; cauda, 6; tarsi, 4.

Hab. Australia.

PraTaLea REGIA. Plat. cristd occipitali pendente et corpore toto,
pectore excepto, albo; pectore flavo parum lavato ; fronte facie an-
teriort et guld plumis prorsus nudis ; notd super oculos atque in
occipite medio aurantiacd.

Long. tot. unc. 39; rostri, 84; ale, 15; caude, 53; tarsi, 54.

Hab. Nova Cambria Australi.

Fem. differt a mare adulto, staturd minore.

PLATALEA FLAVIPES. Plat. corpore toto albo; parte faciet nudé
angustiore quam in Plat. regid ; purte nudd et rostro aurantiacis ;
pedibus flavis.

Long. tot. unc. 28; rostri, 71; ale, 143; caude, 533 ; tarsi, 43.

Hab. Nova Cambria Australi.

107

November 14th, 1837.
Thomas Bell, Esq., fe the Chair.

Dr. Martin Barry, of Edinburgh, exhibited a living specimen of
the Proteus anguinus, and read the following communication from
Professor Rudolph Wagner, of Erlangen in Bavaria.

«© T was so fortunate, at the end of the late summer, as to obtain
three living Protei; of which I have examined two, just killed,
that proved to be a male and female, and have given the third alive
to my friend Dr. Barry, who may perhaps have an opportunity for
bringing it forward at a meeting of the Zoological Society. The re-
sults of my examinations correspond perfectly with the statements of
Cuvier, R. Owen, J. Miiller, and others, on the Proteidea; but are
opposed to several of the views lately put forth by Rusconi (Obser-
vations sur la Siréne, 1837). I have, for instance, no doubt that the
pulmonary sacs or vesicles really perform the function of lungs. Each
lung contains a large artery and a still larger vein, which are con-
nected together by means of large and numerous vessels. To me the
most important point was the examination of the blood globules and
the generative organs. I conjectured, on various grounds, that the
Proteidea would be found to have, of all animals, the largest blood
globules :—first, because the size of the latter in the naked Amphi-
bia in general is the largest in the animal kingdom ; 2ndly, because,
remarkable as it is, the blood-globules are here (in the naked Am-
phibia) so much the larger, the longer the gills continue in the lar-
val state ; hence the land and water salamander have much larger
blood globules than the frog. I conjectured also that the Protez
(probably also the Siren, &c.), because they permanently have both
gills and lungs,—being therefore permanently Jarve,—would be
found to have the largest blood globules. The latter are indeed gi-
gantic; flat, oval, resembling those of the salamander, and from pine
to => of a Paris line in length; hence, as minute points, visible to
the naked eye. They are from once to twice the size of the blood
globules of the salamander, nearly three times as large as those of the
frog, and about twelve or fifteen times the size of those of man.

‘In a female, I found the ova very beautifully developed; their
structure, as well as that of the ovary, corresponding perfectly with
that of the other naked Amphibia, especially the Triton. The small-
est ova consist of a delicate chorion, yellow yolk, large germinal
vesicle, and manifold germinal spot*. I regret to say that in the
otherwise tolerably developed testes of the male there were no sper-
matozoa. I conjecture however that the spermatozoa of this animal
resemble those of the Triton. J would just remark, that the form
and size of the blood globules, the formation of the ova, and the form

* Compare my “ Prodromus Historie Generationis.”
No. LIX.—Procrepines or THe ZooLoGicaL Society.

108

of the spermatozoa, in different animals, have a great zoological and
physiological interest. Already is it in my power, from a drop of
blood or semen placed before me, to determine with the microscope,
not only the class, but frequently the genus and the species from
which these fluids have been taken. R. Wacner.”

Dr. Barry stated that, from his own microscopical examination,
he was able fully to confirm the correctness of Prof. Wagner’s ob-
servations upon the size and shape of the blood globules in the
Proteus.

The Prinee of Musignano laid before the Meeting the following
communication, containing notices and descriptions of new or in-
teresting birds from Mexico and South America.

I. Messrs. Swainson and Wagler have, as far as their materials
would allow them, ably described the Birds of Mexico. Through
the kindness of the Messrs. Paris I have been allowed to examine a
small collection from that country, a list of which, with descriptions
of new or interesting species, I shall subjoin ; hoping thereby to add
a little to our acquaintance with the ornithology of that interesting
part of North America.

1, Turasartos Harpyra, G.R. Gray. Harpyia destructor, Cuv.
Falco destructor, Lath. Vultur Harpyja, L.

2. Potysorus Brasitiensis, Swains. P. albo nigrogue varius ;
pileo nigro, plumis cervicalibus elongatis ; rectricibus albis, nigro
fasciatis, apice latissime nigris.

Falco Brasiliensis, Lath. Polyborus vulgaris, Vieill. Quebranta
huesos, Mexic.

Figured by Vieillot, Swainson, and Audubon.

3. CEeRYLE Torquata, Nob. C. subcristata, cano-cerulescens,
torque albo ; subtus castanea ; alis cauddque albo maculatis.

Mas. Pectore cano-cerulescenti, crisso ferrugineo. Fem. Pectore
castaneo, crisso albo.

Buff. Pl. Enl. 284. Alcedo cinerea, Vieill, Martin pescador, Mexic.

Interesting for the locality, as it has been doubted, even by Mr.
Swainson, the able discriminator of this group. (See Birds of West-
ern Africa, II. p. 93.)

4. Ceryxe atcyon, L. Ispida Alcyon, Sw.
The most southern limits of this North-American species hitherto
ascertained are Mexico and one or two of the West Indian islands.

5. Rampnasros carrnatus, Swains., Wagl. R. nigerrimus,
uropygio albo, guld pectoreque flavis ; crisso ac fasciold colli in-
jimi coccineis ; rostro viridi apice coccineo, maculd submedid au-
rantid, culmine percarinato flavo.

Edwards, t.329. Sw. Zool. Ill. t. 45.

This species, so rarely to be found in collections, has been con-

109

founded with a Linnean Toucan, notwithstanding Edwards’s figure
and description.

6. Trocon, mas adultus. T. viridi-aureus, guld nigra, abdomine mi-
niaceo ; alis fuscis, tectricibus albo irroratis ; caudd nigrd, rec-
tricibus tribus extimis albo fasciatis ; rostro flavo.

Pito real. Mexic.

Jun. fusco-cinereus ; abdomine luteo ; tectricibus alarum strigis albis.

Gabilan, Mexic.

7. Trogon Mexicanus, Swains.? 2. T. olivaceus ; abdomine ru-
bro ; caudd nigricante ; rectricibus truncatis, duabus mediis fer-
rugineis fascid terminali albidd nigrdque, lateralibus tribus apice
albo et latere externo albo fasciatis.

I have not given names to these birds, because they will certainly

be included in Mr. Gould’s beautiful Monograph.

8. Macrocercus miitartis, Vieill. M. viridis ; uropygio remi-
gibusque ceruleis ; fronte rubrdé ; genis nudis lineis plumosis ;
caudd rubricante, rectricibus apice ceruleis.

Psittacus militaris, L. Edw.,t.113. Guacamaja, Mexic.

9. MELANERPES FORMICIVORUS, Swains. M. niger ; occipite rubro;
fronte, uropygio, remigumque fascid basilari, albis ; guld flavidd ;
pectore nigro striis albis; abdomine albo, lateribus crissoque
nigro striatis.

Picus melanopogon, Licht. Temm., pl. enl. 451. Carpintero negro,

Mexic.

10. Cenrurus supeLecans, Nob. C. albo nigroque fasciatus ;
subtus cum capite dilut? cinerescens ; vertice rubro, fronte et
cervice subauratis.

This bird resembles Mr. Swainson’s Centurus elegans, but is well

distinguished by wanting the very conspicuous black superciliary
spot, and by the much less brilliant gold colour of the crown.

11. Conarres nusricatus, Nob. C. griseo-rufescens, nigro su-
pra fasciatus, subtus maculatus ; uropygio albo ; guld cinereo-vi-
naced immaculatd ; remigum rectricumque scapis rubris.

Mas. Fascid mystacali rubrd. Foem. Fascid rubrd nulld.

Colaptes collaris, Vig. Picus rubricatus, Licht. Colaptes Mewica-
nus, Sw. Carpintero rosado, Mexic.

Nearly allied to the Colaptes auratus of North America. To this
group belong also the Picus arator (Geocolaptes terrestris, Sw.) of
Caffraria ; the Picus Chilensis, Lesson, Zool. Coq. t. 32; the beauti-
ful Colaptes Fernandine, Vig., from the Island of Cuba, and two or
three others.

12. Cyanocorax coronatus, Nob. C. cristatus, cyaneus ; cristd
ex toto ceruled, capitis lateribus tantum nigricantibus ; mento,
Fronte, et superciliis albicantibus ; alarum tectricibus, remigibus
scapularibusque nigro fasciatis ; caudd parum rotundatd.

110

Garrulus coronatus. Jardine and Selby’s Ill. Orn., t. 64. Azul
Capetan, Mexic.

This must not be confounded with the larger Garrulus Stelleri.

Nob. Am. Orn. II. t. 13. f. 1.

13. Quiscatus magsor, Vieill. Urraca, Mexic.

14. XanrHornus cuuaris, Wagler. X. rubro-aureus,,loris, guld
et fascid jugulari, dorso, alis cauddque nigris ;. tectricibus alarum
minoribus supra infraque aureis ; remigibus basi, tectricibus ma-
joribus apice, remigibusque secundariis margine externo, albis.

Culandria de Bergara, Mexic.

A species very similar to Oriolus Xanthornus, L., and still more so
to Icterus Mexicanus, Leach, Zool. Misc., I. t. 2 (leucopteryx, Wagler),
having its robust bill and extent of white marking on the wing, but
is well distinguished from both by its black back and more vivid co-
lour.

15. Icrerus Parisorum, Nob. I. niger, tergo, abdomine, tectri-
cibus minoribus alarum, rectricibusque lateralibus a basi ad me-
dium flavo-olivaceis ; tectricibus alarum majoribus remigibus-
que secundariis apice albis.

Calandria, Mexic.

Nearly allied to Ict. Dominicensis ( flavigaster, Wagl.), from which,
however, it is distinguished by the white on the wing and the yellow
on the tail. The bill in both is remarkably slender and very acute.

I have much pleasure in naming this bird after the brothers Paris,
who, notwithstanding the arduous nature of their professional en-
gagements in Mexico, allowed no opportunity of furthering the in-
terests of science to pass unimproved. I quite agree with the opi-
nion, that in a country whose commercial transactions are so exten-
sive as they are in this, the captain of a trading-vessel bringing
home ‘‘a ‘curious bird,’ which may prove to be new, has no claim to
have his name immortalized ;”” but the same rule I would not apply to
the Roman state, where a person crossing the sea is a rare occur-
rence.

16. AGELAIUS GUBERNATOR. A. niger, alarum tectricibus mino-
ribus ruberrimis unicoloribus.

Psarocolius gubernator, Wag}. in Isis, 1832, p. 261.

This species, hardly established by Wagler under the specific
name we have adopted, differs from the common Pheniceus of the
United States by having the red spot on the shoulder of a uniform
lively colour, wanting the ochraceous band beneath it; whilst the
new Rocky mountain closely allied species, figured by Mr. Audubon
under the name of tricolor, has, as the name implies, three most di-
stinct colours on the shoulder spot. Our Mexican species is larger
than the common, has the wings longer and broader, and the tail less
rounded.

The diagnosis of Pheniceus will be

111

Ac. Niger, alarum tectricibus minoribus rubris bicoloribus, fascid ter-
minali ochraced.
The diagnosis of tricolor,
Ac. Niger, alarum tectricibus minoribus rubris bicoloribus, fascid ter-
minali candidd latissima.

17. Srurnetta Hrirrocreris, Wagl. Also found in the island
of Cuba, and registered by Mr. Vigors in his paper on the birds of
that island, under the name of Sturnella collaris.

Friguevo, Mexic.

18. Gurraca ca@RuLEA, Sw. Azulero, Mexic.
An adult male: this is worthy of remark, as Mr. Swainson’s spe-
cimens were all immature.

19. GurracA MELANOCEPHALA, Sw. G. fulvo-ferruginea ; pileo,
genis, dorso, alis cauddque nigris, tectricibus alarum inferioribus
et medio corpore subtus flavissimis ; alis cauddque albo varis.

Fringilla xanthomaschalis, Wag). Isis, 1831. p. 525. Fr. macu-

lata, Audubon, necnon Lath. Figuerillo, Mexic.

The Coccothraustes Bonapartei of Lesson’s Zool. Ill. is the same bird

as the one described by Dr. Richardson in the Fauna Boreali-Ameri-
cana, as the female of Coccothraustes vespertina, Cooper.

20. Carprnauis Virernianus, Nob. C. ruber; guld et capistro

nigris ; caudd valde rotundatd ; rostro conico, subdentato.

Hab. Throughout N. America.

Finding in the collection of the Zoological Society two beautiful
undescribed species of this my new form, I take this opportunity of
making them known, especially as both come from Mexico. They
all preserve the short rounded wings and lengthened tail, and even
the crested head and red colours. As to the different shape of the
bills, it is only an additional proof of the little importance to be at-
tached to the form of that member in the conirosiral birds.

CaARDINALIS PHa@NicEUs, Gould. C. ruberrimus; capistro
tenuissimo nigricante ; caudd rotundaté ; rostro robustissimo
conico-turgescenti sinuato-dentato.

A small but most splendid species, received by Mr. Gould from

the country south of the Bay of Honduras.

Carpinatis sinuatus, Nob. C. rubro cinereoque varius ;
gula et capistro coccineis ; cauddé vix rotundatd ; rostro com-
presso turgido sinuato.

Hab. Western parts of Mexico.

21. PuizerEmos cornutus, Nob. Alauda chrysolaéma?, Wagl.
Fildio de Llano, Mexic.
Six species are now known of this peculiar subgenus of Alauda,

22. Turpus micratorius, L. Sarsal, Mexic.

23. Icrerta viripis, Nob. Pipra polyglotta, Wils. Icteria du-
micola, Vicill. Arriero, Mexic.

112

The tints are somewhat darker than in the United States’ speci-
mens.

24. EryturospizA FRonTALIS, Nob. Pyrrhula frontalis, Say.
Nob. Am. Orn. 1. t. 6. f. 1. mas. 2. feem. Fringilla hemorrhoa,
Licht. Wagl. Isis, 1831, p. 525. Gornion, Mexic. Nocktotl, Her-
nand. Thes. p. 31. c. 81.

This beautiful bird, reckoned until now very rare, and thought to
be peculiar to the Rocky Mountains, in districts far removed from
civilization, is very common in the city of Mexico, where according
to Mr. Paris it takes the place of our common sparrow, provoking
the science of the professors in the very yard of the university.

25. TyrannuLa coronaTa. Sw. JT. fusca; capite, cristd erecta

rotundatd et corpore subtus coccineis.

Fam. griseo-fusca ; capite levi concolore et pectore albidis ; ventre

tantum subminiaceo.

Muscicapa coronata, Lath. Buff. Pl. Enl. 675. f.1. male. Car-

denal, Mexic.

Its southern range extends to Demerara, where it is very common.
Contrary to what happens in the other species of the group, the fe-
male now described for the first time differs considerably from the
other sex.

26. Tyrannuua pivaricaTa, Nob. 7. cristata, cinereo-olivacea;
mento orbitisque albicantibus ; dorso alisque olivaceo-rufescenti-
bus; alis acuminatis ; remigibus 1™° et 5° subequalibus ; 2%, 3%,
et 4° omnium longissimis ; caudd divaricatd corpore longiori
rectricibus quatuor mediis dorso concoloribus ; duabus hine inde
nigricantibus, extimis duabus utrinque dimidiato-cinereis. Ros-
tro brevissimo nigerrimo.

Long. 8"; rostr. 8''; al. 6"; caud. 4"; tars. 1".

Riusito, Mexic.

We have dwelt at greater length on the characters of this bird, as

it is likely to become the type of a new group.

27. Lantus Lupovicranus. Berduquillo, Mexic.

A specimen with the two middle tail feathers only entirely black,
in which condition it is most probably the L. excubitorides, Sw.

When Mr. Swainson says, that he cannot reconcile the measure-
ments and proportions of the quills of Z. Borealis and excubitor, as
stated by me, he is perfectly right, and no one but myself can ex-
plain the reason: the fact is, that while comparing I unfortunately
must have taken up a specimen of L. Jtalicus, Lath., instead of one
of the ercubitor. Mr. Swainson has taken much pains to point out
several species of North American shrikes; but we know only two
species of that genus in America, his L. Borealis and Ardesiaceus ;
which latter, by the by, should be called Ludovicianus on our ac-
count, if not on Brisson’s.

28. Pipra ELEGANTIssIMA, Nob. P. purpureo-nigra; fronte cas-

113

taneo-fuscd ; vertice nuchd et cervice pulchre cyaneis ; pectore
abdomineque fulvo-aruginosis.

This most elegant species of square-tail Manakin resembles the
P. cyanocephala, Vieill., but is at once distinguished by the general
blackness of its plumage, and especially by its having a black throat.
It might be taken for an undescribed state of that most variable
species, the P. serena, L., which however has always been found
with a white forehead, a blue rump, the blue colour of the head
much more circumscribed. The rufous belly will at once distinguish
it from the P. cyaneocapilla of Wagler, Isis, 1830. p..934., figured by
Spix under the name of P. coronata, II. 67. f. 1. As to the Pipra
Musica (Euphonia ceruleocephala, Sw.), it differs by its black frontlet
and orange rump.

29. Prera tineanis, Nob. P.capitealis cauddque nigris ; vertice
cristato coccineo; rectricibus duabus intermediis lineari-acumi-
natis, nigris, ceteris triplo longioribus.

Mas. Niger; dorso ceruleo. Fam. Olivacea.

Two species have been confounded by authors and by Wagler
himself under the name of Pipra caudata, which are however well
distinguished by the shape of the elongated tail feathers. The name
of P. caudata must be retained, for the species figured by Shaw, t.
153. Nat. Misc. V. whilst the /ongicauda of Vieill., of which D’Azara
speaks under the characteristic name of Queue en pelle is at once
distinguished by the dilatation in the apex of its elongated tail-
feathers. We subjoin the characters of both.

Prera toneicaupA, Vieill. P. cerulea; capite, collo, alis
cauddque nigris; pileo cristato fulvo-coccineo ; rectricibus
duabus intermediis ceteris dimidio longioribus, eerulescenti-
bus, apice dilatatis.

Jun. subvirescens.

PIpRA MELANOCEPHALA, Vieill. P. nigra dorso ceruleo;
vertice cristato coccineo ; rectricibus duabus intermediis ca-
teris sesqui-longioribus, nigris, acuminatis.

P. lanceolata, Wag), Isis, 1830, p. $31.

30. CoLUMBA FLAvVIROSTRIs, Wagl. Isis, 1830, p.519. CGC.
rufo-vinacea ; alis extus et totis subtus, uropygio, caudd, ventre
abdomineque plumbeis ; rostro pedibusque rubris ; rectricibus
saturatioribus; remigibus albo minutissime externe limbatis.
Long. 1!.

31. LEPTOPTILA RUFAXILLA, Swains. LZ. brunneo-vinacea ; nitore
colli vix conspicuo, fronte guld et pectore dilute vinaceis, abdo-
mine albo; rostro nigro; pedibus rubris; tectricibus alarum
minoribus et pennis axillaribus longissimis vivide castanco-cin-
namomeis ; caudd parum rotundatd ; rectricibus tribus extimis
obseurioribus apice albis sine ullo vestigio fascie nigricantis.

Long. 9" 6!"; caud. 3" 6"; al. 5 3!"; rostr. 10"; tars. 1".

Columba frontalis, Temm. C. rufavilla, Wagl.

114

Closely resembles C. aurita, Temm., from which it differs in want-
ing black spots to the wings, in having a less rounded tail without
the black band, and in the wing coverts being rufous, and not grey.

32. Ortyx Montezum@, Vigors, Jard. and Selby. Ill. Orn. fase.
9. t. 126. O.cinereo-violacea ; plumis nigro fasciatis, secundum
rachim cinnamomeo lineatis ; tectricibus alarum maculis rotun-
datis nigris: subtus nigra maculis perlatis albis ; abdomine me-
dio longitudinaliter castaneo.

In our specimens, perhaps arising from immaturity, the throat is

whitish, and not black.

Fem. Tectricibus alarum maculis non rotundatis at fasciformibus ;
subtus lete vinacea, nigro signata, maculis albis obsoletis.

Codarniz, Mexic.

Among the numerous Ortyges lately discovered in Mexico, and
especially among the crestless species, the Ortyx Montezuma, of
which we now, for the first time, introduce the female to the notice
of naturalists, is the most handsome.

33. Eeretta Leucr, Nob. Ardea leuce, Ill. Ctanza blanca,
Mexic.

34. RatLus CuiricorTe, Vieill. Gallina de Montensoma, Mexic.

35. Parra Jacana, L. P. purpureo-castanea ; capite, collo cor-
poreque subtus nigro-viclaceis ; remigibus flavo-olivaceis nigro
marginatis ; spind alarum robusta flava.

Jaquanar at Vera Cruz. Buff. Pl. Enl. 272.

All the Mexican specimens I have seen are of a much darker tinge

and of a larger size than the Brazilians.

II. Having lately, through the kindness of Colonel Velasquez de
Leon, had an opportunity of examining a collection of birds, formed
by him during a fortnight’s scientific tour in Guatamala, | think it
desirable to give the Society a list of the known species contained in
it, with concise descriptions of those birds which appear to me to be
new. I hope they may prove not uninteresting to the naturalist,
for whom that part of Central America possesses attractions not in-
ferior to those of any other country.

1. HerPETOTHERES CACHINNANS, Vieill. H. albus, nigro coro-
natus ; dorso alisque fuscis, remigibus interne rufo fasciatis ;
rectricibus albo nigroque fasciatis.

Falco cachinnans, Lath. Macagua ricaneur, D’Azara.

2. Burro. A species which I am unwilling to give a name to,
owing to the immature state of the only specimen I have seen.

It is of an ashy brown colour, with the vent feathers whitish,
banded with rusty. The wings reach a little beyond the middle of
the tail; the primaries are rusty red, with black bands except at the
tip. The tail-feathers ashy, with four wide black bands.

3. Prionires Momotus. PP. viridis, subtus fulvescens ; pileo

115

nigro, corond cyanea ; rectricibus duabus mediis ultra rachim
nudam ceruleis, apice nigricante.
Momotus, Briss. Ramphastos momota, L. Momotus Brasiliensis,
Lath.

4. CroropHAGA SuLcirostRA, Sw. Cr. Casasii, Less.
Long. 11! 6!"'.

5. Corvus CacaLori. Wagl. Isis, 1831, p. 527. Cacalotl.
Hernandez Thes. p. 48, c. 174.

This bird is very properly regarded and characterized by Wagler
as distinct from the European Corvus Corax, although its differen-
tial characters have escaped the notice of all writers on North Ame-
rican ornithology. It therefore diminishes still further the daily
decreasing list of birds which have been regarded as common to the
two great continents.

Besides the different form of the bill, contour of the feathers, and
shape of the tail, the proportions in the lengths of the primaries differ,
as is usual in the different species of crows. The first quill is shorter
than the seventh, the second and sixth are equal ; the third is shorter
than the fifth, the fourth being the longest; while in the European
bird the second quill is longer than the fourth, and the third is the
longest of all. In the American species, the second is much shorter
than the fourth, which is even longer than the third and fifth.

This species must not be confounded with the more brilliant and
more strongly marked C. splendens of Gould, also from Mexico.

6. Cyanurus Buttock, Nob. Pica Bullockii, Wagl.
The numerous synonyms and descriptions of this magnificent and
well-known species need not be recited here.

7. CyANOCORAX CoRONATUS, Nob. Garrulus coronatus, Sw.

Not to be confounded with the closely-allied species, G. Stelleri.

We propose retaining Cyanurus, Sw., for the long-tailed Blue
Magpies, whilst Cyanocoraz, Boje, belongs by right to the American
Blue Jays.

8. Cassicus. A small white-billed species, of an uniform in-
tensely black colour, with a remarkably robust tail. This can be
referred to the C. nigerrimus of Spix, or, perhaps with still more
propriety to the C. solitarius of Azara. In consequence of the con-
fusion which still reigns among these black American birds, I am
unwilling to increase it by giving the present bird a specific name,
but must content myself with subjoining a description.

C.in toto nigerrimus; rostro valido acuminato ex virescente albo ;

plumis capitis elongatis, latis, rotundatis ; remigibus rectrici-
busque latissimis, subfasciatis ; caudd gradatd.

9. Coccyzus Cayanus. C. rufus, pectore abdomine Semoribus-
que plumbeis ; caudd longissimé valde cuneatd, rectricibus late-
ralibus apice albis.

Cuculus Cayanus, L.

116

10. Trogon. An immature specimen, which, as the young of
several other species, agrees with the Trogon strigilatus of Linn.

11. Cenrurus Santa Cruz, Nob. C. albo nigroque striatus,
capite et corpore subtus griseo-olivaceis ; vertice cerviceque ru-
bris ; fronte et abdomine aureis ; uropygio albo ; remigibus rec-
tricibusque nigris.

Nearly allied to the Picus Carolinensis ; but distinct, by its bill
being more arcuated, the tail feathers all black, and the golden
front and belly; distinct also from the albifrons of Mr. Swainson,
which, with a golden belly, has the front, the sides of the head, and
half of the throat, white: its rump is also thickly banded.

A much smaller undescribed species in Mr. Swainson’s collection
(Picus aurifrons) comes still nearer to mine, which, at the request
of Colonel Velasquez, I have named after a scientific professor in
Mexico.

12. Icrrrus Battimore. Oriolus Baltimore, L. An adult male
and a young bird.

13. IcrtErus spurius. Oriolus mutatus, Wilson. Psarocolius
castaneus, Wagler. An adult male and a young bird.

14. IcrERvs.

A female bird, closely allied to the Baltimore and the spurius, but
different from either : its colours would bring it much closer to the
Baltimore, but it wants the black on the throat, whilst all its under
parts are much more vivid than the corresponding portions in any
stage of the spurius. Its rump is olive-yellow, the head and the back
olive-brown, the white bands on the wings very broad and conspi-
cuous.

15. Icrerus Bonariensts. Psarocolius sericeus, Wagl. Pl. Enl.
710. Adult male.

16. Guiraca Lupoviciana, Sw. Loxia Ludoviciana, L. Frin-
gilla punicea, Lath. A young bird.

17. Pyranea astiva, Vieill. Tanagra estiva, Lath. Male, in
moult.

18. Pyranea Lupovicrana, Nob. P. flava; facie rubricante,
dorso alis cauddque nigris; alarum fascid duplici-flava ob
apicem tectricum.

Tanagra Ludoviciana, Wils. Pyranga erythropis, Vieill.
19. TanaGRa CHLOROTICA.

20. Tanacra eEpiscopus, L. TZ. cinereo-c@rulescens, subtus
paullo dilutior, remigibus rectricibusque fuscis, margine externo
ceruleo ; rostro plumbeo-nigro.

21. Tanacra vicarius, Lesson. 7. rostro nigro robusto; capite
cyaneo, capistro nigro ; dorso sordide virescente ; abdomine fla-

117

vescente; tectricibus alarum minoribus cyaneis, speculo alart
flavo.

This beautiful species, figured by Lesson in his Centurie Zoolo-
gique, pl. 68, considerably resembles the several blue species of
Tanagra, often confounded with the 7. episcopus, L., on account of
their similarity to it; I mean the T. archiepiscopus, Desm. ; T. Sayaca,
L. (2. glauca, Sparrm) ; T. olivascens, Licht. (erroneously taken for
the female of the T. Sayaca) ; but the beautiful goldfinch-like yellow
spot, which it bears at the base of the primaries, as well as the
blacker and much more robust bill, almost bullfinch-shaped, distin-
guish it from them all.

22. Evpnonta viobacea. LE. nigro-chalybea ; fronte pectore ab-
domineque flavissimis ; tectricibus alarum inferioribus, remigi-
bus intus basi, maculdque medid pogonii interni, rectricisque la-
teralis albis.

23. Evrnonra utrunpinacea, Nob. £. olivaceo-flava, fronte et
subtus flavd, vertice genisque nigro-chalybeis, remigibus rectrici-
busque nigricantibus, margine externo olivaceis ; rostro nigro
valde uncinato, subhirundineo.

24, Arremon cicanteus, Nob. A. lete olivaceus ; rostro robus-
tissimo nigerrimo, capite nigro ; guld media albd (unde nigro-
cincta) ; pectore abdomineque plumbeo, crisso flavo, eruginoso ;
remigibus nigris, caudd olivaced, valde rotundata.

As the chief difference between this bird and the Silens consists

in its greater dimensions, I subjoin them :

Long. tot. 9” 6”; rostr. 1”; al.4” 6”; caud. 4” 6”; tars. 1”.

25. Icrerta Vetasquezi. J. viridis ; pectore flavo-aurantiaco ;

rostro nigricante, mandibula albicante.

An important addition to the genus Icteria, which hitherto com-
prehended only one species, the Pipra polyglotta of Wilson, Icteria
viridis, Vieill., from which it differs in the more intense, almost
orange-colour of the breast, and by the whiteness of the under man-
dible of the bill, which is entirely black in the viridis. J. viridis
may stand characterised as follows :

l. viridis, pectore flavo ; rostro ex toto nigro.

26. Tuamnoruitus poxiatus. T. albo nigroque fasciatus, vertice
candido, nigro cincto.

27. Tuamnoruitus rvutitvs, Vieill. T.rufo-cinnamomeus, subtus
flavo-cinnamomeus, rostro robusto, genis albo nigroque variis ;
remigibus medio fuscis ; rectricibus rufis, unicoloribus.

28. Topus cinerzus, Briss. (Pl. Enl.) 7. cinereo-olivaceus,
subtus flavissimus, pileo nigricante; alis nigricantibus, tec-
tricibus remigibusque externe flavo limbatis, caudd gradata ni-
ge rectricibus lateralibus apice albis ; rostro nigro, subtus al-

ido.

118

29. SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA, Sw.
A female.

30. SETOPHAGA RUBRA, Sw. S. rubra, alis cauddque fuscis :

genis albo-sericeis.
Sylvia miniata, Lafresn., Mag. de Zool., 1836. Cl. II. tab. 54.

31. Synvicoza pecurtata, Nob. WS. lete viridis, subtus, cum
tectricibus alarum, albo-virescens ; capite colloque supra plum-
beis, subtus albis ; alis majusculis, remigibus subfuscis, supra
externe viridi marginatis, subtus interne albo limbatis. Primo
dimidium, secundo equalis duodecimi, 3, 4, 5, 6'°"® omnium
longissimis. Caudd parvé angustd equali, rectricibus vires-
centibus.

Long. 4”; rostr. 7!"; al. 2"; caud.1" 3!"; tars. 7",

This very singular small bird, partaking partly of the cha-

racters of Vireo and Sylvia, is very remarkable from the abbreviated
form of its body; its wings and tail are also very singular, and al-

most entitle it to rank as a distinct genus.

32. Turpus Grayi, Nob. J. olivaceo-fuseus, subtus flavo-cin-
namomeus, guld tantum vix fuscescenti striatd: tectricibus ala-
rum inferioribus remigumque margine interno aurantio-cinna-
momeis, remigum primo sextam equante, 4° et 5 omnium lon-
gessimis, tertiam et sextam vix superantibus ; caudd equali, duo
pollices ultra alas pretensdé ; rectricibus submucronatis.

Long. tot. 8’; rostr. 1"; al. 4" 31; caud. 3" 3"; tars. 1 1",

A typical species: which I have much pleasure in dedicating to
Mr. G. R. Gray, a young ornithologist.

33. Tyrannus supEercitiosus. Swains. 7. fusco-olivaceus, sub-
tus cum tectricibus alarum flavissimis ; caudé emarginatd ; ver-
tice basi rubro ; superciliis amplis guldque candidis.

Long. tot. 6” 6”; caud.3”; al. 3” 5’; rostr.9”; tars. 8”.

34, SYNALLAXIS CINERASCENS, Temm., Pl. Col. 227, f.3. S.
fusco-badia, capite toto saturatiore, pectore alis cauddque lete
castaneis, ventre cinerascente ; remigum apicibus Slavescentibus ;
rostro nigro.

35. Mniotinta varia, Vieill. Sylvia varia, Lath. Oxyglossus
maculatus. Sw.

36. Ca@rzsa cyanea, Vieill. Certhia cyanea, L.

Sco.topacinus, Noy. Gen.

Aostrum longissimum, basi trigonum, gracile, rectissimum ; man-
dibulis zequalibus, superiore apice extimo subcurvato, subhian-
tibus: nares fossa majuscula, membranula fere omnino clause.

Pedes clongati; tarso digito medio sesquilongiore: digiti omnes a

119

basi fissi, valde inaequales, postico validiore, ungue robusto valde
arcuato.
Ale maxime rotundate ; remigibus 1™°, 24, 34° sensim longiori-
bus; 4% ceteris sed vix longiore, omnibus latis.
Cauda breviuscula, valde gradata.

37. ScoLopacINus RUFIVENTRIS, Nob. Sc. brunneo-olivaceus ;
genis et subtus aurantio-cinnamomeis ; guld albd inferne striis
nigris; remigibus fuscis ; caudd nigrd, rectrice extimd maculd
transversali, 2°°* maculd internd apicali, tertid apice tantum,
albis. Rostrum fuscum subtus basi album.

Longit. 4" 6"; al. 2"; caud. 1" 6"; tars. 10".

This bird is closely related to the Troglodytes rectirostris of Swain-
son’s Zool. Ill., t. 140, which, though its bill be shorter than in this
our typical species, belongs to the same genus; which the learned
author could not but anticipate when he placed it with the Wrens.
A specimen of it in the British Museum wants the white markings
on the tail, and has the bill shorter than in our rujfiventer.

Since writing the above, I find that Mr. Sundeval has formed the
latter species into a genus, which he named Acontistes.

38. CaprRiMULGUS vocIFERUS, Wils. Common in the United
States.

39. PenELorE veTuLta, Wagl. P. brunneo-olivacea; capite col-
loque ardesiaceis ; epigastro et ventre albis, crisso vir rufescente ;
rectricibus enco-viridibus, lateralibus apice late albis ; remigibus
integris ; tarso digito medio breviore ; meatu nudo, vittd inter-
medid subpiloso-plumosd.

It differs too little from the P. vetula, Wagler, Isis, 1830. p. 1111.

sp. 14, for me to venture to make a distinct species.

III. I subjoin the description of some new or rare species (placed
in my hands by Mr. Leadbeater, during my stay in London), from
that portion of Brazil bordering on Peru; and interesting, as further
elucidating the Ornithology of that little-known country. I under-
stand that they will hereafter form a portion of that valuable collec-
tion which belongs to the Earl of Derby.

1. Crypticus Marti, Nob. C. virens, capite, collo, pectoreque
rufo-fulvis: fascid oculari, maculisque jugularibus nigris.

Momotus platyrhynchus, Leadb. Prionites Martii, Spix.

A specimen with the middle tail-feathers entire.

To this new genus of Mr. Swainson will also belong the Momotus
superciliosus of Mr. Sandbach, lately described at a meeting of the
British Association at Liverpool,

2. CapiITo MAcRopaAcTYLUS, Nob. C. fusco-brunneus, pileo cas-
taneo, cervice cinnamomed ; guld juguloque albidis, collari la-
tissimo nigro; abdomine nebuloso.

Cyphos macrodactylus, Spix, pl. 39, fig. 2.

120

3. MicropoGon AuROVIRENS, Nob. WM. olivaceus, pileo ruber-
rimo, guld pectoreque aurantiacis.

Bucco aurovirens, Cuv. Le Vaill. Suppl. pl. E.

From Sarayacu. ‘‘’The eyes were red, the legs grey.”’

4. MicropoGoNn FLAVICOLLE, Nob. WM. niger luteo maculatus,
pileo luteo-virescenti: guld aurantiacd: abdomine flavo.

Mas. Jugulo immaculato. Fem. Jugulo maculis nigris.

Resembles Capito aurifrons, Vig. from Chili; but is sufficiently
distinct.

5. GALBULA TOMBACEA, Spix, pl. 58. G.aureo-viridis, abdomine
rufo: jugulo immaculato.
A tail-less specimen belonging certainly to that species, distinct
from the numerous ones just described by Mr. Swainson; differing
from all by the uniform green colour of the chin, throat, and breast.

6. DENDROCOPS PLATYROSTRIS, Nob. D.rufescens, nigro undu-
latus, uropygio, remigibus, rectricibusque puris.
Dendrocolaptes platyrostris, Spix, pl. 89.
A large and very remarkable species, in which the characters of
the genus, as beautifully described and drawn by Mr. Swainson, are
strongly developed.

7. ASTHENURUS RUFIVENTRIS, Nob. A. fuscus, subtus cum genis
rufis: ptleo nigro, rubro maculato.

8. MELANERPES MEROPIROSTRIS, Nob. WM. niger, fronte rubra :
vittd superciliari albd, postice aured: uropygio candido: abdo-
mine medio coceineo ; lateribus, crisso, remigibusque albo nigro-
que fasciatis.

Picus meropirostris, Wagl.

The bill is rather more curved than in other species of the group,

and has the culminar and nasal ridges remarkably distinct,

9. XANTHORNUS MENTALIS, Wagl. A young specimen.
10. StuRNELLA MILITARIS, Vieill.

11. A female of a species of Dolichonix, with a belly tinged with
red, and less acute tail-feathers than in the type, intermediate be-
tween the only two species of the group hitherto known: perhaps
the female of the Agelaius phenisomus, Swains.

12. GurracA MAGNIROSTRIS, Nob. G‘. griseo-flavida nigro
maculata; subtus cum superciliis flavis : crisso albo: remigibus
rectricibusque fuscis: tectricibus alarum majoribus scapulari-
busque apice albo notatis.

A female bird of an unknown species, allied to the G. melanoce-

phala, Sw.; but differing by the bill being much longer and thicker.

13. Spiza veRsicoLtor, Nob. SS. violaceo-cyanea purpureoque
varia: uropygio cyaneo: capistro nigro: alis cauddque fuscis.

Found near Temascallepec: ‘‘ has a sweet song; feeds on seeds ;

121

eyes brown.” With the amena, the ciris, and the cyanea, it belongs
to my genus Spiza, as I have lately restricted it; that is, to my Ta-
nager-like Spize.

14. RAMPHOCELUS NIGROGULARIS, Spix. WR. coccineus, facie,
dorso, ventre, alis cauddque nigris.
Ramphocelus ignescens, Less., Cent. Zool., pl. 24.

This synonym is interesting as settling the point of the identity
of the Mexican and Brazilian birds, which I left undecided in my
small monograph on this genus. Sir W. Jardine’s Ramphopis
flammigerus (Il. of Zool., tab. 131.) isthe same as my R. Passerinii.
M. d’Orbigny figures a fifth species of the genus, in his recent voy-
age, under the name of

RampPHocetus aTro-sericEus, D’Orb. Voy. Am.M. Ois. pl. 24,
fig. 1. R. niger capite guldque atro-coccineis.

Rampuocetus ictERonotus, Nob., R. niger, dorso postico uropy-
gioque flavissimis.

This description is added, from a specimen contained in the Paris
Museum.

15. TANAGRA CYANOCEPHALA, D’Orb., pl. 23. fig. 2. 7. viridi-
flava, pileo cerviceque azureis ; subtus canescens ; alarum tec-
tricibus inferioribus, remigibus interne, crisso femoribusque fla-
vissimis.

The bill is rather more compressed than in many other typical
species of Tanagers. This beautiful bird resembles several other blue-
headed species of the genus, but is most easily distinguished by our
diagnosis.

16. TANAGRA sTRIATA, Gm. T. nigra, capite, collo, alarumque
tectricibus ceruleis ; pectore uropygioque aurantiacis; abdomine
fiavo: femoribus cinereis.

This species closely resembles a Chilian bird in the British Mu-
seum, brought to this country by the expedition under Capt. Fitz-
roy; the latter, however, may be distinguished by its longer Dill,
by being yellow instead of orange on the breast and rump, and by
being brownish olive on the back. It may be distinguished as the

Tanacra Darwint, Nob. 7. olivacea, capite, collo, alarumque
tectricibus ceruleis: subtus ex toto cum uropygio flavis: femori-
bus cinereis.

17. TANaAGRA cELESTIS, Spix, pl. 55, fig. 1. 7. ceruleo-grisea :

tectricibus alarum minoribus apiceque majorum albis.

It is not unworthy of note, that whilst so many different species,
closely related to the Tanagra Episcopus of Linnzus, should be di-
stinguished by the peculiar hue of the shoulder spot, varying from
pink to yellow in some species, to different shades of blue in others,
in this it should be pure white: the tips of the greater wing-coverts,
being also white, give to the wing a quite peculiar appearance.

18. AGLAIA NIGRo-cincTA, Nob. A. viridi-cyanea, dorso, pec-
tore remigibus cauddque nigris, abdomine albo.

122

It differs from Agl. Brasiliensis by its smaller size and more deli-
cate bill; the greenish tinge of the blue is much more extended, as it
invades the whole of the head and tail-coverts as well as the inte-
rior of the wing.

19. AcLatA ScHRANKU, Nob. A. viridis nigro maculata, uropy-
gio et medio corpore subtus luteo-aureis : fronte genisque nigris :
remigibus rectricibusque fuscis externe cyaneo marginatis.

Tanagra Schrankii, Spix, tab. 51, fig. 1 and 2. D’Orbign., pl.
24, fig. 1.

Closely resembling Agl. punctata, Edw., pl. 262, but differs in

having the rump, and the middle of the body underneath golden
yellow, and without spots.

20. Prpra sTRIOLATA, Nob. P. olivacea, subtus rufa, albo stri-

ata: pileo cristato coccineo.

Exceedingly like the Pipra strigilata of the Prince Max. of Wied,
from Brazil, but sufficiently distinguished by the under parts being
rufescent striped with white, instead of white striped with rufous.
Wagler describes, however, my species.

Mr. Blyth exhibited some portion of the skeleton of the Great
Auk, Alca impennis, and proceeded to offer some observations on the
distinctions subsisting between the Auks and the Penguins. He
remarked that these two genera differ in the type of their skeleton
as well as in the progressive changes and structure of their plumage,
for which reason he had long wished to obtain a sight of the skele-
ton of the Alca impennis, with a view to ascertain to what extent the
similarity of its mode of life to that of the Penguins would, in this
species, modify the Auk type of structure. Through the kindness
of his friend Mr. Bartlett, he had succeeded in obtaining the wing
and leg bones of this remarkable bird, which had been left in a pre-
served skin, and which proved to resemble those of the Penguin
genus in weightiness, if not in structure, the humerus possessing a
very small internal cavity, while the ¢ibia was completely filled with
marrow. These bones were exhibited, together with the analogous
bones of Alca torda, which latter were even proportionally consider-
ably smaller, as well as lighter, and quite hollow. Mr. Blyth re-
marked that the gradual absorption of the marrow in the bones of
other birds was about coincident with the developement of the volar
organs; and stated the highly curious fact, on the authority of Mr.
Gould, that the marrow was permanent in the leg bones of the genus
Cinclus. He then made various observations on the structure of the
northern or true Alcade, more particularly with relation to the de-
velcpement of the air-cavities in the species which could sustain
themselves on wing, observing, that in these the wings were reduced
to the minimum extent adequate for aerial support, in order that
they might be more effectual under water; and that when once the
object of aerial flight was abandoned, as in the instances of the great
Auk and Penguins, these organs were accordingly reduced to exactly

123

that size, which was most efficient of all for subaquatic progression;
species of an intermediate character of course never occurring. It
was obvious that a high standard of respiration is necessary to enable
the Puffin and its allies to maintain aerial flight with their short and
narrow wings: and the great development of the lateral air-cavi-
ties in these birds, incidentally remarked by Mr. Ord (in his conti-
nuation of Wilson’s Ornithology) in the particular instance of the
Rotche, he believed bore reference to that especial object. Mr. Blyth
also called attention to the resemblance of the Puffin’s mode of flight
to that of a Beetle, and stated that its actions when under water so
much resembled those of the Dyticide, that whoever had seen the
‘one could form a quite accurate notion of the other; the bird ad-
-vancing solely by means of the wings, and the insect making use of
only its middle pair of legs to oar itself along ; a further striking
resemblance was pointed out in this exterior conformation, being a
beautiful instance of analogy or adaptation of two extremely dissi-
milar types to the same mode of life.

Mr. Gray communicated to the Meeting the following arrangement
of the Sorices, accompanying his observations upon this group by
the exhibition of the shrews in the Society's collection.

Mr. Gray remarked that Wagler, in the Isis for 1832, divided the
European shrews into three genera, according to their habits and
the structure of their teeth; and Duvernoy in 1834 or 1835, over-
looking the natural characters pointed out for the groups by Wagler,
divided them into artificial genera according to the size and form of
the cutting teeth. On examining the species in the British Museum,
Mr. Gray found it necessary to further divide them in the following
manner; the various groups forming a series returning into itself.

A. Land Shrews. Tail simple, feet not ciliated on the sides.

1. Corsira.—Front lower cutting teeth sharp-edged, and toothed
above: tail with short close-pressed hairs.

2. Myosorex.—Frontlower cutting teeth sharp-edged, entire above:
tail with short close-pressed hairs.

3. Sorex.—Front lower cutting teeth rounded, and simple above:
tail with short hairs and longer scattered bristles.

B. Water Shrews. Tail with a series of bristles beneath: feet

and toes ciliated on the sides.

4. Amphisorex.—Front lower cutting teeth simple: 4 hinder cut~
ting teeth gradually smaller, hinder very small.

5. Crossopus—Front lower cutting teethsharp-edged, and toothed
above: hinder cutting teeth rapidly smaller.

1. Corsrra, Gray. Sorex, Wagler? Hydrosorex part, Duvernoy*,

Head elongate, muzzle slender, produced; ears hid in the fur.
Tail elongate, slender, when young round, becoming quadrangular,
covered with short, rigid, close-pressed hairs, (not ciliated,); feet
simple, not ciliated; front wrist bearded beneath. Skull elongate.

Teeth coloured; cutting teeth 4, large, two upper central, strong,
* Since these observations were made, M. Duvernoy has transferred his

name of Hydrosorex to the group which he had formerly named Amphisorez,
and vice versd. The references in the text are to his earlier arrangement.

124

nearly equally bifid, hinder ones rapidly decreasing in size : two set
tral lower elongate, above sharp-edged, and toothed; grinders 4,
moderate.

Like Crossopus, but the tail and feet not ciliated, and the nose
more produced.

* Tail moderate. Upper cutting teeth rather large, grinders mo-
derate.

1. Corsira vulgaris. (Common Shrew, Shaw.)

Sorex vulgaris, Linn. Mus. Ad. 10.

Sorex araneus, Linn. F. Suec.—Jenyns’s Man. Brit. Anim. 17.
Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 27. t. 1. f. 2.

Sorex tetragonurus, Hermann, Obs. Zool.48.Geoff. Ann. Mus. xvii.
t. 2. f.3. Sorex (Hydrosorex) tetragonurus, Duvernoy, Mem. Nat.
Hist. Strasb. ii. t.

SS. cunicularia, and SS. eremica, Bechst.

Fetid Shrew, Penn.

Inhab. N. Europe, Sweden, England. Brit. Mus.

2. Corsira Forsteri. (American Shrew.)

Sorex Forsteri, Richardson, Fauna A. B.—Gapper, Zool. Jour.
Veuteh(.

Inhab. N. America. Mus. Dr. Richardson, and Roy. Inst. Bristol.

This is probably the genus Sorex as restricted by Wagler, to
which he refers Sorex pygmaus, Pallas, and three of his species, S.
rhinolophus, S. concinnus and iS. megalodon, which are probably
only varieties of vulgaris : here also perhaps should be added S. con-
strictus, Geoffroy, which agrees with them in the ears being hid, and
in the face being lengthened. See Ann. Mus. xvii. t. 3. and 4.; see
also S. longtrostris, S. Cooperi, S. Richardsonii, Bachman.

*#* Tail short ; fore feet strong. Blarina.

3. Corsira (Blarina) talpoides.

Sorex talpoides. Gapper, Zool. Jour. v. t. 8.

Inhab. N. America. Mus. R. Inst. Bristol.

To this section probably should be referred Sorex brewseinleddtes
and S. parvus, Say, S. Dekayi, S. personatus, Geoffroy, S. Caroli-
nensis, and JS. cinereus, Bachman.

2. Myosorex, Gray. Head elongate, ears hid under the soft
fur; tail elongate, slender, covered with short, rigid, close-pressed
hairs, when old quadrangular ; feet and toes not ciliated: teeth white ;
cutting teeth 8, two upper central unequally bifid, the second lateral
moderate, the third very small, rudimentary, the fourth small but
larger than the third. Front lower cutting teeth elongate, with an
entire sharp upper edge ; second and third lateral teeth small, simple,
crowded on the base of the front ones.

Myosorex varius.

Sorex varius, Smuts, p. 108. Sorex cinnamomeus. Licht.
Saugth. ¢. ?.

Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. Mus. Zool. Soc.

Like Sorex pilorides in appearance, but at once known by the
shape of the tail and lower cutting teeth. Teeth shining white.

3. Sorex. Head elongate; ears exposed; fur soft, perpendi-
cular: tail elongate, tapering, with whorled scales, covered with

125

short hairs and seatteredlonger bristles. Feet not ciliated; toes 5—5,
free. Cutting teeth ; (or ¥?), white, the front upper unequally bifid,
the 3 (or 4?)others becoming rapidly smaller to the last ; front lower
cutting teeth produced, upper edge rounded and entire.

a. Larger, tail thick, tapering, sides with a white glandular spot.

Sorex pilorides, Shaw.

Sorex gigantea, Geoff.

Inhab. India.

To this division should be referred Sorex myosurus, Geoff. Ann.

Mus. xvii. t. 3. f. 2. 3. iS. erassicaudatus, S. capensis, Geoff., S.
Jlavescens, (C. G. H. Mus. Zool. Soc.) S. eapensoides, (C. G. H.
Mus. Zool. Soc.) 8. pulchellus, and S. pumilus if they are all di-
stinct from one another. Gmelin in the description of the latter,
probably misled by the plate, considers the scattered longer hairs as
forming a subdistichous tail.

b. Smaller ; tail very slender. Crocidura, Wagler. Sorex, Duver-
noy. Sunkus, Ehrenb.

1. Sorex araneus, Schreb. t. 160. (French Shrew.) Pale grey
brown, paler beneath.

Sorex araneus, Schreb. t. 160. Geoff—Duvernoy, Mem. N. H.
Strasb. ii. t. cop. Jenyns, Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. t. 1. f. 1.

Inhab. Europe, France. Brit. Mus.

Cutting teeth 3, small.

2. Sorex leucodon, Herm. ( White toothed Shrew, Penn.) Black
brown, whitish beneath.

Inhab. Europe, France. Brit. Mus.

Seealso Sorex etruscus, Sav. Crocidura major, C.rufa, C.moschata,
and C. poliogaster, of Wagler, which are probably only varieties of
S. araneus.

4. Ampuisorex, Duvernoy. Head elongate, ears entirely hid.
Tail elongate, slender, covered with short close-pressed hairs, when
young round, becoming subquadrangular ; under side and edge of
the feet ciliated with a series of mobile bristles. Skull elongate,
muzzle narrow ; cutting teeth ; ; two centre upper unequally bifid,
the three next on each side gradually smaller, the hinder very
small, two lower central simple. Grinders 4, rather large.

This agrees with Crossopus in the structure of the tail and feet,
and in its aquatic habits, but differs in the form of the teeth.

1. Amphisorex Pennantit. (Pennants Water-shrew.)

Sorex fodiens. Flem.—Jenyns’s Brit. Anim.—Mag. of Zool. and
Bot. ii. t. 1. f. 4.

- Water Shrew. Penn.—Don.—Bell, Brit. Mam.

Inhab. Europe, England. Brit. Mus.

2. Amphisorex ciliatus, (Black water shrew.)

Sores ciliatus, Sow. Brit. Misc. (1806)

Sorex remifer, Geoff. Ann. Mus. (1811) xvii. t. 1. f.1.

Inhab. Europe, England and France. Mus. Brit.

Duvernoy describes another species under the name of Amph. Her-
mannii.

3. Amphisorex palustris.

Sorex palustris, Richardson, Faun. Amer. Bor.

Inhab. N. America. Mus. Richardson.

126

5. Crossopus (part) Wagler, 1832. Hydrosorex (part) Du-
vernoy, 1835. Pinalia, Seas MSS.

Head elongate. Ears hid in the fur, valvular. Tail elongate,
squarish, with short close pressed, rigid hairs, grooved, and with a
row of long bristles beneath the tip. Hind feet ciliated with mo-
bile bristles. Cutting teeth %, the two upper central strong, equally
nicked ; hinder upper rapidly decreasing in size: the two central .
lower cutting teeth flattened, sharp edged, and toothed above.

Crossopus Daubentonii, ( White-bellied water shrew).

Sorex fodiens, Pallas? Duvernoy. SS. carinatus, Herm. Geoff.
A. M.—S. canaliculatus, Lynge. S. Daubentonii, Erxl.

Europe, France. Brit. Mus.

Brehm has described what he considers three German species
allied to S. fodiens under the name of S. amphibius, S. natans,
and S. stagnalis; Wagler, two others which he calls C. museulus
and C. psilurus. Duvernoy refers to Hydrosorex, Sorex tetrago-
nurus, Hermann and Geoff. Ann. Mus. xvii. t. 2. f. 3, which being
a land shrew, I have referred to the genus Corsira; see also Sorex
Jimbripes, Bachman.

A small collection of birds from Erzeroum in Persia, recently
presented to the Society by Keith E. Abbott, Esq., Corr. Mem., was
brought before the notice of the meeting, accompanied with the
following observations by Mr. Gould :—

“ Of the nine specimens composing this collection, I find eight
are distinct species, two of which are known to inhabit Britain, and
six, including these two, belong to the Fauna of Europe; the re-
maining two I have no hesitation in considering as undescribed
species, though referable to European types, being closely allied to
the Fringilla nivalis and Alauda alpestris of authors. The great
length of wing, square tail, and other prominent characters pre~
sented by Fringilla nivalis would seem to indicate the propriety of
separating it from the rest of the Fringillide, in which case the
present species will probably be placed along with it in a distinct
genus, which it appears to me would exhibit the same relation to
Fringilla, as Plectrophanes does to Emberiza.

“The Lark is a second example of that singular form distin-
guished by lengthened tufts on each side of the head resembling
horns, and for which Al. penicillata will, perhaps, serve as an ap-
propriate specific designation.

“The remaining species are Lanius minor, Phenicura ruticilla,
Alauda calandra, Al. rupestris, Pyrgita petronia, Linaria canna-
bina.

“T would observe that the collection though small is a most in-
teresting one, since it adds to ornithology two new examples of
forms, previously known to us by only solitary species; and I would
remark that collections from this part of the world are almost sure to
»be productive of highly interesting results.”
~The two new species noticed by Mr. Gould in the above collec-
tion were characterised as

Avaupa Penicitiata. Al. fronte, mento, auricularibus, abdo-
mine, pectore alisque subtus albis ; fascid super frontem, pent-

127

eillis capitis lateralibus et lined super nares laté per genas ex-
currente, colloque anteriori nigris; summo capite et nuchd
vinaceo-cinereis ; corpore supra cinereo; remigibus alarum
cinereo-fuscis, remige primo externé albo; rectricibus caude
duabus intermediis fuscis, ad marginem pallidioribus ; reliquis
nigrescentibus externa utringue albo marginatd ; rostro pedibus-
que nigris.

Long. tot. une. 8; ale, 43; caud., 3; rost., $; tars., 1.

Hab. Erzeroum.

FRINGILLA SANGUINEA. Fring. brunnea, summo capite nigro ;
remigum pogoniis externis sanguineo lavatis ; primariis nigris ;
secondariis nigris, ad apices albis ; tectricibus caude et regione
circum-oculari sanguineo lavatis; rectricibus caude duabus in-
termediis nigris, reliquis plus minusve albo notatis, eaternd utrin-
que feré albé ; rostro flavo ; pedibus fuscis.

Long. tot. 6 unc. 3; ale, 4; caud., 24; rost., 2; tars., 3.

Hab. Erzeroum.

Mr. Gould afterwards described a new Ibis from Hayti, presented

by John Hearne, Esq., Corr. Mem., as

[pis ERYTHRORHYNCcHA. Ib. dorso, alis cauddque metallicé vi-
ridibus ; capite colloque superiore nigrescenti-cinereis, albo
sparsis ; corpore sublus nigrescenti-cinereo; rostro pedibusque

rubris; rostro ad basin nigro.
Hab. Hayti.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited a quill from the wing of a Harpy Eagle,
which had died while in the Menagerie of the Earl of Derby, and
which was found upon examination to be infested with a great
number of a species of Pediculus. It appeared that these minute
creatures had chosen for their place of retreat the hollow of the
large quill-feathers ; and the specimens forwarded to Mr. Yarrell by
the President were filled with their exuvie ; two circular apertures
situated near the base of the quill afforded the animals access to its
interior.

A specimen of the White-bait presented to the Society by Mr.
Williams, was exhibited by Mr. Yarrell in order to show the large
size sometimes attained by this species; its dimensions were as follow:

Entire length 6 inches.

Depth, measured about midway between the dorsal fin and the
extremity of the head, 1 inch 2 lines.

A collection of insects were upon the table which had been col-
lected at Manilla by Mr. Cuming, at whose request Mr. West-
wood had furnished tke following descriptions of some of the more
interesting species for insertion in the Society’s Proceedings.

Cottyris (Coxtiuris Latr.) remorata (albitarsis Erichs. ?)

affinis C. Robynsii et lugubris, V.L. C. capite thoraceque vio-
laceis, labro 7-dentato, antennis capite longioribus, fere filifor-
mibus, articulis 8 et 4 annulo apicali, 5" in medio, et basi 6 et 7™°
fulvis, palporum labialium articulo basali albo ; thorace strigis
nonnullis transversis in parte anticd cum punctis paucis posticis ;

128

elytris @neo-cyaneis, valde punctatis, punctis distinetis, versus
apicem punctis multo minoribus, apice ipso truncato emarginato ;
pedibus cyaneis, femoribus ferrugineis, tarsis piceo-nigris, (duo-
bus posticis albidis in mare exceptis.)

Long. corp. ¢. lin. 6; 2 lin. 7.

Obs. The possession of both sexes of this insect agreeing pre-
cisely together, except in size and the colour of the posterior éarsi,
induces me to give it as a distinct species, since on comparison, its
characters will not agree precisely with those of the species previ-

ously described by Dejean, MacLeay, Van der Linden, &c.

Tuerartes coractna. Erichs. Act. Acad. Ces. Nat. Cur. 16,
Suppl. 7. nigra nitidissima, elytris nitore sub purpureo niten-
tibus, his tuberculo basali alteroque minori ante medium ; labro,
antennarum articulo basali, abdomine, pedibusque luteis, tarso-
rum articulo 1™° et 2% ad apicem, ceteris fuscis, mandibulis
luteis, dentibus nigris.

Long. corp. lin. 94.

Moro ortenTais. Dejean Species Gen. i. p. 433.

Cuivina casTanga. CC capite thoraceque castaneis, elytris pedi-
busque pallidioribus. Cl. Fossori dimidio major, capite minort
convexo lateribus valde impresso, fronte puncto minuto nec stria
longitudinali impressa, thorace subquadrato (—postice parum la-
tiort) ad angulos posticos impresso, elytris elongatis parallels
sub-punctato-striatis punctisque tribus majoribus in striam
tertiam, femoribus anticis crassis, haud dentatis, tibus anticis
extus dentibus tribus elongatis.

Long. corp. lin. 34.

Niciptus Lavicotus. N. niger nitidus, capite supra depresso
punctato, thoracis dorso levi, lateribus punctatis margineque
antico simplici tuberculo minutissimo vix apparenti, elytris inter
strias elevatas triplict punctorum impressorum ordine instructis,
tibiis anticis 6 dentatis.

Long. corp. lin. 9.

PRIONOCERUS CHRULEIPENNIS. Perty, Obs. Coleopt. Ind. Orient.
p. 53.

RayncuirEs MANILLENSIS. AR, oblongus, cyaneus, nitidus, rostro
longiori nigro, punctato, lineis duabus supra ad basin impressis,
thorace conico, punctis minulissimis, longitudinaliter haud cana~
liculato, impressione transversa cum margine postico parallela,
elytris magis ceruleis bast-virescentibus punctalo-striatis, corpore
sublus et femoribus cyaneis, tibiis tarsis et antennis nigris.

Long. corp. (cum rostro) lin. 3.

Lamia PutcHELLATOR. Affinis L. Rubo et Sehestedii. ZL. luteo-
fusca, sericea, thorace utrinque spina armato punctisque duobus
nigris ante medium disci, elytris bast scabris, singulo maculis 4%
irregularibus lacteis, scil. 1™* majori obliqua marginali, ante
medium locata, 2% media, ovata prope suturam, 3%* obliqua
marginali, 4 versus apicem suture, maculisque nonnullis mi-
noribus versus apicem elytrorum, tn speciminibus variis vari-

129

antibus, et irregularibus, ejusdem coloris ; antennis concoloribus,
apicibus articulorum obscurioribus.
Long. corp. lin. 11—16.

EvrycerHatus nicrires. Dej. Catal.

Cerambyx nigripes. Oliv. G. 67. Sp. 68. t. 20. f. 149. 9.
-—__——-mazillosus. Oliv. G. 67. Sp. 69. t. 20. f. 147. @.
Obs. Species valde varians, maribus, giganteis. In indwwiduis

Manille macula thoracis discuidalis multum magnitudine variat.
In maribus macula communis nigra versus apicem elytrorum
rotundata, nec ad apicem nec ad marginem elytrorum extensa.

In feeminis vero apicem totum elytrorum occupat.

Genus Coxaspis, SceELoponTa Subgenus novum.

Corpus breve, rugosum.

Caput oculis prominentibus fere thoracis latitudine.

Labrum parvum quadratum antice marginatum.

Mandibule parve acute subtus dente parvo ante apicem armate.

Mazxille \obo interno truncato, externo distincto, tenui, longo
acuto.

Palpi maxillares et labiales apice acute.

Antenne longitudine thoracis articulo 2° 34° breviori, articulis 5
ultimis majoribus.

Thorax fere rotundatus, postice parum latior. Sterna simplicia
lata.

Elytra brevia obtusa, thorace dimidio latiora.

Femera ovnnia subtus dente armata. Tibie 4 postice ad apicem
externe emargvinate.

SceLoponta CurcuLionoixes. SS. aureo-viridis cyaneo varia,
capite viridi ruguloso-punctato vertice lineis tribus impressis
antice conjunctis, lateralibus obliquis, antennis nigris, articulis
basalibus viridibus ; thorace aureo-viridi, utrinque macula ob-
longa extus lobata, cyanea ; transverse anguloso ; elytris rugu-
losis, punctis majoribus in lineas longitudinales irregulariter
dispositis, aureo-viridibus fasciis tribus irregularibus suturaque
cyaneis,

Long. corp. lin. 3.

Forricura rarsata. fF. nigra, thorace postice et elytris punctis
elevatis nitidis ; capite nigro sericeo, antennis longis 25-articulatis,
pedibus piceis, apice tibiarum tarsisque albidis, forcipe g lon-
gissima, fere corporis longitudine gracili, e basi usque ad medium
eurvata, denticulis nonnullis internis armata ; e medio fere ad
apicem recta, apice ipso incurvo acuto; segmentis abdominis
in 9 tuberculis minutis elevatis scabris, serieque in singulo ad
marginem posticum tuberculorum majorum, denteque obtuso por-
recto in singulo segmento utrinque ad angulum lateralem posticum.

Long. corp. ¢. lin. 7. forcipis, lin. 5. = 12.

Hymenotes. Genus novum e familia Locustidarum Tetrici affine.

Corpus valde compressum.

Caput mediocre, obliquum.

130

Antenne breves gracillime, filiformes, articulo 1™° crasso rotun-
dato, 24 multo minori, reliquis longitudine sensim crescentibus.

Prothorax maximus foliaceus, valde compressus folium aridum
exacte referens, supra et ante caput angulariter porrectus, valde
elevatus et postice supra abdomen protensus ; parte posticd
subtus, proreceptione alarum et abdominis canaliculata, proster-
num in collare pro receptione oris formatum,

Pedes inter se basi longe distantes, femoribus presertim posticis
foliaceis, tarsis 3-articulatis, articulo 24° minutissimo. Pul-
villi nulli.

Species 1. Hymenotes rhombea. Membracis r. Fabricius, Ent.
Syst. 4. 8.2. p. Syst. Rh. 7. Cicada r. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2.
704. Alatus.

Habitat in Jamaica. In Mus. Soc. Linn. Lond. olim Banks.

Species 2. Hymenores 3-ancutaris. H. fusca, prothorace sub-
triangulari, margine, e fronte ad medium integro et curvato, dein
ad apicem obliquo, serrato, femoribus anticis vix foliaceis, pos-
ticis latioribus, supra irregulariter incisis.

Long. corp. lin. 54. Long. prothoracis lin. 8.

Futcora apicatis. Westw. Monogr. Fulg. Trans, Soc, Linn.
inedit.

Macuasrrora ensirerA. Burmeister, Handb. der Ent. 2. p. 128.

Crntrotus sirotiatus. C. fuscus punctatus prothorace antice
an cornu longissimum erectum conicum, postice setigerum elevato ;
apice bifido, parte bifida fere longitudine corni, retro extensa, cum
apice extremo singuli dilatato, acuto ; parle postica prothoracis
compressa, longitudine corporis apice sensim attenuato et paullo
deflexo-curvato, prothorace in medio, supra dorsum, fascia lata
allida ; hemelytris fuscis punetis nonnullis obliquis pallidis ad
marginem internum, tibiis anticis latioribus, posticis gracilibus.

Long. corp. lin. 24. Long. e basi usque ad apicem cornu pro-
thoracis, lin. 6.

Obs. Valde affinis Centr. Hardwickei, Kirby in Loudon’s Mag.

“Nat. ii. p. 21. a. e Nepalia.

Centrorus uorriricus. C. fuscus rude punctatus, abdomine
nigro, punctis majoribus ; prothoracis parte antica in cornua duo
elongata erecta divergentia setigera, apice singuli dilatato et
acute emarginato, producta; parle postica, abdominis longi-
tudine, basi (supra scutellum distinctum bifidum) in nodum
setigerum curvata, nodoque paullo ante apice multo majori ele-
vato-compresso supra rotundato, setigero, armata ; tibiis 4 anticis
oblongo-ovatis, hemelytrorum vents basalibus tuberculatis.

Long. corp. lin. 2.

Repvvivs trp1auis. R. amceno, Guér. (Icon. R. An. Ins. pl. 56.
f. 17.) valde affinis, capite postice magis attenuato. Niger, punc-
tatus, thoracis lobo antico parvo tuberculis duobus elevatis armato,
hemelytris fuscis, plaga obliqua media, maculaque minori ovata
subapicali albido-hyalinis, abdominis lateribus valde dilatatis,
antennis, rostro, pedibusque rubris, femoribus nigris apice rubris.

Long. corp. lin. 12. Expans. alar. lin. 19.

131

November 28, 1837.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Ogilby brought before the notice of the Society a new species
of Phalanger, hitherto confounded with Ph. Cookii, but possessing
distinctive characters, which made Mr. Ogilby determine to separate
it from that species under the name of Ph. Viverrina. It may be
readily distinguished from Ph. Cookii by its superior size, dark ashy
brown colour, and white ears, and by the absence of the clear red tinge
which is so conspicuous on the throat, flanks and extremities of that
species. Its characters, however, are in other respects much the
same: it has the same small round ears, the same long slender tail,
similarly tipt with white, and the same division of the fingers into
two groups, which Mr. Ogilby formerly pointed out as characteristic
of the Ph. Cookii, and which led him to distinguish that species
from the other Phalangers, as a subgenus, under the name of Pseu-
docheirus. The two species distinguished on the present occasion
differ in habitat, as well as in the characters pointed out; the Ph.
Cookii being confined to continental Australia, whilst the Ph. Vi-
verrina is only found in the neighbouring island of Van Diemen’s
Land.

Mr. Gray then laid before the Meeting a general arrangement of
Reptiles, and observed, that since the publication of his Synopsis
Reptilium he had found it necessary to modify the arrangement which
he had adopted in that work, and he now proposes to divide the
class Reptilia into the following orders :

lst. Sguamata, or Scaly Reptiles, being the typical group, and
including Ist, Saurians, and 2nd, Ophidians ;

Qnd. The annectant group Cataphracta, or shielded Reptiles, con-
taining 3rd, Amphisbenians; 4th, Chelonians; and, 5th, Emydo-
saurians. ,

Mr. Gray observed that in his previous arrangement he had fore-
seen the difficulty connected with the Amphisbenians, and hesitated
to make an order of a group then containing so small a number of
species; such extensive additions however have resulted from the
recent labours of Zoologists that the genera now exceed in number
the amount of species formerly known.

Mr. Gray then proceeded to remark that the class Reptilia ex-
hibits a regular series of affinities returning into each other, so as to
present a circular disposition ; and he also observed that many points
of resemblance may be noticed between the Sawrians and the Pri-
mates, the Ophidians and the Fere, and the Chelonians and Ungu-
lata; but that the resemblance of the Amphisbenians and the Emydo-
saurians to the Glires and the Cetacea is not so evident; though the
Emydo-saurians among the Reptilia, like the Cetacea among the Mam-
malia, are the most truly aquatic of their class.

132

Mr. Gray then proposed to divide the Saurians into the following
five sub-divisions :

1. Pachyglosse, or thick-tongued Lizards, including, lst. the Noc-
turnal, or family of the Geckoes; and, 2nd. the Diurnal, as the
Chameleons and Agamas of the Old World, and the Guanas (Igua-
nide) of the New World.

2. Leptoglosse, or slender-tongued Lizards, including three sec-
tions characterized by the form of the tongue, containing, 1. the fami-
lies of Lacertide, Zonuride, Cercosauride, Cherocolide, Chamesauride,
Helodermide ; 2. Monitoride ; 3, Scincide.

Mr. Gray then laid before the Society a catalogue containing a
list of the Slender-Tongued Saurians in the collections of the Bri-
tish Museum and the Zoological Society, and the descriptions of
many new genera and species.

Mr. Gray afterwards exhibited from the collection of the Earl of
Derby a new Fox from Senegal, and a very young specimen of Ge-
netta Senegalensis, which he remarked corresponded exactly with
the adult animal in the peculiar form of the naked band on the soles
of the hind feet.

The new fox he designated as

C. Vulpes dorsalis, (the Senegal Fox). Fur greyish-white, va-
ried with black tips to the hairs; face rather yellowish ; fore and
hind limbs rather pale foxy ; back with a dark brown dorsal streak,
varied with black ; chin and belly whitish ; tail rather slender, black
tipped: length of body and head 15, tail 8 inches. The black tips
of the hairs form indistinct spots on the sides of the back, a streak
on the upper part of the base, and a black tip to the tail, where there
are a few elongate white hairs. There is a very narrow black streak
on the front of the fore legs. This species is very like the small In-
dian fox, (V. Bengalensis, Gray,) and the C. Caama of Dr. Smith,
but it is smaller, and has a less bushy fail, and a distinct dorsal
streak, not found on either of them. It has not the black lips, nor
the black spot on the hinder edge of the thighs of the Cape species.

The Earl of Derby having forwarded to the Society a number of
interesting birds, with a view to their exhibition at one of the sci-
entific meetings, Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, re-
marked upon such of them as were especially worthy of notice, and
pointed out one new species of Grouse belonging to Mr. Swainson’s
subgenus Lyurus, which Mr. Gould characterized as

Lyurus Dersranus. Lyu. vertice, collo, corporeque supra me-
tallice nigrescenti-cyaneis, nitide brunneo, fasciatis et irroratis ;
tectricibus ale majoribus ad bases et apices albis; caudd mgra,
rectricibus externis brunneo irroratis ; corpore subtus nigrescenti-
brunneo, albo brunneoque irrorato ; crisso albo ; femoribus albis ;
tarsis obscuré brunneis; rostro digitisque brunneis.

Long. tot. unc. 15; rostri, 1; ale, 9; caude, 7; tarsi, 2.

Obs. The subgenus Zyurus has been separated from Tetrao by

Mr. Swainson, and in this species the tail very closely approximates

133

in form to that of the common black cock, the type of Mr. Swain-
son’s section.

The bird above described has every appearance of being adult,
and, as far as I have been enabled to ascertain, is from Siberia; it is
less in all its proportion than the common species, but has the tail-
feathers more developed; there are traces of some white feathers
about the throat and cheeks, but as the markings thus produced are
not regular, I have reason to consider it as accidental. I have given
it the specific appellation of Derbianus, in honour of the Earl of
Derby, in whose collection it is contained.

Mr. Gould afterwards exhibited, from his own collection of Au-
stralian birds, an entirely new group of four species, for which no
generic title has yet been applied, so far as he was aware, and but
one species only characterized, by Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield,
under the name of Acantheza frontalis; for this genus Mr. Gould
proposed the generic name of Sericornis, and for the three species,
those of citreo-gularis, humilis, and parvulus.

Family SAXICOLINZ.
Genus SERICORNIS.

Rostrum robustum, rectum, caputque quoad longitudinem feré
zequans, ad apicem compressum, et indentatum.

Nares basales, laterales, ovales, et operculo tectz.

Ale mediocres, rotundate ; remige primo perbrevi, quarto, quinto,
atque sexto longissimis et inter se feré equalibus.

Cauda mediocris et equalis.

Tarsi elongati; digitus posticus cum ungue validus, digitum in-
termedium feré zquans; digitis externis zqualibus.

Plume wolles et sericee.

Typus est Acanthiza frontalis, Vig. and Horsf.

SERicornis HuUMILIS. Ser. loro nigrescenti-fusco ; et super hoc
strigd indistinctéd albd ; vertice, corpore supra, alis, cauddéque
olivaceis, rubro lavatis; alé spurid nigrescente ; plumis singulis
albo marginatis; guld cinerea fusco guttatd ; pectore abdomine-
que medio, fuscescenti-flavis, illo fusco indistincte guttato; late-
ribus castaneis; rostro nigrescente; pedibus fuscis.

Long. tot. 5 unc.; rostri, 4; ale, 23; caude, 24; tarsi, 1.

Hab. Terra Van Diemen.

SERICORNIS CITREOGULARIS. Mas. Ser. loro, annulo circum-
oculari, plumisque auricularibus intensé nigrescenti-fuscis ; lined
flavescente a naribus super oculos excurrente; vertice, corporeque
supra, rectricibus, secondartisque alarum, cauddque rufo-brun-
neis; primariis ad marginem externum olivaceis; ald spurid
nigrescente; guld citrind; pectore lateribusque olivaceo-fuscis ;
abdomine medio albo; rostro nigro; pedibus brunneis.

Long. tot. 54 unc.; rostri, ?; ale, 27; caud@, 23; tarst, 14.

Hab. Nova Cambria Australi.

134

Obs. The female is less brilliant in all her markings than the
male.

SERICORNIS PARVULUS. Ser. loro pallidé fusco, et super hoe
strigd cinered ; vertice, corpore supra, alis, cauddque olivaceo-
Suscis, rubro lavatis; ald spurid nigrescente, plumis singulis
albo marginatis; pectore, abdomineque medio citrinis, lateribus
olivaceo-fuscis; rostro nigrescente; pedibus luteis.

Long. tot. 4 unc.; rostri, $; ale, 14 ; caude, 12; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in ora orientali Nove Hollandiz.

December 12, 1837.
Thomas Bell, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Gray read a paper, consisting of a revision of the genera and
species of venomous, prehensile-tailed and water snakes, with the de-
scriptions of some new species contained in the British Museum col-
lection, and that of the Zoological Society. Mr. Gray stated that
the family of Crotalide in this catalogue includes twelve genera
and twenty-five species; of which six genera and ten species are
confined to America, three genera and twelve species to Asia and
its islands, while one genus and two species are peculiar to Africa.
Schlegel in his recently published work, describes seventeen species,
and there are nineteen species in the National collection.

The family of Viperide contains eight genera and ten species,
of which two genera and three species are from Asia, four genera
and nine species from Africa; two genera and four species occur in
Europe; and one genus, including but one species, inhabits Australia.
All the genera are confined to a single quarter of the globe but
Echis, which has one species from Africa and the other from India.
Schlegel described ten species, but then he has referred some of the
species which have not-come under his examination, without sufli-
cient consideration, to the more common species. Specimens of all
the species but one noticed in the last family, are in the collection
at the British Museum.

The family of Goide contains seventeen genera and twenty-seven
species; of these seven genera and nine species are confined to tropical
America, three genera and four species are found in Africa, six
genera and eight species in Asia, three genera and four species are
found in New Holland, and one species in Europe. The species of
the genus Python are found in Africa, Asia, and New Holland: but
each species has its peculiar country, and one species of Aryzx is
common to South Europe and North Africa.

The family of Hydride consists of twenty-three genera and forty-
eight species, of which twenty are found in the Indian Ocean, and
sixteen in the salt-water ditches of India and the neighbourmg
islands, and six are found in similar situations in tropical America.
Schlegel described only twenty-seven species, and thirty of the spe-
cies described in the present Catalogue are in the British Museum.

Mr. Yarrell, on the part of Mr. John Leadbeater, exhibited to the
Meeting a male Hybrid, the produce of a Pheasant and a Black
Grouse. Mr. Yarrell observed that this was the third specimen
which had been sent to the Society for exhibition within a compa-
ratively short space of time. The first bird, from Cornwall, was
more of a Grouse in appearance than a Pheasant: the second, from
Shropshire, was more pheasant-like; but the present bird was deci-

No. LX. ProckEDINGS oF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

136

dedly intermediate, exhibiting characters belonging to both. The
head, neck, and breast were of a rich dark maroon colour, the feathers
on the breast showing the darker crescentic tips; the upper part of
the tarsi were covered with feathers; the back and wings mottled
blackish gray, like that of a young Black Cock after his first moult,
but with some indications of brown; the feathers of the tail rather
short, but straight, pointed, graduated, and pheasant-like. Mr. Yar-
rel also remarked that this bird more closely resembled the Hybrid
discovered by Gilbert White than any of the previous specimens
which he had examined.

Mr. Gould then brought before the notice of the Meeting a valu-
able collection of Birds from the Himalaya Mountains, recently pre-
sented to the Society’s Museum, by James Farell, Esq., consisting of
114 specimens, among which he characterised the following new
species.

ATHENE ERYTHROPTERUS. Ath, disco faciali, capite corporeque li-
neis fuscis et fulvescenti-albis, alternate fasciatis ; lateribus gule,
femoribus crissoque cinerescenti-albis ; primariis secondariisque
rufis et fuscis fasciis distinctis, latioribus quam corporis ; caudd
caryophillaced fasciis angustis albis crebre notatd ; rostro pedi-
busque flavescenti-olivaceis.

Long. tot. 94 unc.; ale, 45; caude, 3; tarsi, 11.

Obs. Nearly allied to but less in size than Athene cuculoides (Noctua

cuculoides, Proc. of Comm. Sci. and Corr. of Zool. Soc., Part I.)

Turpvus unicotor. Turd. cinereus ; abdomine medio, crissoque al-
bis ; humeris subtis rufis ; rostro pedibusque livido-fuscis.
Long. tot. 94 unc.; rostri, 1; ale, 31; caude, 33; tarsi, 1}.
Obs. Size of the Common Thrush. ‘The young differs in having
the gray strongly tinged with brownish olive, and the throat grayish
white, bounded down each side with spots of reddish brown.

OREOCINCLA PARVIROSTRIS. Or. capite, nuchd, pectore, lateribus
corporeque supra olivaceo-fuscis ; singulis plumis versus apicem
nitide cervino lavatis, et nigro-fusco late marginatis ; primariis
obscure fuscis, pogoniis externis nitide cervino marginatis, pogoniis
internis ad bases cervino-albis ; tectricibus majoribus alarum ob-
scure cervinis ; ald spuriosd eodem colore externe marginatd; caudd
Suscd margine subfusco, apiceque cinerescenti-albo ; guld, abdo-
mine medio, uropygio, crissoque albis ; rostro pedibusque corneo-
Suscis.

Long. tot. 10 unc.; rostri, 1; ale, 5}; caude, 4; tarsi, 12.

Obs. This species has all the characters of the Oreocincla varia and

O. Whiteii, but may be readily distinguished from them, by its much
smaller size and its very diminutive bill.

Cinciipia. Genus novum.

Rostrum caput longitudine equans, leviter arcuatum, ad apicem
emarginatum ad latera compressum ; nares basales, laterales, in

137

fossa tribus vel quatuor setis ad basem instructa; ale brevissimee,
concave, rotundate : remigibus 6° et 7™° longioribus ; cauda me-
diocris, rotundata; farsi majusculi; pedes elongati; digito posti-
co, medio longiore ; digitis lateralibus equalibus et fere usque ad
articulum primum conjunctis.

Cincxipra PuncTata. Cinc. summo capite, et nuchd rufis, singulis
plumis stemmatibus albicantibus ; loro, plumis super-ocularibus
cervino-albis ad apices nigris; auricularibus, lateribus colli, cor-
pore supra, alis cauddque rufo-fuscis ; pectore corporeque subtis
cervinis, singulis plumis maculd fuscd apicem versus longitudi-
naliter notatis ; rostro pedibusque pallide fuscis.

Long. tot. 6% une. ; rostri, 4; ale, 23; caude, 3; tarsi, 1.

Bracuypus prumirera. Brac. capite, pectore, lateribus colli, guld-
que nitide viridescenti-nigris ; corpore, alisque olivaceo-flavis ; pri-
mariis fuscis, olivaceo-flavo marginatis ; secondartis, pogoniis in-
ternis fuscis ; caudd fuscd ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 7} unc.; rostri, 3; ale, 34; caude, 34; tarsi, L.

Cucutus microprerus. OCuc. summo capite, corpore supra alisque
obscure plumbaceis ; cauddé nigrescenti-plumbuced, plis minisve
albo notatd ; primariis interne ad bases maculis oblongis albisque
notatis ; gutture pectoreque cinefeis; corpore subtis albo, nigro
crebre fasciato ; rostro ad apicem nigro, ad basin carneo,

Long. tot. 12 unc.; rostri, 1; ale, 74; caude, 63; tarsi, 2.

PoMATORHINUS LEUCOGASTER. Pom. strigd albd super-oculari, a
rosiro per collum excurrente ; loro, lined infra-oculari, auriculari-
busque nigris ; summo capite, corpore supra, alis crissoque oliva-
ceo-fuscis ; caudd fused ; lateribus colli, pectoris, corporisque ni-
tide rufis ; guld, pectore, abdomineque medio albis ; rostro flavo ;
pedibus plumbaceis.

Long. tot. 9 unc.; rostri, 13; ale, 34; caude, 4; tarsi, 12.

138

December 26, 1837.
John Edward Gray, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Gould exhibited a very extensive series of Australian birds
principally from his own collection, including about eighty new
species, all of which were severally brought before the notice of
the meeting, Mr. Gould remarking upon such of them as presented
characters of novelty or importance. The names proposed by
Mr. Gould for the birds forming this great addition to our know-
ledge of Australian ornithology, and their respective characters, are
as follow:

Hatrartus spuenurvus. Hal. capite, nuchd, guttureque pallidé
cervinis ; corpore supra alisque intensé fuscis, singulis plumis
ad apicem pallidé cervinis ; caudd cuneiformi, ad basin albe-
scenti-cervind, apicem versus fuscd, ad apicem alba ; pectore
Susco, plumis cervino marginatis ; abdomine, cervino fuscogue
picto, crisso, cauddque subtus albis ; rostro fusco ; tarsis flavis.

Long. tot. 32 une. ; rostri, 2; ale, 25; caude, 144; tarsi, 31.

Hab. in terra Van Diemen.

Obs. The above description was taken from two specimens in the
United Service Museum, which are doubtless male and female, but
which are not quite mature.

This fine species would appear to represent the European Ha-
liaétus albicillus in Australia. In size it nearly equals the Aguila
Jfucosa, and like that bird it has a wedge-shaped tail, a character
common to many of the Raptorial birds of Australia.

HAviAeEtus Leucosternus. Hal. capite, collo, pectore, abdomi-
neque summo niveis; dorso, alis, abdomine imo, femoribus,
erissoque lete castaneis; primariis ad apicem nigris ; caudd
castaned, subtus pallidiore, rectricibus sex intermediis ad apicem
cinerescentibus ; rostro ad basin plumbaceo, ad apicem flaves-
cente ; pedibus flavescenti-plumbaceis.

Long. tot. 224 une.; rostri, 13; ale, 154; caude, 9; tarsi, 2.

Hab. in Australia.

Obs. This species is nearly allied to Hal. Pondicerianus, but dif-

fers from that bird in the smaller extent of the cere, and in the uni-
form snow-white colouring of the neck and chest.

PANDION LEUCOCEPHALUS. Pund. vertice, nuchd, gulé, abdo-
mine, femoribus, crissoque albis ; plumis pectoris fuseo ad api-
cem notats ; plumis auricularibus fuscescenti-nigris ; colli late-
ribus fuscis; dorso, alis, cauddéque brunneis, singulis plumis
notd alba angusté apicali ornatis; primariis nigris ; rostro
nigro; tarsis olivaceo-plumbaceis.

139

Long. tot. 21 une.; rostri, 14; ale, 163; caude, 8; éarsi, ah,

Hab. in Australia.

Obs. I venture to characterise this bird as distinct from the Paz-
dion Haliaétus, as it appears to be always smaller in size, and is
moreover said to have yellow éarsi. The individual from which my
description was taken has this character to a certain extent, although
a leaden tint pervades in some parts. I have never seen a specimen
of P. Haliaétus with so much white on the head and back of the
neck as is found in the Australian bird.

Fatco rrontatus. Sale. fronte cinerescenti; vertice, genis,
plumis auricularibus, eorporeque supra cinerescenti-plumbaceis ;
primariis intis maculis ovalibus cervinis ornatis ; reciricibus
caude duabus intermediis cinereis, nigro obscure fasciatis, reliquis
cinereo et rufescente alternatim fasciatis ; guld, pectoreque pallidé
cervinis, hujus plumis in medio lined fused notatis ; corpore sub-
tus obscure rufescenti-aurantiaco ; rostro plumbaceo, cerd pedi-
busque flavis.

Long. tot. 12. unc.; roséri, $5 ale, 95; cauda, 54; tarsi, 11.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. I find the young of this species much darker than the adult,
particularly in the markings of the chest and abdomen; the upper
surface also has most of the feathers tinged with reddish brown,
and the tail-feathers ‘are tipped with this colour.

This species is nearly allied to Falco subbuteo and F’. Azsalon.

Fatco meLANnocenys. Mas. Fale. eapite toto fuscescenti-nigro ;
corpore supra, alis, cauddque cinereo fuscoque alternatim fas-
ciatis; primariis extis intense fuscis, intus cervino fasciatis ;
guld pectoreque cervinis; abdomine rufescenti-cinereo, guitis
ovalibus intense fuscis ornato; lateribus crissoque rufescenti-
cinereis, fasciis intense fuscis contortim notatis ; rostro ad apicem
plumbaceo, ad basin flavo; cera pedibusque fiavis.

Fam. A mari differt staturd majore, neenon colore gule, pectoris,
abdominisque intenstore.

Mas. Long. tot.15 une.; rostri, 12; ale, 11

ose ss , 12; —-, 13

Hab. per totam Australiam.

Obs. This species is closely allied to the Falco Peregrinus, from

which it may be at all times distinguished by the black colouring
of the cheeks.

caude, 54; tarst,

;
Nonmigar Ge 60

4 1h.
i 13.

Fatco srunneus. Fale. capiie, corporeque supertore intensé
fuseis; primariis intis notis albis triangularibus ornatis ; caudd
lineis fuscescentibus septem obscuré et angusté fasciatis; guld,
notdque ante oculos cervinis; pectore pallidé cervino, plumis
lined fusco centrali notatis; corpore subtus albo fuscoque com-
mixtis ornato; tridibus flavis ; vostro nigro; pedibus plumbaceis.

Long. tot. 16 unc.; rostri, 14; ale, 10; eaude, 74; tarsi, 24.

Hab. in Nova Zealandia.

Obs. In the Collection of the Zoological Society.

140

JgRACIDEA. Genus novum.

Rostrum, ut in genere Falco dicto; alis attamen minis rigidis,
remige tertio longissimo; ¢arsis longioribus, gracilioribus, et
anticé squamis hexagonalibus tectis; digitis gracilioribus, digito
postico breviore, wnguibus minis robustis.

Typus est Faleo Berigora, Vig. et Horsf.

Lepipocenys suscristatus. Lep. vertice, genis, plumis auri-
cularibus, dorsoque superiore fuscescenti-cinereis; occipite, cris-
tdque occipitali nigrescenti-fuscis ; dorso, scapularibusque fuscis,
alis supra fuscescenti-cinereis, subtis argenteo-cinereis, primariis
secondarisque fasciis duabus nigris notatis; wropygio, tectrici-
busque caude superioribus fuscis; caudd fuscescenti-cinered,
nigro fasciatd, et ad apicem largé nigrd; guld, pectore, humeri
parte, crissoque, cinereis rufo tinctis; corpore subtis pallidé
cervino, castaneo fasciato ; rostro pallidé plumbeo, tarsis flavis.

Long. tot. 18 unc.; rostri, 14; ale, 13; caude, 83; tarsi, 1}.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. This bird would belong to M. Lesson’s genus Lophotes; but
that term having been previously employed, I have been-induced to
adopt the generic title proposed by Mr. J. E. Gray in its stead.
The form is somewhat allied to Pernis.

Mirvus Arrinis. Milv. plumis capitis, nuche, collique laterum
rufescenti-cervinis, strigd centrali fuscd notatis; corpore supra
brunneo, tectricibus alarum rufescentibus ; singulis plumis nigré
lined centrali notatis et ad apicem pallidé brunneis ; primariis
nigris, secondaris nigrescentibus ; caudd fused, nigrescente fas-
ciatd, et ad apicem cinered ; guld fuscescenti-cervind, singulis
plumis lined centrali nigrd ; corpore subtis rufescenti-fusco,
singulis plumis lined centrali fused apud pectorales maximé
conspicud ornatis ; rostro nigro ; pedibus flavescentibus.

Long. tot. 21 unc.; rostri, 14; ale, 152 ; caude, 104; tarsi, 2.

Hab. in Australia.

Obs. This species is very nearly allied to the Milwus ater of Eu-
rope: the circumstance of nearly the whole of the Fauna of Au-
stralia being distinct from those of all other parts of the world has
induced me to separate it specifically from that bird; the chief dif-
ference is in its being somewhat smaller in size.

Mirvus Isurus. Milv. Sronte, linedque supra-oculari cervinis ;
singulis plumis, apice, linedque centrali nigris notatis ; vertice,
dorso, lateribus colli, gutture, humeris supra et subtus, cor-
poreque subtis rufescenti-aurantiacis ; plumis singulis verticis,
occipitis, et precipue pectoris notam longitudinalem apicalem-
que nigram habentibus ; dorso superiore, plumisque scapula-
ribus intense fuscis ; primariis ad apicem fuscis, nigro obscure
Jasciatis, ad basin intis cinereis ; secondariis intensé fuscis ni-
gro fasciatis ; uropygio crissoque albis, nigro cervinoque fasci-
atts ; caudd ferée quadratd, et cinereo-fused ; rectricibus, duabus
externis utringue exceptis, obscure fusciis guatuor angustis nigris

141

ornatis ; omnibus ad apicem nigris ; rostro fusco ; cerd, tarsisque
avis.

Lane. tot. 20 une.; rostri, 13; ale, 814; caude, 8}; tarsi, 13.

Hab. in Australia.

Obs. This species, the immediate locality of which is not known,
offers the nearest approach to the Common Kite, Milvus vulgaris,
that has yet been discovered ; but is readily distinguished from that
species by the square form of the tail.

Exanus noratus. El. oculis nigro anguste circumdaiis ; fronte,
lateribus faciei corporeque subtus albis ; nuchd, dorso, scapula-
ribus, tectricibusque caude majoribus delicatée cinereis ; alis maxi-
mis ex partibus nigris, humeris subtis albis ; primariis supra ni-
grescenti-cinereis, subtis fuseo-nigris ; cauda cinerescenti-albd ;
rostro nigro ; cerd pedibusque aurantiaco-flavis.

Long. tot. unc. 14; ale, 112 ; caude, 6}; tarsi, 1.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. Distinguished from Elanus melanopterus by the oval spot
of black on the under surface of the wing, whence its specific name ;
it also differs from Hlanus leucurus in the form of the tail and other
characters.

-Circus JArpiner. Mas. Cire. vertice, genis, plumisque auricu-
laribus intensé castaneis, fusco longitudinalitér notatis ; disco
fasciali, nuchd, dorso superiore, pectore necnon dorso imo, sca-
pularibusque, intense cinereis, his albo levitér notatis ; humeris,
alis subtis, abdomine, femoribus, crissoque, castaneis, albu per-
pulchré notatis ; tectricibus alarum fusco-cineraceis, irregulariter
albo notatis ; secondariis cineraceis, fasciis tribus fuscis anguste
notatis, fascidque latd terminalis primariis ad basin cervinis,
per reliquas partes nigris ; tectricibus caude superioribus fuscis,
fascias albas, apicemque album ostendentibus ; caudda cinerco
fuscoque alternatim fasciatd ; rostro nigro; pedibus flavis.

Long. tot. 19 une. ; ale, 16; caude, 10; tarsi, 33.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Syn. Circus assimilis, Jard. and Selb. Ill. Orn., vol. i. pl. 51, fe-
male ?

Obs. I am induced to believe that the bird figured by Messrs. Jar-
dine and Selby under the name of Cireus assimilis will prove to be
the female of this bird ; but as I am not quite certain, I have thought
it best to characterise the present bird under a new name,

ATHENE? ForTIS. Ath. facie gulaque cinerescenti-albis ; vertice,
corporeque supra fuscis, purpureo tinctis ; scapularibus, secon-
daviis tectricibusque ale majoribus albo guttatis ; primariis al-
ternatim fusco griseogque fusciatis; fasciis pallidis ad mar-
ginem externum albescentibus ; caudd fused lineis sex vel septem
cinerescentibus transversim fasciatis, apice cinerescente ; cor-
pore subtus brunneo alboque marmorato, héc colore marginem
plumarum ornante; tarsis ad digitos vestitis, fusco cervinoque

142

marmoratis ; rostro Jlavescenti-corneo 3 digitis longis, flavis, pi-
lisque tectis.

Long. tot. 15} une. ; ale, 113; eaude, 74; tarsi, 13.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

ATHENE? STRENUA. Alh, vertice, corpore supra, alis, eauddque
intense fuseis, fasciis purpurescenti-brunneis transversim ornalis ;
his megoribus pallidioribusque ad imum dorsum ; secondariis,
reetricibusque caude ad marginem internum, facie, guld, pecto-
veque superiore, badiis, plumis partium harum noté brunned
centrali ornatis ; corpore subtius albo, levitér badio lavate, et fusco
fasciato ; rostro corneo ad basin, ad apicem nigro ; pedibus flavis.

Long. tot. 24 une. ; rostri, 2; ale, 15 ; caude, 101; tarsi, Zi.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Hatcyon incinctus. Hale. fronte, medio et vertice nigrescenti-
Suscis, leviter ceruleo tinctis ; fronte in lateribus strigis badiis
notaid ; occipite et nuché cyaneis; loro, lined infra-oculari au-
ricularibusque nigris ; plumis in fronte leviter badio marginatis ;
dorso medio lilacino viridi nitenti; humeris caude tectricibus
majoribus et minoribus viridescenti-cerulcis ; alis spuriosis, se-
condariisque cyaneis ; primariis brunneis ad bases niveis, et
ceruleo-viridi externé marginatis ; tectricibus superioribus caude
viridi-caruleis, fulgore metallico; caudd cyaned; gulé alba;
pectore corporeque subtus pallidé badiis; mandibuld superiori
nigra; mandibuld inferiort ad marginem apicemque nigra, ad
basin carned ; pedibus carneis.

Long. tot. une. 8; rostri, 13; ale, 33; caude, 21; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. Nearly allied to Haleyon MacLeayii of Jardine and Selby.

CAPRIMULGIDZ. Fam.
Evrostoropus. Genus novum.

Rostrum quam in Caprimulgo longius et robustius; x@res laterales
et lineares ; victus setis brevibus, debilibus, divergentibusque in-
structus ; aie quam in Caprimulgo longiores et fortiores; remi-
gibus \mo et 2do longissimis et equalibus ; eauda feré quadrata,
medioceris ; ¢arst robusti, plumis anticé instructi; digitt breves,
robusti, carnosi; digité externi equales et intermedio per dimi-
dium, membrana conjuncti; digito intermedio, wague interne
validé pectinato.

Typi sunt, Caprimulgus guttatus, in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 192.
Caprimulgus albogularis, Wid. p. 194.

Myracra nitipa. Myi. nigrescenti-viridi, fulgore metallico ;
abdomine tectricibusque caude inferioribus albis; rostro ad
apicem nigro, hoc colore versus basin in caruleum transeunte ;
pedibus fusco-nigris.

Long. tot. une. 63; roséri, 3; ale, 34; caude, 3}; tarsi, 3.

143

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi et terra Van Diemen.
Obs. Differs from Myiagra plumbea in its larger size, and in the
darker and richer colouring of the plumage.

GRAUCALUS PARVIROSTRIS. Grauc. fronte, facie, lateribus colli,
guldique nigris ; vertice, corpore supra, alisque in medio cinereis ;
primariis, secondariisque intus nigrescentibus, griseo marginatis ;
caudd nigrescente, ad basin cinerea, ad apicem largé alba, recirt-
cibus intermediis eaceptis ; pectore cinereo ; abdomine imo, ald
internd, crissoque albis ; lateribus, femoribusque pallide cinereis ;
rostro pedibusque nigrescenti-fuscis.

Long. tot. 12 unc.; rostri, 13; ale, 73; caude, 6 ; tarsi, 1.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. This species differs from Graue. melanops principally in the

much smaller size of the bill and the lighter tint of the grey.

GRAUCALUS MELANOTIS. Grauc. loro, lined infra-oculari, plu-
misque auricularibus nigris ; vertice, nuchd, collique lateribus,
dorso, uropygio, caude tectricibus, humerisque paliideé cinereis ;
primarits, secondartiisque intus nigrescenti-fuscis, einereo margi-
natis ; rectricibus caude nigrescenti-fuscis, ad basin cinereis, ad
apicem large albis ; guld, pectore, lateribusque cinereis, fusco fas-
ciatis ; abdomine imo, femoribus crissoque, albis ; rostro nigres-
cente ad apicem, ad basin rufescente ; pedibus fuscis.

Long. tot. 13 une. ; rostri, 13; ale, 72; caude, 6% ; tarsi, 1}.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield considered this bird as iden-
tical with the Papuan Crow of Latham, but on comparison I find
this is not the case ; it may ultimately prove to be an immature male,
or a female of Grauc. melanops, but until future observation has
cleared up this point it will be better to characterize it as distinct.

CEBLEPYRIS HUMERALIS. Mas, Cebl. fronie, vertice, nuchd dor-
soque nitide viridescenti-nigris ; humeris, tectricibusque superio-
ribus caude ; alis nigris secundariis albo marginatis ; dorso in-
feriore et uropygio cinereis ; caudd obscure nigra, plumis duabus
externis utrinque apicibus albis; guld, pectore corporeque subtus
rostro pedibusque nigris.

Fom. vertice, nuchd, dorsoque superiore brunneis ; dorso inferiore,
uropygio cauddque ut in mare; tectricibus majoribus minori-
busque caude badio marginatis ; secondariis mare latioribus
albo marginatis ; gulé corporeque subius fusco-albis ; rostro pe-
dibusque nigris.

Long. tot. une. 63 ; rostri, 2; ale, 4; eaude, 61; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. Nearly allied to Ceblepyris leucomela( Campephaga leucomela,
Vig. and Horsf.; ZLanius Karu, Less.), but differing from that spe-
cies in its smaller size, in the greater extent of the white mark on
the shoulders, and in nearly wanting the stripe of white which crosses
the secondaries.

144

FaLcuncuLus LEucoGASTER. Fale. fronte albd, cristd oceipitali
nigra ; genis albis lined nigrd notatis ad nucham extendente ;
dorso, humeris, tectricibusque caude et uropygio olivaceo-flavis ;
primariis secondariisque brunneis, olivaceo marginatis ; rectri-
cibus caude duabus externis albis, duabus intermediis olivaceis,
reliquis brunneis, olivaceo-marginatis ; guld olivaceo-viridi ; pec-
tore tectricibusque caude inferioribus nitide sulphureo-flavis ;
abdomine femoribusque albis ; rostro nigro ; pedibus plumbaceis.

Long. tot. une. 6 ; rostri, 3; ale, 33 ; caude, 22; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in Australia.

Obs. For a knowledge of this new species of true Faleunculus,

I am indebted to the Earl of Derby, who lent me the example from
which the above characters are taken ; and which, from the olive co-
louring of the throat, may probably prove to be a female.

Fatcuncutus FLavicutus. Fale. loro albo ; vertice et strigad ab
oculo usque ad latus colli nigrescenti-brunnets, super infraque
strigis albis ; dorso, tectricibusque superioribus caude_ viride-
scenti-albis ; guld olivaceo-viridi ; alis fuscis, pallide brunneo
marginatis ; caudd fused, rectricibus tribus utrinque plus mi-
nusve albo notatis ; mento macula albé; guld, pectore, abdomine
tectricibusque inferioribus caude nitide flavis ; rostro pedibusque
cyaneo-nigris.

Long. tot. unc. 52; ale, 33; caude, 27; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in Australia.

Obs. This species, independently of its smaller size, may be rea-
dily distinguished from all others, by the uniform yellow colouring
of the under surface, from the chin to the vent. It would seem that
this bird was overlooked by Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield, who ap-
pear to have thought it identical with fal. gutturalis.

EopsALTRIA PARVULA. Hop. vertice, auricularibus, nuchd dor-
soque cinereis ; guld pectoreque inferiori griseis ; uropygio oli-
vaceo ; alis brunneis ; caudd brunned, rectricibus apicibus gri-
seis; pectore corporeque subtus nitide flavis; rostro nigro ; pedi-
bus brunneis.

Long. tot. unc. 5}; rostré, 8; ale, 3; caude, 23 ; tarsi, 2.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. The genus Hopsaliria was instituted by Mr. Swainson for

the Yellow-Breasted Thrush of Lewin (Pachycephala Australis of
Vig. and Horsf.), to which the present bird is nearly allied.

EopsALTRIA GRISEO-GULARIS. Vertice, auricularibus, nuchd dor-
soque griseis ; guld pectoreque cinerescenti-albis ; abdomine, uro-
pygo, tectricibusque superioribus et inferioribus caude nitide
fiavis 5 alis cauddque fuscis ; caudé ad extremum apicem alba ;
rostro pedibusque nigrescenti-brunnets.

Long. tot. une. 6 ; rostrt, } ; ale, 34; caude, 23. ; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in Australia apud flumen Cygnorum.

Obs. Closely allied to Hopsaltria Australis. In the collection at

Fort Pitt, Chatham.

145

SrericuLus MaGNiRostTRIis. Ser. fronte, gule lateribus, corpo-
reque subtus griseis, singulis plumis brunneo marginatis ; ma-
culd occipitali nigra et quadrata ; lined nigra irregular in gut-
ture centrali ; nuchd, dorso, scapulisque cinerescenti-albis, mar-
gine brunneo circumdatis ; alis, uropygio, cauddque olivaceo-
brunneis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. une. 114; rostrt, 14; ale, 54; eaude, 42 ; tarsi, 14.

Hab. in terra Van Diemen?

Obs. This is in every respect a true Sericulus, and from what we

know of the changes of the common species Ser. chrysocephalus, I
conceive that it may prove to be a female, or immature bird.

OrerocincLa. Genus novum.

Rostrum capitis longitudinem aquans vel superans, subincurvatum,
lateraliter compressum, mandibula superiore apice prominente,
denticula ab apice longé amota, gonide acuto; rictus setis paucis
brevibus instructus; a/@ mediocres, rigidee, remige 1™° brevissi-
mo, 4° et 5 feré aqualibus et longissimis ; cawda subbrevis,
quadrata, plumis rigidis ; ¢ars¢ mediocres, squamis integris ; digit
graciles, posticus preecipué, digitis lateralibus feré aqualibus, in-
terno breviore ; plume sericee.

Typi sunt, Oreocinela Nove Hollandie et Turdus varius, Horsf.

OREOCINCLA MACRORHYNCHA. Or. summo capite, corpore supra,
olivaceo-brunneis, singulis plumis nigro ad apicem leviter mar-
ginatis ; caudé alisque olivaceo-brunneis ; secondariis badio le-
viter marginatis ; rectricibus duabus externis utrinque ad apicem
albis ; guld corporeque subtus cervino-albis, singulis plumis,
maculis nigris lanceolatis ad apicem notatis ; rostro aldque spu-
riosd ad apicem nigrescenti-brunneis ; pedibus pallidé brunneis.

Long. tot. unc. 103; rostri, 13; ale, 54; eaude, 44 ; tarsi, 11.

Hab. in Nova Zealandia.

Obs. Nearly allied to, but differing from, the Turdus varius of

authors, in the much larger size of the bill, and in the deeper black
colouring of the margins of the feathers. In the British Museum.

Familia ?

SymMMorpHus. Genus novum.

Rostrum subbreve, tumidum; mandibuld superiori ad apicem leviter
emarginata ; culmine commissurdque subarcuatis ; nares basales,
ovales et plumis frontalibus feré occultate ; ale mediocres, re-
mige 1™° breviore, 2% per dimidium ; 34°, 4° et 5° longissimis
et inter se feré equalibus; cauda mediocris, rectrice externa
utrinque per partem quartam ceteris breviore ; tarsi et pedes me-
diocres, illi anticé scutellati ; digito postico cum ungue, medio
breviori ; digitis lateralibus ineequalibus, interno brevissimo.

SyMMORPHUS LEUCOPYGUS. Sym. loro nigrescenti-brunneo ; li-
ned supra-oculari cervino-albd ; summo capite, nuchd, dorsoque

146

intense rufo-fuscis ; humeris, tectricibus majoribus alarum ad
apices, uropygio, guia corporeque subtis albis, badio pallidé la-
vatis ; primartis secondariisque nigrescenti-brunneis, badio ob-
seuré marginatis ; rectricibus caude quatuor mediis brunneis,
ad apices cinerescenti-albis, tribus externis utrinque ad basin
per dimidiam partem brunneis, per reliquam pariem albis ;
rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. unc. 72; rostri, 4; ale, 35; caude, 35; tarsi, 1.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Ausirali.

ACANTHIZA MAGNIROSTRA. Ae. vertice, corpore superiore, alis
cauddque olivaceo-fuscis; hdc, fronteque rufescentibus ; guld
pectoreque cinereis ; lateribus olivaceis ; rostro nigro; pedibus
brunneis.

Long. tot. 44 une. ; rostri, 2; ale, 21 ; caude, 14; tarsi, 2.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

ACANTHIZA UROPYGIALIS. Ae. capite, corpore supra, alisque
Suscis, levitér olivaceo lavatis ; uropygio tectricibusque caude
leté castaneis ; caudé nigrescenti-fuscd, late ad apicem albo no-
taid ; guld, pectore, abdomineque medio griseis ; lateribus, cris-
sogue pallide cervinis ; rostro, pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 32 unc.; rostri, ; ale, 2; caude, 12; darsi, 3,

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

ACANTHIZA DIEMENENSIS. Ae. fronte rufo-brunneo, notis semi-
lunaribus cervinis, fuscoque adspersis, corpore superiore, alisque
intense olivaceo-fuscis ; tectricibus caude fuscis, castaneo lavatis ;
rectricibus olivaceis, nigrescenti-fusco fasciatis ; genis, guld, pec-
toreque cinereis, irregulariter fusco adspersis ; abdomine, cris-
soque cinerescenti-albis rufo tinctis, hdc colore in crisso lateri-
busque prevalente ; rostro pedibusque pallidé brunneis.

Long. tot. 4 unc. ; rostri, 5% ; ale, 21; caude, 2; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in terra Van Diemen.

Obs. Nearly allied to Acanthiza pusilla.

ACANTHIZA LINEATA. Ae. vertice fusco-olivaceo, albo delicaté
striato ; dorso, als, cauddque olivaceis ; hde apicem versus ni-
grescente fusciatd, ad apicem cinerescenti-fuscd ; guld, pectoreque
cinerets, olivaceo lavatis, et irregulariter fusco guttatis ; rostro
pedibusque fuscis.

Long. tot. 32 unc.; rostri, 3; ale, 2; cauda, 13; tarsi, é

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

SYLVIADZ? Fam.
Psitropus. Genus novum.

Rostrum capite brevius, tumidum, ad apicem dentatum, tomiis rec-
tis ; nares basales, laterales, ovales; rictus setis paucis gracilibus
obsitus ; al@ mediocres, remige primo feré spurio, secundo elon-
gato, tertio, quarto, quintoque longissimis et inter se equalibus;
cauda brevis et equalis: tarst leves, graciles, mediocres; digiti

147

perbreves et debiles, externi utrinque cquales et intermedio ad-
juncti feré ad articulum primum ; wrgwes incurvi.
Typus est Psilopus albogularis.

PsiLopus Brevirostris. Psil. rostro perbrevi, pallidé fusco ;
strigd supereiliart flavescente ; vertice fuscescenti-cinereo ; nuchd
olivaced ; dorso, uropygto, tectricibusque cande olivaceis ; plumis
auricularibus, genisque pallidé rufo-brunneis; guld, pectoreque
albis, olivaceo lavatis, strigisque fuscis longitudinalibus, levitér
ornatis ; abéomine pallide citrino ; rectricibus caude intermediis
duabus fuscis ; reliquis ad basin fuscis dein nigrescente fasciatis,
et interné albo notatis, apicibus pallidé fuscis ; pedibus nigre-
scentibus.

Long. tot. 34 une.; rostri, 3; ale, 2; caude, 13; tarsi, 4.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. In my own Collection.

Psitopus ruscus. Psil. vertice, corporeque toto superne, saturate
fuscis, levitéer olivaceo tinetis ; rectricibus caude duabus inter-
mediis fuscis ; reliquis ad basin albis, dein nigrescenti-fusco laté
Susciatis, exindé aibo notatis, apicibus pallidé JSuseis ; guld, pec-
éoreque cinereis ; abdomine, crissoque albis ; rostro pedibusque
intense fuscis.

Long. tot. 33 unc.; rostri, 4; ale, 21; caude, 12; tarsi, 2.

Hab. in Australia.

Obs. In the Collection of the Earl of Derby.

Pstopus oLivaceus. Psil. strigd superciliari a basi mandibule
Slava ; vertice, corporeque supra olivaceis ; alis fuscis, plumis
extus olivaceo marginatis ; rectricibus caude duabus intermediis
Suscis; reliquis ad basin fuscis, dein albo, nigrescenti-fusco, ite-
rum@que albo fasciatis, apicibus fuscis ; rostro pedibusque fuscis.
Long. tot. 42 unc. ; rostri, 3; ale, 21; caude, 13 ; tarsi, 2.
Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Psinopus ALBoGuLARIs. Psi. vertice, plumis auricularibus, cor-
poreque supra olivaceo-fuscis ; guld albd ; pectore corporeque
subtus late citrinis ; rectricibus caude duabus intermediis fuscis,
reliquis ad basin fuscis, albo, dein laté nigrescenti-fusco fasciatis,
et interné ad apicem cervinis ; rostro, pedibusque intense Suscis,

Long. tot. 44 une. ; rostri, $3 ale, 2%; eaude, 13; tarsi, 2.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Prrroica Moprsta. Pet. summo capite, corpore supra, alis cau-
ddque rufo-brunneis ; gulé albé, brunneo lavata ; pectore et
abdomine centrali coccineo lavatis ; abdominis inferiort, crisso-
que albis ; lateribus brunneis ; rostro nigrescenti-brunnco ; pe-
dibus flavescenti-brunneis.

Long. tot. une. 5; rostri, 3; ale, 23; eaude, 2; tarsi, 4.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia apud oram orientalem.

Obs. The female resembles the male, but is rather lighter in colour,

and has only an indication of the scarlet tinge on the chest and sides.

148

Oriema. Genus novum.

Rostrum, caput quoad longitudinem feré zquans, incurvatum, cari-
natum, ad apicem denticulatum; xares ovales, laterales, basales
operculoque feré tecte ; ale mediocres, remige 1™° brevissimo,
4°, 5%, 6t, Toe longissimis et inter se feré zequalibus ; cauda
mediocris et subrotundata; ¢arsi mediocres ; digiti breves, in-
terno longior externus.

Typus est Sawicola solitaria, Vig. et Horsf. Rock Warbler,

Lewin, Pl. xyj.

EPHTHIANURA. Genus novum.

Rostrum capite brevius, feré rectum, lateraliter compressum, ad api-
cem indentatum; nares basales, lineares, membrana tecte; ale
elongate, remige, 1™° spurioso, 2°° longo, 3"° et 4° longissimis et
inter se zqualibus ; tertiariis longis; cauda brevis et truncata;
tarst integri, mediocres, graciles ; digiti graciles, posticus cum
ungue medio brevior ; digitus internus, externo brevior.

Typus est, Acanthiza albifrons, Jord. et Selb.

EpuTHIANuRA AuRIFRONS. Ephth.capite, tectricibus superioribus
caude, lateribus nuche, pectore corporeque nitidé aurantiacis,
hée colore in fronte et centrali abdomine prevalente ; dorso
olivaceo ; alis brunneis olivaceo marginatis ; caudd obscure
fusca singulis rectricibus, duabus intermediis exceptis ad apicem
interne albo maculatis ; mento et guld centrali nigris ; rostro
nigro ; pedibus brunneis.

Long. tot. unc. 4; rostri, 3; ale, 24; caude, 14; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. In the Collection of the Zoological Society.

Maturus toneicaupus. Mas. Mal. summo capite, striga in-
Sra aures, dorsoque anteriore, obscuré cyaneis ; nuchd, scapulis,
dorso uropygtoque obscure nigris; gutture pectoreque azureo-
nigris ; corpore infra cinerescenti-albo, lateribus brunnescentibus ;
rectricibus caude obscuré eyaneis, pallidioribus apicibus ; rostro
nigro ; tarsis brunneis. Fam. Corpore supra, alis cauddque
rufo leviter tinetis ; lined in fronte et super oculos, rostro pedi-
busque rufescenti-fuscis.

Long. tot. une. 5 ; rostri, 3; ale, 2; caude, 24; tarsi, 1.

Hab. in terra Van Diemen.

Obs. This species is closely allied to Mal. ceyaneus, but is more

richly coloured, and exceeds it in all its measurements, particularly
in the length of the tail.

PARDALOTUS QUADRAGINTUS. Pard. vertice, corporeque supra
olivaceis, plumis fusco leviter marginatis ; alis nigrescentibus,
remigibus (primo et secundo exceptis), ad apicem albis ; genis,
crissogue flavescenti-olivaceis ; corpore subtus cinerescenti-albo ;
rostro intensé fusco ; pedibus fuscis.

Long. tot. 33 unc. ; rostri, 3; ale, 21; caude, 14; tarsi, 3.

Obs. This is the ‘ Forty-spot’ of the colonists of Van Diemen’s

149

Land, so called from the numerous white spots with which it is
adorned.
Hab. in terra Van Diemen.

PARDALOTUS MELANOCEPHALUS. Pard. vertice, loro, plumisque
auricularibus nigris ; strigd superciliari auranticé oriente, albé
desinente ; genis collique lateribus albis ; nuchd, dorsoque cine-
rescenti-olivaceis ; rectricibus caud@ fuscescenti-cervinis ; caudd
nigra, ad apicem alba ; alis nigrescenti-fuscis ; remigibus tertio,
quarto, quinto, sexto, septimoque albis ; secondariis albo margi-
natis atque terminatis ; lined alba oblique per humeros abducta ;
ald spurid coecineo terminated ; lined gutturali, pectore, abdomi-
neque medio leté flavis ; crisso cervino ; rostro nigro ; pedibus
Suscis.

Long. tot. 4 une.; rostri, 3; ale, 24; caude, 14; darsi, 2.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi, apud oram orientalem.

Parpatorus rusricAtus. Pard. fuscia frontali angustd sor-
didé albd ; vertice, et occipite nigris, albo guttatis ; nuchd, dorso,
uropygio, tectricibusque alarum ecinereis ; alis intensé fuscis ; ald
spurid, primariis ad basin, secondariisque ad margimem ex-
ternum leté aurantiacis ; nota flammed ante oculos ; strigd su-
per-oculari cervind ; tectricibus caude olivaceis ; caudd intensé
fuscd, ad apicem albd; guld abdomineque cinereis ; pectore
flavo ; mandibuld superiore fuscd, inferiore cinered ; pedibus

Uscis.

Long. tot. 4 une. ; rostri, 8 ; ale, 24; caude, 13; tarsi, 2.

Hab. in Australia.

Obs. In my own Collection.

PAcHYCEPHALA XANTHOPROCTA. Pach. vertice, corporeque su-
pra olivaceis, héc colore, ad crissum, et ad marginem remigum
ale, rectricumque caude, letiore; abdomine pallide fusco ;
erisso flavo ; rostro ad apicem nigro, ad basin brunneo ; pedi-
bus fuscis.

Long. tot. 6 unc.; rostri, 3; ale, 34; caude, 3; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi, apud oram orientalem.

Obs. This may possibly prove to be the female of some species

the male of which is at present unknown.

PacuyCEPHALA LoNGIRosTRIS. Pach. vertice, corpore superiore,
alisque olivaceis, primariis, secondariis, tectricibus, rectricibus-
que caude ad marginem nitidé olivaceo-aureis ; guld, pectore-
que pallidé cinerescenti-fuscis ; crisso flavo; rostro nigrescenti-
fusco ; pedibus brunneis.

Long. tot. 7 une.; rostri, 4; ale, 4; caude, 33; tarsi, 1.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi, apud oram orientalem.

SpHENOosTomMA. Genus novum.

Rostrum breve, durum, lateralitér compressum, et cuneiforme ;
nares basales, rotundatee, operte ; rictus rectus ; mandibula supe-

150

riori haud dentata ; setis delicatis ad basin sparsis; ale perbreves
et rotundate, remigibus quarto, quinto, et sexto feré aqualibus
et longissimis ; eauda elongata, et gradata; tarsi mediocres, ro-
busti, anticé squamis tecti, posticé leves; pedes breves; digito
postico valido, digitis externis ineequalibus, interno brevissimo.

SPHENOSTOMA CRISTATUM. Sphen. capite plumis angustis acutis
anticé eurvatis eristato; corpore supra et subtis omnind fuseo ;
abdomine medio cinerescenti-albo ; caudd fusca; rectricibus
iribus utringue ad apicem albis; rostro nigrescente ; pedibus
plumbeis.

Long. tot. 8 unc.; rostri, 5; ale, 31; caude, 41; tarsi, 4.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi, apud oram orientalem.

Obs. This species is closely allied to Struthidea.

CINCLORAMPHUs. Genus novum.

Rostrum capite subbrevius ; culmen leviter arcuatum, apice emargi-
nato; commissura ad basin subangulata, incurvata per reliquam
totam longitudinem; nares laterales, ovales; ale mediocres, rigi-
dee ; remige 1™° longo, 2% et 3%° longissimis ; eauda subparva,
cuneiformis ; ¢arst robusti antice scutellati; digitt elongati, ro-
busti, praecipueé posticus, qui ad basin tarsi est articulatus.

Typus est Megalurus cruralis, Vig. et Horsf.

DAsyoRNIS? BRUNNEUS. Das. summo capite, corpore supra,
alis lateribus cauddque, flavo-brunneis ; gutture, lateribus fa-
ciei, et abdomine medio, fusco-albis ; rostro ad apicem obscuré
JSusco, ad basin pallidiore ; pedibus brunneis.

Long. tot. unc. 52; rostri, 3; ale, 21; caude, 3; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in Australia.

CALAMANTHUus. Genus novum.

Rostrum capite brevius, ad basin tumidum versus apicem lateraliter
compressum, ewlmine prominente et acuto ; nares laterales, magne,
ovales et operculo tecte ; rictus sine setis; ale breves, rotundate,
remige 4*° longissimo, 34°, 5', 6° et '7™° inter se aqualibus; cauda
perbrevis et rotunda; éarsi mediocres, scutellis indistinctis antice
instructi; hallux subelongatus, ungue elongato munitus ; digzdé
laterales inzequales, externus brevior.

Typus est Anthus fuliginosus, Vig. et Horsf.

CysTICOLA RUFICEPS. Cyst. summo capite, nuchd, pectore, late-
ribus, femoribus, uropygioque delicate cervinis, hée colore in
fronte et uropygio prevalente; dorso superiore, secondarits,
cauddque obscure fusco-nigris, singulis plumis, marginibus ba-
diis circumdatis; gutture et abdomine centrali albis; rostro
brunneo ; pedibus flavo-brunneis.

Long. tot. unc. 4; rostri, 4; ale, 11; caude, 13; tarsi, 2.

Hab, in Nova Cambria Australi.

151

Familia ?

Oreoica. Genus novum.

Rostrum ciapite brevius, robustum, lateribus compressis, ad apicem
emarginatum; mawilla inferior, superiorem in robore feré equans ;
nares basales, rotundate, tenuibus, brevibus, capillaribus plumis
(paucis elongatis intermixtis) feré tectee; a/e subelongate, remige
1™° previ, 3° longissimo; tertiariis perlongis, primarias feré zequan-
tibus ; cauda brevis et subrotundata; éarsz sublongi et robusti,
posticé integri, anticé scutellis duris muniti; pedes ambulatorii;
digitt perbreves, posticus brevissimus, externo subbrevior inter-
nus ; wngues breves et feré recti.

Typus est Faleunculus gutturalis, Vig. et Horsf.

CALYPTORHYNCHUS XANTHONOTUS. Cal. summo capite, genis,
gutture, corporeque supra et infra fusco-nigris ; plumis pectora-
libus, apicibus olivaceis ; auricularibus flavis; rectricibus caude
duabus intermediis nigro-fuscis, reliquis ad bases et apices nigris,
in mediis pallide flavis, interdum plis minusve brunneo notatis ;
rostro albo, vel nigrescenti-brunneo ; pedibus obscure fuscis.

Long. tot. unc. 24; ale, 144; caude, 12; tarsi, 1.

Hab. in terra Van Diemen.

Obs. Nearly allied to Cal. Baudinii and Cal. funereus.

Piatycercus Hmmatonotus. Plat. summo capite, nuchd, ge-
nis, pectoreque smaragdino-viridibus, in fronte, genisque palli-
dioribus ; dorso brunnescenti-viridi ; uropygio coccineo ; sca-
pula infra, ald spuriosd, marginibusque primariorum externis
per partes basales, nitidé cyaneis; scapula centrali, macula sul-
phured notaté : tectricibus ale majoribus inferioribusque, ceru-
leo-viridibus ; tectricibus caude rectricibusque duabus interme-
diis viridibus, hoc colore in ceruleis apices versus transeunte,
apicibus ipsis nigro-fuscis ; rectricibus reliquis ad bases viri-
dibus, hoc colore in cinerescenti-albo ad interna pogonia apicesque
transeunte ; abdomine centrali flavo ; femoribus ceruleo-viri-
dibus ; crisso cinerescenti-albo ; rostro corneo ; pedibus brunneis.

Long. tot. une. 11; ale, 5; caude, 64; tarsi, 3.

Obs. This species unites Platycercus to Nanodes, and is in fact so di-

rectly intermediate between these genera in size and other characters,
that it is difficult to decide to which of them it should be referred.

SITTELLA PILEATA. itt. fronte, strigd superciliari, guld, pec-
tore abdomineque medio albis ; vertice nigro; plumis auricula-
ribus, nuchd, dorsoque cinerescenti-fuscis ; hujus lined satura-
diore per medias plumas excurrente ; uropygio albo ; tectricibus
caude@, crissoque, cinerescenti-fuscis, fusco alboque variegatis ;
cauda nigra ad apicem alba ; alis nigrescenti-fuscis, nota rufa
centrali ; lateribus et ventre cinerescenti-fuscis ; rostro ad basin

avo, ad apicem nigro ; pedibus flavis.

Long. tot. 44 une. ; rostri, 4; ale, 35; caude, 14; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in Australia, apud Flumen Cygnorum.

152

SITTELLA MELANOCEPHALA. Sit. vertice, occipite, plumisque,
auricularibus nigris ; dorso plumisque scapularibus einerescenti-
fuscis ; alis nigris, primariis secondariisque plus minusve rufo
notatis ; uropygio, tectricibusque caude albis ; caudd nigré ad
apicem albo notatd ; crisso albo, fusco fasciato; palpebris auran-
tiacis ; rostro ad basin carneo, ad apicem nigro ; pedibus flavis.

Long. tot. 44 unc.; rostri, 3; ale, 34; caude, 13 ; tarsi, 3.

Hab, in Australia, apud Flumen Cygnorum.

SITTELLA LEUCOCEPHALA. Sitt. capite, guld, corporeque, subtus
albescentibus, héc lineis cinereo-fuscis longitudinalibus notato ;
corpore supra cinerescenti-fusco ; uropygio albo; caudad fused
albo terminatd ; alis fuscis; primariis secondariisque late rufo
fasciatis ; crisso fusco, albo variegato ; rostro aurantiaco, ad
apicem fusco ; pedibus flavis.

Long. tot. 45 unc. ; rostri, 3; ale, 23 ; caude, 14; tarsi, 4.

Hab. in Australia.

MELIPHAGA SERICEOLA. Mel. summo capite, loro, orbitis, gut-
tureque nigris ; fascid, indistinctéd super oculos et in fronte,
alba; genis, plumis capillaribus albis ; nuchd, dorso, uropygio,
nigro-fuscis, singulis plumis brunnescenti-albo marginatis, hoc
colore ad nucham prevalente; alis cauddque nigro-fuscis; pri-
mariis, secondariis flavis ; rectricibus ad partes basales flavo-
marginatis, et ad apices cinereo-albis, duabus intermediis ex-
_ceptis ; pectore corporeque subtus albis, singulis plumis, lineis
centralibus fusco-nigris ; rostro nigro; pedibus obscuré brun-
nets.

Long. tot. unc. 53; rostri, 2; ale, 24; tarsi, 3; caude, 23.

Hab. in Australia.

Obs. This species very closely resembles in its markings the Me-

liphaga sericea: it is however full a third less in all its proportions,
and is without doubt distinct.

MELIPHAGA INORNATA. Mel. summo capite, corpore supra, alis
cauddque obscuré olivaceo-brunneis ; primariis, secondariis et
rectricibus caude (duabus intermediis exceptis) ad bases flavo
marginatis ; gutture, pectoreque superiori brunneis ; abdomine
centrali brunnescenti-albo ; lateribus brunneis ; rostro pedibus-
que brunneo-nigris.

Long. tot. une. 54; rostri, 3; ale, 24; caude, 23; tarsi, 4.

Hab. in terra Van Diemen.

Obs. Closely allied to Mel. Australasiana, but distinguished from

it by the obscurity of its markings.

ACANTHAGENYS. Genus novum.

Rostrum caput. equans, compressum, levitér areuatum, ad apicem
acutum, zaribus sub-basalibus, mandibulez superioris tomiis ad
apicem indentatis, et delicaté serratis; plagd nuda a basi man-
dibule infra oculos excurrente; genis infra plagam spinis sub-
rigidis tectis; ale mediocres; remige primo brevissimo, tertio,

153

quarto, et quinto zqualibus ceterosque excellentibus ; cawda me-

diocris subzequalis ; pedes validi; digito postico forti, digitumque

intermedium excellente ; externo ad intermedium basalitér ad-

juncto; unguibus incurvatis.

Hoe genus ad illud Anthochera dictum appropinquat, differt
cauda zequali, plaga faciali nuda genisque spinosis. ©

ACANTHAGENYS RUFOGULARIS. Acanth. capite superiore, dorso,
alisque fuscis, plumis ad marginem pallidioribus ; uropygio,
tectricibusque caude albis, in medio fusco tinctis ; strigd post
oculos, et ad latera colli nigrescente; super strigam lateralem
colli, lined albescente, fusco adspersd ; setis genarum albis, et
infra ad basin mandibule inferioris lined plumarum, albo ni-
groque fasciatarum; guldé pectoreque summo pallide rujis ; cor-
pore subtus sordidé albo, plumis fusco notatis ; caudd ni-
grescenti-fuscd, apice albo; plagd faciali nuda, rostroque basi
aurantiacis ; rostri apice, pedibusque nigris. .

Long. tot. 92 unc.; rostri, 13; ale. 44; caude, 44; tarsi, 1.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

ANTHOCHERA LUNULATA. Anth. summo capite, nuchd dorsoque
anteriore olivaceo-brunneis ; dorso inferiort uropygioque oliva-
ceo-brunneis, singulis plumis, stemmatibus albis ;_ tectricibus
superioribus caude, olivaceo-brunneis, ad apices albis ¢ prima-
ris brunneis; secondariis tertiariisque brunneis, cinereo margi-
natis ; rectricibus caude intermediis duabus, cinereo-fuseis ;
reliquis obscuré-fuscis, apicibus albis; plumis nuche lateralibus,
elongatis ; acutis cinereis; guld et nuchd anteriore, pectore,
corporeque infra cinereo-brunneis ; macula obliqud nived ad
latera ; rostro nigrescenti-fusco ; pedibus rufo-brunneis.

Long. tot. unc. 12; rostri, 13; eaude, 64; ale, 54; tarsi, 12.

Hab. in Australia, apud Flumen Cygnorum.

Obs. Nearly allied to Anth. mellivora, but differs in its smaller
size, in having a considerably longer bill, and in being entirely desti-
tute of white strie down the head and back of the neck. In the
Collection of Fort Pitt, Chatham.

PLECTORHYNCHA. Genus novum.

Rostrum capite brevius, levitér arcuatum, feré conicum, et acutum,
naribus basalibus, operculo tectis; mandibula superiore obsoleté
ad apicem indentata; ale mediocres, remige primo brevissimo,
tertio quartoque longissimis; cauda mediocris et zqualis; tarsi
validi; digito postico cum ungue forti, et digitum intermedium
anticum excellente ; digitis lateralibus inzequalibus, externo lon-
giore, et intermedio basalitér conjuncto.

PLECTORHYNCHA LANCEOLATA. Plee. vertice, plumis auricu-
laribus, nuchdque, albo fuscoque variegatis ; guld corporeque
subtus cinerescenti-albis ; plumis pectoralibus sublanceolatis, et
albis ; corpore toto, cauddque superné pallidée fuscis; rostro
Suscescenti-corneo ; pedibus nigris.

154

Long. tot. 9 unc.; rostri, 1; ale, 44; caud@, 41; tarsi, 1.
Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

ENTOMOPHILA. Genus noyum.

Rostrum feré capitis longitudinem equans, ad basin latiusculum,
dein compressum, et ad apicem, acutum ; mandibule superioris to-
miis arcuatis, et apicem versus levitér indentatis; nares basales,
ovales, in membrana posite, et operculo tecte ; ale longiuscule ;
remige primo spurio, secundo tertium feré equante, hdc longissi-
mo ; cauda brevis, sub-quadrata; farsi breves, et subdebiles ; di-

gito posteriore brevi, forti; digitis externis haud equalibus, interno
paululum breviore.

EnToMopHILA picTA. Mas. Ent. capite, genis, corporeque supra
nigris ; plumis auricularibus posticé albo fimbriatis ; alis nigris,
primariis secondariisque extis nitide flavis; caud@e rectricibus
nigris, extis flavo marginatis, omnibusque (duabus internis excep-
tis ) plis minisve extis albo ad apicem notatis ; guld, corporeque
subtus albis, hoc ad latera notis subfuscis longitudinalibus sparse
ornato ; rostro flavescente ; pedibus nigrescentibus.

Fem. vel mas junior? Differt partibus fuscis, que in mare adulto
nigre ; in ceteris mari simillima, Jlavo colore minis nitido, ros-
troque ad apicem fusco.

Long. tot. 55 unc. ; rostri, 3; ale, 33; caude, 23 ; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. The disposition of the yellow markings of the wings and tail of
this kind reminds us of the Goldfinch ( Carduelis elegans, Steph.): the
lengthened wing, broad and short tail, the great breadth of the bill at
its base, and the short tarsi lead me to believe that this species feeds
principally upon insects which it pursues and captures on the wing.

GLyYcIPHILA? ocULARIS. Glyc. summo capite, corpore supra,
alis cauddque, obscuré olivaceo-brunneis, hoe colore ad uro-
pygium et rectrices caudales in luteo transeunte ; pone oculos
plumis paucis parvis nitidé brunneo-flavis ; guld pectoreque
cinereo-fuscis ; abdomine crissoque olivaceo-cinereis ; rostro pe-
dibusque nigro-brunneis. *

Long. tot. unc. 54; rostri, 4; ale, 22; caude, 21; tarsi, 2.

Hab. in terra Van Diemen.

GLYCIPHILA? SUBOCULARIS.

Obs. A species from New South Wales, which differs from Glye.
ocularis in being rather smaller, and in its more olive colouring.

fEGIALITIS? CANUS. ig. fronte, lined supra-oculari, genis, guld
corporeque sublis, albis ; summo capite, corporeque supra cinereo-
fuscis; primariis obscure brunneis, stemmatibus albis; caudd
brunned, singulis plumis marginibus albis; rostro pedibusque
nigris, olivaceo tinclis.

Long. tot. une. 71 ; rostri, 4; ale, 32; caude, 21; tarsi, 1}.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

155

EryTHROGONYS. Genus novum.

Rostrum capite longius, rectum, pauld depressum ; xares basales, li-
neares ; ale elongate, remige primo longissimo ; tertialibus feré ad
apicem remigum tendentibus ; eauda brevis, et feré aequalis ; tarst
elongati ; digiti quatuor ; postico parvulo ; anticis inter se conjunc-
tis, usque ad articulum primum ; éébi@ ex parte nude.

ErytuRoconys cinctus. Eryth. capile, plumis auricularibus, nu-
chd, pectoreque nigris ; guld, abdomine medio, crissoque albis ; héc
jusco adsperso; dorso, alis medits, scapularibusque olivaceis,
brunneo metallicé lavatis ; uropygio, rectricibus caude duabus
antermediis fuscis, rectricibus reliquis albis ; lateribus castaneis ;
tubia parte nuda, cim articulo, coccined ; tarsis olivaceo-fuscis ;
rostro ad basin rubro, ad apicem nigro.

Long. tot. 7 une. ; rostri, 1 ; ale, 44; caude, 14; tarsi, 13.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Hamatorus AusTRALASIANUS. Hem. capite, nuchd, pectore,
dorso, alis obscuré viridi-nigris ; rectricibus caude ad bases ni-
veis ; tectricibus ale ad apices, abdomine, uropygio, et tectricibus
caud@ superioribus inferroribusque niveis ; rostro obscuré auran-
tiaco ; pedibus rubris.

Long. tot. unc. 17 ; rostri, 33; ala, 102 ; caude, 44; tarsi, 23.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. Nearly allied to the Hem. ostralegus of England.

Ruyncu#A AustTRALis. Rhyn. strigd brevi pone oculum alba;
nuchd castaned, fasciis angustis indistinctis, viridi- brunneis ; sum-
mo capite obscuré brunneo ; genis, laterthus nuche nigro-brunneis ;
mento albo; dorso olivaceo-viridi, cinereo tincto, et obscure brun-
neo irrorato ; pectore corporeque subtis albis ; rostro rufo-brun-
neo; pedibus obscure fuscis.

Long. tot. unc. 81; rostri, 2; ale, 54; caude, 25 ; tarsi, 13.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. Differs from the Chinese species by its extremely short toes

and larger wing.

Numenius Austrais. Num. summo capite nuchdque nigro-
Jfuseis, singulis plumis cervino marginatis ; dorso nigrescenti-
fusco, singulis plumis rubrescenti-cervino ad marginem irregu-
laritér maculatis ; tectricibus ale nigro-fuscis, cinereo margi-
natis ; tertiariis brunneis, marginibus pallidioribus irregularitér
maculatis ; uropygio tectricibusque superioribus caude nigro-
fuscis, singulis plumis cinerescenti-cervino ad marginem fasci-
atis ; tectricibus majoribus alarum, nigro-fuscis, ad apicem
albis; 1,2, 3, 4, et 5, primarits brunneis, stemmatibus albis,
reliquis cum secondariis irregulariter albo fasciatis ; lateribus
faciei, gutture, corporeque infra pallidé cervinis, singulis plu-
mis, lined centrali nigrescenti-fuscd ; rostro ad basin flavescenti-
brunneo, ad apicem nigrescenti-brunneo ; pedibus olivaceis.

Long. tot. unc. 20; rostri, 52; ale, 11; caude, 44; tarsi, 3.

156

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.
Obs. Nearly allied to, but differs from, Vwm. aquata in the entire
absence of the white rump; it is also rather less in size.

SrERNA MELANURA. Ster. summo capite corporeque supra brun-
neis ; primariis cauddque nigro-fuscis ; caudda furcatd ; fronte,
gutture corporeque infra albis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. unc. 11; rostri, 14; ale, 9; caude, 43; tarsi, 4.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. This appears to be an immature specimen. In the Collec-

tion of the United Service Museum.

Suxa ruprives. Sul. capite, pectore, gutture, abdomine crissoque
fusco-albis ; dorso, rectricibusque caude caryophillaceis ; alis
pallidé caryophillaceis, fusco-cinereis irroratis ; primariis se-
condariisque nigro-fuscis ; rostro flavescenti-carneo, apice ni-
gro; pedibus nitide rubro-aurantiacis.

Long. tot. une. 23; rostri, 4; ale, 14; caude, 7; tarsi, 13.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. The specimen from which this description was taken ap-

peared to be somewhat immature. In the Collection of the United
Service Museum.

Purrinus assimitis. Puff. swnmo capite, corpore supra, alis
cauddque fuliginosis ; lateribus facier, guld corporeque infra
albis ; rostro fuscescenti-corneo ; tarsis digitisque viridescenti-
flavis ; membrand inter-digitali aurantiacda.

Long. tot. une. 11; roséri, 23; ale, 64; cauda, 3; tarsi, 1}.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. Very closely allied to Puffinus obscurus, but considerably

smaller.

PHALAcRocoRAXx cARBoipes. Phal. guld et faciei lateribus
albis ; summo capite, nuchd corpore infra, uropygio, cauddque
nitidé nigro-viridibus ; rectricibus caude 14 ; dorso, alis, late-
ribus superioribus nigro-brunneis, singulis plumis nitide nigro-
viridibus laté marginatis ; nuchd plumis gracilibus lanceolatis
albis ornaté ; paucis apud femora externa ; rostro corneo ; pe-
dibus nigris.

Long. tot. une. 34; rostri, 4; ale, 134; caude, 8; tarsi, 2}.

Hab. in terra Van Diemen.

Obs. Closely allied to the Common Cormorant of Europe (Phal.

Carbo).

PHALAcROCORAX LEUCOGASTER. Phal. fronte, summo capite,
nuchd uropygioque viridi-nigris ; dorso tectricibusque ale viri-
dibus, singulis plumis nigro marginatis ; primartis seconda-
riisque nigris ; gutture, lateribus nuche, corporeque infra albis ;
rostro nigro, rubro tincto ; pedibus nigris.

Long. tot. unc. 26 ; rostri, 3; ale, 114; caude, 53; tarsi, 23.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

o*

157

PHALACROCORAX FLAVIRHYNCHUS. Phal. summo capite, nuchda,
dorso, uropygio, erissoque nigris; tectricibus ale et scapu-
laribus cinereo-nigris ; lined super-oculari, gutture, corporeque
infra albis ; rostro nitidé aurantiaco, culmine fusco ; pedibus
Suscis.

Long. tot. une. 23 ; rostri, 21; ale, 93 ; caude@, 64 ; tarsi, 13.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. This species is distinguished by its much smaller size from

the preceding, and by the conspicuous line of white over each eye.
+

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sid

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shay)

INDEX.

The names of New Species and of Species newly characterized are printed

in Roman Characters :

novel information is given, in Jtalies:

those of Species previously known, but respecting which

those of Species respecting which

Anatomical Observations are made, in Carirats.

Page

Abramys Buggenhagii, Thomps.... 56
Abrocoma, n. g., Waterh. .....0++ 30
Bennettii, Waterh. 31

Cuvieri, Waterh. ...... 32
Abrothrix, n. g., Waterh. .......4+ 21
arenicola, Walerh. ... 21
brachiotis, Waterh. ... 21
canescens; Waterh. ... 21
longipilis, Waterh. ... 21
micropus, Waterh. 21

obscurus, Waterh..... 21

olivaceus, Waterh. 21
xanthorhinus, Waterh. 21
Acanthagenys, n. g., Gould ...... 152

tufogularis, Gould 153

Acanthiza albifrons, Jard. et Selb. 148
Diemenensis, Gould ... 146

frontalis, Vig. et Horsf. 133

lineatus, Gould ......... 146
magnirostris, Gould ... 146
uropygialis, Gould...... 146

Acantliorhynchus, n. g., Gould... 24
dubius, Gould.... 25
superciliosts, Guid 24
Accipiter torquatus, Vig. et Horsf. 98

Acontistes, Sundeval .......... Rec LO
Agialitis? canus, Gould.........0+8 154
Agelaius gubernator, Bonap. ...... 110
Pheeniceus, Vieill. ...... 111
HACOLOTOAUG: s.cevscce0ss 111

Aglaia Brasiliensis, Bonap. ...... 122
nigrocincta, Bonap. ...... 121
punctata, Kdwards......... 122
Schrankii, Bonap. ......... 122
Alauda alpestris, Linn...... pecans 126
calandra, Linn......ceceees 126
penicillata, Gould ......... 126

Alcea impennis, Linn. ...........0086 122
torda@, Vann. sscorscrecscverses L22

Page

Amblypterus, n. g., Gould......... 105
anomalus, Gould... 105

Ammodites tobianus, Bloch. ...... 58
Amphisorex, Duv. ....+. Saseas cakes 124
CilialUs LA eee kes 125

Hermani, Duv....... 125

PQLUSETIS’. devecassecees 125

Pennantiz. 2.56. <cc00e 125

Anguilla, Linn. ......00.00-0e-eceees 37
latirostris, Mase AE SACO 58
Anomiopsis, n. g., Westw. ......... 13
Dioscorides, Westw... 18
sterquilinus, Westw. . 13
Anthochera lunulata, Gould...... 153

mellivora, Vig. et Horsf. 158
Anthus fuliginosus, Vig. et Horsf. 150
Apteryx Australis, Shaw
Aquila fucosa, CUv.....s.csesseeeeee
Argonauta, Linn...sccescecereeess 45, 84
Arremon giganteus, Bonap. ...... 117
Asthenurus rufiventris, Bonap.... 120
Astur approximans, Vig. et Horsf. 98

eeescceee

fasciatus, Vig. et Horsf...... 98
Raii, Vig. et Horsf. ......... 99
Ateuchus Adamastor, Oliv......... 12
Athene erythropterus, Gould ..... 136
fortis, Gould ............ 99, 141
leucopsis, Gould............ 99
strenua, Gould ........ g9, 142
Balena mysticetus, Linn. ...... reve 42
BG GchiGrncedasws ses. seccacce ces e. 38
Beroé,. Mull sieeeeeceres cece 1
Blarina, n. g., Gray 1.02.04. eeacen ee
ane Grdyiteissss dase 124

BO eee sese eens eseeee ees eR 135
Brachyotus, n. g., Gould ......... 11
Galapagoensis, Gould 10

Brachypus plumifera, Gould ..... 137
Buccinum undatum, Linn.......... 45

~ 160

INDEX.
Page Page
Bucco Saltii, oem soeee seseee 50 | Cervus Hibernus, Desm......000008 58
Buteo A aiuashawen seven - 114} Cervus Smithti, Gray ...c.scecsevee. 45
varius, Gould eithccescw mens 10 | Ceryle alcyon, Linn. ...... ieeSeowes 108
ventralis, Gould ..secesseee s 10 Torquata, Bonap. ......+. . 108
Cactornis, n. g., Gould ........00+ 6, 49 | Ceyx microsoma, Burton ....... te ns,
assimilis, Gould......... 7 | Chamarsaurid@ sscoesessves iasethees HOS
scandens, Grovld......... Pay Cherocolid@ . sccssssvateonsedduusaete 132
Cereba cyanea, Vieill.........1..0+ 118 | Chrossorhinus, Mill. et "Henle. . 86
Calamanthus, n. g., Gould......... 150 Chrysochioris, Cus cés obncsevnl geeeses) 69
Calomys, n. g., Waterh.....0.10.++. 21 | Cinclidia, n.g. Gould -....0e000000.. 136
bimaculatus, Waterh.... 21 punctata, Gould......... 137
elegans, Waterh....... «-- 21 | Cincloramphus, n. g., Gould...... 150
gracilipes, Waterh....... 21 | Circus affinis, Jard. et Selb. ...... 99
Calyptorhynchus Baudinii, Vig... 151 assimilis, Jard. et Selby ... 141
Sunereus, Vig. et Horsf. 151 Jardinei, Gould ...... +99, 141
xanthonotus, Gou. 151 megaspilus, Gould .......+. 10
Camarhynchus, n. g., Gould......6, 49 pallidus, SyKeS cseeceees Tees
crassirostris, Gou. 6 TUSUS, BriSS.ccccesesssscceeese 9D
Psittacula, Gould. 6 | Cleodora cuspidata......-. seserecnee Ol
Campephaga leucomela, Vig. et Clivina castanea, Westw.......+0... 128
HOt hss cceddeceu ace sstulbae ateainds 143 | Clupea alba, Yarv. .ccersssseeree geaviilar
Canis Caama, And. Smith......... 132 Spratius, Linn. ......00.06. 61
Capito macrodactylus, Bonap. ... 119 | Cobitis tenia, Linns..+.+++. fy seca 59
Capr may pM albo-gularis, Vig. et Coccothraustes Bonapartei, Less. 111
Horsf, cscwies ssttsaudivinl. covers ces 142 | Coceyzus Cayanus, Bon, ...++++0++++ 115
bifasciatus, Gould ... 22 | Colaptes auratus, Swains. ......... 109
guttatus, Vig. et Horsf.142 Fernandina, Vig... ivecce see 109
monticolus, Frankl.... 89 rubricatus, Bonap. ...... 109
parvulus, Gould ...... 22 | Colliris femorata, Westw. ......... 127
vociferus, Wils. ...... 119 | Colobus leucomeros, Ogilby......... 69
Cardinalis pheeniceus, Gould...... 111 | Columba aurita, Temm.....+s000008 114
sinuatus, Bonap. ... 111 Jflavirostris, Wagl......... 118
Carduelis Burtoni, Gould ......... 90 | Colymbus Arcticus, Linn. ...s00... 54
Virginianus, Bonap. ... 111 | Corsira, n. g., Grdy.ssecceceesseeeess 1283
Cassicus Daudi res. 34 (LS Posteri, Gray isissesdscsces 124
nigerrimus, SpiX .eecseese 115 talpoides, Gray creeseeeess. 124
solitarius, Azara ......... 115 vulgaris, Gray ssseseceeees 124
Catulus, Willoughby ..........0.065 85 | Corvus Cacalotl, Wagl. ....s..+.++. 115
Edwardi, And. Smith...... 85 corad, Linn: hscasdedeehlb
poroderma, And. Smith 85 nobilis, Gould......... note 79
pantherinus, And. Smith . 85 | Coturnix pectoralis, Gould......... 8

submaculatus, And. Smith 85

variegatus, And. Smith ... 85
Ceblepyris humeralis, Gould ...... 143
Centrotus bifoliatus, Westw. ...... 130

horrificus, Westw. ...... 130
Centurus elegans, Swains. ......... 109
Santa Cruzi, Bonap...... 116
subelegans, Bonap. ..... 109
Cepola, LINN. o2.. vividde acd sdescaast ADO
Cerchnis Cenchroides, Gould.. esse 97
Cercopithecus larvatus, Wurmb... 70
Cercosaurid@ erscesicsscevene tierce | 132
Certhidea, n. g., Gould BLES 7,49

olivacea, Gould......... 7
Cervus Alces, LAMM sscccssecccccceses

Crenilabrus cornubicus, Risso ...57, 59
gibbus, Flem..... 59
microstoma, Couch.... 55
multidentatus, Thomps, 56
rupestris, Selby 57
tincd, Riss0...s+s00e0207, 09

Cricetus vulgaris, Desm...cceccseees 50

Crocidura major, Wagl....essse006 125

moschata, Wagl.....0... 125
rufa, Wagl....... soseeee 125
poliogaster, Wagl,...... 125
Crossopus, n. g., Gray sscserssseee 123
Daubentonit, Gray......

sOteaee

Crotalide 135
Crotophaga Sulcirostra, Swains. . 115

eee creer ese eone

INDEX. 161

Page Page

Crypticus Martii, Bonap. ......... 119 | Forficula tarsata, Westw. «s+. 129
Cuculus micropterus, Gould ...... 137 | Fringilla nivalis, Linn. «....+++++- 126
Cyanocorax coronatus, Bonap.109, 115 sanguinea, Gould ...... 127
Cyanurus Bullocki, Bonap......... 115 | Fulgora apicalis, Westw...+..+.+.. 130
Cyprinus Buggenhagii, Bloch...... 56 | Gadus callarias, Linn. s+ 57
Cysticercus ..cecsereess esenvecsasavens 42 minutus, Linn..<e..esreeeeee 57
Cysticola ruficeps, Gould ......... 150 | Galago Alleni, Waterh. ....+++4 foe uaN
Dasyornis? brunneus, Gould...... 150 | Galbula tombacea Spix ...+.s+++006 120
Dasypus hybridus, Desm. ..+...++ 13 | Galictis, n. g. Bell ...ccseseceeeseees 45
minutus, Desmesiss.seesere 13 Allamandi, Bell ......... 45

Peba, Desm....... “goenpsed 13 AitiatG,, Bell. ncovess>- secs 46
Dendrocops platyrostris, Bonap... 120 | Gasterosteus brachycentrus, Cuv. _58
Dendrocitta leucogaster, Gould... 80 | Genetta Senegalensis, Geoff. ....+. 132
rufigaster, Gould ... 80 | Geocolaptes terrestris, Swains. ... 109
Dendromys, And, Smith............ 29 | Geospiza, n. g. Gould...seereereeee 5, 49
Didelphis hortensis, Reid ......... 4 dentirostris, Gould...... 6
Dyticide « ...... ueadcast PCA SS: Boa 128 dubia, Gould ........00++ 6
Echiodon, n. g., Thomps. sess. 55 fortis, Gould ...ccsseeee 5
Drummondii, Thomps. 55 fuliginosa, Gould ...... 5

Egretta Leuce, Bonap. .....+++. «. 114 magnirostris, Gould... 5
Elanus melanopterus, Leach ...... 99 nebulosa, Gould......... 5
notatus, Gould.......+. 99, 141 parvula, Gould ......0.. 6
Emberiza Lesbia, Linn. ......++. eee 48 strenua, Gould ...... Pe eye? iS
Entomophila, n. g., Gowld......... 154 | Ginglymostoma, Mull. et Henle . 85
picta, Gould.......+ 154 | Glyciphila? ocularis, Gould ...... 154

Eopsaltria griseo-guiaris, Gould... 144 subocularis, Gould... 154
parvula, Gould ......+4. 144 | Gobius bipunctatus, Yar. ....0000. 62
Ephthianura, n. g., Gould...... soos Britannicus, Thomps. ...61, 63
aurifrons, Gould ... 148 geniporus, Cuy. et Val.... 62

Equus hemionus, Pall. ..... se dunae 91 niger, Cuv. et Val.......... 61
Erinaceus concolor, Martin ...... 103 Ruthensparii, Euphrasen 61
Europeus, Linn.......+- 102 | Graucalus melanotis, Gould ...... 148
Erythrospiza frontalis, Bonap...... 112 parvirostris, Gould .,. 143
Erythrogonys, n. g., Gould ...... 155 | Grus leucogaranus, Temm........- 48
cinctus, Gould...... 155 | Guiraca coerulea, Swains. ........- 111

Eryx, Daud. ....... Neath ccchrascads . 1385 Ludoviciana, Swains. ... 116
PIGRCTAG, MAM errtvesttzcessesssacacs~ 6% magnirostris, Bonap. ... 120
Euphonia ceruleocephala,Swains. 113 melanocephala, Swains. . 111
Hirundinacea, Bonap... 117 | Gulo vittatus, Desm. ......+.++ 46

violacea, Bonap....... ««. 117 | Hematopus Australasianus, Gow. 155
Eurostopodus, n. g., Gould......+.. 142 ostralegus, Linn, ... 155
Luryotis ? Brants ...... 29 | Hemipodius melanogaster, Gould 7
Eurycephalus nigripes, De}. ...... 129 melanotus, Gould... 8
Falco Berigora, Vig. et Horsf. 97, 140 | Halcyon erythrorhynchus, Gould 22
brunneus, Gould ......e..00+ 139 inecinctus, Gould ......... 142
Cenchroides, Vig. et Horsf. 98| Haliaétus albicilla, Selby ......+.. 97
frontatus, Gould ...... aaaess shoo canorus, Vig. et Horsf. . 97
melanogenys, Gould...... aye ey Calei, Vig. et Horsf.... 97
Peregrinus, Linn. ......+4+ Spe es leucocephalus, Savig. ... 97

7 AdiAtUs, Late Sedecesdcnss ec 98 leucosternus, Gould ... 138
Falcunculus flavigulus, Gould ... 144 sphenurus, Gould ..... . 138
gutturalis, Vig. et Horsf. 144, 151 | Heliocantharus, Kirby ....... wevaete Lo
leucogaster, Gould ... 144 | Helia decollata ...sccccocsseeseeeses 68

Felis Darwinii, Martin ..........++ 4 | Helodermid@ ...cccossccceeseves ee BY
Pajeros, Desm. ......20008 ..- 3| Hemiscyllium, Mill. et Henle ... 86
uncia, Schreb, .sssseeeeeeee+- 67 | Herpetotheres cachinnans, Vieill. 114

162 INDEX.
Page | * Page
Himantopus leucocephalus, Gould 26 | Magilus, Mont®. ....s.ssecssseseeeere 63
melanopterus, Linn. 26 | Malurus longicaudus, Gould...... 148
Hippocampus brevirostris, Cuv... 58 cyaneus, Vieill. ......... 148
Hirundo concolor, Gould ......... QF Madusa : ss ccsscduccesescensscatettoate Meee
frontalis, Gould ......... 22 | Megalaurus cruralis, Vig. et Hor. 150
HHydrid@ w..+. es ssscereeseseeeettcc. 135 | Melanerpes formicivorus, Swains. 109
Hydrosorex, DUV. sessscesseeseseees 123 meropirostris, Bonap. 120
Hylobates Choromandus, Ogilby . 69 | Meliphaga Australasiana «1.1... 152
Hymenotes, n.g. Westw. .....00 129 inornata, Gould ...... 152
angularis, Vestw. ... 130 sericeola, Gould ...... 152
rhombea, Westw...... 130 sericea, Gould ......+++ 152
Ibis erythrorhyncha, Gould ...... 127 | Micropogon flavicolle, Bonap. ... 120
TELIGiOSA, CUV.seccecsseevsceers . 106 aurovirens, Bonap. . 120
strictipennis, Gould ......... 106 | Milvus affinis, Gould .......s.cece0e 140
Icteria Velasquezi, Bonap.......... 117 aterrimus, Gould .......4- 99
Icteria viridis, Bonap. .......+. AVL, 147 isurus, Gould .......0000+ 99, 140
Icterus Paina tvdatecs ose 116 Novee-Hollandiz, Gould. 99
Baltimore ...c.csvecesese oo 116 '| Monitoride s2iece nessa vextacos hes .. 132
Bonariensis, Bonap. ...... 116 | Monopterus, Comm. ......++ pacers 38
Dominicensis ..csccccevesers 110 | Motacilla alba, Linn.........+++++- 74, 78
Mewicanus, Leach......... 110 leucopsis, Gould.......+. 78
Parisorum, Bonap. ...... 110 Yarrellii, Gould ......... 78
SPUTIUS cevesesesecvesccesees 116 | Motella glauca, Jenyns ..:...00.-+ 57
Jeracidea, n. g., Gould .........4.. 140 mustela, CUVs....ececeeee Jaoieetis fl
Kemas hylocrius, Ogilby ......... 81 | Mugil Chelo, Cuv. ..... Ses 57
Labrus lineatus, Don........e0se00s 58 | Mus Abbottii, Waterh. .........++ 77
maculatus, Bloch. ......... 58 Alleni; Waterh. os...cecses.se 77
Psittacus, Risso........064. 58 arenicola, Waterh.....sscseeee 18
variabilis, Zhomps. ...... 59 bimaculatus, Waterh.......++ 18
Lacertid@ ssssvee hee scoeenssne Loe brachiotis, Waterh......s.00+. 17
Lagostomus trichodactylus, Br.... 4 brevirostris, Waterh. .....+++. 19
Lamia pulchellator, Westw......... 128 Cahirinus, Geoff. ......ese0s . 105
Lanius Ardesiacus, Linn. ......... Ii2 canescens, Waterh......s..00 17
Borealis, Linn. .......+.... 112 Criceius. LDN avs csesuer aes . 350
excubitor, Linn. ....+....66. 112 Darwinil, Waterh. .......0.006 28
Ttalicus, Lath............00. 112 elegans, Waterh....cccccsseees 19
Karu, Less...... Soosatosengs 143 flavescens, Waterh......++++. ae eo
Ludovicianus, Bon.......+.- 112 gracilipes, Waterh...........-. 19
Minor, TEMM...,.seeeeeeeees 126 griseo-flavus, Waterh..,...... 28
Larus Audubonii, Temm. ......... 48 Hayl, Water}. -cor.s.+-s-cessee 76
Lepidogenys subcristatus, Gould . 140 Hibernicus, Zhomps...... core 02
Leeptogloss@ ..secsesecarerseveeesevsees 132 longipilus, Waterh......00--. 16
Leptophila rufazilla, Swains. ...... 113 Maurus, Waterh..........0.00s 20
Lepus Cuniculus, Linn, «..++-+00+++ 58 micropus, Waterh.......s00++ 17
Leuciscus Lancastriensis, Yarr.... 59 nasutus, Waterh.....ccccccsecs 16
Limosa Terek, Temm. ceeccsecsee. 48 obscurus, Waterh. ........s00. 16
Linaria Cannabina, Swains. ...... 126 olivaceus, Waterh, ....sccse0s- 16
Lophotes, Less. s..sssereereeee SENG 140 TALUS, AIIM, 2s over cecsventbaee 53
Lutra vittata, Traill ...........000- 46 subspinosus, Waterh.......... 104
Lyurus Derbianus, Gould ...... esetlae tumidus, Waterh. ....ss0se00- 15
Machaerota ensifera, Burm....... 1380 xanthopygus, Waterh......... 28
Macrocercus militaris, Vicill...... 109 xanthorhinus, Waterh. ...... 17
Macropus Bennettii, Waterh...... 108 | Mustela putoria, Linn, .......+++.- 46
MAjOr, SHAW «..eeeereeee 82 | Myiagra nitida, Gould ............ 142
ualabatus, Less....... .. 103 | Myosorex, n. g., Gray seeccseceeee 123
Macroscelides, Apa. Smith. /Jccecses 109 VAVIUS, GYAY crescovseeee 124

INDEX. 163

Page Page

Nanodes elegans, Gould............ 25 Phalangista viverrina, Ogilby ... 131
Nasalis recurvus, Vig. et Horsf... 71 | Phaleobenus albogularis, Gould. 9
Nautilus, inns). sjascacddesdee9ess' 63 montana, D’Orb.... 9
Nigidius levicollis, Westw......... 128 | Phascogale flavipes, Waterh....... 75
INO GLNUCE: dea dete ciigs daquevecasss: 51 murina, Waterh....... 76
Noctua Boobook, Vig. "et Horsf. ...- 99 penicillata,Temm.... 76
macalaten, Vig. et Horse. 93 | Phileremos cornutus, Bonap....... 111
Numenius Australis, Gould ...... 155 | Pholasp Linn’: fasdstbiadsasssccecdscte 101
arquatus, Lath......... 156 | Phycis furcatus, Flem. ..........0+ 57

Ocythoe, Cranch ......csccceseeens 45, 84 | Phyllotis, n.g., Waterh.........006 28
ONSCUS TAN, ciciews cn svictes' sos seeneee 42 Darwinii, Waterh....... 28
Oreocincla, n. g. Gould ...csceseeee 145 griseo-flayus, Waterh.. 28
macrorhyncha, Gould 145 xanthopygus, Waterh.. 28
parvirostris, Gould .. 136 | Physalia pelagica, Lam. ...... =a

Oreoica, n. g. Gould veccrcerereeeee 151 | Physeter macrocephalus, Shaw... 39
Origma, n.g. Gould ....cssecseeeee 148 | Phytotoma tridactyld .......sse0000 50
Oriolus Xanthornus, Linn. .....- MAO) | PFPkG2tS ANULOT A. sadeamalmantts tacieas so 109
Orpheus melanotus, Gould..,...... 27 QUEL TONS. Seccstaheesh en ceeneee 116
parvulus, Gould ......... 27 | Picus Carolinensis, Wils........++. 116
trifasciatus, Gould ...... 27 Chilerisis, Less...ceccccneseese 109

Ortyx guttata, Gould .....ccseeeeeee 79) |: Pinalia;n..'g., Gray. ccscssccbccsus' 125
Montexum@, Vigusccccccree 114 | Pipra caudata, Shaw.......ssseee0 113
plumifera, Gould .........++- 42 COPONALA, SPiX..ssessevesseees 113

Oryx Capensis, Smith......e0e00008 81 cyaneocapilla, Wagl. ...... 113
Onired, Linzi iawaitacstaeo codaees + 64 cyanocephala, Vieill......... 113
Otion, Cuviert, Leach ....s....00002. 42 elegantissima, Bonap. ...... 112
Otomys, And. Smith...........2++ 29, 69 linearis, Bonap. ...... Sik 113
Otus Galapagocnti, Gould ...... 10 longicauda, Vieill............ 113
Oxymycterus, n. , Waterh....... 21 melanocephala, Vieill....... 113
hese sie, Waterh... 21 musica, Vieill. ...ccccccececes 113

Pachycephala longirostris, Gould 149 serena, LINN: .c.csecsecedsec 113
australis, Vig. et Horsf. 144 strigilata, Max. . .......6. cen et
xanthoprocta, Gou. 149 striolata, Bonap, ......0.000 122

IPGLRY GLOSS neawcneek andededestnen 132 | Platalea flavipes, Gowld............ 106
Pandion Jeucocephalus, Gould ... 138 regia, Gould ...ccccccceeess 106
Paradoxurus Derbianus, Gray ... 67 | Platessa fiesus, Flem.......... Sproe!)
Pardalotus affinis, Gould ......... 25 SONG, CUYee. ostee oat igaeees 58
melanocephalus, Gou. 149 | Platycercus flaveolus, Gould ...... 26
quadragintus, Gould 148 hematonotus, Gould 151

rubricatus, Gould ... 149 ignitus, Leadb. ...... 8

striatus, Temm. ...... 25 | Plectorhyncha, n. g., Gould ...... 153

Parra Jacana, Linn. ............68- 114 lanceolata, Gould 153
PATEL UA; ocasteaeeeeoseaneseesss 101 | Pleuronectes hirtus, Mill. ......... 60
eredicuius, Linni.,.itesccsescecescdess 127 punctatus,Penn. ... 60
Penelope vetula, Wagl. .........+6+ 119 rhombus, Linn. ...... 60
Peieiunise Cays \csvstasb coves easlons 83. | Podargus,/Cuv.s..c.cccstevesneet 67
Petroica modesta, Gould .,....... 147 stellatus, Gould ...... Bienes
Petromyzon planeri, Cuv. .....000 58 | Pogonias Brucei, Riip 50

Phenicura ruticillu, Sav.
Phalacrocorax brevirostris, Gould
carboides, Gould. .

Carbo, Temm. ...

leucogaster, Gould 156
flavirhynchus, Gow.

Phalangista, Geoff..........+. sevees
Cookii, Desmsesereee-

Polyborus albogularis, Gould...... 9
Brasiliensis, Swains. 9,
Galapagoensis, Gould. 9

Polyborus Nove Zelandia@......... 96

Pomatorhinus leucogaster, Gould 137

Prionites Momotus, Temm. ...... 114

Pristiurusy Bonap. ceeecseceseseeees 86

Prionocerus coeruleipennis, Per ty 128

164 INDEX.
Page Page
Procellaria puffinus, Linn......... 50 | Seyllium marmoratum, Benn...... 85
Proteus anguinus, Liam........+.++ 107 melanostomum, Bonap. 86
Psilopus, n. g., Gould Ox 6.0. .... 146 | Sciuroptera fimbriata, Gray eeeees 67
albogularis, Gould ...... 147 Turnbulli, Gray... 68
brevirostvis, Gould...... 147 | Scolopacinus, n. g., Bonap. ...... ; 120
fuscus, Gould ........++ 147 rufiventris, Bonap. 119
olivaceus, Gould...... +s. 147 | Semnopithecus Entellus, F. Cuv.. 73
Pteroglossus Gouldii, Natterrer... 44 obscutus, Reid ... 14
Pieromys, Cav. cissscerssarecerssess 69 | Septaria, Lam......... vaubiadhantion 64
Horsfieldii, Waterh. 87 | Sericornis, n. g., Gould ......00.0.. 133
Puffinus assimilis, Gould ......... _ 156 citreogularis, Gould... 138
OUBCUTUS scissccescess.. we. po humilis, Gould......... 133
Python, Daud. vsisseccccccsececeeee 135 parvulus, Gould ...... 134
Pyranga Aistiva, Vieill.........4. .. 116 | Sericulus,magnirostris, Gould. ... 145
Ludoviciana, Bonap. ... 116 | Setophaga rubra, Swains. ......... 118
Pyrgita Jagoensis, Gould ......... 77 ruticilla, Swains, ...... 118
petronid, CUV...ccrccseesere 126 | Stmra Nasatis, Schreb. ..... saseeed 70
Pyrosoma, Peron. ..ssssseesseecsees 3 nasica, Schreb. .....+0 eevee FO
Atlantica © scercsciseces yew Wurmbii, Fisch: .....sc0.00 82
Pyrrhula rosea, Temm....004..4.. 48 | Sittella leucocephala, Gould ...... 152
Quiscalus major, Vieill. ......0s.068 110 pileata, Gould .......... HLL
Rallus Chiricote, Vieill..........+ 114 melanocephala, Gould...... 152
Ramphastos carinatus, Swains.... 108 | Solea lingua, Rond........00sse00eee 58
Ramphocelus atro-sericeus D’Orb. 121 Sorex araneus, Schreb. .....0s0-04. 125
icteronotus, Bonap. 121 amphibius, Brehm.........+ « 126
nigro-gularis, Spix 121 brevicaudatus, Say ....4. oe 124
Ramphopis ae Jard. et Carolinensis, Bachm. .....+ 124
eavadivivaes. 121 Capensis, Geoff...sccccscsieee 125
Bann inii, Bonap. ... 121 Capensoides, And. Smith... 125
Reduvius tibialis, Westw. ......... 130 Concinnus, Pall.ssseccesceseees 124
Reithrodon, n. g., Waterh......... 29 constrictus, Geoff....... Perry 124
cuniculoides, Waterh. 30 crassicaudatus, Geoff. ...... 125
typicus, Waterh...... 30 etruscus, Savi. ......-0e0ece0s 125
Rhea Americana, Briss..........+. . 385 Jflavescens, Geoff. ......054. i¥°125
Darwinii, Gould ............ 35 Sodiens, Flem: ...ssc04 esses 126
Rhinchites Manillensis, Westw. . 128 leucodon, Herm. ....s.s00006 125
Rhinolophus Landeri, Martin ... 101 megalodon, Pall. ...s..se00. . 124
Rhynchea Australis, Gould....... 155 musculus, Wagl. .....es00e 126
SALMO CTIOR, LINN. secscsesivererccee OF myosurus, Geof. ....sceeeees 125
trutigy Lirtin cecetasssscseseee oT natans, Brehm....ecce.sese0ee 126
Salpa, Gmele sis.scisecseesseses sss eel | parvus, BBY sisedsdiiccscacess 124
Saurid@ ..... qdeadstadsidecsccceskees 132 personatus, Geoff..........6 . 124
Saxicola solitaria, Vie. et Horsf. 148 pilorides, Shaw .sccssssssesees 124
Scapteromys, n. g., Waterh. ...... 20 psilurus, Wagliecccsccseees «es. 126
tumidus, Waterh.... 21 pulchellus, Gmel. .......64. eS
Scarabaus, Linn......0.ecesee: wissen ole pumilus, Gmel....... occcddeeekan
Sceliages, n. g., Westw. ...... cccoee 12 rhinolophus, Pall....... sedee Ze
Topas, Westw......0s000 12 stagnalis, Brehm. ......000068 126
Scelodonta, n. g., Westw. ......... 129 tetragonurus, Herm. ...... 126
curculionoides, Westw. 129 | Sphagebranchus, Bloch ............ 38
Sciuropterus Horsfieldii, Waterh. 87 | Sphenostoma, n.g. Gould ......... 149
Scylliwm, LINN. .ssececsecsevsccsessees 85 cristatum, Gould... 150
bivium, Linn. .........4.. 8d) Spiruia, Lim stivesvesaddcccescctsces 6%
capense, And. Smith ... 85 Spiza versicolor, Bonap. seWensses 120
Africanum, Cuv.....0.. 85 | Spondylus varius, Brod.? ...160006 63
plagiosum, Benn,,....... 85 | Squalus, LMM, srsteserseesererseves 85

INDEX. 165

Page Page

Squalus canicula, Bloch,........++ 85 | Tanagra striata, Gmel. ..... Roun 121
ocellatus, Bloch .......+- 86 | Tetrapturus Herschellii, Gray ... 101

lobatus, Linn. ....+....00. 85 | Thamnophilus doliatus, Bonap.... 117

Gata;) Garvan ties. .c<ces. 85 fuliginosus, Gould 80
fasciatus ...... Seaaecda.tae 85 rutilus, Vieill...... 117
maculatus ...... ocrorbeseece 85 | Therates coracina, Erich. ......++ 128
Stegostoma, Miill. et Henle ...... 85 | Thrasaétos Harpyia, G. R. Gray 108
Sterna macrotarsa, Gould ......... 26} Todus cinereus, Briss......++0+++- oo LMG
melanura, Gouid.......006 LG: |" Perches; Lins. corse ctese'eccee Pen 1)
poliocerca, Gould ........ . 26] Trigla aspera, Viviana .........++ 61

Strin ascalaphus...ccccccrceccseesess 48 ciculus, Bloch... ..cccs0oe 57
Cyclops, Gould ..........608 99 hirundo, Bloch. ........+++- 61
eastanops, Gould ......... ge Gurnardus, Linn. ......64. 61
delicatus, Gould..,........+¢ eer Oo PUMty OCDE ccc esexeeslsse'oe te 61
'personata, Vig. et Horsf.... 99 peeciloptera, Cuv. et Val... 61
CGPS, VEMIMIy..csceceses ee... 54] Trochilus colubris, Linn. ......0+ 37
Sturnella Hippocrepis, Wag]...... 111 | Trogon Mexicanus, Swains.?...... 109
militaris, Vieill. ......... 120 Paradiseus, Bonap......... 101
Stylephorus, Shaw ....sseseeseeesees 55 resplendens, Gould......... 101
Sula rubripes, Gould .......... eee 156 strigilatus, Linn.........0. 116
Surnia nivea, Dum. ....eceee..06 .. 45] Turdus Grayi, Bonap............0+ 118
NRCS Pe UaIdIEN. Facts Tuc budble tate cedeeeed ede 23 migratorius, Linn. ..c....+. 111
Sylvicola decurtata, Bonap. ...... 118 unicolor, Gold .......0.4+ 136
Symmorphus, n. g., Gould....... « 145 | Zyrannula coronata, Swains....... 112
leucopygus, Gould 145 divaricata, Bonap. 112

Synallaxis cinerascens, Temm. ... 118
Synbranchus, Bloch .........s0006 38
Syngnathus equoreus, Linn. ...... 58

lumbriciformis, Jenyns ? 60

ophidion, Bloch. ...... 58
typhle, Linn. ......... 58
Tanagra archiepiscopus, Desm.... 117
Celestis, SPX. .020..s0000000 121
CHIOT ONCE ccc scnasscceee 116
eyanocephala, D’Orb.... 121
Darwinii, Bonap. ...... 121
episcopus, Less. ......... litre
SWYACH, LANN: \scveeces ones 17
olivascens, Licht..:-...... 117
glauca, Sparm..........0.. 117
Vicarius, LesSi2+.Jcecessss 116

Tyrannus superciliosus, Swains...

Ursus Brasiliensis, Thunb. ...... 46
Vespertilio Natterreri, Kuhl. 52
Vipperid@....c.sse00s ceccccccnseccececs 135
Viverra vittata, Schreb..........+++ 46
Vulpes Bengalensis, Gray .....+.+ 68
dorsalis, Gray ......s.seeeee 132

SAUD MENON atiotodec ven <cacce 68
fulvipes, Martin ........000 11
vulgaris, Briss.........+++0+ 68
xanthura, Gray ........000. 68
\VIUEEOR: AURA lcrcssssuwscdascanevess 33
Xanthornus gularis, Wagl. ...... 100
mentalis, Wag]. ...... 120

ZONUTIA Ec Treasedaasecteesaes iocore ses) Lea

Printed by Richard and John E, Taylor, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, London.

Ar oes ect
ween d Sh eects bis Avid Tin

Sears eee nrg tae fee as ==

ee eeeweel

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

PART VI.
1838.

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
BY R. AND J. Ei. TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

*

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hee,

as

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>
.
.

ROD! | Te) i

Ps oe . ¥

LIST

OF

CONTRIBUTORS,

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

Bacumay, Dr.
eecnoeraRh of the y PERE of isc nes inhabiting North

page

America 85
Bisron, M.
Observations on some British Specimens of the Genus
Triton PMS Ee A ieee he 23
BicHeEno, J. E., Esq.
Letter accompanying the Donation of a Skin of the Burr-
hal Sheep from the Himalaya Mountains . FM eo at
Biytu, E., Esq.
Observations on the Structure of the Feet of the Ave
dares - 20
Remarks on the Plumage and Progressive ‘Changes of ‘the
Crossbill and Linnet . . = PES
Exhibition of the Skull of a Cumberland Os, presenting
a remarkable Development of the Horns . - 120
CAMPBELL, Colonel P.
Letter respecting the probability of ais mg some White
Elephants for the Menagerie . rs TS
Cantor, Dr. T.
Notice of the Hamadryas, a Genus of Hooded Ae
with Poisonous Fangs and Maxillary Teeth . v2
Observations on Marine Serpents 80
Cuming, H., Esq.
On the ‘Habits of some predies of i: Maminatia from the Phi-
lippine Islands : “ting ge 67

Dessarpins, M. J.
Letter from .

. 119

Douerry, Lieut.-Colonel.
Letter relating to the Chimpanzee and Hippopotamus.

Gorpov, A., Esq.

Letter begging the Society’s acceptance of two Australian

Quadrupeds which have been described in the poate s Pro-
COCEINES Reise her al ieee. = | © yt

Gou_p, Mr. J.

On two New Species of Birds from iene, ne
to the Genus Ptilotis : :

Gray, J. E., Esq.
On a New Species of Perameles .

Harris, Capt. W. C.
On a New Species of Antelope . . .......

Harvey, J. B., Esq.

Exhibition of some Specimens belonging to the Genera
Siphunculus and Asterias, and notice of the occurrence of
the Red-band Fish ( Cepola ditional near wean

Vote of Thanks to, . . stent

Hops, the Rey. F. W.
Observations on the Ravages of the Limmnoria terebrans. .

+

HorsFIE.Lp, Dr.
Exhibition of Mr. M¢Clelland’s Collection of Indian Mam-
malia and Birds .. ... OMS ee

Martin, W., Esq.

page
- 119

- 149

167

On a New Genus of Insectivorous Mammalia 1a
On the Visceral Anatomy of the Spotted Cavy ( Celogenys
subniger, Cuv.) . 54:
On some Species of Chameleon from Fernando Po 63
On two Specimens of Saurian Reptiles sent to the Society
by Mr. Cuming . . eee nT we
On two New Species of Snakes 83
On some Snakes collected ee the Euphrates Expedi-
tion : 81
Observations on the Sooty and White-eyelid Monkeys
( Cercopithecus fuliginosus and C. Aithiops.) : aay,
MicuHe tort, Dr.
Letter from, requesting the Society’s acceptance of a Col-
lection of Fossil Shells from Italy 27 Oe olor
Ocitsy, W., Esq.
On a Collection of Mammalia procured by Captain Alex-
ander during his journey into the country of the Damaras, on
the south-west coast of Africa 5
On a New Species of Galago . 6

Ocitsy, W., Esq. page
Ona New Species of Kangaroo . : . 23
On a New Species of Marsupial Animal found by Major
Mitchell on the banks of the River Murray in New South
Wales.4 20) Site O25
Deeeaenes of various species of the Genus ypsiprym
nus . S

Remarks upon the Burrhal "Sheep See, + mao
On a New Species of Muntjac Deer from Giga nid’: 108
Otxey, Mr.
Extract of a letter from, relating to the Agamentum teres
Ee COVDOU, ae ee sed ay ae eet eae nae ILS

Owen, Professor.

Notes on the Anatomy of the Nubian Giraffe - . . 6,20
Observations on the Genus Menopoma. . . . . . - 15
On the Anatomy of the Dugong. . sata 28
Description of the Organs of Deglutition it in the Giraffe - AT
On the Anatomy of the Apteryx ar a Australis,

Shaw.) . . . . 48,71, 105
On the Osteology of the Marsupialia - BE ae: 9)
On the Dentition of the Koala (Zipurus cinereus, Goldf, ) 154

Paton, W., Esq.
Letter accompanying a Donation tothe Museum . . . 81

Pory, Dr. P.
Letter relating to Two Specimens of Cer Four-
nieri, presented by him to the Society . . . , - 167

_ Porter, Mr.
Exhibition of a Specimen of the Gymnotus electricus . . 110

RoBERTSON, Capt. C.
Letter containing an account of the capture of a Peregrine
Falcon on board the ship Exmouth, on her passage from
HiGUGat LO LOUGEM a sae. Tes Tee Me ae pat et, 0 acl isy) ol Ae

Smiru, Lieut. T.
Extract from his Journal relating to the Burrhal Sheep. . 79

STRACHAN, F., Esq.
Letter referring to the Chimpanzee and Hippopotamus . 66

Syxzs, Lieut.-Col.
Observations on the Canis a ee and some Skins of the

Felis Pardina . . JF SSA EE oe ieicces LLL
On the, Calandra Baie. . 5 8)! Seen Met. toes LS
On the Fishes of the Byeecan «(2 ECE OM es cre LOT

V. pER Hoeven, M.
On a large Species of Salamander from Japan . . . . 25

vi

WateERuHoussE, G. R., Esq. Page
On a New Species of Squirrel eae Le 19
On a New Species of the Genus Delphinus oe 23
On two New Species of Mammalia, from the Society's

Collection, belonging to the Genera Gerbillus and Herpestes 55
On some New Species of Mammalia from Fernando Po . 57
On some Skins of two species of Monkeys from Sierra

Leone . . 361t 61
On a New Species of Hato! from North Antietide HB . 108
On the Flying Lemurs (Galeopithecus) . . . . .« «119
On the Dentition of the Flying Opossums. . . . . « 149
On the Skull and Dentition of the American n Badger

(Meles Labradoria). . . : - 158

Warts, G. B., Esq.
Letter relating to a Collection of Specimens intended for
the Soctety’s Mameumt OAD Sen, ON? Ss eye ie a

Wiuiams, W., Lieut. R.A.
Account of a Wasp’s Nest ‘sions to the cot ch the
Governor of Ceylon. . . . . 167

YARRELL, W., Esq.
Ona New Species of Swan. . "39, ie ee
On the occurrence of the Anchovy it in the Thames. . . 66

ERRATUM.

P, 112. bottom line, after the word Australia, add and the Islands of the Indian
Archipelago,

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 9th, 1838.
Thomas Bell, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Gray exhibited a new species of Perameles, in size and ge-
neral appearance very closely agreeing with Per. nasutus, but pecu-
liar for its very short white tail, and in having several indistinct
broad white bands over the haunches. The species inhabits Van
Diemen’s Land, where it frequents gardens, and commits great havoc
amongst bulbous roots, which it is said to devour with avidity.
Mr. Gray proposed for it the name of Per. Gunnii, after its discoverer,
Mr. Ronald Gunn *.

It was suggested in the course of some discussion which followed
Mr. Gray’s observations, that the roots upon which this species was
supposed to feed, were probably attacked for the purpose of procu-
ring such insects as might be found in them; and Mr. Owen in re-
ference to this point alluded to a dissection of a Perameles made by
Dr. Grant, and published in the Wernerian Transactions, in which
insects were found to constitute almost the sole contents of the
stomach and intestines.

A very large and beautiful Antelope, of a species hitherto entirely
unknown, and which had just arrived in England under the care of
Captain Alexander from the Cape, was in the room for exhibition ;
and the history of the circumstances under which it had been dis-
covered, were detailed in the following letter, addressed to the Se-
cretary, by Capt. W. C. Harris, of the Bombay Engineers.

Cape Town, South Africa, Oct. 10, 1837.

Sir,—I beg the favour of your presenting to the Zoological So-
ciety the accompanying drawing and description of an entirely new
and very interesting species of Antelope, which I discovered in the
course of an expedition to the interior of Africa, from which I have
lately returned. A perfect specimen that I brought down has been
admirably set up by Monsieur Verreaux, the French naturalist at
Cape Town, and will be sent to London in the course of a few days,
to the care of Dr. Andrew Smith. It would appear to belong to
the sub-genus Aigocerus, and in form, as well as in other respects,
bears remote resemblance to the Aigocerus Equina, (Roan Antelope
or Bastard Gemsbok,) with which it has been confounded by many

* Since described in the Annals of Zoology and Botany, for April, 1838.
No. LXI.—Proceepines or tHE Zoonocican Socigry.

2

persons imperfectly acquainted with the subject to whom it has
been exhibited. A comparison of the two animals will, however,
render the existing difference between them too obyious to demand
any observation from me.

During nearly three months that I hunted over the country lying
between the 24th and 26th parallels of south latitude, within 28°
and 30° east longitude, I only once met with the Antelope in
question. On the northern side of the Cashan range of mountains,
about a degree and a half south of the tropic of Capricorn, I found
a herd, consisting of nine does and two bucks, and followed them
until I captured the specimen from which the enclosed drawing
was made.

None of the natives of the country were familiar with the appear-
ance of the animal when first interrogated on the subject, although
after conferring amongst themselves, they agreed that it was Koo-
kame, (Oryx Capensis,) the Gemsbok ; and, of the many individuals
to whom it has been shown, a trader named Robert Scoon is the only
one by whom it has been recognized. He declares that he saw a
herd of them some years ago near the very spot I have described,
but could not succeed in killing one. It is, doubtless, very rare;
and, judging from the formation of the foot, entirely confined to the
mountains.

The females are somewhat smaller than the males, are provided
with shorter and slighter, but similarly shaped horns, and are simi-
larly marked; a deep chestnut brown, verging upon black, taking
the place of the glossy black coat of the male. I did not obtain a
female specimen; but whilst riding down the buck, I had abundant
opportunities of narrowly observing them within the distance of a few
yards, and am, therefore, positive as to the correctness of the descrip-
tion here given.

I have for the present designated the new Antelope ‘* Aigocerus
niger ;” but of course it will rest with the Zoological Society either
to confirm that name, or to bestow one more appropriate or more
scientific ; and I shall be gratified by their doing so.

I have the honour to be, sir,
Your most obedient servant,
W. C. Harris.

The following description of this interesting addition to the Fauna
of Southern Africa was appended to the above letter.

Aigocerus niger. Tur SaBLE ANTELOPE.

Adult male four feet six inches high at the shoulder; nearly nine
feet in extreme length. Horns thirty-seven inches over the curve,
placed immediately above the eyes, rather higher than occurs in the
Aigocerus Equina; flat, slender, sub-erect, and then strongly bent
back similar wise; at first gradually diverging, and then running
parallel to each other; three-fourths annulated with about thirty
strongly pronounced, incomplete rings, more rigid on the edges, but
chiefly broken on the outside of the horn; the remaining one fourth
smooth, round, slender and pointed. Head somewhat attenuated

3

towards the muzzle, and compressed laterally. Carcase robust.
Withers elevated. Neck broad and flat. Hoofs black, obtuse, and
rather short. Hair close and smooth: general colour of the coat
intense glossy black, with an occasional cast of deep chestnut. A
dirty white streak commencing above each eye, continued by a pen-
cil of long hairs covering the place of the suborbital pouch, (of
which cavity no trace is to be found in this Antelope,) and then
running down the side of the nose to the muzzle, which is entirely
white; the same colour pervading one half of the cheek, the chin
and the throat. Ears ten inches long, narrow, tapering and pointed ;
white within, lively chestnut without, with black pencilled tips. A
broad half crescent of deep chestnut at the base of each ear, behind.
A small, entire black muzzle. A copious standing black mane,
five and a half inches high, somewhat inclined forwards, and extend-
ing from between the ears to the middle of the back. Hair of the
_ throat and neck longer than that of the body. Belly, buttocks, and
inside of thighs, pure white. A longitudinal dusky white stripe be-
hind each arm. Fore legs jet black inside and out, with a tinge of
chestnut on and below the knees. Hind legs black, with a lively
chestnut patch on and below the hocks. ‘Tail black; long hair
skirting the posterior edge, and terminating in a tuft which extends
below the hocks. Sheath tipped with black.

Female smaller than the male, with smaller, but similarly shaped
horns. Colour, deep chestnut brown verging upon black.

Very rare. Gregarious, in small families. Inhabits the great
mountain range which threads the more eastern parts of Mosele-
katse’s territory.

Dimensions.

Height at shoulder ............ 54 inches.
BCE O OL NOY eo. ole wy vic ccs a 4
Bieertah On TIEN 7, re tn. ste ee od 17
Reneth of head oo ce oe 19
MPR OF URIE olen co cisheuds mois 25
Length of hind-quarter ........ 19
Deptt OF QURRC a ele wie: enie ducsis'e >.» 30
Length of fore-arm ............ 16
. Mate knee tolfeate ss cn...) LB
Crp to figek: rate ie ciate oti 36
Hock to foot %)./.: 22a se ete! 184
Breadth of mech. .\...'.t@kicssis' sate 16
Breadth of fore-arm............ 6
Breadth of thigh...:. ...,..sicne sate 6
Breadth of fore-leg ............ 24
Breadth of hind-leg............ 38
Begeth ot hors... .. «six tiew mabe 37
Breadth asunder at base........ 1
Breadth asunder at tips ........ 94

Lengthioioars wei... gees 10
Breadth of head .... 9

4

A specimen of a marine snake (Pelamys bicolor) presented to the
Museum by the Rev. William White, Wesleyan Missionary to the
New Zealand Association, and which, with several others, had been
picked up dead upon the beach on the west coast of that country,
was upon the table ; also another portion of the birds collected by
Charles Darwin, Esq., to which Mr. Gould in continuation drew the
attention of the Members.

January 23.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

A selection of the Mammalia procured by Captain Alexander du-
ring his recent journey into the country of the Damaras, on the South
West Coast of Africa, was exhibited, and Mr. Ogilby directed the
attention of the Society to the new and rare species which it con-
tained. Oe

Among the former were the Herpestes melanurus and Cynictis
Ogilbii of Dr. Smith, the Canis megalotis, &c. The latter consisted
of five new species, which Mr. Ogilby characterized as follows:

Macroscelides Alewandri. Fur long and fine, very dark blue-
black at the root, but pointed with pale sandy-red above, and white
beneath; ears pretty large, subelliptical, and red behind; whole under
lip red; tarsi white; tail long, hairy, and-very much attenuated :
length 53 inches; tail 4% inches.

Macroscelides melanotis. Of a rather larger size than the for-
mer, with large head, dark brown or black ears, rather sandy under
lip, dunnish white throat and abdomen, but pale reddish brown chest;
colour of the upper parts much the same, but rather more ashy ; farsi
light brown; tail mutilated: length 6 inches.

Chrysochloris Damarensis. Brown, with a silvery lustre both above
and below; a yellowish white semicircle extends from eye to eye,
under the chin, covering the whole of the cheeks, lips and lower jaw ;
a very marked character which, as well as the peculiar shade of the
colour, readily distinguishes it from the new species described by Dr.
Smith: no tail: length 43 inches.

Bathyergus Damarensis. A species intermediate in size between
Capensis and Hottentotus: colour uniform reddish brown both above
and below, with a large irregularly square white mark on the occiput,
much larger than in Hottentotus, and another on each side of the neck
just under the ears; these two meet on the throat, which is thus
covered with dirty dunnish white; tail, a large flat stump covered
with coarse reddish brown bristles, which stand out from it in all
directions like radii; paws reddish brown: length 8} inches; tail
4 inch*,

Graphiurus elegans. Smaller than Graph. Capensis of Cuv., and
of a purer and deeper ash colour above; the chin, throat, and cheeks
are covered by alarge patch of pure white, the rest of the under sur-
face is mixed grey and ash, and all the tarsi and paws pure white:
there is a mark of the same colour above and in front of each ear,
and an oblique white stripe runs from the throat backwards over the

* This specimen, and the Macroscelides melanotis, were purchased for
the British Museum, and the remaining three species for the Museum of
the Zoological Society at the sale of Capt. Alexander’s Collection, March 8,
1838,

6

shoulder, just in front of the arms; an intense black stripe passes
from the commissure of the mouth, through the eye to the ear; the
tail is covered with short coarse hair, pure white above, pure black be-
low, and pencilled or shaded on each side; face greyish ash; whiskers
abundant, and of a grey colour: length 5 inches; tail 23 inches.

Mr. Ogilby observed, that the above species, and the one described
by F. Cuvier, under the name of Graph. Capensis, appeared to him
to differ in no respect from the genus Myowrus, and that in character-
ising the present animal, he merely made use of the name Graphiurus
to indicate its relation to that originally described by Cuvier.

Mr. Ogilby likewise called the attention of the Society to certain
peculiarities in the structure of the hand, in a living specimen of a
new species of Galago, which he proposes to call Otolicnus Garnettii,
after the gentleman to whom he was indebted for the opportunity of
describing it, and who has already conferred many advantages upon
sciegce by the introduction of numerous rare and new animals. The
peculiarity of structure to which Mr. Ogilby alluded, consisted in
the partially opposable character of the index finger of the fore hands,
the fingers on these members being divided into two groups, com-
posed of the thumb and index on one side, and the remaining three
fingers on the other, as in the Koalas and Pseudocheirs. He re-
marked that the anterior index in all the inferior Lemuride was weak
and powerless, and that it had the same tendency to divide with the
thumb instead of the other fingers in the rest of the Galagos, as well
as in the Nycticebi, Microcebi, Cheirogalei, and Tarsii, whilst in the
Potto it was reduced almost to a tubercle. These genera conse-
quently formed a little group analogous to the Koalas and Pseudo-
cheirs among the Didelphide, being, exclusive of these animals, the
only Cheiropeds in which this character occurs; and Mr. Ogilby re-
garded the fact as a strong confirmation of the truth of the relations
which he had formerly pointed out as subsisting between these two
families. The Otolicnus Garnettii is of a uniform dark brown colour
on every part both above and below; the ears large, black, and
rather rounded; the tail long, cylindrical and woolly; and the size
of the animal about that of a small /emur, or considerably larger than
Oto. Senegalensis.

A communication was then read to the Meeting by Prof. Owen,
entitled, ‘‘ Notes on the Anatomy of the Nubian Giraffe.”

These notes contain the general results of the anatomical exami-
nation of three specimens of the Giraffe, which Mr. Owen had been
so fortunate as to have the opportunity of dissecting; one of the
three (a male) died in the Society’s Menagerie, and the remaining
two (male and female) were in the possession of Mr. Cross of the
Surrey Zoological Gardens.

The author agrees with Cuvier in considering that the external cha-
racters of the Giraffe clearly indicate its position in the orderRuminan-
tia, to be between the genera Cervus and Antilope; the true bony ma-
terial of its horns. which are covered by a periosteum defended by
hairy integument, resembling the growing antlers of the Deer; but the

7

non-deciduous character of this tegumentary covering to the perios-
teum, and the consequent permanency of the horns in the Giraffe,
reminding us of the persistent nature of these organs as it obtains
throughout the Antelopes.

The black callous integument on the upper surface in the horns,
is noticed as a probable indication of a tendency to develope a su-
perabundance of epidermic material; and Mr. Owen conceives that
the strong black hair which grows in a matted tuft around their
extremities may represent, in an unravelled state, the fibres com-
posing the horny coverings of the core in the horns of the Antelope.
A few examples occur among both Deer and Antelopes, in which
the possession of horns is found in the two sexes, as in the Giraffe ;
but in this animal these organs present certain peculiar characters
in the mode of their articulation to the skull, the basis of the horn
being united by sychondrosis to the frontal and parietal bones, con-
stituting an epiphysis rather than an apophysis of the cranium. With
regard to the supposed occurrence of a third horn in the male
Nubian Giraffe, as the osteological details bearing upon this point are
given in that part of the memoir which embraces the description of
the skeleton, Mr. Owen in this place merely observes, that the
evidence afforded by the examination of the two individuals in ques-
tion was rather opposed to, than in favour of its existence.

The general form of the Giraffe is obviously modified with
especial reference to its exigencies and habits; the prolongation and
extensibility of its hair-clad muzzle, the peculiar development, cy-
lindrical shape and flexibility of its tongue; the oblique and narrow
apertures of the nostrils, defended by hair and surrounded with
cutaneous muscular fibres, enabling the animal to close them at will,
and thus to protect the olfactory cavity from the fine particles of
sand which in the storms of the desert would otherwise find ingress,
are points referred to by the author as exhibiting marked adapta-
tions of structure in especial harmony with a mode of life consequent
upon the nature of its food and.its geographical distribution.

For a description of the general external peculiarities of the body
the author refers to Riippell’s Reise im Nordlichen Africa; Geoffroy
in the Annales des Sciences, xi. p. 210; Salze, in the Mémoires du
Museum, xiv. p. 68; and the 5th and 6th volumes of Sir E. Home’s
Comparative Anatomy.

Oreans oF DigEstTion.

The Giraffe differs from every other Ruminant in the form of the
mouth, which resembles that of the Elk in the non-division and ex-
tensibility of the hair-clad upper lip, but differs widely from it in
the elegant tapering shape of the muzzle. The muscles of the
tongue, both as to number and arrangement, presented no peculi-
arities of importance, but the nerves were characterized by the beau-
tiful wavy course in which they were disposed, and by which dis-
position they are accommodated to the greatly varying length of
this organ. The erectile tissue, conjectured by Sir Everard Home
to be present in the tongue of the Giraffe, and to be the cause of

8

its extension, has no existence: the only modifications of the vas-
cular system worthy of notice were the large size and slight plexiform
arrangement of the lingual veins at the under part of the base of the
tongue. ‘The inner surface of the lips, especially where they
join to form the angles of the mouth, was beset with numerous
close-set, strong, retroverted and pointed papille, similar to those
distributed over the interior of the gullet in the Chelonie ; a struc-
ture which is also present in other Ruminants.

The palate was beset with about sixteen irregular transverse
ridges, having a free denticulate edge directed backwards; an appa~
ratus for detaining the food, and insuring its deglutition, which Mr.
Owen notices as especially required in the Giraffe, by reason of the
small comparative size of its head and jaws: he also refers to the
mechanical obstacles, which oppose the escape of the food when re-
gurgitated, in the Ruminantia generally, as the presence of buccal
papille, &c. as an evidence on which to found an argument of spe-
cial adaptation or design. ‘This structure is noticed by Cuvier, but
considered by him as only coexistent with the occurrence of papille
upon the lining membrane of the stomach, and as a condition of
parts which furnishes no obvious indication of any connexion with
final causes; with a view of showing that no such relation of coex-
istence as that imagined by Cuvier, in the presence of papille upon
different portions of the alimentary canal, can be positively esta-
blished, Mr. Owen instances the Turtle, which has these callous
bodies in great abundance, but entirely restricted to the lining mem-
brane of the esophagus, in which situation their use is sufficiently
apparent.

The esophagus in size was found to be very regular and uniform
throughout its entire length, being about an inch and three quarters
in diameter, and surrounded with two strong layers of muscular
fibres; the fibres being thickest, and arranged transversely in the
external layers ; those of the internal being oblique, with an approach
towards a longitudinal disposition. These fibres on being examined
with the microscope and compared with these of the stomach, were
found by Mr. Owen to present a structure which he regards as inter-
mediate between that which characterizes voluntary and involuntary
muscular fibre ; their ultimate filaments being aggregated into regular
sized ultimate fascicles having a parallel disposition, and thus so far
agreeing with the fibres of the voluntary muscles, but at the same
time exhibiting an important structural difference in the total ab-
sence of transverse stri@ ; the fascicles in fact being perfectly smooth
and substransparent.

The mucous membrane of the esophagus was thick and firm,
lined by a well-developed smooth epithelium, and connected to the
muscular coat by a very lax cellular membrane.

As regards the position of the abdominal viscera in the female,
the paunch occupied the ventral aspect of the anterior two-thirds of
the short abdominal cavity, resting immediately upon the abdominal
muscles and their strong elastic fascie. The great omentum which was
studded reticularly with fat, as in the Ruminants generally, extended

9

from the paunch to below the brim of the pelvis: on raising it a fold
of the colon appeared immediately below the paunch towards the left
side; below this were several convolutions of the small intestines ;
the obtuse blind end of the cecum made its appearance in the left
hypogastric region, and below there was another portion of the
great colon.

In the male the abdominal viscera presented nearly the same ap-
pearances ; on raising the paunch the spiral coils of the colon (cha-
racteristic of the Ruminants) came into view, together with the rest
of the jejunum and ilium, upon the removal of which the third and
fourth stomachs, and the small liver wholly confined to the right of
the mesial plane, were exposed.

The spleen, as usual in the Ruminantia, had its concave surface
applied to the left side of the first stomach or rumen.

The pancreas extended transversely behind the stomach within
the posterior duplicature of the omentum from the spleen to the
duodenum.

The kidneys occupied the usual position in the loins, the right
one a little more advanced than the left; their figure was rounded
and compact, as in the Deer and Antelopes, and they were not ex-
ternally lobated as in the Ox.

The cells of the reticulum, asin the Reindeer, were extremely shallow,
their boundaries appearing only as raised lines; but there was the same
form and grouping of the cells as obtains throughout the Ruminants
generally, the arrangement being that by which the greatest number
are included in the least possible space.

The folds of the psalterium resembled those of most other Rumi-
nants, each two narrow folds having alternately placed between
them one of great and one of moderate breadth.

In the fourth stomach the rug@ of the digestive membrane were
slightly developed, and chiefly longitudinal; the pylorus was pro-
tected by a valvular protuberance placed above it just within the
stomach. ;

Theduodenum, which was dilated at the commencement, received the
biliary and pancreatic secretions about ten inches from the pylorus.

The small intestines were rather tightly bound to the spine in
short coils by a narrow mesentery; their diameter was about four
inches.

The zlium ceases to be convolute towards its termination, ascend-
ing in a straight course, and entering the cecum near the root of the
mesentery.

The cecum was a simple cylindrical gut, as in other Ruminants ;
its circumference about six inches.

The disposition of the colon resembled that of the Deer; it ex-
tended about eight feet before the spiral turns commenced, there it
narrowed, and the separation of the feces into pellets began at this
point. The coils were not in exactly the same plane, but formed a
depressed cone, with its concavity next to the mesentery, on the left
of which the coils were disposed. There were four complete gyra-
tions in one direction, having the same number of reverse coils in

10

their interspace. This part of the intestine measured fourteen feet
in length.
The length of the intestines was as follows :

Cross’s Cross’s Zool.

Female. Male. Male.
Small.... 91ft. Oin. 88 ft. 82 ft.
Large... 43 2 43 40
Caecum”. "2°. 2 Z 2

The liver weighed six pounds eleven ounces avoirdupois; it con-
sisted of one lobe of a flattened form, with a small posterior spigi-
lean process.

The presence of a gall-bladder, distinguishing the hollow-horned
from the solid-horned Ruminants, made the investigation of this point
in the anatomy of the Giraffe one of extreme interest ; and Mr. Owen
remarks, that the result of his examination of three individuals shows
the caution which should be exercised in generalizing upon the facts
of a single dissection.

In the first Giraffe (Mr. Cross’s female) a large gall-bladder was
present, having the ordinary position and attachments, but presenting
the unusual structure of a bifid fundus. Upon making a longitu-
dinal incision down its side, it was found to be divided throughout
its length by a vertical septum of double mucous membrane, form-
ing two reservoirs of equal size; the organ in fact was double, each
bladder having a smooth lining membrane, and communicating sepa-
rately with the commencement of a single cystic duct.

Inthe two Giraffes subsequently dissected not avestige of this organ
could be detected, the bile in them being conveyed by a rather wide
hepatic duct to the duodenum. Mr. Owen therefore concludes that the
absence of the gall-bladder is the normal condition, and that the
Giraffe in this respect has a nearer affinity to the Deer than to the
Antelopes.

The pancreas was broader, thinner, and of a more irregular form
than in the calf or human subject; it was attached on the left side
to the diaphragm and posterior part of the stomach, extending trans-
versely across the spine to the termination of the biliary duct.

The spleen was of a tolerably regular oval form, but very thin, not
exceeding one inch and two-thirds at the thickest part.

In the chest the viscera presented the usual disposition.

SANGUIFEROUS SYSTEM.

The heart measured in the full length of the ventricles eight inches
and a half, and the same in the transverse diameter of the base. The
auricles were small as compared with the ventricles, which form a
rounded cone. The right ventricle terminated two inches from the
apex. The left flap of the tricuspid valve had its free margin at-
tached by long chord@e tendinee to the septum ventriculorum on one
side, and to a single columna carnea on the other, which col/umna also
gave attachment to some of the chorde tendinee of the right flap of the
tricuspid ; the rest of the chorde of this flap, and all the chorde of

11

the third or internal flap, were attached to a very short and thick
columna, arising from the septum; below the left flap of the tricuspid
valve was a fleshy column, connecting the wall of the right ventricle
to the septum.

At the origin of the aorta there was a single small curved bone.

The arch of the aorta, after distributing the vessels to the heart,
gave off, first, a large innominata, which subdivided into the right
vertebral artery, the right brachial artery, and the common trunk of
the two carotids; secondly, the left brachial artery ; thirdly, the left
vertebral artery. The common trunk of the two carotids was remark-
able for its length. The cranial plexus of the internal carotid was
much less developed than in the ordinary grazing Ruminants.

Nervous System.

The brain of the Giraffe closely resembled, in its general form, and
in the number, disposition, and depth of the convolutions, that of the
Deer: it was more depressed than in the Ox, and the cerebrum was
wholly anterior to the cerebellum. 'The anterior contour of the
cerebral hemispheres was somewhat truncated.

The convolutions might be readily divided, as in other Ruminants,
into primary and secondary ; they averaged a breadth of three lines,
and were almost symmetrical in the two hemispheres. There was little
symmetry in the disposition of the primary convolutions in the cere-
bellum: the middle one on the upper surface, representing the su-
perior vermiform process, pursued a wavy course from side to side,
but the inferior vermiform process was straight, and very prominently
developed; these, with the lateral convolutions of the cerebellum,
were subdivided by narrow and, for the most part, transverse folds.
Mr. Owen also enters into a detailed account of the internal struc-
ture of the brain; and concludes his description of this organ by

giving the following admeasurements ; Inches. Lines.
Total length of the brain ...... 5 3
Vertical diameter of ditto..... po @ 8
Breadth of the cerebrum........ 4 3
Length of the cerebellum ...... T° “ro
Breadth of ditto. ............ 2 5
Length of pons varolit.......... 1 0
Breadth of ditto. ........ May aera 6

Weight of the brain, 140z. avoirdupois.

The olfactory nerves were large, as in most Ruminantia, and ter-
minated in expanded bulbs, in length 14 inch, in breadth 1 inch:
these were lodged in special compartments of the cranial cavity. The
optic nerves and ninth pair were relatively larger than in the Deer.
The other cerebral nerves presented no peculiarity.

The spinal chord had a close investment of dura mater, and was
remarkable for the great length of its cervical portion, which, in the
Giraffe dissected at the Zoological Gardens, measured upwards of
three feet, the entire length of the animal from the muzzle to the
vent being eight feet. Mr. Owen here particularly describes the ap-
pearance in the origins of the cervical nerves depending upon the

12

elongation of this part of the spinal chord; the space between the
lower filaments forming the root of one nerve, and the upper filaments
of the root of the succeeding nerve was not more than the space be-
tween the individual filaments of each root; whence it would seem
that the elongation of the cervical portion of the chord was produced
by a general and uniform interstitial deposition during foetal develope-
ment, which thus effected an equable separation of these filaments ;
so that a single nerve, as in the case of the third cervical, might derive
its origin from a space extending six inches in length.

The brachial plexus was principally formed by the first two dorsal
nerves; seventeen pairs intervened between it and the large nerves
forming the lumbar plezus.

The recurrent nerves were formed by the reunion of several small
filaments derived from the nervus vagus at different parts of its course
down the neck, instead of originating as usual in the thorax, and
being reflected, as a single nerve, round the trunks of the great
vessels.

The sympathetic nerve in the neck was found to present five gan-
glionic enlargements of various sizes.

Muscties.

In the dissection of the abdominal muscles no peculiarity of im-
portance was noticed; but in the neck there existed a highly inter-
esting modification of the parts which effect the retraction of the os
hyoides. ‘The pair of muscles which, as in some other Ruminants,
combines the offices of sterno-thyroideus and sterno-hyoideus, arose
in the Giraffe by a single long and slender carneous portion from the
anterior extremity of the sternum; this fleshy origin was nine inches
long, and it terminated in a single reund tendon six inches in length ;
the tendon then divided into the two muscles, each division beco-
ming fleshy, and so continuing for about 16 or 18 inches ; then each
muscle again became tendinous for the extent of two inches, and
ultimately carneous again, prior to being inserted in the side of the
thyroid cartilage, and continued thence in the form of a fascia into
the os hyoides.

Mr. Owen observes that this alternation of a non-contractile with a
contractile tissue, as exhibited by the above structure, displays in a
most striking manner the use of tendon in regulating the amount of
muscular contraction. Had the sterno-thyroideus been muscular
throughout its entire length, the contraction of its fibres would have
been equal to draw down the Jarynz and os hyoides to an extent quite
incompatible with the connections of the adjacent parts; but the in-
tervention of long and slender tendons duly apportions the quantity
of contractile fibre to the extent of motion required.

The muscle analogous to the omo-hyoideus of other animals was
adjusted to its office by a more simple contrivance, arising from
the third cervical vertebra instead of the scapula, the diminished
length of the muscle enabling it to act upon the os hyoides with the
requisite power of contraction.

Mr. Owen remarks that the analogue of the sterno-mastoideus

13

should be called sterno-mazillaris, its insertion being by a slender
tendon into the inner side of the angle of the jaw, after continuing
fleshy to within a foot of its place of attachment.

The scaleni muscles, which were most powerfully developed, con-
sisted of four distinct masses on each side, arising from the fourth,
fifth, sixth, and seventh cervical vertebra ; they were inserted into
the manubrium sterni and the first rib.

The trapezius consisted of two portions; one, arising from the
transverse processes of the fifth and sixth cervical vertebra, is lost in
a strong fascia overspreading the shoulder-joint; the other arises
from the ligamentum nuche, and is inserted into the fascia covering
the scapula.

The Jevator scapule arose from the fifth, sixth, and seventh cer-
vical vertebre, and was inserted into the superior angle of the
scapula.

The rhomboideus was single, and chiefly remarkable for its short-
ness; it was inserted into the broad elastic cartilage which is con-
tinued upwards from the base of the scapula.

The pectoralis major arose from the whole length of the sternum ;
it was composed of two portions, one superficial, the other deep
seated; the former was inserted into the fascia covering the extensor
muscles of the fore-leg; the latter into the fascia covering the
brachial plecus.

With respect to the other muscles acting upon the distal joints
of the extremities, with the exception of their greater length, they
were not found materially to differ from the corresponding parts in
other bisulcate mammals.

The ligamentum nuche was remarkable for its prodigious develope-
ment; it commenced at the sacral vertebre, and receiving, as it ad-
vanced, accessions from each of the lumbar and dorsal vertebre, be-
came inserted into the spinous processes of the cervical, the extreme
portion passing freely over the at/as, and terminating by an expanded
insertion upon the occipital crest.

The bony attachment of the ligament afforded by the skull was
raised considerably above the roof of the cranial cavity, the exterior
table of the skull being widely separated from the vitreous plate by
large sinuses, which commencing above the middle of the nasal cavity
extended as far posteriorly as beneath the base of the horns; the si-
nuses were traversed by strong bony septa, forming a support to the
exterior table. The sphenoidal sinuses were of large size.

The nasal cavity occupied the two anterior thirds of the skull, and
the ossa spongiosa were proportionably developed.

The condyles of the occiput were remarkable for their great extent
in the vertical direction, and the inferior and posterior parts of the
articular surface meet at an acute angle; a structure which enables
the Giraffe to elevate the head into a line with the neck, and even to
incline it slightly backwards.

14

Maze Oreans or GENERATION.

The testes were elongate, oval, and situated in a short scrotum, on
each side of which were the rudiments of two mamme.

The vasa deferentia pursued the same course as in the Deer; they
became slightly enlarged at the terminal two inches of their course,
and the secreting surface of their lining membrane was augmented
by various irregular folds and sinuses.

The prostate in being formed of two separate glands presented the
true ruminant character; but the lobes themselves, as is the case
with several of the typical ruminants, presented their own peculiar mo-
dification, each lobe at its distal extremity forming a large round
bulbous body, the rest of the lobe diminishing towards its urethral
portion.

Two Cowperian glands, each as large as a nutmeg, were situated
at the base of the bulb of the urethra, surrounded by a special cap-
sule of muscular fibres; they had no single central cavity, but three
or four sinuses conveyed the secretion to the duct, which terminated
in the bulbous part of the urethra.

The penis, when retracted, assumed the sigmoid form, as in other
ruminants, the muscles producing the sigmoid retraction being in-
serted upon the sides of the corpora cavernosa, near the base of the
glans. ‘There was no septum dividing the cavernous texture of the

enis.

The glans began by a somewhat sudden expansion, and continued
to enlarge to its distal extremity, which was smooth and rounded.
The prepuce was reflected upon the extremity, and not upon the
root of the glans, so that its division only exposed a small portion of
the latter. The urethral canal did not open upon the extremity of
the glans, but was continued forwards for an inch and a half, attached
to the inside of the prepuce, its parietes being merely membranous,
and its extremity projecting freely, like a membranous bilabiate tube,
about a line beyond the inner surface of the prepuce. A similar
structure obtains in some other ruminants, as the Ram.

Fremae Orcans.

The ovaria were irregularly oval, sub-compressed_ bodies, an inch
and a half in length and one in breadth. The fallopian tubes had
the margins of their expanded extremities almost entire. They open
at the outer margin of a wide ovarian capsule, which does not, how-
ever, inclose the ovary. The inner surface of the pavilion is beset
with numerous minute plice, which converge towards the orifice of
the oviduct or fallopian tube; a few small but broad folds imme-
diately surround the opening.

The external orifice of the common vagina resembled that of the
Deer, in coming to a point, within which the clitoris was lodged.
From this orifice to the communication with the urethra, measured
five inches, and the length of the proper vagina six inches, The

15

vagina was lined by a smooth and polished membrane, disposed in
numerous fine longitudinal ruge. The os tince was a large, trans-
versely oval prominence, having the orifice of the uterus in the centre.
The length of the common uterus was two inches. The cervix was
occupied by two circular series of close-set, short, longitudinal la-
mellar processes, about two lines in breadth, which projected from
the parietes of the uterus, and had their free margins converging to
the centre of the canal. Above these, the inner membrane of the
uterus sent off several thickened processes. Each cornu of the uterus
was about eight inches in length, and became bent in a spiral form
when distended with fluid: four longitudinal rows of flattened pro-
cesses projected from the inner surface, showing that the fetus is
developed in the Giraffe by means of a cotyledonous subdivided
placenta, as in other horned Ruminants, and not, as in the Camel, by
an uniform vascular villosity of the chorion.

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Phe se er A \ a Peievisie Bar ar. pia at aot:
So GEM ios ee ee Sone ae. fs a
“Phas twtr. MAS? Nok pied se Tee ae OT
at aah eit rd Aa was,
| isi th Aisi AN on thadt dain oe
alse Ryne Ect A: hae NO Ay, Re

POV, Cy NG. Uae: Li gee Ul tins bait
Aieee abe SEN dike il idee isu f

ions Gin

Saigon tiie : “J
5: Lpractiow EE etme ei

17

February 13th, 18388.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Martin exhibited an insectivorous animal which had fallen un-
der his observation in examining a collection of specimens, presented
some time since to the Museum, by the late William Telfair, Esq.

In the Zoological Proceedings for 1833, reference is made to a
letter of Mr. Telfair’s, accompanying a very young insectivorous
animal, known to the natives of Madagascar by the name ‘“‘Sokinah,”’
and which Mr. Telfair was disposed to refer to the genus Centenes.
The above specimen being only seventeen days old, its characters
could not be satisfactorily determined; but the present animal, which
Mr. Martin considers to be the adult of the same species, appears
to be more nearly related to the genus Hrinaceus than Centenes; but
at the same time it differs so materially in the character of its denti-
tion, as to warrant the establishment of a new genus for its reception.
Mr. Martin therefore proposed to characterize it under the generic
appellation of Hchinops, with the specific title of EH. Telfairi, in
memory of the lamented and zealous Corresponding Member of the
Society from whom it had been received.

Ecuinors.

Corpus superné spinis densis obtectum.

Rostrum breviusculum.

Rhinarium, aures, caudaque ut in Erinaceo.

Dentes primores 4, superiorum duobus intermediis longissimis,
discretis, cylindraceis, antrorsim versis ; proximis minoribus.

Canini i=

Molares == ast utrinsecis antico 1™° supra, et 3>¥8 infra spuriis ; re-

liquis, deiniG supra excepto, tricuspidatis, angustis, transversim
positis; ultimo supra angustissimo; molaribus infra inter se feré
zequalibus, ultimo minore.

Pedes 5-dactyli, ambulatorii; halluce breviore ; unguibus parvulis,
compressis ; plantis denudatis.

Ecuinors Tetrarri. Ech. auribus mediocribus, subrotundatis intis
atque extis pilis parvulis albidis obsitis ; capite superne pilis fus-
cis; buccis, mystacibus corporeque subtis sordide albis, spinis fus-
cescenti-albis ad basin, apicibus castaneis ; caudd vix apparente.

unc. lin.
Longitudo corporis ROHS oa a. hn hae
ab apice rostri ad auris sbasn .. 1 2

—— tarsi, digitorumque ...... Bey ees) os.) LOS
GUTIS. bos sis 3. Pe a Bevin ancy D

Habitat. Madagascar ?
“« Sokinah”’ of the Natives of Madagascar ?

No. LXII,—Procrrepines oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

18

In the upper jaw the incisors are four in number, and apart; the two
middle are large, sub-cylindrical, elongated, and placed at the apex
of the jaw; the two others are small, and seated behind the former.
Separated from these by a small space, succeed the canines, similar
in character to the incisors, but stouter and with a slight posterior
notch. The molars are five on each side: the first false and simple ;
the three next transversely elongated, with two external tubercles in
contact, and one internal; hence their crowns assume the form of an
elongated triangle, the apex being internal; the fifth molar is a
slender Jamina transversely placed, but not advancing so far laterally
as the molar preceding it.

The under jaw presents two small incisors, somewhat apart from
each other, and directed obliquely forwards; behind these there
follow on each side in succession three larger and conical teeth, di-
rected obliquely forwards, and which may be regarded as false molars.
Separated from the last of these by a small space, succeed four molars
on each side, vertical and smaller than those above, with two tuber-
cles internally and one externally, so that the worn surface is trian-
gular, with the apex outwards ; the last is the smallest : the surfaces
of all are apart, but their bases are in contact.

Mr. Martin observes, that this system of dentition (very distinct
from that which characterizes the Tenrecs, (Centenes,) and the ge-
nus Ericulus of Isidore Geoffroy) presents us with characters which
decidedly separate Echinops from Erinaceus, notwithstanding their
approximation. In Hrinaceus the upper incisors are six; there are
no canines, but three false molars on each side, and four true molars,
of which the last is small and narrow; the others square, with two
outer and two inner tubercles ; while in the lower jaw, the incisors,
two in number, are very large, followed on each side by two false
molars, and four true molars. In Echinops, as in Hrinaceus, the feet
have five toes ; the thumb of the fore-feet is small and seated on the
wrist, the other toes are small, and armed with feeble, compressed,
hooked claws, the last toe the smallest: the toes of the hind-feet
resemble those of the fore-feet, and the inner and outer are the
smallest. The snout, ears, tail, and spiny covering of the upper sur-
face of the body, as in Hrinaceus.

In addition to the above description of the external characters of
Echinops, Mr. Martin communicated to the Meeting some details of
the anatomy of the soft parts, but the condition of the specimen was
not such as to enable him to give any very complete account of the
appearances presented by the internal organs.

The skull, as compared with that of Hrinaceus, was proportion-
ally very inferior in size; it was more level above, and narrower,
the cranial cavity being contracted, and the muzzle shorter. The
occipito-parietal ridge was elevated, the zygomatic arches were
almost obsolete. The palate was narrow, and the posterior foramina,
which in the hedgehog are large open fissures, were reduced to mi-
nute orifices.

The pelvis was very narrow, and the pubic bones were separate
in front.

19

The vertebral formula was as follows :

Gerpicalinti .. scvenel dite Hed 7
Dormalog ay. secs. HES. 15
Bs herly): egy Se Cbive teu. 7
Mrerabg. is as: PE Ke 2
Coccyeal ........ BG Satie 8?

The ribs consisted on each side of § true and 7 false.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited a recently preserved example of a new spe-
cies of Swan, closely allied in external appearance to the well-known
Domestic Swan, but having the legs, toes, and interdigital mem-
branes of a pale ash-grey colour, which in the Cygnus olor, Ill., are
deep black. Mr. Yarrell observed, that this species had been known
to him for some years past as an article of commerce among the
London dealers in birds, who receive it from the Baltic, and di-
stinguish it by the name of the Polish Swan. In several instances,
these swans had produced young in this country, and the cygnets
when hatched were pure white, like the parent birds, and did not
assume at any age the brown colour borne for the first two years
by the young of all the other known species of White Swans.
Mr. Yarrell considered that this peculiarity was sufficient to entitle
the bird to be ranked as a distinct species, and in reference to the
unchangeable colour of the plumage, proposed for it the name of
Cygnus immutabilis.

During the late severe weather, flocks of this swan were seen
pursuing a southern course along the line of our north-east coast,
from Scotland to the mouth of the Thames, and several specimens
were obtained. The specimen exhibited belonged to the Rev. L. B.
Larking, of Ryarsh Vicarage, near Maidstone, for whom it had been
preserved. It was shot on the Medway, where one flock of thirty,
and several smaller flocks were seen.

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited a new species of Squirrel from the So-
ciety’s Museum, and characterized it as :

Scrurvus susiingatus. Sc. supra fusco-olivaceus flavescente lava-
tus ; linets dorsalibus quatuor nigris tribus albescentibus, a hume-
ris ad uropygium excurrentibus : abdomine flavescente: caudd ni-
gro flavoque annulatd.

une. lin.

Longitudo corporis ab apice rostri ad caude basin.. 6 0O
ab apice rostri ad auris basin.......... 1 24

— caude (pilis inclusis) ...... aio «dt SIREN 0 5
tarsi digitorumque ......-....- ae! cats 1 24
URIS se i. DAS OS oer. ods 910 OBE

Habitat

“This animal is less than the Palm Squirrel (Sciwrus palmarum,
Auct.), but like that species has four dark and three pale lines on the
back: these lines, however, are very narrow, and occupy only the cen-
tral portion of the back ; they are not continued on to the shoulders,
neither do they extend over the haunches. The general colour is

20

olive-brown, a tint arising from the hairs being each minutely an-
nulated with deep yellow and black. ‘The throat, chest, and rump,
are whitish, and the belly is yellow. The hairs covering the feet
above are annulated like those of the body, but of a deeper tint.
The tail is cylindrical and rather slender, and exhibits obscure an-
nulations, each hair being annulated with deep golden yellow and
black. The fur is short and soft, that on the back is grey at the
base; on the under parts the hairs are very obscurely tinted with
grey at the base. The hairs of the moustaches are numerous,
moderately long, rather slender, and of a black colour. The head
is very nearly uniform in colour with the body, it is however less
yellow.”

Mr. Blyth called the attention of the Society to a peculiarity in
the structure of the feet in the Trogonide, which he thought had not
been previously noticed. This family, although zygodactylous, have
the toes disposed on quite a different principle from the Wood-
peckers, Parrots, and other birds, which present an analogous struc-
ture; their first and second toes being opposed to the third and
fourth, in lieu of the first and fourth to the second and third, in
consequence of which, that toe, which corresponds to the middle one
in birds that are not yoke-footed, that is to say, the third or longest
toe, is the inward of the two forward toes in the Trogon family, and
the outward in the Woodpeckers and Parrots.

A continuation of Mr. Owen’s paper, on the Anatomy of the Gi-
raffe was then read, embracing the principal features of interest in
the osteological peculiarities of this animal.

The author, in the first place, details the result of his investiga-
tion into the evidence bearing upon the supposition of there being in
the male Nubian Giraffe a third horn, situated anteriorly in the me-
sial line of the cranium.

Upon making a section of the skull of the male Cape Giraffe, the
anterior protuberance was shown to be due only to a thickening and
elevation of the anterior extremities of the frontal, and the contiguous
extremities of the nasal, bones; and in the Nubian Giraffe the ex-
istence of a third distinct bony nucleus was also satisfactorily nega-
tived ; for, upon macerating the skulls of individuals which had not
attained the adult age, the posterior horns became detached from the
bones of the cranium; but no such separation took place in respect
to the protuberances forming the supposed third horn, which would
have been the case had its relation to the cranium been that of a
distinct epiphysis.

In both the Cape and Nubian Giraffe, the horns were placed im-
mediately over the coronal suture, which traversed the centre of their
expanded bases. The frontal bones were distinct and joined by a
well-marked suture, continued along the posterior two-thirds of the
frontal protuberance, or as far as the nasal bones. The sagittal
suture was persistent on both sides external to the horns. The parietal

bone was single and anchylosed with the occipital and interparietal
bones.

21

The male Giraffe, in both the Cape and Nubian varieties, has the
horns nearly twice as large as those of the female; the expanded
bases of the horns also in the former, meet in the middle line of the
skull, but in the female the bases of the horns are at least two inches
apart.

rThe nasal bone was bifurcate at its anterior extremity as in the
Deer, not simply pointed as in most of the Antelopes.

With respect to the cervical vertebre of the Giraffe, Mr. Owen
observes, that they are not only remarkable for their great length,
but also, as has been recently shown by Dr. Blainville, for the ball and
socket form of the articulations of their bodies ; the convexity being
on the anterior extremity, and the concavity posteriorly, agreeing
in this particular with the vertebre of the Camel.

The avis was joined to the atlas by the anterior extremity of its
body and the processus dentatus, which were blended in one common
articulation, and inclosed in one capsular ligament, The spinous
process of the azis was developed from the whole longitudinal ex-
tent of the superior arch, but had a very slight elevation. In the
rest of the cervical vertebre, the spinous processes were thin trian-
gular lamina, their apices rising about an inch and a half from a
broad base resting upon the middle of the superior arch. Processes,
analogous to the inferior transverse processes in the Crocodile, ex-
tended downwards and outwards from the lower part of the anterior
extremity of each of the cervical veriebre (except the atlas and den-
tata), but of much smaller size than the corresponding processes in
the Camel.

The perforations for the vertebral arteries were large, and present
in the seventh as well as in the rest of the cervical vertebre; they were
situated above the transverse processes in the side of the bodies of
the vertebre at the base of the superior Jamine. Mr. Owen observes,
that although this position of the arterial foramina is somewhat pe-
culiar, yet, in this respect, the Giraffe comes nearer the horned
Ruminants than the long-necked Camelide.

In viewing the vertebral column of the Giraffe from above, the
cervical vertebre are seen to present the broadest bodies; of these
the third and fourth are the narrowest and longest, the rest gradually
increasing in breadth and diminishing in length to the seventh: the
dorsal vertebre thence grow narrower to the ninth, after which the
vertebre increase in breadth chiefly by the progressive development
of the transverse processes.

The sacrum consisted of four vertebre anchylosed together, but of
these only the first articulated with the édiwm.

Mr. Owen gives the following as the vertebral formula of the
Giraffe.

Cervical F At ee 7
Worse. ss." eye BASS ahs -. 14
MTGE. cle «ess sere : once D
Bacralte ees 2. ie one:

22

The number of ribs was fourteen pairs, seven true and seven false.
The first pair was straight, the rest became gradually more and
more curved to the last. They increased in length to the eighth, and
then gradually became shorter: in length the increase was to the
fifth, from which they gradually became narrower.

The sternum consisted of a single series of six bones, and an ensi-
form cartilage; it was chiefly remarkable for its great curvature.
The first sternal bone was the narrowest and longest; the succeed-
ing ones progressively diminished in length, and increased in thick-
ness.

As the osteology of the Giraffe has been illustrated by Pander
and D’Alton, and also described with more detail in the second edi-
tion of Cuvier’s Legons d’ Anatomie Comparée, Mr. Owen considers it
unnecessary to treat at large of the rest of the skeleton, merely gi-
ving a brief notice of the several bones of the extremities: in con-
clusion, he remarks that the order Ruminantia, perhaps the most na-
tural in the mammiferous class, if we look to the condition of the
organs of nutrition, presents, however, more variety than any of the
carnivorous orders, in the local development of the organs of rela-
tion, and the consequent modification of external form: the most
remarkable of these modifications is undoubtedly that which we ad-
mire in the Giraffe, and the anatomical peculiarities, which its internal
organization presents, are principally confined to the skeleton in re-
spect to the proportions of its different parts; and to those parts of
the muscular and nervous systems immediately relating to the local
peculiarities in the development of the osseous framework.

23

February 28, 1838.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

Some observations were made by M. Bibron upon two European
species of Triton indigenous to this country, Triton cristatus and Trit.
marmoratus, which many naturalists consider to have been errone-
ously separated. M. Bibron, however, entertains no doubt whatever
of their being really distinct, and pointed out a character by which
he states they may readily be distinguished, and which he believed
to have been hitherto unnoticed. This distinction consists in the
form of the upper lip, which in Triton cristatus is so largely de-
veloped as to overlap the under lip posteriorly when the jaws are
closed, a condition never present in Trit. marmoratus.

Mr. Ogilby exhibited and characterized, under the name of Ma-
cropus rufiventer, a new species of Kangaroo which Mr. Gould had
received from Tasmania, where it is known by the name of Walla-
bee. The external incisor tooth of the upper jaw was marked by a
duplication or fold: the general colour of the animal above was
grayish brown, considerably darker than the wild rabbit, and co-
piously intermixed on the back with pure black hairs, which in cer-
tain lights gives this part a perfectly black appearance; the paws
and outer surface of the fore-legs are of the same colour; the farsus
and hind paws brown; the chin, throat, belly, and abdomen, sandy
red, more or less intense; ears yellowish red within, brownish black
without ; tail rather short, dark brown above, dirty yellowish on the
sides, naked, and granulated two-thirds of its length on the under
surface; claws long and pointed; nose naked ; length of body 2 feet;
of tail 1 foot 2 inches.

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited a drawing, and the tail and jaws of a
new species of Delphinus, which he characterized as

Detruinus Firzroyi. Delph. supra niger ; capitis corporisque
lateribus, corporeque subtus, niveis ; caudd, pedibus, labioque
infers iore, nigris; fasetis latis duabus per latus utrumque ob-
lique excurrentibus, hujusque coloris fascia utrinque angulo
oris ad pedem tendente,

ft. in. lin.
Total length (measuring along curve of back).... .. o 4 0
Length from tip of muzzle to vent .............. 310 9
Length from tip of muzzle to dorsal fin .......... Gwe
Length from tip of muzzle to pectoral............ Bela &
Length from tip of muzzle to eye.............. Oorgorg

Length from tip of muzzle to breathing peel (fol-
lowing curve of head) ....... Ane bracuap ea Ui

“I

24

ft. in. lin.
Length from tip of muzzle to angle of mouth...... 0 7 9
Length of dorsal fin (along the anterior margin).... 1 0 5
Height of ditto vxioeideccy ld. o violale atcllal stata Oem aaa
Length of pectoral, (along anterior margin)........ 1 2s
Width of tallies toes} Sakata Matta’. ofa 6 ahs etelee Se Ne a
Girth of body before dorsal fin...............05. 3 0 6
Girth of body before pectoral fin .............2005 222
Girth of body before tail fin.............. nario ie aes
Girth of head over the eyes ....... ..00.00-000% ocd pO pO

Habitat, Coast of Patagonia, lat. 49° ‘30. (April).

“This species, which I have taken the liberty of naming after
Captain Fitzroy, the Commander of the Beagle, approaches, in some
respects, to the Delphinus superciliosus of the ‘ Voyage de la Co-
quille,’ but that animal does not possess the oblique dark-gray bands
on the sides of the body; it likewise wants the gray mark which ex-
tends from the angle of the mouth to the pectoral fins. In the figure,
the under lip of the Delph. superciliosus is represented as almost white,
whereas in the present species it is black: judging from the figures,
there is likewise considerable difference in the form. The figure
which illustrates this description agrees with the dimensions, which
were carefully taken by Mr. Darwin immediately after the animal
was captured, and hence is correct.”

Mr. Gould exhibited two species of the genus Ptilotis, which he
characterized as Ptil. ornata, and Ptil. flavigula.

PTILOTIS ORNATA. Pil. vertice, alarum marginibus externis, nec
non caude olivaceis ; dorso uropygioque brunneis ; guld, genis-
que olivaceo-fuscis ; pectore corporeque subtis cinerescentibus,
singulis plumis notd laté brunned in medio ornatis ; crisso
pallide badio plumis fusco striatis, penicilld nitidé flavé utrum-
que colli latus ornante ; nota longitudinali sub oculos olivaced ;
primaris rectricibusque caude fuscis, his ad apicem externum
albis ; rostro nigrescente ; pedibus brunneis.

Long. tot. 63 unc.; rostri, 3; ale, 33; caude, 34; tarsi, 3.

Hab. Swan River, Australia.

PTILOTIS FLAVIGULA. Ptil. capite, nuchd, genis, corporeque infe-
riore nigro-griseis, hoc colore apud abdomen crissumque olivaceo
tencto ; plumis auricularibus argenteo-cinereis et post has guttd
flava ; gulé flava ; alis, dorso, cauddque, flavescenti-olivaceis ;
JSemoribus oliwaceis ; rostro pedibusque nigrescentibus.

Long. tot. 8 unc.; rostri, 1; ale, 41; caude, 44; tarsi, 1.

Hab. Van Diemen’s Land and New South Wales.

25

March 13th, 1838.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Ogilby read a letter from Mr. V.der Hoeven, in which the
writer expresses his belief that the large Salamander preserved in a
living state at Leyden ought to be regarded as a species of Harlan’s
genus Menopoma; its specific characters consisting in the absence
of the branchial apertures, which are present in the species upon
which Harlan founded his genus. M. V. der Hoeven thinks it pro-
bable that the branchial apertures were present in the Leyden Sala-
mander in the young state, and he proposes to adopt the generic
term Cryptobranchus in preference to that of Menopoma, and to give
it the specific name of Japonicus. He further states that his obser-
vations upon this singular reptile will shortly be published in a
Dutch Journal.

Mr. Owen observed, with reference to the opinion of M. V. der
Hoeven respecting the relations of the Gigantic Salamander of
Japan to the Menopome of the Alleghany Mountains, that the persist-
ence of branchial apertures was a structure so likely to influence
not only the habits of an amphibious reptile, but also the struc-
tural modifications of the osseous and vascular parts of the re-
spiratory organs, as to render it highly improbable that the Me-
nopome should be related generically to a species having no trace
of those apertures. He thought, therefore, that the question of
the Menopome and gigantic Japanese Salamander being different
species of the same genus, could be entertained only on the sup-
position, that the branchial apertures were a transitional structure
in the former reptile as they are in the latter. That this was the
case he considered as highly improbable; for, besides the ossified
state of the hyoid apparatus, there was evidence in the Hunterian
Collection that both the male and female generative organs in the
Menopome have arrived at maturity without any change having taken
place in the condition of the branchial apparatus usually considered
as characteristic of the Menopome. He therefore considered it to be
undoubtedly generically distinct from the gigantic Salamander of
Japan, the true affinities of which could only be determined satis-
factorily after a complete anatomical investigation, especially of its
sanguiferous, respiratory, and osseous systems,

Mr. Ogilby exhibited a drawing, made by Major Mitchell, of a
Marsupial animal found by that officer on the banks of the river
Murray, during his late journey in the interior of New South Wales.
Mr. Ogilby stated his original belief that the animal in question be-
longed to the Perameles, under which impression he had proposed
to name it Per. ecaudatus, from its entire want of tail, a cha-

No. LXIII.—Procerpines or tHe ZooLocican Socrery.

26

racter found in no other species of the same group; but a drawing
of the fore-foot, afterwards found by Major Mitchell, and likewise
exhibited to the Society on the present occasion, had considerably
shaken this first opinion, and induced Mr. Ogilby to suspect that
the animal may eventually form the type of a new genus. Ac-
cording to Major Mitchell’s drawing, and the notes which he took
at the time of examining the specimen, it would appear that there
were only two toes on the fore-feet, which were described as having
been so perfectly similar to those of a pig, as to have procured for
the animal the name of the pig-footed bandicoot, among the per-
sons of the expedition.

The drawing of the foot, in fact, very closely resembles that of
the genus Sus in form and characters ; two toes only are represented,
short, and of equal length; but there is a swelling at the base of
the first phalanges, which renders it probable that there may be two
smaller ones behind. The Perameles, on the contrary, have three
middle toes on the fore feet, all of equal length, and armed with
very long, powerful claws, besides a small rudimentary toe very di-
stinctly marked on each side. The form and character of the hind
feet were perfectly similar to those of the Perameles; as were also
the teeth, as far as could be judged from the drawing, except that
the canines did not appear to surpass the anterior molars in point of
size. The ears were long, elliptical, and nearly naked; the head
broad between the ears, and very much attenuated towards the muz-
zle; the body about the size of a small rabbit, and the fur very much
of the same quality and colour asin that animal. Mr, Ogilby, after
expressing his confidence in the fidelity of Major Mitchell’s draw-
ings, and the care with which that gentleman assured him he had
made the observation in question, expressed his belief that this
animal would be found to constitute a new genus of Marsupials,
and proposed for it the provisional name of Cheropus, in allusion to
the described characters of the fore feet.

The following is the notice of this animal inserted by Major Mit-
chell in his journal, on the occasion of first discovering it. ‘June 16,
1836. ‘The most remarkable incident of this day’s journey was the
discovery of an animal of which I had seen only a head in a fossil
state in the limestone caves of Wellington Valley, where, from its
very singular form, I supposed it to belong to some extinct species.
The chief peculiarity then observed was the broad head and very long,
slender snout, which resembled the narrow neck of a wide bottle ; but
in the living animal the absence of a tail was still more remarkable.
The feet, and especially the fore legs, were also singularly formed, the
latter resembling those of a Pig; and the marsupial opening was
downwards, and not upwards, as in the Kangaroo and others of that
class of animals. This quadruped was discovered by the natives on
the ground ; but on being chased it took refuge in a hollow tree, from
which they took it alive, all of them declaring that they had never
before seen an animal of the kind. This was where the party had
commenced the journey up the left bank of the Murray, immedi-

2?

ately after crossing that river.” Such, Mr. Ogilby remarked, was
all the information he possessed at present with regard to this sin-
gular animal; but Mr. Gould had promised to examine the original
specimen on his arrival at Sydney, in the Museum of which town it
had been deposited; and Mr. Ogilby therefore hoped that, through
the kindness of that gentleman, he should shortly have it in his
power to communicate a more detailed description of its form and
characters to the Society.

Mr. Waterhouse afterwards called the attention of the Meeting
to some valuable skins of Mammalia, brought from Africa by Capt.
Alexander, recently purchased for the Society’s Museum.

‘

28

March 27th, 1838.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A Dugong preserved in spirit having been presented to the Mu-
seum by Alexander John Kerr, Esq., of Penang, Mr. Owen com-
municated to the meeting some notes descriptive of the principal
viscera in this remarkable aquatic mammal, and a statement of the
relative proportions exhibited by its several parts, in comparison with
the dimensions of a Dugong published by Sir Stamford Raffles in
the Phil. Trans., 1820, and of two other specimens which Mr. Owen
had on previous occasions examined in the Society’s collection.

Mr. Owen remarks, that ‘‘ The external form of the Dugong is
not so well calculated for moving rapidly through the water as that
of the Dolphin and other carnivorous Cetacea, which subsist by a per-
petual pursuit of living animals. In these the snout is conical, and
peculiarly elongated, and in some. as the Delphinus Gangeticus, the
jaws are produced to an extreme length, so as to give them every
advantage in seizing their swift and slippery prey; whilst, in the
herbivorous Dugong, the snout is as remarkable for its obtuse, trun-
cate character ;—a form, however, which is equally advantageous to
it, and well adapted to its habits of browzing upon the alge and
Juci which grow upon the submarine rocks of the Indian seas.

** As, from the fixed nature of the Dugong’s food, the motions
of the animal during the time of feeding must relate more imme-
diately to the necessity of coming to the surface to respire, its tail,
the principal locomotive organ of ascent and descent, is propor-
tionally greater than in the true Cetucea, its breadth being rather
more than one-third the length of the whole body.

** But the most important external differences are seen in the
presence of the membrana nictitans, in the anterior position of the
nostrils, and in the situation of the mamme, which are pectoral, or
rather axillary, being situated just behind the roots of the flippers;
in the female specimen examined their base was about the size of a
shilling, and they projected about half an inch from the surface.

** A considerable ridge extends along the middle of the upper sur-
face of the posterior part of the back, which is continued upon and
terminates in the tail.

*« The viscera’were detached from one another, and from their
natural connexions, in the same way in Mr. Kerr’s as in the other
specimens transmitted to the Society, so as to disable me from as-
certaining their several relative positions. It may be observed, that
if this were done merely with a view to their preservation, it was un-
necessary ; laying open the cavity of the abdomen, with the addi-
tion of opening the stomach and the intestinal canal in a few places,

29

so as to let the spirit get into the interior of the alimentary canal,
would answer every purpose.

DicEstTivk OrGaAns.

“« The mouth and tongue corresponded with the descriptions already
published of these remarkable structures. The opening of the larynx
is chiefly defended, during the submarine mastication of the vege-
table matters constituting the food of the Dugong, by the extreme
contraction of the faucial aperture, which resembles that of the Ca-
pybara. It is not traversed by a pyramidal larynz, as in the true
Cetacea. ‘There are two large parotid glands, situated immediately
behind the large ascending ramus of the lower jaw. A thick layer
of simple follicular glands are developed above the membrane of the
palate, and a glandular stratum is situated between the mucous
and muscular coats of the lower part of the wsophagus; a similar
but more developed glandular structure is present in the esophagus
of the Ray.

“‘ The stomach of this singular animal presents, as Sir Everard
Home has justly observed, some of the peculiarities met with im the
Whale tribe, the Peccari and Hippopotamus, and the Beaver: like
the first, it is divided into distinct compartments; like the second
and third, it has pouches superadded to and communicating with it ;
and, like the last, it is provided with a remarkable glandular ap-
paratus near the cardia.

“These modifications obviously harmonize with the difficult digest-
ibility and low-organized nature of the food of the Dugong. Yet,
it is a fact which would not have been, & priori, expected, that in
the carnivorous Cetacea the stomach is even more complicated than
in the herbivorous species, and presents a closer resemblance to
the ruminant stomach; it is divided, for example, into a greater
number of receptacles, and has the first cavity, like the rwmen, lined
with cuticle; while in the Dugong, on the contrary, the stomach is
properly divided into two parts only (of which the second much
more resembles intestine), and both are lined with a mucous mem-
brane.

« The first or cardiac cavity is of a spheroidal or full oval shape,
with the left extremity, which contains the gland, produced in an
obtusely conical form towards the diaphragm. The length of this
cavity was 9 inches, its depth 6}; but it must be remembered that
it had been opened, and the sides lay flat together. In the smaller
Dugong, where the stomach had probably been more distended at
the time of death, this cavity measured 12 inches in length and 7 in
depth.

«« The esophagus is very narrow and muscular, and terminates at
the middle of the lesser curvature rather nearer the right than the
left extremity of the cardiac cavity.

‘«« The muscular coat of the stomach is strongly developed, but
varies in thickness at different parts of the cavity. Where it covers
the gland at the left extremity it is two lines in thickness, but

30

quickly increases, as it spreads over the wider parts of the cavity, to
the extent of 8 lines; then again gradually diminishes, as it ap-
proaches the pyloric cavity, to a thickness of 1} line at the greater
curvature, but, at the constriction separating the two cavities, again
increases to 6 lines: along the lesser curvature it never diminishes
in thickness beyond 3 lines, the muscular coat at this part being, as
in the human stomach, augmented with additional longitudinal fibres.

« In order to defend the cardia against the pressure of the con-
tents of the stomach, when acted upon by this powerful muscular coat,
the wsophagus enters the stomach in a valvular manner, and is sur-
rounded at its termination by a vast accession of muscular fibres,
forming a conical mass upwards of an inch in thickness all round
the canal: the outermost of these fibres run longitudinally; the
middle ones decussate each other obliquely; the innermost are cir-
cular, and form a sphincter around the cardia. The diameter of the
canal so surrounded was 8 lines, the inner surface being gathered
up in irregular transverse rug@; the cellular coat is increased in
thickness at its termination, and protrudes the inner membrane into
the stomach like the os tince of the womb.

“The inner surface of the stomach was puckered around the
cardia, and presented a few small, irregular ruge along the lesser
curvature and about the orifice leading to the second cavity, but the
remainder was tolerably even and smooth. The inner membrane
is a thin, soft membrane, with a finely reticulate surface. To the
left of the cardia there projects into the stomach a rounded mam-
milloid eminence, whose base is 2 inches in diameter, and whose
apew presents an oblique crescentic orifice about 8 lines in diameter ;
on drawing aside the margins of this orifice, I unexpectedly found that,
instead of its being the outlet of a simple mass of follicular glands,
as would appear from the figures and description in Sir Everard
Home’s Account of the Anatomy of the Dugong, it led to a wide,
flattened, winding sinus, and that its circumference was formed by the
termination of a membrane spirally disposed in about eight or ten
turns, and increasing in breadth at each gyration, having both sur-
faces covered with the orifices of numerous glandular follicles, and
the interspaces filled with a cream-like secretion. ‘This structure,
which adds another peculiarity to the stomach of the Dugong, and
one met with in the cecum only in a few other mammalia, viz. that
of having its blind end occupied by a spiral membrane, I have found
in all the specimens dissected at the Society; and in each case the
gland was infested by Ascarides, hereafter to be described, which
left impressions upon the spiral membrane.

« The orifice leading to the pyloric cavity of the stomach re-
sembles in some respects a true pylorus; besides the additional
muscular fibres, the greater part of which are circularly disposed, it
is provided with a circular and valvular production of the inner
membrane of the stomach of 3 lines in extent; diameter of the
orifice 9 lines. Immediately beyond this valve are the orifices of
the two cecal appendages, situated 14 inch apart at the upper and

31

rather towards the posterior side of the cavity; these orifices were
about an inch in diameter, but the inferior orifice was the larger
of the two. The appendages were of the same length, viz. 5 inches ;
the circumference of the anterior and superior was 53 inches, that
of the lower one 43 inches ; but this difference in capacity depended
on the different state of dilatation in the two pouches; for on laying
them open, the narrower one had its inner surface thrown into nu-
merous small rug@, while very few appeared in the wider pouch in
consequence of the dilatation. Small quantities of comminuted sea~-
weeds were found in both these receptacles.

“The muscular coat of these pouches was one line and a half
thick, and arranged obliquely. There were no particular glandular
appearances on the mucous coat. They seem to vary in their relative
dimensions in different individuals. In the small female Dugong
examined by Sir Everard Home, the posterior inferior pouch was seven
inches anda half in length, while the other was only three inches, but
the diameter of the latter was twice that of the longer pouch. These
gastric ceca are interesting from repeating so closely the structure
which characterizes the stomach of some of the lowest animals, in
which they sometimes represent the whole of the superadded gland-
ular apparatus of the digestive system.

** The pyloric cavity of the stomach is, as I have before observed,
more like an intestine, being elongated and narrow ; indeed this cir-
cumstance and the resemblance of the orifice of communication to a
true pylorus appear to have deceived the dissectors who furnished
Sir Stamford Raffles with the otherwise very accurate notes on the
anatomy of the Dugong, published in the 110th vol. of Phil. Trans.,
1820, since they describe these appendages as opening into the sto-
mach near the junction of the duodenum; but the true commence-
ment of that intestine is twelve inches beyond the orifices of the
saceuli. The circumference of the pyloric cavity at its commence-
ment was nine inches; it dilated a little beyond the orifices of the
sacculi, and then gradually diminished to the pylorus, which is an
orifice of about half an inch diameter. The muscular coat of this
compartment of the stomach varies from two to three lines in thick-
ness, the longitudinal fibres which run along the lesser curvature of
the preceding cavity are continued on the same aspect of this one,
passing between the two sacculi, and apparently adapted so as to
close their orifices by drawing towards the cardia the part of the
stomach that is to the right of them. ‘The inner membrane of the
pyloric cavity is similar to that of the cardiac, and is thrown into a
few ruge.

‘* Beyond the pylorus the mucous membrane of the intestine is for a
few inches slightly rugous like that of the stomach, it is then thrown
into decided transverse wavy ruge ; at five inches distance from the py-
lorus the duodenum receives the biliary and pancreatic secretions ona
mammillary eminence, three lines broad. Beyond this part the trans-
verse ruge are crossed by longitudinal ones, and the inner membrane
puts on a reticular appearance ; this dispositioncontinuesfor about six

32

feet, when the transverse folds gradually disappear, and the longitudi-
nal disposition predominates through the remainder of the smallintes-
tines. The whole length of this part of the canal, in the Dugong last
dissected, was twenty-seven feet; the diameter of the canal uniformly
about oneinch. The muscular coat throughout, two and a half lines
thick, the external longitudinal layer being half a line in thickness.
The cellular or nervous and mucous coats together were two lines in
thickness. The orifices of the intestinal glands described by Home,
(ut sup. p. 318,) were very distinct in the first specimen dissected,
arranged in a zig-zag line—thus .*.*.*.*.‘—-upon the mucous
membrane, along the side of the intestine next the mesentery, and
occasionally crossing from one side to the other of the line of attach-
ment; they were continued all the way to the cecum.

“It would seem that this appendage was present in all the her-
bivorous Cetacea; Steller describes it as of large size, and sacculated,
in the Northern Manatee (Stellerus). Daubenton has given a figure
of the bifid cecum in the Southern Manatee (Manatus Americanus).
It is interesting to observe that a caput-coli is present in those of
the true Cetacea, as the Balenide, which subsist on animal food of
the lowest organized kind.

“‘ Where the i/ium enters the caput-coli in the Dugong it is sur-
rounded by a sphincter almost as thick and strong as is that at the
cardia. The terminal orifice is transverse and irregular.

“The cecum is a conical cavity, but in neither instance was it so at-
tenuated at the extremity as in the specimen from which Sir E. Home’s
representation is taken. Its length six inches; diameter at the base
or entry of i/ivm four inches, The muscular coat increases rapidly
in thickness towards the apex, near which it is one inch in thickness ;
its inner surface is smooth, and there is no appearance of glands in the
mucous membrane. This circumstance, combined with its conical
form, its great muscularity, and complete serous outer covering, give
it a great resemblance to the left ventricle of the bullock’s heart.
Its capacity indeed is trifling as compared with the great development
of the rest of the large intestine; and it contains no particular
glandular structure; the chief peculiarity of this cecum is the
strength of its muscular tunic, and it might, without the simile
being far-fetched, be termed, in the Dugong, the heart of the large
intestines, since here its principal function is evidently to give a first
powerful impulse to the motion of the long column of matter con-
tained in the large intestines. There is no trace of a constriction
at the commencement of the colon above the ilio-czcal orifice ; but
the great intestine is continued for a little way of equal dimensions
with the base of the cecum, and then soon diminishes to a diameter
of one inch and a half, which continues to near the termination of
the canal, which becomes again wider to the anus. The parietes of
the large intestines are thinner than those of the small ; the muscular
coat consists of a thin layer of longitudinal, and a thicker layer of
circular fibres ; the mucous membrane is generally smooth.

“ Towards their termination the large intestines again become

30

wider. The inner membrane is produced into a few irregular folds,
and for half an inch within the anus is of dark leaden colour, the
pigmentum being apparently continued inwards for that extent.

« From the complexity of the stomach, the great extent of the
alimentary canal, its vast muscular power, and glandular appendages,
the digestive functions must be extremely vigorous inthis animal. ‘The
vigour of the digestive functions obviously relates, in the herbivorous
section of Cetacea, to the low organized indigestible character of their
nutriment ; but the complicated stomach and long intestinal canal of
the carnivorous Cetacea must have other relations than to the kind
of food. These modifications of the digestive system, for example,
cannot be so explained in the Grampus, which preys on the highly
organized mammalia of its own class. It is not to the nature of
the food, but to the quantity of nutriment that is required to be
obtained from it, that I conceive the peculiarities of the digestive
system in the carnivorous Cetacea to relate. In no other Carnivora
is the same quantity of blood, the same mass of fat to be eliminated
from the raw material of the food: the digestive system is, there-
fore, perfected in these warm-blooded carnivorous Mammalia to
meet the contingencies of their aquatic life.

«« The omentum is continued from the great curvature both of the
cardiac and pyloric divisions of the stomach; though short, it is
much more distinctly developed than in the carnivorous Cetacea ; it
contains no adipose matter.

«« The mesentery like the omentum was thin, with little fat, and a
few absorbent glands of the size of French beans were scattered in it.
The absorbents going to these glands were very small.”

Having described various other particulars connected with the chy-
lopoietic viscera, and the individual differences which they presented
in the three specimens dissected, Mr. Owen proceeded to observe as
follows :—

«« The views taken by Cuvier of the natural affinities of the Du-
gong and other herbivorous Cetacea, as expressed in his latest clas-
sification, in which they form part of the same order as the carnivo-
rous Cetacea, are undoubtedly questionable, and have been dissented
from by De Blainville and other eminent authorities in zoology. If,
indeed, the object of every good classification be, what Cuvier states
it to be, to epable the naturalist to express in general propositions
structures and attributes common to each given group, the conjunc-
tion of the Dugong with the Dolphin fails in this respect in regard
to almost all the important points of internal organization.

‘« Tt is this question which may give interest to the present ana-
tomical details, some of which are not new, and which I should not
have intruded upon the notice of the Society had they previously been
considered with reference to the important zoological question still
at issue.

“ In proceeding with our investigation of the abdominal viscera,
we find, with respect to the biliary organs, that the Dugong deviates
in a marked degree from the ordinary Cetacea in the presence of a

34

well-developed gall-bladder. Daubenton found a gall-bladder in the
Manatee; but the presence of this organ is not constant in the her-
bivorous Cetacea, for in the Northern Manatee (Stedlerus borealis,
Cuv.), according to Steller*, the gall-bladder is wanting, and its
absence seems to be compensated by the enormous width of the duc-
tus communis choledochus, which would admit the five fingers united.
The liver in the Dugong is more flattened, and more divided than in
the true whales. It consists of three lobes, with a small Spigelian lobu-
dus continued from the root of the left lobe. The middle of the three
lobes is the smallest, and presents a quadrate figure, with its free
margin projecting forwards, notched for the reception of the suspen-
sory and round ligament, and, in one of the specimens, obtusely
bifurcate ; it overhangs, as it were, the gall-bladder, which is lodged
in the middle of its concave or under surface. The gall-bladder was
four inches in length and one inch in diameter at its fundus; it re-
ceives the bile in a peculiar manner; not, as in other Mammalia, by
a junction of the cystic with the hepatic duct, with or without he-
pato-cystic ducts, but by two large hepato-cystic ducts exclusively,
which pierce its cervix obliquely, just as the ureters convey the renal
secretion to the urinary bladder. The orifices of the above ducts are
half an inch apart, and three inches distant from the fundus vesice.
The cervix contracts gradually into the cystic duct, which exclusively
conveys the bile to the intestine. It was six inches in length, and
two lines in diameter; but became dilated just before it entered the
duodenum, and, as it passed between the coats of that gut, its lining
membrane was developed into reticulate folds, presenting the only
appearance of a valvular structure in the course of the duct. Three
wide vene hepatice from the left side, and one on the right side of
the liver, join the inferior cava at the upper and posterior edge of the
liver, which is not perforated by that vein.

“In the Dugong No. 2, the pancreas, which was situated below
and behind the pyloric compartment of the stomach, was seven inches
in length; thick and obtuse at the splenic or left end, where its di-
ameter was two inches, and gradually becoming smaller towards the
duodenum. Its secretion is carried from the component lobules by
from twenty to thirty ducts, each about two lines in diameter, to a
very wide common excretory canal, which terminates below, but on
the same prominence, with the cystic duct; at a much, greater rela-
tive distance from the pylorus than in the true Cetacea. In one of
the Dugongs dissected by me I found two small accessory spleens,
in addition to the larger rounded one, which measured four inches
in length; but in the other specimens this alone was present.

CIRCULATING SYSTEM.

‘* All the three specimens presented the same remarkable extent of
separation of the two ventricles of the heart which Raffles and Home
have described in the individuals dissected by them, and which Riip-

* See Novi Commentarii Acad. Scient. Petrop, t. a. 1751.

35

pell* observed in the Dugong of the Red Sea (Halicore tabernaculi,
R.). This condition of the heart was first noticed by Daubenton in
the fetus of the Manatee; and is also described by the unfortunate
Steller in the genus worthily consecrated to his name, in which, how-
ever, the apical cleft of the heart extended upwards only one third
of the way towards the base. In the Dugong it reaches half-way
towards the base. The carnivorous Cetacea do not participate with
the herbivorous section in this interesting structure.

*« T found in each of the specimens that the foramen ovale was com-
pletely closed, and the ductus arteriosus reduced to a thick ligament-
ous chord, permeable for a short distance by an eye-probe from the
aorta, where a crescentic slit still represented the original communi-
cation. In the smoothness and evenness of their exterior, and their
general form, the auricles of the Dugong resemble those of the Turtle
(Chelone): the appendir can hardly be said to exist in either. The right
auricle is larger than the left; the musculi pectinatt are well deve-
loped, especially in the left: they are irregularly branched, and with
many of the small round fasciculi attached only by their two extre-
mities to the auricular parietes. The free wall of the right ventricle
scarcely exceeds at any part a line in thickness, and is in many places
even less. ‘The tricuspid valve is attached to three fleshy columns
by chorde tendinee given off from the sides and not the extremities
of the columne, both of which extremities are implanted in the walls
of the ventricles. There are several other columne carneeé passing
freely from one part of the ventricle to another, like the musculi pec-
tinati of the auricles, and which have no connection with the tricus-
pid valve. The mitral valve is adjusted to its office by attachments
to two short and transversely-extended columne. The thickness of
the parietes of the left ventricle varies from half an inch to an inch.
The valves at the origins of the great arteries present the usual struc-
ture. The primary branches from the arch of the aorta corresponded
in each specimen with the description and figure by Home. There
is one superior cava only, not two as in the elephant. The pulmo-
nary veins terminate in the left auricle by a common trunk an inch
in length,

«« With respect to the vascular system of the Cetacea, Hunter+,
speaking of the true whales, observes, ‘‘ Animals of this tribe have
a greater proportion of blood than any other known, and there are
many arteries apparently intended as reservoirs for arterial blood ;”
and then he proceeds to describe the extraordinary intercostal and
intravertebral plexuses in the true Cefacea. As no mention is made
in the anatomical descriptions of the herbivorous Cetacea, by Dau-
benton, Steller, Cuvier, Raffles, and Home, respecting the existence
or otherwise of similar plexuses in the several specimens examined
by them, I pursued with much interest this part of the dissection of
our Dugongs; but could detect no trace of this very striking modi-

* Beschreibung des im Rothen Meere vorkommenden Dugong. 4to. Frank-
furt, 1833, p. 106.
+ Philos. Trans. 1787, p.415.

36

fication of the intercostal vessels. Here again, in enunciating a
general anatomical proposition regarding Cuvier’s Cetacea, the her-
bivorous species must be exceptionally cited apart.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

‘«« The peculiar form, structure, and position of the lungs have been

so accurately described and figured by Raffles, Home, and Riippel,
that I have only to observe the close agreement with these accounts

which the structure of the parts presented i in the three Dugongs dis-
sected by me; Daubenton* and Humboldtt+ describe and figure a
precisely similar condition of the respiratory apparatus in the Ma-
natee. Steller describes the same extension of the lungs along the
dorsal aspect in the Stellerus, which he aptly compares to the posi-
tion of the lungs in the bird, but without their fixation to the pari-
etes of the chest, so characteristic of that class. The Chelonian
reptiles, perhaps, offer a closer resemblance { to the herbivorous Ce-
tacea in this respect; and it is worthy of remark that the air-cells
of the lungs are larger in the Dugong than in any other Mammals.
In the carnivorous Cetacea the air-cells are remarkably minute, and
the lungs more compactly shaped and lodged in a shorter thoraz.

«« Existing, as both the herbivorous and carnivorous Cetacea do, un-
der such peculiar circumstances,—as air-breathing animals constantly
dwelling in an element the access of which to the lungs would be
immediately fatal,—it might be supposed that the mechanism of the
laryna, or entry to the air-passage, would be similarly modified in all
the species, in order to meet the contingencies of their aquatic ex-
istence. But we can as little predicate a community of organization
in the structure of this part as of the circulating or digestive systems
in the Cetacea of Cuvier. The Dugong and the Dolphin present, in
fact, the two extremes in the Mammiferous class, in the develope-
ment of the epiglottis, which is one of the chief internal character-
istics of that class. In the true Cetacea, and the Delphinide in par-
ticular, it is remarkable for its great length, while in the Dugong it
can hardly be said to exist at all. As the larynx, however, has only
been noticed cursorily in the previous anatomical accounts of the
Dugong, I beg to offer a description of this part, as it appeared
in the three specimens dissected.

«The glottis is very small and presents the form of the letter T, the
superior transverse part of the opening being, however, crescentic
instead of straight, with the horns extended a little way outside of
the vertical slit. This is bounded on each side by the thin convex
borders of the arytenoid cartilages ; the epiglottis makes a short ob-
tuse pyramidal projection in front of the glottis; on each side of this
projection there is a slightly-produced crescentic fold cf the mucous

* Buffon, vol. xiii.

+ Wiegmann’s Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 1838, pl. ii. fig. 5

{ This resemblance is further exemplified in the shortness of the trachea,
the completeness of its cartilaginous rings, the length of the bronchial tubes,
and the extension of their cartilaginous structure far into the substance of
the lungs in the Dugong.

37

membrane; exterior to this fold the pharyngeal membrane is puck-
ered up into numerous minute irregular plications, in the intervals
of which are the orifices of numerous mucous follicles, which are also
scattered about the immediate neighbourhood of the glottis.

«In the largest Dugong dissected (No. 2.), the thyroid, cricoid, and
arytenoid cartilages presented several bony granulations, scattered
irregularly through their substance : in older animals their ossification
may become more complete.

_ The mesial fissure, which is commonly present in other Mammalia
at the inferior margin of the thyroid, is here continued through the
whole of that cartilage, dividing it into two distinct lateral moieties,
connected above by dense fibrous texture, and below by membrane
merely and cellular and adipose tissue. Each portion presents an
irregular elongated rhomboidal figure, of which one extremity forms
the point of junction with its fellow above-mentioned, while the oppo-
site angle is prolonged into the inferior cornu, and is similarly
and closely connected by a strong ligament to a prominence on the
side of the cricozd cartilage ; the intermediate angle on the posterior
margin of the thyroid feebly represents the superior cornu. Length
of the thyroid cartilage, 2 inches 9 lines; breadth of each lobe, 1 inch
3 lines. The cricoid cartilage is the largest; it forms a complete
ring. The broad posterior surface is not rounded, but bent so as to
offer three facets, one narrow in the middle, which expands above
and below, and two broad lateral ones; and the inferior margin de-
scribes three straight lines. ‘The superior margin is very thick, and
presents on each side an elliptical, convex, articular surface for the
arytenoid cartilage. ‘The anterior margin of the cricoid is rounded
and convex, and slightly notched above. Longitudinal diameter of
the cricoid posteriorly, 1 inch 9 lines; ditto anteriorly, 8 lines: cir-
cumference of cricoid, 6 inches. Each arytenoid cartilage is in form
of a short irregular three-sided pyramid; the inner surface flat, the
anterior and outer surface convex; the posterior and outer surface
concave; the base is excavated, to fit the articular convexity of the
cricoid, with which it is connected by a synovial and fibrous capsule ;
the apex is compressed and extended in the antero-posterior direc-
tion; it forms the convex lateral margin of the glottis above de-
scribed. A short space, however, intervenes between the anterior
part of the arytenoid, and the thyroid cartilages, which is occupied
as usual by an elastic, dense, and pretty thick chorda vocalis, and
the investing laryngeal membrane. There is a small pit between
the anterior attachments of the chorde, but no sacculus is developed
from this or any other part of the Jarynz. The mucous membrane
of the larynx is smooth for the extent of five lines after it is re-
flected over the apical margins of the arytenoid cartilages, and then
begins suddenly to be disposed in numerous narrow plice, which in-
crease in breadth as they descend into the trachea, and are arranged
somewhat obliquely, diverging in a penniform manner from the mid-
dle line of the anterior surface of the tube. At the back part of the
larynz and trachea these ruge are longitudinal.

‘The epiglottis cannot be said to exist as a distinct cartilage in the

38

Dugong; the small pyramidal prominence in front of the glottis is
formed by a ligamentous or fibrous substance, the boundaries of
which cannot be defined, as it passed insensibly into the cellular sub-
stance filling the posterior interspace of the divisions of the thyroid,
of which cellular substance it seems to be a mere condensation. The
usual muscle, called Ayo-epiglottideus, is, however, continued from
the anterior part of this pseudo-epiglottis. The distance from the in-
sertion of the chorde vocales to the apew of the epiglottis is 9 lines.
The muscles of the /arynz are powerfully developed. The aryteno-
idet obliqui and transversi are represented by a single pair of mus-
cles, which derive a broad and extensive origin from the posterior
and external ridges of the arytenoid cartilages, and converge to be
inserted into a small round cartilage in the posterior interspace of
the arytenoids. ‘These muscles, through the advantage afforded to
them by this middle fixed fulcrum (which ought therefore to be re-
garded as their point of origin), act with great power upon the ary-
tenoid cartilages, drawing them together, and thus forcibly closing
the narrow glottis. They are directly opposed by strongly developed
thyreo-arytenoidei, which pass obliquely backwards from the internal
and interior part of each division of the thyroid cartilages to the pos-
terior and outer part of the arytenoids, which they draw apart, and
thus open the glottis. The crico-arytenoidei arise from the anterior
border of the cricoid, and are so inserted as to draw the arytenoidei
forwards as well as outwards. The crico-thyroidei cover the whole
of the fore part of the cricoid cartilage. The sterno-thyroidei, and
thyreo-hyoidei are extremely powerful.

“The thyroid gland formed an irregular bilobed mass, the greater
part of which lies in front of the conjoined bronchial divisions of the
trachea, ‘There are but three true tracheal rings anterior to the bi-
furcation of the air-tube: of these, the first of these is remarkable
for its superior size, which forms an intermediate transition between
the cricoid and the second tracheal ring. The tube is somewhat
flattened from before backwards; its circumference is 5 inches; its
antero-posterior diameter 1 inch. In the Balenide the tracheal
rings are deficient at the anterior part of their circumference. The
spiral disposition of the cartilages of the air-tubes, of which Home
has given a figure, in the Dugong, is described with more detail by
Steller in the Northern Manatee, It is a structure which best
facilitates the lengthening and shortening of the lungs, whose change
of bulk in respiration, owing to their peculiar form and position, pro-
bably takes place chiefly in that direction.

“* Amongst the true Cetacea we have observed that it is those which
subsist on the lowest organized animal substance, as the Balenide,
which approach the nearest to the herbivorous species, in having the
additional complexity of the cecum celi; and it is interesting to find
that the same affinity is manifested in the structure of the Jaryne.
The epiglottis and arytenoid cartilages, for example, are relatively
shorter in the Balenoptera than in Delphinus; and, as Mr. Hunter
has observed, they are connected together by the membranes of the
laryne only at their base; and not wrapped together or surrounded

.

39

by that membrane as far as their apices, as in the Dolphins. In the
Balenoptera also, the apices of these cartilages are not expanded, as
in the Dolphins, but diminish to an obtuse extremity. These points
of resemblance to the condition of the Jarynz in the Dugong and
Manatee are carried still farther in the Mysticete Whale, at least in
the fetus dissected by me, and in which both the epig/ottis and ary-
tenoid cartilages were relatively much shorter, and the thyroid car-
tilage larger and more convex than in the Piked Whale (Balenoptera).
The thyroid cartilage is, however, a single piece in both genera of
Balenide, though deeply notched above and below; and the larynx
presents several interesting individual peculiarities, which, however,
the minute and accurate descriptions and illustrations of this organ
in both the Balenoptere and Balene, published by Prof. G. Sandi-
fort*, preclude the necessity of further dwelling upon.

Uropoirtic SysTEM.

«Tf we were acquainted with the structure of the urinary organs
of the herbivorous Cetacea as it is exemplified in the Dugong alone,
we should have to establish as marked a distinction in this respect
between them and the true Cetacea, as in the preceding organic
systems. Instead of the numerous and minute l/obuli or renules,
into which the kidney is subdivided in the Dolphins and Whales, it
presents in the Dugong a simple, compact form, with an unbroken
external surface; the tubuli wriniferi terminate upon two lateral se-
ries of eleven Mammille, which project into a single elongated cavity
or pelvis, from which the ureter is continued. The accurate Stellert,
however, describes the kidney in the Northern Manatee as being
subdivided, like that of the Seal and Sea-Otter. John Huntert also
ascribes a similar lobulated structure to the Manatee, including it
with the Seal and White Bear among the animals occasionally inha-
biting the water. Daubenton§, however, in his anatomical descrip-
tion of the Manatus Americanus, merely observes : “ Les reins (A. pl.
lviii. fig. 6.) étoient oblongs et placés l’un vis-a-vis l'autre” ; and his
figure gives no indication of the lobulated structure. Home does
not notice this interesting point in his Anatomy of the Manatee||.
This want of uniformity in the structure of the kidney in the her-
bivorous Cetacea is, however, of less moment with reference to their
natural affinities ; since in the Pachyderms we find some species, as
the Rhinoceros, and, though in a less degree, the Elephant, present-
ing a subdivided kidney, while others, as the Tapir and Hog, have it
entire.

GENERATIVE SYSTEM.

«The generative organs being those which are most remotely re-
lated to the habits and food of an animal, I have always regarded as
affording very clear indications of its true affinities. We are the

* Nieuwe Verhandelingen der Koninklitk, Niederlandishe Instituut, Deel.
iii. p. 224, pl. I.—V.

+ Loe. cit. . t On Whales, Phil. Trans., 1787, p. 412.

§ Buffon, xiii. p. 428. || Phil. Trans., 1821.

40

least likely, in the modifications of these organs, to mistake a merely
adaptive for an essential character. The true Cetacea, as is well
known, have no trace of vesicule seminales; but I found these bags
present and of large size in the male specimen of our Dugongs.
These accessory secerning vesicles measured each four inches in
length, and two inches in diameter at their fundus, where they were
widest, and their glandular parietes thickest. The internal surface
of the remainder of the cavity was reticulated. The vasa deferentia
are short, and disposed in irregular convolutions. Each crus penis
was attached to the lower expanded extremity of the ischia, which
were anchylosed to the i/ia on each side*. In the true Cetacea the
retractores penis run along the sides to the under surface of the pe-
nis ; while in the Dugong the corresponding muscles are inserted
into the dorsum penis, as in the elephant: they meet and join in a
strong tendon half way between the crus and the glans penis. In
the true Cetacea the body of the penis consists of a single corpus ca-
vernosum, grooved above for the passage of the vena dorsalis, and
more deeply excavated below for the lodgement of the urethra and
its surrounding vascular structure. But the Dugong presents a
marked deviation from the cetaceous structure of the same part,
which presents in a transverse section a division of the corpus caver-
nosum into two lateral portions, with a middle ligamentous septum,
as in the Pachyderms ; the vascular and erectile tissue also bears a
greater proportion to the surrounding ligamentous structure than in
the true Cetacea.

“In the Dugong the ducts of the vesicule seminales and testes
communicate together before terminating in the urethra.

** Daubentont has given a figure of the vesicule seminales in the
Foetal Manatee. Steller does not describe the parts of generation
in the Stedlerus.

“« The testes are abdominal in the Dugong, asin the rest of the Ce-
tacea; but they also have a similar position in the Elephant.

Ossrovus System.

« After the excellent and elaborate descriptions of the osteology of
the Dugong, by Cuvier, Riippel, and others, but little remains to be
said on this subject. The bones are chiefly remarkable, as in the
Manatee, for their dense texture, and the non-development of me-
dullary cavities in them: this reptile-like condition of the skeleton
is further exemplified in the loose connexion of the bones of the
head. The bones are not loaded with oil, as in the Cetacea. All
the specimens presented 7 cervical and 19 costal vertebre, corre-
sponding to the 19 pairs of ribs; but the number of the remaining
vertebre exceeded that ascribed to the Dugong by Home and Cu-
vier, there being at least 30, making in all 55. Riippell assigns to

* The separate conditions of these rudimental pelvic bones in the Du-
gong is shown in Mr. Clift’s figure of the Skeleton of the young Female
Dugong. In the true Cetacea the parts analogous to ‘the ischia are alone
present: they serve a similar purpose to that in the Dugong.

+ Loc. cit., pl. lviii. fig. 6.

41

the Halicore Tabernaculi, 7 cervical, 19 dorsal, 3 lumbar, 3 pelvic,
and 27 caudal vertebre; in all 59 vertebre. J found, as he also
describes, that the first four pairs of ribs reached the sternum, through
the medium of cartilages; all the others terminated freely in the mass
of abdominal muscles: the 10th to the 15th are the longest, the last
is the shortest. The affinity of the Dugong to the Pachydermata is
thus again illustrated by the great number of the ribs. The lower
jaw is articulated to the cranium by a true synovial capsule, reflected
over cartilaginous surfaces, and not, as in the carnivorous Cetacea,
by a coarse and oily ligamentous substance.

DENTITION.

«¢ My attention was particularly directed to the state of the denti-
tion in the Dugongs of different sexes, which I have thus had the
good fortune to examine; from which it would appear that, as in
the Narwhal, the permanent tusks of the female are arrested in their
growth, and remain throughout life concealed within the substance
of the intermaxillary bones and the alveolar integument. The ca-
vity of the tusk is in like manner filled up by the secretion of the
pulp which retrogrades in the course of its absorption, and hence
the tusks are solid, like the corresponding tusks in the female Nar-
whal, or at least present only a shallow cavity at their expanded
and distorted base. The form of the tusk from this part is irregu-
larly cylindrical, and it diminishes to an obtuse point at the opposite
or lower extremity, which is perceptible only in the dry skull.

“ It is remarkable that in all cases the external parietes of the als
veolus of the abortive tusk is wanting opposite its base, and this
occurs even in the young female Dugong, when the base of the per-
manent tusk is near the lower extremity of the deflected portion of
the intermaxillary bone; but as the pulp and the base of the tooth
ascend, (or rather appear to ascend, in consequence of the elonga-
tion of the bone and the teeth,) the vacuity also ascends, and is situ-
ated in the adult at the upper part of the external surface of the de-
flected portion of the intermaxillary bone*. In the male the per-
manent tusks project beyond the jaws, and manifest, by the deep
conical cavity at their base, the persistence of the formative pulp
and their continual growth and renovation. These tusks also differ
from those of the female, in not being expanded at their bases, but
continuing of uniform diameter from one end to the other; the pro-
jecting extremities of the tusks are bevelled off from within, out-
wards and downwards, and terminate in a sharp chisel-edge. Only
a very small portion of the tusk projects from the jaw, (in which
circumstance the Narwhal differs most widely from the Dugong,) at
least seven-eighths of the tusk are imbedded in its socket, and the
socket is entire throughout its whole extent, the exterior of the in-
termaxillary bones generally presenting an unbroken surface, which,

* The skull of the female Dugong figured by Riippell (Coc. cit.) exhibits
this characteristic vacuity in the parietes of the socket of the tusk. The
contained teeth were cylindrical and conical.

42

independently of the projecting tusks, unerringly characterizes the
skull of the male Dugong.

«It has been suggested that the use of the projecting tusks in the
Dugong is to detach fuci from the rocks to which they adhere:
one can hardly, however, assign any important function in relation
to nutrition to parts which are limited to the male sex; but it must
be remembered that the function was assigned by a physiologist who
supposed that the tusks in question were specific and not sexual
characters, and that the imperfect tusks, which are peculiar to the
female, were the predecessors of the projecting tusks, and, in fact,
deciduous teeth. This opinion of Sir Everard Home was first called
in question by Dr. Knox*, who, having detected the supposed de-
ciduous tusks in the head of a nearly full-grown Dugong, rejected with
great justice the opinion of Home, that they are deciduous teeth ;
and he truly observes, that no evidence had been given to prove
the existence of deciduous tusks at all in the Dugongt.

«<I need hardly observe that the tusks of the Dugong, being im-
planted in the intermaxillary bones, are to be regarded, like the tusks
of the Elephant, as incisors. Now both sexes of the Dugong, as of
the Elephant, do, in fact, possess deciduous or milk-tusks, but they
are much smaller than the female permanent tusks or supposed de-
ciduous teeth of Home.

“In a recent cranium of a male Dugong, sent to the Zoological
Society in spirits, I found in the upper jaw the deciduous incisors
or tusks coexisting with the permanent ones. They were loosely
lodged, by one extremity, in conical sockets immediately anterior to
those of the permanent tusks, and adhered by their opposite ends
to the integument, which externally presented no protuberance or
other indication of them. They were two inches in length, slightly
curved, subcylindrical, tapering to both extremities, the fang-end
being the smallest, and perforated by an aperture leading to the ex-
tremely contracted cavity in which the remnant of the exhausted
matrix was lodged. From a comparison of the jaws of the dissected
specimens, and several crania of different ages, it appears that not
more than 20 grinders are developed in the Dugong, viz. 5 on each
side of each jaw. Of these the first is shed before the last or fifth
comes into use. In the dry skull I have seen the last molar pro-
jecting from its socket, before either the deciduous incisor or the
first molar had been shed, but its crown presented the primitive
tuberculate aper, and had not penetrated the gum. ‘The molares
increase very regularly in size from the first to the last. The fang
of the first and second is soon completed and solidified by the pro-
gressive absorption of the pulp: that of the third retains for a longer
period its pulp and expanded conical cavity, but it becomes at length
contracted to a point, and is pushed out; the fourth and fifth mo-

* Edinb. Phil. Trans, xi. p. 389.

} “The milk-tusks of the Dugong have never been seen by any one;
that is, I have not heard of the existence of any preparation showing the
germs of the milk or permanent teeth, together or in succession.”—Dr.
Knox, loc. cit, p. 398.

43

lares, which may be regarded as the permanent teeth, retain through
the greater period of life the wide conical cavity for their pulp, thus
resembling the grinders of the Hdentata: the pulp of the last molar
becomes, in the progress of its development, extended in the antero-
posterior direction, and contracted transversely in the middle, so as
to give a sub-bilobed form to the mature grinder. Thus the molar
teeth of the Dugong succeed each other, as in the Elephant and true
Cetacea, in the horizontal, not in the vertical direction. The first
deciduous molares are shed before the deciduous incisors. They
are always much eaten away by the absorbents, especially about the
neck,

«In the skull of a male Dugong which had molares = the sock-

ets of the deciduous incisors were obliterated, and the points of the
permanent ones projected from their sockets.

«In only one out of seven crania of the Dugong which I have ex-
amined, have I found incisors in the lower jaw; they were two in
number, one in the corresponding socket of each ramus, which sock-
ets were much deeper than the rest. These teeth were smaller and
more bent than the deciduous incisors of the upper jaw. ‘They are
obviously analogous to the rudimental teeth which have been de-
scribed in the jaws of the foetal Whale. TheDugong in which these
were found was eight feet in length; the remaining six toothless al-
veoli in the anterior part of the lower jaw were also present, though
much shallower than those containing the teeth. In the other re-
cent heads examined by me, the alveoli in the deflected portion
of the lower jaw contained ligamentous processes given off from
the internal surface of the thick callous integument covering that
part of the jaw: they serve the purpose of fixing more firmly to
the bone this dense and almost horny plate, which is beset exter-
nally with short coarse bristles, and is doubtless used in scraping
and tearing off the sea-weeds and other alimentary substances which
may be fixed to the rocks.

** It is cbvious that the different form and condition of the tusks thus
observed in the heads of Dugongs of the same size and age, might be
regarded as indicating a specific instead of a sexual difference. Dr.
Knox inclines to the former opinion*; I have however adopted the
latter view, not hastily or hypothetically, but as the result of a mi-
nute comparison of the forms and proportions of all the crania which
have come under my observation, and of which I have embodied the
principal results in the subjoined table.

* This able comparative anatomist observes, “The tusks differ as much
in form in the two crania, as the tusks of the Asiatic Elephant differ from
those of the African one, and therefore naturalists would say, that these
animals must be specifically different.” I hesitate, however, in asserting
this positively, and would rather say that it amounts with other data, such
as the belief, on the part of the Malays, in whose seas these animals reside,
that, to a great probability, there are two distinct species of Dugong now
inhabiting the Eastern Ocean.—loc. cit. p. 395.

4

Male.* Female.+ Male, ¢

Molares >> Molares = Molares =
Cranium. in. lin.} in, lin. | in. lin.
Length of the cranium .......sseciessccsscssscoassenes 13 11/14 8/14 6
From the occipital crest to the upper border of
the nasal aperture............. pivasaneecnwees Peres 4 10} 5 0} 5 O
Length of nasal aperture ......c0sc0- eeeee aca 4 0} 5§ 0} 5 O
Breadph Of, dit. ope cae sands depadas«aysnessaaaae PRY aT 1h) is) Manel goes
From the lower border of the nasal aperture to
the end of the intermaxillary bone ......... Ene se FEED EO Ee SH
Breadth Of occiput ....csscoscsecssecsceseesees Dep enees 5 OO; 5 4); 5 10
Smallest interspace of the temporal ridges......... 2. Dol. BL pd eae
Greatest distance between zygomatic arches ...... (IR TO Ver fat! IU hanes ne
Greatest distance between postorbital processes
ofthe frontal bone .....-ccccsccenceostsarsesese aor 7} 6 O| 6 44
Lower Jaw.
From the condyle to the lower part of the sym-
DIYS eecass <sputeyaess Wonpsesoes tans preaeeannasinesee 7 lylOee Gl Te 9S.
From the condyle to the base of the ascending
POU Ses nodes aveesaanesetess Seateae ane nce cararsenmedace OL 6 264 "GFW GE
Breadth of ascending ramus ..... Mostdececceveear tee 2°10} 25°10] 3° 0
Length of dental (molar) series .........-..4++ edo 27 Oat tA Or 2G
Length of sloping symphysis ... ceaall’ 4746") oO) iia Gee
Breadthsot GiGt0. 9 sp scaccncaostcuasscisasas svaayeveas oes 22 2s Gah aaa
From outside of one condyle to that of the other| 6 3] 6 6/7 O
From the condyloid to the coronoid process ...... ZED DAA Shs Staew

** The short and thick neck, fin-like fore-legs, want of hind-legs,
caudal tegumentary fin, smooth, naked, and almost hairless integu-
ment, are all modifications of external form, by which the Dugongs
and Manatees are adapted to play their part in the waters: but the
kind of part which they are to play in that element depends on or-
ganic characters which mainly if not exclusively reveal their true
affinities. Now we have seen that the whole of the internal struc-
ture in the herbivorous Cetacea differs as widely from that of the
carnivorous Cefacea, as do their habits: that the amount of varia-
tion is as great as well could be in animals of the same class, exist-

* Deciduous and permanent tusks in place; the first molar, left side,
lower jaw shed. Outer wall of sockets of permanent tusks entire.

+ Deciduous tusks shed and their sockets obliterated; the points of the
permanent tusks protruding from their sockets: the shallow cavity at their
base exposed by the absorption of the wall of the socket at that part.

t Sockets of deciduous tusks obliterated, permanent ones protruded to
the usual extent and worn by use: their sockets entire.

§ This dimension increases as the intermaxillary bones are lengthened
in the antero-posterior direction.

|| The increase of this dimension is due to the greater development of
the lower part of the intermaxillary bones in correspondence with the sexual
condition of the tusk,

{| This dimension of course diminishes with the increased development
of the temporal muscles consequent upon the fitness of the tusk for use.

** The increasing breadth of the last molar compensates for the loss of
the small anterior molars.

45

ing in the same great deep. The junction of the Dugongs and
Manatees with the true Whales cannot therefore be admitted in a
distribution of animals according to their organization. With much
superficial resemblance they have little real or organic resemblance
to the Walrus, which exhibits an extreme modification of the am-
phibious carnivorous type. I conclude, therefore, that the Dugong
and its congeners must either form a group apart, or be joined, as
in the classification of M. De Blainville, with the Pachyderms, with
which the herbivorous Cetacea have the nearest affinities, and to
which they seem to have been more immediately linked by the now
lost genus Deinotherium.”

Zool. Soe.|Zool. Soc.

Zool. Soc.
Female. | Male.
Admeasurements. Raffles. | No. 1. No.2. | No. 3.

1831. | 1937. | 1838.

ft. Sto eeealic || (tte 10,
Ga 1 oR” Past rere 10s
4 8

me
S

i—) SOSH UMCON TRH DMHEAAAMOP OW eo oo:

ft.
. Total length of the animal ......... 8
. Greatest circumference ....+e...-eeees 6
. Length of head from nostrils to occi-
PUE ...ccceccecececsesceerenrecseeseesonces 1
. Length of head from nostrils to end
Of SOUL ....ccseseceseeverecererscsceuces
» Width Of SnOUt ....cseeeceseeeeeseeeens 0
. Depth of snout ....c.seseeeeeeeeeeeeees 0
- Length of Chin ......secsessecesseeeees 0
0
0

wres

Le

co
i=)
oo
nom

tol tol tol

- Breadth of Chin ......secsescecseseeeees
. Distance from nostrils to the eyes...
10. Distance from eyes to ears. «........
11. Distancefrom eyes to flipper. ......... 1
12. Length of the flippers 1
13. Breadth of flippers .......sssescseceeees 0
14. Breadth across belly from fin to fin.) 1
15. Distance between the mamme@ ...... 1
2
1
2
1

Oos1 Ho

ROI tO BOI tol
Bol tole bolle

16. Breadth of tail from tip to tip ......
17. Circumference of root of tail.........
18. Distance from anus to centre of tail
19. Distance from anus to penis ......+..
20. Total length of intestines ............ 115
21. Total length of small with ce@cum...| 44
22. Total length of large ...-:.sssesseeeee 72
23. Total length of large with cecum...
24. From end of snout to flipper ......... 2
25. Circumference of neck .......sss0eeee 2
26. Diameter of orifice of eye-lids ...... 0

CONFNFErF Or OcoocooooSo
_—

27S «6
50 0

SEONWDWOOKR KE UORK NOH RK Oo OO Or

we

Some prepared specimens belonging to the genera Siphunculus
and Asterias, collected by Mr. Harvey upon the Devonshire coast,
and presented to the Society, were upon the table, to which Mr. Owen
drew the attention of the Meeting. The Chairman read an extract
of a letter from the former gentleman, in which he stated that a con-
siderable number of the Red-band Fish (Cepola rubescens) had been
picked up on the beach near Teignmouth. One of these specimens
sent by Mr. Harvey was exhibited by Mr. Yarrell, who observed

46

that these fish are rarely captured, owing to their keeping very near
the bottom, and their shape allowing them to pass through the
meshes of the fishermen’s nets. In severe storms, however, shoals
of this Cepola are sometimes killed by being driven against the bot-
tom, or dashed against the rocks, and are then thrown on shore dead.
Mr. Yarrell remarked that he had heard of two or three instances
of this kind recently occurring on the British coast.

47

April 10, 1838.
Rev. John Barlow in the Chair.

The first communication laid before the meeting was a description
by Mr. Owen of the organs of deglutition in the Giraffe, being a
supplementary note to his former memoir on the anatomy of that
animal.

Mr. Owen observes that since the Giraffes have been at the Gar-
dens, they have not been known to utter vocal sounds, except once,
at the time of coition, when the male uttered a cry like that of the
Deer; and the incapacity of the species in this respect would seem
to be indicated by the structure of the glottis, the rima of which
is permanently open for the space of a line, so that the chords
cannot be brought into mutual apposition.

The modifications of the organs of deglutition accompanying this
open condition of the fissure leading into the windpipe are very re-
markable, and unlike any of the few deviations from the ordinary
structures of the fauces and glottis hitherto noticed by anatomists
in other animals (as in the Elephant, Camels, Cetacea and certain
Rodentia, &c.).

On looking down the mouth into the fauces the cavity appears to
be as completely closed as in the Capibara; but instead of narrowing
in an infundibular form to a small circular depression, it is termi-
nated by a transverse slit through which projects a soft, rounded,
valvular ridge, formed by the broad superior margin of the epiglotiis,
which is folded down upon itself at that part. The surface of the
fauces is broken by large risings and depressions, or is coarsely
corrugated.

On looking at the velum palati from behind, it is seen to descend
to the margins of the glottis in the interspace between the epig/ottis
and the large arytenoid cartilages ; and on raising the soft palate, a
small process, or rudimental wvvla, is seen, continued from the middle
of its inferior margin into the open laryngeal fissure ; but it only fits
into the posterior part of this open fissure; the anterior part is
defended by two processes of the mucous membrane of the larynwx
which are continued from the angle between the epiglottis and glot-
tis. ‘These processes are thick, of a triangular form, with their apices
turned backwards and inwards, so as to cover and close the anterior
part of the glottis: when the soft palate is raised to bring them
into view they seem like two accessory epiglottides; but they consist
merely of a duplicature, of mucous membrane.

At the posterior part of the soft palate there is an oval glandular
body about one inch in long diameter.

The tonsils are well-developed glands communicating with the
fauces by a single wide opening, or fossa, and thus exhibiting a

No, LXIV.—Procerpines or THE ZooLoGicaL Society.

48

higher type of structure than they present in the human subject,
where the mucous follicles terminate by several separate apertures.
They are two inches in length and one in breadth.

Mr. Owen then proceeded to read the first part of a paper on
the Anatomy of the Apteryx; the body of that bird having recently
been presented to the Society’s Museum by the Earl of Derby. The
results of the anatomical examination, communicated to the Meeting
on this occasion, embrace a detailed description of the parts con-
nected with the digestive apparatus.

Commencing with the beak, Mr. Owen notices the general super-
ficial resemblance which it bears to that of the Curlew and Ibis,
though it differs essentially from this organ in the slender-billed
waders, by having the perforations of the nostrils near the apez,
and the base covered with a cere. The cere terminates anteriorly
in a concave or lunated curve, resembling that of the Rhea. Two
narrow grooves extend from the angles or cresses of the cere along
each side of the mandible, the upper groove being continued to the
truncated extremity of the mandible, the lower one leading into the
external nostril, which forms, as it were, the dilated termination of
the groove, and this occupies a position of which there is no other
known example throughout the class of birds.

The cere was about an inch in length, furnished at its sides with
short stiff plumes and hairs, while at its base a number of long black
bristles are given off, the presence of which, in conjunction with the
extension of sensitive skin upon the beak, is considered by Mr.
Owen to indicate the importance of the sense of touch to the Apte-
ryx, and to correspond with the account given of its nocturnal
habits. The general form of the beak is adapted for insertion into
crevices and holes, in search of insects, which were found to consti-
tute in part the contents of the gizzard.

The tongue, as in all the struthious birds, was short and simple,
yet presented nevertheless a greater relative development. It was
of a compressed, narrow, elongated, triangular form, with the aper
truncate and slightly notched; the lateral and posterior margins
entire: 8 lines in length, 4 lines broad at the base, 1 line across
the apex. The anterior half consisted of a simple plate of a white,
semitransparent, horny substance, gently concave above; behind
this the exterior covering, which is lost in, or blended with, the
horny plate, gradually becomes distinct, and assumes the character
of a mucous membrane: it was reflected over the posterior margin
of the tongue, forming a crescentic fold, with the concavity towards
the glottis; but here, as well as on every other part of the tongue,
it was devoid of spines or papille. The lining membrane of the
pharynz, behind the glottis, formed two elongate, square-shaped,
smooth, thick, and apparently glandular folds or processes, the ob-
tuse free margins of which project backwards, like lappels, into the
pharynz ; beyond which the lining membrane is produced into close-
set, narrow, somewhat wavy, longitudinal folds.

The esophagus at its upper extremity was half an inch in diameter,

49

but rapidly diminished to a breadth of three lines, of which size it
continued to the commencement of the proventriculus ; its position
was to the right of the cervical vertebra, and a little behind and to
the right of the trachea, to which latter it was closely connected.

The muscular coat of the esophagus was about half a line in thick-
ness, and its fibres were arranged in two layers; in the internal
layer the fibres presented a longitudinal arrangement, while in the
external their disposition was circular. The length of the tube was
about eight inches, and its dilatibility was indicated by the lining
membrane being disposed in narrow longitudinal ruge.

The proventriculus was one inch two lines in length and half an
inch in diameter, and situated in the avis of the esophagus, of which
it formed an immediate continuation; the gastric glands were de-
veloped around its entire circumference, their orifices opening in the
meshes of a reticulated surface, produced by the longitudinal ruge
of the ceseophageal membrane, changing their character after entering
the proventriculus, and branching, as it were, over its surface.

The stomach was small, measuring less than two inches both in
its longitudinal and transverse diameters: in shape it had more
the character of a membranous stomach than of a gizzard, being
of a regular oval-rounded form. The muscular fibres were not ar-
ranged in the definite masses called digastrict and laterales, but
radiated from two tendinous centres of about two-thirds of an inch
in the longest diameter. Upon the inner surface of the gizzard were
two protuberances, one at the lower and one at the upper end of the
posterior part. The situation of the latter was such with respect
to the cardiac and pyloric openings, that Mr. Owen conceives it
would tend to close these openings during the forcible contraction
of the fibres at the upper part of the gizzard, and thus probably in
some measure regulate the passage of food into this cavity, by re-
taining a portion in the proventriculus, until the gizzard should have
become emptied of its previous contents.

A narrow pyloric passage of about three lines in length extended
from the upper extremity of the gizzard into the duodenum; there
was no sphincter present, and no pyloric pouch, as in the Ostrich,
but the cuticle was continued into the duodenum about three lines
beyond the pylorus.

Upon removing the abdominal muscles, the two lobes of the liver
were seen to occupy the anterior part of the cavity, extending from
above the notches of the sternum, to midway between the sternum
and the cloaca.

The stomach was entirely concealed by a large omental adipose
process, continued from that of the peritoneum, and upon the longi-
tudinal division of which so much of the stomach was exposed as
projected between the lobes of the liver; its position was towards
the left side of the abdomen.

The space below the stomach and liver was occupied by long and
simple loops of intestine, extending obliquely and nearly parallel
with each other from the upper and right to the lower and left side

50

of the abdomen. The lowest and largest superficial loop was formed
by the duodenum, and the whole were hid by an omental covering
thickly charged with fat.

The interspace of the duodenum was occupied by the two lobes of
a narrow and elongated pancreas, the pointed extremity of the an-
terior lobe extending freely beyond the bend of the duodenum, and
immediately beneath it appeared the end of the rectum and cloaca.

Upon dissecting away the omental processes and raising the ex-
posed loops of intestine, the rectum was seen extending forwards
about two inches along the mesial line, and then receiving the zdiwm
and extremities of two ceca: the anterior half only of the rectum had
an investment of peritoneum.

Upon raising the liver, and drawing aside the stomach, the duo-
denal loop was seen extending in a curved direction, and about four
inches in length, from the right side of the gizzard as before noticed ;
having formed that loop, the intestine bends abruptly backwards,
upon itself to the right, and then forms a second loop three and a
half inches long, which is continued down the right side of the ab-
domen. ‘Three similar but somewhat shorter loops are there formed
to the left of the preceding, after which the intestine returns to near
the commencement of the duodenum behind the stomach, and close
to the root of the mesentery, whence it descends to form a fifth long
loop situated at the left side of the abdomen behind the others, and
then becoming looser terminates after a short convolution in the
rectum.

The c@ca were each five inches in length, and attached throughout
their whole extent to different parts of the last folds of the ilium.

The small intestines had a general diameter of three lines, their
size slightly diminishing on approaching the rectum. ‘The ceca at
their commencement rather exceeded in diameter that of the ¢/iwm,
their capacity slightly increasing to near their blind extremities,
where, having attained the diameter of about five lines, they sud-
denly taper to an obtuse point. The anterior half of the rectum
was contracted and the lining membrane thrown into longitudinal
folds, but these gradually subsided in the second or dilated portion.
The rectum communicated with the urinary dilatation by a small
semilunar aperture, from which several short rug@ radiated. This
compartment of the cloaca was not expanded into a large receptacle
as in the Ostrich, but offered the same proportional size as in the
Emeu, measuring about two-thirds of an inch in length and the
same in diameter. The external compartment of the cloaca con-
tained a large single penis retracted spirally, and one inch and a half in
length when extended. It was traversed by an urethral groove, the
sides of which were not beset with papil/le as in the Gander, but
simply wrinkled transversely. At the back part of the cloaca there
was a small dursa half an inch in length, and communicating by a
wide longitudinal aperture with the external compartment.

The gizzard contained a greenish yellow pulpy substance, and
numerous filamentary bodies, amongst which a few slender legs of

ol

insects and portions of the down of the Apterya were the only re-
cognizable organized parts; it also contained a few pebbles.

In the small intestines a little pulpy material was present, similar
to that in the gizzard, but of a darker colour.

The ceca contained a larger quantity of similar, but more fluid
matter, in which the legs of insects were again discernible.

The liver consisted of two large lobes, connected by a narrow
isthmus, the right being the larger and of a subtriangular figure ;
the left was more quadrangular in shape.

The gall bladder, one inch and a half in length, was appended by
its cervie to the inner margin of the right lobe of the liver, the
medium of attachment being formed by the nutrient vessels of the
gall-bladder, and by two short cyst-hepatic ducts, with a reflection
of serous membrane upon them. A cystic duct was continued in
length rather more than two inches, to half way between the lower
bend of the termination of the duodenum.

The hepatic duct terminated a few lines below the cystic; both
ducts were larger than usual.

The pancreas consisted as usual of two elongated subtriedral
lobes, lodged chiefly in the anterior part of the duodenal interspace ;
one of the lobes extended upwards to the right as far as the spleen.
The secretion was carried by two short and thick ducts, which ter-
minated close to the hepatic and cystic upon a small longitudinal
ridge.

The spleen presented no peculiarities; its size was about that of
a hazel-nut.

With respect to the physiological relations of the apparatus
just described, Mr. Owen remarks that the whole is harmoniously
co-adapted to the instruments of prehension which characterize the
Apterye.

A beak framed to seize and transmit to the gullet small objects,
is succeeded by a simple and narrow muscular canal. The food
being of an animal nature, and taken in small and successive quan-
tities, is digested as fast as it is obtained, and therefore the esophagus
is not required to be modified to serve as a reservoir, either by its
extreme width, or a partial dilatation. The proventriculus, in the
comparative simplicity of its glands, and the gizzard, in its small size
and medium strength, more forcibly bespeak structures adapted for
the bruising and chymification of animal substances presenting, as
do worms and the softer orders of insects, a moderate resistance.

The length of the intestines, which somewhat exceeds that of the
slender-billed insectivorous waders, and the size of the ceca, are con-
sidered by Mr. Owen to indicate an intention, that this bird, which
is so remarkably restricted in its locomotive powers, should have
every needful or practicable advantage in extracting from its low-
organized animal diet, all the nutriment that it can yield.

52

April 24th.
R. C. Griffith, Esq., in the Chair.

Some notes by Mr. Martin were read, On the visceral anatomy
of the Spotted Cavy, Calogenus subniger, taken from the examina-
tion of a male specimen which had died suddenly in the Menagerie
of the Society. The length of the head and body along the spine
measured about 1 foot 10 inches.

On opening the abdomen, the large folds of the cecum presented
themselves, occupying the whole of the umbilical and epigastric re-
gions, while to the left appeared the coils of small intestine; and a
portion of the stomach was seen to emerge from below the edge of
the left portion of the liver. The omentum was of very small extent,
destitute of fat, and crumpled up beneath the stomach.

The duodenum commenced in the form of a large pear-shaped
sac, which measured in length 23 inches, when the intestine as-
sumed its ordinary size, namely about half an inch in diameter. The
dimension of the sac at its largest part was four inches in circum-
ference. This pyriform commencement of the duodenum obtains in
many Rodents, and also in some Jnsectivora; among the former may
be noticed the Coypus, Capromys, and Anema: in the insectivorous
animal lately described (Zool. Proc. 1838, p. 17.) under the name
of Echinops Telfairi, the same structure also is remarkable. The
course of the duodenum was as follows: leaving the pylorus and
loosely attached by mesentery, it described an arch over the
right kidney, whence it passed over the spine to the left kidney ; it
then turned back to the spine, and there making several abrupt con-
volutions merged into the jejunum. In the sacculated part two
areole of glandular follicles were apparent through the parietes.
As in the Agouti, (Zool. Proc. 1834, p. 82.) the stomach had a con-
striction between its cardiac and pyloric portion; in which point
(as does the Agouti,) it differs from the Acouchi, the dissection of
which will be found in the Proc. of Com. of Sci. &c.,1831, p. 75. The
length of the stomach lying on the table undistended, or but slightly,
was 6 inches; the cardiac portions swelled out to the extent of nearly
2 inches beyond the entrance of the wsophagus, and its pyloric ex-
tremity swelled out into a process on each side, as in the Agouti.
A muscular band, commencing at the entrance of the wsophagus,
passed longitudinally along the stomach, contracting the greater
curve into sacculi, especially atthe constricted portion. The length
of the esophagus within the abdomen was one inch and a quarter.

The length of the small intestines was very great, the measure-
ment being 21 feet 8 inches.

The cecum was large, irregularly, multitudinously, but not deeply
sacculated; in form it was gently conical, terminating in a subacute

53

apex; its length 2 feet 4 inches, its basal circumference about 7
inches. When blown up it formed a spiral turn and a half. The
large intestines at their commencement were about 7 inches in circum-
ference, the decrease being gradual. The lining membrane of the
colon formed a series of regular longitudinal série, gradually disap-
pearing as the intestine narrowed, until at length they finally disap-
peared. The co/on in its course followed the circular sweep of the
cecum to which it was attached by a riband of mesentery 14 inch
in breadth.

At about two feet from its origin the colon merges into a flat layer
of circular folds, the intestine making four distinct gyrations; from
this part to the anus the intestine measured 9 feet 3 inches.

The circular fold above noticed is analogous to the long loose
fold observed in the same parts of the intestine in other Rodentia,
as the Coypus, and Capromys, and which is noticed in the respective
accounts of the dissection of those animals in the Zoological Pro-
ceedings.

At a little distance above these circular folds, and throughout
the remainder of the intestinal canal, the feces assumed a knotted
character.

The liver formed a right and left portion; the right portion was
divided into two parts, of which the innermost was the smallest;
the deft portion was divided into four nearly equal lobuli; between
the first and second of which (reckoning from the centre) projected
the gall bladder, very large, and distended with bile of a dark green
colour ; its shape was oval, being 24 inches long, but it was evidently
over-distended. On turning up the liver a large hepatic duct was seen
running from its base, for the length of an inch, to join the cystic duct,
nearly 2inches from the origin of the latter; the common duct thus
formed was 1} inch in length, and terminated at the neck of the
duodenal sac 23 inches from the pyloric orifice.

The spleen of a prismatic figure, 24 inches long, was somewhat
closely adherent to the cardium; its colour was dark. Spreading
in the mesenteric membrane below the stomach, and between this,
the spleen, and the duodenal fold, lay the pancreas, a large foliaceous
gland of an irregular figure.

The vena porte was large and gorged with blood.

The kidneys were nearly in a parallel line with each other; their
figure was elongated, (being 3 inches in length by one in breadth at
the middle,) and at their upper apez, internally, lay the renal cap-
sules, long cylindrical bodies, of an ochreous colour, and extending
to the emulgent vessels.

The right kidney lay much closer to the vena porte than did
the left; the vena porte in fact passed over the renal capsule on the
right side, while the upper apew of the kidney was in contact with
The length of the renal capsules was 14 inch, their figure vermi-
orm.

There was no marked line of division between the cortical and
medullary substances of the kidney. The urinary ¢uwbulé converged
into three obtuse papille; the pelvis was very small.

54

The lungs consisted of three right and two left lobes. The
heart was round, and firm in texture, the left ventricle being very
stout; the apew exhibited a slight tendency to a bifid figure. The
aorta at its arch sent off first an arteria innominata, which divided
into a right subclavian, and a right and a left carotid; then secondly,
at a quarter of an inch further, a /eft subclavian, in an undivided
condition.

The thyroid glands were very small. ,

The tongue was 33 inches long, fleshy, rounded at the tip; the
upper surface villose, with fine close hairy papille; at its base were
numerous, large, mucous follicles.

The pharynr was funnel-shaped and prolonged; the cesophagial
orifice being at the root of the epiglottis, and about large enough to
admit a common black lead pencil. The wsophagus was longitudinally
corrugated internally.

The epiglottis was deeply notched, and with patulous and slightly
curled edges.

The arytenoid cartilages were prolonged.

The upper corner of the os hyoides consisted of three portions.

The sublingual glands were about the size of a nutmeg, or scarcely
so large; the rings of the trachea (of course imperfect,) amounted
to 33.

The clavicles were imperfect, 12 inch in length, and united to
the sternum by a cartilaginous continuation nearly an inch long.

The generative organs agreed closely with those of the Acouchi.
The epididymis appeared externally through the abdominal ring, en-
veloped in a cremaster, to which both the internal oblique and the
transversalis muscles appeared to contribute. The penis was retro-
verted at the pubes, and before the skin of the body was taken off,
was invisible, being completely retracted within the preputial fold.
At the angle which it makes on the pubes, where it is retroverted,
there is spread a slip of fibres from the external oblique.

The length of the penis, from the pubes to the extremity of the
glans, was 24 inches; the extreme portion for 14 inch enclosed an
osseous stylet. The apex of the glans and its subsequent portion
for an inch on the under surface were covered with close-set minute
horny papille directed backwards; and along the dorsum was a
double row of retroverted sharp horny points, each point decreasing
from the first to the last; the number in each row being five. Its
extremity was bifid, the orifice entering into a cavity, whence ante-
riorly issued the urethra, which, posteriorly, was continued into a
rugous canal of considerable depth, having at the bottom two pointed
osseous spurs, which are capable of being protruded.

The length of the penis, from the apex of the glans to the bulb,
was four inches. The length of the membranous part, two inches.

The ¢estes lay within the abdominal ring; they were oval in form,
and ldinch long. The epididymis, on laying open the muscular sac,
was seen to consist of an assemblage of contorted tubes, from which
emerged the vas deferens ; the length of this, to its entrance at the
base of the vesicule seminales, being 54 inches. The vesicule semi«

55

nales were large, and foliated at their upper part; their length was
23 inches.

The morbid appearances were as follows :

The vessels of the brain gorged with blood, and deep blush occu-
pied the whole surface. ‘The abdominal viscera were adherent to
each other and to the peritoneal lining of the abdomen. The blad-
der was distended with urine, so as to be as thin as fine transparent
paper; it extended above the umbilicus, and was adherent to the
peritoneum. The urine exuded through its parietes, as the moisture
with which it was perpetually bedewed proved by the smell. There
was bloody fluid in the abdomen ; and the gall-bladder was distended
as large as an egg.

’ Mr. Waterhouse exhibited a new species, from the Society’s Col-
lection, of Gerbillus, and a new Herpestes, which were accompanied
with the following descriptions.

Herrestes rusca. Herp. fusca; pilis nigro flavoque annulatis, ad
basin fuscescentibus ; guld fusco-flavd ; caudd, quoad longitudinem,
corpus fere equante, pilis longissimis obsitd.

unc. lin.
Longitudo capitis corporisque ...... 18 O
Came. ain, deed as Pah O
tarsi digitorumque ...... 3.6

Hab. India (Madras ?)

“This species is about equal in size to the Herpestes major or
urinutriz of the Cape, and hence is larger than any of the Indian
species hitherto described. It approaches in colour nearest to Herp.
brachiurus of Mr. Gray, but may be distinguished by its very long
and bushy tail. The claws of the fore feet are remarkably large and
of a brown colour; the longest claw measures upwards of three
quarters of an inch; the feet are blackish. LEach hair of the back
is grayish brown at the base, then pale brown, and the apical half is
black, generally with about three or four yellowish rings. Ata little
distance the animal appears to be of a deep brown colour.

“‘The skins from which the above description was taken were
purchased at a sale of zoological subjects, the greater portion of
which were from Madras. As, however, there were some from the
Nilgherries, it is possible these specimens may have come from that
quarter. ‘The dimensions of a skull, accompanying one of these
specimens, are as follows :—

inch. lin.
etidenrth of skull .. ... 6.) «sjsu sale mse 3.6
\iitatilar OPE a OMe ny ocr ay 0
DRM AE LBL C Se ow 0 oo) ohn sete s opus et 3 1 92
Width of palate between posterior molars .. 0 74
Width of ditto between canines .......... QO 53

Length from incisors to hinder portion of last
TROUT, o.wisinipie «(o's ,0:¢ 9s ninnlbigriemisth siciaie , t

~~
loo

Artot
Madras

HS. Cat. 345.

56

GerBitius Cuvierr. Gerb. supra colore flavescenti-cinnamomeo ;
guld, abdomine, pedibusque niveis ; auribus mediocribus; caudd
longissimd ; tarsis longis.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad basin caude .... 7 1
ome! . iy urs aie rersits oa), asta 8 0
ab apice rostri ad basin auris...... 1 6

———— tarsi digitorumque .............. 1. 83
— errant Snape aa. gue 0 7

Hab. India. (No, 478. in Catal. of the Mammalia in the Zoolo-

| gical Society’s Museum.)

_ General colour very bright cinnamon yellow; the hairs of the
upper parts of the body gray at the base; cheeks whitish, a white
spot above, and extending behind the eye; the feet and the whole
of the under parts of the animal white; the hairs of the same colour
at the base as at the ape; tail brownish above, dirty-white be-
neath, the apical third furnished with long blackish hairs; ears
blackish, sparingly clothed with white hairs; hairs of the moustaches
black, some of those nearest the mouth white.

“This species of Gerbillus, which I have great pleasure in naming
after M. F. Cuvier, who has published so excellent a monograph on
the group to which it belongs, I have reason to believe has long been
confounded with the animal described by Major-General Hardwicke,
in the eighth volume of the Linnean Transactions, under the name of
Dipus Indicus. The chief character which induces me to consider
it as a distinct species, consists in the comparatively great length of
the tarsus. Inaspecimen of Gerb. Indicus, which exceeds the present
animal in size, I find the ¢arsus to be only 1 inch and 6 lines in
length; and in a specimen in the Paris Museum the foot was only a
quarter of a line longer, this animal being likewise larger than the
specimen which furnished the above description. In the same mu-
seum there is also a specimen of the present species, in which the
darsus measured | inch 9 lin.; the length of the animal being 7 inches
10 lin. In the specimen of Gerb. Indicus, and that of Gerb. Cuvieri,
belonging to the Zoological Society’s Museum, there is a consider-
able difference in the colouring, the latter being paler, and of a much
brighter hue than the former ; but whether this difference is constant
I am not aware.”

57

May 8, 1838.
The Earl of Sheffield in the Chair.

Mr. Waterhouse brought before the notice of the Meeting an ex-
tremely interesting series of skins of Mammalia, which had recently
been given to the Society’s Museum by George Knapp, Esq., who
had received them from the Islandof Fernando Po. ‘The collection
included the following seven species, which were considered by Mr.
Waterhouse as hitherto undescribed; namely, two new Colobi, form-
ing a most important addition to that group of Quadrumana of which
our knowledge is so extremely limited, from the small number of skins
brought to Europe ; two new species of Cercopithecus; a new An-
telope, a new Otter, and a new species of the genus Genetta.

These were severally named by Mr. Waterhouse, and the follow-
ing descriptions and specific characters communicated to the Meet-
ing for publication in the Society’s proceedings.

Coxosus Pennanti. Col. supra nigrescens, ad latera fulvescenti-
rufus ; subtis flavescens ; caudd fusco-nigricante ; genis albis.
une. lin.
Longitudo capitis corporisque........ 27 O
————— CHU... ears sevsvceree 29 O
Hab. Fernando Po.

“ The prevailing colour is bright rusty-red; the head, back of the
neck, and the central portion of the back, are black; the cheeks and
throat are white or dirty white; chest, fore part of the shoulders,
the under parts of body and inner side of the limbs are dirty yellow;
inner side of the thighs whitish; the hairs of the tail are brownish
black. The fur is long and not very glossy; that on the head and
fore parts of the body being the longest. There is no soft under
fur; the hairs are of an uniform colour to the base, or at least in a
very slight degree paler at that part. The portion of the back which
is described as black partakes slightly of therusty hue which prevails
over the other parts of the body; it occupies but a narrow portion
of the back, and blends indistinctly into the rust colour. The lower
parts of the limbs are removed, but as they are black at the knee,
and also assume a deep hue below the elbow, it is probable the re-
maining portions are black externally ; but internally, as far as can
be seen, the limbs are yellowish or yellow white.

“‘ There was scarcely any perceptible difference in the colouring in
all the specimens examined by me, from Fernando Po, amounting to
about eight in number. ‘They invariably had white or dirty-white
cheeks and throat.

*« This species is the nearest yet found to the Bay Monkey of Pen-
nant, but differs in having the throat and cheeks white, and in ha-
_ No. LXV.—Proczzpines or tux Zoouogicar Society.

58

ving three distinct shades of colour on the body: Pennant’s animal
having the cheeks of a pale bay colour, and the body deep bay above,

and pale bay beneath. It might be argued that by ‘deep bay’

Pennant meant to designate the peculiar colour described by me as
black with a rusty hue: if so, he could scarcely apply the term ‘ very
bright bay’ to the parts which I call yellow. If, however, even this
were the case, there is still another distinct tint which he has not
mentioned, and that is the bright rusty-red colour of the sides of the
body and limbs. On the whole, therefore, I think I am right in ap-
plying a name to the animal here described, which it must be remem-
bered is from a different locality; that of the Bay Monkey being
Sierra Leone. There is another circumstance which should lead us
to be cautious in pronouncing any species which differs as much as
that here described, as identical with Pennant’s animal, since it so
happens that each red Colobus discovered has in its turn been re-
ferred to the Bay Monkey, or to the Simia ferruginea of Shaw, which
is the same animal, and has had one or both of these names applied,
but has been changed upon the discovery of the next species; in
consequence of which much confusion has arisen. I think we had
better let the Bay Monkey stand until we can find an aniwaal agree-
ing with Pennant’s description. :

Corosus Satanas. Col. niger ; vellere longissimo.

une. lin.
Longitudo capitis corporisque........ 31 0
COUN. asiors caiy ass bibs «ett a

Hab. Fernando Po.

“Of this species I have seen three skins from the same locality;
one of these was very imperfect ; the other two were perfect, with '
the exception of the hands and feet. Its uniform black colour will at
once distinguish it either from Colobus leucomeros, or Col. ursinus,
the former having white thighs and a white throat, and the latter
having a white tail, and long grey hairs interspersed with the black
on the neck, The longest hairs on the back measure ten inches.
The fur is but slightly glossy, and the hairs are of an uniform colour
to the base. There is no under fur.

Crrcorituecus Martini. Cere. pilis corporis supra nigro et
flavescenti-albo annulatis; capite supra, brachis cauddque ni-
grescentibus ; guld abdomineque griseo-fuscescentibus.

une. lin.
Longitudo capitis corporisque........ 22 0
rims PEE sista a nslw'in(in alae ap 26 0

Hab. Fernando Po.

‘Of this animal I have seen but two skins: both very nearly agree
in colouring but differ slightly in size ; the dimensions are from the
larger specimen. The face, hands, ‘and feet, are unfortunately
wanting. It appears to be most nearly allied to Col. nictitans ; the
hairs of the upper parts of the body, however, are more distinctly
annulated, and the general tint is somewhat greyish. Each hair is

r

59

grey at the base, and has the apical portion black, with, generally,
. three yellowish white rings. ‘The crown of the head and the fore
legs are black ; the hind legs are blackish, the hairs being but ob-
scurely annulated. The throat is dirty white, the belly and inner
side of the legs at the base are of a brownish colour. The tail is black
above, and somewhat grizzled at the sides. At the base of the tail
beneath there are some deep reddish brown hairs. The naked cal-
losities are small. The hairs on the fore part of the crown of the
head are black, annulated with brownish white, and so are those
on the side of the face immediately below the ear. ‘The fur is tole-
rably long, and but loosely applied to the body.

“In the smaller specimen the under parts of the body are some-
what paler than those in the larger, being brownish-grey.

«T have named this species after my fellow curator Mr. Martin.

CercopirHecus ERyTHROTIS. Cerc. griseus ; pilts corporis supra
flavo nigroque annulatis; guld genisque albis; brachiis ni-
grescentibus; caudd splendidé rufa, lined nigrescente per par-
tem superiorem excurrente, apice nigrescente ; regione anali
auribusque rufis.

une. lin
Longitudo capitis corporisque........ 17 0
WGN Sanne «apt p meets «<9 23 0

Hab. Fernando Po.

‘« This beautiful little species is about the same size as the Mou-
stache Monkey (Cerc. cephus), andhas undoubtedly a close affinity to
that animal; it may, however, be distinguished by the bright rusty-
red hairs which cover the ears internally, its brilliant red tail, and
by the hairs in the region of the anus being also of a bright red.

“The hairs on the upper parts of the body are black annulated
with yellow; on the hinder part of the back the yellow assumes a
deep golden hue, but, unlike the Moustache Monkey, the black pre-
vails over the yellow. On the sides of the body and the outer side
of the hinder legs, the hairs are greyish; and on the belly and inner
side of the limbs, they are greyish-white. The fore legs are blackish
externally ; a dark mark extends backwards from the eye to the ear ;
below this, on the cheeks, there is a tuft of white hairs, beneath
which the hairs are grizzled black and yellow,—in these respects
bearing a close resemblance to the Moustache Monkey. The face
is imperfect, and the feet have been removed from the skin; these
parts, therefore, cannot be described.

Genera Pornsis. Gen. fulvescenti-fusca; dorso lineis nigris
confluentibus et irregularibus notato; lateribus maculis nigris
crebré adspersis ; caudé nigrd, annulis fulvis interruptis.

i une. lin.

Longitudo capitis corporisque........ 26 0

COMA EE ee tit hao eschonck tial 18 0
Hab. Fernando Po,

“This species probably approaches nearest in affinity to the Ge«

60

netta Pardina, Is, Geoff., but is distinguished from all the African
species with which I am acquainted, by its deep rich yellow-brown
colouring, and by the great number of dark markings and spots with
which its body is adorned.

‘On the back of the neck there are three or four slender longitu-
dinal black lines, which are irregular and indistinct, especially near
the head. On each side of these slender lines there is a broad, ir-
regular black mark, which commencing behind the ear runs back-
wards and outwards over the shoulders; here the slender black lines
appear to divide, for as many as seven can be traced; the outer-
most of these diverge, and are soon broken into irregular spots,
which are scattered over the sides of the body. The intermediate
lines are also broken into oblong spots, excepting that line which
runs along the spine of the back, which is uninterrupted, and be-
comes broader on the middle of the back. On the hinder half of
the back there are, on each side of and parallel with the spinal
black mark, two lines formed by confluent spots. The sides of the
neck are adorned with numerous oblong spots. The muzzle is black;
there is a slender black line between the eyes, a yellow spot below
the anterior angle of each eye; the tip of the muzzle is also yellow.
The lips are blackish, and the eyes are encircled with black hairs ;
the hairs of the moustaches are brown, black and brown. ‘The ears
are black at the base externally; internally they are covered with
yellowish hairs. The limbs are brownish-black. The tail is black ;
on the basal half there are five narrow yellowish rings, and on the
apical half there are about four rings of a brownish colour, and
somewhat indistinct. The fur is short, glossy, and adpressed.

Lutra Pornsis. Lut. nitide fusca; genis mento guldque fulves-

centibus.
une. lin
Longitudo capitis corporisque ........ 24 3
CELA E pti alain se oh i ges 13‘ 0

Hab. Fernando Po.

“The only specimen of this Otter which I have seen is smaller
than the common European species (Lutra vulgaris); its colour is
much ‘brighter, being of a rich yellowish brown; the sides of the
face (immediately below the ears), the sides of the muzzle, and the
throat, are of a rich deep golden yellow with a faint brownish hue.
The ears are small, and covered with hairs of the same colour as
those on the top of the head. The tip of the muzzle is bare. The
moustaches and long bristly hairs on the sides of the face are brown,
paler at the base, and blackish at the aper. The tail is about equal
to half the whole length of the animal. The fur is short, and the hairs
are nearly erect; the under fur is of a brownish-white colour, glossy
silk-like nature, and tolerably abundant. There are no feet to the skin.

Antitorr OciLpyi. Ant. splendidé fuscescenti-aurata, subtis pal-
lidior, lined dorsali nigra; collo fusco lavato; caudd brevi et floc-
cost, nigrescente, pilis albis subtius interspersis.

Hab. Fernando Po.

61

«The small bushy tail, the character of the fur, which is short and
closely adpressed, and the colouring, all indicate in this species, I
imagine, an affinity to the Ant. scripta, with which it appears to agree
in size. The brown neck, deeper and richer colouring, and the ab-
sence of white markings on the body, however, will serve to distin-
guish it from that species. As in Ant. scripta, there is a black line
along the spine of the back.

«The skin from which the above description is taken is without
head or limbs. The length from the shoulders to the root of the
tail is about two feet eight inches. The tail is about four and a
half inches.

“If my conjectures regarding the affinities of this animal prove
correct, it will belong to the sub-genus Tragelaphus of Hamilton
Smith, or to the more extended group to which Mr. Ogilby has ap-
plied the name of Calliope.

««T have taken the liberty of naming this animal after the author
last mentioned, whose careful researches in the Ruminant animals
have thrown considerable light on the affinities of the species.”

Mr. Waterhouse then proceeded to notice two skins which had been
just brought from Sierra Leone by Major Henry Dundas Campbell,
(late Governor of that Colony,) and sent by him for exhibition at
the Society’s evening meeting, with a promise on the part of Major
Campbell to present them to the Museum, in the event of his being
able to make an arrangement with a party to whom he had parted
with them as an article of commerce. One of these specimens was
a remarkably fine skin of a species of Colobus, described by Mr.
Ogilby in the Society’s Proceedings under the name of Col. ursinus ;
the skin, however, upon which Mr. Ogilby founded his species was
imperfect, and until the opportunity afforded by the inspection of
the present specimen, nothing was known of the colour of the head
and face, which prove to be greyish white.

The other skin was a new species of the genus Cercopithecus, for
which the name of Cerc. Campbelli was proposed, with the following
character.

Cercortruecus Campsetui. Cere. vellere perlongo, subsericeo,
per dorsum medium diviso ; capile corporeque anteriore grises-
centi-olivaceis, pilis nigro flavoque annulatis ; corpore posteriore
femoribusque extis intense cineraceis ; guld, abdomine, artubus-
que interns albis ; brachius externé nigris ; caudd pilis nigris et
sordidé flavis indutd, apice nigro, pilisque longioribus instructo.

une. lin.
Longitudo capitis corporisque........ 20 0
caude ...... ow jeep foto bahar ONE. O
Hab. Sierra Leone.

««This species appears to be most closely allied to the Cercopithecus
Pogonias of Mr. Bennett; it has not, however, the black back which
serves to characterize that animal.

“The most remarkablecharacters in this animal are its long fur,

62

and the hairs being divided on the back, as in most of the species of
the genus Colobus. The average length of the hairs of the back is
about two and a half inches; on the hinder half of the back, how-
ever, they exceed three inches. These hairs are grey at the base,
and the remaining portion of each hair is black, with broad yellow
rings, the latter colour prevailing. On the posterior half of the
body, and the outer side of the hinder legs, the hairs are of a deep
slate grey, and almost of an uniform colour; some of those on the
middle of the back are obscurely freckled with deep yellow, and
those on the thigh are very indistinctly freckled with white. The
belly, inner side of limbs, fore part of thigh, chest and throat are
white. The hairs of the cheeks and sides of neck are very long, and
of a greyish white colour, grizzled towards the apex with black and
yellow; some whitish hairs tipped with black are observable across
the fore part of the forehead. The inner side of the ears is fur-
nished with very long hairs of a greyish white colour, obscurely an-
nulated with grey and pale yellow; these hairs vary from three
quarters to one inch in length. The fore legs are black externally,
and the hairs on this part are comparatively short. The hairs on
the upper side of the tail are grizzled with black and dirty yellow,
and on the under side with black and brownish white. The apical
portion of the tail, which is furnished with longish hairs, (as in Cere.
Pogonias), is black, the black hairs occupying about one third of
the whole length of the tail.

“TJ have named this animal after the late Governor of Sierra Leone,
Major Campbell, that gentleman being its discoverer.”

Mr. Ogilby exhibited and described various species of Kangaroo
Rats (Hypsiprymnus) from the Society’s Collection, and read extracts
relating to them from a paper which he had prepared upon the sub-
ject so long ago as the year 1832; and which, though partly read
before the Linnean Society at that time, had never been made public,
owing to the imperfection of the materials then in this country for
the perfect illustration of the genus. Reserving the detail of his
observations for an express monograph, Mr. Ogilby briefly charac-
terized the following species :—

1. Hyp. setosus: described in the Proceedings for 1830-31,
p- 149.

2. Hyp. myosurus: easily distinguished from all the other species
by its much shorter tail and tarsus ; the former organ being scaly, as
in the true Rats.

3. Hyp. melanotis : a large species with longer ears than its con-
geners, and readily distinguished by the dark brown colour of the
hair which covers the organs, as well as by its superior size. In
the Zoological Society’s Museum.

4. Hyp. formosus: a beautiful small species of a light russet-
brown colour, the latter half of the tail white. This species has been
for many years in the Collection of the Linnean Society.

5. Hyp. Phillippi : pale brown, with a slight shade of russet above,
dirty white beneath ; tail long, cylindrical, covered with short, ad-

63

pressed yellowish white hairs beneath, and with reddish brown
woolly fur on the upper surface, terminated by a tuft of dirty yel-
lowish brown; ears elliptical; head small and attenuated; tarsus
long, and of a pale greyish white colour ; middle upper incisors not
so much longer in the lateral as in Hyp. murinus, and lower shorter
and slenderer ; the canines are nearly in contact with the lateral in-
cisors, and of the same form and size. This is the species described
in Governor Phillipp s Voyage; that figured by White appears to
be Hyp. myosurus. Described from two specimens in the Linnean
Society’s Collection.
6. Hyp. Cuniculus : in size and colour something resembling Hyp.
Phillippi, but of a clearer grizzled brown colour, something like that
of the wild rabbit; a dark brown patch marks the nose; tail long,
cylindrical, and terminated by a tuft of coffee-coloured wool ; upper
middle incisors very large, separated from one another and truncated ;
the lower of the same form, but considerably shorter than in any
other species, and the canines much smaller than the contiguous
lateral incisors, and separated from them by a distinct bar or vacant
space ; by all which characters this animal differs from Hyp. Phillippi,
as well as by its larger and thicker head and clearer grey colour.

7. Hyp. murinus : of nearly the same colours as the last two spe-
cies, but readily distinguished by its short, thick head, blunt, unat-
tenuated muzzle, and very short ears bordered with red: the teeth
also afford a very distinctive character; the lower incisors are twice
as long as in the last species, the upper not much longer than the
lateral, and the canine only half the size of the contiguous incisor,
and nearly in contact with it, being separated only by the third part
of aline; the tail is furnished with an erect crest of black hair for
three or four inches towards the tip: this is the ‘‘ Potoroo” of the
French Zoologists, as Mr. Ogilby had verified by comparison with
the Paris specimens. Mr. Ogilby remarked that by an oversight
for which he was accountable, the Society’s specimen of this animal
is called Hyp. setosus in the recently published Catalogue of the
Mammalogical part of the Collection.

Mr. Martin then brought before the notice of the Meeting three
species of Chameleon from Fernando Po, forming part of Mr. Knapp’s
donation, and upon which he proceeded to offer the following obser-
vations.

« Among the collection of specimens from Fernando Po lately pre-
sented to the Zoological Society are three chameleons of peculiar
interest. One of them is the Cham. tricornis, or Oweni of Mr. Gray ;
the second is the Cham. cristatus of Mr. Stutchbury, described and
figured in the 3rd Part of the 17th Vol. of the Linn. Trans. The
third appears to me to be undescribed.

“« With regard to the specimen of Cham. cristatus, I may be per-
mitted to point out some trifling differences between it and the
figure given by Mr. Stutchbury, The crest ceases to be elevated
over the loins and base of the tail, degenerating into an acute ridge,
whereas in the figure it continues for a considerable distance along

64

the upper aspect of the tail, and is as elevated over the loins as over
the chest. The tail is shorter in proportion in the present specimen;
the indentations which margin the casque are less bold and decided,
and the casque itself is less produced posteriorly. The dorsal crest
is supported by only ten spinous processes. The colour is slate gray,
with a yellow abdominal line, but without the orange and dark reti-
culated lines observed by Mr. ce aa in his specimen.

Length of head and body .... 34 inches.

pe eetarl 23

‘«« Asthespecimen described and figured by Mr. Stutchbury camefrom
the river Gaboon, Western Equinoctial Africa, and the specimen be-
longing to the Zoological Society from Fernando Po, it is possible that
they may be examples of permanent varieties; but I am rather in-
clined to attribute the difference to age or sex, or to both combined.
Mr. Stutchbury’s specimen is probably an adult male; that belonging
to the Zoological Society isa young female. The Cham. Oweni, Gray
(Cham. tricornis, Gray), differs from a specimen from Fernando Po,
(collected by Lieut. Allen) in the possession of the Society, only in
having the horns less developed. With respect to the species I regard
as undescribed, I beg to offer the following observations :—

« Ata first glance this Chameleon might be confounded with Cham.
Senegalensis, or with Cham. dilepas ; the grainlike scales of the body
and the general contour of the head and body being much alike in
each. When, however, we come to examine more closely, we shall
find sufficient reason to regard it as entirely distinct. Both in
Cham. Senegalensis and its immediate ally (if it be truly a separate
species), Cham. dilepas, the dorsal ridge and also the median line of
the throat and abdomen are strongly denticulate. In this, however,
neither the dorsal ridge, nor the abdominal or gular median line,
present any such character. In Cham. Senegalensis the tail is re-
markably stout at the base, the skin behind the knee-joint is close,
and there is a sort of heel, or angular projection (at least in the
specimens before me), at the posterior junction of the two portions
of the hind-foot. In the Chameleon which I regard as undescribed
the tail is slender at the base and long, the skin behind the knee-
joint is loose and fanlike, and there is no angular projection or
heel.

*« The granulations of the body, it may also be observed, are much
less acutely elevated (being smaller and rounder) than in Cham.
Senegalensis.

«The casque between the eyes is comparatively narrower, being
there contracted; it is broader and more rounded however posteriorly,
and is less produced. The middle line or keel is a little more dis-
tinct ; and between the eyes the casque is more deeply and abruptly
concave; a very small flap or ear, which indeed might easily be over-
looked, is produced from the posterior part of the casque, and lies on
each side of the neck, as in Cham. dilepas; but as we have said, in
this species the dorsal ridge and the median line of the throat and
belly are strongly denticulate, or as Daudin said of its ally the
Cham. Senegalensis, ‘ dentelés en scie.’

65

‘Regarding then this species as hitherto undescribed, I propose for
it the name of Chameleon Bibroni, as a tribute of respect to M. Bibron,
of the Musée d’Histoire Naturelle of Paris, the merit of whose work
on Reptiles, from which I have derived so much advantage, I am
anxious thus publicly to acknowledge ; and to whom, during his late
visit to London, I am indebted for assistance and information, while
engaged with the collection of Sauria, in the possession of this So-
ciety.

«The characters of Cham. Bibroni may be summed up as follow:
Casque (or upper surface of the skull) flat, with a very slight occi-
pital keel ; contracted and concave between the eyes, rounded pos-
teriorly : superciliary ridge very little elevated, and becoming obso-
lete over the nostrils; a small flap on each side from the posterior
edge of the casque lies on the neck; the dorsal ridge and median
line, both of the throat and belly, destitute of a denticulated crest.
The grains of the body and limbs small and close-set, those of the
casque flat and angular.

Cuamamteon Bisroni. Galed pland ; vix apud occiput carinaté ;
inter oculos angustd et concavd ; posticé rotundatd, et lobo par-
vulo utrinque instructd ; margine superciliart parum elevato, et
super nares obsoleto ; culmine dorsali, linedque media per gu-
lam et abdomen tendente, absque denticulis ; corpore granis par-
vis et confertis tecto ; galed lamellis angularibus.

Longitudo corporis cum capite ...... 4 une.
eS eUde Soph Sot cach pte ten oe
Hab. in Insula Fernando Po.

«In proportion to the size of the body the head of Cham. Bibroni
is short, and particularly the muzzle, which is very acute at the apex.
Viewed from above the helmet it would present an elongated oval,
rounded behind and acute anteriorly, were it not for its contraction
between the eyes, which is not the case in Ch. Senegalensis. The
accessory lobes at its posterior part are very small, and might easily
be overlooked. Perhaps, however, they may be larger in the male,
(for the present individual, it is to be observed, is a female,) but of
this I have no means of judging. The length and slenderness of
the tail are remarkable. The granulations of the body are small
and even. The general colour is purplish black, passing on the
sides of the belly, on the loins, and posterior limbs, into olive green ;
the inside of the limbs, and the median line of the abdomen, are pale
reddish yellow.”

66

May 22, 1838.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

A lettér was first read, dated Sierra Leone, February 19, 1838,
addressed to Mr. Rees, the Assistant Secretary, from F. Strachan,
Esq., Corresp. Memb.

The writer in this letter expresses the warm interest which he
takes in the furtherance of the Society’s scientific objects, and states,
that both himself and his friends are making exertions to procure skins
and living animals. Referring to the Chimpanzee, Mr. Strachan ob-
serves, that only two had been brought over to Freetown during the
late rains, both of which he believes to be on their way to England ;
he also remarks, that there would be no great difficulty in procuring
a young Hippopotamus, and that it might probably outlive the voy-
age to England if brought home in a man of war.

The Rev. F. W. Hope exhibited a piece of deal, perforated through-
out by the Limnoria terebrans, and in which many of these destruct-
ive animals might still be detected. Mr. Hope stated that the piles
of the pier at Southend, which were of oak, had been cased with
deal, and then surrounded with a sheathing of iron, to protect them
from the ravages of the Limnoria; but, instead of producing the de-
sired effect, this plan appeared to have accelerated their destruction,
as the Limnoria made its way from beneath between the sheathing
and the pier, and very quickly destroyed the deal casing, as shown
by the piece he exhibited. Mr. Hope believed that wood could not
by any means be effectually protected from this animal if exposed to
its attack; and that iron, protected from the decomposing action of
the water by some varnish, although requiring a much greater out-
lay at first, would in the end be found the least expensive of the
two.

A specimen of the Anchovy, interesting from the circumstance
of its having been captured in the Thames, was exhibited by Mr.
Yarrell, who remarked that although this was the first instance of
the kind that had fallen under his observation, yet as the Anchovy
is plentiful along parts of the Devonshire and Cornwall coast, it was
not improbable that its occurrence in the above river would be occa-
sionally detected, if the nets of the white-bait fishermen were ex-
amined,

Mr. Waterhouse then laid before the Meeting a collection of spe-
cimens received from Mr. Cuming, consisting of a considerable num-
ber of birds, with skins of Mammalia, &c.: among the latter were
several new or rare species, including specimens of the genera Tur-
sius, Galeopithecus, Sciurus, and Paradozurus.

The scientific value of the above donation was much increased by
some manuscript notes made by Mr. Cuming upon several of the ani-

67

mals, giving theirnativenames, and information relative to their habits.
Of one of these, a species of Galeopithecus, Mr. Cuming remarks :—

“The Caguang is an inoffensive animal, inhabiting lofty trees in
dark woods, and is known to feed upon the leaves of the Nanka or
Jack Fruit ; it suspends itself from the upper branches of the tree by
all its feet, which gives it a large appearance, as it brings them all
four together.

“It flies heavily for about a hundred yards on an inclined plane,
but readily ascends the trees by its strong claws; it makes a weak
noise similar to geese when at rest: when the calls of nature ope-
rate on the animal, it erects its tail and membrane up to the back
part of the neck, which gives it a most singular appearance. ‘They
are easily taken by the natives throwing nets over them, or by cut-
ting down the tree on which they are; and before they can clear
themselves of the branches are taken hold of by the hand. I never
saw one of them attempt to bite. When the female has young she
is very easily taken. They appear much attached to their young,
which are always hanging at the breast. Of late years great num-+
bers of them have been taken for the sake of their skins, which meet
with a ready sale at Manilla, They are found on the islands of Bo-
hol and Mindanado.”

Another of the specimens was the Tursius spectrum of Geoffroy, of
which Mr, Cuming’s memoranda furnished the following interesting
details :-—

“The Malmag is a small animai living under the roots of trees,
particularly the large bamboo of these islands. Its principal food is
lizards, which it prefers to all other. When extremely hungry, I
have known it to eat shrimps and cock-roaches, and give a great pre-
ference to those which arealive. It is very cleanly in its habits, never
touches any kind of food that has been ‘partly consumed, and never
drinks a second time from the same water. It seldom makes any
kind of noise, and when it does emit sound it is a sharp shrill call,
and only once. On approaching it in its cage, it fixes its large full
eyes upon the party for a length of time, never moving a muscle:
on drawing nearer, or putting anything near it, it draws up the
muscles of the face similar to a monkey, and shows its beautiful
sharp regular set teeth. It laps water like a cat, but very slowly,
and eats much for so smallan animal. It springs nearly two feet at a
time. It sleeps much by day, is easily tamed, and becomes quite
familiar, licking the hands and face, and creeping about your person,
and is fond of being caressed. It has an aversion to the light, al-
ways retiring to the darkest place. It sits upon its posteriors when
it feeds, holding its food by its fore paws; when not hungry, it will
ogle the food for a considerable time. A male and female are gene-
rally seen together: the natives of these islands make sure of taking
the second having secured the first. They are extremely scarce in
the island of Bohol, and only found in the woods of Jagna and the
island of Mindanado.

‘« The calls of nature seldom operate ; the feces are similar to those
of a dog, and large for so small an animal.

68

«Tt produces one at atime. I had the good fortune to procure a
female without knowing her to be with young: one morning I was
agreeably surprised to find she had brought forth. ‘The young ap-
peared to be rather weak, but a perfect resemblance to its parent:
the eyes were open and covered with hair; it soon gathered strength,
and was constantly sucking betwixt its parent’s legs, and so well
covered by its mother, that I seldom could see anything of it but its
tail : on the second day it began to creep about the cage with apparent
strength, and even climb up to the top by the rods of which the cage
was composed. Upon persons wishing to see the young one when
covered over by the mother, we had to disturb her, upon which the
dam would take the young one in its mouth, in the same mannerasa
cat, and carry it about for some time ; several times I saw her when not
disturbed trying to get out of the cage, with the young one in hérmouth
as before. It continued to live and increase in size for three weeks,
when unfortunately some person trod upon the tail of the old one,
which was protruded through the cage, a circumstance which caused

*its death in a few days: the young one died a few hours after, which I
put into spirits. The skin, with its tail crushed, is in the box with the
otheranimals. I should recommend its being placed in the attitude of
springing, with the body a little bent forward; ear erect and round ;
eyes very full of light; chestnut colour; pupil black and small; the
nails or claws two in number, erect, such as they are at all times.

Jagna, Isle of Bohol, August 1837. “H. Cumine.”

Among the collection sent by Mr. Cuming to the Society were
specimens of two species of Saurian Reptiles, upon which, at the
request of the Chairman, Mr. Martin offered some remarks.

The first species to which he adverted was the Istiurus Amboi-
nensis of Cuvier : two specimens of this rare reptile, both males, were
procured by Mr. Cuming in the Island of Negros. The Istiurus
Amboinensis, from the circumstance of the male being furnished with
an elevated crest or fan, supported by the spinous processes of the
base of the tail, in which respect it agrees with the Basilisk, was
placed by Daudin in the same genus with this latter reptile, and
characterized as the Basiliscus Amboinensis, and in this arrangement
Daudin was followed by most succeeding writers. So little allied,
however, in reality, are these two reptiles (though possibly they
may be the representatives of each other in different quarters of the
globe), that they belong to two different sections of the Sauria, of
which one has the Old World, the other the New World, for
its range. The Basilisk (Basiliscus mitratus, Daud.), with all
the American genera of the Iguanian group or Hunotes of Dumeril
and Bibron, belong to the section of that group termed Pleuro-
donta, distinguished by the situation of the teeth, which rise from
a furrow along the internal aspect of each jaw; whereas the
Istiurus, with all the Old World genera of the Iguanian group,
(the genus Brachylophus, of which there is only one species, alone
excepted,) belong to the section termed Acrodonta, distinguished

69

by the teeth being firmly fixed along the very ridge of each
jaw, instead of having an insertion in a lateral furrow. The
first discovery of the true characters of the Jstiwrus is due to Mr.
Gray, who instituted a genus for the reception of this species, and
also of two others allied to it, (one of these being the Physignathus
Cocincinus of Cuvier,) under the title of Lophura. In the last edi-
tion of the Régne Animal, Cuvier, though he admits the justness of
Mr. Gray’s views respecting the Amboina Lizard, still retains the
genus Physignathus for the Cochin Chinese one, but he changes
the term Lophura into Istiurus ; his reason being that the word Lo-
phura approaches too nearly the term Lophyrus already applied by
Daudin to a different genus. MM. Dumeril and Bibron adopt the
generic title proposed by Cuvier, and also receive into the genus the
Physignathus Cocincinus, under the title Istiwrus Physignathus ; they
add, moreover, a third species under the name of Istiurus Lesueuri,
originally described by Mr. Gray as the Lophura Lesueurt. Mr.
Martin observed, that the presence of the elevated fan at the base
of the tail, which occurs only in the males of Jstiwrus Amboinensis,
was a circumstance of interest, inasmuch as it involves a structural
difference between the osteology of both sexes. In the common
Water Newt, the male of which acquires fanlike membranes at a
certain season of the year, the membrane is unsupported by an
osseous frame-work, and is deciduous, or rather temporary; but in
this animal, while the use of such a fan may be in all probability
connected with sexual functions, it is a persistent appendage. The
locality from which the specimens were derived gives them addi-
tional value.

The next species to which Mr. Martin requested the attention of
the meeting was a Varanus from the Isle of Mindanado, which he
regarded as hitherto undescribed.

This Varanus, he observed, appeared to be closely allied to Va-
ranus chlorostigma, Dum. and Bibr., differing, nevertheless, materi-
ally in the character of the scales of the body, and in the distribu-
tion of its markings. As in Varanus chlorostigma and Var. bivittatus,
the suborbital scales consist of a crescent of plates, broader than
long, encircled by small plates, which latter cover the suborbital
margin. The nostrils are rounded, and placed on each side of the
muzzle rather nearer the apex than in Var. chlorostigma; the teeth
are also compressed with sharp edges very minutely dentated ; the
head is more produced than in Var. chlorostigma, being, in this re-
spect more like that of Var. bivittatus; and the scales are larger,
coarser, and more irregular.

For this new Varanus, Mr. Martin proposed the name of Varanus
Cumingi.

Varanus Cuminer. Varan. caudd compressd, naribus feré ro-
tundatis et rostri apicem versus positis; lamellis suborbitalibus
inequalibus, septem vel octo ceteris quoad magnitudinem pre-
stantibus latissimis, lineamque semilunarem efficientibus ; dentibus
compressis, acutis, et delicaté serratis; corpore supra nigro,
gultis ocellisque flavis ornato; abdomine aurantiaco.

Hab, apud Insulam Mindanado.

70

The head of this Varanus is elongated as in Var. bivittatus,
and the nostrils have the same situation, but are rounded, and the
nasal pouches are situated as in Var. chlorostigma. ‘The poste-
rior teeth are larger than the anterior, but all are recurved, com-
pressed, with sharp edges and point, and very minutely serrated.
The upper surface of the head is covered with flat polygonal scales,
arranged in a system of circles. On the superorbital region seven
or eight scales, much broader than long, form a sort of crescent.
The scales of the back of the neck are large, oval, convex, and di-
stinctly encircled with small, granulous scales ; on the sides of the
neck they become smaller. The rami of the lower jaw are covered
with rather large oblong scales disposed in parallel lines; and
the throat and interspace between the rami are furnished with
scales of a similar character, but very small. On the back, the scales
are oval, and slightly keeled; the largest are those down the middle
of the back, whence they become gradually smaller as they ap-
proach the sides. The scales of the awil/e are very small, flat, and
circular; those covering the outer aspect of the arms, large, pointed,
and subcarinate. The thighs are covered anteriorly with large square
flat scales, having indications of a keel, while the leg from the
knee downwards is covered externally with pointed scales, each
strongly and sharply keeled. On the inside of the thighs the scales
are moderate and circular. The scales of the abdomen and tail re-
semble those of Varanus bivittatus, but the double ridge of the tail
is comparatively more feeble and less elevated. The toes are long,
the claws large, compressed, and hooked.

The ground colour of the upper surface is black; the apex
of the muzzle, a transverse bar behind the nostrils, a second
about an inch beyond, a smaller between the eyes, and a large
space on the top of the head, are bright yellow; the edges of the
upper lip are yellow, and a yellow stripe extends from the back
of the eye to the ear; an irregular, but somewhat triangular mark
of yellow occupies the back of the neck, whence a line of yellow
spots, or, as in one specimen, a continuous line, runs between the
shoulders. The back is crossed by yellow spots, or by ocelli, form-
ing six or seven interrupted bars ; sometimes the back is more irre-
gularly marked, the interrupted bars being obscure, and the inter-
spaces numerously dotted with yellow scales amidst the black: one
of the three specimens is thus coloured ; the limbs externally are irre-
gularly spotted with yellow, and the tail is banded with the same.
‘The whole of the under surface, from the chin to the base of the
tail, the aville, and inside of the thighs, are orange yellow.

Length of the largest of the three specimens (each apparently

adult). ft. inch,
From the muzzle to the posterior margin of theear 0 3
From the ear to the root of the tail............ Linus

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bray We.) ee aut

71

June 12, 1838.
The Rey. F. W. Hope in the Chair.

Mr. Owen communicated to the Meeting another portion of the
results attending his examination of the body of the Apteryr, em-
bracing a description of the parts connected with the function of re-
spiration, and their general relations, as shown in this extraordinary
bird, to that structure of the respiratory organs which is so eminent-
ly characteristic of the entire class.

Mr. Owen remarks, that the system of respiration in birds is so
obviously framed with especial reference to the faculty of aérial pro-
gression, and the peculiarities in the former exhibit so marked a phy-
siological relation to the latter, that in the Apteryx, where the wings
are reduced to the lowest known rudimentary condition, the exami-
nation of the accompanying modifications in the respiratory apparatus
presented a most interesting subject for inquiry.

Upon carefully removing the viscera from the abdomen, Mr. Owen
was both gratified and surprised at finding no trace of air-cells in
the abdominal cavity ; the diaphragm being entire, and pierced only
for the transmission of the esophagus and larger blood-vessels, as in
the Mammalia.

The position of the diaphragm was almost horizontal, like that of
the Dugong, differing from it principally in relation to the heart and
pericardium, which projected into the abdominal cavity, as through a
hernial aperture, the aponeurosis of the diaphragm being continuous
over the pericardium ; an approach towards the oyiparous type in the
disposition of the viscera being thus preserved.

In the origins of the diaphragm Mr. Owen found the crura of the
lesser muscle exhibiting a greater degree of development than is
known to exist in any other bird ; the crura were entirely tendinous,
and arose from slight projections at the sides of the last costal ver-
tebre, their fibres expanding and being lost in the large aponeuro-
tic centre; at the point of their expansion to join the aponeurosis a
small proportion of muscular fibre was observed.

The abdominal surface of the diaphragm, as in the Mammalia, was
principally in contact with the convex surface of the liver, but the
thoracic surface of the former was separated from the lungs by a se-
ries of small but well-marked air-cells, one of which projected
slightly through the anterior aperture of the thoracic-abdominal
cavity at the base of the neck; the Apteryr thus still retains the
ornithic type of structure, although presenting us with the only
known instance, in the feathered race, of a species in which the recep-
tacular portion of the lungs is not extended into the abdomen.

The lungs were each of an irregular sub-compressed triedral fi-
gure, broader anteriorly and contracted towards the posterior ex-

No, LXVI.—Proczepines or THE Zooxocican Society.

72

tremity ; they were fixed to the posterior part of the chest in a plane
nearly parallel with the axis of the trunk, and were perforated by
large apertures for the passage of air from the bronchial tubes into
the air-cells.

The bronchial divisions of the trachea entered the lungs about one-
fifth of their length from the anterior end, and immediately formed
four principal branches, two (a small one and the largest) supplying
the respiratory portion of the lung itself, and the other two termina-
ting by openings into the thoracic air-cells previously noticed. The
course of these divisions of the trachea is severally described by Mr.
Owen, and he also enters into details respecting the number and po-
sition, &c. of the air-cells.

In the simplicity of its structure the trachea resembled that of the
struthious birds, but there was no trace of a dilated membranous
pouch as inthe Emeu. The trachea consisted of 120 small rings,
becoming gradually smaller to the last 20, and alternately overlap-
ping and being overlapped at the sides, during the relaxation of the
tube. The upper larynx was not defended by any rudimental epi-
glottis, nor provided with retroverted spines or papille; a small
process projected from its anterior part halfway across the laryngeal
area. There was no lower larynr; the rings of the bronchi, with”
only a slight diminution of thickness, were continued from the
last two of the trachea, which latter were increased in size. The
trachea was closed below by a membrane completing the bronchial
cartilages at their under part, and the half-rings of the bronchi were
completed by a tympaniform membrane both above ard below.

There were two of the so-called sterno-tracheales muscles arising
one from the inner surface of each coracoid.

Mr. Owen remarks that the fixed condition of the lungs, and the
existence of air-cells between the lungs and the diaphragm, clearly
prove that inspiration cannot be effectually performed by the action
of the diaphragm alone, but that it takes place in the Apterye as in
other birds, by the sternum being depressed, and the angle between
the vertebral and sternal ribs being increased.

A communication was then read to the Meeting by Dr. Cantor,
entitled, ‘A notice of the Hamadryas, a genus of Hooded Serpents
with poisonous fangs and maxillary teeth.”

Dr. Cantor commences with observing, that ‘‘ since Dr. Russell em-
bodied the results of his investigations in his unequalled work upon
Indian Serpents, the attention which this branch of Indian zoology
has received has been chiefly confined to occasional discoveries of
single species ; and yet from experience I have been convinced how
rich this branch is, and how much still is left to be illustrated, not
only with regard to species, but also with regard to the habits and
the geographical distribution of this order of reptiles, the number
and variety of which forms so prominent a feature in the zoology of
Southern Asia.

‘* The venomous serpent, to which I shall here call attention, is the
type of a new genus; which, from its inhabiting hollow trees and

73

frequenting the branches, I propose to call Hamadryas. Its charac-
ters induce me to assign it a place between the genera Naja, Lau-
renti, and Bungarus, Daudin, which two forms it will be found to
connect together.

Hamappyas.

Caput latum, subovatum, deplanatum, vostro brevi obtuso, scutis
quindecim superne tectum.

Bucce tumide.

Oculi magni prominentes, pupil/d rotunda.

Nares laté apertee, duorum scutorum in confinio.

Oris rictus peramplus, subundatus.

Tela antica, pone qua dentes maxillares.

Collum dilatabile.

Corpus crassum, teres, sguamis levibus, per series obliquas dis-
positis, imbricatim tectum.

Cauda brevis, apice acuto, scutis et scutellis tecta.

Hamapryas Orniopnacus. Ham. supern? olivaceo-viridis, striis
sagittalibus nigris cinctus, abdomine glauco, nigro marmorato.

Scuta abdominalia a 215 ad 245
Scuta subcaudalia a 18 ad 32
Scutella subcaudalia a 63 ad 71

Hab. Bengal.

Hindustanee name, ‘ Sunkr-Choar.’

“ For the description and anatomical details, I beg to refer to my
provisional description, published in the Asiatic Researches, vol. xx.
p- 87., while I shall here confine myself to some general remarks
upon the habits, the effects of the poison, and the history of this
serpent.

“The Hamadryas, like the Bungarus, Hydrus, and Hydrophis, has
a few maxillary teeth behind the poison-fangs, and thus like the lat-
ter connects the venomous serpents with isolated poison-fangs to the
harmless, which possess a complete row of maxillary teeth.

“« Of the terrestrial venomous serpents the Bungarus is chiefly cha-
racterized by a distribution of the teeth similar to that of the Hama-
dryas, which, also partaking of the chief characteristic of the genus
Naja, viz. that of forming a hood or disc, constitutes an immediate
link between the genera Bungarus and Naja.

“In consequence of the strong resemblance in the general appear-
ance between the Naja and the Hamadryas, when first my attention
became attracted to the latter, I thought I could refer this serpent
to that genus; and it was not until I was able to examine a speci-
men whose poison-fangs were untouched (those of the first speci-
mens I saw having been drawn by the natives, who are greatly
afraid of this serpent), that I discovered the maxillary teeth behind
the poison-fangs.

‘* Hamadryas ophiophagus differs from the Naja tripudians :

1. By its maxillary teeth.
2. By the strongly developed spines on the os occipitale inferius.

74

3. By the integuments covering the head.

4. By the integuments covering the abdominal surface of the tail.
5. By its colour.

6. By its size.

“According to the natives the Hamadryas feeds chiefly upon other
serpents; in one I dissected I found remains of a good-sized Mo-
nitor, which fact may account for its. arboreal habits, as I have in
Bengal, along the banks of the rivers, observed numbers of those
large lizards among the branches of trees watching for birds.

“« The power of abstaining from food, generally speaking, so charac-
teristic of the serpents, is but in comparatively small degree possessed
by this species; the most protracted starvation amounts to a period
of about one month, while the Vipera elegans, the Naja tripudians,
and the Bungarus annularis, have, without imconvenience, been con-
fined in cages without any food for more than ten months. Two
specimens of the Hamadryas in my possession were regularly fed by
giving them a serpent, no matter whether venomous or not, every
fortnight. As soon as this food is brought near, the serpent be-
gins to hiss loudly, and expanding the hood rises two or three
feet, and retaining this attitude as if to take a sure aim, watching
the movements of the prey, darts upon it in the same manner as the
Naja tripudians does. When the victim is killed by poison, and by
degrees swallowed, the act is followed by a lethargic state, lasting
for about twelve hours. Such of the other Indian venomous ser-
pents, the habits of which I have had opportunity to study from life,
show themselves much inclined to avoid other serpents, however
ready they are to attack men or animals, when provoked or driven
by hunger ; and I am not aware of any other of those serpents being
recorded as preying upon its own kind. A short time ago, however,
during my sojourn at the Cape of Good Hope, I received from high
authority the following fact, which throws a light upon the habits
of the Naja of southern Africa, one of which, when being captured,
threw up the body of a Vipera arietans (Vip. brachyurus, Cuvier),
which bore marks of having been submitted to the process of di-
gestion.

“The Hamadryas, like the greater number of Indian serpents,
evinces a great partiality to water; with the exception of the tree-
serpents (Leptophina, Bell), they all not only drink, but also moisten
the tongue, which, as this organ is not situated immediately in the
cavity of the mouth, become in the serpents two different acts *. Spe-
cimens of this serpent in my possession changed the skin every third
or fourth month, a process which takes place in all the Indian ser-

* M. Schlegel is of opinion that serpents never drink. (Essay sur la Physiogn.
des Serpens, Partie Generale.) As mentioned above, I have had opportunities of
ascertaining that the greater number of Indian serpents are very fond of water,
a fact which I am aware has also been observed in the African serpents by the
eminent naturalist Dr. A. Smith, whose valuable discoveries, which he is at present
engaged in publishing, will bring to light many facts, of which we are at present
aa re total ignorance concerning the habits of animals, particularly those of the

eptiles.

75

pents several times during the year. The Hamadryas is very fierce,
and is always ready not only to attack but to pursue when opposed;
while the Cophias, the Vipera, the Naja, and the Bungarus, merely
defend themselves, which done, they always retreat, provided no
further provocation is offered. The natives of India assert, that in-
dividuals are found upwards of twelve feet in length, a statement
probably not exaggerated, as I have myself seen specimens from eight
to ten feet in length, and from six to eight inches in circumference.
I have often heard it asserted, that ‘Cobras’ (which name is natu-
rally enough given to every hooded serpent,) have been met with of
an enormous size, but I strongly doubt their belonging to the genus
Naja: among a considerable number which have come under my ob-
servation, I never saw any exceeding five to six feet in length, while
the common size is about four feet. Some time before I discovered
the Hamadryas, I was favoured by J. W. Grant, Esq., of the Hon.
Company’s Civil Service, with an interesting description of a gi-
gantic hooded serpent he had observed in the upper provinces, and
which, he remarked, was not a Naja. By inspection this gentleman
denied the Hamadryas to be identical with the above-mentioned.

«The natives describe another hooded serpent, which is said to
attain a much larger size than the Hamadryas, and which, to con-
clude from the vernacular name, ‘Mony Choar’, is perhaps another
nearly allied species.

“The fresh poison of the Hamadryas is a pellucid, tasteless fluid,
in consistence like a thin solution of gum arabic in water; it red-
dens slightly litmus paper*, which is also the case with the fresh
poison of the Cophias viridis, Vipera elegans, Naja tripudians, Bun-
garus annularis and Bung. ceruleus : when kept for some time it acts
much stronger upon litmus, but after being kept it loses considerably
if not entirely its deleterious effects.

«From a series of experiments upon living animals, the effects of
this poison come nearest to those produced by that of the Naja tripu-
dians, although it appears to act less quickly. ‘The shortest period
within which this poison proved fatal to a fowl, was fourteen mi-
nutes; whilst a dog expired in two hours eighteen minutes after
being bitten. It should however be observed, that the experiments
were made during the cold season of the year.’

A specimen of the present genus (Hamadryas), in the Collection
of the Society, was upon the table, having been presented to the
Museum by Sir Stamford Raffles, but without any facts respecting
its history, or the locality in which he had procured it.

* “M. Schlegel asserts (loc. cit. p. 34,) the venom is ‘ni alcalin ni acide.’ The
only way in which I can account for this mistake from a man who ranks among
the first Erpetologists, is by supposing that M. Schlegel himself never had an
opportunity of testing the poison of a living serpent; for besides the five above-
mentioned genera of Indian venomous serpents, I found the fresh poison of dif-
ferent species of marine serpents (/Zydrus) to possess the property of turning litmus
paper red. The same fact with the Crotalus is noticed by Dr. Harlan, who says,
‘The poison of the living Crotalus tested in numerous instances with litmus paper,

&c. invariably displayed acid properties.’ (Vide Harlan, Medical and Physical Re-
searches, p. 501, sq.)”

76

Mr. Yarrell called the attention of the Meeting to some specimens
of fish presented by Mr. Harvey, of Teignmouth, whom he stated to
be on the point of quitting England for a residence in Australia, and
to whose zealous exertions as a Corresponding Member the Society
had on many occasions been largely indebted.—The following vote
of thanks was proposed and carried unanimously :—

“ That the thanks of the Meeting be offered to Mr. Harvey, Cor-
responding Member, for the services he has already rendered to the
Society, and that he be assured of the cordial desire experienced by
his fellow Members for his welfare and success in his new under-
taking.”

77

June 26, 1838.
William Horton Lloyd, Esq., in the Chair.

A specimen of the Peregrine Falcon was upon the table, which
had been sent to the Society’s office as a donation to the Menagerie,
with the following letter addressed to Mr. Rees, from the donor,
Capt. Charles Robertson :—

«Sir,

‘1 BEG to present to you the accompanying Hawk, which was caught
on board the ship Exmouth, on the 12th of February last, on her
passage from Bengal to London, when in about latitude 12° north,
and longitude 88°-30 east, which placed the ship about 300 miles
from the Andaman Islands; and from observing the bird’s tendency
to fly away towards the east about the time of sunrise, for some
days after it was caught, I am led to suppose that it must have been
blown off, or followed its prey till out of sight of, those Islands. At
the time that it was taken, it was in the act of devouring the remains
of a sea bird on the main-topsail yard, which it had previously been
seen to pounce down upon and take up from the sea.

««'The injured leg was occasioned by a ring, to which it was attached
when first caught, and the struggles of the bird to get away ; but I
have great hopes that it will regain in some measure the use of it
by proper care and attention, which I was unable to give it; and it is
now much improved to what it was, the two parts being more in-
clined to unite. I have fed it upon raw fresh meat, and young rats
occasionally, but it never looks at water. When approaching the
coast of England, it was very remarkable that the bird again strug-
gled to get away in the direction of the land, although we were so
far off as not to see it from the ship. I am not aware that this
hawk differs from the common species, but the circumstances attend-
ing it may be interesting to a naturalist ; and if it should be thought
worthy of being added to your collection, I shall feel amply repaid
for the trouble I have taken to preserve it.

«This is the second instance of a hawk being taken by me out of
sight of land; and on the former occasion a sparrow took refuge in
the cabin: we were at that time about 80 miles from Ceylon. From
these circumstances it is evident that hawks traverse great spaces of
the ocean, being able to feed on the wing.

**T remain, Sir, your obedient Servant,

“Cuarztes Ropertson.”’
18, Alfred-place, Bedford-square,
26th June, 1838,

The first part of a paper was then read by Mr. Blyth, entitled,
** Outlines of a Systematic Arrangement of the class Aves.”

aa vib dotihe wee Reuag, cm

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Bodin ers $M ogi 0 feof dja-E}

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pas Segal ta oe
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Pa BLES abs bo galas

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bie rn shia oF odin ve ah aig sj )

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bial ees i Wy 2 hy

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sa8 ag ody’ beter itary bret Sak UTrer al

Peavey iln ba iy nodeomthy ait acsuaee by

and? Shwe jon a le alt most Hone ps dha

UWE ssa usemnociady ORD ngs rad add amatats
gd ot btiocs 3% hae haa ceetles

Jorwne

79

July 10th, 1838.
Wm. Ogilby, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter dated Tymaen Pyle, Glamorganshire, May 14th, 1838,
was read, addressed to the Secretary by J. E. Bicheno, Esq., accom-
panying a donation to the Museum of a skin of the Burrhal Sheep
from ‘the Himalaya Mountains. The animal being quite new to the
collection had been set up by Mr. Gould, and was placed in the room
for exhibition. Mr. Bicheno writes as follows:

‘«« T found the accompanying skin in the possession of a neigh-
re gentleman, who left India last year; and as I apprehend it

to belong to a rare animal, and hardly known in this country, I
have, with his permission, sent it to the Museum of the Zoological
Society. It is not possible for me, at this distance from authorities,
to make it out satisfactorily, but it seems very near to the Asiatic
Argal ( Ovis Argaia), if not identical; if so, however, it varies in many
particulars from the descriptions given of that species.

“ It was killed, June Ist, 1836, by Thos. Smith, Esq., 15th Native
Infantry ; known in India as one of the most intrepid sportsmen
and best shots in the country. He met with it in the Great Snowy
Range close to the Barinda Pass, communicating with Chinese Tar-
tary, near also to the famous peak called Jaurnootrie, under which
rises the river Tamna. He estimates the height at which he found
the animal to have been from 15,000 to 17,000 feet: Humboldt,
he thinks, calls the Berinda Pass 18,000 feet high.

«« The hill-men call it Burrhal, and considered this specimen to
have been seven vears old by the horns. The cry was that of a tame
sheep. It was exceedingly shy, and no animal in Mr. Smith’s opi-
nion is so difficult ofapproach. During his expedition in pursuit of
the Burrhal he killed also the Thaar, which he took to be a species of
Goat, and the ‘ Serow,’ an Antelope, which Mr. Hodgson has de-
scribed in the Journal of the Asiatic Society, No. 45, for Sept. 1835.
The Thaar is also described in the same paper, and is regarded by
him to be an Antelope. Mr. Hodgson suspects the Burrhal to be his
Ovis Nahoor, but I have no opportunity of consulting the work.”

An extract, forwarded by Mr. Bicheno, copied from the journal of
Lieut. Thomas Smith, was also read, in which, after describing the
great difficulty he found in reaching the district frequented by the
Burrhal, he proceeds :

‘« I was at last repaid by seeing nine of them at about 600 yards,
and they saw us. I attempted to get near; but no! they are with-
out exception the most difficult animals in the world to get near; and
the air being so rarified I could hardly breathe, my Paharrees con-
stantly falling and declaring they would die, and begging me to re-
turn.

No. LXVII.—Procrepines oF THE ZooLoGicaL Society.

80

“« About four o’clock, as I was just giving it up indespair, I suddenly
came round a peak of snow, and found the large Ram at about 300
yards looking at me: despairing of ever getting nearer, and knowing
my rifle would do it if only held straight, I beat a place in the snow
and laid it along, taking a steady aim, pulled, and to my delight saw
him fall on his side and kick. He recovered himself and crawled
into some frightful rock, and there stood showing me his horns.”’

The animal was not eventually captured until it had received a
large number of balls. ‘‘ Thus I killed,” says Lieut. Smith, “the
first Burrhal ever killed by European or native that I can learn.”

Mr. Ogilby observed that the present animal, although extremely
rare and valuable, had been for some time known to naturalists, by a
specimen in the collection of the Linnean Society, and by the re-
searches of Mr. Hodgson, who had described two species of sheep
inhabiting the Himalayan range. Recently, however, Mr. Hodgson
had changed his opinion with respect to the existence of two di-
stinct species, referring them both to his Ovis Nahoor ; but Mr. Ogilby
believed that another species did inhabit the Himalaya Mountains
decidedly distinct from the present, and the horns of which are so
capacious, that the young Foxes are said to nestle in such as are
found unattached to the animals.

A paper was then read, entitled, ‘‘ Observations on Marine Ser-
pents.” By Dr. Cantor.

This communication embodies the results of Dr. Cantor’s obser-
vations upon the habits and general conformation of the Marine
Ophidians, a group of Vertebrata to which but little attention has
hitherto been given, from the circumstance of the danger attending
their examination in the living state, and also from their geogra-
phical distribution being entirely confined to the tropical seas. The
author being stationed, in the East India Company’s service, on the
Delta of the Ganges, had, during a considerable period, most favour-
able opportunities for studying these serpents, many of which were
captured in the nets employed for fishing. His observations are
principally directed to the anatomical characters which distinguish
the marine from the terrestrial serpents, and to the modifications of
structure by which the former are adapted to the element in which
they exist. With respect to their physiology, the principal point of
interest he establishes is, the circumstance of all the species, with-
out exception, being highly venomous, a fact which has been denied
by Schlegel, who states that the Marine Snakes are harmless; and
the same erroneous idea is very current with the natives. Dr. Cantor
in proof of the contrary refers to the recent death of an officer in
Her Majesty’s service, within an hour or two after the bite of a Serpent
which had been caught at sea, and also to numerous experiments
of his own, in which fowls, fish, and other animals invariably died
within a few minutes after the bite had béen inflicted. Numerous
sketches were exhibited to the Meeting in illustration of Dr. Cantor's
observations.

81

July 24, 1838.
Thomas Bell, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter, addressed to the Secretary, was read, from Walter Paton,
Esq., accompanying a donation to the Museum of an Indian Fowl,
remarkable for having had one of its spurs engrafted upon its head.
The spur, in consequence of its removal to a part in which the supply
of arterial blood was greatly increased, had grown to an unnatural
size, and hung down in crescentic shape, presenting a very singular
appearance.

Mr. Martin brought before the Meeting a collection of Snakes
procured by the Euphrates Expedition, which, at the request of the
Chairman, he proceeded to notice in detail.

The first, he observed, appeared to be referable to the Coluber
Cliffordii; it agreed in every respect with specimens of that snake
from Trebizond, procured by Keith Abbott, Esq., except that its co-
lours were more obscure. Of this species there were several speci-
mens, young and adult.

The others he regarded as new, and described them as follows :

Cotuser Cuzsneut. This species is allied to Col. Hippocrepis,
but differs in the shape of the muzzle, (which is more acute,) in the
figure and extent of the nasal and labial plates, and in the disposition
of the markings.

The labial plates are small and numerous, and in one specimen
several are divided.

The posterior frontals are small, and in one specimen are divided
into two.

The anterior frontals are contracted.

The superciliary plates are convex ;—the eyes are small.

The scales of the trunk are small, imbricate, and without a keel.

The head is pale yellowish brown, the plates beautifully freckled
or finely marbled with dark brown: a brown band traverses the
superciliary and vertical plates from eye to eye, and then descends
on each side obliquely to the angle of the mouth. The labial plates
are bordered with dusky brown or deep gray.

The ground colour of the body above is yellowish brown; a series
of square spots of a brown, or olive brown colour, extend from the
back of the neck, above the median dorsal line, to the end of the
tail. On the sides of the neck begins a line of the same colour,
which soon breaks into elongated narrow marks, which towards the
middle of the body become confused, broken, and irregular.

The superior margins of the abdominal plates are tinged with
gray or dusky brown.

The whole of the under surface of head, body, and tail, pale
yellow.

82

Caudal plates, 69 pairs in one specimen, and 57 in another.

ft. in.
Length of head and body............ 111
Tuength of tail. 55///2. Ge. Re mca 0 43

CoronELLa Mutticincta, Allied to the ‘‘Couleuvre & capuchon”’
but has the muzzle much shorter and rounder ; it differs also in the
distribution of the colours.

The head is broad, the eyes very small, the muzzle very short
and blunt.

The head is gray, finely and closely marbled, and dotted with
black; a ring of which colour encircles the neck. The ground
ee of the trunk above is pale cinereous gray, barred with trans-
verse marks of black, broadest in the middle, and having a disposition
to assume the arrow-head form; they unite with the black of the
abdomen alternately, so that their direction across the back is not
directly transverse but obliquely so.

ft. in.
Length of head and body ............ 1 13
Teeneth of fail | i; 1a daeawt- is prenigtihtoes QO 23

CoroneLLa MopeEsta. Head small; muzzle short, but moderately
pointed ; eyes small. Scales of upper parts smooth and small; uni-
versal colour yellowish gray. A black band passes from eye to eye;
a second crosses the occiput; and a third of a more decided tint en-
circles the back of the neck. Ina specimen from Trebizond, pro-
cured by K. Abbot, Esq., the marks on the head are more obscure.

Length of head and body ............ 9 inches,
Death or tal: Rieke ie tae ts ae an 25

CoroneLua putcura. Head long, flat, and pointed at the muzzle ;
eyes moderate.

Scales small and smooth.

General ground colour ashy gray; the head above beautifully
marbled and mottled with black; an irregular mark crosses each
superciliary plate and extends upon the vertical; and a mark of the
same character traverses each occipital, and extends upon the sides
of the occiput. A black mark runs below the eye to the margin of
the lips, and a second to the angle of the mouth; a series of black-
ish spots begins on the back of the neck, and runs down the back,
where they become larger, and often broken into a double alternating
series ; a line of smaller and deeper black spots runs along each
side, and the upper margins of the abdominal plates also are irregu-
larly mottled with black. The plates of the abdomen are minutely
and obscurely freckled with dusky black.

ft. in.
Length of head and pag teats ae AS 1wv
Length of tail ..... Mi ida, sutra tate wi arenes

Virera Evenrarica. Allied to Vivek elegans, but differs in the
disposition of the plates around and between the nostrils, and in the

$3

style of its colouring, A large fossa indicates, as in Vip. elegans,
the aperture of the nostrils, and within this a valve, only to be
seen when the fossa is opened, stretches obliquely across, forming
the posterior margin of the nasal canal, as it extends from the bot-
tom of the fossa. :

The rostral plate is large and rounded above ; the muzzle is large
and swollen; the eyes sunk, but are not overshadowed, as in V.
elegans, by a single superciliary plate; the scales, however, which
occupy its place, are somewhat larger than those covering the top
of the skull between the eyes. A large elongated scale intervenes
between the nasal cavity and the rostral plate. The scales between
the nostrils are larger than those which succeed them; the labials
are rather small, the fourth from the rostral being the largest—their
number on each side is ten. The scales on the top of the head are
small, keeled, subacute at the points; those of the trunk are large,
flat, elongated, with rounded points, and narrowly keeled,

Subcaudal plates 47 pairs.

Body stout and robust, gradually tapering to the apew of the tail.
The general colour of the upper surface is brownish gray, minutely
freckled with black, the dots of which are more clustered on the
sides, in some places, and at regular intervals, giving the appearance
of obscure clouded fascia, or nebule. The plates of the under surface
are pale yellow, obscurely mottled and dotted with dusky gray.

in.
Length of head and body ............ 4 5
Benet of talb.s -%.* 00 ocue ca een Ames, On Che

Two other snakes, one from India, the other from Antigua, were
also described as follows :

Coxuzer Canrort. Eyes large; head broad; muzzle moderate ;
vertical plate broad, as are also the two occipital plates, and the an-
terior ocular on each side. Scales of body small, smooth, and
closely imbricate.

Body deep, somewhat compressed and tapering.

General colour of upper surface glossy brownish black ; a black
spot below each eye, on the meeting edges of the 5th and 6th labial
plates; a black line from the back of the eye to the angle of the
mouth, and a black band from the side of each occipital plate to the
sides of the neck, where it ends abruptly.

Along the sides, for the anterior half of the body, a small whitish
spot occurs at regular intervals, with a broad black spot below it ;
these marks become fainter and fainter, and at length disappear.
The central line of the back, from the neck to the middle of the
body, pale brown.

Abdomen yellowish white, becoming dusky as it proceeds ; the
posterior portion and the under surface of the tail being a little
paler than the ground colour of the upper surface,

Length of head and body ............ Bes k
Ihengeth Of tates ... ves = pet na erie 0 34

84

- Mr. Martin observed that Dr. Cantor, in honor of whom he named
this Snake, had observed it in India; and, according to the observa-
tions of this gentleman, it did not attain much larger dimensions
than those of the specimen exhibited.

Inhabits India.
The exact locality of the specimen exhibited unknown.

HERPETODRYAS FUNCTIFER. Head narrow, scarcely distinct from
the body; muzzle short and pointed; eyes small; body stout and
gradually tapering. Scales smooth, short, broad, and imbricate.

General colour pale brown. A dark brown line runs down the top
of the head; a riband of dark brown, made up of diamond-shaped
marks joined together, commences at the occiput, and runs down
the middle of the back to the end of the tail, on which last it is a
simple line ; a brown riband, little darker than the ground colour,
but narrowly margined with dark brown, begins behind each eye,
but soon loses itself on the sides of the body. Every scale at its
apex has two minute dots of chalk-white, which, if not examined
through a lens, might lead to the idea of their being the indications
of pores; they are, however, simply round little dots of opake white.
Plates of abdomen pale yellowish white, irregularly and obscurely
marked with a dusky tint.

The specific term punctifer is given in allusion to the two white
points at the apex of each scale.

Tnhabits Antigua.

August 14, 1838.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A series of skins, belonging to species of the genus Sciurus, in-
cluding, with one or two exceptions, all which are known to in-
habit North America, were upon the table; and the Rev. Dr. Bach-
man, of S. Carolina, brought them severally before the notice of the
Members. Six of the species exhibited were new, and for these he
proposed the specific names of Tewxianus, lanuginosus, fuliginosus,
subauratus, Auduboni, and Richardsoni. Dr. Bachman’s manuscript
notes upon the habits and characters of the North American Squir-
rels, with descriptions of the newly characterized species, were also
laid before the Meeting.

The first species noticed by Dr. Bachman is the Sciurus capi-
stratus of Bosc, or Fox Squirrel; Vulpinus of Gmel.; niger, Catesby;
variegatus, Desm.; the Black Squirrel of Bartram. Its essential
characters consist in its large size, in having the tail longer than
the body, the hair coarse, and the ears and nose white. The dental

formula is inc. 3, can. =. mol. =: In a very young individual,
supposed to have quitted the nest only a day or two, Dr. Bachman
found an additional anterior grinder on each side in the upper jaw,
but very minute. The additional molar teeth, he concludes, are
shed at a very early period, as they were not present in two other
specimens subsequently examined, and which were some days older
than the former one. The Fox Squirrel is the largest found in the
United States, and is subject to great differences of colour, but it
still exhibits such striking and uniform markings, that the species
may always be distinguished. Three principal varieties are noticed;
in the first, which is the gray variety and the most common, the white
of the nose extends to within four or five lines of the eyes; the ears,
feet, and belly, are white; forehead and cheeks, brownish black; the
hairs on the back are dark, plumbeous near the roots ; then a broad
line of cinereous ; then blaek,“and broadly tipped with white, with an
occasional black hair interspersed, especially on the neck and fore-
shoulder, giving the animala light gray appearance; the hairs in the
tail are for three-fourths of their length white from the roots, then
a ring of black, with the tips white. This is the variety given by
Bosc and other authors as Sc. capistratus.

The second variety (the Black Fox Squirrel) has the nose and ears
white, a few light-coloured hairs. on the feet, the rest of the body
and tail black ; there are, occasionally, a few white hairs in the tail.
This is the original black squirrel of Catesby and Bartram, (Sc.
niger).

In the third variety, the nose, mouth, under-jaw, and ears, are
No. LXVIII.—Procrepines or THe Zoo.ocicat Sociery.

86

white ; head, thighs, and belly, black; the back and tail, dark- gray.
This is the variety alluded to by Desmarest, Ency. Méthod. Mam-
malogie, p. 333.

A fourth variety, very common in Alabama, and also occasionally
seen in the upper districts of South Carolina, and which has, on
several occasions, been sent to Dr. Bachman as a distinct species,
has the ears and nose white, a prominent mark in all the varieties,
and by which the species may be easily distinguished. The head
and neck are black; back, rusty-blackish brown; neck, thighs, and
belly, bright rust colour; tail annulated with black and red. This
is the variety erroneously considered by the author of the notes on
MacMurtius’ translation of Cuvier, (Append. vol. i. p. 433.) as the
Sciurus rufiventer.

The three first varieties noted above, Dr. Bachman describes as
being common in the lower and middle districts of South Carolina ;
and although they are known to breed together, yet it is very rare
to find any specimens indicating an intermediate variety. Where
the parents are both black, the young are invariably of the same
colour; the same may be said of the other varieties; where, on the
other hand, there is one parent of each colour, an almost equal pro-
portion of the young are of the colour of the male, the other of the
female. On three occasions he had opportunities of examining the
young produced by progenitors of different colours. The first nest
contained four, two black and two gray ; the second, one black and
two gray ; and the third, three black and two gray. The colour of
the young did not, in a majority of instances, correspond with that
of the parent of the same sex. Although the male parent was black,
the young males were frequently gray, and vice versd.

Dimensions of the Fox Squirrel.

in. lines
Length of head and body ............ 14 5
Tail (to end of vertebre)............ 12 4
DTS 70 3 27 ge =e ae Lays
Palm and middle fore-claw .......... 1-9
Sole and middle hind-claw .......... 2 11
Length of fur on the back............ 8
Height of ear posteriorly ............ 7

This species is said to exist sparingly in New Jersey: Dr. Bach+
man has not observed it further north than Virginia, nor could he
find it in the mountainous districts of that state. In the pine
forests of North Carolina it becomes more common; in the middle
and maritime districts of South Carolina it is almost daily met
with, although it cannot be said to be an abundant species any-
where.

Sciurus Texianus. Texian Squirrel. This name is proposed by
Dr. Bachman for an apparently undescribed species which he saw in
the Museum at Paris. It was said to have been received from
Mexico. Inthe Museums of Berlin and Zurich, he also found what

87

he conceives to be the same species; and in the British Museum
there is a specimen obtained at Texas by Mr. Douglas, agreeing with
the others in almost every particular. Dr. Bachman also states that,
among his notes there is a description of a specimen received by a
friend from the south-western parts of Louisiana, which, on a com-
parison with memoranda taken from the other specimens, does not
appear to differ in any important particular. Hence, he thinks it
probable that this species has a tolerably extensive range extending
perhaps from the south-western portions of Louisiana, through
Texas, into Mexico.

The Texian Squirrel is about the size of the Fox Squirrel. On
the upper surface there is a mixture of black and yellow, and on the
under parts deep yellow. The under sides of the limbs, and also the
parts of the body contiguous, are whitish, Fore-legs externally,
and the feet, rich yellow: ears, on both surfaces, yellow, with in-
terspersed white hairs: nose and lips, brownish white ; hairs of tail,
rich rusty yellow at ‘base, with a broad black space near the ex-
tremity, and finally tipt with yellow.

Dimensions. in, lines.
Rinetiy Of Togy....:. +... Sees aoe 2o Uae
Tail to end of hair ............7... 15 O
Parse hye Ee Geek eee see! 2b TSA
Height of earsto endoffur .......... 0 6%

The Texian Squirrel bears some resemblance to the Sciurus ca-
pistratus. The latter species, however, in all the varieties hitherto
examined by Dr. Bachman, has uniformly the white ears and nose.

This species would appear to replace the Capistratus in the south-
western parts of America.

Scrurvus susauratus. Sci. corpore supra cinereo, flavo lavato,
infra austere aureo, caudd corpore longiore. Dentes, inc. hs mol.
4-4
44°
The designation ‘‘ Golden-bellied Squirrel,” and the specific term
subauratus, are given by Dr. Bachman to a species, of which two
dead specimens were procured in the markets of New Orleans by
Mr. Audubon. Their size was between that of the Northern Gray,
and the Little Carolina Squirrel. There was no trace of the small
anterior upper molar generally found in the species of the genus
Sciurus. The upper incisors are of a deep orange brown colour, and
of moderate size : under incisors a little paler than the upper; the
head is of moderate size; whiskers longer than the head; the ears
are short and pointed, and clothed with hair on both surfaces. The
body seems better formed for agility than that of the small Carolina,
in this respect approaching nearer to the Northern Gray Squirrel.
The tail is broad and nearly as long as that ef the last-named spe-
cies.
The colour of the whole upper surface is gray, with a distinct
yellow tint. The hairs, which give this outward appearance, are
grayish slate colour at their base, then very broadly annulated with

8&8

yellow ; then black, and near the apex annulated with yellowish
white. The sides of the face and neck, the whole of the inner side
of the limbs, feet, and the whole of the under parts, of a deep golden
yellow ; on the cheeks and sides of the neck, however, the hairs are
obscurely annulated with black and whitish; the ears are well
clothed on both surfaces with tolerably long hairs of the same deep
golden hue as the sides of the face; hairs of the feet are mostly
blackish at the root, and some are obscurely tipped with black ;
hairs of the tail black at the roots, and the remaining portion of a
bright rusty yellow; each hair three times in its length annulated
with black; the under surface of the tail is chiefly bright rusty yel-
low ; whiskers longer than the head, black.

Dimensions. in. lin.
Length of head and body............ 10 6
Berl (wertetrte) 600 SB ee RA
Mail syelading tur eiiyi i. OK. sedi ky. 12 0
Palm to end of middle fore-claw ...... 1 7
Length of heel to point of middle nail.. 2 6
Height of ear posteriorly ............ 0 5
Length of fur on the back............ 0 7
Breadth of tail with hair extended .... 8 6

Weight, one pound and a quarter.

Sciurus magnicaudatus, Harlan’s Fauna, p. 170. S. macrourus, Say.
Long’s Expedition, vol. i. p. 115.

Of this species Dr. Bachman remarks, that although he has seen
many specimens labelled under the above name, yet the only true
S. macrourus which has come under his own observation, is one in the
Philadelphia Museum. Not being in possession of his own memo-
randa upon this species, he quotes the description published by Say.

Sciurus aureogaster, F.Cuv. et Geoff. Mamm. Californian Squirrel.

Dr. Bachman’s acquaintance with this species rests upon the ex-
amination of some specimens in the Museum of the Zoological So-
ciety, from which he draws up the following description.

The general hue above is deep gray, grizzled with yellow: the
under parts and inner side of the limbs are deep rusty red ; chin,
throat, and cheeks, pale gray. Limbs externally, and feet, coloured
as the body above. Hairs on the toes chiefly dirty white. Tail large
and very bushy. Hairs of the tail black, twice annulated with dirty
yellow, and broadly tipped with white—the white very conspicuous
where the hairs are in their natural position. Ears thickly clothed,
chiefly with blackish hairs, the hinder basal part, externally, with
long white hairs extending slightly on the neck. All the hairs of
the body are gray at the base, those of the upper parts annulated
first with yellow, then black, and then white. Whiskers black,
the hairs very long and bristly. The under incisors almost as deep
an orange colour as the upper.

Habitat Mexico and California.

89

Dimensions. in. lin.
From nose to root of tail ............ 12 O
Dail tavendsothaire? soo) ec dae. cee LOG
Heel to end of claws ................ 2 5¢
IVDBEUESRDE, atest dejo hl ols. eadigcrtjes acs ti, Dt Te
Height of ear posteriorly ............ 0 74

A second specimen, the locality of which was not given, differed
from the above in having a much richer colouring. The belly was
of a very bright rust colour. The hairs on the tail were black at the
roots, then broadly annulated with rusty yellow, then a considerable
space occupied by black, the apical portion white, but when
viewed from beneath, a bright rust colour like that of the belly was
very conspicuous, occupying the basal half of the hair. The upper
parts of the body were grizzled with black and white, and many of
the hairs were annulated with rust colour. Over the haunches and
rump, the hairs are annulated with rusty yellow and black. The
hairs of the feet were chiefly black.

The original specimen on which this species was founded, is in
the Museum at Paris, and Dr. Bachman quotes the following de-
scription from Mr. Waterhouse’s manuscript notes.

‘General colour, grizzled black and white. Throat, chest, belly,
innerside of legs, nearly the whole of the fore-legs, and the forepart
of the hind-legs, rusty red. Tail very broad; the hairs black; red
at the base, and white at the apex; lips white; feet black, with a
few white hairs intermixed; forepart of head also black, with scat-
tered white hairs. Chin blackish in front, shading towards the
throat into gray.”

in. lin
Nose to root of tail ................ ll 6
Wanlito:end ofshairscista. dies fo aes ll O
ArSUS? 4158270: Web Hh as Dre 4d

we by oy a esters) Cay ee of 3
Sciurus cinereus. Gmel. Cat Squirrel, Pen. Arct. Zool. i. 137.
A little smaller than the Fox Squirrel ; larger than the Northern

Gray Squirrel; body stout; legs rather short; nose and ears not

white; tail longer than the body. Dental formula, incis. > can. a

» 44

mol. 44s = 20.

_ Of this species Dr, Bachman remarks, ‘‘ It has sometimes been
confounded with the Fox Squirrel, and at other times with the
Northern Gray Squirrel. It is, however, in size intermediate be-
tween the two, and has some distinctive marks by which it may
always be known from either. The Northern Gray Squirrel has, as
far as I have been able to ascertain from an examination of many
specimens, permanently five grinders in each upper jaw, and the
present species has but four. Whether at a very early age the Cat
Squirrel may not, like the young Fox Squirrel, have a small deci-
duous tooth, I have had no means of ascertaining; all the specimens
before me, having been obtained in autumn or winter and being
adults, present the dental formula as givén above. The Fox Squirrel
is permanently marked with white ears and nose, which is not the

99

case with the Cat Squirrel ; the former is a southern species, the
latter is found in the middle and northern states.

«The head is less elongated than that of the Fox Squirrel; nose
more obtuse; incisors rather narrower, shorter, and less prominent;
the molars, with the exception of their being a little smaller, bear a
strong resemblance to, and are arranged in a similar manner to those
ofthe former species. ‘The neck is short; legs short and stout ; nails
narrower at base than those of the Fox Squirrel; shorter and less
arched; the tail also is shorter and less distichous; the body is
shorter and thicker, and the whole animal has a heavy, clumsy
appearance. The fur is not as soft as that of the Northern Gray
Squirrel, but finer than that of the Fox Squirrel.

“« This species, as well as the last, is subject to great varieties of
colour. I have observed in Peale’s Museum specimens of every
shade of colour, from light gray to nearly black. I have also seen
two in cages which were nearly white, but without the red eyes,
which is a characteristic mark in the Albino. ‘There appears, how-
‘ever, to be this difference between the varieties of the present spe-
cies and those of the Fox Squirrel; the latter are permanent varie-
ties, scarcely any specimens being found in intermediate colours ;
in the present there is every shade of colour, scarcely two being
found precisely alike.

‘The most common variety, however, is the Gray Cat Squirrel,
which I shall describe from a specimen now before me.

««Teeth orange; nails dark brown near the base, lighter at the
extremities. On the cheeks there is a slight tinge of yellowish
brown, and this colour is extended to the neck; the imner surface of
the ears is also of the same colour; the fur on the outer surface of
the ear, which extends a little beyond the outer edge and is of a
soft woolly appearance, is light cinereous, and on the edge of the
ear, rusty brown. Whiskers black and white, the former colour pre-
dominating. Under the throat, the inner surface of the legs and
thighs, and the whole under surface, white. On the back the hairs
are dark cinereous near the roots, then Jight ash, then annulated
with black and at the tip white, giving to the fur an iron-gray appear-
ance. The tail, which does not present the flat distichous appear-
ance of the majority of the other species, but is more rounded and
narrower, is composed of hairs which, separately examined, are of
a soiled white tint near the roots, then a narrow marking of black,
then white, then a broad line of black, and finally broadly edged
with white.

« Another specimen is dark gray on the back and head, anda
mixture of black and cinereous on the feet, thighs, and under sur-
face. Whiskers nearly all white. The markings on the tail are
similar to those of the other specimen.

Dimensions. in. lin.
Length of head and body .........-.- 1l 3
Tan (vertebra) ..%). 5.4. ---- betes 9°36

6

Tail to the end of the hair .......... 12

91

Dimensions. in. lin.
Height of ear posteriorly ............ O 6
Palm and middle fore-claw .......... 1 6
Heel and middle hind-claw .......... Beng
Length of fur on the back............ 0 7

“This has been to me a rare species. It is said to be common
in the oak and hickory woods of Pennsylvania, and I have occa-
sionally met with it near Easton and York. I also observed one
in the hands of a gunner near Fredericksburg, Virginia. In the
northern part of New York it is exceedingly rare, as I only saw two
pair during fifteen years of close observation. In the lower part of
that state, however, it appears to be more common, as I recently re-
ceived several specimens procured in, the county of Orange.
«This squirrel has many habits in common with other species,
residing in the hollows of trees, building in summer its nest of
leaves in some convenient crutch, and subsisting on the same va-
riety of food. It is, however, the most inactive of all our known
species. It mounts a tree, not with the lightness and agility of the
Northern Gray Squirrel, but with the slowness and apparent reluc-
tance of the little Striped Squirrel (Tamias Lysteri). After ascend-
ing, it does not mount to the top, as is the case with other species,
but clings to the body of the tree on the side opposite to you, or
tries to conceal itself behind the first convenient limb. I have never
observed it escaping from branch to branch. When it is induced in
search of food to proceed to the extremity of a limb, it moves cau-
tiously and heavily, and returns the same way. On the ground it
runs clumsily and makes slower progress than the Gray Squirrel.
It is usually fat, especially in autumn, and the flesh is said to be
preferable to that of any other of our species.

“The Cat Squirrel does not appear to be migratory in its habits.
The same pair, if undisturbed, may be found taking up their resi-
sidence in a particular vicinity for a number. of years in succession,
and the sexes seem mated for life.”

Sciurus leucotis. Northern Gray Squirrel.
Gray Squirrel. Penn. Arct. Zool. vol. i. p. 135. Hist. Quad.
‘No. 272.

Sci. Carolinensis. Godman non Gmel.

Sci. leucotis. Gapper, Zoological Journal, vol. v. p. 206, pub-
lished in 1830.

Larger than the Carolina Gray Squirrel; tail much longer than
the body; smaller than the Cat Squirrel; subject to many varieties
of colour.

Dental formula, incis. 5, mol. — 22.

Dr. Bachman states, that this species, which is very common in
the northern and middle states, has hitherto been improperly con-
founded with the Carolina Gray Squirrel. It appears to have the

additional anterior molares permanent, in this particular agreeing

92

with several other American Squirrels. The fact, that many of them
have only — he alludes to as indicating the necessity for modifying

the dental formula hitherto assigned to the genus Sciurus. -

The incisors are strong and compressed, a little smaller than those
of the Cat Squirrel, convex, and of a deep orange colour anteriorly ;
the upper ones haye a sharp cutting edge, and are chisel-shaped ;
the lower are much longer and thinner. The anterior grinder, al-
though round and small, is as long as the second; the remaining
four grinders are considerably more excavated than those of the Cat
Squirrel, presenting two transverse ridges of enamel. The lower
grinders corresponding to those above have also elevated crowns.
The hair is a little softer than that of the Cat Squirrel, and is most
harsh on the forehead.

The nose is rather obtuse; forehead arched; whiskers as long as
the head ; ears somewhat rounded, coneave ; both sides of the ear co-
vered with hair, that which clothes the outside being much the
longest. In winter the fur projects upwards, about three hnes be-
yond the margin.

Dr. Bachman observes, that although this species exists under
many varieties, there appear to be two very permanent ones. These
are,

1. Gray variety. The nose, cheek, around the eyes, extending to
the insertion of the neck, the upper surface of the fore and hind feet,
and a stripe along the sides, yellowish brown. ‘The ears on their
posterior surface are dirty white, edged with brown. On the back
from the shoulder there is an obscure stripe of brown, broadest at
its commencement, and running down to a point at the insertion of
the tail. In a few specimens this stripe is wanting. On the neck,
sides of the body, and hips, the colour is light gray ; the hairs sepa-
rately are for one half their length dark cinereous, then light umber,
then a narrow mark of black and tipped with white; a considerable
number of black hairs are interspersed, giving it above a gray colour; _
the hairs in the tail are light yellowish brown from the roots, with
three stripes of black, the outer one being widest, and broadly tipped
with white; the whole under surface is white.

“« There are other specimens where the yellowish markings on the
sides and feet are altogether wanting. Dr. Godman (vol. ii. p. 133.)
asserts that the golden colour on the hind feet is a very permanent
mark. ‘The specimens from Pennsylvania in my possession have
generally this peculiarity, but many of those from New York and
New England have gray feet, without the slightest mixture of yel-
low.”

2. Black variety. This variety, on several occasions, Dr. Bachman
has seen taken from the same nest with the Gray Squirrel. It is of
the size and form of the gray variety. It is dark brownish black
on the whole of the upper surface, a little lighter beneath. In sum-
mer its colour is less black than in winter. The hairs of the back
and sides of the body and tail are obscurely grizzled with yel-
low.

93

Dimensions of the Northern Gray Squirrel.
in.

—

Length of head and body .......... 11
Wails(vertebras)) WS. PS! t.. LE Oe 10
Parl torte vtapy oc 3 « tos este 2 esi ates A
Height‘ of ear F205... eee Cee 0
Height to the end of fur............ 0
Palm to end of middle claw US 1
Heel to end of middle nail.......... 2
Length of fur on the back .......... 0
Breadth of tail with hairs extended 4

Ay
WIROONOOLSE

As regards its geographical distribution, the northern limit of this
species is not determined ; it however exists as far as Hudson’s Bay;
was formerly very common in the New England States, and in the
less cultivated portions is still frequently met with. It is abundant
in New York and the mountainous portions of Pennsylvania. Dr.
Bachman has observed it on the northern mountains of Virginia; it
probably extends still further south: in the lower parts of North and
South Carolina, however, it is replaced by a smaller species. The
black variety is more abundant in Upper Canada, in the western part
of New York, and in the States of Ohio and Indiana. The Northern
Gray Squirrel does not exist in Georgia, Florida, or Alabama; and
among specimens of Squirrels sent from Louisiana, stated to be all
the species existing in that State, he did not discover the present
species.

In its habits Dr. Bachman describes the Sc. Jeucotis as one of the
most active species of Squirrel existing in the United States. It rises
with the sun, and continues industriously engaged in search of food
during four or five hours in the morning. In the middle of the day it
retires for a few hours to its nest, and then resumes its labours till
sunset. In the warm weather of spring and summer it builds a tem-
porary residence in the crutch of some tree, or in the fork of some
large branch. A pair of squirrels are employed on this nest, which
is formed of dry sticks and twigs, and lined with moss. In the winter
months these squirrels reside together in the hollows of trees, and there
the female brings forth her progeny. No instance has come under
Dr..Bachman’s. observation of their breeding in a state of domesti-
cation.

During the rutting season the males engage in frequent contests,
and often wound each other severely. The very current notion that
they emasculate one another in these encounters, is supposed by
Dr. Bachman to have originated in the circumstance of the testes
diminishing in bulk at a certain period of the year, or in these or-
gans being retracted within the pelvis. :

The food of the Northern Gray Squirrel is like that of the species
in general, nuts, seed, and grain ; it gives, however, the preference
to the several kinds of hickory. Its fondness for the green corn and
young wheat renders it very obnoxious to the farmer, and various

94

inducements are consequently held out for their destruction. In
Pennsylvania an ancient law existed, offering three pence a head for
every one destroyed; and in this way, in the year 1749, the sum
of eight thousand pounds was paid out of the treasury in pre-
miums.

It is this species of Squirrel which occasionally migrates in such
vast bodies, but instances of this nature are of much rarer occurrence
now than formerly. Autumn is the season of the year at which the
migration takes place, and they instinctively direct their course in an
eastward direction. Dr, Bachman states that he once witnessed a
body of them in the act of migrating, and saw them cross the Hud-
son in various places between Waterford and Saratoga. They swam
deep and awkwardly, with the body and tail entirely submerged.
Many were drowned in the passage, and those which reached the
opposite bank were so exhausted, that the boy stationed there had
no difficulty in killing them or taking them alive.

Sciurus Carolinensis, Gmel. Little Carolina Gray Squirrel.

This species is smaller than the Northern Gray Squirrel, and has
the tail, which is the same length as its body, narrower than in that
species. The colour above is rusty gray, beneath white, and not
subject to variation.

The head is shorter, and the space between the ears proportion-
ally broader than those of the Northern Gray Squirrel; the nose
also is sharper; the small anterior molar in the upper jaw is per-
manent, being invariably found in all the specimens examined
by Dr. Bachman; and is considerably larger than in the other spe-
cies. All his specimens, which give evidence of the animals having
been more than a year old, instead of having the small thread-
like single tooth as in the northern species, have a distinct double
tooth with a double crown; the other molars are not unlike those
of the other species in form, but are shorter and smaller ; the upper
incisors are nearly a third shorter. The body is shorter, less ele-
gant in shape, and has not the appearance of sprightliness and agility
for which the other species is so eminently distinguished. The ears,
which are nearly triangular in shape, are’so slightly clothed with
hair internally, that they may be said to be nearly naked; externally,
they are sparely clothed with short woolly hair, which does not, how-
ever, extend beyond the margins, as in the other species; the nails
are shorter and less hooked; the tail is shorter, and does not pre-
sent the broad distichous appearance of the other. Teeth light
orange colour; nails brown, lighter at the extremities; whiskers
black ; nose, cheeks, and around the eyes, with aslight tinge of rufous
gray. The fur on the back is for three-fourths of its length dark
plumbeous, then a slight marking of black, edged with brown in
some hairs, and black in others, giving it on the whole upper sur-
face an uniform dark ochreous colour. In a few specimens there is
an obscure line of lighter brown along the sides, where the ochre-
ous colour prevails, and a tinge of the same colour on the upper

95

surface of the fore-legs above the knees. ‘The feet are light gray ;
the hairs of the tail are, for three-fourths of their length from the
roots, yellowish brown; then black, edged with white ; the throat,
inner surface of the legs and the belly, white.

Dimensions. in. lin.
Length of head and eeey Mn saree aS 9 6
Tail (vertebree). . ibaiaesl. 2b te
Tail to point of hair. . Sera Sasees teh et D%e.6
Height off Cnty atte’. srrh). Bs Bo eee. okies 0 6
Palm to end of middle claw .......... 1 3
Heel to end of middle nail ............ 2 6
Length of fur on the back ............ 0.5
Breadth of tail with hairs extended .... 3 O

Dr. Bachman remarks that the present species has long been con-
founded with the Northern Gray Squirrel, but that any naturalist
who has had an opportunity of comparing many specimens of both,
and of witnessing their natural habits, cannot fail to regard them as
distinct species. Specimens of the former, which he had received
from North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, and Louisiana, scarcely pre-
sented a shade of difference when placed beside those of South
Carolina ; whilst in the Northern Gray Squirrel the great variations
in colour form a prominent characteristic distinction.

As regards the geographical range of the Carolina Squirrel, Dr.
Bachman states it to be abundant in South Carolina, Alabama,
Mississippi, and Georgia, especially in low grounds or swampy lo-
calities ; it is the only known species in the southern peninsula of East
Florida, and it also occurs, though not abundantly, in Louisiana.
Dr. Bachman has received it from North Carolina, and believes that
he has seen the species in the southern part of New Jersey. Its
habits he describes as very different from those of the Northern Gray
Squirrel : its bark is less full, but much shriller and more querulous.
Instead of mounting high on the trees when alarmed, it clings round
the trunk on the opposite side, and hides itself under the Spanish
mosses which are trailing around the trees. It is much less wild,
and consequently more readily captured than the northern species.
-Its favourite haunts are. low swampy situations, and amongst the
trees which overhang the streams and borders of the rivers: its nest
is composed of leaves and Spanish moss, and is generally placed in
the hollow of some cypress. In one respect, it differs from all the
other species of the genus, in being, to a certain extent, nocturnal
in its habits. Dr. Bachman has frequently observed it by moonlight
as actively engaged as the Flying Squirrel; and the traveller, after
sunset, in riding through the woods, is often startled by its noise.

- Sciurus Colliei. For a description of this species, of which the
original specimen is in the Collection of the Zoological Society,
Dr. Bachman refers to Dr. Richardson’s Appendix to Capt. Beechey’s
Voyage.

96

Sciurus nigrescens. A species described by Mr. Bennett, in the
Proceedings of the Zool. Soc. for 1833, p. 41.

Sciurus niger, Linn. non Catesby. The Black Squirrel. ‘i

A little larger than the Northern Gray Squirrel; fur soft and
glossy. Ears, nose, and the whole body, pure black ; a few white
tufts of hair interspersed. Incis. = canines =, molars =, =20.

Of this species Dr. Bachman remarks, ‘‘ Much confusion has ex-
isted with regard to this species. The original Sciurus niger of
Catesby is the black variety of the Fox Squirrel. It is difficult to
decide, from the descriptions of Drs. Harlan and Godman, whether
they refer to specimens of the black variety of the Northern
Gray Squirrel, or to the species which I am about to describe. In-
deed, there is so strong a similarity, that I have admitted it as a
species with some doubt and hesitation. Dr. Richardson has, under
the head of Sciurus niger, (see Fauna Boreali-Americana, p. 191.)
described a specimen from Lake Superior, of what I conceive to be
the black variety of the Gray Squirrel; but at the close of the same
article (p. 192.), he has described another specimen from Fort
William, which answers to the description of the specimens now
before me. There is great difficulty in finding suitable characters
by which the majority of our species of Squirrel can be designated,
but in none greater than in the present. All our naturalists seem
to insist that we have a Sciurus niger, although they have applied
the name to the black varieties of several species. As the name,
however, is likely to continue on our books, and as the specimens
before me, if they do not establish a true species, will show a very
permanent variety, I shall describe them under the above name.

“ Dr. Godman states (Nat. Hist. vol. ii. p. 133.) that the Black
Squirrel has only twenty teeth; the specimens before me have no
greater number, with the exception of one, evidently a young animal
a few months old, which has an additional tooth on one side, so
small that it appears like a white thread, the opposite and corre-
sponding one having already been shed. If further examinations
will go to establish the fact that this additional molar in the North-
ern Gray Squirrel is persistent, and that of the present deciduous,
there can be no doubt of their being distinct species. Its head ap-
pears to be a little shorter and more arclied than that of the Gray
Squirrel, although it is often found that these differences exist
among different individuals of the same species. ‘The incisors are
compressed, strong, and of a deep orange colour anteriorly. Ears,
elliptical and slightly rounded at tip, thickly clothed with fur on both
surfaces, that on the outer surfaces, in a winter specimen, extend-
ing three lines beyond the margins; there are, however, no distinct
tufts. Whiskers a little longer than the head. Tail long and di-
stichous, thickly clothed with moderately coarse hair.

«The fur is softer to the touch than that of the Northern Gray
Squirrel. The whole of the upper and lower surface, as well as the
tail, are bright glossy black; at the roots the hairs are a litile
lighter. The summer fur does not differ materially from that of the

97

winter, it is however not quite so intensely black. In all the speci-
mens I have had an opportunity of examining, there are small tufts
of white hairs irregularly situated on the under surface, resembling
those on the body of the Mink (Mustela vison). There are also
a few scattered white hairs on the back and tail.

Dimensions. in. lin.
Length of head and body ............ 13 0
Marla vertebtce) ys casi: )< west ecaisr-. <0 9 1
Tail including the fur .............. 13 O
Palm to end of middle fore-claw ...... a7’?
Length of heel to the point of middle claw 2 7
Length of fur on the back............ 0 8
Breadth of tail with hair extended .... 5 O

‘« The specimens from which this description has been taken were
procured, through the kindness of friends, in the counties of Rens-
sellaer and Queens, New York. I have seen it on the borders of
Lake Champlain, at Ogdensburg, and on the eastern shores of Lake
Erie; also near Niagara on the Canada side. The individual de-
scribed by Dr. Richardson, and which may be clearly referred to
this species, was obtained by Capt. Bayfield at Fort William, on
Lake Superior. Black squirrels exist through all our western wilds,
and to the northward of the great lakes, but whether they are of
this species, or of the black variety of the Gray Squirrel, I have not
had the means of deciding.”

Dr. Bachman had for several successive summers an opportunity
of studying the habits of this species in the northern parts of the
United States. It seems to prefer valleys and swamps to dryer and
more elevated situations, and to possess all the sprightliness of the
Northern Gray Squirrel. A colony of them had taken up their
abode by the side of a retired rivulet, where they were closely and
frequently watched by Dr. Bachman. He remarked that when
drinking they did not lap, but protruded the mouth a considerable
way under the surface of the water: supported upon the tail and
tarsi, they would remain for a quarter of an hour wiping their faces
with their paws ; when alarmed, their favourite place of retreat was a
large white pine tree, (Pinus strobus): their bark and general habits
did not differ much from those of the Northern Gray Squirrel.

Scrurus Aupusoni. Larger Louisiana Black Squirrel.
Sciurus corpore supra nigro, subtis fuscescente ; caudd corpus
longitudine equante.
A new species, for which Dr. Bachman is indebted to Mr. Audu-
bon. It has the fur very harsh to the touch, and is rather less in
size than the Sciurus niger.

Scrurus Futieinosus. Sooty Squirrel.
Sciurus corpore supra nigro et fuscescenti-flavo irrorato, subtis

fuscescente; caudd corpore valde longiore: dentes ine. 25

5-5
mol, 3.

98

Dr. Bachman remarks of this species, ‘‘ I am indebted to J. W.
Audubon, Esq., for a specimen of an interesting little Squirrel ob-
tained at New Orleans on the 24th March, 1837, which I find
agreeing in most particulars with the specimen in the Philadelphia
Museum, referred by American authors to Sciurus rufiventer.

** Dr. Harlan’s description does not apply very closely to the spe-
cimen in question, but seems to be with slight variations that of
Desmarest’s description of Sciurus rufiventer.

‘* The following description is taken from the specimen procured
by Mr. Audubon. It was that of an old female, containing several
young, and I am enabled to state with certainty that it was an adult
animal.

“«T have given to this species the character of 22 teeth, from
the circumstance of my having found that number in the specimen
from which I described. The animal could not have been less than
a year old. The anterior molars in the upper jaw are small; the
inner surface of the upper grinders is obtuse, and the two outer
points on each tooth are elevated and sharper than those of most
other species. In the lower jaw the molars regularly increase in
size from the first, which is the smallest, to the fourth, which is the
largest. Head short and broad; nose very obtuse ; ears short and
rounded, slightly clothed with hair; feet and claws rather short and
strong; tail short and flattened, but not broad, resembling that of
the Sc. Hudsonius. The form of the body, like that of the little
Carolina Squirrel, is more indicative of strength than of agility.

“« The hairs on the upper part of the body, the limbs externally
and feet, are black, obscurely grizzled with brownish yellow. On the
under parts, with the exception of the chin and throat, which
are grayish, the hairs are annulated with brownish orange and
black, and a grayish white at the roots. The prevailing colour of
the tail above is black, the hairs however are brown at base and some
of them are obscurely annulated with brown, and at the apex pale
brown. On the under side of the tail the hairs exhibit. pale yellowish
brown annulations.

. Dimensions. in. lines.
Length of head and body ............... 10%) ‘0
Tull: (wertebree)) i005 os6 BOSNE. Snide Cota 659
Daz: ineluding fara: is ais 5 taaak Odd ight 8. 6
Fore foot to point of middle fore-claw. .... Ducard
Hinder foot to point of longest nail ...... Very |
Height of ear posteriorly................ 0 4
Length of fur on the back............... Or re

Weight without intestines, 3 1b.

‘Tam under an impression that this little species is subject to
some variations in colour, the present specimen and that in the
Philadelphia Museum having a shade of difference, the latter ap-
pearing a little lighter. In Louisiana it is so dark in colour as to
be familiarly called by the French inhabitants, ‘ Le petit noir.’
This Little Black Squirrel is an inhabitant of low swampy situations

‘

99

along the Mississippi, and is said to be abundant in its favourite lo-
calities.

«« As yet I am unacquainted with any species of ile fully
agreeing with Sc. rufiventer.”

Sciurus Douglasii, Gray. Oppoce-poce, Indian name.
A species about one-fourth larger than the Hudson’s Bay Squirrel ;
tail shorter than the body. Colour: dark ee above, and bright

buff beneath. Dental formula ; incis. zs can. = = mol, = 520,

The incisors are a little smaller than those of Sc. Hudsonius. In
the upper jaw, the anterior molar, which is the smallest, has a single
rounded eminence on the inner side; on the outer edge of the
tooth there are two acute points, and one in front; the next two
grinders, which are of equal size, have each a actin eminence on
the inner side, with a pair of points externally; the posterior
grinder, although larger, is not unlike the anterior one. In the
lower jaw the bounding ridge of enamel in each tooth forms an an-
terior and posterior pair of pomts. The molars increase gradually
in size, from the first, which is the smallest, to the posterior one,
which is the largest.

This species in the form of its body is not very unlike the Se. Hud-
sonius ; its ears and tail, however, are much shorter in proportion.
In other respects also, as well as in size, it differs widely.

Head considerably broader than that of Sc. Hudsonius ; nose less
elongated and blunter; body long and slender; ears rather small,
nearly rounded, slightly tufted posteriorly ; as usual inthis genus,
the third inner toe is the longest, and not the second, as in the
Spermophiles. 'The whiskers, which are longer than the head, are
black. The fur, which is soft and lustrous, is on the back, from
the roots to near the points, plumbeous, and at the tip brownish
gray; .a few lighter coloured hairs interspersed, gives it a dark
brown tint: when closely examined it has the appearance of being
thickly sprinkled with minute points of rust colour on a black ground.
The tail, whichis distichous but not brvad; is for three-fourths of its
length of the colour of the back; in the middle the hairs are plum-
beous at the roots, then irregular markings of brown and black,
and tipped with soiled white, giving it a hoary appearance ; on the
extremity of the tail the hairs are black from the roots, tipped with
light brown. The inner sides of the extremities and the outer sur-
faces of the feet, together with the throat and mouth, and a line
above and under the eye, are bright buff.

The colours on the upper and under parts are separated by a line
of black, commencing at the shoulders and running along the flanks
to the thighs. It is widest in the middle, where it is about three
lines in width, and the hairs, which project beyond the outer
margins of the ears, and form a slight tuft, are dark brown, and in
some specimens black.

Dimensions. in. lines.
Length from point of nose to the insertion of the tail8 4
Tail (vertebre) ...... St ey Per sey se ren ties sResein: eistaie zal oh

Peal SCLIN TOT go sree kd Ser aide te wae 6 4

Dimensions. in. lines.
Height of ear posteriorly ....... mes fig oF hs, oe
Palm to end of middle fore-claw ................ l 4
Heel and:middle hind-claw: @.>: . +... «am. oasies 1 10

Sciurus Hudsonius, (Pennant). The Chickaree Hudson’s Bay
Squirrel. Red Squirrel.

Common Squirrel. Foster, Phil. Trans., vol. 62, p. 378, an.
ap

Sciurus vulgaris, var. F.. Erxleben Syst., an. 1777.

Hudson’s Bay Squirrel. Penn. Arct. Zool., vol. 1. p. 116.

Common Squirrel. Hearne’s Journey, p. 385.

Red Barking Squirrel. Schoolcraft’s Journal, p. 273.

Red Squirrel. Warden’s United States, vol.i. p. 330.

Ecureuil de la Baie d’ Hudson. F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. de Mam.

Sc. Hudsonicus. Harlan. Godman.

The Hudson’s Bay Squirrel, a well-known species, is a third
smaller than the Northern Gray Squirrel; tail shorter than the
body ; ears slightly tufted. Colour, reddish above, white beneath.
Dental formula : incis. Z can. —, mol. p= 20.

Sciurus Richardsoni. Columbia Pine Squirrel.

Small Brown Squirrel. Lewis and Clarke, vol. iii. p. 37.

Sciurus Hudsonius, var. 3. Columbia Pine Squirrel. Richardson,
Fauna Boreali-Americana, p. 190.

Smaller than Sc. Hudsonius; tail shorter than the body ; rusty
gray above, whitish beneath; extremity of the tail black.

This small species was first noticed by Lewis and Clarke, who
deposited a specimen in the Philadelphia Museum, where it still
exists. I have compared it with the specimen brought by Dr.
Townsend, and find them identical. Dr. Richardson, who appears
not to have seen it, supposes it to be-a mere variety of the Sciurus
Hudsonius. On the contrary, Dr. Townsend says in his Notes,
“It is evidently a distinct species; its habits being very different
from those of the Sciurus Hudsonius. It frequents the pine-trees
in the high range of the rocky mountains west of the great chain,
feeding upon the seeds contained in the cones. These seeds are
large and white, and contain much nutriment. The Indians eat a
great quantity of them, and esteem them good:*" The note of this
squirrel is a loud jarring chatter, very different from the noise of
Sc. Hudsonius. It is not at all shy, frequently coming down to
the foot of the tree to reconnoitre the passenger, and scolding at
him vociferously. It is, I think, a scarce species.”

The difference between these two species can be detected at a
glance by comparing the specimens. ‘The present species, in addi-
tion to its being a fourth smaller and about the size of the Tamias
Lysteri, has less of the reddish brown on the upper surface, and
may always be distinguished from the other by the blackness of its
tail at the extremity, as also by the colour of the incisors, which
are nearly white, instead of the deep orange of the Hudsonius.

The upper incisors are small and of a light yellow colour ; the

101

lower are very thin and slender, and nearly white. The first, or
deciduous, grinder, as in all the smaller species of Pine Squirrels
that I have examined, is wanting; the remaining grinders, both in
the upper and lower jaw, do not differ very materially from those
of Douglas’ Squirrel.

** Dental formula: ineis. 5, can. oe, mol, rat = 20.

‘ The body of this most diminutive of all the known species of
genuine squirrel in North America, is short, and does not present
that appearance of lightness and agility which distinguishes the
S. Hudsonius. Head large, less elongated, forehead more arched,
and nose a little blunter than Sc. Hudsonius; ears short; feet of
moderate size. The third toe on the fore-feet but slightly longer
than the second; the claws are compressed, hooked and acute;
tail shorter than the bedy; the thumb-nail is broad, flat and blunt.

“The fur on the back is dark plumbeous from the roots, tipped
with rusty brown and black, giving it a rusty gray appearance.
It is less rufous than the Sc. Hudsonius, and lighter coloured
than the Sc. Douglasii. ‘The feet on their upper surface are
rufous: on the shoulders, forehead, ears, and along the thighs,
there is a slight tinge of the same colour. The whiskers, which are
a little longer than the head, are black. The whole of the under
surface, as well as a line around the eyes, and a small patch above
the nostrils, smoke-gray. The tail for about one half its length
presents on the upper surface a dark rufous appearance, many of the
hairs being nearly black, pointed with light rufous: at the extremity
of the tail, for about an inch and three-fourths in length, the hairs
are black, a few of them slightly tipped with rufous. ‘lhe hind-feet,
from the heel to the palms, are thickly clothed with short adpressed
light-coloured hairs; the palms are naked, The sides of the body
are marked by a line of black commencing at the shoulder and ter-
minating abruptly on the flanks: this line is about two inches in
length and four lines wide.

Dimensions. in. lines.
Length of head and body ........ 6 2
Tall(-Vertepre): 0. ¢¢ 0 cence PR Be
Laas (oe te 1 a al 5 0
Ears posteriorly ........4. ser ats 0 3
Dog including ar ayes mae ao. 0 5
Palm and middle fore-claw....... 1 3
Sole and middle hind-claw....... aaa

Scrurvs Lanucinosus. Downy Squirrel.
Sciurus corpore supra flavescenti-griseo, lateribus argenteo-cinereis,
abdomine albo: pilis mollibus et lanuginosis: auribus brevibus :
palmis pilis sericeis crebré instructis ; caudd corpore breviore.

“A singular and beautiful quadruped, to which I have conceived
the above name appropriate, was sent to me with the collection of
Dr. Townsend. He states in his letter, ‘ Of this animal I have no
further knowledge than that it was killed on the North-west coast,

102

near Sitka, where it is said to be common: it was given to me by
my friend W. F. Tolmie, Esq., surgeon of the Hon. Hudson’s Bay
Company. I saw three other specimens from Paget’s Sound, in
the possession of Capt. Brotchie, and understood him to say that
it was a burrowing animal.’ Sitka is, I believe, the principal set-
tlement of the Russians on Norfolk Sound and Paget’s Sound, a few
degrees North of the Columbia River.

“'The head is broader than that of the Sc. Hudsonius, and the fore-
head much arched. The ears, which are situated far back on the
head, are short, oval, and thickly clothed with fur; they are not
tufted as in the Sc. Hudsonius and Sc. vulgaris of Europe, but a quan-
tity of longer fur, situated on the outer base of the ear, and rising
two or three lines above the margins, give the ears the appearance
‘of being somewhat tufted. In the Squirrels generally, the posterior
margin of the ear doubles forward to form a valve over the auditory
opening, and the anterior one curves to form a helix; in the present
species the margins are less folded than those of any other species I
have examined. The whiskers are longer than the head; feet and toes
short; rudimental thumb armed with a broad flat nail ; nails slender,
compressed, arched and acute; the third on the fore-feet is a little the
longest, as in the Squirrels. The tail bears some resemblance to that
of the Flying Squirrel, and is thickly clothed with hair, which is a
little coarser than those on the back. On the fore-feet the palms
are only partially covered with hair; but on the hind feet, the under
surface, from the heel even to the extremity of the nails, is thickly
clothed with short soft hairs.

“The fur is softer and more downy than that of any other North
American species, and the whele covering of the animal indicates it
to be a native of a cold region.

‘Dental formula: incis. Bs can. —. mol. ip = 20.

«The upper incisors are smaller and more compressed than those
of Sc. Hudsonius; the lower ones are a little longer and sharper than
the upper: the upper grinders, on their inner surface, have each an
elevated ridge of enamel; on the outer crest or edge of the tooth,
there are three sharp points instead of two obtuse elevations, as in
the Squirrels generally, and in this particular it approaches the
Spermophiles. In the lower jaw, the grinders, which are quadrangu-
lar in shape, present each four sharp points.

‘““The incisors are of an orange colour; and the lower incisors
are nearly as dark as the upper. Whiskers pale brown. Nails white.
The fur on the back, from the roots to near the extremity, is
whitish gray; some hairs are annulated near the tips with deep
yellow, and at the tip black: on the sides of the body the hairs are
annulated with cream colour. Hind-feet above, grizzled with black
and cream colour. ‘There isa broad line of white around the eyes;
a spot of white on the hind-part of the head, a little in advance
of the anterior portions of the ears. The nose is white, and this
colour extends along the forehead and terminates above the eyes,
where it is gradually blended with the colours on the back. The
cheeks are white, a little grayish beneath the eyes. The whole of

103

the under surface is white, as are also the feet and inner:surface of
the legs, the hairs being uniform to the roots. The hairs of the
tail are for the most part of a light ash colour at the roots; above
the ash colour on each hair there is a broad but not well-defined
ring of light rufous; this is followed by dark brown, and at the tips
the hairs are rufous and gray. Many of the hairs of the tail, how-
ever, are white, some of them are black, and others almost uniform
rusty yellow.

Dimensions.. in. lines.

Length of head and body ............ cp |
MgIGVENGEDTOG) Ty ee cee es bee ace eet hes 4 8
Pep RICUROROP TUT Woe 8 cree fs aig ees 8 oye 6 0
Palm and middle fore-claw............ 1 0
Sole and middle hind-claw............ ees
Length of fur’on the ‘back? vo" Oe 7
GAMO CEP UOr Ge ee ee et tee EO
Height of ear, including fur, measured

ORUCEERY OC USE Clee cet cacas acraiy e's 1 5

‘On the back and tail there are so many white hairs inter-
spersed, the white spot on the head being merely occasioned by
a greater number of hairs nearly or wholly white, that there is great
reason to believe that this species becomes much lighter, if not
wholly white, during winter.

** In the shape of the head and ears, and in the pointed projec-
tions of the teeth, this species approaches the Marmots and Sper-
mophiles ; but in the shape of its body, its soft fur, its curved and
acute nails, constructed more for climbing than digging in the earth,
and in the third toe being longer than the second, it must be placed
among the Squirrels.”

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited a new species of Hare from the collec-
tion made for the Society by the late Mr. Douglas, and pro-
posed to characterize it under the name of Lepus Bachmani: he
thought it probable that the species had been brought from Cali-
fornia. It was thus described :

Lepus Bacumani. Lep. intense fuscus, pilis fuscescenti-flavo ni-
groque annulatis ; abdomine sordide albo : pedibus supra pallidis,
subtis pilis densis sordide fuscis indutis : caudd brevi, albd, supra
nigricante, flavido adspersd: auribus externe pilis brevissimis
cinerescenti-fuscis, interne albidis, ad marginem externum, et
ad apicem flavescentibus obsitis: nuchd pallide fuscescenti-

flava.

‘“‘ Fur long and soft, of a deep gray colour at the base ; each hair
annulated near the apex with pale brown, and black at the points ;
on the belly the hairs are whitish externally ; on the chest and fore-
part of the neck the hairs are coloured as those of the sides of the body;
the visible portion is pale brown, each hair being dusky at the tip ;

104

chin and throat gray-white. The hairs of the head coloured like those
of the body ; an indistinct pale longitudinal dash on the flanks just
above the haunches: the anal region white. The general colour of
the tarsus above is white ; the hairs, however, are grayish-white at the
base, and then annulated with very pale buff colour (almost white),
- and pure white at the points; the sides of the farsus are brown ;
the long hairs which cover the under part of the ¢arsus, as well as
that of the fore-feet, deep brown. The fore-feet above very pale
brown, approaching to white ; the hairs covering the toes principally
white: the claws are slender and pointed, that of the longest toe
very slender. Ears longer than the head, sparingly furnished with
hair, the hairs minute and closely adpressed; externally, on the
forepart, grizzled with black and yellowish white, on the hinder
part grayish-white; the apical portion is obscurely margined with
black ; at the base the hairs are of a woolly nature, and of a very
pale buff colour ; the hairs on the occipital part of the head, and ex-
tending slightly on to the neck, are of the same colour and of the
same woolly character; the ears internally are white, towards the
posterior margin obscurely grizzled with blackish, at the margin
yellowish.

Dimensions. in. lines.
ARIA i Ba atten ee ee 10 O
fA are ee eS eae ae en!
elena Gar >...) .-<iaie 1 3
Har externally 2.05 .2%4.2)..8
INQBE RO. COP 0 mpm is ep prp 2 54

Habitat S.W. coast of N. America, probably California.

‘This animal may possibly not be adult ; but neither in the teeth,
so far as can be ascertained from a stuffed specimen, nor in the cha-
racter of the fur, can I see any reason for believing it young, excepting
that it is much under the ordinary size of the species of the genus to
which it belongs ; and although it may not be adult, it certainly is not
a very young animal. Compared with Lep. palustris, with which spe-
cies it was sent over by Mr. Douglas, it presents the following points
of distinction. Although the present animal is not above one-third of
the size of that species, the ears measure nearly a quarter of an inch
more in length: in fact, they are here longer than the head, whereas
in Lep. palustris they are much shorter. The next most important
difference is in the feet,—which instead of having comparatively
short and adpressed hairs which do not conceal the claws, are in
Lep. Bachmani long and woolly, especially on the under part, and not
only conceal the claws, but extend upwards of a quarter of an inch
beyond their tips. The claws are more slender and pointed, espe-
cially those of the fore-feet. Besides these differences there are
some others, which perhaps may be considered of minor importance:
the fur is much softer and more dense ; the longer hairs are extreme-
ly delicate, whilst in Lep. palustris they are harsh. As regards the
colour, Lep. palustris has a very distinct rich yellow tint, which is not
observed in the present species, the pale annulations of the hairs

ad

Y
+

XN

105

which produce the yellow tint, being replaced by brownish white or
~pale brown.”

Mr.Ogilby pointed out the characters of a new species of Muntjac
Deer, which lately died at the Gardens. This species is about the same
size as the common Indian Muntjac, but has a longer head and tail;
has less red, and more blue in the general shade of the colouring,
and is readily distinguished by the want of the white over the hoofs,
which is so apparent in its congener. The specimen, a male, was
brought from China by J. R. Reeves, Esq., to whom the Society is
already indebted for many rare and valuable animals, and to whom
Mr. Ogilby proposed to dedicate the present species by applying the
name of Cervus Reevesi. A female specimen which accompanied
that here described, is still living and has lately produced a fawn,
which is interesting from exhibiting the spotted character common to
the generality of the young in this extensive group.

Mr. Waterhouse then directed the attention of the Meeting to an
interesting series of skins of Marsupial animals, brought from Van
Diemen’s Land by George Everett, Esq., and presented by that gen-
tleman to the Society; the collection includes a specimen of the
Thylacinus, two species of Kangaroo, and two of the genus Perameles,
besides others of more common occurrence.

Mr. Owen concluded his memoir on the anatomy of the Apteryx
by a description of the general structure and peculiarities of its os-
seous system.

The bones of the Apteryz are not perforated for the admission of
air, nor do they exhibit the pure white colour which characterizes the
skeleton in other birds; their tough and somewhat coarse texture
resembles rather that of the bones of the lizard tribe.

The spinal column was found to consist of 15 cervical and 9 dorsal
vertebrae, and 22 in the lumbar, sacral, and caudal regions. The third
to the sixth, inclusive, of the dorsal vertebre, are slightly anchylosed
together by the contiguous edges of their spinous processes; but Mr.
Owensupposesthat notwithstanding this anchylosis, a yielding, elastic
movement may still take place between these vertebra. A short ob-
tuse process is sent off obliquely forwards, from the inferior surface
of the body of the first four dorsal vertebre ; the articulation between
the bodies is by the adaptation of a surface, slightly concave in the ver-
tical, and convex in the transverse direction, at the posterior end of
one vertebra to opposite curves at the anterior end of the succeeding
one: close to the anterior surface on each side there is a hemisphe-
rical pit for the reception of the round head of the rib; the trans-
verse processes are broad, flat, and square-shaped, with the anterior
angle obliquely cut off to receive the abutment of the tubercle of the
rib; they are not connected together by extended bony splints, but are
quite detached, as in struthious birds. The spinous process arises from
the whole length of the arch of each vertebra; it is truncate above,
and with the exception of the first, is of the same breadth through-
out ; all the dorsal spines are much compressed, the middle ones being

pigeay

106

the thinnest, slightly expanding at their truncate extremities. The
length of the dorsal region was four inches. The length of the ver-
tebral column behind the dorsal vertebra, included between the ossa
émnominata, was three inches. The first four and the ninth and tenth
sacral vertebre, send outwards inferior transverse processes. The
foramina for the nerves are pierced in the base of the arches of the
sacral vertebre ; they are double in the anterior ones, but single in
the posterior compressed vertebre, where they are situated close to the
posterior margin. ‘The cervical vertebre present all the peculiarities
of the type of Birds; the inverted bony arch for the protection of
the carotid arteries, is first seen developed from the inner side of the
inferior transverse processes of the twelfth cervical vertebra, but the
two sides of the arch are not anchylosed together. The spinous
process is thick and strong in the Vertebra dentata, but progressively
diminishes to the seventh, where it is reduced toa mere tubercle; it
reappears at the eleventh, and progressively increases to the dorsal
vertebre. The large canal on each side for the vertebral artery and
sympathetic nerve, is formed by the anchylosis of a rudimental rib
to the extremities of an upper and lower transverse process. The
spinal chord is least protected by the vertebre in the middle of the
neck, where there is the greatest extent of motion. The length of
the cervical region was seven inches.

In the first fifteen vertebre the costal appendages were an-
chylosed ; in the nine succeeding vertebre the ribs appear to re-
main permanently moveable; the first is a slender style about an
inch in length, the rest are remarkable for their breadth, which is
relatively greater than in any other bird. The second, third, fourth
and fifth ribs, articulate with the sternum through the medium of
slender sternal portions. The appendages to the vertebral ribs are
developed in the second to the eighth inclusive ; they are articulated
by a broad base to a fissure in the posterior margin of these vertebral
ribs, a little below their middle; those belonging to the third, fourth,
fifth and sixth ribs, are the longest, and overlap the succeeding rib ;
these processes were not anchylosed in the specimen described. The
first four sternal ribs are transversely expanded at their sternal ex-
tremities, which severally present a concave surface lined with smooth
cartilage and synovial membrane, and playing upon a corresponding
smooth convexity in the costal margin of the sternum, which thus
presents four true enarthrodial joints, with capsular ligaments on
each side.

The sternum is reduced to its lowest grade of development in the
Apteryx. In its small size, and in the total absence of a keel, it re-
sembles that of the struthious birds, but differs in the presence of
two subcircular perforations, situated on each side of the middle
line, in the wide anterior emargination, and in the much greater ex-
tent of the two posterior fissures. ‘The anterior margin presents
no trace of a manubrial process, as in the Ostrich, the interspace
between the articular cavities of the coracoid being, on the con-
trary, deeply concave. ‘The articular surface for the coracoid is an
open groove, externally to which the anterior angles of the sternum

107

are produced into two strong triangular processes, with the apewr ob-
tuse. The costal margin is thickened, and when viewed anteriorly,
presents an undulating contour, from the presence of the four arti-
cular convexities for the sternal ribs and the intermediate excava-
tions; the breadth of each lateral perforation is nearly equal to that
of the intervening osseous space; in the specimen described they
were not quite symmetrical in position. The extent of the posterior
notches is equal to one half the entire length of the sternum.

The scapula and coracoid were anchylosed ; a small perforation
anterior to the articular surface of the humerus indicates the separation
between the coracoid and rudimental clavicle, of which there is other-
wise not the least trace. The coracoid is the strongest bone; its
inferior expanded extremity presents an articular convexity adapted
to the sternal groove before described. The scapula reaches to the
third rib; it is slightly curved and expanded at both ends, but.chiefly
at the articulation. ‘The humerus is a slender, cylindrical, styliform
bone, slightly curved, one inch, five lines in length, slightly expanded
at both extremities, most so at the proximal end, which supports a
transverse, oval, articular convexity, covered with smooth cartilage,
and joined by a synovial and capsular membrane to the scapulo-
coracoid articulation. A small tuberosity projects beyond each end
of the humeral articular surface. The distal end of the humerus is
articulated by a true but shallow ginglymoid jomt with the rudi-
mental bones of the antibrachium, and both the external and in-
ternal condyles are slightly developed. The radius and ulna are
straight, slender, styliform bones, each nine lines in length; a slight
olecranon projects above the articular surface of the ulna; there is
a minute carpal bone, two metacarpals, and a single phalanx, which
supports the long, curved, obtuse alar claw; the whole length of
this rudimental hand is seven lines, including the claw, which mea-
sures three lines and a half. A few strong and short quill feathers
are attached by ligament to the ulna and metacarpus.

The iliac bones in size and shape present the character of the
struthious birds. The pubic element is a slender bony style con-
nected by ligament to the end of the ischium, but attached by bone
only at its acetabular extremity. A short pointed process extends
from the anterior margin of the origin of the pubis. The acetabulum
is produced anteriorly into an obtuse ridge.

The femur is three inches, nine lines in length, slightly bent; the
articular head presents a large depression for the strong and complex
ligamentum teres. ‘The condyles of the femur are separated by a
wide and deep groove anteriorly, and by a triangular depression be-
hind. The ¢ibia is five inches long. Two angular and strong ridges
are developed from the anterior part of the expanded head of the
tibia: the external one affords attachment to fascia, and to the ex-
panded tendon of the rectus femoris latissimus ; the internal has af-
fixed to it the ligament of the small cartilaginous patella. ‘The fibula,
half an inch below its head, is anchylosed to the tibia, the attach-
ment continuing for about ten lines ; after an interspace of nine lines
it again becomes anchylosed, and gradually disappears towards the
lower third of the tibia.

105

The distal end of the tibia presents the usual trochlear form, but
the anterior concavity above the articular surface is in great part
occupied by an irregular bony prominence. A small cuneiform bone
is wedged into the outer and back part of the ankle joint.

The anchylosed tarso-metatarsals form a strong bone, two inches,
three lines in length; it expands laterally as it descends and divides
at its distal extremity into three parts with the articular pulleys for
the three principal toes. The surface for the articulation of the fourth
or small internal toe, is about half an inch above the distal end in the
internal and posterior aspect of the bones; a small ossicle attached
by strong ligaments to that surface gives support to a short phalanz,
which articulates with the longer ungueal phalanr. The number of
phalanges in the other toes follows the ordinary law.

After concluding the description of the osteology of the Apteryz,
of which the preceding is an abstract, Prof. Owen proceeded to ob-
serve, “‘ that so far as the natural affinities of a bird are elucidated by
its skeleton, all the leading modifications of that basis of the organi-
zation of the Apteryr connect it closely with the struthious group.
In the diminutive and keel-less sternum it agrees with all the known
struthious species, and with these alone. ‘The two posterior emar-
ginations which we observe in the sternum of the Ostrich are present
in a still greater degree in the Apteryr; but the feeble development
of the anterior extremities, to the muscles of which the sternum is
mainly subservient, as a basis of attachment, is the condition of a
peculiarly incomplete state of the ossification of that bone of the Ap-
teryz ; and the two subcircular perforations which intervene between
the origins of the pectoral muscle on the one side, and those of a
large inferior dermo-cervical muscle on the other, form one of seve-
ral unique structures in the anatomy of this bird. We have again
the struthious characters repeated in the atrophy of the bones of the
wing, and the absence of the clavicles, as in the Emeu and Rhea*.
Like testimony is borne by the expansively developed éliac and sacral
bones, by the broad éschium and slender pubis, and by the long and
narrow form of the pelvis: we begin to observe a deviation from the
struthious type in the length of the femur, and a tendency to the
gallinaceous type in the shortness of the metatarsal segment; the
development of the fourth or inner toe may be regarded as another
deviation, but it should be remembered that in the size and position
of the latter the Apteryz closely corresponds with the extinct stru-
thious Dodo. The claw on the inner toe of the Apteryx has been
erroneously compared with the spur of certain Galline, but it scarcely
differs in form from the claws of the anterior toes.

“In the broad ribs (see the Cassowary), in the general freedom of
anchylosis in the dorsal region of the vertebral column, and the nu-
merous vertebre of the neck, we again meet with struthious charac-
ters; and should it be objected to the latter particular, that some

aut itt the Ostrich the clavicles are undoubtedly present, though anchylosed,
with the scapula and coracoids, and separate from each other. In the Cas-
sowary they exist as separate short styliform bones.

109

Palmipeds surpass the Ostrich in the number of cervical vertebra, yet
these stand out rather as exceptions in their particular order ; while
an excess over the average number of cervical vertebre in birds is
constant in the struthious or Brevipennate order. Thus in the Cas-
sowary 19 vertebre precede that which supports a rib connected with
the sternum, and of these 19 we may fairly reckon 16 as analogous
to the cervical vertebre in other birds. In the Rhea there are also
16 cervical vertebre, and not 14, as Cuvier states. In the Ostrich
there are 18, in the Emeu 19 cervical vertebre. In the Apteryx we
should reckon 16 cervical vertebre if we included that which sup-
ports the short rudimental but moveable pair of ribs. Of the 22
true grallatorial birds cited in Cuvier’s Table of the Number of Ver-
tebrae, only 9 have more than 14 cervical vertebre; while the Ap-
teryx with 15 cervical vertebre, considered as a struthious bird, has
the fewest of its order. The free bony appendages of the ribs, and
the universal absence of air-cells in the skeleton, are conditions in
which the Apteryx resembles the Aptenodites, but here all resemblance
ceases : the position in which the Apteryx was originally figured* is
incompatible with its organization.

«The modifications of the skull of the Apteryz, in conformity with
the structure of the beak requisite for obtaining its appropriate food,
are undoubtedly extreme ; yet we perceive in the cere which covers
the base of the bill in the entire Apteryz a structure which exists in
all the struthious birds; and the anterior position of the nostrils in
the subattenuated beak of the Cassowary is an evident approach to
that very singular one which peculiarly characterizes the Apteryz.
With regard to the digestive organs, it is interesting to remark, that
the thickened muscular parietes of the stomach of the most strictly
granivorous of the struthious birds do not exhibit that apparatus of
distinct Musculi digastrici and luterales which forms the characteristic
structure of the gizzard of the gallinaceous order: the Apteryz, in
the form and structure of its stomach, adheres to the struthious type.
It differs again in a marked degree from the Galline, in the absence of
a crop. With respect to the cecal appendages of the intestine, though
generally long in the Galline, they are subject to great variety in
both the struthious and grallatorial orders : their extreme length and
complicated structure in the Ostrich and Rhea form a peculiarity only
met with in these birds. In the Cassowary, on the other hand, the
ceca are described by the French academicians as entirely absent.
Cuvier+ speaks of ‘un ceecum unique’ in the Emeu. In my dissec-
tions of these struthious birds I have always found the two normal
ceca present, but small; in the Emeu measuring about five inches
long and half an inch in diameter; in the Cassowary measuring
about four inches in length. The presence of two moderately de-
veloped ceca in the Apteryz affords therefore no indication of its re-
cession from the struthious type: these ceca correspond in their
condition, as they do in the other struthious birds, with the nature

* Shaw’s Miscellany, xxiv. pl. 1075.
+ Legons d’ Anat. Comp. 1836. iv. p. 291.

110

of the nutriment of the species. It is dependent on this circum-
stance also, that in the grallatorial bird (/bis), which the Apteryx
most resembles in the structure of its beak, and consequently in the
nature of its food, the ceca have nearly the same relative size; but
as regards the Gralle, taken as an order, no one condition of the
ceca can be predicated as characteristic of them. In most they are
very small; in many single.

«« What evidence, we next ask, does the generative system afford of
the affinities of the Apteryr? A single, well-developed, inferiorly
grooved, subspiral, intromittent organ attests unequivocally its rela-
tions to the struthious group; and this structure, with the modifi-
cations of the plumage, and the peculiarities of the skeleton, lead me
to the same conclusion at which I formerly arrived*, from a study
of the external organization of the Apteryz, viz. that it must rank as
a genus of the cursorial or struthious crder; and that in deviating
from the type of this order it manifests a tendency in one direction,
as in the feet, to the gallinaceous order; and in another, as in the
beak, to the Gralle ; but that it cannot, without violation of its na-
tural affinities, be classed with either.”

A living specimen of the Gymnotus electricus, from the Amazon,
was exhibited by Mr. Porter.

August 28th, 1838.

No meeting took place.

* Art. dves, Cycl. of Anat. and Phys., i. 1836, p. 269.

111

September 11th, 1838.
Lieut. Col. Sykes, in the Chair.

Some notes were read by the Chairman upon three skins of digi-
tigrade carnivora, which were on the table for exhibition: one of
these was a beautiful skin of the Aguara Guazu of Azara, (Canis
jubatus, Desm.) and the other two, those of the Felis Pardina, Temm.,
in an adult and nonadult state. Respecting the first of these Col.
Sykes offered the following observations :

«« Azara in his preliminary notices of the two species of Canis, C. ju-
batus and C. Azare, says, I prefer for the family the Spanish names
of Zorro or Fox to the Guaranese name Aguara, which also means
fox ; and he accordingly heads the notices with the words ‘ Zorros
or Foxes.’ The C. jubatus, measuring 5 feet to the tail, and the tail
of which is 19 inches, is certainly a Brobdignag Fox. I mention
this circumstance in illustration of the fact, that Azara, in his classi-
fication, appears to have overlooked analogies. And this remissness
I hope will authorize me, without the imputation of presumption, in
venturing upon the remarks I am about to make.

«The skin I put before the Society is that of Azara’s Canis jubatus,
and as it and a fellcw skin in my possession are the only specimens of
the kind in England (indeed I believe there are only two other speci-
mens in Europe, one in Paris, the other in Cadiz), and as it will most
probably have been seen but by few of the gentlemen present, I shall
be happy to find that its exhibition is acceptable. Azara states that
the Canis jubatus has 6 incisors in the upper jaw, then on either
side of a vacant space follow 2 canines and 6 molar teeth, three of
which, however, look more like incisors than molars ; the lower jaw
is in all respects similar to the upper, except that the interval is
wanting between the canine teeth and the incisors, and there is one
additional molar tooth ; in other respects the form and general cha-
racter of these animals are those of the Dog: they differ, however,
chiefly in being unsociable and nocturnal. ‘The tail is much thicker
and more bushy, and they never raise or curl it; the body and neck
are shorter and covered with longer fur; the neck is also thicker ; the
hair too is thicker; the eye is smaller, the face flatter; the head
rounder and more bulky as far as the front of the eyes, where the
thick part diminishes more speedily and terminates in a sharper
muzzle, furnished with whiskers; the ear is broader at its origin,
and thicker and stiffer, and when they are on the look out they pre-
sent the hollow part forwards and approximate their ears much
more than Dogs. They do not bark nor howl like Dogs, nor is their
voice heard often; in fact they so cry but seldom, and submit to be
killed without uttering a sound. Other discrepancies between his
two ‘ Zorros’ and Dogs are added, but it is unnecessary to specify
them: I perfectly agree with Azara that he has afforded sufficient

No. LXIX.—Procrrpines or THE ZooLoGican Society.

112

proofs of the wide difference between the Canis jubatus and Dogs
(the most striking part of which difference, however, he has omitted
to characterize, viz. the long mane), but here my coincidence in
opinion ceases, for it is evident that the animal of which the skin
lies upon the table has not the slightest approximation to the cha-
racter of a Fox, which Azara would make it. A question is thus
opened, to what genus or subgenus of the second division of digiti-
grada does the animal belong? Unfortunately the skins in my pos-
session do not afford the means of fixing definitively its place in the
family, there being neither skull nor teeth, no toes, and no means
of determining whether or not an anal pouch existed. Azara’s
dental characters are applicable to the genus Canis, but he has
omitted to notice those minute points which might constitute sub-
generic differences. One fact mentioned, that the canines of the
only adult he examined were ten lines long, although they were
very much worn, would apply rather to Hyena than to. Canis.
The number of toes is omitted. Buffon calls the Canis jubatus the
Red Wolf; but, were not its solitary and nocturnal habits and its
predilection for certain fruits and vegetables sufficient to separate it,
the remarkable mane at once prevents the alliance. Apparently,
therefore, being neither fox, dog, nor wolf, it may be permitted us to
jook to a neighbouring genus, to see whether or not there are more
characteristics common to the animal under consideration and species
of that genus than we have yet met with.

«« While residing with my family at Cadiz during the spring, three
beautiful skins were imported from Buenos Ayres; they were quite
unknown to the owner and his friends, and learning that I took an
interest in natural history, I was asked to examine and give my opi-
nion upon them. The heavy head, the large ears, the bulky body and
comparatively slender hind-limbs, the short neck, the shaggy hair,
but particularly the singular mane, fixed my attention; and in the
absence of primary generic characters, I would have pronounced the
skins to be those of a beautiful species of Hyena: but the few natu-
ralists who have examined the New World have not yet discovered
the Hyzena, and it would have been rash, with the slender data before
me, to have expressed a definitive opinion. Nevertheless on returning
to England and deliberately examining Azara’s description of the
form and habits of the Canis jubatus, my original opinion is so much
strengthened that I am induced to submit the whole question to the
consideration of naturalists, in the hope that on an opportunity occur-
ring it may be taken advantage of to determine the primary generic
characters, with a view to the allocation of the animal into its exact
place in the digitigrade family. But to me it isa matter of indiffer-
ence whether or not the animal has the technical characters of Canis
or Hyena. Nature, in her wondrous chain of animated beings di-
spersed over the world, is never defective in a link (at least on the
great continents), for if the identical species of one continent be
wanting, in another we surely find its analogue. The Ostrich of
Africa has its analogue in America in the Rhea, and in the Emu and
Cassowary of Australia: the Liama replaces the Camel, and the Fe-

113

lis concolor, the Lion in America; but the numerous cases are fami-
liar to all naturalists and need not be enumerated ; and with respect
to the Aguara Guazu (Canis jubatus), if it be not an Hyena, it is at
least the analogue of the Hyana. The multitudinous reasons of Azara
already quoted against his two Zorros being Dogs, may be applied
almost verbatim in proof of ore of them being an Hyena; and in his
detailed description of the Aguara Guazu he mentions many of its
nabits that are common to the Hyena vulgaris—its walk with long
paces, its absence of a predal disposition on living animals (Azara in-
stances poultry not being touched while passing within reach of the
animal he had chained up) in its wild state, not committing havock
amongst herds or lesser flocks, and its indifference to a meat or
vegetable diet, indeed its predilection for fruits and sugar cane. An
Hyena I brought from India with me, and which is now living in the
Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park, London, and which is as affec-
tionate to me as a spaniel dog would be, was fed during the whole
voyage from India on boiled rice and a little ghee (liquid butter ;)
and these instances of a community of habits between the Hyzena and
Canis jubatus could be greatly multiplied. If Azara’s dental formula
be right, the Aguara Guazu cannot technically be an Hyena, and
it may be desirable to constitute it a subgenus; but asI before said,
it will suffice if my speculations assist in any way to rivet a link in
the chain of nature.”

With respect to the skin of Felis Pardina Col. Sykes remarked,
“ Although Temminck, in his Monographie de Mammalogie, p. 116,
in a note, says the skin of this European Felis is well known amongst
the furriers as the Lynx of Portugal, I have nowhere been able to
meet with a specimen in London ; and as amongst my friends scarcely
any one appeared to be aware of the existence of a Spanish Lynx, I
thought it might be acceptable to the members to exhibit specimens
in a state of maturity and nonage. In Andalusia, whence the speci-
mens come, it is called Gato clavo (clavo meaning the pupil of the
eye), illustrative of the spotted character of the skin. Some pea-
sants in Andalusia make short jackets of the skins. The animal
inhabits the Sierra Morena. I bought both skins at Seville for thirty
reales, about 6s. 3d. Neither the British Museum nor the Zoological
Society have specimens.

“'‘Temminck describes the Pardina as ‘ Toutes les parties du corps
lustre, & peu prés de la méme teinte que dans le caracal.’ This is
certainly not the description of my animal, the colour of the adult
being reddish gray, and that of the non-adult light fawn; never-
theless there are so many other points common to both, that it would
be unadvisable to consider them distinct.”

A specimen of the Alauda Calandra, Linn., from Andalusia, was
afterwards exhibited by Col. Sykes, accompanied with the following
notice:

‘I brought two specimens of these delightful singing-birds from
Andalusia with me this spring; and on comparing them with the
type of the genus, I am satisfied they approximate more closely to

114

the genus Mirafra than to that of Alauda. The bill is infinitely
more robust than that of Alauda. The size of the bird is larger,
and its ensemble rather that of Mirafra than Alauda, and the inter-
nal organization has a close resemblance to the former, in the propor-
tional length of the intestines and the colon, in the form of the lobes
of the liver, in the spleen, in the size of the gizzard and substance of
the digastric muscles, and particularly in the form and position of
the ceca. Mr. Yarrell very justly remarks, that the bird in depart-
ing from the type of Lark approaches to that of Plectrophanes of
Meyer; but differs from the latter in not having a curved long hind
claw, and also in its more robust character ; in short, it has a station
between the Larks and the Finches ; it differs also slightly from Mi-
rafra in its hind claws being those of a Lark, while its bill and other
external and internal characters are those of Mirafra. On the whole,
therefore, it appears desirable to divide the genus Alauda into sub-
genera, and constitute the Londra a new subgenus, to which the
name of Londra may be given. The Andalusian bird would thus be
the Londra Calandra, and an undescribed species from China, now in
the gardens of the Society, appears to form a second example of this
genus. The generic characters of Londra are as follow:

Lonpra. Genus novum.

Rostrum crassum; capitis longitudinem zquans; basi altum, sub-
compressum ; maxilla arcuata; tomiis integerrimis.

Nares plumis anticum versus tecte.

Ale corpore longiores, acuminate ; remigibus, prima sub-abbreviata,
tertia Jongissima, secunda et quarta feré wqualibus ; reliquis gra-
datim brevioribus.

Cauda cuneata.

Pedes robusti ; unguis hallucis rectus elongatus.

Typus est, Alauda Calandra.

«« The specific characters of Londra Calandra as published are suffi-
ciently accurate.

“The following are the measurements of a male bird; and as I
have seen many scores of them, I think I may say they would apply
to the generality of individuals of the species.

‘* Length, from the tip of the bill to the rump, 5 inches; bill, +3; tail,
24 inches ; tibia, 1 >; tarsi, including nail, 1, ; hind claw, +4 inch ;
liver of two lobes, one much longer than the other; gall-bladder
fully developed ; spleen cylindrical, +4 inch ; intestines, 9 +3, inches ;
duodenum very wide; small intestines narrow ; ceca, +5, little more
than oblong specks ; colon, 3 inch long ; gizzard very small; but di-
gastric muscle, ;%5 inch thick; testes very large, nearly globular ;
irides black. These birds are fed upon canary seed in Andalusia, but
in Lisbon they are fed upon wheat; nevertheless they are fond of
raw meat, flies, and worms. ‘They are soon accustomed to confine-
ment, and they sing unconcernedly, although surrounded by spec-
tators; their notes, some of which are a kind of double-tongueing
in the phrase of flute players, are remarkably rich and full.”’

115

Mr. Blyth made some remarks on the plumage and progressive
changes of the Crossbills, stating that, contrary to what has ge-
nerally been asserted, neither the red nor saffron-tinted garb is in-
dicative of any particular age. He had known specimens to acquire
a second time the red plumage, and that much brighter than before;
and he exhibited to the Meeting two individuals recently shot from
a flock in the vicinity of the metropolis, which were exchanging their
striated nestling feathers for the saffron-coloured dress commonly
described to be never acquired before the second moulting.

He also exhibited a Linnet killed during the height of the breeding
season, when the crown and breast of that species are ordinarily
bright crimson, in which those parts were of the same hue as in
many Crossbills; and observed that the same variations were no-
ticeable in the genera Corythraix and Erythrospiza. Mr. Blyth called
attention also to the fact, that in the genus Linota the females oc-
casionally assumed the red breast, supposed to be peculiar to the
other sex, and that they continue to produce eggs when in this
livery ; a circumstance very apt to escape attention, as most natu-
ralists would at once conclude such specimens to be males without
further examination.

September 25th, 1838.

No meeting took place.

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117

October 9, 1838.
Rev. F. W. Hope in the Chair.

The reading of a paper by Richard Owen, Esq., on the Osteology
of the Marsupialia, was commenced.

Mr. Martin drew the attention of the Meeting to the crania of
the Sooty and White-eyelid Monkeys, Cercopithecus fuliginosus and
C. Aithiops, which were placed upon the table, and upon which he
proceeded to remark as follows :

“Tt is now some years since I stated to the late Mr. Bennett that
in the skeleton of a Sooty Monkey I had discovered the presence of a
distinct fifth tubercle on the last molar of the lower jaw; recently I
have observed the same fact in the skull of the Collared or White-
eyelid Monkey (C. 42thiops) circumstances of some interest, as this
tubercle appears to be always absent in the Cercopitheci, and also in
such as the Malbrouck, Grivet, and Green Monkeys, &c., which have
been separated from the Cercopithect under the subgeneric title
Cercocebus, Geoff., the Sooty and the White-eyelid Monkeys being
included ; though, as far as we can see, on no feasible grounds, dif-
fering from the foregoing species, as they do, in physiognomy and
also in style of colouring. However this may be, the Sooty and
White-eyelid Monkeys approximate to their supposed congeners in a
more remote degree than has hitherto been supposed. Now with re-
gard to the genera Semnopithecus and Macacus, both of which are from
India, and the African genera Znuus and Cynocephalus, this fifth tu-
bercle is a constant character and accompanied by the presence of
laryngeal sacculi; and in another African genus, viz. Colobus, a fifth
tubercle also exists, but whether accompanied or not by laryngeal
sacs is still to be determined. May not this fifth tubercle, it may
here be asked, bring the Sooty and White-eyelid Monkeys within the
pale of the Macaci? and the question will bear considering. Our
reply, however, would be in the negative; for as we have ascertained
by dissection, the Sooty Monkey, at least, is destitute of laryngeal
sacs, (but has large cheek pouches) and we may readily infer the
same of the other species, its immediate ally. The relationship, as
it appears to us, between these two animals and the Indian Macaci,
is that of representation. They have not indeed the muzzle so pro-
duced and the supra-orbital ridge so developed as in the Macaci;
but in these points they exceed the African Guenons generally, and
are also we think stouter in their proportions. They appear, indeed,
to constitute a form, intermediate between the Macaci and Cercopi-
theci, on the one hand; as are the Colobi between the Semnopitheci
and Cercopitheci on the other. What the Colobi of Africa are to
the Semnopitheci, these two monkeys (and others have perhaps to
be added) are to the Macaci. With respect to the genus Cercocebus,

No. LXX.—Proceepines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

118

I should be inclined to restrict it, excluding from it the Grivet and
Green Monkeys, and modify its characters accordingly, taking the
Sooty and White-eyelid Monkeys as its typical examples, a plan
which, it appears to me, is preferable to the creation of a new ge-
neric title, which often leads to confusion.”

Mr. Owen exhibited a preparation of the ligamentum teres in the
Coypou, which he had received from Mr. Otley of Exeter, and read
the following extract in a letter from that gentleman :-—

“TJ have enclosed with this the thigh bone, and the scapula,
clavicle, and humerus of a Coypou, which came into my hands after
having been mangled by a stuffer of animals, and which had been
preserved alive for some weeks by a gentleman of this place. I be-
lieve that not many opportunities have occurred of dissecting this
animal in England; and as I found a difference between the specimen
in question and that described by Mr. Martin, I thought the por-
tions I have forwarded might be interesting to you, had it not fallen
to you to dissect one of these animals. Mr. Martin states that the
thigh bone had no round ligament: you will see that there exists a
well-developed one in this, as there also was on the other thigh
bone.”

Mr. Martin observed, that on referring to his account of the dis-
section of this animal, it will be found, that he is so far from assert-
ing it as a fact, positively determined, that the igamentum teres is
wanting, that, after giving an account of the state of the acetabulum
and head of thigh bones as he found them, he adds, “it would be
desirable that another specimen should be examined before this pe-
culiarity (viz. the absence of a ligamentum teres) is insisted on as an
ascertained fact.” See Zool. Proc. 1835, p. 182.

ig

October 238, 1838.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read from M. Julien Desjardins, Secretary of the
Natural History Society of the Mauritius, stating that it was his in-
tention to leave that island on the lst of January next, for England,
with a large collection of objects in natural history, many of which
he intended for the Society. A letter from Colonel P. Campbell,
Her Majesty’s Consul General and Agent at Alexandria, was also
read. In this letter Col. P. Campbell states that he had not yet
succeeded in gaining any further information respecting the pro-
bability of procuring some White Elephants for the menagerie. A
letter received from Lieut.-Colonel Doherty, Governor of Sierra
Leone, stated, that he was using every exertion to procure for the
Society a male and female Chimpanzee, in which attempt he fully
expected to be successful; but he feared that he should not be
able to obtain a living specimen of the Hippopotamus, from the
superstitious dread with which the natives regard these animals.

Some specimens of Flying Lemurs (Galeopithecus) were upon the
table, and in reference to them Mr. Waterhouse stated that his ob-
ject in bringing them before the Meeting was to notice certain cha-
racters which appeared to him to indicate the existence of two spe-
cies in these specimens. He remarked that in systematic works three
species of the genus Galeopithecus are described, founded upon dif-
ferences of size and colour; as regards the latter character, he had
never seen two specimens which precisely agreed; and with respect
to size, the dimensions given of two out of the three species are evi-
dently taken from extremely young animals. Mr. Waterhouse then
proceeded to point out the distinctive characters of the two species
on the table, for which he proposed the specific names of Temminckii
and Phillippinensis; of these two the first is the larger species, mea-
suring about two feet in total length, and having a skull two inches
eleven and a half lines in length. The anterior incisor of the upper
jaw is broad and divided by two notches into three distinct lobes;
the next incisor on each side has its anterior and posterior margins
notched ; and the first molar (or the tooth which occupies the situa-
tion of the canine) has its posterior edge distinctly notched. This
tooth is separated by a narrow space anteriorly and posteriorly, from
the second incisor in front, and the second molar behind; the tem-
poral ridges converge towards the occiput, near which, however,
they are separated usually by a space of about four lines.

The second species (G. Philippinensis) is usually about twenty
inches in length, and has a skull two inches seven lines in length.
It may be distinguished from G. Temminekiit by the proportionately
larger ears, and the greater length of the hands; the skull is nar-
rower in proportion to its length; the muzzle is broader and more

120

obtuse; the orbit is smaller; the temporal ridges generally meet
near the occiput, or are separated by a very narrow space; the an-
terior incisor of the upper jaw is narrow, and has but one notch ;
the next incisor on each side is considerably larger, longer, and
stronger than in G. Temminckii, and moreover differs in having its
edges even; the same remarks apply to the first false molar. The
incisors and molars here form a continuous series, each tooth being
in contact with that which precedes, and that which is behind it.
The most important difference perhaps which exists between the
two species in question consists in the much larger size of the molar
teeth in the smaller skull, the five posterior molars occupying aspace
of ten lines in length, whereas in G. Temminckii, a much larger animal,
the same teeth occupy only nine lines. The above are the most pro-
minent characteristic differences in the two species, though several
other minor points of distinction may be observed.

Mr. Blythe called the attention of the Meeting to the skull of a
Cumberland Ox, presenting an unnatural enlargement of the facial
bones, accompanied with a most remarkable development of the horns,
one of which measured four feet in circumference at its base.

The reading of Professor Owen’s paper ‘‘ On the Osteology of
the Marsupialia,” was completed. After some preliminary remarks
upon the importance of the study of the skeleton, in investigating
the natural groups of this order and the determination of the inter-
esting fossils of Australia, Professor Owen proceeded in the first
place to point out the principal modifications in the general form
of the skull as observed in the various genera of marsupial animals.

«The skull,” says Professor Owen, ‘‘is remarkable in all the
genera for the small proportion which is devoted to the protection
of the brain, and for the great expansion of the nasal cavity imme-
diately anterior to the cranial cavity.

‘In the stronger carnivorous species the exterior of the cranium
is characterized by bony ridges and muscular impressions; but in the
smaller herbivorous species, as the Petaurists and Potoroos, the cra-
nium presents a smooth rounded surface as in birds, corresponding
with the smooth unconyoluted surface of the simple brain contained
within. aj

«The breadth of the skull in relation to its length is greatest in
the Wombat and Ursine Dasyure in which it equals three-fourths the
length, and least in the Perameles lagotis in which it is less than
one-half. The occipital region, which is generally plane and ver-
tical in position, forms a right angle with the upper surface of the
skull, from which it is separated by an occipital or lambdoidal
crista. This is least developed in the Myrmecobius, Petaurists,
and Kangaroo, and most so in the Opossum, in which, as also
in the Koala, the crest curves slightly backwards, and thus changes
the occipital plane into a concavity, well adapted for the insertion
of the strong muscles from the neck and back.

«The upper surface of the skull presents great diversity of cha-

121

racter, which relates to the different development of the temporal
muscles, and the varieties of dentition in the different genera. In
the Wombat the coronal surface offers an almost flattened tract,
bounded by two slightly elevated temporal ridges, which are upwards
of an inch apart posteriorly, and slightly diverge as they extend for-
wards to the anterior part of the orbit.

“The skull of the Opossum presents the greatest contrast to that
condition, for the sides of the cranium meet above at an acute angle,
and send upwards from the line of their union a remarkably ele-
vated sagittal crest, which, in mature skulls, is proportionally more
developed than in any of the placental Carnivora, not even exempt-
ing the strong-jawed Hyena.

«The Thylacine and Dasyures, especially the Ursine Dasyure,
exhibit the sagittal crest ina somewhat less degree of development.
It is again smaller, but yet well marked in the Koala and Perameles.
The temporal ridges meet at the lambdoidal suture in the Phalangers
and Hypsiprymni, but the size of the muscles in these does not re-
quire the development of a bony crest. In the Kangaroo the tem-
poral ridges, which are very slightly raised, are separated by an inter-
space of the third of an inch. ‘They are separated for a proportion-
ally greater extent in the Petaurists; and in the smooth and convex
upper surface of the skull of Pet. sciwreus, Pet. pygmeus, and in Myr-
mecobius the impressions of the feeble temporal muscles almost
cease to be discernible.

«The zygomatic arches are, however, complete in these as in all
the other genera: they are usually, indeed, strongly developed; but
their variations do not indicate the nature of the food so clearly, or
correspond with the differences of animal and vegetable diet in the
same degree, as in the placental Mammalia. No Marsupial animal,
for example, is devoid of incisors in the upper jaw, like the ordinary
Ruminants of the placental series; and the more complete dental
apparatus with which the herbivorous Kangaroos, Potoroos, Phalan-
gers, &c. are provided, and which appears to be in relation to the
scantier pasturage, and the dry and rigid character of the herbage or
foliage on which they browse, requires a strong apparatus of bone
and muscle for the action of the jaws, and the exercise of the termi-
nal teeth, ‘There are, however, sufficiently marked differences in
this part of the marsupial skull; and the weakest zygomatic arches
are those of the Insectivorous Perameles and Acrodates, in which
structure we may discern a correspondence with the edentate Ant-
eaters of the placental series. Still the difference of development is
greatly in favour of the Marsupial Insectivora.

«The Hypsiprymni are next in the order of development of the
zygomatic arches, which again are proportionally much stronger in
the true Kangaroos. The length of the zygomata in relation to the
entire skull is greatest in the Koala and Wombat. In the former
animal they are remarkable for their depth, longitudinal extent, and
straight and parallel course. In the latter they have a considerable
curve outwards, so as greatly to diminish the resemblance which
otherwise exists in the form of the skull between the Wombat and

122

the herbivorous Rodentia of the placental series, as, e. g., the Vis-
cuccia.

“In the carnivorous Marsupials the outward curve of the zygo-
matic arch (which is greatest in the Thylacine and Ursine Dasyure,)
is also accompanied by a slight curve upwards; but this curvature is
chiefly expressed by the concavity of the lower margin of the zygo-
ma, and is by no means so well marked as in the placental Carnivora.
It is remarkable that this upward curvature is greater in the slender
zygomata of the Perameles than in the stronger zygomata of the Da-
syuresand Opossums. In the Koala and Phalangers there is also a
slight tendency to the upward curvature; in the Wombat the out-
wardly expanded arch is perfectly horizontal. In the Kangaroo the
lower margin of the zygoma describes a slightly undulating curve,
the middle part of which is convex downwards.

‘‘In many of the Marsupials, as the Kangaroo, the Koala, the Pha-
langers, and the Opossums, the superior margin of the zygoma be-
gins immediately to rise above the posterior origin of the arch. In
the Wombat an external ridge of bone commences at the middle of
the lower margin of the zygoma, and gradually extends outwards
as it advances forwards, and, being joined by the upper margin of
the zygoma, forms the lower boundary of the orbit, and ultimately
curves downwards in front of the ant-orbital foramen, below which
it bifurcates, and is lost. This ridge results, as it were, from the
flattening of the anterior part of the zygoma, which thus forms a
smooth and slightly concave horizontal platform for the eye to rest
upon. ‘The same structure obtains, but in a slighter degree, in the
Koala. In the Kangaroo the anterior and inferior part of the zygoma
is extended downwards in the form of a conical process, which
reaches below the level of the grinding teeth. A much shorter and
more obtuse process is observable in the corresponding situation in
the Phalangers and Opossum.

“The relative length of the facial part of the skull, anterior to
the zygomatic arches, varies remarkably in the different Marsupial
genera. In the Wombat itis as six to nineteen; in the Koala as five
to fourteen ; in the Phalangers it forms about one-third of the length
of the entire skull; in the carnivorous Dasyures and Opossums it is
more than one-third. In Perameles, Macropus, and Hypsiprymaus
murinus, Ill., the length of the skull anterior to the orbit is equal
to the remaining posterior part; but in a species of Hypsiprymnus
from Van Diemen’s Land (Hypsiprymnus myosurus, Ogilb.) the
facial part of the skull anterior to the orbit exceeds that of the re-
mainder ; and the arboreal Hypsiprymni from New Guinea present a
still greater length of muzzle. In most Marsupials the skull gradually
converges towards the anterior extremity, but in the Perameles
lagotis the skull is remarkable for the sudden narrowing of the face
anterior to the orbits, and the prolongation of the attenuated snout,
preserving the same diameter for upwards of an inch before it finally
tapers to the extremity of the nose. In the Koala the corresponding
part of the skull is as remarkable for its shortness as it is in the
Per. lagotis for its length, but it is bounded laterally by parallel lines

123

through its whole extent. Before concluding this account of the
general form of the skull, I may observe that the Kangaroo resembles
the placental Ruminantia and some Rodentia, as the Viscaccia, in the
prolongation downwards of two long processes corresponding in
function to the mastoid, but developed from the exoccipital bones,
The same processes are developed in an almost equal degree in the
Koala, and, in the Wombat, coexist with a corresponding develop-
ment of the true mastoids. The exoccipitals each send down a short
obtuse process in the Potoroos, Perameles, Petaurists, Phalangers,
Opossums, and Dasyures.

Of the Composition of the Cranium.—‘ The occipital bone is de-
veloped, as in the placental Mammalia, from four centres or ele-
ments, the basilar below, the supra-occipital above, and the ex-occi-
pitals at the sides; but these elements remain longer separate, and
in some genera do not become, at any period of life, united by con-
tinuous ossification.

“In the skull of an aged Virginian Opossum I found the supra-
occipital still distinct from the ex-occipitals, and these not joined
together, though anchylosed to the basilar element: in this Mar-
supial animal they meet above the foramen occipitale, and complete
its boundaries, as the corresponding superior vertebral amine com-
plete the medullary canal, in the region of the spine. I have found
the same structure and condition of the occipital bone of an adult
Dasyurus Ursinus, and it is exhibited in the plate of the cranium of
this species given by M. Temminck*. In the skull of a Perameles
nasuta the ex-occipitals were separated by an interspace, so that a
fissure was continued from the upper part of the foramen magnum to
the supra-occipital element. The same structure may be observed
in the Kangaroo, and is very remarkable in the young skulls of this
species ; I found this superior notch wide and well-marked in Ma-
cropus Bennettii. In the Wombat the corresponding fissure is very
wide, and the lower margin of the supra-occipital is notched, so
that the shape of the foramen magnum somewhat resembles that of
the trefoil leaf. In the Koala, the Phalanger, Petaurus, Hypsiprym-
nus, and Dasyurus Maugei, the elements of the occipital bone present
the usual state of bony confluence.

«The temporal bone generally presents a permanent separation
of the squamous, petrous, and tympanicelements. I have observed
this reptile-like condition of the bone in the mature skulls of an
Ursine Dasyure, a Virginian Opossum, a Perameles, in different spe-
cies of Potoroo and Kangaroo, in the Wombat, and in the Koala.
So loose, indeed, is the connection of the tympanic bone, that,
without due care, it is very liable to be lost in preparing the skulls
of the Marsupiata. In the Kangaroo and Wombat it forms a com-
plete bony tube, about half an inch in length, with an irregular ex-
terior, and is wedged in between the mastoid and articular processes of
the temporal bone. In the Potoroo the bony circle is incomplete at the
upper part; in the Perameles and Dasyures the tympanic bone forms

* Monographie de Mammalogie, pl. viii.

124

a semicircle, the posterior part being deficient, and the tympanic
membrane being there attached to a descending process of the squa-
mous element of the temporal. Here we have a near approach to
the form of the tympanic bone in birds, but we have a still closer
resemblance to its condition both in birds and reptiles, in its want
of union with, and relations to, the petrous element of the temporal
bone. In the Rodent quadruped the tympanic, petrous, and mastoid
elements of the temporal bone are always anchylosed together ; this
condition is well shown in the skull of the Porcupine and Beaver,
in which the mastoid element sends down a thick obtuse process be-
hind the petro-tympanic portion. It is to the expansion of the pe-
tro-tympanic and not of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone
that the enlargement of the tympanic cavity is due, in the Rodentia ;
and this expansion forms in that order, as is well known, a large
bulla ossea, which is situated anterior and internal to the mastoid
process. In many of the Marsupials, as the Dasyures, Petaurists,
Perameles, Potoroos, and Koala, there is also a large bulla ossea for
the purpose of increasing the extent of the auditory cavity ; but, with
one single exception, the Wombat, this bul/a is not formed by the
tympanic or any other element of the temporal bone, but by the ex-
pansion of the base of the great a/a of the sphenoid bone. It is only
in the Perameles lagotis that, in addition to the preceding bulla,
I have observed an external dilatation of the petrous element of
the temporal bone, which thus forms a second and smaller dud/a on
each side, behind the large bu/la ossea formed by the sphenoid. In
other Marsupiata the petrous bone is of small size, generally limited
to the office of protecting the parts of the internal ear, and some-
times, as in the Koala, is barely visible at the exterior of the base of
the skull. ‘The petrous and mastoid elements are commonly anchy-
losed together. In the Kangaroos, Koala, and Wombat, the petro-
mastoid bone is of a large size, and is visible in two situations
on the outs:de of the skull, viz. at the usual place at the base, where
the petrous portion is wedged in between the basilar bone, ex-occipital
and sphenoid ; and again at the side of the cranium, where the mas-
toid portion appears between the squamous, ex-occipital, and supra-
occipital bones. In the Wombat it sends outwards the strong com-
pressed process which terminates the lateral boundaries of the occipital
plane of the cranium.

“« The auditory chamber of the ear is augmented in the Phalangers,
the Koala, the Kangaroo, and Potoroo, by a continuation of air-cells
into the base or origin of the zygomatic process; but the extent of
the bony air-chambers communicating with the tympanum is pro-
portionally greatest in the Petaurists, or Flying Opossums, where,
besides the sphenoid bulla, the mastoid element, and the whole of
the zygomatic process of the temporal bone are expanded to form
air-cells with very thin and smooth walls, thus presenting an inter-
esting analogy in the structure of the cranium to the class of birds.

‘“«'The direction of the bony canal of the organ of hearing corre-
sponds, as in the placental Mammalia, with the habits of the species.
The meatus is directed outwards and a little forwards in the car-

125

nivorous Dasyures; outwards and a little backwards in the Pera-
meles and Phalanger; outwards, backwards, and upwards in the
Kangaroos; and directly outwards in the Petaurists and Wombat :
but the differences of direction are but very slightly marked.

«The squamous element of the temporal bone generally reaches
half-way from the root of the zygoma to the sagittal ridge or su-
ture: it is most developed in the Wombat, in which its superior
margin describes a remarkably straight line. The zygomatic pro-
cess of the temporal bone is in general compressed, and much ex-
tended in the vertical direction in the Opossum, Dasyure, Phalanger,
Koala, and Kangaroo. In the Wombat it curves outwards from the
side of the head in the form of a compressed and almost horizontal
plate; it is then suddenly twisted into the vertical position, to be
received in the notch of the malar portion of the arch.

«The cavity, corresponding to the sphenoidal bulla ossea in other
Marsupials, is in this species excavated in the lower part of the squa-
mous element of the temporal bone at the inner side of the articular
surface for the lower jaw.

«« This articular surface, situated at the base of the zygomatic pro-
cess, presents in the Marsupial, as in the placental Mammalia, va-
rious forms, each manifesting a physiological relation to the struc-
ture of the teeth, and adapted to the required movements of the
jaws in the various genera. In the herbivorous Kangaroo the gle-
noid cavity forms a broad and slightly convex surface, as in the Ru-
minants, affording freedom of rotation to the lower jaw in every di-
rection. In the Phalangers and Potoroos the articular surface is
quite plane. In the Perameles it is slightly convex from side to
side, and concave from behind forwards. In the Wombat it is form-
ed by a convex narrow ridge considerably extended, and slightly
concave, in the transverse direction. This ridge is not bounded by
any descending process posteriorly, so that the jaw is left free for
the movements of protraction and retraction; but this structure is
widely different from that which facilitates similar movements in
the Rodentia. In these there is a longitudinal groove on each side,
in which the condyle of the lower jaw plays backwards and forwards,
but is impeded in its lateral movements ; these, on the contrary, are
freely allowed to the Wombat, and the oblique disposition of the
lines of enamel upon the molar teeth correspond with the various
movements of which the lower jaw of the Wombat is thus suscep-
tible. In the Koala the glenoid cavity is a transversely oblong depres-
sion, with a slight convex rising at the bottom ; indicating rotatory
movements of the jaw. In the carnivorous Dasyures it forms acon-
cavity still more elongated transversely, less deep than in the placental
Carnivora, but adapted, as in them, to a ginglymoid motion of the
lower jaw; the joint differs in the absence of an interarticular car-
tilage in the Marsupial Carnivora. In all the genera, save in the
Wombat, retraction of the lower jaw is opposed by a descending
process of the temporal bone immediately anterior to the meatus
auditorius and tympanic bone.

«The glenoid cavity presents a characteristic structure in the

126

Marsupialia. In all the species, the Petaurists excepted, the malar
bone forms the outer part of the articular surface for the lower jaw ;
and in the Dasyurus Maugei, Dasyurus Ursinus, Perameles, Hypsi-
prymnus and Macropus, the sphenoid ala forms the inner boundary
of the same surface; hut it does not extend so far backwards in the
Wombat or Koala.

‘« [he sphenoid bone has the same general form and relative po-
sition as in the ordinary Mammalia, but presents a similarity to that
in the Ovipara, in the persistence of the pterygoid processes as sepa-
rate bones. It is only in the Koala that I have observed a complete
obliteration of the suture joining the basilar element of the sphe-
noid with that of the occipital bone.

«The chief peculiarity in the sphenoid bone is the dilatation of
the root of the great ala already alluded to; this dilatation commu-
nicates with and is filled with air from the tympanum ; it forms the
hemispherical bulla ossea on each side of the basis cranii in the Da-
syures and Phascogales, and the large semiovate bulle in the Myr-
mecobius: but in the Koala the bull are still more developed, and
are produced downwards to an extent equal with the ex-occipital
processes ; they are somewhat compressed laterally, and instead of
the smooth and polished surface which characterize them in the pre-
ceding genera, terminate here in arough ridge. The dilated air-cham-
bers or bulle of the sphenoid are relatively smaller in the Phalangers
and Potoroos than in the Dasyures ; and they are incomplete poste-
riorly in the Kangaroo and Wombat. In the Brush Kangaroo the
above process from the sphenoid joins the base of the large descend-
ing process of the ex-occipital. The pterygoid processes are relatively
largest in the Kangaroo, Wombat, and Koala, and present in each
of these species distinct hamular processes. In the Potoroo, Kanga-
roo, and Wombat, the sphenoid a/a combines with the pterygoid
process to form a large and deep depression opening externally. In
the Kangaroo, Dasyures, Koala and Wombat, the great ale of the
sphenoid articulate with the parietal bones; but, by a very small
portion in the two latter species; in the Perameles and Potoroos,
the sphenoid a/e do not reach the parietals.

“There is little to notice in the parietal bones except the oblite-
ration of the sagittal suture in those species in which a bony crista
is developed in the corresponding place: they present a singularly
flattened form in the Wombat, in an aged skull of which, and ina
similar one in the Kangaroo, I observe a like obliteration of the sa-
gittal suture. In the Kangaroo, Potoroo, Petaurus, Phalanger, and
Myrmecobius, there is a triangular inter-parietal bone. ‘The cor-
responding bone I find in three pieces in the skull of a Wombat.

“The coronal suture presents in most of the Marsupials an irre-
gular angular course, forming a notch in the frontals on each side,
which receives a corresponding triangular process of the parietal bone:
this form of the suture is least pronounced in the Myrmecobius and
Acrobates. A process corresponding to the posterior frontal augments
the bony boundary of the orbit in the Thylacine, the Ursine Dasyure,
and in a slighter degree in the Virginian Opossum. It is relatively

127

most developed in the skull of the Myrmecobius fasciatus, where the
orbit is large ; but the bony boundary of the orbit is not complete
in any of the Marsupials. In the Myrmecobius there is a deep notch
at the middle of the supra-orbital ridge. I have found the frontal
suture obliterated only in the Virginian Opossum and Petaurists ;
but in the latter it is remarkable, that the other sutures of the head,
as the lambdoidal and sagittal, continue distinct.

«The frontal bones are chiefly remarkable for their anterior expan-
sion, and the great share which they take in the formation of the na-
salcavity. Inthe Thylacine the part of the cranium occupied by the
frontal sinuses exceeds in breadth the cerebral cavity, from which it
is divided by a constriction.

“ The lachrymal bones vary in their relative size in different Mar-
supiata. In the Koala they extend upon the face about a line be-
yond the anterior boundary of the orbit ; and at this part they pre-
sent a groove with one large, and two or three small perforations ;
in the Wombat their extent upon the face is slightly increased ; it
is proportionally greater in the Kangaroos, Potoroos, Phalangers,
and Dasyures, in which this part of the lachrymal bone presents two
perforations, but itis close to the orbit. The Thylacine, as compared
with the Wolf, presents a greater extent of the facial portion of the
lachrymal bone, and thus indicates its inferior type. In the Myr-
mecobius the lachrymal bone exhibits its greatest relative develop-
ment.

«The malar bone is very strong and of great extent in all the
Marsupiata : least developed in the Perameles lagotis, it here presents
a singular form, being bifurcate at both extremities; the processus
zygomaticus maville superioris is wedged into the cleft of the ante-
rior fork ; the corresponding process of the temporal bone fills up
the posterior space; the lower division of this bifurcation is the
longest, and in all the Marsupiata enters into the composition of the
articular surface for the lower jaw, except in the Petaurists, where
it just falls short of this part. ‘The anterior bifurcation of the malar
bone is not present in the Marsupiata generally : the external malo-
maxillary suture forms an oblique and almost straight line in the
Wombat, Phalanger, Opossum, Dasyurus, and Kangaroo. Owing
to the low development of the zygomatic process of the superior
maxillary in the Wombat, the malar bone is not suspended in the
zygomatic arch in this Marsupial, as in the placental Rodentia. It
is of relatively much larger size, and of a prismatic form, arising
from the development of the oblique external ridge above described.
In the Kangaroo, Potoroo, Great Petaurus, and Phalanger, it is tra-
versed externally by a ridge showing the extent of attachment of
the masseter; in the Koala the ridge extends along the bone near
the upper margin, and the surface below presents a well-marked ex-
cavation.

“The nasal bones vary in their form and relative size in the dif-
ferent genera; they are longest and narrowest in the Perameles,
shortest and broadest in the Koala. Their most characteristic
structure is the expansion of the upper and posterior extremity,

128

which is well marked in the Wombat, Myrmecobius, Petaurists,
Phalangers, Opossums, and Dasyures. In the Potoroos the ante-
rior extremities of the nasal bones converge to a point which projects
beyond the intermaxillaries. In some Petaurists and the Perameles
the corresponding points reach as far as the intermaxillaries ; and in
Perameles lagotis the bony case of the nasal passages is further in-
creased by the presence of two small rostral bones, resulting, as in
the Hog, from ossification of the nasal cartilage.

“« The intermaxillary bones always contain teeth, and the ratio of
their development corresponds with the bulk of the dental ap-
paratus which they support. They are consequently largest in the
Wombat, where they extend far upon the side of the face, and are
articulated to a considerable proportion of the nasal bones, but do
not, as in the placental Rodentia, reach the frontal, or divide the
maxillary bone from the nasal. They present the next degree of
inferior development in the Koala, and both in this species and in
the Wombat bulge outwards, and thus remarkably increase the
transverse diameter of the osseous cavity of the nose.

“‘ Neither in Hypsiprymaus nor Macropus do I find the incisive pala-
tal foramina entirely in the intermaxillary bones, as described by the
author of the text in Pander and d’Alton’s ‘Skelete der Beutelthiere,’
a small proportion of their bony circumference is due to the ante-
rior extremity of the palatal process of the maxillaries, and the
same structure obtains in the Wombat, Koala, and Opossums.
In the Dasyuri and Phalangers a greater proportion of the posterior
boundary of these foramina is formed by the maxillaries. In the
Petaurists they are entirely surrounded by the maxillaries ; while
in the Perameles the incisive foramina are wholly surrounded by
the intermaxillary bones. They always present the form of two
longitudinal fissures.

«The maxillary bones in the Wombat send up a long, narrow,
irregular nasal process which joins the frontal and nasal bones,
separating them from the intermaxillaries; the part which pro-
jects into the temporal fossa behind the orbit presents two or
three smooth tuberosities, formed by the thin plate of bone co-
vering the pulps of the large curved posterior grinders. The
corresponding part in Perameles lagotis is perforated by nume-
rous minute apertures like a cribriform plate, and this structure
is presented in a slighter degree in the Potoroos and Ursine Da-
syure. ‘The ant-orbital foramen does not present any marked va-
riety of size, which is generally moderate. It is much closer to
the orbit in the carnivorous Marsupiata than in the corresponding
placental quadrupeds. It is relatively largest in the Ursine Dasyure,
and presents the form of a nearly vertical fissure in the Wombat. I
have observed it double in the Kangaroo. The chief differences in
the maxillary bones, independently of the teeth and their alveoli,
are presented by the palatal processes; the modifications of which
I shall consider in conjunction with those presented by the palatal
processes of the palatal bones. The perforations of the bony palate
deserve particular attention; they are generally specific, and of

129

Consequence in the determination both of recent and fossil spe-
cies.

“In Phalangista Cookii, some of the Petaurists, and the great
Kangaroo (Macropus Major), the bony palate is of great extent, and
presents a smooth surface, concave in every direction towards the
mouth ; this is pierced by two small posterior palatine foramina,
situated at the anterior external angles of the palatine bones, close
to the transverse palato-maxillary sutures ; behind the foramina in
the Kangaroo, and pierced in the suture itself in the Petaurists, are _
a few small irregular perforations. ‘The bony palate is also entire
in the Hypsiprymnus Ursinus, Mill.

*« In Macropus Bennettii there are four orifices at the posterior part of
the bony palate : the two anterior ones are situated upon the palato-
maxillary suture, of an ovate form, with the small end forwards ; the
two posterior foramina are of a less regular form and smaller size.

«In the Brush Kangaroo (Macropus Brunii, Cuv.) the posterior
palatal foramina present the form of two large oval fissures placed
obliquely, and converging posteriorly. They encreach upon the
posterior border of the maxillary plate. Anterior to these vacan-
cies there are two smaller foramina, and posterior to them are one
or two similar foramina. In the Australian Potoroos, Wombat,
and Koala, the posterior palatal openings are large and oval, and
situated entirely in the palatal bones; posterior and external to
these there are two small perforations. In the Phalangers (Phal.
Cookii excepted) the palatal openings are proportionally larger ; they
extend into the palatal process uf the maxillaries ; and the thin bridge
of bone which divides the openings in the Potoroo, &c. is wanting;
the two perforations at the posterior external angles of the palatine
bones are also present. In the Virginian Opossum the bony palate
presents eight distinct perforations besides the incisive foramina ;
the palatal processes of the palatine bone extend as far forwards
in the median line as the third molares ; a long and narrow fissure
extends for an equal distance (three lines) into the palatal processes,
both of the palatines and maxillaries; behind these fissures, and
nearer the median line, are two smaller oblong fissures ; external,
and a little posterior to these, are two similar fissures, situated in
the palato-maxillary suture ; lastly, there are two round perforations
close to the posterior margin of the bony palate.

«Now there is no carnivorous quadruped in the placental series
which has a bony palate characterized by perforations and vacuities
of this kind. In the dog, the cat, and the weasel tribe, the bony
palate is only perforated by two small oblique canals, which open in
or near the palato-maxillary suture. The very great interest which
is attached to the fossil jaws of the Stonesfield Marsupials, the only
mammiferous remains hitherto discovered in the secondary formations,
will justify the minuteness, perhaps tediousness, with which I have
dwelt on characters that, inclusive of the teeth, serve to distinguish
the cranium of the Marsupial from that of any placental quadruped.
The structure of the bony palate in the Marsupiata is interesting in
other respects. Since the defective condition of this part of the cra-

130

nium is one of the characteristics of the skull of the bird, it might be
expected that some approximation would be made to that structure
in the animals which form the transition between the placental and
oviparous classes. We have already noticed the large vacuities which
occur in the bony palate of nearly all the Marsupials, but this imper-
fectly ossified condition is most remarkable in the Acrobates and Pera-
meles lagotis. In the latter the bony roof of the mouth is perforated
by a wide oval space, extending from the second spurious molars to
the penultimate molars, exposing to view the vomer and conyo-
lutions of the inferior spongy bones in the nasal cavity. Behind
this space there are six small perforations ; two in a transverse line,
midway between the great vacancy and the posterior margin of the
bony palate, and four in a transverse line, close to that margin.

“In the Ursine Dasyure a large transversely oblong aperture is
situated at the posterior part of the palatal processes of the maxil-
lary bones, and encroaches a little upon the palatines; this aper-
ture is partly, perhaps in young skulls, wholly bisected by a narrow
longitudinal osseous bridge. The large aperture in the skull of the
Dasyurus Ursinus, figured by Temminck, is the result of accidental
injury to the bony palate. — (Monographie de Mammalogie, PI. viii.)
In Mauge’s Dasyure two large ovate apertures, situated in the palato-
maxillary sutures, are divided by a broad plate of bone ; posterior to
these are two apertures of similar size and form, which, being
situated nearer the mesial line, are divided by a narrower osseous
bridge ; each posterior external angle of the bony palate is also per-
forated by an oval aperture. Jn the Viverrine Dasyure the two va-
cancies which cross the palato-maxillary suture are in the form of
longitudinal fissures, corresponding in situation with the fourth and
fifth grinders; the posterior margin of the bony palate has four
small apertures on the same transverse line.

Cavity of the Cranium.— The parietes of the cranial cayity are
remarkable for their thickness in some of the marsupial genera.
In the Wombat the two tables of the parietal bones are separated
posteriorly for the extent of more than half an inch, the interspace
being filled with a coarse cellular diploé; the frontal bones are
about two and a half lines thick. In the Ursine Dasyure the cra-
nial bones have a similar texture and relative thickness. In the
Koala the texture of the cranial bones is denser, and their thick-
ness varies from two lines to half a line. In the Kangaroo the
thickness varies considerably in different parts of the skull, but the
parietes are generally so thin as to be diaphanous, which is the case
with the smaller marsupials, as the Potoroos and Petaurists. ‘The
union of the body of the second with that of the third cranial verte-
bree takes place in the marsupiata, as in the placental mammalia, at
the sella turcica, which is overarched by the backward extension of
the lesser ale of the sphenoid. The optic foramina and the fissure
lacere anteriores are all blended together, so that a wide opening
leads outwards from each side of the se//a. Immediately posterior,
and external to this opening, are the foramina rotunda, from each of
which, in the Kangaroo, a remarkable groove leads to the fossa

131

gasseriana, at the commencement of the foramen ovale ; the same
groove is indicated in a slighter degree in the Dasyuri and Phalan-
gers, but is almost obsolete in the Wombat and Koala. The carotid
canals pierce the body of the sphenoid, as in the bird, and terminate
in the skull, very close together, behind the sella turcica, which is
not bounded by a posterior clinoid process. The petrous bone in
the Kangaroo, Koala, and Phalanger, is impressed above the meatus
auditorius, by a deep, smooth, round pit which lodges the lateral
appendage of the cerebellum. ‘The corresponding pit is shallower
in the Dasyuri, and almost obsolete in the Wombat. The middle,
and posterior fissure lacere have the usual relative position, but the
latter are small. The condyles are each perforated anteriorly by
two foramina. The composition and form of the foramen magnum
we have already spoken of. It is of great size, in relation to the
capacity of the cranium; the aspect of its plane is backwards, and
slightly downwards.

*« In the Kangaroo and Phalanger a thin ridge of bone extends for
the distance of one or two lines into the periphery of the tentorial
process of the dura mater, and two sharp spines are sent down into
it from the upper part of the cranium in the Phalangista Vulpina.
The fentorium is supported by a thick ridge of bone in the Thyla-
cine, but it is not completely ossified in any of the Marsupiata; in
some species indeed, as the Dasyures, the Koala, and the Wombat,
the bony ridge above described does not exist. There is no ossifi-
cation of the falciform ligament, as in the Ornithorhynchus. The
anterior depression, or olfactory division of the cavity of the cranium,
as it may be termed from its large size, is separated in a well-marked
manner from the proper cerebral division of the cavity. It is rela-
tively smallest in the Koala. In all the Marsupials it is bounded
anteriorly by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, which is con-
verted into an osseous reticulation by the number and size of the
olfactory apertures. The cavity of the nose, from its great size
and the complication of the turbinated bones, forms an important
part of the skull. It is divided by a complete bony septum to with-
in one-fourth of the anterior aperture; the anterior margin of the
septum is slightly concave in the Koala, describes a slightly convex
line in the Wombat, Kangaroo, and Phalanger, and a sigmoid
flexure in the Dasyure. A longitudinal ridge projects downwards
from the inside of each of the nasal bones, and is continued poste-
riorly into the superior turbinated bone ; this bone extends into the
dilated space anterior to the cranial cavity, which corresponds with
' the frontal sinuses. The convolutions of the middle spongy bone
are extended chiefly in the axis of the skull; the processes of the
anterior convoluted bone are arranged obliquely from below, upwards
and forwards. They are extremely delicate and numerous in the
Dasyures and Phalanger; they consist of thin Jamine of bone beau-
tifully arranged on the convex surface of the os turbinatum, and
placed vertically to that surface in the Potoroo; but the bone be-
comes very simple in the Kangaroo, Koala, and Wombat. The
nasal cavity communicates freely with large maxillary sinuses, and,

132

finally, terminates by wide apertures behind the bony palate. In
the skull the nasal cavity communicates with the mouth, as before-
mentioned, by means of the various large vacuities in the palatal
processes.

*«« The lower jaw of the marsupiata isa part of their osseous struc-
ture which claims more than ordinary attention, in consequence of
the discussions to which the fossil specimens of this bone, discovered
in the oolitic strata of Stonesfield, have given rise. I have examined
the two specimens in the possession of Dr. Buckland, the specimen
formerly in the collection of Mr. Broderip, and that which is pre-
served in the Museum at York; the composition of the lower jaw,
each ramus of which consists of one piece of bone, the convex condyle,
and the double fangs of the molar teeth, prove the mammiferous
character of these remains; the size, elevation, and form of the
coronoid process of the lower jaw, the production of the angle
of the jaw, with the development of the canines, and the pointed
tubercular crowns of the molar teeth, indicate the carnivorous
and insectivorous character of the species in question. The number
of the incisors, eight in the lower jaw, and the structure and propor-
tions of the molar teeth, approximate these small insectivora most
nearly to the smaller species of the modern genus Didelphis; but
the number of the molars in one of the specimens exceeds that of
any insectivore, placental, or marsupial, which was known at the
period when Cuvier wrote on this fossil. Recently, however,
a genus of insectivorous mammal (Myrmecobius) has been dis-
covered in Australia, presenting the modifications of the cranium
which characterize the marsupiata, and having nine tuberculate
molares in each ramus of the lower jaw.—(See Mr. Waterhouse’s
Memoir, Zool. Trans. ii. pl. 28. fig. 2,5.) Besides the osteolo-
gical characters above alluded to, there is a character in the lower
jaw of the marsupial animals, not peculiar to the genus Didelphis,
which serves to distinguish it from that of the placental mammalia.
In the carnivorous marsupials, as the Thylacine, the lower maxillary
bone very nearly resembles in general form that of the corresponding
placental species, as the dog; a similar transverse condyle is placed
low down, near the angle of the jaw; the strong coronoid process rises
high above it, and is slightly curved backwards; there is the same well-
marked depression on the exterior of the ascending ramus for the firm
implantation of the temporal muscle, and the lower boundary of this
depression is formed by a strong ridge extended downwards and
forwards from the outside of the condyle. But in the dog and
other placental digitigrade carnivorc, a process, representing the
angle of the jaw, extends directly backwards from the middle of
the above ridge, which process gives fixation to the articulation of
the jaw, and increases the power by which the masseter acts upon
the jfw. Now, although the same curved ridge of bone bounds
the lower part of the external depression of the ascending ramus in
all the marsupiata, it does not in any of them send backwards, or
in any other direction, a process corresponding to that just de-
scribed in the dog. The angle of the jaw is as if it were bent in-

1338

wards in the form of a process encroaching in various shapes and ya-
rious degrees of development, in the different marsupial genera, upon
the interspace of the rami of the lower jaw. In looking down upon
the lower margin of the jaw, we see therefore, in place of the margin
of a vertical plate of bone, a more or less flattened surface extended
between the external ridge and the internal process or inflected
angle. In the Opossums this internal angular process is triangular
and trihedral, directed inwards, with the point slightly curved upwards.
In the Dasyures it has a similar form, but the apex is extended into
an obtuse process. In the Thylacine the base of the inverted angle
is proportionally more extended, and a similar structure is presented
by the fossil Phascolothere. In the Perameles the angle of the jaw
forms a still longer process; it is of a flattened form, extended obliquely
inwards and backwards, and slightly curved upwards. In the Poto-
roos and Phalangers the process is broad, with the apex slightly de-
veloped ; it is bent inwards, and bounds the lower part of a wide
and deep depression on the inside of the ascending ramus. In the
great Kangaroo the internal margin of this process is curved up-
wards, so as to augment the depth of the internal depression above-
mentioned. The internal angular process arrives at its maximum
of development in the Wombat, and the breadth of the base of the
ascending ramus very nearly equals the height of the same; this
broad base also inclines downwards and outwards from the inflected
angle, and the same peculiarity occurs in the jaw of the fossil Phas-
colothere. In the Koala the size of the process in question is also
considerable, but it is compressed, and directed backwards, with the
obtuse apex only bending inwards, so that the characteristic flatten-
ing of the base of the ascending ramus is least marked in this species.

«‘There is no depression on the inner side of the ramus of the
jaw in the Koala, but its smooth surface is simply pierced near
its middle by the dental artery. There is a corresponding perfora-
tion on the external surface of the ramus, upon which we observe
the external muscular depression bounded below by a broad an-
gular ridge. In the Dasyure, there is no external perforation corre-
sponding with the dental canal on the inside of the ramus. The
ramus is likewise entire in the Petaurists, Phalangers, Perameles, and
Opossums. In the Wombat the ascending ramus is directly per-
forated by a round aperture immediately posterior to the com-
mencement of the dental canal: the corresponding aperture is of
larger size in the Kangaroo. But in the Potoroos both the external
and internal depressions of the ascending ramus lead to wide canals,
or continuations of the depressions, which pass forwards into the sub-
stance of the horizontal ramus, and soon uniting into one passage,
leave a vacant space in the intervening bony septum: this structure,
if it had existed only in the jaw of a fossil marsupial, would have
supported an argument for its Saurian nature, on account of a nearly
similar structure in the jaw of the Crocodile. The posterior aperture
of the dental canal is situated in the Potoroos and Wombat, as in
the Stonesfield fossils, just behind the last molar tooth ; and in the
Wombat a vascular groove is continued from the foramen along the

134

inner side of the ramus of the jaw, as in the same fossils. In the
Thylacine and Ursine Dasyure, and in their fossil congeners, the
Thylacothere and Phascolothere, the condyle of the lower jaw is
placed low down on a level with the molar series: it is raised a
little above that level in the Opossums, and ascends in proportion to
the vegetable diet of the species.

‘«« In all those Marsupiata which have few or very small incisors,
the horizontal rami of the jaw converge towards a point at the
symphysis. ‘The angle of convergence is most open in the Wombat,
and the gradual diminution is most marked and direct. The inter-
nal surface of the symphysis menti is almost horizontal, and is con-
vex from side to side in the interval between the molars and incisors.
The suture becomes obliterated in aged skulls ; it is also wholly ob-
literated in the skull of a Koala now before me: in all the other
Marsupial crania which I have examined, the rami of the lower jaw
are disjoined at the symphysis ; and in the Opossum, both the rami
of the lower jaw and all the bones of the face are remarkable for the
loose nature of their connection.

*«« The vertebral column is divisible in all the Marsupiata into the
usual classes of cervical, costal, lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebre.

«« The cervical vertebre invariably present the usual number, seven,
and the usual character of the perforation of the transverse process,
or rather the presence and union of the outer extremities of the
upper and lower transverse processes. In the Dasyures, Opossums,
Perameles, and Phalangers, the seventh cervical vertebra has only the
upper transverse process, and consequently wants the character of
the perforation, as in many of the ordinary Mammalia. In the
Koala, Wombat, Potoroos, and Kangaroos, the seventh vertebra is
perforated like the rest; but in the Kangaroo both the dentata and
atlas have the transverse processes grooved merely by the vertebral
arteries ; and in the Koala and Wombat the atlas presents only the
perforation on each side of the superior arch,

«In the Perameles and some other Marsupials, as the Cayopollin,
an affinity to the Reptilia is manifested in the structure of the atlas,
which exhibits a permanent separation of the superior lamine from
the centre or body below. In the Koala and Wombat the body of
the atlas remains permanently cartilaginous ; at least, this is its con-
dition in an adult skeleton of each of these animals in the Hunterian
Museum, in which the lower part of the vertebral ring is completed
by dried gristly substance. In the Petaurists, Kangaroos, and
Potoroos, the atlas is completed below by an extension of ossifica-
tion from the centres developed in the superior laminz into the car-
tilaginous nucleus representing the body; and the ring of the ver-
tebrz is for a long time interrupted by a longitudinal fissure in the
middle line, the breadth of which diminishes with age. This fissure
is represented in figures of the atlas of a Potoroo and Kangaroo given
by Pander and d’Alton (Beutelthiere, fig. ¢. pls. iil. and vii.), but in
some of the skeletons of these Marsupials examined by me I find the
ring completed, and the fissure obliterated. In all the Marsupiata
the spine of the dentata is well developed both in the vertical and

135

longitudinal directions, but most so in the Virginian and Crab-eating
Opossums, where it increases in thickness posteriorly; in these spe-
cies also the third, fourth, and fifth cervical vertebre have their
spines remarkably long and thick, but progressively diminishing
from the third, which equals in height and thickness, but not in lon-
gitudinal extent, the spine of the dentata. These spines are four-
sided, and being closely impacted one behind another must add
greatly to the strength while they diminish the mobility of this part
of the spine. I know of no other Mammiferous genus which pre-
sents the same structure: in the Armadillos the corresponding spines
are largely developed, but they are anchylosed together. In the
Orang the cervical spines are remarkably developed, but have the
ordinary slender subcylindrical rounded form. Tyson, who describes
and particularly figures the above structure of the cervical vertebre
in the Opossum, conjectures that it is given to this arboreal animal
in order that there might be ‘no danger of its breaking its neck
should it happen to fall to the ground by chance or design.’ Un-
fortunately for this reasoning, however, the Phalangers, Koala, and
other Marsupiata, whose arboreal habits render them equally liable
to a fall, present the usual structure of the five posterior cervical
vertebree, the spines of which are all much less than that of the
dentata, and in the Phalangers and Petaurists almost obsolete. I
observe in the Phalangista Cookii that the superior flattened arches
of the five last cervical vertebrae bear a ridge on each side of the
spine, having the same direction and form, and nearly the same size.
The structure of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebra, in
the Opossum, is adapted to the strengthening and fixation of this part
of the vertebral column ; they are expanded nearly in the axis of the
spine, but obliquely, so that the posterior part of one transverse pro-
cess overlaps the anterior part of the succeeding. ‘This structure is
exhibited in a slighter degree in the cervical vertebre of the Dasyures,
Phalangers, and Great Kangaroo. In the Petaurists, Potoroos, Wom-
bat, and Koala, the direction and simpler form of the transverse pro-
cesses allows of greater freedom of lateral motion. In the Koala and
Wombat a short obtuse process is given off from the under part of the
transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra. In the Potoroos,
Kangaroos, Petaurists, Phalangers, Opossums, and Dasyures, this pro-
cess is remarkably expanded in the direction of the axis of the spine ;
in the Perameles corresponding processes are observed prcgressively
increasing in size, on the fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebre.
«‘The number of the dorsal vertebre is greatest in the Wombat,
where it is fifteen, corresponding with the number of pairs of ribs;
it is least in the Petaurists which have twelve dorsal vertebre.
In all the other genera there are thirteen. In the Koala the
length of the spine of the first dorsal hardly exceeds that of the last
cervical; but in all other Marsupials the difference is considerable,
the first dorsal spine being much longer; those of the remaining
dorsal vertebre progressively diminish in length, and increase in
breadth and thickness. They slope backwards towards the centre
of motion. In Mauge’s Dasyure this is shown to be at the ninth

136

dorsal vertebra, by the verticality of its spine, towards which both
the preceding and succeeding spines incline. In the Perameles the
centre of motion is at the eleventh dorsal vertebra; in the Potoroo
and Kangaroo at the twelfth; in the Petaurists at the thirteenth
vertebra. In the Phalangers, Opossum, Koala, and Wombat, the
flexibility of the spme is much diminished, and the centre of motion
is not defined by the convergence of the spinous process towards a
single vertebra, but they all incline slightly backwards.

«<The lumbar vertebre are four in number in the Wombat, seven
in the Petaurists, and six in other Marsupiata, the total number of
true vertebre being thus the same in all the genera. The an-
terior oblique processes, which begin to increase in length in the
three posterior dorsal vertebr, attain a great size in the lumbar
vertebra, and are locked into the interspace of the posterior ob-
lique processes, which are double on each side, except in the Pera-
meles, and in the last lumbar vertebre of all the other genera. The
transverse processes of the lumbar vertebre progressively increase
in length as the vertebre approach the sacrum; they are most de-
veloped in the Wombat, where they are directed obliquely forwards.
In the Kangaroos, Potoroos, and Perameles they are curved for-
wards, and obliquely downwards. The length of these and of the
anterior oblique processes is relatively least in the Petaurists, Pha-
langers, and Opossums.

««The number of vertebrz succeeding the lumbar, which are an-
chylosed together in the sacral region of the spine, amount in the
Wombat to seven; but if we regard those vertebre only as sacral
which join the imnominata, then there are three. In the Pha-
langers there are generally two sacral vertebre; but in a Phal.
Cookit I have observed three sacral vertebre, both by anchylosis
and juncture with the ossa innominata. In the Kangaroos and
Potoroos the impetus of the powerful hinder extremities is trans-
ferred to two anchylosed vertebre. In the Perameles there is
only a single sacral vertebra, the spine of which is shorter and
thicker than those of the lumbar, and turned in the contrary direc-
tion, viz. backwards. In Mauge’s Dasyure two sacral vertebre are
anchylosed, but it is to the expanded transverse processes of the
anterior one that the znnominata arejoined. The same kind of union
exists in the Viverrine Dasyure, but three vertebrz are anchylosed
together. In the Phalangers and Petaurists there are two sacral
vertebre. In Petaurus taguanoides and Pet. macrurus three are
anchylosed together, though two only join the tlium. Inthe Wom-
bat the transverse processes of the numerous anchylosed vertebre
are remarkable for their length; those of the first four are directed
outwards and are confluent at their extremities ; the remaining ones
- are turned in a slight degree backwards, and very nearly reach the
tuberosities of the ischia, behind which they gradually diminish in
size, and are lost in the three last caudal vertebra. The transition
from the sacral to the caudal vertebrze is very obscure in the Wom-
bat; if we limit the sacral to the three which join the élium, then
there remain twelve vertebre for the tail. The spinal canal is com-

137

plete in all but the last three, which consist only of the body.
‘There are no inferior spines; and as only the six posterior vertebre,
which progressively diminish in length, extend beyond the posterior
aperture of the pelvis, the tail is scarcely visible in the living animal.
In the Koala the tail is also very short. In one species of Perameles
I find eighteen caudal vertebr, in another twenty-three.

«Jn two species of Potoroo there are twenty-four caudal verte-
bre, but the relative length of the tail differs in these by one-third,
in consequence of the greater length of the bodies of the vertebra. In
the Great Kangaroo there are twenty-two, while in Bennett’s Kangaroo
there are twenty-four caudal vertebre. In the Phalangista vulpina
there are twenty-one caudal vertebree. In the Petaurus macrurus I
find twenty-eight caudal vertebre, while in the Peé. sciureus there
are but twenty. The bodies of the middle caudal vertebre, in both
these species, are remarkably long and slender. In the Dasyurus
Maugei I find twenty caudal vertebre.

“ Tn the Virginian Opossum there are twenty-two caudal vertebre ;
the spinal canal is continued along the first six, beyond these the
superior spinous processes cease to be developed, and the body gives
off above only the two anterior «nd two posterior oblique processes,
which are rudimental, and no longer subservient to the mutual arti-
culation of the vertebre. The transverse processes are single on
the first five caudal vertebre, and are nearly the breadth of the body,
but diminish in length from the second caudal, in which they are
generally the longest. In the other vertebre a short obtuse trans-
verse process is developed at both extremities of the body on either
side, so that the dilated articular surfaces of the posterior caudal
vertebrz present a quadrate figure.

«Tn most of the Marsupials, which have a long tail, this appendage
is subject to pressure on some part of the under surface. In the
Kangaroo this must obviously take place to a considerable degree
when the tail is used as a fifth extremity to aid in supporting or pro-
pelling the body. In the Potoroos and Perameles the tail also
transmits to the ground part of the superincumbent pressure of the
body by its under surface, when the animal is erect; but it is not
used as a crutch in locomotion, as in the Kangaroos. In the Pha-
langers and Opossums the tail is prehensile, and the vessels situated
at the under surface are liable to compression when the animal
hangs suspended by the tail. To protect these vessels, therefore,
as well as to afford additional attachment to the museles which execute
the various movements for which the tail is adapted in the above-men-
tioned Marsupiata, V-shaped bones, or inferior arches (hemapophy-
ses) are developed, of various forms and sizes, and are placed opposite
the articulations of the vertebre, analogous to the situation of the
superior arches in the sacral region of the spine in Birds, and in the
dorsal region of the spine in the Chelonian Reptiles. The two crura
of the subvertebral arch embrace and defend the blood vessels; and
the process continued from their point of union presents a variety
of forms in different genera. In the Virginian Opossum and Vul-
pine Phalanger they are simple, about a quarter of an inch in

138

length where longest, directed obliquely forwards, and diminish in
size as they approach the extremity of the tail. In Cook’s Phalan-
ger I find the hemapophyses commence between the second and third
caudal vertebre, increase in length to the fourth, and then pro-
gressively diminish to the end of the tail: the penultimate and an-
tepenultimate presenting a permanent separation of the lateral moie-
ties, and an absence of the spine.

“In the Potoroos the extremity of the long anterior spines is di-
lated, and produced backwards and forwards ; the posterior smaller
ones become expanded laterally, and give off similar but shorter pro-
cesses from each side, whereby the base of the support is extended.

“‘In the Great Kangaroo the spine of the first subvertebral arch
only is simple and elongated; the extremities of the others are ex-
panded, and in some jut out into four obtuse processes, two at the
sides and two at the interior and posterior surfaces. In a carefully
prepared skeleton of Macropus Benettii, 1 found these inferior spines
wanting between the last nine vertebre of the tail. In the Petau-
rists, Phascogales, and Dasyures, where the tail acts as a balancing
pole, or serves, from the long and thick hair with which it is
clothed, as a portable blanket to keep the nose and extremities
warm during sleep, the subvertebral arches are also present, but
less in number, and of smaller relative size. They are here princi-
pally subservient to the attachment of muscles,—their mere mecha-
nical office of defending the caudal vessels from pressure not being
required.

‘The ribs consist of thirteen pairs, excepting in the Wombat and
Petaurists : the first of these is the shortest, and, except in some of
the Petaurists, the broadest. In the Pet. macrurus, the fifth, sixth,
or seventh are the broadest, and the ribs generally have, both in this
species and in Pet. sciureus, a more compressed form than in the
other Marsupials; but this character does not exist in Petaurus
Taguanoides. In the Great Kangaroo they are very slender and
rounded, except at the sternal extremities, which are flattened for
the attachment of the cartilages. In this species the anterior pairs of
ribs articulate directly with the sternum. The cartilages of the other
pairs are long and bent towards the sternum, but do not join it; nor
are they confluent, but have a gliding motion one over the other.
In the Opossum there are seven pairs of true ribs, and six which
may be regarded as coste nothe. In the Wombat six pairs only out
of the fifteen reach the sternum.

«The sternum consists of a succession of elongated bones, gene-
rally six in number, but in the Wombat four. The first bone, or
manubrium sterni, is the largest, and presents in many species a tri-
angular shape, from the expansion of its anterior part, and some-
times a rhomboidal figure. A strong keel or longitudinal process
is given off in many species from the middle of its inferior or outer
surface; the side next the cavity of the chest is smooth and slightly
concave. In the Wombat, Phalangers, and others, the keel is pro-
duced anteriorly into a strong process, against the sides of which
the clavicles abut: the first pair of ribs join the produced anterior

139

angles of the manubrium. In the Dasyures, Opossums, Phalangers,
and Petaurists, the manubrium is compressed and elongated, and the
clavicles are joined to a process continued from its anterior extremity.
The small clavicles of the Kangaroo have a similar connection.

«The cartilages of the true ribs, (which frequently become ossi-
fied in old Marsupials) are articulated as usual to the interspaces
of the sternal bones; the last of these supports a broad flat cartilage.

« The clavicles are relatively strongest and longest in the burrow-
ing Wombat, weakest and shortest in the Great Kangaroo. In the
latter they are simply curved with the convexity forwards, and mea-
sure only two inches in length. In the Wombat they are upwards
of three inches in length, and have a double curvature ; they are ex-
panded and obliquely truncate at the sternal extremity, where the
articular surface presents a remarkably deep notch: they become
compressed as they approach the acromion, to which they are at-
tached by an extended narrow articular surface. In the Koala the
clavicles are also very strong, but more compressed than in the
Wombat, bent outwards in their whole extent, and the convex mar-
gin formed, not by a continuous curve, but by three almost straight
lines, with intervening angles, progressively diminishing in extent
to the outermost line which forms the articular surface with the
acromion. In most of the other Marsupials the clavicle is a simple
compressed elongated bone, with one general outward curvature. In
the genus Perameles there are no clavicles.

«The scapula varies in form in the different Marsupiata. In the
Petaurists it forms a scalene triangle, with the glenoid cavity at the
convergence of the two longest sides. In the Wombat it presents a
remarkably regular oblong quadrate figure, the neck being produced
from the lower half of the anterior margin, and the outer surface
being traversed diagonally by the spine; which, in this species,
gradually rises to a full inch above the plane of the scapula, and.
terminates in a long narrow compressed acromion arching over the
neck to meet the clavicle. In the Koala, the superior costa does not
run parallel with the inferior, but recedes from it as it advances for-
wards, and then passes down, forming an obtuse angle, and with a
gentle concave curvature to the neck of the scapula; a small process
extends from the middle of this curvature. In the Potoroos the upper
costa is at first parallel with the lower; but this parallel part is much
shorter; the remainder describes a sigmoid flexure as it approaches
the neck of the scapula. In the Great Kangaroo, the Perameles,
Phalangers, Opossums and Dasyures, the whole upper costa of the
scapula describes a sigmoid curve, the convex posterior portion of
which varies as to its degree and extent.

‘The subscapular surface is remarkable in the Perameles for its
flatness; but presents a shallow groove near the inferior costa. In
most other Marsupials it is more or less convex and undulating.

“In the Great Kangaroo the supraspinal fossa is of less ex-
tent than the space below the spine, and the spine is inclined
upwards. In the Perameles and Dasyures the proportions of the
supra and infra spinal surfaces are reversed, and the whole spine
is bent downwards over the infraapinal surface. In the Potoroos

140

and Phalangers the acromion is, as it were, bent downwards, so as to
present a flattened surface to the observer. In the Potoroos and
Opossums this appearance is produced by a true expansion of the
acromion. In the Perameles the caracoid process is merely repre-
sented by a slight production of the superior part of the glenoid ca-
vity. In the Kangaroo and Potoroos it forms a protuberance on
the upper part of the head of the scapula. In the other Marsupiata
it assumes the character of a distinct process from the same part ;
and attains its greatest development in the Wombat and Koala, in
the latter of which it is forcibly curved downwards and inwards.

“The humerus in the Dasyures and Thylacine resembles that of the
dog-tribe, in the imperforate condition of the inner condyle, but dif-
fers in the more marked development of the muscular ridges, espe-
cially that which extends upwards from the outer condyle, for the
origin of the great supinator. ‘This ridge is terminated abruptly by
the smooth tract for the passage of the musculo-spiral nerve. In
Phal. Cookii the internal condyle is imperforate, and in Petaurus
Sciureus itis deeply notched ; but in other Phalangers and Petaurists,
as also in all the other genera of Marsupials, the internal condyle
of the humerus is perforated.

‘ The ridge above the external condyle is much developed in the
Petaurus macrurus and P, sciureus, and notched at its upper part ;
there is the same structure in Phal. Vulpina, but it does not exist
in Phal. Cookii. I find similar differences in the development of
the supinator or outer ridge in the genus Perameles; in the Per.
lagotis it is bounded above by a groove; in Per. grisea it is less
developed and less defined. In the Kangaroos, Potorvos, Wombat
and Koala, the outer condyloid ridge extends in the form of a
hooked process above the groove of the radial nerve. In all these,
and especially in the Wombat, the deltoid process of the humerus is
strongly developed; it is continued from the external tuberosity .
down the upper half of the humerus; except in the Petaurists,
where, from the greater relative length of the humerus, it is limited
to the upper third. ‘The interspace of the condyles is occasionally
perforated, as in the Perameles lagotis and Wombat. ‘The articular
surfaces at both extremities of the humerus have the usual form ;
but it may be observed, that in some Marsupials, as the Koala, the
external convexity at the distal articulation for the radius has a
greater relative extent than usual, and the ulnar concavity is less deep.

“The bones of the fore-arm present little to detain our notice.
They are always distinct and well-developed, and their adaptation
to pronation and supination is complete. The prehensile faculty
and unguiculate structure of the anterior extremities appear to have
been indispensable to animals requiring to perform various manipu-
lations in relation to the ceconomy of the Marsupial pouch, and when
such an animal is destined, like the Ruminant, to range the wilderness
in quest of pasturage, the requisite powers of the anterior members are
retained and secured to it by an enormous development of the hinder
extremities, to which the function of locomotion is almost restricted.

‘ We find, therefore, that the bones of the fore arm of the Kangaroo
differ little from those of the burrowing Wombat, the climbing

141

Koala, or the carnivorous Dasyure, save in relative size. ‘They pre-
sent the greatest proportional strength in the Wombat, and the
greatest proportional length and slenderness in the Petaurists or
Flying Opossums, in which the extremities are subservient to the
support of a dermal parachute. They are also long and slender
in the Koala. In general the radius and ulna run nearly parallel,
and the interosseous space is very trifling: it is widest in the Po-
toroos. The olecranon is well developed in all the Marsupiata. In
the Virginian Opossum and Petaurists, we find it more bent for-
wards upon the rest of the ulna, than in the other Marsupials. In
the Wombat, where the acromion is the strongest, and rises an inch
and a half above the articular cavity of the ulna, it is extended in
the axis of the bone. ‘The distal end of the radius in this animal is
articulated to a broad bone representing the os scaphoides and os
lunare. ‘The ulna, which in the same animal converges towards a
point at its distal end, has that point received in a depression formed
by the cuneiform and pisiform bones; these are bound together by
strong ligaments ; and the latter then extends downwards and back-
wards for two-thirds of an inch. The second row of the carpus con-
sists of five bones. The trapezium supports the inner digit, and has a
small sesamoid bone articulated to its radial surface. The trapezoides
is articulated to the index digit, and is wedged between the scapho-
lunar bone and os magnum; this forms an oblique articular surface
for the middle digit ; but the largest of the second series of carpal
bones is the cuneiform, which sends downwards an obtuse rounded
process, and receives the articular surface of the fifth and the outer
half of that of the fourth digit ; the remainder of which abuts against
the oblique proximal extremity of the middle metatarsal bone. The five
metatarsal bones are all thick and short, but chiefly so the outermost.

«The innermost digit has two phalanges, the remainder three; the
ungueal phalanx is conical, curved, convex above, expanded at the
base, and simple at the opposite extremity. In the Perameles the
ungueal phalanx of the three middle digits of the hand, and of the
two outer digits of the foot, are split at the extremity by a longitudinal
fissure, commencing at the upper part of the base. This structure,
which characterizes the ungueal phalanges in the placental Pangolins,
has not been hitherto met with in other marsupial genera. It would
be interesting to examine the skeleton of the newly described ge-
nera Myrmecobius and Cheropus with reference to this structure.

“The terminal phalanges of the Koala are large, much com-
pressed, and curved; the concave articular surface is not situated,
as in the cats, on the lower part of the proximal end, but, as in the
sloths, at the upper. ‘The claws which they support are long.

‘In the great Kangaroo the first row of the carpus is composed,
as in the Wombat, of three bones; but the apex of the ulna rotates
in acavity formed exclusively by the cuneiforme. There are four bones
in the second row, of which the cuneiform is by far the largest, and
supports a part of the middle, as well as the two outer digits. In
Potoroos I find but three bones in the distal series of the tarsus,
the tranezoides being wanting, and its place in one specics being

142

occupied by the proximal end of the second metatarsal bone, which
articulates with the os magnum. In the Perameles there are four
bones in the distal series, although the hand is less perfect in this
than in any other marsupial genus, the three middle toes only being
fully developed. In the Petaurists, the carpus is chiefly remarkable for
the length of the os pisiforme. It would he tedious to dwell on the
minor differences observable in the bony structure of the hand in
other Marsupiata. I shall therefore only observe that, though the inner
digit is not situated like a thumb, yet that the fingers enjoy much
lateral motion; and that those at the outer can be opposed to those at
the inner side, so as to grasp an object and perform in a secondary
degree the function of a hand. In the Koala the two inner digits are
more decidedly opposed to the three outer ones than in any other climb-
ing Marsupial. But some of the Phalanges, as the Ph. Cookii and
Ph. gliriformis of Bell, present in a slight degree the same disposi-
tions of the fingers, by which two out of the five have the opposable
properties of a thumb—a structure for which we seek in vain among
the placental Mammalia, but which we have repeated in the prehen-
sile extremities of the Chameleon.

“The pelvis in the mature Marsupial is composed of the os
sacrum, the two ossa innominata, and the characteristic supplemental
bones attached to the pubes, called by Tyson the ossa marsupialia,
or Janitores marsupii.

“* We seek in vain for any relationship between the size of the pel-
vis and that of the new-born young, the minuteness of which is so
characteristic of the present tribe of animals. The diameters both
of the area and the apertures of the pelvic canal are considerable,
but more especially so in those Marsupialia which have the hinder
extremities disproportionally large, as also in the Wombat, where
the pelvis is remarkable forits width. The pelvis is relatively small-
est in the Petaurists. The anterior bony arches formed by the ossa
pubis and the ischia are always complete ; and the interspace between
these arches is divided, as in other Mammalia, into the two obturator
Foramina, by an osseous bridge continued from the pubes to the ischium
on each side of the symphysis.

“In the Kangaroos, Potoroos, Phalangers, and Opossums, the
ischia offer an elongated prismatic form. They are straight in the
Opossum, but gently curved outwards in the other marsupial genera.
In the Dasyures there is a longitudinal groove widening upwards in
place of the angle at the middle of the exterior surface of the ilium.

“« The tlia in the Petaurists are simply compressed from side to
side. They are broader and flatter in the Perameles, and their plane
is turned outwards. But the most remarkable form of the ilia is
seen in the Wombat, in which they are considerably bent outwards
at their anterior extremity.

“‘ In the Kangaroos and Potoroos the eye is arrested by a strong
process given of from near the middle of the ilio-pubic ridge; and
this process may be observed less developed in the other Marsupiata.

‘“« The tuberosity of the ischia inclines outwards in a very slight
degree in the Dasyures, Opossums, Phalangers, Petaurists, and Pe-

143

rameles; in a greater degree in the Kangaroos and Potoroos; and
gives off a distinct and strong obtuse process in the Wombat,
which not only extends outwards but is curved forwards. In the
Potoroos the symphysis of the ischia or the lower part of what is
commonly called the symphysis pubis, is produced anteriorly. The
length of this symphysis, and the straight line formed by the lower
margin of the ischia, is a characteristic structure of the pe/vis in most
of the Marsupiata.

*« The marsupial bones are elongated, flattened, and more or less
curved, expanded at the proximal extremity, which sometimes, as in
the Wombat, is articulated to the pubis by two points ; they are rela-
tively longest, straightest, and most slender in the Perameles; flattest,
broadest, and most curved in the Koala. They are always so long
_ that the cremaster muscle winds round them in its passage to the
testicle or mammary gland; and the uses of these bones immediately
relate to those muscles.

«With reference to the interesting question— What is the homo-
logy or essential nature of the ossa marsupialia? I have, on a pre-
vious occasion, discussed that problem before the Zoological Society,
and have not found reason to change the opimon I offered in 1835 * ;
viz. that they belong to the category of the trochlear ossicles, com-
monly called, sesamoid, and are developed in the tendon of the exter-
nal oblique which forms the mesial pillar of the abdominal ring, as the
patella is developed in the rectus femoris. They are not, however,
merely subservient to add force to the action of the ‘ cremasteres,’
but give origin to a great proportion of the so-called ‘ pyramidales.’

« The osteogenesis of the marsupial pelvis derives some extrinsic
interest from the not yet forgotten speculations which have been
broached regarding the analogies of the marsupial bones. These
have been conjectured to exist in many of the placental Mammalia,
with a certain latitude of altered place and form, disguised, e. g. as the
bone of the penis in the Carnivora, or appearing as the supplemental os-
sicles of the acetabulum, which exist in the young of many of the Ro-
dentia. In the os innominatum of the immature Potoroo, the curved
prismatic ilium contributes to form by the outer part of its base the
upper or anterior third of the acetabulum; the rest of the circumfe-
rence of this cavity is completed by the ischium and pubis, excepting a
small part of the under or mesial margin, which is formed by a distinct
ossicle or epiphysis of the ilium, analogous to that described by
Geoffroy St. Hilaire as the rudimental marsupial bone in the rabbit.
Now here there is a co-existing marsupial bone : but besides the five
separate bones just mentioned, there is a sixth distinct triangular os-
sicle, which is wedged into the posterior interspace of the ischio-pubic

* See the abstract of a Paper on the analogy of the Dasyurus, Proc. Zool.
Soc., January 1835, in which the discussion of the question of the marsupial
bone is abridged in the following words : “aad Mr. Owen stated it to be his
opinion, that the marsupial bones are essentially ossifications of the tendons
of the external abdominal muscle which constitute the internal or mesial
pillars of the abdominal rings.” The same hypothesis is again advanced in
the account of the anatomy of the Wombat. Pro. Zool. Suc. 1836, p. 49.

144

symphysis. How easy to suggest that this single symmetrical bone
may be the representative of the os penis removed from the glans to
the root of the intromittent organ! It is obviously a mere epiphysis
of the ischium. ‘The circumference of the acetabulum is always in-
terrupted by a deep notch opposite the obturator-foramen, which is
traversed by a ligamentous bridge, and gives passage to the vessels
of the Harderian gland lodged in the wide and deep acetabular fossa.

«The femur is a straight or nearly straight long cylindrical bone,
having a hemispherical head supported on a very short neck, espe-
cially in the Petaurists, and situated here almost in the axis of the
shaft, above and between the two trochanters, which are nearly of
equal size. In the Kangaroos and Potoroos the head of the thigh
bone is turned more inwards, and the outer or great trochanter rises
above it. In other Marsupiata the great trochanter is less developed.
In all a strong ridge is continued downwards to a short distance”
from the trochanter ; and this ridge is so produced at the lower part
in the Wombat as almost to merit the name of a third trochanter.

«In the Wombat and Koala there is no depression for a ligamentum
teres which nevertheless exists in the latter.

“ The shaft of the bone presents no linee aspere. The canal for
the nutrient artery commences at the upper third and posterior part
of the bone in the Koala, and extends downwards, contrarywise to that
in man and most other Mammalia. At the distal extremity of the
femur the external condyle is the largest, the internal rather the
longest. ‘The intermediate anterior groove for the patella is well
marked in the Perameles where the patella is fully developed, but is
broad and very shallow in the Phalangers and Dasyures, where the
tendon of the rectus is merely thickened, or offers only a few irregular
specks of ossification ; and the corresponding surface in the Petau-
rists, Wombat and Koala, is almost plane from side to side. I find
distinct but small bony patelle in the Macropus Bennettii.

«The tibia presents the usual disposition of the articular surface
for the condyles of the femur; but in some genera, as the Wombat
and Koala, the outer articular surface is continuous with that for
the head of the fibula. In the Kangaroos and Potoroos the
anterior part of the head of the tibia is much produced; and
in the young animal its ossification commences by a centre dis-
tinct from the ordinary proximal epiphysis of the bone. A strong
ridge is continued down from .this protuberance for about one
sixth the length of the tibia. In the Koala a strong tuberosity
projects from the anterior part of the tibia at the junction of the
upper with the middle third. In this species, and in the Wombat,
as also in the Opossums, Dasyures, Phalangers, and Petaurists, the
shaft of the tibia is somewhat compressed and twisted ; but in the
Kangaroos, Potoroos, and Perameles, the tibia is prismatic above
and subcylindrical below. ‘The internal malleolus is very slightly
produced, perhaps most so in the Wombat.

«The fibula is complete, and forms the external malleolus in all the
Marsupiata. In one species of Hypsiprymnus, and in one species of
Perameles, it is firmly united to the lower part of the tibia, though the

145

line of separation be manifest externally. In asccond species of each
of the above genera it is in close contact with the corresponding part
of the tibia, but can be easily separated from that bone. In the
great Kangaroo the fibula is also a distinct bone throughout, but it
is remarkably thinned and concave at its lower half, so as to be
adapted to the convexity of the tibia, with which it is in close con-
tact. In each of these genera therefore, in which locomotion is
principally performed by the hinder extremities, fixity and strength
is gained by the structure of the bones of the leg. In the other
genera, as Phascolarctos, Phascolomys, Phalangista, Petaurus, Didel-
phis, and Dasyurus, the tibia and fibula are so connected together,
and with the tarsus, that the foot enjoys a movement of rotation ana-
logous to the pronation and supination of the hand; and in the Pe-
taurists, Phalangers, Opossums, and Koala, the inner toe is so placed
and organized as to perform the office of an opposable thumb, whence
these Marsupiata have been termed pedimana or foot-handed. It
is to this prehensile power that the modifications of the fibula chiefly
relate. Inthe Wombat, Koala, Petaurists, and Phalangers it ex-
pands to nearly an equal size with the tibia at the distal extremity,
and takes a large share in the formation of the tarsal jomt; but the
articular surface is slightly convex, while that of the tibia is slightly
concave. The proximal extremity of the fibula is also much en-
larged, but compressed, obliquely truncated, and giving off two tube-
rosities from its exterior surface ; to the superior of these a large
sesamoid bone is articulated; we observe the same sesamoid at-
tached to the upper end of the fibula in a Dasyurus macrurus. Tem-
minck figures it in the Phalangista ursina and Didelphis Philander.

«This enlarged and elevated proximal end of the fibula, with its
superimposed sesamoid, obviously represents the olecranon of the
ulna, and beautifully illustrates and establishes the analogies long
ago pointed out between the radius and tibia, the ulna and fibula,
by my revered preceptor in anatomy, Dr. Barclay*.

“T find the following structure of the tarsus in the Wombat.
The astragalus is connected as usual with the tibia, fibula, caleaneum
and scaphoides. The upper articular surface for the tibia is as usual
concavo-convex, the internal surface for the inner malleolus flat-
tened, and at right angles with the preceding. But the outer
articular surface presents a triangular flattened form; and instead of
being bent down parallel with the inner articulate surface, slopes
away at a very open angle from the upper surface, and receives the
articular surface of the fibula, so as to sustain its vertical pressure.
A very small proportion of the outer part of the inferior surface of

* See his admirable ‘ Description of the Arteries of the Human Body,’
pp: 258, 259, and his ‘ Explanations of Mitchell’s Engravings of the Bones,
4to., Edin. 1824, Expl. of Pl. xxiv.’ Both Dr. Barclay’s analogies of the
bones of the atlantal and sacral extremities, and my hypothesis of the nature
of the marsupial bones, have been reproduced in the’ past year as novel dis-
coveries, by two French anatomists ; the one by Dr. Flourens in an interest-
ing and ingenious paper in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Nat., Oct. 1838,” the
other by M. Gervais in the ‘ Zoologie de la Favorite,’ Partie III. p. 100.

146

the astragalus rests upon the caleaneum : a greater part of the super-
incumbent pressure is transmitted by a transversely extended convex
anterior surface to the scaphoid and cuboid bones. This form of the
astragalus is also characteristic of the Koala, Petaurists, Dasyures, and
the Pedimanous Marsupials. In the Kangaroos, Potoroos, and Pera-
meles which have the pedes saltatorii, the fibular articular surface
of the astragalus is bent down as usual, at nearly right angles with
the upper tibial surface. The calcaneum presents a ridge on the
outer surface which serves to sustain the pressure of the external
malleolus, which is not articulated to the side of the astragalus.
The internal surface which joins the astragalus is continuous with
the anterior slightly concave surface which articulates with the cu-
boides. ‘The posterior part of the bone is compressed; it projects back-
wards for nearly an inch, and is slightly bent downwards and inwards.
This part is relatively shorter in the Koala, Phalangers, Opossums,
and Petaurists; but is as strongly developed in the Dasyures as in
the Wombat. In the Dasyurus macrurus, | observe a small sesamoid
bone wedged in between the astragalus, tibia, and fibula, at the back
part of the joint. In the Petauwrus taguanoides, there is a supple-
mental tarsal bone wedged in between the naviculare and cuboides in
the plantar surface. In the Wombat the scaphoid, cuboid, and the
three cuneiform bones, have the ordinary uses and relative positions.
“The analogy of the carpal and tarsal bones is very clearly illus-
trated in this animal. The anchylosed naviculare and lunare of the
hand correspond with the astragalus and naviculare of the foot,
transferring the pressure of the focile majus upon the three inner-
most bones of the second series. ‘Vhe long backward projecting pisi-
form bone of the wrist closely resembles the posterior process of the
os calcis ; the articular portion or body of the os calcis corresponds
with the cuneiform; the large unciform represents the cuboides,
and performs the same function, supporting the two outer digits :
the three cuneiform bones are obviously analogous to the ¢rapezium,
trapezoides, and os magnum. The internal cuneiforme bone is the
largest of the three in the Wombat, although it supports the smallest
of the toes. It is of course more developed in the Pedimanous Mar-
supials, where it supports a large and opposable thumb. In the
Wombat the metatarsals progressively increase in length and breadth
from the innermost to the fourth; the fifth or outermost metatarsal
is somewhat shorter, but twice as thick, and it sends off a strong
obtuse process from the inside of its proximal end. The innermost
metatarsal supports only a single phalanx ; the rest are succeeded by
three phalanges each, progressively increasing in thickness to the
outermost; the ungueal phalanges are elongated, gently curved
downwards, and gradually diminish to a point. In the Dasyures the
innermost toe has two phalanges, but it is the most slender, and
does not exceed in length the metatarsal bone of the second toe.
In the Petaurists it is rather shorter than the other digits, but is the
strongest; the toes are set wide apart in this genus. In the Opos-
sums and Phalangers the inner metatarsal bone is directed inwards
apart from the rest, and together with the first phalanx, is broad and

147

flat. The second phalanx in the Opossum supports a claw, but in
the Phalangers is short, transverse, unarmed, and almost obsolete.

‘In all the preceding genera there are two small sesamoid bones
on the underside of the joints of the toes, both on the fore and hind
feet.

“The commencement of a degeneration of the foot, which is pecu-
liar to, and highly characteristic of, the Marsupial animals, may be
discerned in the Petaurists, in the slender condition of the second
and third toes, as compared with the other three. In the Phalangers,
this diminution of size of the second and third toes, counting from
the thumb, is more marked. ‘They are also both of the same length,
and have no individual motion, being united together in the same
sheath of integument as far as the ungueal phalanges, whence the
name of Phalangista applied to this genus. In the saltatorial genera
of Marsupiata the degradation of the corresponding toes is extreme,
but though reduced to almost filamentary slenderness, they retain
the usual number of phalanges, the terminal ones being armed with
claws, which appear as appendages at the inner side of the foot, for
the purpose of scratching the skin and dressing the fur. In the Kan-
garoos and Potoroos the innermost toe is deficient, but in the Pera-
meles it is retained. In Per. lagotis I find the metatarsal bone of this
toe supports only a single rudimental phalanx, which reaches to the
end of the next metatarsal bone, and the internal cuneiform bone
is elongated. In Per. grisea the internal toe is as long as the
abortive second and third toes, and has two phalanges, the last of
which is divided by the longitudinal fissure characteristic of the un-
gueal phalanges in this genus. The power of the foot is concen-
trated in all these genera on the two outer toes, but especially the
fourth, which in the great Kangaroo is upwards of a foot in length,
including the metatarsal bone and the claw, which latter resembles an
elongated hoof, but is three-sided, and sharp-pointed like a bayonet.
It is with this formidable weapon that the Kangaroo stabs and rips
open the abdomen of its assailant; it will hold a powerful dog
firmly during the attack with the anterior extremities, and sup-
porting itself behind upon its powerful tail, deliver its thrusts with
the whole force of the hinder extremities. The cuboid bone which
supports the two outer metatarsals in the Kangaroo is proportion-
ally developed. The internal cuneiform bone is present, though
the toe which is usually articulated to it is wanting. It is also the
largest of the three, and assists in supporting the second metatarsal ;
behind it is joined with the naviculare and external cuneiform; the
small middle cuneiform occupying the space between the external and
internal wedge-bones and the proximal extremities of the two abor-
tive metatarsals. The great or fourth metatarsal is straight and
somewhat flattened ; the external one is compressed and slightly bent
outwards; the toe which this supports is armed with a claw similar
to the large one, but the ungueal phalanx does not reach to the end
of the second phalanx of the fourth toe, and the whole digit is pro-
portionally weaker.”

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149

November 13, 1838.
Professor Owen, in the Chair.

A letter was read from G. Burghall Watts, Esq., Corr. Memb.
Z.S., addressed to William Yarrell, Esq., stating that a collection
of specimens from the neighbourhood of Turbaco, South America,
was on the way to England for the Society’s Museum.

A letter from Alexander Gordon, Esq. was also read, begging the
Society’s acceptance of the animal described by Mr. Waterhouse
under the name of Myrmecobius fasciatus, and also the Perameles la-
gotis. Both of these animals, Mr. Gordon stated, were from Swan
River and not from Van Diemen’s Land as had been supposed.

A paper entitled ‘‘ Observations on certain modifications observed
in the dentition of the Flying Opossums (the genus Petaurus of
authors), was communicated by Mr. G. R. Waterhouse.

“In the ‘ Dents des Mammiféres’ of M. F. Cuvier, the dentition
of the Flying Opossums and that of the Phalangers is described
under the two heads ‘ Petaurus’ and ‘ Phalangers proprement dits.’
Both the groups termed Petaurus and Phalangers by M. F. Cuvier
contain certain species of Flying Opossums, and likewise species of
Phalangers. Those species, however, which have the flank-membrane
extended from limb to limb, enabling them to sail in the air like a
parachute, are now with universal consent separated from the Phalan-
gers (Phalangista), and arranged under the generic title Petaurus or
Petaurista.

‘In grouping the Phalangers and Petaurists as above mentioned,
M. F. Cuvier was guided only by the characters offered by the den-
tition; that of Petaurus Taguanoides certainly bearing a very close
resemblance to that of Phalangista Cookiit. The teeth of Petaurus
sciureus, however, do not bear so close a resemblance to those of
Phalangista vulpina and P. maculata, although the three animals
mentioned are placed in the same division by the author alluded to.
Regarding the Petauri as a distinct genus from the Phalangers, I
will proceed to describe their dentition as I find it in the skulls before
me, which I may observe consist of two specimens of each of the
following species :—P. taguanoides, P. flaviventer, P. sciureus, and
P. pygmaeus, and one skull of a new species hereafter described.

‘« In these crania three distinct modifications in the dentition are
observable ; and as they are combined with certain differences in the
skulls and in the external characters of the animals to which they be-
long, they may be regarded as forming three subordinate sections, to
which for convenience I shall apply the names, Petaurus, Belideus, and
Acrobata. Two of these names will be found in the ‘ Mammologie,’
by M. Desmarest. The dentition observable in the species of

No. LXXI.—Procrepines oF THE ZooLoGicaL Socizty.

150

the first of these sections (Petaurus) is as follows :—Incisors $ ;

: 1-1 3-3 4—4 :
canines 5); false molars =; true molars =G. I am induced to
call the two first teeth following the incisors canines, since they re-
present those which are evidently canines in the two next sections.
The incisors of the upper jaw are arranged laterally, the three on
either side being placed close together; the two foremost are sepa-
rated from one another by a space about equal to their diameter ;
they are narrow at the base, and expanded and somewhat compressed
above the base. The next incisor on each side is larger than the
last or posterior one, and about half the height of the first, narrow
at the base, and wide and truncated at the apex. The third incisor
is small and but slightly wider at the tip than at the base. The
canine is very small, being in size about equal to the posterior inci-
sor ; its tip is rounded, and it springs from the maxilla a little behind
the intermaxillary suture; the space between it and the canine being
about equal to twice its diameter or more; for there is a difference in
this respect in the specimens before me. The first false molar is
minute and conical, separated by a considerable space from the
canine and also from the following molars. The next two molars
on each side I have called false molars, because they do not possess
the inner tubercles which are observed in those behind ; they are broad
at the base and compressed at the tip; the foremost presents an an-
terior larger, and a posterior small compressed tubercle; the third is
divided at the tip into three compressed points. The true molars are
nearly square, but rather longer than broad ; the crown of each, with
the exception of the last, presents four tubercles, with sharp cutting
edges, and very much resemble those of a Ruminant animal. In the
last molar there are but three of these tubercles, two in front and one
behind. The incisors of the lower jaw are large, nearly cylindrical
at the base; beyond this they are somewhat dilated, flattened,
pointed, and have two sharp edges. There are no minute detached
false molars in the lower jaw. ‘The single false molar on each side
is placed close to the true molars, compressed in front and expanded
behind ; a small anterior tubercle is separated from the body of the
tooth by a slight transverse incision. The true molars resemble
those of the upper jaw, excepting that they are narrower, and the
last molar has four tubercles instead of three.

«« The above description is taken from P. Taguanoides. The cra-
nium differs from that of the species of the second section (Belideus)
in being proportionately smaller, more contracted, and deeply con-
cave between the orbits; the cranial cavity is smaller, the zygoma-
tic arches deeper, and the bony palate is deeply emarginated poste-
riorly ; in fact, the palatine portion of the palatine bone is wanting.
The dense woolly fur on the outer side of the ears will serve to dis-
tinguish the animal externally from either of the species of the next
subgenus. P. macrourus I suspect belongs also to this section. In
M. F. Cuvier’s ‘ Dents des Mammiféres,’ it is stated, that besides the
false molars described by me there are two others on each side,
which are small ;—these I have not seen, nor are they shown in the
plate of the work quoted. Perhaps they are shed at an early pe-

151

riod, or perhaps M. Cuvier may have described the dentition of
Phalangista Cookii and figured that of Petaurus Taguanoides.

«Section 2. Belideus.—Dentition: Incisors, g; canines, i false
3—3 - d—4 . ‘ ‘s
molars, 4a; true moiars, a= 40. The anterior incisors of the

upper jaw are large, somewhat suddenly dilated immediately above
their insertion in the intermaxillaries, and assuming a triangular
form. In P. flaviventer they are broader than in either P. sciureus or
the new species here described under the specific name of breviceps,
where these incisors are proportionately shorter, and perhaps a little
broader than in P. sciureus. The next incisor on each side is smaller
than the posterior one, narrow at the base, and broad at the apex.
The third incisor is broad, and has a sharp incurved cutting edge.
The canine is tolerably large, and has its origin close behind the in-
termaxillary suture; in fact, is in the usual situation of the canine.
It is separated by a small space on either side from the false molars
and the incisors, compressed and pointed, and its anterior and posterior
edges are sharp. The apex projects beyond the level of either of
the molars. The first false molar on each side is rather large, broad,
compressed and pointed, has a very faint indication of an anterior
and posterior lobe, and two distinct fangs (which is not the case in
the small and cylindrical corresponding tooth in Petaurus Tagua-
noides). The second false molar is small, short, and compressed,
and has a minute anterior lobe. This tooth is separated by a con-
siderable space from the first false molar, and by a narrow space from
the third. The latter touches the first true molar, is narrow in
front, and consists chiefly of one triangular and pointed tubercle.
The first true molar on each side is considerably larger than the fol-
lowing molars, each of which is smaller than the preceding, so that
the last is not equal in bulk to one half of the first. With the ex-
ception of the last, all the true molars possess four somewhat blunt
and rounded tubercles, and in general appearance very much resem-
ble the corresponding teeth of a Squirrel. The last molar has but
three tubercles, two in front and one behind.

‘* The incisors of the lower jaw are long, compressed, and pointed,
and have the upper and lower edges sharp ; they are almost horizon-
tal in their direction, being but slightly curved upwards. Next
follows a series of four small teeth on each side, which I have called
false molars, though possibly the last only is properly so called, that
having two fangs, whereas the others appear to have but one. The
true molars nearly resemble those of the upper jaw, though they
are narrower and longer. The first has a large irregular anterior
lobe, which is higher than the posterior portion of the tooth, which
_ is divided into two tubercles. The three posterior molars have each
four tubercles.

‘« Besides the points of distinction already alluded to between the
species of the present section and the preceding, there are other
characters which cannot be considered unimportant. The space
occupied by the grinding teeth of the upper jaw, compared with the
space between the last incisor and the first true molar in the species of

152

Belideus, is much less than in Petaurus. In Belideus the molars oc-
cupy a space equal to rather more than two-thirds of that between the
incisors and first true molar; whereas in Petaurus, the four last
molars occupy more space than that which extends from them to
the incisors. There is a corresponding difference in the lower jaw.
In Petaurus the molars are very nearly equal in size, whereas in Beli-
deus they decrease considerably from the first molar to the last. In
Petaurus, again, there are five molars on each side of the lower jaw
opposed to six in the upper jaw, all of which are fitted for the masti-
cation of the food; whilst in Belideus the molar corresponding to
the first on either side of each jaw in Petaurus is so small, and its
crown is so low, that it cannot be used in mastication. The com-
paratively large size of the canines, and the series of small teeth in
front of the molars, will also serve to distinguish the species of the
present section from the preceding, where the upper margin of the
ramus of the lower jaw somewhat suddenly descends in front of the
molars, and the coronoid process is comparatively broad.

‘« Petaurus sciureus may be regarded as the type of the section Be-
lideus, which will also contain P. flaviventer and P. breviceps.

“In the third section, which is the subgenus Acrobata of Des-

Seiz 6 : ima co)
marest, the incisors are g> canines, »—5; false molars, iy; true mo-

lars, = 386. The incisors resemble those of Belideus; the canines

are well-developed, long, pointed, and recurved, placed close to the
intermaxillary suture, and even encroaching slightly on the intermax-
illary bone. The three false molars of the upper jaw have each two
fangs, they are compressed, sharply pointed, and viewed laterally, of
a triangular form. ‘The first and second are about equal in size, and
larger than the third, the apex of which projects beyond the level
of the crowns of the true molars. Between the first and second false
molars on each side there is a narrow space; the third is placed
close to the true molars; these as well as those of the under jaw
resemble the true molars of Belideus; there is however one less on
each side of both jaws. The incisors of the lower jaw also resemble
those in Belideus. Behind these incisors there are two minute teeth
on each side, which are followed by two sharply pointed false molars,
the foremost of which is the larger, and the apex of the second is
raised above the plane of the true molars.

“The difference in the form of the false molar teeth pointed out,
together with the reduced number of true molars, the slenderness
of the zygomatic arch, and the incuryed angle of the lower jaw,
combined with the imperfect state of the palate, will serve to distin-
guish the species of the present section from the preceding. Exter-
nally, the P. pygmeus (which is the type of M. Desmarest’s sub-
genus) may be distinguished by its distichous tail.

PETAURUS BREVICEPS. P. cinerea, lined dorsali longitudinali
membrandque laterali supra nigrescentibus, hac ad latera alba ;
corpore subtus sordidé et pallidé cinereo: cauddé gracili, ad
apicem fuliginosd ; auribus mediocribus.

153

une. lin

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 6 6
DU stk coors ia at elias alia aah 7 0

tarsi digitorumque .......+..00+- hood

amariBe tly ws. 33 Specie ¢ vishal Sand ot a Urgce

Habitat New South Wales.

«This species very much resembles the P. sciureus in colouring ;
the under parts, however, have a distinct grayish tint; the dark
mark which extends from the tip of the nose along the back is in-
distinct. Itis of a much smaller size than P. sciureus, the tail is
much more slender, and occasionally has a white tip. The skullis
proportionately broader and shorter than that of P.sciureus, as will be
seen in the following dimensions.”

P. breviceps. P. sciureus.
in. lin. in. lin.
Total length of skull ..... ehh BAL ted tout Bieke
Length of nasal bones........ 0 54 ...... 0 7%
Length of frontal............ Otee GEVY A RO ee
Length of palate .. .......... Oiiete Sen 0 114
Width of skull........ patethtbich? Ber: Ond eeaiaraeh dd Deb

Mr. Waterhouse then proceeded to point out some peculiarities
in the skull and dentition of the American Badger (Meles Labra-
doria). Three skulls of this species, belonging to individuals of
different ages, were exhibited to the Meeting. ‘‘ The most striking
peculiarity in the skull of the American Badger,” observes Mr. Wa-
terhouse, “consists in the great expanse of the occipital region; the
width of the occiput being equal to that of the skull measured from
the outer surface of the zygomaticarches. ‘The general form of the
skull is almost conical ; viewed laterally, the outline of the upper
surface is most elevated at, or very near the occiput; thence it runs
downwards with a slightly convex curve to the nasal bones. The
interorbital portion is considerably contracted, and is narrowest pos-
teriorly. ‘The occipital crest is well-developed, but the sagittal crest
is very slightly elevated; in this respect differing from the corre-
sponding ridge in the Meles vulgaris.

«The auditory budle are very large and convex. ‘The articulating
surface of the temporal bone, or glenoid cavity, like that of the Com-
mon Badger, has its anterior and posterior process ; these processes,
however, merely serve to prevent the protrusion or retraction of the
lower jaw, and not to enclose and lock the condyle as in that animal.
Comparing the lower jaw with that of the Common Badger, the most
striking difference consists in the form of the coronoid process. The
anterior margin of this process is less oblique than in the last-men-
tioned animal ; its apex is somewhat pointed, whereas in the Common
Badger it is rounded: the posterior margin is formed of two lines,
an upper one, running backwards and downwards from the apex of
the coronoid process, and a lower one, which is perpendicular, and
forms an obtuse angle with the first. In this form of the coronoid

154 ~

process we perceive a similarity between the American Badger and
the Otter.

_. Dentition.—*‘ In the number of the teeth the present animal agrees
with the Common Badger, excepting that in the skulls now before
me, and which belong to animals of different ages, I do not find the
molar corresponding to the small first false molar of the lower jaw
of that animal. In the relative size and form of the teeth there is
much difference. The incisors of the upper jaw are arranged in an
arch, but form together a segment of a larger circle than those of
Meles vulgaris ; they are proportionately smaller and shorter. In the
canines there is but little difference ; the posterior cutting edge ob-
served in the Badger is here almost obliterated. The false molars
likewise scarcely differ. In the ‘carnassiére’ and true molar, however,
there is much difference, the former being of great size and equal to
the last molar. It is nearly in the form of a right-angled triangle,
the cutting edge is much raised, and there is a large tubercle on the
inner lobe of this tooth, which has no analogue in the Badger. The
true molar is also nearly triangular; the tubercles with which it is
furnished are but slightly raised, and are much less developed than
in the corresponding grinding molar of the Badger. The principal
differences observable in the teeth of the lower jaw, consist in the
smaller size of the incisors, the larger size of the last false molar,
and its being furnished with two distinct tubercles at its apex; that
of the Common Badger being simply pointed: the smaller size of
the ‘ carnassiere,’ which is not distinctly dilated posteriorly, as in the
Badger, and the cutting edge being higher; the true molar is
smaller.

“ The ‘carnassiere’ of the lower jaw may be divided into two portions,
that which is opposed to the ‘carnassitre’ of the upper jaw, and which
is the cutting portion, having high sharp cusps; and that which is
opposed to the true molar, which is the grinding portion. Now in
the Common Badger (Meles vulgaris) the latter portion decidedly
exceeds the former in bulk, whereas in the American Badger the
reverse is the case, arising from the comparatively large size of the
‘carnassiére’ of the upper jaw, and smaller size of the true molar.”

Mr. Waterhouse also pointed out other distinctions between the
American Badger and the European species. Independent of the
differences observable in the colouring and markings, the former
may be distinguished by its muzzle being hairy at the tip, the fore
limbs stouter, and the claws larger and stronger.

The peculiar form of the skull in the present animal, and the mo-
difications in the dentition are such, as, in Mr. Waterhouse’s opinion,
would indicate a subgeneric rather than a specific distinction ; and
should his views be borne out by the discovery of other species
agreeing essentially with the above animal, he suggested that the
name Tavidea might be an appropriate title for the group.

Professor Owen exhibited to the Meeting two skulls of the full-
grown Koala (Lipurus cinereus, Goldf., Phascolarctos, Bl.), and two
of immature specimens of the same species, and demonstrated the

155

peculiarities of the cranium, and especially the condition of the dental

system.
In both the adult crania the dental formula was as follows :

ae eer | 1-1 4-4
Incis, Fs canin. ox, premol. 5, mol. —{ = 30:

it thus corrésponds numerically with the formula of the genus Hy-
psiprymnus, and differs only in the absence of a few minute, incon-
stant, and functionless teeth from the dentition of many of the Pe-
taurists and Phalangers. The true molares in the Koala are, how-
ever, relatively larger and stronger than in the Potoroos and Pha-
langers, yet present the same general structure; each molar is beset
with four three-sided pyramids, the sharp apices of which soon be-
come blunted by trituration, and the outer series in the upper grinders
are the first to be worn down ; the posterior grinder is a little smaller
than the rest in the upper jaw; the true modares of the lower jaw
are equal amongst themselves, but narrower than those of the
upper jaw. The crowns of the premolares, or false grinders, are
subtriangular, broadest behind, compressed, and terminate in a cut-
ting edge; those of the upper jaw have a ridge extended along the
inner side of their base; they do not exceed in antero-posterior ex-
tent the crowns of the true grinders. The true molares of the upper
jaw have four fangs; those of the lower jaw, and the premolares in
both jaws, have two fangs. The canines are situated close to the
mawillo-incisive suture, distant from the premolares half an inch;
they are very small, and do not extend beyond the alveolar margin
further than two lines; they terminate in an oblique cutting edge,
and their simple fang is cloged at its extremity. 'T'wo lines anterior
to the canines begin the series of incisors, of which the four posterior
ones are of the same size as the canines; the pair immediately behind
the large anterior incisors have their crowns worn flat by the appulse
of the two large incisors below. The two anterior incisors, upper
jaw, are twice as long, and as broad and thick as the posterior ones ;
their crown is conical, slightly curved, subcompressed, beveled off
obliquely to an anterior cutting edge, and having a partial coating
of enamel, but differing from true dentes scalprarii in having the ex-
tremity of the fang contracted and closed. The two incisors of the
lower jaw are longer, straighter, and more compressed than the cor<
responding pair above; the enamel is confined to the anterior and
lateral surfaces of the crown; but this, though beveled off from be-
hind forwards, terminates in a blunt apex by attrition against the
small middle incisors of the upper jaw; the posterior surface of the
crown is impressed with a narrow longitudinal groove. These in-
cisors, like those above, are developed by a temporary pulp, and have
the fang contracted and solidified. In this respect the Koala re-
sembles the Phalangers, and differs from the Potoroos, which have
the fang of the large anterior incisors open for the reception of a
persistent pulp. In the compressed and sectorial structure of the
premolares of the Koala, we perceive, however, an evident transition
to the characteristic form of these teeth in Hypsiprymnus; but in
this genus the premolares are still more compressed, and are remark-

156

able for their antero-posterior extent, which dimension becomes ex-
cessive in the arboreal Potoroos of New Guinea.

So far, therefore, as the affinities of a Marsupial quadruped are
indicated by its teeth, the position assigned to the Koala by Latreille*,
viz, next to the Phalangers, must be regarded as more natural than
that which it occupies in the ‘ Régne Animal’ of Cuvier, viz. between
the Kangaroos and Wombat. From the Kangaroos the Koala differs
in the presence of canines in the upper jaw; and still more so from the
Wombat, which has neither canines nor posterior incisors; whereas
the Koala not only closely resembles the Phalangers and Petaurists
in the correspondence as to number, kind, and conformation of its
teeth, as compared with the functionally developed teeth of those
genera, but also agrees with them in the conformation of its di-
gestive organs, having asimple stomach, and a very long cecum. In
the Wombat, on the contrary, the cecum is short and wide, and has
a vermiform appendage. Both the Potoroos and Kangaroos differ
from the Koala and Phalangers in their large sacculated stomach
and relatively shorter cecum ; but the Potoroos, in the comparative
simplicity of this organ, as well as in the presence of superior canine
teeth, have clearly the nearer affinity to the Koala. Since, more-
over, the Petaurists have canines in both jaws like the Phalangers,
while the Koala possesses them only in the upper jaw, the place of
the Petaurists should be between the Phalangers and Koala, and
not, as in Latreille’s system, between the Kangaroos and Potoroos ;
and Professor Owen proposed to include the Koala with the Pha-
langers and Petaurists in one subdivision, and to join the Potoroos
with the Kangaroos to form another and distinct primary group of
Marsupialia.

* Familles Nat. du Régne Anim. p. 53.

157

November 27, 1838.
Lieut.-Colonel W. H. Sykes in the Chair.

Dr. Horsfield laid before the Meeting a series of Mammalia and
Birds collected in India by John M¢Clelland, Esq., Assistant Sur-
geon E.1.C.S., and proceeded to point out the characters of some
which were undescribed.

A paper on the Fishes of the Deccan, illustrated with numerous
coloured drawings, was read by Colonel Sykes.

«In submitting to the Society an account of the fishes of Dukhun,”
observes Colonel Sykes, ‘it will scarcely excite surprise, that out
of 46 species described no less than 42 are new to science, since they
are from a hitherto untrodden field, and from peculiar localities, on
the great plateau of the Dukhun (Deccan), none of them coming from
a less elevation than 1500 feet above the sea; many from near 2000
feet, and others from yet higher situations. The chief features in
the collection are the paucity of orders to which the collection be-
longs, and the remarkable prevalence of the members of the families
of Siluride and Cyprinide. There is but one apodal Malacopterygian,
but 4 Acanthopterygit, and the whole of the rest of the fish belong
to the order Abdominal Malacopterygians. Of the families there
are only eight: Percide, Scombride, ‘ Pharyngiens Labyrinthiformes,’
Gobiade, Siluride, Cyprinide, Esocide, and Murenide, comprising
15 genera and 9 subgenera, including one subgenus, which I have
been compelled to add to the Cyprinide. An attempt has been made
to methodize and distinguish the multitudinous members of the fa-
milies of Siluride and Cyprinide. ‘The fact is, the continued inos-
culation in the character of the teeth, of the civv?, of the spines (ser-
rated or not) of the fins, the armature of the head, and the position
of the fins in the Stluride; and the number of cirri, and form and
position of the fins in the Cyprinide, together with the character of
the mouth, produce such approximations in species to each other, and
in individuals of one genus to another, that not only is there infinite
difficulty in determining the genera of the fishes of these families, but
their identity as species is occasionally not less difficult. Some of
my Siluride do not exactly correspond with the generic characters
of the genera of this family as now constituted, and I might have
added to the number of genera; but to this I have an objection,
unless as an evidently necessary measure. In the Cyprinide, how-
ever, I was obliged to set aside my repugnance, for three species were
not referrible to any one even, of the numerous subgenera which
Buchanan Hamilton wished to establish. It only remains to state
that the whole of my fishes were drawn from absolute measurement,
and have a scale of size attached to each figure; they were caught
in the various rivers on whose banks I encamped, as individuals
were required; so that my draftsman, who worked constantly under
my own eye, never had to finish his drawings from shriveled and

158

discoloured specimens. I have to a great extent adopted the names by
which the fishes are called by the Mahrattas as specific names, so that
naturalists who travel the country can always obtain them.

Ord. AcanrHorTeryalt.
Fam. Percide.
Ambassis, Agass.

Amb. Barlovi, Sykes. An Ambassis with the two back fins united,
with the first ray indented on the edge, and containing 7
spines, and the second 14 spines; all the spines longer
than the membrane, with 18 rays longer than the membrane
in the anal fin, and with a short vertically compressed dia-
phanous body.

Closely allied to Changa Ranga of Hamilton. ‘Fishes of the
Ganges.’ This fish is dedicated to our Secretary.

Fam. Scombride.
Mastacembelus, Gron.

Mast. armatus, Sykes. A Mastacembelus with the fins of the tail,
back, and vent united, with thirty-nine to forty short sharp
bony spines along the back, and two behind the vent.

This fish has not the exact generic characters of Macrognathus,
Mastacembelus, or Notacanthus, and might probably consti-
tute a genus between the two last.

Fam. ‘ Pharyngiens Labyrinthiformes,’ Cuv.
Ophicephalus, Bloch.

Oph. leucopunctatus, Sykes. An Ophicephalus with from 51 to
53 rays in the dorsal, and 6 in each ventral fin, and with the
rays of the dorsal and anal fins undivided; the pectoral fins
ending in a central point, and the. fish covered with white
dots.

I have never known this remarkably fine fish crawl on shore or
in the grass, as some species of the genus are said to do. - It
is excellent eating.

Fam. Gobiade.
Gobius, Linn.

Gob. Kurpah, Sykes. A Gobius with 7 rays in the first dorsal
fin, 11 in the second, which is of similar size with the anal
fin ; 19 in the pectoral, and 10 in the anal fin.

In different individuals of this species I have found the number
of rays in the fins slightly differ. Of a sweet flavour.

Ord. MaracorreryGit ABDOMINALES.

Fam. Cyprinide.
Cyprinus, Linn.
Cyp. Abramioides, Sykes. A Cyprinus with 20 rays in the dorsal,
8 in the anal, and 18 in the pectoral fins, without tendrils,
with tuberculated nose, red edged fins, and with a red lunule
on each scale.
This very fine fish is called Tambra by the natives, from the

‘

159

general prevalence of a copper colour over it. Attains the
length of 21 inches and more; height 7 inches. Is excellent
eating.
Cyp. Potail, Sykes.

A Cyprinus proper, deep and fleshy, slightly compressed, with-
out tendrils, with the dorsal fin of 13 rays, pectoral of 14,
and anal of 9. Scales large and silvery; length 10 or more
inches; height 34 inches.

Cyp. Nukta, Sykes.

A Cyprinus with two tendrils on the under jaw, and with two
short horns or bosses on the space between the eyes, which
together with the deflected upper lip are tuberculated; large
scales.

In the judgement of my friend Mr. Yarrell, to which I subscribe,
this very singular fish is considered a monstrosity of Cyp. au-
ratus. Dr. Riippell, who did me the favour to look over my
drawings, expresses the same opinion. Found very abun-
dantly in the Inderanee river 18 miles north of Poona. It is
called Nukta (or nob) by the Mahratta fishermen.

Varicorhinus, Riippell.

Var. Bobree, Sykes. A Varicorhinus with tuberculated nose,
without tendrils; with 17 rays in the dorsal, and 8 in the
anal fin; with the form of a tench.

It may be a question whether this is not a real Labeo of Cuvier,
with long dorsal, no spines or cirri, and thick fleshy lips fre-
quently crenated ; size 6 inches by 1,5 high.

Barbus, Cuv.

Barb. Mussullah, Sykes. A Barbus with 12 rays in the dorsal,
8 in the anal, and 16 in the pectoral fins, with the mouth
furnished with 4 very short cirri, and tuberculated nose ;
sometimes 3 feet and more long, and a foot high, and weigh-
ing 42 pounds.

Found in the Goreh river.

Barb. Khudree, Sykes. A Barbus with 4 cirri, blood-stained fins,
large hexagonal scales, elongated body, and with 14 rays in
the dorsal, 14 in the pectoral, and 7 in the anal fins.

Found in the Mota Mola river, 8 miles east of Poona.

Barb. Kolus, Sykes. A Barbus with 13 rays in the dorsal fin,
8 in the anal, and 10 in the ventral; with moderate-sized
scales; with callous tubercles on the head, and a short cirrus
at each corner of the mouth.

This fish shows the difficulty of drawing up generic characters
to embrace all the species of a genus. Having only 2 cirri,
it should not be a Barbel; but having cirri at all, it does not
belong to the next genus Gobio ;—moreover, it has a spine in
the dorsal.

Chondrostoma, Agassiz, the first division of the genus Leuciscus of
Klein. Dorsal fin in the centre of the back.

160

Chond. Kawrus, Sykes. A Chondrostoma, without lateral line,
tubercles, or cirri, with 12 rays in the dorsal, 8 in the anal,
and 16 in the pectoral fins.

A sub-cylindrical fish found in the Beema river; grows to a foot
in length, but is usually smaller. Proportion of length to
height in one specimen, 6 inches by 14%, inch.

Chond. Fulungee, Sykes. A Chondrostoma, with dorsal fin of
10 rays, anal 6, and pectoral of 10; of an elongated, not
much compressed shape. Length about a foot; height 4
inches.

Chond. Boggut, Sykes. A Chondrostoma, without tendrils or
tubercles on the nose, with 12 rays in the dorsal, 15 in the
pectoral, and 8 in the anal fin; body of an elongated form.
Length from 7 to 11 inches; height 13 to 2 inches.

Chond. Mullya, Sykes. A Chondrostoma, with a short, obtuse
head, without tubercles or tendrils; sub-cylindrical body,
with 11 rays in the dorsal, 14 to 16 in the pectoral, and 8
in the anal fins; a red process or protuberance on the snout
between the nostrils. Length 5 to 6 inches; 14 to 2 in
diameter.

Chond. Wattanah, Sykes. A Chondrostoma of an elongated form,
without tubercles or tendrils, with the dorsal fin high, and
having 11 rays: and 9 or 10 in the ventral, and 8 in the anal
fin; subcylindrical form. Length 44 inches, height 3 of an
inch.

Found in the Beema river.

Chela, Buchanan Hamilton. A sub-genus of Leuciscus, with the
dorsal fin very far behind over the anal; straight back, and
nose on the level of the line of the back.

Chel. Balookee, Sykes. A Chela of the size of a minnow;
back straight; body elongated; dorsal fin situated far back,
and having 8 rays, 14 rays in the anal, and 12 in the pectoral
fins. Length 3 inches.

Very sweet eating, the bones as well as other parts. Common
in all the rivers.

Chel. Oweni, Sykes. A Chela,with straight back, elongated and
vertically compressed body; dorsal fin situated far back,
with 11 rays, 12 in the pectoral, and 19 in the anal fins,
with scales so minute as to be scarcely discoverable. Length
5 inches; greatest size 7 inches.

Found in most of the rivers. The Cyprinus Cultratus of Bloch
would appear to be the type of the sub-genus.

I have dedicated this fish to my friend Mr. Owen, the distin-
guished naturalist.

Chel. Joruh, Sykes. A Chela, with straight back, convex belly,
dorsal fin far behind ;. size of a large minnow; with 10 rays

161

in the dorsal, 12 in the pectoral, and 8 rays in the anal fin.
Length about 4 inches, height +%,ths of an inch.

Excellent eating. Found abundantly in the Beema river near
Pairgaon.

Chel. Teekanee, Sykes. A small Chela, with nearly straight
back; snout on the continuation of the line of the back ;
belly arched; with 10 rays in the dorsal, 12 in the pectoral,
and 14 in the anal fins. Length 24 inches, height } inch.

Found in the Beema.

Chel. Alkootee, Sykes. An elongated, silver-white, slightly
compressed, minute Chela, with the dorsal fin of about 8
rays, very far back ; ventral of about 7, and anal of about 10
rays, with burnished silver gill covers and black orbits ;
rarely more than an inch long, and not much thicker than
a good-sized crow quill.

This very beautiful fish has a sweet flavour.

Leuciscus, Klein. First division. The dorsal situated a little behind
the centre of the back, above the space between the ventral
and anal fins.

Leuc. Morar, Cyprinus Morar, Buchanan Hamilton. A Leu-
ciscus allied to Chela, but with the dorsal fin a little behind
the centre of the back, with 8 rays in each ventral fin, 12 in
the anal, and 10 in the dorsal, and with the edge of the
belly smooth. Length 43 inches; height ,'5.

Differs slightly from Buchanan Hamilton’s ZL. Morar,

Leuc. Sandkhol, Sykes. A Leuciscus, with nearly cylindrical
body ; dorsal fin of 12 rays, pectoral of 14, and ventral of 10
rays; gibbous head; 8 to 10 inches long by 14. to 2 inches
high; eyes with whitish narrow irides. The dorsal in this
fish is situated a little before the centre of the back.

Found in the Goreh river at Kullumb.

Leuc. Chitul, Sykes. A Leuciscus, with 14 rays in the dorsal,
14 in the pectoral, and 8 in the anal fins; of a reddish grey
colour, and rounded head. Sub-cylindrical. Length about 5
inches, height 14 inch.

Found in the Inderanee river near Chakun.

It being found impracticable to arrange, in any of the sub-genera
described, the following fishes of the Carp family, it is proposed to
place them in a new sub-genus, which I will call by the native
Mahratta name of Rohtee.

Routes, nov. genus.
Carps with a lozenge-shaped body, rather long dorsal and anal
fins, the former seated on the angle of the back, with the
first complete ray serrated posteriorly ; scales minute.

Rohtee Ogilbii, Sykes. A Rohtee, with 12 rays in the dorsal,
9 in the ventral, and 17 in the anal fins; the body very
compressed, and very high, with the back sloping to each

162

end from the centre; head sharpish ; pectoral fins, narrow
acuminated. First complete dorsal ray, a strong bone, ser-
rated behind. Length, 44 inches, height 1; inch. A bony
fish.

Found in the Beema river near Pairgaon. ‘This fish is dedicated
to my friend Mr. Ogilby, a distinguished member of the
Society.

Roht. Vigorsii, Sykes. A Rohtee, with armed dorsal fin of 11
rays, ventral of 10, and anal of 28 rays; compressed body ;
high in the middle, and sloping to each end; head slightly
recurved ; eyes very large. Length, 6 inches; height, 1,5,
inches; greatest length, 8 inches.

Found abundantly in the Beema river at Pairgaon. I have
dedicated this fish to my friend Mr. Vigors.

Roht. Pangut, Sykes. A Rohtee, compressed, deep, angular-
backed, with 12 rays in the dorsal, 14 or 15 in the pectoral,
and 8 in the anal fins, and with the first 3 or 4 rays of the
dorsal fin black at their tips; scales larger than in the pre-
ceding species. Length, 5 inches; height, 14 inch.

Found in the Baum and Beema rivers.

Roht. Ticto; Cyprinus Ticto of Buchanan Hamilton. A Rohtee,
1+ inch long, with 4 to 6 black spots on the body; the 2nd
ray of the dorsal toothed behind with sharp incurved teeth ;
with 10 rays in the dorsal, 8 in the anal, and 8 in the ventral
fins ; pectoral fins narrow, acuminate.

Found in the Mota Mola at Poona. This fish differs slightly
from Dr. Buchanan Hamilton’s Cyprinus Ticto.

Cobitis, Lin.

Cob. Rupelli, Sykes. A nearly cylindrical scaleless Cobitis, not
much thicker than a large goose-quill; from 2 to 3 inches
long, with 6 cirri; the lateral line marked with short brown
bars, and the rays of the dorsal and anal fins similarly
barred ; dorsal fin of 13 rays, pectoral of 12, and ventral of
8 rays.

This fish is much esteemed for food. Found in the Beema river
at Taimbournee and Mota Mola near Poona. I have dedi-
cated this beautiful little fish to Riippell, who did me the
favour to look over my drawings, and at the same time gave
me his opinion respecting the genera of the fishes.

Cob. Mooreh, Sykes. Differs from the preceding only in being
of a smaller size, in having 12 rays in the dorsal, and 7 in
the anal fin; the head is more obtusely pointed, and there
are more dark blotches on it; the bars on the lateral line
are differently arranged.

Cob. Maya, Sykes. Differs from the first species in having a
spine under each eye, and in having a blunter head; 9 rays
in the dorsal, 7 in the ventral fins.

163

Fam. Esocide.

Belone, Cuv.

Bel. Graii, Sykes. A Belone with the fin of the tail rounded
and emarginate, with both jaws elongated into a quadrangular
beak ; with very minute scales; dorsal of 16 rays and anal
of 16 rays: closely allied to the Hsox Cancila of Buchanan
Hamilton.

I have dedicated this fish to a gentleman well known for his
contributions in natural history.

Fam. Siluride.

Schilbe, Cuv.

Sch. Pabo; Silurus Pabo, Buchanan Hamilton. A Schilbe, with
the tail divided into 2 unequal lobes, both pointing down-
wards; with 4 cirri, 2 shorter than the head, and with from
68 to 70 rays in the anal fin. Length from 12 to 15 inches,
height 24 to 3 inches.

Found in most of the rivers. Differs slightly from Buchanan
Hamilton’s Silurus Pabo. No second dorsal.

Sch. Boalis, Silurus Boalis, Buchanan Hamilton. A Schilbe,
with the fin of the tail divided into 2 unequal lobes; with
4 cirri, of which 2 extend to the middle of the fish; all the
fins unarmed; dorsal of 5 rays, pectoral of 15; ventral fins
very small, of 9 rays; anal fin of 84 rays. Attains the length
of 3 feet, and the weight of 8 lbs.

Found in the Mota Mola at Poona. Differs slightly from the
Silurus Boalis of Buchanan Hamilton. No second dorsal.

Hypophthalmus, Spix.

Hyp. Goongwaree, Sykes. An Hypophthalmus, with 8 cirri,
all longer than the head, but not extending to the middle of
the fish; with 7 rays in the dorsal, and 52 in the anal fin,
with an extremely minute second dorsal; first ray in the
pectoral, and first in the dorsal, spinose and serrated behind.
Greatest length, 28 inches: body vertically compressed.

Found in the Mota Mola near Poona.

Hyp. Taakree, Sykes. An Hypophthalmus, with 8 cirri, 2 of
which reach to the ventral fins, 2 very minute near the nos-
trils, and 4 on the chin, nearly as long as the head; with
the first dorsal and pectoral rays serrated on the posterior
edge, with 8 rays in the dorsal and 50 in the anal fin.
Length, 9 inches; height, 2 inches.

Bagrus, Cuvier.

Bagr. Yarrelli, Sykes. A Bagrus, with the first rays of the
pectoral and dorsal fins terminating in long fleshy tendrils
and serrated behind; with 8 cirri, two of which are as long
as the head, thick, fleshy, and being lateral elongations of
the upper lip; other cirri very short; head broad, covered
with a granulated bony plate; the fish olive brown, marked

164

with black blotches like a Dalmatian dog; 2nd dorsal fleshy,
triangular. Length, 18 inches, but attains to a very great
size; body not vertically compressed.

Found in the Mota Mola at Poona.

Bagr. Lonah, Sykes. A Bagrus, with 8 small cirri; flat, granulated
head; first dorsal fin of 7 rays, and pectoral of 10 rays, the
first ray of which is furnished on the posterior edge with
long sharp teeth; anal fin of 10 rays; 2nd dorsal of a trian-
gular form and fleshy: something resembling the preceding
in colour.

Platystoma, Agassiz.

Plat. Seenghala, Sykes. A Platystoma, with the tail fin
crescent-shaped, lobes unequal; with 8 cirri, two of which
only are longer than the head, reaching to two-thirds of the
length of the fish; the first ray of the pectoral and ventral
fins serrated behind; head long, flat, spatulate, covered
with a granulated bony plate. Dorsal fin of 8 rays; high,
ventral fins, very far back, of 6 rays. Grows to a great
size; flesh heating and soft.

Phractocephalus, Agassiz. Pirarara of Spix.

Phract. Kuturnee, Sykes. A Phractocephalus, with 6 cirri, 2
of which only are longer than the head; the first pec-
toral spine serrated on both edges; the Ist dorsal spine on
the posterior edge only; these two spines terminating in a
filament: the shoulder-bone elongated into a point behind.
Greatest length, 6 inches; dorsal fin of 7 rays; pectoral of
9 rays; ventral fin small, of 7 rays; second dorsal replaced
by a small adipose fin.

Phract. Itchkeea, Sykes. A Phractocephalus, with 8 cirri, 2 of
which from the upper lip, extend to the end of the pectoral
fins; the other 2 very minute, with the 4 on the chin nearly
as long as the head; with the lst ray in the pectoral fins only
serrated ; with § rays in the dorsal, and 12 in the anal fins;
with a sharp prolongation of the scapula. . Fish handsomely
marked on the back with dark colours. Length, 2 inches.

This fish presents some slight deviations from the generic
characters.

Phract. Gogra, Sykes. A Phractocephalus, with 4 shortish
cirri; the plates of the shoulder elongated into acute, an-
gular, broad spines, with a dorsal fin of 8 rays; first ray a
bone serrated behind; pectoral fins of 10 rays, the first ray
a broad compressed bone serrated on both edges; head flat
and broad; second dorsal small, fleshy. Size 6 inches, but
grows larger.

Pimelodus, La Cepede.

Pimelodus Seengtee, Sykes. A Pimelodus, with the caudal fin
divided into 2 unequal sharpish lobes, and having 8 cirri, 2

165

of which reach to the tail fin, and 4 to the end of the head,
and 2 are shorter than the head; the dorsal fin high and
without spine, of 9 rays; 12 rays in the anal fin; the second
dorsal adipose, and extending from the termination of the
first dorsal to near the tail. Length of fish, 6 inches.

Ageneiosus, La Cepede.

Ageneiosus Childreni, Sykes. An Ageneiosus, without cirri,
with the first ray of the dorsal and pectoral fins serrated on
the anterior edge only ; with 8 rays in the dorsal, and 42 in
the anal fin; with two sharp lobes to the tail, the upper being
somewhat the smallest. Length of fish, 18 inches; height,
4: inches, but grows to a larger size. Second dorsal adipose,
minute.

Fam. Clupeide.

Mystus, Buchanan Hamilton; Notopterus, La Cepede.
Mystus Badgee, Sykes. A Mystus, with not less than 105 rays
in the anal fin, 7 or 8 in the dorsal, and in the pectoral from
13 to 16, all unarmed; without apparent ventral fins, and
with a single small dorsal; the anal and caudal fins uniting,
and terminating in a point at the end of the body; posterior
edge of the last gill plate crenated; scales minute. This
remarkable fish belongs to the genus Mystus of Buchanan
Hamilton, but not to the genus Mystus of Cuvier. Fish
vertically compressed. Length, 11 inches; height, 3 inches.

Ord. AropEs.

Fam. Murenide.
Anguilla, Cuv.

Ang. Elphinstonei, Sykes. An Anguilla, with the lower jaw
the longest; with the back, tail, and anal fins united, and
with a broadish, flat head; body dark green, blotched with
black; with 2 short tubular processes, one on each side of
the upper jaw. Attains the length of 3 feet, and diameter
of 3 inches.

I have dedicated this fine fish to the Honourable Mountstewart
Elphinstone.

In concluding my characters of the fishes of Dukhun (Deccan),
I may be allowed to state, that I have found the number of cirri,
whether in the Siluride or Cyprinide, insufficient as a generic cha-
racter; different species of the same genus varying in the number
of their cirri.”

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Pid =. a 4 :

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167

December 11, 1838.
Dr. Bostock in the Chair.

An extensive collection of Fossil Tertiary Shells, from Italy, was
laid on the table, and aletter was read from Dr. Michellotti of Turin,
begging the Society’s acceptance of them.

A Wasp’s Nest, of very large size, was also exhibited to the Mem-
bers present. This nest was sent from Ceylon by the Governor of
that island, and was accompanied by the following letter from Lieut.
W. Williams, R.A.

Colombo, 27th May, 1838.

“The specimen of the Social Wasp’s nest, now on board the
barque ‘ Morning Star,’ was found by me in a talipot tree near
Colombo in Ceylon: its apex was secured at the junction of two of
the smallest leaves of this magnificent tree, and the bottom of the
nest was about seventy feet from the ground, at which elevation the
leaves began to shoot.

“« It had been abandoned by the wasps, and its exterior walls were
much injured by the monsoon rains and storms, which left the ter-
races unprotected and unsupported, except by their interior pillars :
and the natives were in consequence unable to lower it from such a
height without destroying some of the lower terraces.

“IT shall not attempt to enter further on this subject, a structure
so well known to naturalists. The appearance of the nest, as it
hung upwards of seventy feet from the ground, the shaft to it per-
fectly bare; and the larger leaves (used by the natives as umbrellas
and tents) waving over it, presented a very singular appearance : and
I hope its remains may reach England in a state of preservation
sufficient to satisfy the inspection of the curious.

« W. WituraMs, Lieut. R. Artillery.”

A letter was read from Dr. Philip Poey, Corr. Memb. Z.S. dated
Havanna, September 28, 1838, accompanying two specimens of
Capromys Fournieri, which he begged to present to the Society for
the Menagerie.

The reading of Mr. M‘Clelland’s list of new additions to the
Fauna of India was resumed by Dr. Horsfield, and some drawings
of the new species were exhibited.

No. LXXII.—ProcrepincGs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

fade hamden to eo FE at es
bs wh ‘ot attach ll pl geste A
Hirsi. sae ottel wsieBcl str ys ier.
BEBE aM A188 soteaples’ :
ett bxaod tte woin jseast tigen Wh dawn adi %o
wsig 8 agent ty abasic ee

(Oatd tadoitinands ids to sovesl Jeol
sens in Sera ae Sl oan :
ano ot iene

INDEX.

-

The names of New Species and of Species newly characterized are printed in Roman
Characters: those of Species previously known, but respecting which novel informa-
tion is given, in J¢alics: those of Species respecting which Anatomical Observations

are made, in CapPiraLs.

Page

Ageneiosus Childreni, Sykes ..... sone 165
Aigocerus niger, Harris....... Sasdecess | 2
Alauda Calandra, Linn. ....... eeaediens 113
Ambassis Barlovi, Sykes....+..++++++0 158
Anguilla Elphinstonei, Sykes .....--. 165
Antilope Ogilbyi, Waterh. ......++.++ 60
Apreryx AusTRALIS, Shaw...48, 71,105
Bagrus Lonah, Sykes ....ssseesesseeeee 164
Yarrelli, Sykes ..sscccecoeeees 163

Barbus Khudree, Sykes .....s+00+0++ Be Uae)
Kolus, Sykes ..sesscereeeees sen LOG
Mussullah, Sykes ..... auetcae wha
Bathyergus Damarensis, Qgilby...... 5

Belone Graii, SyXes......s..seseeeeeeees 163
CaLoGEeNys SUBNIGER, F. Cuy. ... 54
CAMELOPARDALIS GIRAFFA,

Gmel. ......6, 20, 47

Canis jubatus, Desm. ......0202e.00006. LI
MEGALOLIS .errereeerereeeeee eocree OD
Cepola rubescens ....1++ee0e0ee naGeapceses t £0)
Cercocebus ......0see+ Rabeoonacnservees 117
pape AEERIOPS veceevecseeeses 117

Campbelli, Waterh... 61
erythrotis, Waterh.... 59
SFuUliginOSUs .ee.eceeee ee . 17
Martini, Waterh. ... 58
Cervus Reevesi, Oily ...sceseeseseee 105

Chameleo Bibroni, Martin....... sasee? GO
cristatus, Stutchbury...... 63
Chela Alkootee, Syhes....csseeseseveees
Balookee, Sykes
Torah, Sykes ...cesceceecscsccsees
Owen, Syes......cse2e0e sere LED
Teekanee, Sykes ...sseceeeeeeee 161
Chondrostoma Boggut, Sykes......+++ 160
Fulungee, Sykes ...... 160
Kawrus, Sykes ..++0. 160
Mullya, Sykes......... 160
Wattanah, Sykes...... 160
Chrysochloris Damarensis, Ogilby... 5
Cheeropus, n. g., Ogilby ...sssseeeeeees 26

Cuarorus, Ogilby........- 120 to 147

Page

Cobitis Maya, Sykes wssssccsseeseeeees 162
Mooreh, Sykes ...+.++0. Spaces TY,
Riippelli, Sykes .......sseeeeee 162
Colobus Pennantii, Waterh. ......... 57
Satanas, Waterh. ....0.-0.... 98
ursinus, Ogilby ...++++. eossgday OL
Coluber Cantori, Martin ....... apart ANS
Chesneii, Martin .......s..06 81
CHOFOiinensanvenecunverss=nc0 81
Coronella modesta, Martin ......... 82
multicincta, Martin ...... 82

pulchra, Martin.......0..... 82
Cryptobranchus Japonicus,
V. der Hoeven... 25

Cygnus immutabilis, Yarrell......... 19
Cynictis Ogilbii, Smith ....... =tencee 5
Cyprinus Abramioides, Sykes......... 158
Morar, Buchanan Hamilton 161
Nukta, Syheg scoccenccnccesse 159
POtaul SyKeiiscrenansnopcessns 159

Ticto, Buchanan Hamilton 162
DASYURUS MACRURUS, Geoff. 120 to 147
Mauveet, Geoff....120 to 147

Ursinus, Geoff...120 to 147

Delphinus FitzRoyi, Waterh. ...... 23
DieE.pHis PHILANDER, Tem. 120 to 147
VIRGINIANA, Auct. 120 to 147

Echinops, n. g., Martin .......0e0eeeee 17
Telfairi, Martin........++.. 17
Felis Pardina, Temm........ eaacaeteees i13
GaleOpitheCus ..vendonntasvanasaqes sess 67
Galeopithecus Philippinensis,
Waterh. ....0.00 119
Temminckii, Waterh. 119
Genetta Poensis, Waterh. ......s0.00+ 59
Gerbillus Cuvieri, Waterh. ....... cath
Gobius Kurpah, Sykes ...eseseceeeees 158
Graphiurus elegans, Ogilby ......... 5
Gymnotus Clectricus .escercereeeseee «- 110
IlaALicorE Duconge, F. Cuv.......... 28
Hamadryas, n. g., Cantor ....0...060 73

ophiophagus, Cantor... 73

170

Herpestes fusca, Waterh. ...c.s0000. 55
MELANUTUS seceseeeecsesesees 5
Herpetodryas punctifer, Martin ... 84
Hypophthalmus Goongwaree, Sykes. 163
Taakree, Sykes...... 163

Hypsiprymnus cuniculus, Ogilby ... 63
formosus, Ogilby ... 62

melanotis, Ogilby ... 62

murinus, Ogilby...... 63

myosurus, Ogilby ... 62

MYOSURUS,
Ogilby......120 to 147
Phillippi, Ogildy...... 62
setosus, Ogilby ...... 62
Ursinus, Mill. 120 to 147
Istiurus Amboinensis, Cuv. ......66. 68
Lepus Bachmani, Waterh. ......... 103

Leuciscus Chitul, Sykes .........0000. 161

MOrar..sccscevesnes See eee RY
Sandkhol, Sykes............ 161
Limnoria terebrans.ecccccecsecceecereee 66

LipPuRUS CINEREUS, Goldf....120 to 147

Lipurus cinereus, Goldf. .....0+0000. 134

Londra, n. g., Sykes sessecseseeseseeee 114

Lutra Poensis, Waterh. ....cscseeseees 60
Macrorus BENNETTII,

Waterh... 120 to 147

Brunu, Cuv. ... 120 to 147

MAJoR, Auct. ... 120 to 147

PENECILLATUS,
Gray...... 120 to 147
Macropus rufiventer, Ogilby ......... 23

Macroscelides Alexandri, Ogilby ... 5
melanotis, Ogilby ... 5
Mastacembelus armatus, Sykes ...... 158
Meles Labradoria ...cscecceveceeseeeee 153
MYOPOTAMUS COYPUS ...ceeseeeeeeee 118
Mystus Badgee, Sykes........ Soeeusav cet UGE
MyYRMECOBIUS FASCIATUS,
Waterh... 120 to 147
Myrmecobius fasciatus, Waterh. ... 149
Ophicephalus leucopunctatus, Sykes 158

Otolicnus Garnettii, Ogilby ......... 6
Ovis Nahor, Hodgson.e.....ssseseeeees 79
Pelamys bicolor ....... Mneaasiegy socene
Perameles ecaudatus, Ogilby ......... 25
GRISEA ...+e+e0e+. 120 to —
Gunnii, Gray. Reais aaa sens
LAGOTIS, Reid ... 120 to 147
lagotis, mend see eee 149

nasuta, Geoff.... 120 to 147

Petaurus breviceps, Waterh. ......... 152
LAVIVENTED ecavascscranesecen 149
MACRURUS, Desm. 120 to 147
pyemaus, Desm... 120 to 147
scivreEus, Geoff.... 120 to 147

SOURS, sas tnaa chen pans. cas -- 149

TaGu ‘oipES, Desm.120 to147

Page

Petaurus Taguanotdes......cccccreeeee. 149

PHALaAnGistTa Cook, Desm. 120 to 147
GLIRIFORMIS,

Bell ...... 120 to 147

Ursina, Tem. 120 to 147

VULPINA,
120 to 147

Desm. ...
PHascoLomys Womsat,

Peron et Lesu... 120 to 147
PHASCOLOTHERIUM, Owen... 120 to 147
Phractocephalus Gogra, Sykes ...... 164

Itchkeea, Sykes ... 164

Kuturnee, Sykes ... 164

Pimelodus Seengtee, Syhes............ 164
Platystoma Seenghala, Sykes sacscsses 174
Ptilotis flavigula, Gould ......sss00000. 24
Ornata, Gould ...cccccccccccecee 24
Rohtee, n. g., Sykes....sseeee Soe La!
Ogilbii, SyXes...ceccesseseeeeee LOL
Pangut, Syhes.eccccvesessseseee 162

TECED ssccsscconncconsSsassaccsce MUS
Vigorsii, Sykes .ecccccersesee. 162

Schilbe Boalis ....sscccsescoscoseseeseeee 163
UDO cvevtconnssan¢caseacss tear lUp
Sciurus Auduboni, Bachm. .s..00e- 97
aureogaster, F. Cuv. et Geoff. 88
capistratus, BOSC. .....0.00008. 89
Carolinensis, Gmel. ......... 94
cinereus, Gel. ....sss0000002. 89

Colliei, Richardson ......... 95
Douglasii, Gray .....sse.0006- 99
fuliginosus, Bachm. ......... 97
Hudsonius, Pennant ......... 100

lanuginosus, Bachm. ......... 101
leucotis, GappeY.........00000. 91

MACTOUTUS, SAY seveesesseeee ates
magnicaudatus, Harlan...... 88
Niger, LINN, sssseceeeeee - 96

niger, Catesby ....cccecceee
nigrescens, Bennett ......... 96
Richardsoni, Bachm.......0. 100
PUPIUEREET visgroctsoncsvveessseih 9S
subauratus, Bachm. ......... 87
sublineatus, Waterh.......... 19
Texianus, Bachm. ........6. 86
variegatus, Desm. .......0.... 85
vulpinus, Gel. .es..seeceeeeee 85
Silurus Boalis, Buchanan Hamilton 163
Pabo, Buchanan Hamilton... 163
Tarsius Spectrum, Geoff.........+++- - 67
Tay acinus Harrisi, Tem. 120 to 147
THYLACOTHERIUM, Owen ... 120 to 147
Dr 3tON CPISTATUT «.vscascepnscoceseeseee nae
MAYMOVALUS..cceceeceseesseeseee 29
Varicorhinus Bobree, Sykes ......... 159
Varranus Cumingi, Martin............ 69
Vipera Euphratica, Martin............ 82

Printed by Richard and J, E. Taylor, Red Lion Court, Fiect Street.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

PART ‘VI.
1839.

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
BY R. AND J. E. TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

LIST

OF

CONTRIBUTORS,

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

BarLton, M. page
Letter relating to several Birds described by him in the
Memoirs of the Society of Emulation of Abbeville . . . 124

Barrett, Mr. A. D.
On a New British ae of the Genus Anser rhe. Phe

nicopus .

BELcuHeER, Capt., R.N.
Exhibition of a Collection of Birds from the west coast of
Bauth Ameriea, collected Dy (0 2) 6s jue ni) oe law Soe LS

BipweE 1, C. B., Esq.

Letter fom. « 57
Letter from, relating to the Hippopotamus (Hippopot-
mus amphibius) sists Raa Me

BourcuHier, R. J., oes
Letters from. . SM eal bes ec ta, et ats cy eee nA Dey

BuckneE Ll, Mr.
Exhibition of his Eccaleobion, and Observations on the
period of Incubation in the Common Fowl . . . . . . 93

Cantor, Dr. Theodore.
On Indian Serpents. . - 31,49
On the Production of Isinglass from certain Indian Fishes 115

CHARLESWORTH, Edw., Esq.
Exhibition of a Bone, supposed to be the Spine of some

species of Ray or Shark . . . 60
Exhibition of the Nest and Eggs of the Cross-bill (Lovia
curvirostra) . = Gur

Exhibition of a ‘young Shell of the Nautilus pompilius - 123

Iv

Cuming, H., Esq. page
Letter from Sh eae. Soe ee eee

CunNINGHAM, Allan, Esq.
On the Habits of the Apteryx (Apéteryx Australis). . . 63

Dickson, E. D., and Ross, H. J., Esqrs.
Notes oor ae, a Collection of Birds from Erze-
FOO. 3 oi 0, ke ‘whe oe Lekguet > See aE

Down anv Connor, the wake of.
On the Habits of a Philantomba Antelope as Phi-
lantomba, Ogilby,) whilst in confinement. . . - 2

Eyron, T. C., Esq.
Catalogue of a Collection of Birds from oar with De-

scriptions of the New Species . . « 100
Fox, Mr.
Exhibition of some Birds from Iceland. . ... . . 49

Fraser, Mr.
On a New Species of Corythaix . . 34
Descriptions of two New Species of Birds from the Island
of Luzon (Phenicophaus Cumingi and Anas Luzonica). . 111

FREMBLY, Lieut., R.N.
Letters from.) 0. fe Ok ee)

Futter, Augustus Elliott, Esq.
A Letter relating to the ‘Breeding o of Woodcocks nde ea
pax rusticola) in Sussex . . el a

Gopparp, J. F., Esq.
On the Eulasizing Seely of ee Animals and Animal
Substances. . . . Of Jaiie kOe

GotpuaM, John, Esq.
Exhibition of an Skane (hophee ee bes
co . - 145

Goutp, J., Esq. i ;
Letter from Van Diemen’s Land, accompanied with de-
scriptions of some new Australian Birds . . . . . . . 139

GuLLIveER, G., Esq.
Observations on the Muscular Fibres of the an ee
and Heart in some of the Mammalia . . - 124

Harwayn, Dr.
On a New Species of Meriones (Mer. microcephalus) . . 1

Harvey, J. B., Esq.
Exhibition of a Collection of aoe Sponge hii aes
sented divers is siuee. oe . 172

— 7)

Hope, the Rev. F. W. page
Monograph on Mr. W. S. spires s uum ec Genus
Euchlora . . 65

HorsFIE.p, Dr.
Communication to the Society of Mr. McClelland’s List of
Mammalia and Birds collected in Assam. . ... . . 146

Law, the Rev. Edw.
etter fronted lah on el isk cccaeiarer a bow so leurs’ eu belgie dk OO

Luotsky, Dr.
Exhibition of Drawings of Tasmanian Fishes. . . . . 57

Lone, H. L., Esq.

On the discovery of a Nest and Eggs of the Cross bul
(Loxia caereouna) near Farnham... . 60

Lowe, the Rev. R. T.
Exhibition of some Fishes and Crustacea, presented by . 56

Supplement to a Synopsis of the Fishes of Madeira . . 76

Mackay, R., Esq.
Letter from, relating to an Insect ae by him to the
ee oc i hel, = bat RCS

McCLetxianp, John, Esq.
On the Production of Isinglass from certain Indian Fishes 116
List of Mammalia and Birds collected in Assam . . . 146

McNetrr1, Sir John.
A Letter relating to a kind of Dog used by the mapelgring
tribes in Persia to guard their flocks . . “.cgaill - Lil

Ocixgy, William, Esq.
On a New Species of Monkey (Papio melanotus) . . . 31
Exhibition of the Skull of an Elk from Nova Scotia . . 93
Observations on a Collection of Skins from Sierra Leone,

exhibited by Mr. Garnett . . 94
Ona New Species of Squirrel (Sciurus variegatoides) from
the west coast of South America . . . . . «©.» «117
Owen, Professor.
Outlines of a Classification of the Marsupialia . . . . 5
On the Paper Nautilus (Argonauta Argo) . -. 35
Notes on the Birth of the Giraffe at the Society’ s Mena-
geries 3. : - 108
On the Bone of an unknown Struthious Bird from New
Zealand. . . - 169

On the Anatomy of the Biscacha \ (Lagostomus trichodac-
tylus, Brookes) ans - 175

READE, Sir Thomas.
Letter ‘from... «2 <5. <5 yl nie oe ed SG ea . 169

vi

page

RicHarpson, Dr.
Account of a Collection of Fishes from Port Arthur, Van
Diemen’s Land 95
Ross, H. J., Esq. See Dickson and Ross.
Sarrron Wa.LpEn Museum, Board of Management of the,
Tietber feb. ge eee re en STEEL, Dig ath 57
Sayers, Lieut. H. K.
On the Habits of the Chimpanzee 28
ScnomsBurck, R., Esq.
Remarks on the Greater Ant-bear (Myrmecophagajubata) 21
Severn, Dr.
Exhibition of a Species of Balistes from New Zealand . 129
SHELLEY, Lady.
Letter from, relating to the manners whilst in 1 confinement
of a Black Spider Monkey (A¢eles ater) . - 169
Situ, G., Esq.
Exhibition of some Birds preserved by a peculiar Fluid . 65
Srracuay, P. L., rok:
Letter from . 57
Temminck, M.
Extract of a Letter aurre: i to Colobus Midepisasiias. and
Macacus speciosus » 49
WarrinerTon, Col. H.
Letter from. . 56, 1380
Exhibition of some Skins of Quads upeds: and 1 Birds PRE
sented by ° - 171
Wacener, Professor Rudolph.
Observations on the Generative System of some of the
_ Lower Animals Pi Seniors - 177
Warernousg, G. R., Esq.
Description of a New Species of Hamster ( Cricetus aura-
ie ake 57
Description of a New Species of Lark from China (Alauda
Sinensis) 60
On the Crania of the Rodents belonging to the families
Caviide and Chinchillide. . . 61
On a New Genus of Rodents from the "Philippine Islands
(Phleomys Cumingi) . » 107
Description of a New "Species of Toucan ( Prercglossus ni-
grirostris) . . =f UE
Description of a New Species of Squirrel (Seiurus Philip-
pinensis) from the Philippine Islands . i sae, 1LZ

vil

Warernouss, G. R., Esq. page
On the Differences observable in the Skulls of two Species
of Squirrel, usually confounded under the name Seturus
Palmarum ... ee ued eee kee:
On the Skulls and Dentition of the Carnivora a, yey aye Penner
Observations upon an Insect presented to the Society by
R. Mackay, Esq.’. . ep eG
On the Geographical Distribution of the Rodentia. . . 172

WEISSENBORN, Dr.
Letter from, relating to the nearly naked marks observed
on the hips of the Common Hamster ( Cricetus vulgaris). . 59
Letter from, relating to a Pigeon destitute of Organs of
Vision, and accompanying a present of some specimens of
the Common Hamster (Cricetus vulgaris, Auct.) . . . . 175

Witiiams, P. B., Esq.
Exhibition of some specimens of White-Bait See si i
from some rivers in North Wales . . . . . sae 94

Wray, John, Esq.
Present of some specimens of Quadrupeds from Minas
SRR tore SS an wl Rl oe hielo aaiinel mois cre os grea ied

Vicors, N. A., Esq.
Observations upon a Collection of Birds from the West
astro south Amertea-(.%s6 30) OS ee) oe fede a oy DES

YARRELL, William, Esq.
Exhibition of the Plates of the first part of Sir W. Jar-
dine’s work on Scottish Salmonide. . - - 123
Exhibition of a specimen of the Eagle Ray (Myliobatis
aquila, Auct.) found on the shore of Berwick Bay. . . . 145
Exhibition of some specimens of the Portuguese Man- of-
War he ps La bi a from the coast of Devon-
mire ies : mle

CORRIGENDA.

P. 99. Line 3 of description of Labrus laticlavius, for inque pinna productis, read
inque pinna caudez productis.

P. 108. In the dimensions of Phlceomys Cumingi, for Longitudo cranii ossei, 2” 4’
read Longitudo cranii ossei, 3’ 4/”.

yes
gt
seed

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 8th, 1839.
Professor Owen in the Chair.

Dr. Harlan read a paper entitled, ‘‘ Description of a new species
of Meriones inhabiting the United States of North America,”

«‘A male and female specimen of the species which it is now
proposed to add to the Fauna of the United States, were taken
some time during 1836, on the farm of Mr. Beck, in Philadelphia
County, a few miles north-east of the city. The female at the
moment of her capture carried several young, which adhered to the
teats firmly, notwithstanding the violent efforts and leaps of the pa-
rent.

“In the descriptive details which follow, the usual allowance
must be made when such are drawn from impaled skins.”

MERIONES MicrocePHALUS. Mer. superne nigro flavoque miztis, flavo
apud latera prevalente ornatus ; corpore subtis albescente, flavido
lavato ; auribus mediocribus, pilis flavis et nigris intermiztis,
intis atque extis instructis.

“Male. Length of the body, three inches ; of the tail, four inches ;
total length of the hind leg, one inch four-eighths; of the thigh,
three-eighths ; of the leg, five eighths ; of the foot, four-eighths. Five
toes behind ; four before; with a rudimentary nailed thumb; all the
toes sparsely hairy, and terminating in strong, sharp claws.

‘« Colour above, plumbeous, interspersed with reddish fawn; be-
low, white, similarly interspersed in a less degree, a lateral longi-
tudinal band of reddish fawn colour separating the sides from the
abdomen ; tail, sparsely hairy, dark coloured above, white beneath,
with a pencil of hairs at the extremity; this member being propor-
tionably longer, and the head much smaller and more elongated than
in G. Canadensis. The last-named species has been figured by the
late Professor B. T. Barton, in the Transactions of the American
Philosophical Society, also in the Encyclopédie Méthodique, but
was for the first time adequately described from living specimens in
the ‘ Fauna Americana,’ p. 156, when specimens were deposited in
the cabinet of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia.

“The subjects of the present memoir were placed in my hands
for description by Mr. Chaloner, a Member of the Academy. The
female is larger than the male, and of purer white beneath.”

No, LXXIIJ.—Proczepines or tux Zoorocica Sociery.

2

The specimens of Gerbillus microcephalus above referred to, were
presented by Dr. Harlan to the Society ; and also a species of Sper-
mophilus, which Dr. Harlan exhibited to the Mecting. ‘The last-
mentioned animal very closely resembles the S. Franklinii; but
being of a much smaller size, Dr. Harlan was anxious that it should
be submitted to examination, and should be carefully compared with
that animal upon some future occasion.

Several specimens of the Bean Goose (Anser segetum), the Gray-
Lag Goose (Anser cinereus), the White-fronted Goose, (Anser albi-
frons), and of another species ailied to these, were exhibited by Mr.
A.D. Bartlett, in order to illustrate a paper which he communicated
to the Meeting, ‘‘ On a new British species of the genus Anser, with
remarks on the nearly-allied species.”

“It may be necessary, before describing the new species,” says
Mr. Bartlett, ‘‘ to notice the three birds most nearly allied, in order
more clearly to point out the distinctions existing between them; I
do this in consequence of the imperfect descriptions given by au-
thors, from which it is almost impossible to distinguish the species.
I shall commence with that which is the most common,

*« Anser segetum, Meyer. Bean Goose. Entire length, 33 inches ;
extent, 64; from the carpal joint to the end of wing, 19 inches.
The head and neck are brown, tinged with grey: back and scapulars,
darker brown, slightly tinged with grey, each feather being mar-
gined with greyish white; primaries, dark brown, tinged with grey ;
shoulders of wings and secondary quill-feathers, greyish brown;
rump, blackish brown; upper tail-coverts, white; tail, dark brown,
deeply edged with greyish white; breast and belly, dirty white;
abdomen and under tail-coverts, pure white; bill, 24 inches long,
rather slender, flattened and narrow towards the tip; the base, sides
and nail, black; immediately above the nail commences a yellowish
orange mark, extending a little beyond the anterior margin of the
nostrils in front, and passing under and beyond the termination of
them at the sides, but seldom reaching the corner of the mouth,
except in very old individuals, in which this mark extends under
and behind the nostrils, crosses the base of the bill next the fore-
head, leaving only the central part of the bill (between the nostrils)
and the nail black; which latter part is sometimes, though rarely,
white; legs and feet, reddish orange ; wings, when closed, reaching
2 inches beyond the tail. The young of this species are darker,
and the markings less distinct ; the bill is shorter, the mark upon it
narrower, and of a deep red colour; the legs and feet, pale orange.

“* Anser cinereus, Meyer. Grey Lag Goose. Entire length, 35 .
inches ; extent, 64; from the carpal joint to end of wing, 174 inches.
The plumage more cinereous than in the last-described species ; the
shoulders and rump, light grey; breast and belly, white, sometimes —
spotted with black ; the bill, 24 inches long; more robust, deeper,
broader, and the laminee much more developed than in the Bean
Goose, and of a dull yellow, inclining to flesh colour towards the
nail, which is white; in summer the bill assumes a redder tint; legs

3

and feet, pale flesh colour ; wings, when closed, even with the end
of the tail. The young of this species are darker than the adults,
but the grey upon the shoulders and rump, the form of the bill, and
colour of the legs and feet, will always. distinguish them from the
young of any of the other species.

“* Anser albifrons, Bechstein. White-fronted Goose. Entire
length, 26 inches ; extent, 52;' from the carpal joint to end of wing,
164 inches. The adult of this species may be distinguished from
others of the genus by the conspicuous white mark upon the fore-
head and sides of the bill, and the irregular patches of black and
white upon the breast and belly ; the bill, 1? of an inch long, of a
reddish flesh colour; the nail, white; legs and feet, bright orange ;
wings, when closed, reaching 14 inch beyond the tail. The young
of this species are much darker than the adult; the forehead and
sides of the bill, nearly black; the breast and belly, dirty white,
spotted with brown; bill, brown, inclining to flesh colour; nail,
dark brown; legs and feet, pale orange.

“« Anser phenicopus, Bartlett. Pink-footed Goose. Entire length,
28 inches ; extent, 60; from carpal joint to end of wing, 17 Z inches.
Top of the head and back of the neck, dark brown; sides of the
face, forepart of the neck, and upper part of the breast, light brown ;
back and scapulars, dark brown, tinged with grey; each feather
deeply margined with greyish white; shoulders of wings and rump,
greyish ash; primaries, brown, tinged with grey; tail, brownish
ash, deeply edged with white; lower part of belly, upper and under
tail-coverts, pure white; legs and feet, of a reddish flesh colour or
pink; the hind toe closely united by the membrane that runs along
the edge of the inner toe; the feet, remarkably thick and fleshy ;
bill, 12 of an inch, long, narrow, and-much contracted towards the
tip; the base, sides and nail, black; the space between the nail and
the nostrils, reddish flesh colour or pink ; wings, when closed, reach-
ing 13 inch beyond the tail.

“ Having thus noticed the three nearly-allied species, and described
the new one, I will endeavour to point out more particularly the
distinctions between this new species and the Bean Goose, to which
it bears the nearest resemblance. First, the great difference in the
size; the average size of the Bean Goose is 33 inches in length,
and 64 inches in extent; while the average size of the new species
is 28 inches in length, and 60 inches in extent. Secondly, the bill
is much smaller, shorter, more contracted towards the tip, and of a
different colour. Thirdly, the difference in colour and in form of
the legs and feet, and in the fleshy character of the foot, and the hind
toe being more closely united by its membrane, has consequently,
less freedom of motion. Fourthly, the plumage on the rump and
shoulders being more inclined to grey. And lastly, in the form of
the sternum, which differs from that of the Bean Goose in shape
and bears a more close resemblance to that of the White-fronted
Goose. In conclusion, I may remark that I have examined, in all,
twelve specimens of this new species, four of which were alive; one
of them is now living in the garden of the Zoological Society, where

4

it has been, I am told, eight years, without exhibiting any per-
ceptible alteration in its plumage, or in the colour of its legs and
feet.

«The Grey Lag Goose is by far the most rare of the four species
here referred to.”

Professor Owen commenced the reading of a paper, ‘‘ On the
Classification and Affinities of the Marsupial Animals.”

January 22, 1839.
The Rev. F. W. Hope in the chair.

At the request of the chairman, Mr. Garnett exhibited a living
Jerboa (apparently the Dipus 4gyptiacus), which had been sent to
him from the Cape of Good Hope, but Mr. Garnett stated that he
was not aware whether it had been captured in that part of Africa.

Professor Owen concluded his paper entitled, ‘‘ Outlines of a
Classification of the Marsupialia.” ‘‘The rich stores of the Mena-
gerie and Museum of the Zoological Society,” observes Mr. Owen,
‘‘ having afforded me frequent opportunities of examining the ana-
tomy of various and rare species of the Marsupial order ; the endea-
vour to express in general propositions the more important facts
relative to their organization ; to state in which particulars so many
agreed or differed; has naturally compelled me to acquire certain
ideas respecting their Zoological distribution.”

In the first part of the paper, Professor Owen defines the general
characters of the Marsupialia; he then proceeds to consider their
mutual affinities; and, as closely connected with this subject, com-
mences with some observations on their size, their geographical dis-
tribution, and their habits.

The carnivorous Marsupial animals belonging to the genera Thyla-
cinus and Dasyurus are compared to the Carnivora in the placental
series; and the Bandicoots (Perameles), and Myrmecobians are re-
presented as typifying, or playing corresponding parts with those
allotted to the placental Jnsectivora. ‘Those Marsupials which have
an omnivorous diet, live in trees, are provided with a prehensile
tail, and have a thumb on the hinder extremities, are said to typify
the Quadrumana, and the tailless Koala is compared to the arboreal
Sun-Bears of the Indian Archipelago.

«« Another genus of Marsupialia, the Wombat,” says Mr. Owen,
‘* presents the dentition which characterizes the placental Rodentia ;
and the Petaurists, like the Flying Squirrels, have a parachute
formed by broad duplications of the skin extending laterally be-
tween the fore and hind legs.

‘«The Kangaroos are the true herbivorous Marsupialia, and many
interesting physiological conditions present themselves to the mind
in contemplating the singular construction and proportions of these
animals. It would appear that the peculiarities of their gestation
rendered indispensably necessary the possession of a certain prehen-
sile faculty of the anterior extremities, with a free movement of the
digits and a rotatory power of the fore-arm, in relation to the mani-
pulations of the pouch and of the embryo developed therein. At
the same time a herbivorous quadruped must possess great powers
of locomotion in order to pass from pasture to pasture and to avoid

”

6

its enemies by flight. These powers, as is well known, are secured
to the herbivorous species of the placental Mammalia, by an ungu-
late structure of four pretty equally developed members. Such a
structure, however, would have been incompatible with the pro-
creative ceconomy of the Kangaroo. It is therefore organized for
rapid locomotion. by an excessive development of the hinder extre-
mities ; and these alone serve as the instruments of flight, which is
performed by a succession of extensive bounds. The tail also is
of great power and length, and in the stationary position, the body
is supported erect on the tripod formed by the tail and hind legs ;
while in easy progression the tail serves as a crutch upon which
and the fore feet the body is sustained while the hind legs are swung
forwards.

“ As the Australasian continent, the great metropolis of the Mar-
supial quadrupeds, still remains but very partially exploréd ; and as
new species and even genera of Marsupials continue at each expe-
dition to reward the researches of the scientific traveller; and as
moreover the recovery of two lost but distinct genera from the ruins
of a former world makes it reasonable to suppose that other types
of Marsupials remain still hidden in the crust of the earth; it can
hardly be expected that the zoologist should be able to arrange in
a natural series, with easy transitions according to the order of their
affinities, the few and diversified forms of this implacental subclass
which are at present known. The greatest number of correspond-
encies, as it appears to me, will be expressed by taking the modi-
fications of the digestive system as the guide to the formation of
the primary groups of the Marsupialia.

** The continent, however, in which the Marsupials ‘ most do con-
gregate’ is characterized by the paucity of organized matter upon
its surface, and few of them, consequently, are nourished by a very
well-defined diet. No large carnivorous quadruped could in fact
have existed in the wilds of Australia prior to the introduction of
civilized man and his attendant herds: and we find, in fact, that
the native genera which are the most decidedly carnivorous, do not
include species larger than the dog: we can only reckon among
these-strictly carnivorous species the Thylacines and the Dasyures ;
and, on the other hand, not more than two or three Marsupial
genera feed exclusively on vegetable substances. The rest of them
derive a promiscuous nutriment from dead or decayed animal and
vegetable matter, crustacea, and the refuse of the sea-shore, insects
im their perfect and larva states, live birds, young and succulent
sprouts, leaves, fruits, &c. The terms, therefore, which will be
given to the different primary subdivisions in the present classifica-
tion of the Marsupialia must not be understood to indicate strictly
or exclusively the nature of the food of the species severally in-
eluded in these groups, but rather their general tendency to select
for their support the substances implied by those designations.”

Tribe I. SARCOPHAGA.
The genera in this tribe are the most decidedly carnivorous of all

7

the Marsupialia, and are characterized by an important anatomical
condition, viz. the absence of an intestinum cecum.

Genus 1. Thylacinus.

Incisors 3 canines 33 premolares = molares =. = 46.

The incisors are of equal length, and regularly arranged in the
segment of a circle with an interspace in the middle of the series
of both jaws. The external incisor on each side is the strongest.

The laniary or canine teeth are long, strong, curved, and pointed,
like those of the dog tribe.

The spurious molares are of a simple, blunt, conical form, each
with two roots; the last with a small additional posterior cusp.
The true molares in the upper jaw are unequally triangular with
three tubercles. ‘Those in the lower jaw are compressed, tricus-
pidate, the middle cusp being the longest, especially in the two last
molares, which resemble closely the sectorial teeth (dens carnassiers)
of the Dog and Cat. The fore feet are 5-digitate, the hind feet
4-digitate.

On the fore foot the middle digit is the longest, the mternal one
or pollex the shortest, but the difference is slight. On the hind
foot the two middle toes are of nearly equal length and longer than
the two lateral toes, which are equal. All the toes are armed with
strong, blunt, and almost straight claws. The only known species
of this genus, the Thylacine (Thylacinus Harrisii, Didelphys Cyno-
cephalus, Harris), is a native of Van Diemen’s Land, and is called
by the colonists the ‘ Hyzna.’

Genus Dasyurus.

Incisors =; canines =e premolares = molares ef, = 42.

The eight incisors of the upper jaw are of the same length and
simple structure, and are arranged in a regular semicircle without
any middle interval. The six incisors of the lower jaw are simi-
larly arranged but have thicker crowns than the upper ones; the
canines present the same or even a greater relative development
than in the Thylacine. In an extinct species of Dasyurus they
present the same form and relative properties as in the Leopard.
The spurious molares have two fangs and a pointed compressed
triangular crown with a rudimental tubercle at the anterior and
posterior part of its base. The grinding surface cf the true molares
in the upper jaw is triangular; the first presents four sharp cusps,
the second and third each five, the fourth, which is the smallest,
only three. In the lower jaw the last molar is nearly of equal size
with the penultimate one, and is bristled with four cusps, the ex-
ternal one being the longest; the second and third molares have
five cusps, three on the inner and two on the outer side; the first
molar has four cusps: these are all sharply pointed in the young
animal, in which the tubercle of the posterior molar of the lower jaw
is divided into two small cusps.

The carnivorous character of the previous dentition is most

8

strongly marked in the Ursine Dasyure, or Devil of the Tasmanian
colonists, the largest existing species of the genus, and a most
pestilent animal in the poultry yard or larder.

Genus Phascogale.

. 4—4 = a he
Incisors 5—,; canines ;—, ; premolares 9 3-3; molares —]: = 46.

In the present rate Poh may be discerned a step in the
transition from the Dasyures to the Opossums, not only in the in-
creased number of spurious molares, but also in shape and pro-
portions of the incisors. In the upper jaw the two middle in-
cisors are longer than the rest, and separated from them by a
brief interval ; they are more curved and project more forward.
The three lateral incisors diminish in size to the outermost. The
middle incisors of the lower jaw also exceed the lateral ones in
size, and project beyond them but not in the same degree, nor are
they separated from them by an interval as in the upper jaw. The
canines are relatively smaller than in the Dasyures. The spurious
molares present a similar form, but the third is much smaller and sim-
pler than the two preceding ones. The true molares resemble in
their structure those of the Dasyures. The general character of
the dentition of these small Marsupials approximates to the insecti-
vorous type in the Shrew, Hedgehog, &c., among the placental
Mammalia; and corresponds with the food and habits of the species
which thus lead from the Zoophagous to the Entomophagous tribe.

Other links which once bound these tribes more closely together
are now lost, and are indicated only by the few fossil remains
which have rendered the Stonesfield oolite so celebrated. One of
these extinct genera, which I have called Phascolotherium, presents
the same numerical formula, apparently, as in the Thylacinus
and Phascogale ; but, if another incisor existed in each ramus of
the lower jaw, as seems to be indicated by the fossil, then the den-
tition will na with that et the genus Didelphis.

2? ?—?

; molares — =*

2
Incisors = =; canines j= = premolares —;

or
4—4
The incisors and canines are separated by vacant interspaces,
and occupy a large proportion of the dental series: the true mo-
lares resemble those of Thylacinus.

Tribe II. ENTOMOPHAGA.

This is the most extensive and varied of the primary groups of
the Marsupial order. In the system of Cuvier, the species of this
tribe are united with those of the preceding to form a single group
characterized by the presence of long canines and small incisors in
both jaws; but in most of the Entomophagous genera of the pre-
sent classification, the canines present a marked inferiority of de-
velopment, and the species are consequently unable to cope with
animals of their own size and grade of organization, but prey upon the
smaller and weaker classes of invertebrate animals. Their intestinal

9

canal is complicated by a moderately long and large cecum ; and,
while in the Sarcophaga, the feet are organized, as in the ordinary
placental Digitigrades, they present in the present tribe a variety
of well-marked modifications, according to which the species may
be arranged into ambulatory, saltatory, and scansorial groups.

AMBULATORIA.

The only known existing representative of this family is the
animal described by Mr. Waterhouse, which constitutes the type of
his genus Myrmecobius, of which thé following is the remarkable
dental formula :

Incisors ; canines ae preemolares ioa3 molares a =,52.

From which it will be seen, that the number of molares, sixteen
in the upper and eighteen in the lower jaw, exceeds that of any
other known existing Marsupial, and approaches that which charac-
terizes some of the insectivorous armadilloes. The resemblance to
Dasypus is further carried out in the small size of the molares, their
separation from each other by slight interspaces, and their implanta-
tion in sockets which are not formed by a well-developed alveolar
ridge. The molares, however, present a distinct tuberculate struc-
ture; and both the true and false ones possess two separate fangs
as in their Marsupial congeners: they are, however, the least pro-
duced of any Marsupials; only the triturating tubercles appearing
above the gum.

The false molares present the usual compressed triangular form,
with the apex slightly recurved, and the base more or less obscurely
notched before and behind. The canines are very little longer than
the false molares; the incisors are minute, slightly compressed and
pointed; they are separated from each other and the canines by
wide intervals.

The Myrmecobians are insectivorous, and shelter themselves in
the hollows of trees, frequenting most, it is said, those situations
where the Port Jackson Willow abounds. In the structure and
proportions of the hinder feet, Myrmecobius resembles the Dasyurine
family ; and in the slightly developed canines, the smooth external
surface of the skull, the breadth between the zygomata, and the
absence of the interparietal ridges, as well as in the general exter-
nal form and bushy tail, it offers an especial approximation to the
genus Phascogale.

Intermediate however to Myrmecobius and Phascogale would
seem to be the station held by the interesting extinct genera
above alluded to. In Phascolotherium the affinity is manifested in
the simple form, small size, and straggling disposition of the inci-
‘ sors and canines: in the other genus, Thylacotherium, it is dis-
played in the size and number of its molares. :

This, one of the most ancient mammiferous genera hitherto dis-
covered, presents eleven molares on each side of the lower jaw, which
resemble in structure and close arrangement those of Phascogale
and Didelphis, while they are intermediate in their proportional

10

size to these and Myrmecobius. The exact condition of the incisors
and canines of the Thylacotherium has not yet been displayed in
the fossil jaws which have been discovered.

SALTATORIA.
Genus Perameles (Bandicoots).

Level My 3-3 , eri New
i=; Premolares —;; molares [= : = 48.

This dental formula characterizes a number of Rat-like Insectivora
commonly known in Australia by the name of Bandicoots ; the hind
legs are longer and stronger than the fore, and exhibit in a well-
marked manner the feeble and slender condition of the second and
third digits counting from the inside, and the sudden increase in
length and strength of the third and fourth digits, which are chiefly
subservient to locomotion: the mode of progression in the Bandi-
coots is by bounds; the hind and fore feet being moved alternately
as in the Hare and Rabbit; and the crupper raised higher than the
fore quarter. The teeth which offer the greatest range of variation
in the present genus are the external or posterior incisors and the
canines: the molares, also, which originally are quinque-cuspi-
date, have their points worn away, and present a smooth and oblique
grinding surface in some species sooner than in others.

The Bandicoots which approach nearest to the Myrmecobius in
the condition of the incisive and canine teeth are the Perameles
obesula and P. radiata. There is a slight interval between the
first and second incisor, and the outer or fifth incisor of the upper
jaw is separated from the rest by an interspace equal to twice its
own breadth, and moreover presents the triangular, pointed, canine-
like crown which characterizes all the incisors of Myrmecobius ; but
the four anterior incisors are closely arranged together and have
compressed, quadrate, true incisive crowns. From these incisors the
canine is very remote, the interspace being equally divided by the
fifth pointed incisor, which the canine very slightly exceeds in
size. In Peram. nasuta the incisor presents the same general con-
dition, but the canines are relatively larger.

The marsupial pouch in the Bandicoots, at least in the full-grown
females of Per. nasuta, Per. obesula, and Per. lagotis, has its
orifice directed downwards or towards the cloaca, contrariwise to
its ordinary disposition "in the Marsupials: this direction evidently
relates to the position of the trunk when supported on the short
fore and long hind legs. In the stomach and intestines of a Per-
ameles obesula, 1 found only the remains of insects; and in the ex-
amination of the alimentary canal of a Per. nasuta, Dr. Grant ob-
tained the same results,

2 cs 5
Incisors g=3 3) canines

Genus Cheropus.

The singular animal on which this genus is founded is briefly
noticed and figured in Major Mitchell’s Australia, (vol. ii. pl. 38.
p- 131.) and the individual described is preserved in the Colonial
Museum, at Sydney, N. S. Wales, (No. 35. of Mr. George Bennett's

il

Catalogue). It would appear that the two outer toes of the fore-
foot, which are always very small in the true Bandicoots, are en-
tirely deficient in the Cheropus, unless some rudiments should exist
beneath the skin; at all events only two toes are apparent extern-
ally, but they are so armed and developed as to be serviceable for
burrowing or progression. The inner toe is wanting on the hind
foot. Dental formula:

523”

All the teeth are of small size; the canines resemble the spurious
molares in size and shape, and these are separated at intervals as
in Myrmecobius. The marsupium opens downwards in the Cheropus,
as in the true Baridicoots. The species described has no tail. The
genus would seem by its dentition to rank between Myrmecobius and
Perameles. Its digital characters are anomalous and unique among
the Marsupialia.

: 4—4 : ney" I al A
Incisors 3-3; canines@=; } preemolares molares ;~,: = 46.

Scansoria.
- Didelphide, Opossums.

These Marsupials are now exclusively confined to the American
Continents, although the fossil remains of a small species attest the
former existence of the genus Didelphis in Europe contemporaneously
with the Paleothere, Anoplothere, and other extinct Pachyderms
whose fossil remains characterize the Eocene strata of the Paris
Basin. The dental formula of the genus Didelphis is,

Incisors'3—4 ; canines = : premolares 5—s ; molares oS = 50;

The Opossums resemble in their dentition the Bandicoots more
than the Dasyures, except in the structure of the molares,

The two middle incisors of the upper jaw are more produced than
the others, from which they are separated by a short interspace.
The canines are well developed, the upper being always stronger
than the lower. The false molares are simply conical; the true
ones beset with sharp points, which wear down into tubercles as the
animal advances in age.

In the type of the subgenus Cheironectes, besides being web-
footed, the anterior extremities present an unusual development
of the pisiform bone, which supports a fold of the skin, like a
sixth digit; it has indeed been described, as such, by M. ‘Tem-
minck; this process has not of course any nail. The dentition
of the Yapock resembles that of the ordinary Didelphis. All the
Opossums have the inner digit of the hind foot converted by its
position and development into a thumb, but without a claw. The
hinder hand is associated in almost all the species with a scaly
prehensile tail.

In some of the smaller Opossums the subabdominal tegumentary
folds merely serve to conceal the nipples, and are not developed into
a pouch ; the young in these adhere to the mother by entwining
their little prehensile tails around hers, and cling to the fur of the
back ; hence the term dorsigeru applied to one of these Opossums*.

* Few facts would be more interesting in the present branch of zoology
than-the condition of the new-born young, and their degree and mode of

12

Tribe III. CARPOPHAGA.

Stomach simple; czcum very long.

In this family, the teeth, especially those at the anterior part of
the mouth, present considerable deviations from the previously de-
scribed formule ; the chief of which is a predominating size of the
two anterior incisors, both in the upper and lower jaw. Hitherto
we have seen that the dentition in every genus has participated more
or less of a carnivorous character; benceforth it will manifest a
tendency to the Rodent type.

The Phalangers, so called from the phalanges of the second and
third digits of the hinder extremities being inclosed in a common
sheath of integument, have the innermost digit modified, to answer the
purposes of a thumb; and the hinder hand being associated in many
of the species with a prehensile tail, they evidently, of all Frugivora,
come nearest the arboreal species of the preceding section. Ina sy-
stem framed on locomotive characters they would rank in the same
section with the Opossums. We have seen, however, that they dif-
fer from those Entomophagous Marsupials greatly in the condition
of the intestinal tube. Let us examine to what extent the dental
characters deviate from those of the Opossums.

In the skull of a Phalangista Cookii, now before me, there are both
in the upper and lower jaw four true molares on each side, each beset
with four three-sided pyramidal sharp-pointed cusps; thus these
essential and most constant teeth correspond in number with those
of the Opossum: but in the upper jaw they differ in the absence of
the internal cusp, which gives a triangular figure to the grinding sur-
face of the molares in the Opossum; and the anterior single cusp is
wanting in the true molares of the lower jaw.

Anterior to the grinders in the Phalanger, there are two spurious
molares, of similar shape and proportions to those in the Opossum ;
then a third spurious molar, too small to be of any functional im-
portance, separated also, like the corresponding anterior false molar
in the Opossum, by a short interval from those behind.

The canine tooth but slightly exceeds in size the above false
molar, and consequently here occurs the first great difference be-
tween the Phalangers and Opossums ; it is however, only a difference
in degree of development; and in the Ursine and other Phalangers,
as well as in the Petaurists, the corresponding tooth presents more
of the proportions and form of a true canine.

The incisors, which we have seen to be most variable in number
in the carnivorous section, are here three instead of five on each side,
in the upper jaw, but their size, especially that of the first, compen-
sates for their fewness.

In the lower jaw, there is the same number of true molares and of
functional false molares, which formacontinuous and tolerably equable
series, as in the Opossums, on each side ; then two very minute and

uterine development in these Opossums. Since the marsupial bones serve
not, as is usually described, to support a pouch, but to aid in the function
of the mammary glands and testes, they of course are present in the skeleton
of these small pouchless Opossums, as in the more typical Marsupials.

13

rudimental teeth on each side represent the small spurious molar,
and small canine of the upper jaw; and anterior to these, there is one
very small and one very large and procumbent incisor on each side.

The constant teeth in this group are the = true molares, and the
33+ m md) Jeol : é
i; incisors. The canines ;— are constant in regard to their pre-
sence, but variable in size; they are always minute in the lower jaw.
With respect to the spurious molares, =, they are always in contact
with the true grinders, and their crowns reach to the same grinding
level ; sometimes a second spurious molar is similarly developed as in
the Phal. Cookii, and as in all the flying Phalangers, or Petaurists, but
it is commonly absent or replaced by a very minute tooth, shaped
like a canine: so that between the posterior spurious grinder and
the incisors we may find three teeth, of which the posterior is the
largest, as in Phal. Cookii, or the smallest, as in Phal. cavifrons ;
or there may be only two teeth, as in Phal. ursina and Phal.
vulpina, and the species, whatever that may be, which Fr. Cuvier
has selected as the type of the dentition of this Genus.

In the lower jaw similar varieties occur in these small and unim-
portant teeth; e. g. there may be between the procumbent incisors
and the posterior false molar, either four teeth, as in Phal. Cookii ; or
three, as in Phal. cavifrons ; or two, as in Phal. ursina, Phal. ma-
culata, Phal. chrysorrhoos ; or lastly, one, as in Phal. vulpina, and
Phal. fuliginosa.

The most important modification is presented by the little Phal.
gliriformis of Bell, which has only three true molares on each side of
each jaw.

Genus Petaurus.

There are many species of Marsupials limited to Australia, and
closely resembling or identical with the true Phalangers in their
dental characters and the structure of the feet. I allude to the Pe-
taurists or Flying Opossums; these, however, present an external
character so easily recognizable, and influencing so materially the lo-
comotive faculties, as to claim for it more consideration than the mo-
difications of the digits or spurious molares, which we have just been
considering in the Phalangista. A fold of the skin is extended on
each side of the body between the fore and hind legs, which, when
outstretched, forms a lateral wing or parachute, but which, when
the legs are in the position for ordinary support or progression, is
drawn close to the side of the animal by the elasticity of the subcu-
taneous cellular membrane, and then forms a mere tegumentary
ridge. These delicate and beautiful Marsupials have been separated
generically from the other Marsupials under the name of Petaurus* :
they further differ from the Phalangers in wanting the prehensile
character of the tail, which in some species of Petaurus has a general
clothing of long and soft hairs, whilst in others the hairs are arranged
in two lateral series.

‘Now in the Petaurists there is as little constancy in the exact

* First by Dr. Shaw in the Naturalist’s Miscellany.

i4

formula of the dentition as among the Phalangers. The largest
species of Petaurus, Pet. Taguanoides, e. g., is almost identical in
this respect with the Phalangista Cookii, which M. Fr. Cuvier has
therefore classed with the Petauri. Those teeth of Pet. Taguanoides,
which are sufficiently developed, and so equal in length, as to exercise
the function of grinders, or in other words, the functional series of
molares, include six teeth on each side of the upper jaw, and five
teeth on each side of the lower jaw. ‘The four posterior molares in
each row are true, and bear four pyramidal cusps, excepting the last
tooth in the upper jaw, which, as in Phal. Cookii, has only three
cusps. In the upper jaw, the space between the functional false
molares and the incisors is occupied by two simple rudimentary teeth,
the anterior representing the canine, but being relatively smaller
than in Phal. Cookit. The crowns of the two anterior incisors are
relatively larger. In the lower jaw the sloping alveolar surface be-
tween the functional molares and large procumbent incisors is occu-
pied, according to M. Fr. Cuvier, by two rudimentary minute teeth :
I have not found any trace of these in the two skulls of Pet. Ta-
guanoides examined by me. In Phal. Cookii there are three minute
teeth in the corresponding space, but these differences would not be
sufficient ground to separate generically the two species if they were
unaccompanied by modifications of other parts of the body. In
Petaurus sciureus and Petaurus flaviventer the dentition more nearly
resembles that of Phalangista vulpina. In the upper jaw the func-
tional molar series consists of five teeth on each side, the four hinder
ones being, as in Pet. Taguanoides, true tuberculate molares, but di-
minishing more rapidly in size, as they are placed further back in the
jaw: the hinder tooth has three tubercles, the rest four ; their apices
seem to be naturally blunter than in Pet. Taguanoides. Between
the functional false molar and the incisors there are three teeth, of
which the representative of the canine is relatively much larger than
in the Pet. Taguanoides ; the first false molar is also larger, and has
two roots; the second, which is functional in Pet. Taguanoides, is
here very small ; the first incisor is relatively larger and is more pro-
duced. In the lower jaw the functional series of grinders consists
of the four true tuberculate molares only, of which the last is rela-
tively smaller, and the first of a more triangular form than in Pef.
Taguanoides. The space between the tuberculate molares and the
procumbent incisor is occupied by four small teeth, of which the one
immediately anterior to the molares has two roots, the remaining

three are rudimentary and have a single fang. Among the species ©

exhibiting this dental formula, viz., incisors 3 canines =; pre-
molares —s molares +: =40: are Pet. sciureus, Pet. flaviventer,
and Pet. macrurus.

The Pigmy Petaurist differs from the preceding and larger species
in having the hairs of the tail distichous or arranged in two lateral
series like the barbs of a feather ; and in having the spurious molares
large and sharply pointed; and the true molares bristled each with four

acute cusps. ‘This tendency in the dentition to the -insectivorous

tr...

15

character, with the modification of the tail, induced M. Desmarest to
separate the Pigmy Petaurist from the rest of the species, and con-
stitute a new subgenus under the name of Acrobata.

In four adult specimens, and two of which had young in the pouch,
I find the following dental formula to be constant ;—incisors = 3; Ca-
nines i; premolares = ; molares ae =36.

The three quadricuspidate grinders of the upper jaw are preceded by
three large spurious molares, each of which has two fangs, and a com-
pressed, triangular, sharp-pointed crown, slightly but progressively
increasing in length, as they are placed forwards. An interspace
occurs between these and the canine, which is long, slender, sharp-
pointed, and recurved. The first incisor is longer than the two be-
hind, but is much shorter than the canine. In the lower jaw the
true molares are preceded by two functional false ones, similar in
size and shape to the three above; the anterior false molar and the
canine are represented by minute, rudimental, simple teeth; the single
incisor is long and procumbent, asin the other Petaurists.

Genus Pihascolarctus.

The absence of anomalous spurious molares and of inferior canines
appears to be constant in the only known species of this genus. The
dental formula in three of this species, (Phasc. fuscus Desm..,) is:
Incisors $= ; canines (—,; premolares |=; molares i: =30.

The true molares are larger in proportion than in the Phalangers ;
each is beset with four three-sided pyramids, the cusps of which wear
down in age; the outer series in the upper teeth being the first to
give way ; those of the lower jaw are narrower than those of the
upper. The spurious molares are compressed, and terminate in a
cutting edge; in those of the upper jaw there is a small parallel
ridge along the inner side of the base. ‘The canines slightly exceed
in size the posterior incisors; they terminate in an oblique cutting
edge rather than a point, their fang is closed at the extremity ; they
are situated as in the Phalangers close to the intermaxillary suture.
The lateral incisors of the upper jaw are small and obtuse, the two
middle incisors are of twice the size, conical, subcompressed, beveled
off obliquely to an anterior cutting edge, but differing essentially
from the dentes scalprarii of the Rodentia, in being closed at the
extremity of the fang. The two incisors of the lower jaw resemble
those of the upper, but are longer and more compressed: they are
also formed by a temporary pulp, and its absorption is accompanied
by a closure of the aperture of the pulp cavity, as in the upper in-
cisors. The Koala therefore, in regard to the number, kind, and con-
formation of its teeth, closely resembles the Phalangers, with which
it agrees in its long cecum, but the stomach has a cardiac gland as
in the Wombat. The extremities of the Koala are organized for
prehension ; each is terminated by five digits; the hind feet are pro-
vided with a large thumb, and have the two contiguous digits enve-
loped in the same tegumentary fold; the anterior digits are divided
into two groups, the thumb and index being opposed to the other

16

three fingers. The fore-paws have a similar structure in some of
the small Phalangers ; it is very conspicuous in some of the Petau-
rists. The Koala, however, differs from the Phalangers and Petau-
rists in the extreme shortness of its tail and in its more compact and
heavy general form. Itis known to feed on the buds and leaves of
the trees in which it habitually resides.

Tribe IV. POEPHAGA.

The present tribe includes the most strictly vegetable feeders ; all
the species have a complex sacculated stomach and a long simple
cecum.

Guided by the modifications of the teeth we pass from the Koala
to the Kangaroo family (Macropodide),—animals of widely different
general form. ‘Ihe Potoroos, however, in this group, present abso-
lutely the same dentition as the Koala, some slight modifications in
the form of certain teeth excepted. The spurious molares, in their
longitudinal extent, compressed form, and cutting edge, would chiefly
distinguish the dentition of the Potoroo, but the Koala evidently
offers the transitional structure between the Phalangers and Potoroos
in the condition of these teeth, of which one only is retained on each
side of each jaw, in both Phascolarctus and Hypsiprymnus.

The dental formula of the genus Hypsiprymnus is: incisors ceo ;
canines 75 i, - premolares ; i; mol. =: =30.

The two anterior incisors are oes suit more curved, the lateral
incisors relatively smaller than in the Koala. The pulps of the an-
terior incisors are persistent.

The canines are larger than in the Koala; they always project
from the line of the intermaxillary suture; and while the fang is
lodged in the maxillary bone, the crown projects almost wholly from
the intermaxillary. In the large Hypsiprymnus ursinus the canines
are relatively smaller than in the other Potoroos, a structure which
indicates the transition from the Potoroo to the Kangaroo genus. In
the skeleton of this species in the Leyden Museum the canines pre-
sent a longitudinal groove on the outer side.

The characteristic form of the trenchant spurious molar has just
been alluded to; its maximum of development is attained in the ar-
boreal Potoroos of New Guinea (Hypsiprymnus ursinus, and Hyps.
dorsocephalus) ; in the latter of which its antero-posterior extent
nearly equals that of the three succeeding molar teeth.

In all the Potoroos the trenchant spurious molar is sculptured,
especially on the outer side, and in young teeth by many small verti-
cal grooves. The true molares each present four three-sided pyrami-
dal cusps, but the internal angles of the two opposite cusps are con-
tinued into each other across the tooth, forming two concave trans-
verse ridges. In the old animal these cusps and ridges disappear,
and the grinding surface is worn quite flat.

In the genus Macropus the normal atl of the Jeet aie aah

teeth pay, Ly alge as follows :—incisors [> ; canines ¢° ono: Pre-
molares 75; molares $+: =28.

17

The main difference, as compared with Hypsiprymnus, lies in the

absence of the upper canines; yet I have seen them present, but of
very small size, and concealed by the gum, in a small species of
Kangaroo (Macropus rufiventer, Ogilby.). This, however, is a rare
exception; while the constant presence and conspicuous size of the
canines will always serve to distinguish the Potoroo from the Kan-
garoo. But besides this, there are other differences in the form and
proportions of certain teeth.
. The upper incisors of the Macropi have their cutting margins on
the same line, the anterior ones not being produced beyond that line
as in the Hypsiprymni; the third or external incisor is also broader
in the Kangaroos, and is grooved and complicated by one or two
folds of the enamel continued from the outer side of the tooth
obliquely forwards and inwards, into the substance of the tooth. In
most species the anterior fold is represented by a simple groove; the
relative size of the outer incisor, the extent and position of the
posterior fold of enamel, and consequently the proportions of the
part of the tooth in front or behind it, vary more or less in every
species of Macropus : there are two folds of enamel near the anterior
part of the tooth in Macr. major; the posterior portion is of the
greatest extent, and the entire crown of the tooth is relatively
broadest in this species. The middle incisor is here also complicated
with a posterior notch and an external groove. These modifications of
the external incisors have been pointed out in detail by M. Jourdan ;
and subgeneric distinctions have been subsequently based upon
them ; but they possess neither suficient constancy nor physio-
logical consequence, to justify such an application. M. Fr. Cuvier
has proposed a binary division of the Kangaroos founded on the
absence of permanent spurious molares and a supposed difference
in the mode of succession of the permanent molares in the Kan-.
garoos, combined with modifications of the muzzle or upper lip, and
of the tail.

The dental formula which I have assigned to the genus Macropus
is restricted by that naturalist in its application to some small species
of Kangaroo, grouped together under the term Halmaturus, origin-
ally applied by Illiger to the Kangaroos generally. The rest of the
Kangaroos, under the generic term Macropus, are characterized by

the following dental formula :— incisors g. mol, = : 24.

The truth, however, is, that both the Halmaturi and Macropi of Fr. .
Cuvier, have their teeth developed in precisely the same number and
manner; they only differ in the length of time during which certain
of them are retained. In the great Kangaroo, for example, the per-
manent spurious molar which succeeds the corresponding deciduous
one in the vertical direction, is pushed out of place and shed by the
‘time the last true molar has cut the gum: the succeeding true molar
is soon afterwards extruded; and I have seen a skull of an old Wa-
cropus major inthe Museum at Leyden, in which the grinders were
reduced to two on each side of each jaw by this yielding of the an-
terior ones to the vis a tergo of their successors,

18

Tribe V. RHIZOPHAGA.

The characters of this tribe are taken from the stomach, which is
simple in outward form, but complicated within by a large cardiac
gland; and from the cecum, which is short and wide, with a vermi-
form appendage.

Genus Phascolomys.

In its heavy shapeless proportions, large trunk, and short equably
developed legs, the Wombat offers as great a contrast to the Kan-
garoos as does the Koala, which it most nearly resembles in its ge-
neral outward form and want of tail. But in the more important
characters afforded by the teeth and intestinal canal the Wombat
differs more from the Koala than this does from either the Phalan*
gers or Kangaroos. The dental system presents the extreme de-
gree of that degradation of the teeth intermediate between the
front incisors and true molares which we have been tracing from
the Opossum to the Kangaroos: not only have the functionless
spurious molares and canines now totally disappeared, but also the
posterior incisors of the upper jaw, which we have seen in the Po-
toroos to exhibit a feeble degree of development as compared with
the anterior pair; these in fact are alone retained in the denti-
tion of the present group, which possesses the fewest teeth of any
Marsupial animal. The dental formula of the Wombat. is thus re-
duced both in number and kind to that of the true Rodentia :

5 2 id 0, 1-1, 4-4,
Incisors 3; canines 5; preemolares i=i; molares —: = 24.

The incisors, moreover, are true dentes scalprarii, with persistent
pulps, but are inferior, especially in the lower jaw, in their relative
length, and curvature, to those of the placental Glires: they present
-a subtrihedral figure, and are traversed by a shallow groove on their
inner surfaces.

The spurious molares present no trace of that compressed struc-
ture which characterizes them in the Koala and Kangaroos : but have
a wide, oval, transverse section: those of the upper jaw being tra-
versed on the inner side with a slight longitudinal groove. The
true molares have double the size of the spurious ones : the superior
ones are also traversed by an internal longitudinal groove, but
this is so deep and wide, that it divides the whole tooth into two
prismatic portions, with one of the angles directed inwards. The
inferior molares are in like manner divided into two trihedral portions,
but the intervening groove is here external, and one of the faces of
each prism is turned inwards. All the grinders are curved, and de-
scribe about a quarter of a circle; in the upper jaw the concavity
of the curve is directed outwards, in the lower jaw inwards. The
false and true molares like the incisors have persistent pulps, and are
consequently devoid of true fangs: in which respect the Wombat
differs from all other Marsupials, and resembles the extinct Toxodon,
the dentigerous Bruta, and herbivorous Rodentia.

Although none of the Marsupialia possess teeth composed of an
intermixture of layers of ivory, cement and enamel through the body

19

of the crown; yet the layer of cement which covers the enameled
crown is thickest in the vegetable-feeding Marsupials, and is re-
markably distinct in the Wombat. ;

I may add that the Wombat deviates from the other Marsupials
in the number of its ribs: as these are very constant in the rest of
the order, the difference in the Wombat, which has 15 pairs, in-
stead of 13 or 12, is the more deserving of notice. The Koala, like
the Phalangers and Kangaroos, has 18 pairs of ribs.

Professor Owen next proceeds to compare the classification of the
Marsupialia here proposed with that of Cuvier, given in the second
edition of the Regne Animal, and states the reasons which have led
him to devise a new arrangement.

. The following is a tabular view of Professor Owen’s classifica-
tion.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE MARSUPIALIA.

Tribes. Families. Genera. Subgenera.
SARCOPHAGA.
Three kinds of teeth;
canines long in both Thylacinus.
- jaws; a simple sto- Dasyuride. . { Besar
mach ; no intestinum Phascogale.
cecum.
: oye Phascolotherium. :
Extincttransitional forms . . * | Thylacotherium. } Fossil
ENTOMOPHAGA.

Three kinds of teeth in
both jaws; a simple

stomach; amoderately Ambulatoria. . Myrmecobius.

long intestinum cecum.
: Cheropus.
Saltatoria. . Peranicles:
Scansoria. . Didelphis. . . . Cheironettes.
CARPOPHAGA.

Anterior incisors large
and long in both jaws; Phalangistide. .

Cuscus.
Phalangista. . . + Pseudocheirus.
canines inconstant; a

Petaurus. Tapoa.

simple stomach; avery Acrobata.
long intestinum cecum.
Phaseolarctide.. Phascolarctus.
POEPHAGA. <
Anterior incisors large Macropodide. Et Set eee
and long in both jaws; a aes pus.

canines present in the
upper jaw only, or
wanting. A complex
stomach; along intes-
tinum cecum.
RHIZOPHAGA.
Two scalpriform incisors
in both jaws; no ca- rs
nines. Stomach with , ascolomys. ae
aspecial gland; cecum nck ld Diprotodon. }Possit
short, wide, with a ver-
miform appendage.

~~
ico, aay

es sf wus aa. 2 13 ROEE lo ndaed ss
arte ave agit Br aoaswill odt ob

"io od nt sl
Y ben? elqwa:
ae

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re ct wiiog tal a? oe
ae in yf Ps

PA if

; a ‘Ye
oe f Laine

- ae
arehs4

es Bats dul i J
“DiS ae > Po tay yes

«rt

. ae a a ee Ay oF

SF tad) Oi Rae &

aha { .
ae ° ¥ Peta > ©) vy tat
(sup takosant |, Say sabi ©
Jala Benois right SENG t use
Latent FE aque ake RO ee
BEC/OR, RTs MUSA? OF CR, ungglew irea is a

; 60% Peep nes Peat 2 tina haba a Tare

Semone We. +R gle -

February 12, 1839.
Thomas Bell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

A paper from Dr. Schomburgk, entitled ‘‘ Remarks on the Greater
Ant-bear (Myrmecophaga jubata),” was read. This paper commences
with some general observations on the EHdentata and Monotremata :
the author then proceeds to give a detailed description of the animal
under consideration. The following is an abstract of the remaining
portion of the paper, or that which relates to the habits of the animal.

Dr. Schomburgk observes, that at a distance the Ant-bear appears
to be a much taller animal than it really is, owing to the elongated
and nearly erect hair of the mane, and also the erect manner in which
it carries its large bushy tail. When walking, the outer portion of
the fore foot is applied to the ground, and the long claws are then
doubled inwards. It runs with a peculiar trot, and is not, as has
been represented, slow in its movements and easily overtaken ; for
when chased it will keep a horse in canter, and does not tire readily.
White Ants or Termites constitute its chief food. When the Ant-
bear meets with one of the tumuli constructed by the White Ants,
it immediately pulls the fabric down by means of its large strong
claws, and when the Ants are thus exposed its long slender tongue
is thrust out to collect them. ‘The movements of the tongue, alter-
nately being protruded and retracted, are so rapid, says Dr. Schom-
burgk, that it is no longer surprising how so large an animal can
satiate its appetite with such minute insects.. The Ant-bear is, how-
ever, an economist, and does not destroy more than he wants.
When he finds that the Termites diminish on the surface, and every
one seeks to escape in the numerous galleries of the ruined edifice,
he uses his left foot to hold some large lumps of the nest, whilst
with the right he leisurely pulls them to pieces.

With the Termites he swaHows a considerable quantity of the ma-
terial of which the Ants’ nest is constructed. Of this fact Dr. Schom-
burgk assured himself by dissection, and he is of opinion that the
substance of the nest serves as a corrector.

“«It has been generally thought,” says Dr. Schomburgk, “ that the
Ant-bear lives exclusively on Ants; this, however, is not the case.
In one which I dissected a year ago, a species of Julus was found ;
and the avidity with which an adult one now in my possession swal-
lowed fresh meat, which was hashed up for it, makes me believe
that even in the wild state it does not satisfy itself exclusively with
Ants, and, provided the food is of such a size that it can take it up
with its moveable upper lip, it does not despise it.

«The Ant-bear makes neither nest nor burrow, its ample tail ser-
ving it as sole protection against the inclemency of the weather. One
of its favourite positions when at rest, is to tuck up its feet under its
belly, and to unite the two extremities almost close together ; in whicy

No. LXXIV.—Procegpines or THE ZooLoaicaL Society,

22

position the tail covers the whole animal: at other times it cowers
itself up like a dog when asleep, and the tail covers only the snout
and part of the body. The female Ant-bear possesses two pectoral
teats, and produces only one young at a time; and as soon as this
has received sufficient strength the mother carries it with her on her
back, where it keeps itself firmly attached. ‘The young animal re-
mains with its mother for the space of a year, and as this is the
period when she brings forth again, it is then obliged to shift for
itself.

“If the mother be attacked, she defends herself valiantly : raising
herself upon her haunches, she strikes with her sharp claws at the
enemy ; this is chiefly done with the right foot, while the left rests
on the ground; but she quickly changes their respective positions
when the attack is carried to the other side: the young one remains
all the while clinging to her. If the danger increase, she throws
herself upon her back, and strikes with both claws at her enemy*.

“‘I have been assured by a highly-credible person, that the Jaguar
finds it difficult to conquer the Ant-bear, and the fight which en-
sues was described to me as characteristic. It happens frequently
that both combatants remain dead upon the spot, or that one does
not survive the other many hours. The force which the Ant-bear
possesses in its fore feet is astonishing, and I have no doubt that it
is well able to rip open the belly of its assailant; nevertheless, I
should scarcely have supposed that the Ant-bear proved formidable
to the fiercest of American animals.

“* A young one, estimated about four weeks old, was presented to
me by Dom Pedro Ayres. While riding on horseback over the Sa-
vannahs, he discovered the parent with the young, and immediately
gave chase. After she had kept the horse in full canter for half an
hour, she found herself so closely pressed that she put herself in de-
fence: my friend was ready with the lasso, and having thrown it
dexterously over her, she was secured. To the last moment the
young one had clung to the mother. ‘There being only one person
to assist him, he found it impossible to lead her to the fort, she was
therefore secured to a tree on the Savannahs. Dom Pedro Ayres,
however, carried the young one off, and brought it to me. We
despatched a sufficient number of men in quest of the mother, but
she had found means to get rid of the ropes, and had escaped.

«‘The young one measured over the forehead along the back, from
the tip of the nose to the insertion of the tail, twenty-two and a half
inches ; the tail was twelve and a half inches, and it stood nine and
three quarter inches high. In lieu of the yellowish white of the legs,
and the bands of the same colour, which give such a remarkable ap-
pearance to the adult, there were in the young animal gray hairs,
tinged with white: in all other respects it resembled its mother in
colouring.

* «Tf the Ant-bear should succeed in throwing its arms round its enemy,
and in fixing its claws in the flesh, nothing can disengage it from its em-
brace; the muscles grow stiff, and 1 have been told, without being able to
vouch for its veracity, that in this situation both animals die.”

23

‘The young Ant-bear was quite wild at first, and sought for some
dark corner in the room in which it was confined, in order to hide
itself. When we approached it, it put itself immediately in defence
like the adult ones, and struck out with its right paw, emitting at the
same time a growl like that of an incensed puppy. After a few
days, however, it became accustomed to its situation, and an In-
dian woman took upon her to feed it with milk and Cassada, and
sometimes with White Ants. It soon showed great attachment to
her, and followed her like a dog

‘It appeared to be of a very cold nature ; not only the extremities,
but the whole body felt cold to the touch, although we kept it
Wrapped up in a blanket. It preferred, however, to be nestled, and
to be taken up, and on putting it down it emitted a whining but
not unpleasant sound ; when it did not succeed in attracting atten-
tion, and was not taken up again, the whining sound was raised to
a harsh and grating noise. In following a person, it directed its
course more by the smell than by sight, and carried its snout
close to the ground. If it found itself at fault, it wheeled round
at right angles upon the hind legs, and snuffed the air in all
directions, until it found the right scent again. Of the dimness
of its sight we had various proofs; it hurt itself frequently against
objects that stood in its way, not observing them until it came in
contact with them. Its power of smelling was exquisite, and it could
discover its nurse, or any person to whom it had taken a liking, at a
considerable distance. Upon these occasions it would immediately
commence the whining sound so peculiar to this animal. It was an
expert climber; it happened that I was one of its favourites, and
whilst writing on my table it used to come softly behind me, and as
soon as it was sure it had found me out, it climbed up my legs
with great dexterity. Out of amusement we would frequently hold
up its blanket, and it climbed up its whole length.

«© When the Indian woman was not present, or was otherwise oc-
cupied, and did not pet the young Ant-bear, she used to throw
some of the clothes she had worn, or her own blanket before it, in
which it wrapped itself, and was pacified. This effect could not be
produced by any other person’s clothes. It showed its attachment
by licking, and was very gentle and even sportive; we all prized it
highly. It slept a great deal. We had it for nearly two months,
and as it began to feed itself we had great hopes of rearing it; un-
fortunately we were unable to procure milk, and whether in conse-
quence of the change of food, or some other cause, it gradually de-
clined. I found it sometimes as cold as ice, and stiff, and although
I recovered it repeatedly, it died one day during my absence.

‘Its place had been meanwhile restored by an adult specimen,
likewise a female. I shall never forget the interesting sight which
this indiviqual presented. Some of the Indians belonging to my
party, whom I had despatched in quest of game, met it on the Sa-
-vannahs, and wisely attempted to drive it towards San Joaquim
without wounding it. My attention was first attracted by an im-
-‘mense hue and cry from the persons about the fort, and upon step-

24

ping out the first object which struck me was the Ant-bear, running
in a kind of dog gallop towards the houses, and flanked on both
sides by the red-skinned Indians, who were furnished with bows and
arrows, which they were ready to discharge, should the animal break
through their lines. Having arrived at the walls of the fort, it re-
treated in one of the corners which a bastion formed, and attempted
to climb up by thrusting its nails into some of the larger interstices
between the freestone of which the walls are built; it did not, how-
ever, succeed, and we managed to throw a lasso over it. The
animal defended itself valiantly, and as the surrounding persons
appeared to be afraid of it, it ran a fair chance of slipping the
- noose; some of the men more courageous than the rest threw if
however, on the ground, and another noose being fixed to one of its
legs, it was secured, and safely lodged in the yard attached to our
lodgings. In its endeavours to get rid of the rope, which passed
round the rump, it chafed itself considerably, and we found it ne-
cessary to make a roomy pen, to which it was conveyed. It be-
gan to feed on the third day: we gave it Ants and farina; the
latter, a preparation of Cassada root, it never refused. The Ants’
nests in the neighbourhood of the fort were soon exhausted, and
more in way of experiment than out of persuasion that the animal
would eat it, some small pieces of fresh beef were placed before it;
to our greatest astonishment it ate the meat with avidity, and has
since been chiefly fed on fresh beef and fish. We observed that in
the course of three weeks it evacuated only twice, and then very
copiously ; this was likewise the case with the young one ; and before
I noticed the same circumstance with the adult, I thought its death
was partly caused by constipation.

«« By kind treatment it soon became domesticated, and fed out of
our hands. When not asleep, (in which state it used the same
position as already related,) it rested entirely on its haunches, and
stretching its long snout through the palings of its pen, it surveyed
the surrounding objects, and snuffed the air.

«It even raised itself frequently, and without difficulty, to nearly
an erect posture, and remained thus for some minutes; sometimes
it sat with its fore feet crossed. In feeding, it kneeled as sheep
and goats do. It attempted frequently to take up objects with its
paws; in this manceuvre its long claws assisted wonderfully. In
rising from its resting posture it used first to get upon its knees.

«“When some meat was thrown before it, it expanded the lateral
apertures of the nostrils, and seemed, by moving its fexible upper
lip, as if it intended to seek out the most delicate morsels. It
climbed up the palings of its pen with great agility, never using
both of its arms at a time; but first one and then the other; and
if it had taken hold sufficiently with its claws, it raised the whole
body, and brought up the hinder feet. We may conclude from this
feat upon the strength of the muscles of its fore feet. The great
muscle of the arm, of one which we dissected, was two inches wide,
and three eighths of an inch thick.

_ J have already remarked how fond the young one was of climb-

25

ing, and this, coupled with what I have just now related, makes me
not doubt that, if circumstances should require it, they climb trees in
their wild state with the same agility.

“It secretes a liquid substance, transparent like water, which
drops down almost constantly out of its nostrils and mouth; this is
the more remarkable, as it used very little water. ‘The Llama, with-
out using much water, possesses likewise a superabundant quantity
of saliva. I recollect, before the pen was finished, when lying in the
sun, it perspired so profusely that its hair could not have been more
wet had the animal been in the water. It is remarkable that the
four individuals, and the young one which we secured at Fort San
Joaquim, were all females ; in no instance have we observed a male.
What, then, is the natural question, becomes of the males? I can
give no other answer than that the males are unproportioned to the
number of females, and are, no doubt, much more shy. Those which
we secured were caught during day ; it issues, perhaps, from the dense
forests only by night. A similar instance offers itself in the genus
Auchenia, of which the males do not quit their pastures in quest of
the females, and herds exclusively of females and males are met
with ; it is only during the rutting season that they mix, when the
males combat for the females.

«Tf it could be substantiated that the number of males is consi-
derably smaller than that of the females, in that circumstance would
rest an additional ground for supposing that the extinction of its
species, like those of the Hdentata in general, is determined upon,

“The flesh of the Ant-bear is eaten by many of the native tribes,
and also by the negroes, who consider its skin a great delicacy.

«The trivial name of the Brazilians for the Myrmecophaga jubata
is Tamandua Bandeira; in the Lingua Geral, Tamandu Assu; the
Wapeshana Indians call it Barshema; the Macusis, Warisi-rima ;
the Arowaaks, Barem ; the Warows, Hohitia.

«Finally, I subjoin some detailed measurements which were taken
from a female Ant-bear, immediately after her death.

Feet. Inches.

Height from the highest part of the back .......... see
Height from the smallest part of the back to the sole i

Grudge NDIA TOOL Foe chester Le cer eee eens es 2/0
Length from the back of the skull to the insertion of ~ “

Blip Eatb ly cian ne. eee ree asRrere sieteie ew enaehs.e.ae eae Maca J
PPMETONOL GIL cote se at s.e oe eae P REPRE Pie Ma 3 6G
Breadth of the tail (when its hairs are standing erect)

BEEGse LHe MUMS, ws are hares Bp Ue ne eae ae yr)
Ditto mito mear the root 2S. Naess cre meu Pehiee
Length from the point of the shoulder to the malleolus

Of CHerIOre 1OWh. och a.s oss ees ee eet ere te ee Dese
Girth of the fore leg below the point of the shoulder... 1 44

_ Girth of fore feet immediately below the knee ...... O 8
Length from the knee-joint to the malleolus ........ 0 5
Reneth of sole of mrd-teot,.. . ..'s. saree ee ae he Orr ea:

Breadth of ditto ........ tind aeinacrch ich eae pony OO Se

26
Feet. Inches.

Girth of the middle of the belly... ................ 3 (0
Girth of body near the shoulder ................ 2.6
Length from the tip of the snout to the posterior ex-

tremity of the skull ......... Boat. Hidlfe ee Iae
Space between the bas@ of the ears................ 0 8
Length of thejearay soe. rif era boule s coded des 0. 72

from the eye to the nostril................ O lily’

27

February 26, 1839.
The Rev. F. W. Hope in the chair.

A communication from the Bishop of Down and Connor was read.

In this communication (which’was forwarded to the Society through
W. Thomson, Esq., Vice-President of the Belfast Natural History
Society) his Lordship gives an interesting account of a Philantomba
Antelope (Antilope Philantomba, Ogilby) which his Lordship had
had in his possession for a considerable time. The animal was
brought from Sierra Leone by Frederick Wood Mant, Esq., who
has lately presented it to the Society.

-The animal presented to the Society, says his Lordship, ‘is said
to be a native of a part of the country one or two hundred miles
further inland. He is considered to be very rare even in that part
of the world, so that little could be learned about him from the in-
habitants, by whom, however, he appears to be known by the name
of Phillantombo or Phillytombo; whence his late master has been
in the habit of calling him Philly, and the animal has appeared sen-
sible’ of the name being designed for him.

«* He was landed in England in May 1837, and was thence brought
to Down and Connor House, Belfast, Ireland, where he has lived till
this present November 1838. He was probably full grown at the
time of his arrival in Europe, for no alteration is perceptible in his
size or height; he has been in perfect health the whole of that time,
and, with the precautions taken for his warmth and safety, has not
appeared to suffer even during the winter from a climate so different
from that of his native country. The chief change noticed in him
has been the loss of his teeth, which took place about Midsummer
1837, and again in 1838, somewhat later in the season; but neither
time did he seem to suffer any inconvenience, except for about a
fortnight, when he appeared to require softer food than beans and
biscuit. He also lost the rough sheath, which covered his horns, by
rubbing them against trees and posts, of which exercise he is very
fond; as he is also of rubbing his cheeks against anything that will
assist in removing the glutinous substance which exudes from the
orifices under his eyes: for this purpose he is pleased with having
his face rubbed by the hand, and he also seems to be gratified by a
similar application between his horns. It should be added, that the
points of his horns are extremely sharp, as has been experienced by
those who have been standing near him when he has been in a play-
ful mood, or who have had occasion to catch him in order to remove
him to his night quarters; for although extremely gentle, and free
from vice, he is at times too frolicksome to submit willingly to con-
finement, and is impatient of being taken up in the arms, when he
utters a cry like a petted child. It has been remarked, in the case

28

of any wound being inflicted by his horns, that it has never been
followed by inflammation, and has soon healed.

‘‘ It is a curious circumstance, to which it may be worth while to
draw attention, that frequently when he has been sleeping, and even
snoring, no one has been able to perceive that his eyes have ever
been closed.

‘His food has been various; slices of raw potatoes at first, when
he came, was his favourite food; but since he has been tried with
wheat, and rick beans, and with green branches of any tree, or
withered leaves of any kind, he has not eaten of the potatoes at all.
Every fruit he readily devours as well as flowers, such as china roses
and tulips, or any other gay ornament of the parterre, which made
it necessary to confine him to a portion of the garden where he could
not help himself quite so freely to its best produce. He has been
sometimes observed to dibble in the earth with his sharp hoof, and
eat voraciously of the mould; and once, having got access toa plum
tree, he swallowed so much of the fruit, stones and all, as to occa-
sion considerable alarm for his safety, till he coughed up the stones
quite clean, to the number perhaps of twenty or thirty. He is very
fond of hard biscuit, and drinks often of fresh water. In short, a
bit of biscuit and an apple have generally been given him as a treat
every evening, but wheat and beans are his constant food. Z

*‘ His evacuations are regularly three times in the twenty-four
hours, never between seven at night and seven in the morning. * The
water only is offensive, or he might be the inmate of a lady’s draw-
ing-room, he is so perfectly tame and cleanly.”

An account of the habits of the Chimpanzee was communicated by
Lieut. Henry K. Sayers. ‘‘ Bamboo, the Chimpanzee, now in the
Zoological Society’s Gardens, Regent’s Park, and the subject of this
sketch,” says Lieut. Sayers, ‘‘ was purchased, about eight months
since, from a Mandingo, at Sierra Leone, who related that he had
captured him in the Bullom country, having first shot the mother,
on which occasions the young ones never fail to remain by their
wounded parents. On becoming mine, he was delivered over to a black
boy, my servant, and in a few days became so attached to him as to
be exceedingly troublesome, screaming and throwing himself into
the most violent passion if he attempted to leave him for a moment.
He evinced also a most strange affection for clothes, never omitting
an opportunity of possessing himself of the first garment he came
across, whenever he had the means of entering my apartment, which
he carried immediately to the Piazza, where invariably he seated
himself on it with a self-satisfied grunt, nor would he resign it
without a hard fight, and, on being worsted, exhibited every sym-
ptom of the greatest anger. Observing this strange fancy I procured
-him a piece of cotton cloth, which, much to the amusement of all
who saw him, he was never without, carrying it with him wherever
he went, nor could any temptation induce him to resign it even for
a moment. Totally unacquainted with their mode of living in the
wild ‘state, I adopted the following method of feeding him, which

29

has appeared to succeed admirably. —In the morning, at eight
o'clock, he received a piece of bread about the size of a halfpenny
loaf, steeped in water or milk and water; about two, a couple of
bananas or plantains; and before he retired for the night, a banana,
orange, or slice of pine apple. The banana appeared to be his fa-
vourite fruit ; for it he would forsake all other viands, and if not
gratified, would exhibit the utmost petulance. On one occasion I
deemed it necessary to refuse him one, considering that he had al-
ready eaten a sufficiency, upon which he threw himself into the most
violent passion, and uttering a piercing cry, knocked his head with
such violence against the wall as to throw him on his back, then as-
cending a chest which was near, wildly threw his arms into the air
and precipitated himself from it. These actions so alarmed me for
his safety that I gave up the contest, and on doing so he evinced the
greatest satisfaction at his victory, uttering, for several minutes, the
most expressive grunts and cries; in short, he exhibited on all oc-
casions where his will was opposed, the impatient temper of a spoilt
child; but even in the height of passion I never observed any dispo-
sition to bite or otherwise ill treat his keeper or myself.

“Although he would never object to be caressed or nursed by
even a stranger, yet I never saw him evince the slightest disposition
to make the acquaintance of any other animal. At the time he
came into my possession I had two Patas Monkeys, and thinking
they might become acquainted, I placed Mr. Bamboo in the same
apartment, where he resided for five months, yet I never saw the
least desire on his part to become even friendly ; on the contrary, he
showed evident anger and dislike at their approach. This strange
attachment to the human race and manifest dislike to all others, I
have always considered one of the most extraordinary features of
this genus. His cunning was also remarkable. On all occasions
where he thought he was unobserved, he would not fail to steal
everything within his reach, for no other apparent purpose than to
gratify a propensity for thieving: did he, however, even think you
were looking at him, he would wait his opportunity with the great-
est patience before he commenced depredations. In his habits, un-
like the monkey tribe, he was exceedingly cleanly, never soiling his
bed or any place near it; and even on board ship (during the warm
weather) he never failed to seek the deck, unassisted, whenever the
calls of nature required it. On being left by himself in his piazza he
would invariably seat himself on the window-sill, which was the
highest point he could attain, and commanded a view of the barrack
yard as wellas the interior of my bed-room; but at sun-set he would
descend, enter a washing-tub, which he had of his own accord chosen
as a sleeping-place, and remain there all night: as soon, however,
as the sun rose, he would never fail to occupy his favourite position
on the window-ledge. From this I should say, that trees are as-
cended by the Chimpanzees merely for observation or food, and that
they live principally on the ground. Bamboo, at the time of pur-
chase, appeared to be about fourteen months old, and from what I
could learn from the natives, they do not reach their full growth till

30

between nine and ten years of age, which, if true, brings them ex-
tremely near the human species, as the boy or girl of West Africa,
at thirteen or fourteen years old, is quite as much a man or woman
as those of nineteen or twenty in our more northern clime. Their
height, when full grown, is said to be between four and five feet :
indeed I was credibly informed, that a male Chimpanzee, which
had been shot in the neighbourhood and brought into Free Town,
measured four feet five inches in length, and was so heavy as to form
a very fair load for two men, who carried him on a pole between
them. The natives say that in their wild state their strength is
enormous, and that they have seen them snap boughs off the trees
with the greatest-apparent ease, which the united strength of two
men could scarcely bend. The Chimpanzee is, without doubt, to
be found in all the countries from the banks of the Gambia in the
north, to the kingdom of Congo in the south, as the natives of all
the intermediate parts seem to be perfectly acquainted with them.
From my own experience I can state that the low shores of the Bul-
lom country, situated on the northern shores of the river Sierra
Leone, are infested by them in numbers quite equal to the commonest
species of monkey. I consider these animals to be gregarious, for
when visiting the rice farms of the Chief Dalla Mohammadoo, on
the Bullom shore, their cries plainly indicated the vicinity of a troop,
as the noise heard could not have been produced by less than eight
or ten of them. The natives also affirmed, that they always travel
in strong bodies, armed with sticks, which they use with much dex-
terity. They are exceedingly watchful, and the first one who discovers
the approach of a stranger utters a protracted cry, much resembling
that of a human being in the greatest distress. The first time I
heard it I was much startled; the animal was apparently not more
than thirty paces distant, but had it been but five I could not have
seen it from the tangled nature of the jungle, and I certainly con-
ceived that such sounds could only have proceeded from a human
being who hoped to gain assistance by his cries from some terrible
and instant death. The native who was with me laid his hand upon
my shoulder, and pointing suspiciously to the bush, said, ‘ Massa,
Baboo live there,’ and in a few minutes the wood appeared alive
with them, their cries resembling the barking of dogs. My guide
informed me that the cry first heard was to inform the troop of my
approach, and that they would all immediately leave the trees or
any exalted situation that might expose them to view and seek the
bush ; he also showed evident fear, and entreated me not to proceed
any further in that direction. The plantations of bananas, pam-
paws, and plantains, which the natives usually intermix with their
rice, constituting the favourite food of the Chimpanzees, accounts
for their being so frequent in the neighbourhood of rice fields. The
difficulty of procuring live specimens of this genus arises principally,
I should say, from the superstitions of the natives concerning them,
who believe they possess the power of ‘ witching.’

““There are authors who have, I believe, affirmed that some of the
natives on the western coast term these animals in their language

31

*Pongos ;’ but I beg leave to differ with them as to ‘ Pongos’ being
a native term. The Portuguese formerly monopolized the trade of
the coast, and had large possessions there as well as in the East In-
dies, most of the capes, rivers, &c. bearing the names they gave
them to this day. Now‘ Pongos’ I look upon to be a Portuguese East
Indian term for a tailless monkey, and in consequence of their dis-
covering a river in Africa, the banks of which were inhabited by vast
numbers of this species, they called it ‘Rio Pongos,’ a name which
it bears still. This J conceive to be the origin of the term, whilst
on the coast I observed that all the natives in the neighbourhood of
Sierra Leone, when speaking of this animal, invariably called him
‘Baboo,’ a corruption, I should suppose, of our term Baboon.”

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Ogilby proceeded to make
some observations upon a new species of Monkey, now living at the
Society’s Menagerie, which he characterized as follows :—

Pario Metanotus. P. cinereo-brunneus ; capite, dorso, lumbis-
que sub-nigris ; cauda brevissima, nuda; facie, auriculisque
pallidis.

The specimen from which this description is taken is a young
male, said to have been brought from Madras. It has at first sight a
considerable resemblance to the common Barbary species (Papio
sylvanus) both in general colour and in physiognomy, but differs
materially in the blackish brown shade which covers all the upper
parts of the head, neck, shoulders, and back. The face and ears
are of a pale flesh colour, not unlike the shade which distinguishes
extreme age in the human species ; the naked part of the paws is
dirty brown, and the temples are slightly tinged with a shade of
scarlet, which the keeper informs me spreads and deepens when the
animal is feeding. The tail is about an inch long, very slender, and
perfectly naked ; but whether the last circumstance be not accidental
I shall not take on me to say; it appears, however, to be the
natural condition of the organ. The general colour of the sides,
under parts of the body, and extremities, is that pale olive brown so
common among other species of this genus, such as the Bhunder (P.
Rhesus), the Maimon (P. Nemestrinus), &c., and the hairs are
equally without annulations. ‘The individual has all the liveliness,
good-nature, and grimace of the young Magot (P. Jnuus and Syl-
vanus) ; but, like that species, it will probably become morose and
saturnine as it advances in age and physical development; qualities
which, indeed, are common to all the Papios, and pre-eminently di-
stinguish them from the Cercopithecs, Colobs, and Semnopithecs.

A paper, entitled ‘ Spicilegium Serpentium Indicorum,” was
communicated by Dr. Theodore Cantor. This paper contains the
following descriptions of

A. Venomous Serpents*.
Genus TrirGonocerPHaLus, Oppel.
TRIGONOCEPHALUS ERyTHRURUS. T'ri. supra leté viridis, squamis

* Dr. Cantor's original specimens, drawings, and descriptions are in the
possession of the Radcliffe Library, Oxford. :

32

ovatis carinatis subimbricatis, caudd cinnamomed, squamis levibus
rhomboidalibus tectd ; abdomine flavo-viridescenti lined nigra
serrata utrinque incluso.
Scuta abdominalia 167.
Scutella subcaudalia 68.
Habitat. Delta Gangeticum. :
Bright green above, with ovate keeled slightly imbricate scales ;
the tail cinnamon-red, with smooth rhomboidal scales ; the abdominal
surface greenish-yellow, inclosed on both sides by a black serrated
line.

TRIGONOCEPHALUS MUCROSQUAMATUS. T'ri. superne griseo-brun-
nescens, annulis nigris albo marginatis, squamis ovalibus, semi-
carinatis mucronatis, imbricatim tectus ; subtus albidus, nigro
punctatus.

Scuta abdominalia 218.
Scutella subcaudalia 91.
Habitat. Naga Hills, Assam. ,
Brownish grey above, with black white-edged rings, covered with
oval, half-keeled, pointed, imbricate scales; whitish beneath, dotted
with black.

Genus Bunearus, Daudin.

Bunearus tivivus. Bung. superné lividus, subtus albo-flavescens,
Scuta abdominalia 221.
Scuta subcaudala 56.

Habitat. Asim.

Blackish-blue above, yellowish-white beneath.

Genus Hamapryas,* Cantor.

Hamapryas opuiopHacus. Ham. superne olivaceo-viridis, striis
sagittalibus nigris cinctus, abdomine glauco nigro marmorato.

Scuta abdominalia a 215 ad 245.
Scuta subcaudalia a 13 ad 32.
Scutella subcaudalia a 63 ad 71.

Habitat. Bengal.

Hindustanee name: Sunkr-Choar.

Olive-green above, with arrow-shaped black stripes; beneath,

glaucous marbled with black.

Genus Nasa, Laurenti.

Nasa Larvata. Na. supra brunnea, striis subflavis transversali-
bus variegata; disco annulo albo, larve haud impari, ornato,
pone quem (a tribus ad quinque) annuli albi ;—inferioris super -
ficiet pars anterior annulis albis, nigro-ceerulescentibus alternis
circumdata, pars posterior glauco iridescens.

Habitat. Bombay, Calcutta, Asam.

Bengalee name: Doollah-Kewtiah Nag.

* Vide Proceedings of the Zoological Society, No. lxvi. p. 73.

33

Brownish, with numerous faint yellow transverse stripes; the
hood marked with a white ring, not unlike the form of a mask, be-
hind which there are from three to five white rings ;—the anterior
part of the lower surface with alternate white and bluish-black rings ;
the -posterior part iridescent-glaucous.

A young specimen of this serpent lives at present in the Society’s
Gardens in Regent’s Park. The artificial temperature, 62° Fahr.,
in which it is kept appears to agree very well with the serpent,
which in one respect offers a striking difference from the habits of
this genus when kept in captivity in India, for the keeper informs
me that it feeds occasionally upon living frogs and earth-worms,
and that it drinks milk; while those in Dr. Russell’s and in my
own possession in India, when deprived of liberty invariably refused
to take any kind of food.

Genus Exaprs, Schneider.

Exars suncArorpEs*. El. superné lividus, strits sagittalibus albis
cinctus ; infra albus alterné lividus.
Scuta abdominalia 237.
; Scutella subcaudalia 46.
Habitat. Chirra Punji.
Black-blue above, with white arrow-shaped stripes; beneath,
alternately white and black-blue.

Exars Fuavicers. El, capite flavo, dorso nigro vittd serrata
alba coeruleo pallide nitente utrinque circumdato, caudd flavi
lined nigra medida divisé ;—abdomine flavo lined nigré utrinque
incluso.

Scuta abdominalia 275.
Scutella subcaudalia 45. .

Habitat. Malacca.

The head yellow, the back with a serrate band on each side,
shining with a pale sky-blue colour; the tail yellow, divided in the
middle by a black dorsal line; the abdominal surface yellow, in-
closed on each side by a black ‘line.

On my late visit to Copenhagen, Professor Reinhard pointed out
an undescribed species of Bungarus from Java, preserved in the Royal
Museum of Natural History (MSS. Cat., No. 128), which exhibits
the same distribution of colours as the Elaps flaviceps, viz. the head
and tail of a light yellow, the back bluish-black, the abdominal
surface light yellow, the scuta marked with a short black transverse
band or check on each side.

Ears nigromacuratus. El. superné pallide brunneo-rubescens,
maculis nigris albo-marginatis, lineis nigris junetis ;—cauda
fascius duabus nigris albo- -marginatis cincld ; abdomine flavo
albescenti, alterne laada. lined migra serrald utrinque incluso,

Scuta abdominalia 238.
Scuta subcaudalia 24,
Habitat. Sincapore.

' * From its resemblance to Bungarus ceruleus, Daudin.

34 |
Pale reddish brown above, with black white-edged spots, united
by black lines; on the tail two black bands with white margins ;—
the abdominal surface whitish yellow, alternately blue-black, in-
closed on both sides by a black serrated line.

Exaps rurcatus*, Schneider, Var. £1. superné pallidé brunneo-
rubescens, lined dorsali subflavd nigro serratim marginald, caudd
fasciis tribus nigris cinctd, abdomine flavo albescenti, lined nigra
utringue incluso.

Scuta abdominalia 238.
Scutella subcaudalia 24.
Halutat. Sincapore.
Pale reddish brown, above with a light yellow dorsal line, with
black serrated margins; on the tail three black bands; the abdo-
minal surface whitish yellow, inclosed on each side by a black line.

Mr. Fraser exhibited a new species of Corythaix, which he pro-
ceeded to characterize as follows :

CorYTHAIX MACRORHYNCHUS. Cor. rostro pregrandi aurantiaco,
ad basin sanguineo ; capite, cristd, collo pectoreque viridibus ;
crista ad apicem alba, et purpureo notata ; lined alba infra oculos
excurrente ; dorso alisque metallice purpureis ;\ primariis san-
guineis nigro marginatis ; caudd superné metallice viridi ; femo-
ribus cauddque subtus nigris ; tarsis nigris.

Long. tot. 14 poll.; rostri, 14; ale, 6; caude, 6; tarsi, 1}.

Hab. ?

This species of Corythaix lived for some time in the Society’s
Menagerie, having been purchased from a dealer who was unac-
quainted, with its locality.

Compared with the known species of the genus, it approaches
most nearly to the Corythaix Persa of authors, but from this it may
readily be distinguished by its smaller size ; and the form, compara-
tively large size, and colouring of the beak. The colouring of the
plumage also differs in some respects : like C. Persa, the head, neck,
and breast are green, but the feathers on these parts are of a deeper
hue than in that species; the feathers of the crest, instead of being
simply tipped with white, having a white transverse line near the
apex, but at the apex they are purple-black. Minute black feathers
encircle the eye, and a white stripe extends from beneath the eye
on to the ear. The beak is much arched above, and somewhat in-
flated at the base ; the nostrils are very large, and not hidden,.as in
C. Persa, by the decumbent feathers, these extending only to the
posterior angle of the nostril. The upper mandible is of a bright
yeliow colour, excepting all that portion which lies below and he-
hind the nostrils, which is of a brilliant red colour; the lower man-
dible is of the same red tint, but tipped with yellow. Both mandi-
bles present simple sharp-cutting edges, in this respect exhibiting a
different structure from that observable in the allied species, C. Persa
and C. Buffonii, in which the mandibles have their cutting edges

* Russell, II., No. xix.

35

serrated. The back and upper surface of the wings are of a deep
purple-blue tint, exhibiting in certain parts greenish reflections.
The primaries (with the exception of the first quill) and the second-
aries (with the exception of the three or four innermost quills) are
red, margined with black ; the shafts of these feathers are also black.
The outer primary is black, and the two or three following feathers
are broadly margined externally with the same colour. All the
wing feathers are black at the base ; on the outermost feathers the
black colouring occupies but little space, but in each successive
feather it increases in extent. The feathers of the tail are of a very
dark green colour above, inclining to black ; beneath they are black,
but exhibit indistinct purple reflections. ‘The rump, upper and un-
der tail coverts, thighs, and vent are black, obscurely tinted with
purple or green in parts. The tarsi are black. ‘The eyes are hazel,
and the naked, or almost naked space around the eye, is of a crimson
colour; not carunculated, asin C. Buffonii and C. leucotis.

A highly-interesting and valuable series of specimens of the Paper
Nautilus (Argonauta Argo), consisting of the animals and their
shells of various sizes, of ova in various stages of development,
and of fractured shells in different stages of reparation, were ex-
hibited and commented on by Professor Owen, to whom they had
been transmitted for that purpose by Madame Jeanette Power.
Mr. Owen stated that these specimens formed part of a large collec-
tion, illustrative of the natural history of the Argonaut, and bearing
especially on the long-debated question of the right of the Cepha-
lopod inhabiting the Argonaut shell to be considered as the true
fabricator of that shell.

This collection was formed by Madame Power in Sicily in the
year 1838, during which period she was engaged in repeating her
experiments and observations on the Argonaut, having then full
cognizance of the nature of the little parasite (Hectocotylus, Cuv.),
which had misled her in regard to the development of the Argonaut
in a previous suite of experiments described by her in the Transac-
tions of the Gizenian Academy for 1836.

As this mistake had been somewhat illogically dwelt on, to depre-
ciate the value of other observations detailed in Madame Power’s
Memoir, Mr. Owen observed, that it was highly satisfactory to
find that the most important of the statements in that memoir had
been subsequently repeated and confirmed by an able French mala-
cologist, M. Sander Rang. Mr. Owen then proceeded to recapitu-
late these points.

First, with reference to the relative position of the Cephalo-
pod to the shell, Madame Power, in her memoir of 1836, describes
the siphon as being applied to the part of the shell opposite to the
involuted spire. M. Sander Rang, who made his observations on
the Argonaut in the port of Algiers, after having had cognizance of
Madame Power’s experiments, states, in his memoir published in
Guerins’s ‘ Magazin de Zoologie’ (1837), that in all the Argonauts
observed by him, the siphon and ventral surface of the Cephalopod

36

were invariably placed against the outer wall or keel of the shell,
and the opposite, or dorsal surface of the body next the involuted
spire.

Secondly, with reference to the relative position of the arms of the
Cephalopod to the shell, and the uses of the dorsal pair of arms, usually
called the “‘ sails,’” Madame Power had described these velated arms
as being placed next the involuted spire of the shell, over which
they were bent, and expanded forwards so as to cover and conceal
the whole of the shell, and from which they were occasionally re-
tracted in the living Argonaut: she further made the important
discovery that these expanded membranes were the organs of the
original formation and subsequent reparation of the shell, and in-
geniously and justly compared them, in her memoir of 1836, to
the two lobes of the mantle of the Cowry. These facts are de-
scribed as the result of actual observation; but Madame Power,
entertaining the common belief of the action and use of the velated
arms in the sailing of the Cephalopod, enters into considerations
respecting their proportional strength in relation to that hypothetical
office. The subsequent observations of M. Rang have fully con-
firmed the accuracy of Madame Power’s description of the relative
position of the so-called sails of the Argonaut to the shell; and he
has published some beautiful figures illustrative of this fact.

Thirdly, M. Rang confirms the discovery of Madame Power as to
the faculty possessed by the Cephalopod of reproducing its shell,
but he was unable to preserve his captive Argonaut sufficiently long
te witness the complete deposition of calcareous matter in the new
substance by which the Argonaut had repaired the fracture purposely
made in its shell.

There are other observations in the original memoir of Madame
Power ; as, e. g. with respect to the flexibility and elasticity of the
living shell of the Argonaut; the great extensibility and pump-like
action of the siphon in locomotion; the use of the velated arms in
retaining the shell firmly upon the Cephalopod; the great voracity
of the Argonaut; the constantly fatal results of depriving it of its
shell: all of which statements are of great interest and novelty in
the history of this problematical molluse, and some of which like-
wise receive confirmation in the memoir of M. Sander Rang.

Notwithstanding, however, that so many additional facts had
been thus brought to bear on the relations subsisting between the
Argonaut-shell and its occupant,.Mr. Owen observed that the lead-
ing Malacologists who advocated the parasitic theory, had reiterated
their conviction of its truth; and even M. Rang, though evidently.
biassed by what he had observed in favour of the opposite view,
yields so much to the authority of M. de Blainville, as to declare
himself in a state of the most complete uncertaifity on the subject :—
*“* Nous nous trouvons en ce moment dans la plus compléte incerti-
tude.” Loc. cit.

In this state of the question, a collection of specimens of the
Argonauts, such as Madame Power had submitted to the examina-
tion of the Zoological Society, was of the greatest importance, if

37

impartially and logically considered with reference to the points at
issue, and Mr. Owen stated that, having studied this collection with
much care, he should, in the first place, restrict himself to such
observations and arguments as would naturally flow trom an exa-
mination of the specimens themselves, apart from any history cr
statement with which they had been accompanied when first placed
in his hands by Madame Power.

The collection of Argonauts, —Cephalopods and skells,—preserved
in spirits, included twenty specimens, at different periods of growth,
the smallest having ‘a shell weighing not more than one grain and
a half, the remainder increasing, by small gradations, to the com-
mon-sized mature individual.

Mr. Owen’s first attention was directed to the relative sGuGR of
the Cephalopod to its shell. In every case it correspended to that
which obtains in the Pearly Nautilus, the siphon and ventral surface
of the Cephalopod being placed neat the broad keel forming the ex-
ternal wall of the shell, the dorsal surface of the body neat the invo-
luted spire or internal wall. In most of these specimens the velated
arms, which are nearest the involuted spire, were retracted; but in
some of the larger examples they had been admirably preserved
in a fully-expanded and flexible state, and in their natural position
as envelopes of the shell.

A second fact, of considerable weight in the debated point of the
parasitism of the Argonaut, was afforded by this collection, viz. that
in ten of the younger specimens there were no ova in the shell, but
the body of the Cephalopod occupied the whole of the cavity of the
shell, to which it accurately corresponded in form. It was scarcely
possible, Mr. Owen observed, to contemplate these specimens with-
out deriving a conviction that the body had served as the mould
upon which the shelly matter had been deposited; and with re-
ference to the expanded membranes of the dorsal arms, to which
the office of calcification was assigned by Madame Power and M.
Rang, these, it should be remembered, were, in fact, essentially pro-
ductions of the mantle and possessed the same structure. It was
only in the smaller specimens, however, that the body filled the
shell ; when the ovarium begins to enlarge, the body is drawn from
the apex of the shell, and the deserted place is occupied chiefly by
the mucous secretion of the animal until the ova are deposited
therein.

Mr. Owen then reminded the members present, that in former
discussions on the nature of the Argonaut, he had opposed to the para-
sitic theory an observation made by himself on a series of young Argo-
nauts, of a different species from the Arg. Argo, all captured at the
same time, and exhibiting different sizes and degrees of growth,
viz. the exact correspondence between the size of the shells and tht of
their inhabitants, every trifling difference in ihe bulk of the latter being
accompanied with proportional differences in the size of the shells
which they occupied*, Madame Power's collection of young Argo-
nauts afforded the means of pursuing this comparison to a much

* Zool, Trans., ii. pt. ii. p. 115.

38

further extent, and Mr. Owen had not only done so in reference to
their relative size, but had also weighed the shell and its inhabitant
separately of each specimen, from the smallest up to that in which
the ova were fully developed in the ovarium. The following tabular
view was given of the weights and measurements of ten of the
alternate specimens in this series.

Bo eG MS DitoBe YC Gia ly EUUy Ease

grs. | grs. | grs. | grs. | grs. | grs. | grs. | grs. | grs. | grs.
Weight of the Shell ...... 13] 357) 33 | 42 | 7% | 163] 174) 18) 19] 46
Weight of the Inhabitant*} 18 /21 \24 41t |62 | 824)165§| 179] 214) 384

lines.| lines. lines.| lines.) lines.| lines.| lines.} lines.| lines.) lines.

Length of the Shell] .....- 8) ll | 12 123} 15 | 223) 23 | 243) 27 | 37

Mr. Owen stated, that the correspondence in the progressive in-
crease of inhabitant and shell, though not strictly conformable, was
so close, as to present, in his opinion, an insurmountable objection
to the parasitic theory. In every instance the inhabitant of a larger
shell weighed more than that of a smaller one, even where the
difference in the weight of the shell was but half a grain; while
the few irregularities observed in the progressive increase of the two
could in each case be accounted for, either by the enlargement of
the ovarium, which added to the weight, without a proportional in-
crease to the superficies of the individual; or, on the other hand, to
a more rapid increase in the thickness of the shell at the earlier
periods of its growth, or to a greater development of the angular
processes of the mouth of the shell, as an individual peculiarity. In
a collection of young parasitic Hermit-crabs (Paguri) the. smaller
specimens are commonly seen in shells. of various species, and fre-
quently very disproportionate bulk; the contrary is the case in the
young of the Argonaut. ‘‘ Now these young Cephalopods (Mr.
Owen observed) grow, like the rest of the class, with great rapidity ;
the differences in the size of many of the young Argonauts in ques-
tion corresponded with differences of age of a few days at the ut-

* In each case the Cephalopod was removed froni the shell, and both
were placed on blotting-paper, to absorb the superfluous liquor; due care
was taken to weigh each specimen under conditions as precisely similar as
possible.

+ The disproportionate ratio in the increase of the shell B arises from
the additional portion of the shell being thicker and heavier in propor-
tion to the previously-formed part, than in the subsequent periods of
growth, so that the increase of weight is in a greater ratio than the increase
of size.

t Clusters of ovisacs were conspicuous in D to the naked eye in the
ovarfum, which had already begun to expand under the sexual stimulus.

§ The ovarium has now begun rapidly to enlarge.

|| This admeasurement was taken in a straight line, traversing the longest
diameter of the shell ;-it was found impracticable to give any constant
admeasurement of the Cephalopod, in consequence of the varying state of
contraction and form of its soft and changeable body.

39

most"; so that, if the accuracy of the above observations made by
Mr. Owen on two series of two distinct species of Argonaut, be
admitted, * ‘‘a Naturalist entertaining the parasitic theory, must
be compelled to suppose that the young Ocythoé, or Cephalopod,
is engaged in a perpetual warfare with the hypothetical Nucleo-
branchiate constructor of the Argonaut shell, which shell, to pro-
duce the correspondences above described, the young Ocythoé must
change two or three times a week, if not every day. And never-
theless, although each prolific Cephalopod of the Argonaut sends
into the world hundreds of little ones that must be so accommodated,
and although, on the parasitic hypothesis, hundreds of the hypothe-
tical Nucleo-branchiate constructors of the Argonaut shéll ought
to swarm about the port of Messina, where Madame Power obtained
the specimens with which she stocked her molluscous vivarium, and
notwithstanding that M. de Blainville has called the special atten-
tion of Naturalist-collectors to the hypothetical true constructor of
the Argonaut-shell, as a chief desideratum in Malacology; and
lastly, notwithstanding this hypothetical Nucleo-branchiate mollusk
ought, on M. de Blainville’s theory, to be nearly allied to the dilanta
and Carinaria, and therefore a floating Pelagic species, generally to
be met with on the surface of the ocean ;—yet had it still evaded
the observation of the numerous active collectors engaged in ex-
ploring the zoological riches of the Mediterranean in different parts
S$ coasts.”

“It is in vain to*repeat, with reference to the non-discovery of any
other inhabitant of the Argonaut than the Cephalopod, ‘ Ce que ne
peut étre rangé au nombre des argumens, parceque ce qui n’a pas
eu lieu jusqu’ 4 un moment déterminé, peut se montrer le moment
suivant ;’ that, ‘what is a fact at the present moment, viz. the
non-discovery of the hypothetical true constructor of the Argonaut,
may be no longer a fact at the moment after.’ Such an observation
could only possess argumentative force in the absence of other facts
showing the high degree of improbability that a floating Pteropod,
or Heteropod, sufficiently abundant to have supplied all the Argo-
nauts of the Mediterranean with their shells, could have escaped ob-
servation.’

Mr. Owen then proceeded to state that he had dissected every
specimen of Argonaut in the present collection in which the absence
of ova in the shell left the sex doubtful, and that they all proved to
be females; this fact rendered it allowable to conjecture that the
calcifying brachial membranes, and consequently the shell, might
be sexual characters and peculiar to the female. But, he argued,
‘the known paucity of males as compared with femaies in other
species of Cephalopods, rendered the conjecture to a certain degree
problematical. Should it, however, be hereafter proved that the

* They accord with the statement of Poli, and with the observations of
M. Prevost, founded on a suite of specimens of the Argonaut from the
size of one and two inches to three or four inches. These are quoted by
M. de Blainville in his memoir of 1837 (p. 10), but without the deduc-
tions which I have drawn from the same facts.

40

male Argonaut possessed neither a shell nor the organs for secreting
it, this fact would not render the hypothesis of the parasitism of the
female, which does possess the calcifying membranes, at all the less
tenable.”

With respect to the shell of the Argonaut, Professor Owen ob-
served, that ‘any argument founded on observations on the dried
shells in cabinets, could tend only to mislead the observer. Madame
Power’s specimens having been recently collected, and preserved in
alcohol of not too great strength, manifested much of the original
transparency and elasticity of the living shell. It was obvious,
therefore, that light would act in developing the coloured spots on
the contained body of the Argonaut ; and this fact is important in
. reference to the seventh argument in M. de Blainville’s memoir of
1837, p. 4., in which he asserts that ‘ those parts of mollusks which
are covered with a shell are constantly white or colourless, but the
mantle investing the body of the Argonaut is highly coloured.’ Now,
if M. de Blainville’s object had been to prove that the Ocythoé did
not inhabit a shell at all, the force or purport of this observation
would have been intelligible; but the question is not whether the
body of the Ocythoé is or is not covered with a shell, but whether
it makes or steals that shell. But perhaps the’argument, founded
on the supposed opacity of the Argonaut shell, was brought forward
merely to prove, that up to a certain period of its existence the Ocy-
thoé was naked, and that the Argonaut-shell was taken posses
of only for some temporary purpose, as for oviposition. The obser-
vations, however,which I published in 1836 (Cyclop. of Anat., Art.
Cephalopoda, p. 544), proved that the young Cephalopod of the
Argonaut was provided with a shell prior to the period of oviposi-
tion, and that the body entirely filled the shell at that period. The
present collection still more satisfactorily establishes the fact, that
the Argonaut-shell is not assumed by the Cephalopod for a tempo-
rary purpose : for the shell which protects the young would be wholly
inadequate as a nidus for the ova of the mature animal ; and for What
purpose, then, on the parasitic theory, is the shell assumed by the
Cephalopod before its ovarium has received the stimulus of sexual
development ?”

In Madame Power’s recently-collected specimens, the shell, after
a few hours’ soaking in water, regained so much of its original
flexibility as to demonstrate its power of varying its form with the
varying bulk arising from the respiratory and locomotive actions of
the inhabitant*.

The inductions, therefore, which the present collection of Argo-
nauts of different ages and sizes legitimately sustained, were in exact

* In M. de Blainville’s Letter on the Parasitism of the Argonaut (1837),
the following assertion is offered as the tenth argument: ‘‘ La mode de
Jocomotion et de respiration de ces animaux par la contraction et la dilata-
tion alternatives du sac, ne permet pas d’admettre qu’ il y ait adhérence
de la peau avec la coquille, 4 moins que de supposer que celle-ci soit flexi-
ble et élastique, et suive tous les mouvemens de celle-la, ce qui est bien
loin de la vérité.”’

41

accordance with Madame Power’s belief that the Cephalopod was the
true constructor of the shell, while no contradictory inference had
been, or could be, deduced from an examination of the specimens
themselves.

With reference to the second suite of specimens, viz. the ova of
the Argonaut in different stages of development, Mr. Owen entered
into a detailed account of the new and interesting facts which they
revealed. In the ova most advanced, the distinction of head and
body was established; the pigment of the eyes, the ink in the ink-
bladder, the pigmental spots on the skin, were distinctly developed ;
the siphon, the beak,—which was colourless and almost transpa-
rent,—and the arms were also discernible by a low microscopic

ower; the arms were short and simple; the secreting membranes
of the shell were not developed, and of the shell itself there was no
trace.

In the second memoir of 1838, published by Madame Power, it is
stated that the young Argonaut is excluded from the egg, as such,
but naked, twenty-five days after oviposition, and that in ten or
twelve days more, she discovered that they had formed their little
shell. Mr. Owen regretted that there were no specimens in the
present collection exhibiting the commencing formation of the shell ;
these were still a desideratum : but he proceeded to say, that the ob-
servations on the development of the ova of the Mollusca in general,
which science possessed, would be greatly overstated, if one per cent.
of the known species of Mollusca were allowed to have been subjected
to such examination ; he could not, therefore, admit, or indeed under-
stand, the philosophy of regarding the period of the development of
a mere dermal production, like the shell, as being subject to so pre-
cise a law, that its non-appearance in an embryo-mollusk, prior to
its exclusion from the egg-covering, was to be considered proof po-
sitive that such mollusk should never thereafter have the power of
secreting a shell. Now it was evident, from the observation of Ma-
dame Power’s specimens, independently of any statements respecting
them, that the expanded membranes of the dorsal pair of arms are
not formed until the development of the embryo has far advanced :
if, therefore, these membranous arms be, as Madame Power states,
the organs of the secretion of the shell, that shell may not be formed
until after the exclusion of the young Argonaut.

The proof that the velated arms possess, like the expansions of
the mantle of the Cyprea, a calcifying power, was afforded by the
third series of specimens on the table of the Society. These consist-
ed of six shells of the Argonaut, from which Madame Power had
removed pieces of shell while the Argonauts were in life and vigour,
in her marine vivarium. One of the shells had been removed from
the animal ten minutes after the fracture; another Argonaut had
lived in the cage two months after being subjected to the experi-
ments: the remaining specimens exhibited intervening periods be-
tween the removal of a portion of the shell and its reparation. The
fractured shell first described had the breach repaired by a thin
transparent membranous film: the piece removed was taken from
the middle of the keel. In a second specimen calcareous matter

42

had been deposited at the margins of the membrane, where it was
attached to the old shell. Ina third specimen, in which a portion
of the shell had been removed from the keel, about two inches
from the mouth of the shell, the whole breach had been repaired by
a calcareous layer, differing only in its greater opacity and irregu-
larity of form from the original shéll.. In the specimen longest
retained after the fracture, a portion had been removed from the
margin of the shell: here the new material next the broken edge
presented the opacity characteristic of the repairing substance, but
the transition of this substance into the material of the shell, sub-
sequently added in the ordinary progress of growth, was so gra-
dual, in the resumption in the repairing material of the ordinary
clearness and striated structure of the shell, that it, was impossible
to doubt but that the reparation as well as the subsequent growth
had been effects of the same agent. The repaired parts of the shell
reacted precisely like the ordinary shell with nitric acid.

Mr. Owen then observed, that the specimens submitted to the meet-
ing by Madame Power possessed in themselves the means of confirm-
ing or refuting her theory of the formative organs of the shell of the
Argonaut : for if the shell were secreted, as in gastropods, &c., by
the edge of the mantle covering the body, the new material by which
the breaches of the shell had been repaired, should have been depo-
sited on the inside of the fractured edge; but, on the contrary, it
was clearly obvious in two of the specimens, that the new material
had been laid on upon the outside of the fractured part—as it must
have been, supposing the vela or membranous arms to be the calci-
fying organs.

Mr. Owen then recapitulated as follows, the evidence, which, in-
dependently of any preconceived theory or statement, could be de-
duced from the admirable collection of Argonauta Argo due to the
labours of the accomplished lady who had contributed so materially
to the elucidation of a problem which had divided the zoological
world from the time of Aristotle.

Ist. The Cephalopod of the Argonaut constantly maintains the
same relative position in its shell.

2nd. The young Cephalopod manifests the same concordance
between the form of its body and that of the shell, and the same per-
fect adaptation of the one to the other, as do the young of other
testaceous Mollusks.

. 8rd. The young Cephalopod entirely fills the cavity of its shell:
the fundus of the sac begins to be withdrawn from the apex of the
shell only when the ovarium begins to enlarge under the sexual
stimulus.

4th. The shell of the Argonaut corresponds in size with that of its
inhabitant, whatever be the differences in the latter in that respect.
(‘The observations of Poli, of Prevost, and myself, on a series of
Argonauta rufa, before cited, are to the same effect.’’)

5th. The shell of the Argonaut possesses all the requisite flexibi-
lity and elasticity which the mechanism of respiration and locomo-
tion in the inhabitant requires: it is also permeable to light.

6th. The Cephalopod inhabiting the Argonaut repairs the frac-

43

tures of its shell with a material having the same chemical compo-
sition as the original shell, and differing in mechanical properties
only in being a little more opake.

7th. The repairing material is laid on from without the shell, as
it should be according to the theory of the function of the mem-
branous arms as calcifying organs.

8th. When the embryo of the Argonaut has reached an advanced
stage of development in ovo, neither the membranous arms nor shell
are developed.

9th. ‘The shell of the Argonaut does not present any distinctly
defined nucleus.

Mr. Owen finally proceeded to consider the validity of the best
and latest arguments advanced in favour of the parasitism of the
Cephalopod of the Argonaut, and commenced with those published
in the Proceedings of the Zool. Society for 1836, p.. 122.

_ ‘Mr. Gray states, Ist. ‘ The animal has none of those peculiarities
of organization for the deposition, formation, and growth of the
shell, nor even the muscles for attaching it to the shell, which are
found in all other shell-bearing Mollusks; instead of which, it
agrees in form, colour, and structure with the naked Mollusks,
especially the naked Cephalopods.’

‘To this statement it need only be replied, that the Cephalopod of
the Argonaut possesses two membranous expansions, having the
same structure as the calcifying processes of the mantle in the tes-
taceous Mollusks, and which Madame Power and M. Sander Rang
compare to the lobes of the mantle of Cyprea; and that the Cepha-
lopod in question, instead of agreeing in structure with the naked
Cephalopods, differs from them precisely in the presence of conspi-
cuous and largely-developed organs, which present the closest cor-
respondence in form and structure with the calcifying membranes
of the Cowries and other testaceous Mollusks.

«« Qndly. Mr. Gray asserts, ‘that the shell of the Argonaut is evi-
dently not moulded on the body of the animal usually found in it,
as other shells are.’

‘«« This assertion, like the preceding, is directly opposed to the fact.
But at the time when it was recorded in our Proceedings, Mr. Gray
had probably not examined the young Argonaut. . Yet the analogy
of other testacea might have indicated to him that it was essential to
see the young Mollusk before the degree of correspondence between
the animal and its shell could be definitively pronounced upon.
Most shell-bearing Gastropods, like the Nautilus and Argonaut,
withdraw their bodies in the progress of growth from the contracted
apex by which their shell commenced, and differ accordingly in form
from that of the original cavity of their shell. The mode in which
the vacated part of the shell is dealt with in different Mollusks is ex-
tremely various, and reducible to no common law; in the genus
Magilus, e.g. it is solidified: in some species of Helix, Bulinus, and
Cerithium, the deserted part of the shell, after being partitioned off,
is decollated: in the Nautilus, &c., it iscamerated. Wasit at all im-
probable that in the Argonaut some other condition of the vacated

,

44

spire of the shell should be manifested ?» Why should it not be made
subservient to the generative economy of the species? Yet, because
it is neither solidified, decollated, nor camerated, it is argued in
the third place, that the Argonaut shell must have been secreted by
some other Mollusk than the Cephalopod usually found in it.

«‘4thly. Mr. Gray observes, ‘ the young shell of the just-hatched
animal, which forms the apez of the shell at all periods of its growth,
is much larger (ten times) than the eggs contained in the upper
part of the cavity of the Argonaut.’ The argument here founded ona
comparison of the size of the supposed nucleus of the Argonaut shell
with that of the ovum of the Ocythoé, has been quoted with appro-
bation by M. de Blainville ; but granting that the shell of a testa-
ceous Mollusk is always formed before the embryo is excluded from
the ovum, (which, as I have already shown, is a postulate, and not
an established law) the force of an argument for the parasitic
theory, based on this postulate, wholly depends upon another
assumption, viz. that the ovum of a Mollusk never enlarges after
it has quitted the parent. Now, the first observation which the
promulgator of this argument had the opportunity of making on
one of our commonest littoral Testacea—the Whelk, proved to him
that the molluscous ovum in that species does enlarge after exclu-
sion, and Mr. Gray was subsequently compelled to admit ‘ that the
size of the nucleus would not offer any difficulty with respect to the
Ocythoé being the maker of the shell which it inhabits*.’

«‘ Whether the other arguments founded by Mr. Gray upon the
form of the body, and the want of perfect adaptation or adhesion of
the body to the shell, &c., are unanswerable, as that experienced Con-
chologist states that he considers them to be, must depend upon
the degree of weight which the objections above advanced are allow-.
ed to carry

“« With respect to the conclusions as to the parasitism of the Ocy-
thoé, drawn from observing the relation of the Cephalopod to its"
shell, their insufficiency depends upon the circumstance that in
forming them the condition of the mature Argonaut has been con-
sidered as. applicable to every period of its life, and the arguments
Nos. 1 and 2 being founded upon that supposition, thereby fall to
the ground. In the argument for the parasitic theory deduced from
the development of the Argonaut shell, a general rule, applicable
to an extensive primary division of the animal kingdom, is assumed
from the result of extremely scanty observations, which are altogether
inadequate to its establishment.

“In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1837,Mr. Charles-
worth proposed an argument in favour of the parasitism of the Ocy-
thoé, which has the merit—not possessed by those above discussed—
of being founded on the observation of a new fact in the natural hi-
story of the Argonaut, viz., that breaches in the shell were repaired
by a substance agreeing in every respect with the original shell.
Mr. Charlesworth has, however, since admitted that this fact is not

* Magazine of Natural History, New Series, 1837, p. 248.

45

valid as evidence of the parasitism of the Cephalopod ; and it isnow
proved that the transparent film observed by M. Rang to be de-
posited by the Ocythoé over the fracture of the Argonaut shell
would have been converted into a true shelly material if the sub-
ject of his experiment had survived for a longer period.

“M. d’Orbigny*, on the other hand, derived from his observations
of the Argonauta hians made during his voyage to South America;
a belief in the fallacy of the parasitic theory; the principal argu-
ment of novelty which he adduces is founded on the integrity of the
delicate and flexible margins of the shell in which the supposed pa-
rasite was lodged. M. de Blainville has refused his assent to the
validity of this argument on the grounds that the rightful owner of
the Argonaut shell might have been very recently expelled from
the specimens described by M. d’Orbigny. As I have elsewhere +
considered this objection, I shall not dwell further upon it, but
merely observe that the experiments of Poli and Ranzani adduced
by M. d’Orbigny in evidence of the formation of the shell in ovo
are more than suspicious, and are inadequate to enforce a conviction
of the trith of the non-parasitic theory.

«The more recent arguments of M. de Blainville} in favour of the
parasitism of the Argonaut repose partly on statements which are not
based on facts, and partly on the interpretation of actual facts. The
false facts are the following: Ist. That the same species of Cepha-
lopod is not always found in the same species of shell. 2nd. That
the natural position of the animal in the shell varies, the back of the
animal being sometimes next the outer wall of the shell, sometimes
next the involuted spire. 3rd. That the animal does not occupy the
posterior part of its shell—(this being true of the more mature ani-
malonly). 4th. That the form of the animal and of its parts offers no
concordance or analogy with the shell. 5th. That the shell is too
opake to have permitted the influence of light in the development of
the coloured pigment in the mantle of the Cephalopod of the Argo-
naut. 6th. That it is very far from being true that the Argonaut
shell possesses the flexibility and elasticity requisite to harmonize
with the locomotive and respiratory movements of the animal. 7th.
That the animal suffers no appearance of inconvenience when de-
prived of its shell. 8th. That a Cephalopod has been discovered in
the Sicilian seas like that which inhabits the Argonaut, but without
a shell.

“‘ With respect to the first six of these statements, it need only to be
observed that they are abundantly disproved by the series of speci-
mens now on the table. P

“ As to the seventh statement, its value will be manifest, when the
account given by Mr. Cranch, on which it is founded, is carefully
analysed and considered. Mr. Cranch’s observations, as quoted by
Dr. Leech, amount simply to this: ‘ When the Cephalopod (Argo:

* Voyage dans l’ Amérique Méridionale, Mollusques, p. 10.
+ Zool. Trans., vol. ii. p. 114.
t Annales d’ Anatomie et de Physiologie, Mai, 1837.

46

nauta hians, Solander, or Ocythoé Cranchii, Leech) was adhering;
with the vela retracted, to the side of the vessel of sea-water in which
it was placed, the shell could be removed’: in other words, there
was no muscular adhesion. ‘In this state of captivity some of the
Cephalopods lost the power of retaining hold of the shell; one which
had thus left its shell lived several idnee and showed no desire to

- return.’

“« Nowhad the Ocythoé been a parasite;—supposing that it had ever
before obtained its shell by placing its body in one ready-made ;—and
had it been in the habit of repeating this act during its whole period

of growth, as it must have done to produce the concordance in size
which the observations of Poli, Prevost, Madame Power, and myself
establish as a general fact ;—then the probability would have been
greater that the Cephalopod would have returned to, and so man-
ceuvred as to regain possession of, its shell: the observation of
such a fact would have told as strongly for the parasitic theory as
the phznomena witnessed by Mr. Cranch testify in my opinion
against it. I have repeated Mr. Cranch’s experiment with a true
parasite,—the common Hermit-crab of our coasts; and I would in-
vite any naturalist to remove a parasitic Pagurus from its shell, and
place it with the empty shell in a basin of sea-~water, and see whe-
ther the parasite will manifest no desire to return his body into its
accustomed hiding-place. In my experiments the Pagurus lost no
time in regaining possession of its shell. As Mr. Cranch’s Argonaut
survived four hours without showing the least disposition to return
to its shell, instead of concluding therefrom that it had stolen it, I
infer that such a mode of acquiring a shell was totally foreign to
its instincts and ceconomy.

«« Mad. Power states that the constant result of depriving the Argo-
naut of its shell is a gradual loss of vital power and ultimate death
‘within a few hours at furthest. The experiment of M. Sander
Rang was followed by the same result.

“‘ With respect to the eighth statement, I must say that the
weakness of the side of the question advocated by M. de Blainville
is clearly betrayed by the dubious notice of the Ocythoé by M. Ra-
finesque having been pressed into the service of the parasitic theory
in the disguise of an established fact. M. Rang* informs us-that
the entire description of the much talked-of Ocythoé, as given by
its discoverer, is as follows: ‘ Appendices tentaculaires au nombre
de huit, les deux supérieures ailes intérieurement, a sucoirs inté-
rieurs, pedonculés, réunis par Vaile latérale, sans aucune mem-
brane a leur base’; and amongst other just observations on the
inadequacy of this meagre indication, to the support of the theory
that the Cephalopod of the Argonaut naturally existed without its
shell, and was identical with the Ocythoé of Rafinesque, M. Rang
adds that the description of the Ocythoé above cited is equally ap-
plicable to any of the species of Octopus, to whe M. Feérussac
had applied the term ‘ Véliferes.’

.* Guerin’s Magazine, p.. 31.) 0.0.0.6)

47

«T now come to the consideration of the arguments for the parasi-
tism of the Cephalopod of the Argonaut, founded by M. de Blainville
on undoubted or admissible facts. The first of these arguments re-
poses on the often-repeated statement of the absence of any organ
for muscular adhesion in the Cephalopod of the Argonaut. I confess,
that when I discovered the Cephalopod of the Nautilus to be fixed to
its shell by two strong muscles, and that the corresponding muscles
in the Argonaut were very feebly developed, and lost in the mantle,
the absence of analogy between the two Cephalopods inclined me, in
1832, to consider as probable the parasitic theory; subsequently,
however, the consideration of the absence of muscular adhesion in
the Carinaria, and of any adhesion at all in the Annelides which se-
crete shells, deprived this argument of much of its force.

«« Secondly, M. de Blainville observes that ‘the muscular integument
of the body of the Cephalopod is not thinner than that of the naked
species, contrary to that which exists in all conchyliferous Mollusks.’
But what Mollusk, we may ask, has its whole body covered with a
shell so delicate, so transparent, so flexible and elastic, as is the shell
of the living Argonaut*?

«« The dorsal border of the mantle is not free,” observes M. de
Blainville. Granted: and this would be undoubtedly strong proof
that the Cephalopod of the Argonaut did not secrete its shell, if it
were not provided with other organs for the purpose. In the
Pearly Nautilus, on the other hand, which has no veliferous arms,
the dorsal border of the mantle is so produced that it can be ex-
tended from the involuted spire, which it habitually covers, over
the whole exterior of the shell, just as the Argonaut invests its shell
with the transparent films of the dorsal pair of arms: the analogy
between these two testaceous Cephalopods is perfect as regards their
relative position to the shell, but does not extend to their organs of
secreting or of adhering to the shell.

«« The animal does not occupy the posterior part of its shell. This
I have ranged in the category of false facts, because the statement is
only applicable to the young animal. But granting it were true, as
well might we argue the Helix decollata to be a parasite, because it
does not, like Magilus, retain and fill with shelly secretion the desert-
ed spire of its shells; or that Magilus was a parasite because it did

* M. d’Orbigny truly states, “‘ Les coquilles de l’Argonaute n’ont pas la
contexture vitreuse des Carinaires et des Atlantes; elles sont, au contraire,
demi-cornées, flexibles; et nous n’en trouvons |’analogue dansggucun autre
des Mollusques.” Loc. cit. p. 11.

+ Messrs. de Blainville and Gray conceive me to be in error in the
position I have assigned to the Pearly Nautilus in its shell, but their argu-
ments on this point are based on the same hasty generalization that has led
to the hypothesis of the parasitism of the Argonaut. Judging from the ana-
logies which have been cited in support of their views, it would have been
equally reasonable to have called in question the accuracy of the relative
position which I have assigned to the soft parts of Terebratula and Orbi-
cula, viz. with the ventral surface applied to one valve, and the dorsal sur-
face to the other, because in the Lamellibranchiate bivalves one valve cor-
responds to the right, and the other to the left side of the animal.

48

not secrete septa at regular distances, like the Nautilus, or, vice versd,
as argue the Argonaut to be a parasite because it fills its vacated spire
with mucus and with eggs.’

Finally, Mr. Owen proceeded to state in detail the points which
still remained to be elucidated in the natural history of this most in-
teresting Mollusk. Among other experiments he suggested that
the young Argonaut should be deprived of one of the velated arms,
and preserved in a marine vivarium, with the view to determine the
influence which such mutilation might have on the future growth of
the shell : but in proposing further experiments, and while admitting
that the period of the first formation of the shell yet remained to be
determined, Mr. Owen stated that he regarded the facts already as-
certained to be decisive in proof that the lea of the Argonaut
was the true fabricator of its shell. e

49

March 12, 1839.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Ogilby communicated a portion of a letter which he had re-
ceived from M. Temminck. It related to two species of Monkeys,
Colobus fuliginosus and Papio speciosus ; the former M. Temminck
considers identical with the Bay-Monkey of Pennant, and he states
that this opinion is founded upon its agreement with a coloured
drawing now in his possession; this drawing having been taken
by Sydenham Edwards from the specimen of the Bay-Monkey
formerly in the Leverian Museum, and which is the original of Pen-
nant’s description.

The Macacus speciosus of M.F. Cuvier is stated by M. Tem-
minck to be founded upon an immature specimen of a species of
Macacus which inhabits Japan; the habitat of Molucca Islands
given by M. F. Cuvier being founded upon error. The specimen
was originally taken from Japan to Java, where it died; the skin
was preserved, and M. Diard having obtained possession of it, sent
it to the Paris Museum ; and as there was no label attached, M. F.
Cuvier imagined it to be a native of the place whence M. Diard had
sent it.

Mr. Fox exhibited several birds, which he stated had formed
part of an extensive collection made in Iceland by the Curator of
the Durham Museum.

The second part of Dr. Theodore Cantor’s paper, entitled ‘‘ Spi-
cilegium Serpentium Indicorum,” was read. In this paper numerous
new species of Indian serpents are thus characterized :—

B. Innocuous Serpents.
Genus CaramMaria, Linné.

Caramania sacitraria. Cal. partim cinerea, partim ferruginea,
serie dorsali punctorum nigrorum, nuchd capiteque albicantibus,
imagine sagitte nigre@ ornatis; corpore squamis levibus imbri-
catim tecto; abdomine citrino, punctis lateralibus nigris, vittd
lividé utrinque incluso.

Scuta abdominalia 224. e
Scutella subcaudalia 69.

Habitat. Bengal, Tirhoot.

Partly ash-coloured, partly rusty-brown, with a series of black
dots along the back; the head and neck whitish, with an arrow-
shaped black mark; covered with smooth rhomboidal imbricate
scales; the stomach of a citrine colour, with lateral black dots, and
a blue black band on either side.

Vernacular name, Déblee.

No. LXXV.—PRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

50

Caramaria monticoLa. Cal. olivaceo-fusca, collari leté flavo, .
lined dorsali albicante, abdomine citrino.
Scuta abdominalia 125.
Scutella subcaudalia 44.
Habitat. Naga Hills in Asam.
Dark olive-brown, with a bright yellow collar and a whitish dor-
sal line ; beneath of a citrine colour.

Genus CoronELLa, Boie.

CoronELLA ALBocINcTA. Cor. viridé-canescens, fasciis transver-
salibus albis nigro marginatis, quorum intervalla nigro pune-
tata ; scutis abdominalibus albo-flavescentibus, alterné fuscis.

Scuta abdominalia 181.
Scutella subcaudalia 65.

Habitat. Chirra Pinji, Asam.

Greyish-green, with white transverse bands, edged with black,
the intervals dotted with black; the abdominal scuta alternately
yellowish-white and deep brown.

Asdmese name, Patdei-hee.

CoroneLLa vioLaceA. Cor. violaceo-rubescens, squamis albo-
marginatis, subtus margaritaceis.
Scuta abdominalia 196.
Scutella subcaudalia 38.
Habitat. Rungpore.
Reddish violet; the scales edged with white; beneath pearl-
coloured.

CoroneLia cycLtura. Cor. viride-canescens striis nigris obliquis
interruptis, qabdomine margaritaceo, vittd triste cinered utrinque
incluso.

Scuta abdominalia 179.
Scutella subcaudalia 43.

Greyish-green, with black oblique interrupted stripes; the ab-
dominal surface pearl-coloured, with a deep ashy-grey band on
either side.

Vernacular name, Tukkr-Bora.

Genus Lycopon, Boie. -

‘Lycopon atro-purrufeus. Ly. atro-purpureus albo nigroque
marmoratus, abdomine margaritaceo.
Scuta abdominalia 257.
Scutella subcaudalia 91.
Habitat. Mergui, Tenasserim.
Deep purple, marbled with white and black; beneath pearl-
coloured.

Lycovon susruscus. Ly. subfuscus, abdomine albo flavescenti.

51

Scuta abdominalia 245,
Scutella subcaudalia 78.
Habitat. Bengal.
Light brown; yellowish white beneath.
Vernacular name, Chittee.

Genus Cotussr, Boie.

Cotvser Duumna. Col. olivaceo-viridis, squamis nigro-mar-
ginatis, abdomine margaritaceo, scutis scutellisque nigro-cla~
vatis.

Scuta abdominalia 187.
Scutella subcaudalia 119.

Habitat. Carnatic, Orissa, Bengal, Nepal, Asam, Arracan, Tenas-

serim.

Olive-green ; the scales edged with black; the stomach pearl-

coloured, edged with black.

Vernacular name, Dhumna or Dhaieeen.

Coxuser porruyraceus. Col. leté porphyraceus, lineis nigris
transversalibus albe-marginatis, pone quas linee due nigre
dorsales, equidistantes ; subtus leté flavus.

Scuta abdominalia 213.

; Scutella subcaudaha 64,

Habitat. Mishntee Hills, Asam.

Bright porphyry-red, with black transverse lines edged with

white, the posterior portion of the body with two black parallel
dorsal lines ; beneath light yellow.

Couuser quaprirasciatus. Col. superné laté brunneo-virides-
cens fascuis dorsalibus iv. nigris, albo interruptis ; infra flavus.
Scuta abdominalia 248.
Scutella subcaudalia 82.
Habitat. Asam.
Above light greenish-brown, with 4 black dorsal bands interrupted
with white ; beneath yellow.

CotuBeEr curvirostris. Col. supra Bait leté olivaceo-viridis,
punctis et liners obliquis albis nigrisque, partum eneus ; abdomine
subfusco.

Scuta abdominalia 220. .
Scutella subcaudalia 85.

Habitat. Bengal.

Above bright olive-green, with white and black dots, and oblique

bronze-coloured lines ; ; beneath light yellow.

Vernacular name, Tukkr-Bora.

CoLuBer RETICULARIS. Col. superné brunneo-nigrescens, annulis
albidis reticulatis, contiguis et lineis ejusdem coloris transversa-
libus ornatus, caudd brunned nigrescenti, alterné griseo-flaves-
centi; infra griseo-flavescens nigro-maculatus.

52

Scuta abdominalia 22.
Scutella subcaudalia 75,
Habitat. Chirra Pinji.
Blackish-brown, with whitish confluent netted rings and trans-
verse lines of the same colour ; the tail alternately blackish-brown
and yellowish-grey ; beneath yellowish-grey spotted with black.

Coxvuser sipuncratus. Col. supra tristé vinoso-purpureus squa-
mis albo bipunctatis, subtus albo-ccerulescens.
Scuta abdominalia 181.
Scutella subcaudalia 52.
Habitat. Bengal, Asim.
Deep claret-purplebove ; each scale with two white dots ; be-
neath bluish-white.

CotusEeR montico.us. Hodgson. Col. superné luteo-rubescens
fasciis transversalibus nigris, scutis abdominalibus albo-flave-
scentibus nigro marginatis.

Habitat. Nepal.

Reddish dun-coloured above, with black transverse bands; the

abdominal scuta yellowish-white, with black margins.

Subgen. Hurrian, Daudin. ‘

HvurRIAH SANGUIVENTER, (CoLUBER SANGUIVENTER, Hodgson. )
Hur. superné vinoso-purpureus eneo nitens, abdomine sangui-
neo.

Scuta abdominalia 207.
Scuta subcaudalia 14.
Scutella subcaudalia 85.
Habitat. Nepal.
Above claret-purple, with metallic lustre ; beneath blood-coloured.

Genus Herreropryas, Boie.

HerprTopryas prionotus. Her. supra fusco flavescens, nigro-
punctatus, fasciaque dorsali serratd nigricante ; abdomine flavo,
fascia serrata nigricante utrinque inclusom

Scuta abdominalia 153.
Scutella subcaudalia 65.
Habitat. Malacca.
Above yellowish-brown, dotted with black, and with a serrated
blackish dorsal band ; the abdominal surface yellow, with a blackish
serrated band on either side.

Genus Psammopuis, Boie.

PsAMMOPHIS CERASOGASTER. Psam. fulvus aureo pallidé nitens,
squamis hexagonis rhomboidalibus summis carinatis, ceteris

53

levibus tectus ; abdomine ceriseo, lineg lete flavd utrinque in-
cluso.

Scuta abdominalia 149.

Scutella subcaudalia 60.

Habitat. Bengal, Asam.

Yellowish-brown, shining with a pale gold colour, with hexagonal
rhomboidal scales, the uppermost of which are keeled, the rest
smooth; the abdominal surface cherry-coloured, with a bright yellow
line on either side.

Vernacular name, Lal Mitallee.

PsaMMOPHIS NiGROFaAscIATUS. Psam. superné subflavo-rubescens
Jfasciis latis transversalibus nigris, lineisque duabus barbatis
dorsalibus ejusdem coloris, interstitium quarum nigro partim
punctatum ; abdomine albido.

Scuta abdominalia 245.
4 Seutella subcaudalia 75.

Habitat. Sincapore.

Light reddish-yellow above, with broad transversal black bands,
and with two barbed dorsal lines of the same colour; the interval
between these dorsal lines dotted with black; the abdominal sur-
face whitish. :

Genus Denpropuis, Boie.

Denvropuis Bom.* Den. superné nigro-brunnescens, vittd dorsali
subfuscd, abdomine albo-flavescenti vittd ejusdem coloris utrin-
que incluso, rostro subobtuso.

Scuta abdominalia 186.
Scutella subcaudalia 129.

Habitat. Bengal, Ceylon.

Brownish black, with a light brown dorsal band; the abdominal
surface yellowish white, with a band of the same colour on either
side; the rostrum subobtuse.

Vernacular name, Kalla Lawrynca or Nawdiinga.

Genus Dipsas, Boie.

Dirsas Ferrucinea. Dip. supra ferrugineo-brunnea, nigro albo-
que raré maculata; abdomine ferrugineo-flavo, albo nigroque
maculato.

Scuta abdominalia 171.
Scutella subcaudalia 57.

Habitat. Asam.

Rusty-brown, with a few black and white spots; the abdominal

surface rusty-yellow, dotted with white and black.

Dirsas MontTicoLa. Dip. superné tristé fusca, striis aliquot ni-
gris obliquis ; infra flavo-brunnescens.

* Chrysopelea Boii, Dr. Andrew Smith.

54

Scuta abdonynalia 193.
Scutella subcaudalia 82.
Habitat. Naga Hills (Asam).
Dull dark brown above, with a few black oblique stripes; be-
neath brownish-yellow.

Genus Trorrponortvs, Kuhl. —

Troriponotus Quinave. Tro, superné griseo-brunnescens, nucha
numero Quinque (v.) nigro inscriptd, fasciisque duabus nigris
dorsalibus, albo punctatis; abdomine flavo-albescenti, fascia
nigra utrinque incluso.

Scuta abdominalia 259.
Scutella subcaudalia 97.
Habitat. Mergui.
Brownish-grey above, with the cypher V in black on the neck,
and with two dorsal black bands dotted with white; the abdominal
surface whitish-yellow, with a black band on either side.

Tropiponotus mastus. Tro. superné tristé olivaceo-nigricans,
subtus flavus.
Scuta abdominalia 138.
Scutella subcaudalia 77.
Habitat. Bengal.
Dull blackish olive-colour above ; yellow beneath.
Vernacular name, Kalla Mittallee.

Troriponotus surcEns. J'ro. leté olivaceo-viridis, abdomine
jlavo lined nigra serratdé utrinque incluso.
Scuta abdominalia 148.
Scutella subcaudalia 23.
Habitat. Bengal.
Bright greenish-olive ; the abdominal surface. with a black ser-
rated line on either side.
Vernacular name, Bahr.

Tropiponotus pLumBicoLor. Tro. supra plumbeus, fascid sagit-
tatd occipitali nigra et alba fascusque nigris serratis trans-
versalibus, squamis alté carinatis tectus, mento albo, abdomine
plumbeo.

Scuta abdominalia 162.
Scutella subcaudalia 51.

Habitat. Malwa (Saugor).

Lead-coloured above, with an occipital arrow-shaped black and
white band, and with black serrated transversal bands, covered with
sharply-keeled scales; the chin white; the abdominal surface lead-
coloured.

Genus Crerserus, Cuvier.

CERBERUS CINEREUS. Cerb. superné cinereus fasctis nigris trans-
versalibus, subtus albicans fascia nigra undulatd.

55

Scuta abdominalia 143.
Scutella subcaudalia 59.
Habitat. Bengal.
Ash-coloured above, with black transverse bands ; beneath whitish,
with a black undulated band.
Vernacular name, J4l Ginthéa.

Genus Homatopsis, Kuhl.

Homatorsis oxnivaceus. Hom. superné olivaceus lineis nigris
inter squamas variegatus, abdomine albicante, lined medid nigrd
diviso, vittd albo-virescenti utrinque incluso.

Scuta abdominalia 167.
Scutella subcaudalia 71.

Habitat. Bengal.

Olive-coloured above, variegated with black lines between the
scales ; the abdominal surface whitish, divided in the middle by a
black line, and with a greenish-white band on either side.

Vernacular name, Metillee.

“‘ The descriptions and figures of these serpents were made in India
in 1835, 1836, and 1837. For the specimens from As4m I am in-
debted to the kindness of the eminent botanist Mr. William Griffith ;
for those from Chirra Punji, to the friendship of Mr. J. W. Grant, of
Calcutta. I have also to acknowledge the liberality of Mr. Hodg-
son, the Hon. Company’s Resident at the court of Nepal, who
allowed me to publish the undescribed specimens in his collection of
Nepalese serpents.”

56

March 26, 1839.
William Ogilby, Esq., in the Chair.

Some specimens of Fishes, Crustacea, &c., which had recently
been presented to the Society by the Rev. R. T. Lowe, Corresponding
Member, were exhibited, and a letter from that gentleman, contain-
ing the names and some other particulars relating to the specimens,
was read,

A letter from the Rev. Edward Law, dated St. Petersburgh,
February 28th, 1839, was read. In this letter Mr. Law. stated,
that he would endeavour to procure for the Society a live Russian
Elk.

A letter from Hanmer Warrington, Esq., Her Majesty’s Consul-
General at Tripoli, was also read. In this Mr. Warrington states,
that he has procured many specimens of animals for the Society’s
Museum, and that he had in his possession two living Ostriches,
which he would send to the Society as soon as he knew by what
means they could be transferred.

April 9, 1839.
The Rev. EF. W. Hope, in the Chair.

. Aletter was read, from P. L. Strachan, Esq., dated Sierra Leone,
February 19th, 1839. It stated that he had sent two African Wood-
cocks for the Society’s Menagerie, and that having only just arrived
at Sierra Leone, he had not yet had time to procure other zoologi-
cal specimens for the Society.

A letter from C. B. Bidwell, Esq., dated Sierra Leone. January
14th, 1839, was read. In this letter Mr. Bidwell states that he had
forwarded the skull of an Hippopotamus for the Society’s Museum.

In a letter from J. Frembly, Esq., dated Gibraltar, January 30th,
1839, that gentleman states that he had forwarded for the Society
the body of a species of Cat, from South America, which he thought
would be acceptable for the purpose of dissection.

A letter from the Board of Management of the Saffron Walden
Museum was also read. This letter begged the Society’s accept-
ance of two specimens (a male and female) of the Antilope Isabel-
lina, a specimen of the Antilope grimmea, and a skin of the Bernicla
cana.

A collection of beautifully finished drawings of Tasmanian Fishes
was exhibited to the Members present, these drawings having been
sent to the Society by Dr. Lhotsky for that purpose. In a letter
accompanying these drawings, Dr. Lhotsky stated that they had all
been executed, under his own superintendence, from fresh specimens.

A new species of Hamster was exhibited by Mr. Waterhouse, and
characterized as follows :

Cricrtus auratus. Cri. aureo-fuscescens, subtis albidus : pilis
mollissimis, supra ad basin plumbeis, subtis ad basin cinereis :
auribus mediocribus, rotundis : caudd brevissimd pilis albis ob-

sitd.
unc. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin .. 7 6
ONE 9 ais ahs. & a! ola Rw ot a oleae 0 5
ab apice rostriad basinauris .... 1 6
tarsi digitorumque.............. 0 10
SEREEETEET CO COME Pan Cee ae Or 7
Hab. Aleppo.

‘This species is less than the common Hamster (Cricetus vul-
garis), and is remarkable for its deep golden yellow colouring. ‘The
No. LXXVI.—ProceEpines oF THE ZooLocicaL Society.

58

fur is moderately long and very soft, and has a silk-like gloss: the
deep golden yellow colouring extends over the upper parts and sides
of the head and body, and also over the outer side of the limbs : on
the back, the hairs are brownish at the tip, hence in this part the
fur assumes a deeper hue than on the sides of the body: the sides
of the muzzle, throat, and under parts of the body are white, but
faintly tinted with yellow: on the back, and sides of the body, all
the hairs are of a deep gray or lead colour at the base ; and on the
under parts of the body, the hairs are indistinctly tinted with gray
at the base. The feet and tail are white. The ears are of moderate
size, furnished externally with deep golden-coloured hairs, and in-
ternally with whitish hairs. The moustaches consist of black and
white hairs intermixed.

«The skull, when compared with that of Cricetus vulgaris, differs
in not having the anterior root of the zygomatic arch produced an-
teriorly in the form of a thin plate, which in that animal, as in the
Rats, serves to protect an opening which is connected with the nasal
cavity: the facial portion of the skull is proportionately longer and
narrower : in size there is much difference, the skull of Cricetus au-
ratus being one inch and six lines in length, and ten lines in breadth,
measuring from the outer side of the zygomatic arches.”

a ae
og eta “ ’

Pur 6? ;

peas
PO Spl! feet

a9

April 23, 1839.
William H. Lloyd, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read from Dr. Weissenborn, dated Weimar, Febru-
ary 19, 1839. It accompanied a female specimen of the Hamster
(Cricetus vulgaris), which he begged to present to the Society, and
related to some longitudinal, naked (or nearly naked) marks which
are observable on the hips of that animal.

These marks, Dr. Weissenborn states, are found in every Ham-
ster, though usually hidden by the long fur which surrounds them,
and the common opinion of the-furriers (who have to cut them out
and to repiece the skin) is, that they arise from friction. Being
situated over the hip-bones, and therefore more exposed than
other parts, the hair is worn whilst the animal is moving in its bur-
row. ‘This is the opinion also of the earlier authors, but “is, how-
ever, erroneous, as remarked already by Dr. Sulzer, in his valuable
monograph on this species, published at Gotha in 1774. These
spots are visible the very moment the hair begins to grow, in the
naked young, and they are the very places where the growth of the
hair becomes first apparent. ‘At this early stage of the animal’s life,
they appear on the inner side of the skin, when viewed by trans-
mitted or reflected light, as two dark spots. When all the hair is
developed the case is reversed, and these spots appear paler than the
rest of the skin. Dr. Sulzer confesses himself to be quite ignorant
of the part which these peculiar spots act in the ceconomy of the
animal, and no subsequent author has explained the subject. I
imagine no person, after Sulzer, has turned his attention seriously
to it, but it is to be wondered that he was not more successful, being
an accurate and clever observer. The reason why the Hamster is
furnished with these spots appears to me very far from being myste-
rious, and had the cause not been mistaken for the effect, I think
anybody might have hit upon the idea, that nature had made the
short, stiff, and closely adpressed hairs, to grow upon these spots of
the Hamster’s body, which are most exposed to friction, and at the
same time contiguous to bone, that the hair and the skin might be
competent to stand the wear and tear to which they necessarily are
subjected in the narrow burrow of an animal, which is very brisk
in its movements; and no doubt the skin, which gives rise to a dif-
ferent kind of hair, is of a different structure from the rest; and as
this hair is more stiff, the skin which it covers is probably more
callous.

“In the present state of the science of physiology, it may be im-
possible to state with sufficient precision the conditions on which the
peculiar structure of the skin and hair, in these particular spots, de-
pends. The relation in which the latter stand to the hip-bones by
peculiar tissues may perhaps help to explain the circumstance, as

60

the neighbourhood of, and connexion with, bony structures, have
an evident influence on the nature of the skin and its productions.”

Mr. Waterhouse remarked, that the description which Dr. Weis-
senborn had given of the peculiar spots on the hips of the Hamster,
caused him to suspect that they were glands, analogous to those ob-
servable in the Shrews, and might help the animals to distinguish
each other in their dark burrows.

Mr. Charlesworth exhibited the nest, eggs, and young of the
Cross. bill (Lovia curvirostra), from the neighbourhood of Farnham
in Surrey, and read some notes, relative to their discovery, which had
been communicated to him by H. L. Long, Esq.

The nest, it was stated, was lodged close to the central stem of a
Scotch fir, about thirty inches below its highest point, at the base
of the shoots of the year 1837 : it was supported beneath by five or
six ascending lateral branches of the tree, which so completely con-
cealed it, that it can scarcely have been perceptible from the ground,
and it was the occasional visits of the parent birds which betrayed
their retreat. Mr. Yarrell remarked, that the eggs very nearly re-
semble those of the Green-finch, but are larger and have a smaller
portion of red colouring, and this not confined to the larger end of
the egg. In the young birds the beak is straight, the under man-
dible shuts within the upper and does not cross it as in the adult.

_ Mr. Charlesworth also exhibited a bone of great size and curious
structure, which he stated was in all probability a ray of the dorsal
fin of a species of shark.

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited two specimens of a species of Lark
from China, which had recently died in the Society’s Menagerie,
having been presented to the Society by J. R. Reeves, Esq. It was
characterized as follows :

Axaupa sinensis. Al. supra rufo-fusca, subtis alba, fascid latd
pectorali nigrd ; lined sordide alba ab oculis, ad occiput eatensd ;
fronte, nuchd, et humeris castaneis ; remigibus primariis nigris,
marginibus externis angusté fuscescenti-albis, remige primo illo
externe marginato ; caudd nigrd, rectrice utringue externd alba,
ad basin nigro lavatd, proximd utringue albo-marginatd ; rectri-
cibus intermediis duabus fuscescentibus.

Long. tot. 8 unc. ; rostri, 2; ale, 5; caude, 31; tarsi, 10 lin.

Hab. apud Sinam.

The Chinese Lark very much resembles, and is nearly allied to,
the Alauda Calandra of authors, but differs in the following parti-
culars. ‘The beak is more compressed, and the upper mandible has
two longitudinal grooves on each side, the upper one of which gives
a keel-like edge to the culmen ; the tail is proportionately longer,
the tarsi are shorter; the feet are smaller, and the hinder claws, in-
stead of being bent downwards, are slightly recurved*. In the co-

* “ This difference in the form of the claw cannot be depended on, as the
birds have been for some time in confinement; they may originally have
been straight, but I think they never could haye been curved downwards.”

61

louring there are also points of distinction: in lieu of the dull brown
tint on the top of the head and back, the present species possesses
rich rufous brown feathers. In one specimen the body is yellowish
white beneath, but in the other it is pure white.

Mr. Waterhouse then proceeded to make some observations upon
a series of skulls of Rodents which were upon the table. These
skulls belonged chiefly to species of the various genera contained in
the families Chinchillide (consisting of the genera Chinchilla, Lagotis,
and Lagostomus), and Caviide—composed of the genera Cavia, Ke-
rodon, Dolichotis, and Hydrocherus. Numerous points of resem-
blance between these two families were dwelt upon, more particu-
larly in the structure of the teeth, the form of the palate, the con-
tracted glenoid cavity, the form of the lower jaw, and direction of
the lower pair of incisors. The Caviide, however, possess certain
- characters, independent of those observable in the form of the teeth,
which renders it easy to distinguish them from the Chinchillide. He
alluded especially to the shortness of the condyloid process of the
lower jaw, the forward position of the coronoid process, the peculiar
projecting ridge on the outer side of the horizontal ramus, and the
form of the descending ramus or angle of the jaw ; this projects con-
siderably beyond the line of the coronoid process, whereas in the
Chinchillide it terminates in a line with the posterior portion of the
coronoid process, or projects but slightly beyond that line.

Among the Chinchillide, the Lagostomus trichodactylus, observes
Mr. Waterhouse, approaches most nearly to the Cavies, the angle
of the lower jaw being less acute and the coronoid process more for-
ward than in the other species.

In the imperfect state of the palate, the narrowness of the ante-
rior and posterior sphenoids, the form of the occipital condyles, the
form of the articular portion of the lower jaw, and the almost hori-
zontal direction of the incisors of the lower. jaw of the Chinchillas
and Cavies, Mr. Waterhouse stated he had found characters which
induced him to place those animals next before the Leporide.

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May 14, 1839.
Sir John P. Boileau, Bart., in the Chair.

- A letter from Dr. Cantor was read. In this letter Dr. Cantor begs

the Society’s acceptance of a collection of Reptiles and Fishes from
India, and states that this collection consists of about sixty speci-
mens of Reptiles, and upwards of one hundred and fifty specimens
of Fishes, a great portion of which are new species, and have been
described by himself.

A letter from Allan Cunningham, Esq., dated Sydney, New South
Wales, 26th November, 1838, was read. ‘This letter accompanied
the skin of an Apteryx, and also the body, preserved for dissection,
which Mr. Cunningham had procured during a visit to New Zealand,
and which he preseuted to the Society.

A paper communicated by Mr. Cunningham, and entitled “‘ Rough
notes collected irom the New Zealanders (by aid of the missionaries),
on the habits of the Apteryx Australis, a bird of New Zealand, closely
allied to the Struthionide, and named by the native inhabitants
Kiwi,’’ was also read. ‘‘ This most remarkable bird,” says Mr. Cun-
ningham, “‘ inhabits the densest and darkest forests. In those near the
Kerikeri and Waimate missionary stations, a few miles from the shores
of the Bay of Islands, it was formerly frequently observed and taken,
as it is still to be found in the woods of the Hokianga river. It is
however by no means confined to any particular district, for it is to
be met with in all the wooded parts of the northern island. In these
humid forests it reposes during the day, either beneath the tufts of
long sedgy grass, a species of Carex everywhere abounding in the
woods, or it hides itself, shunning the light, in the hollows at the base
of the “‘ Rata” tree, (Metrosideros robusta A. C.—n.s.) In these
situations it constructs a very simple nest, laying, as all agree, but
a solitary egg, which is about the size of a duck’s, or as some na-
tives assert, nearly as large as that of a goose, with which bird
they are now familiar, the missionaries and other Europeans having
some time since introduced it to their poultry-yards. Its period of
incubation could not be ascertained from the natives. No sooner
are its native woods darkened by the presence of night, than it
ranges about in quest of food, which (as all accounts inform us) is
exclusively worms, procured by burrowing with its feet, and perfo-
rating slightly the soft humid subsoil with its attenuated bill; and
doubtless it is directed in the night by powerful instinct to the spots
where these abound, for its eyes are very small, and its upper man-
dible, with the nasal orifices at its extremity or tip, possesses doubt-
less an acute sense of smelling.

“It is not gregarious, and but very seldom indeed to be seen in
small numbers: generally they are in pairs (a male and female) ;

N° LXXVII.—Proceepines oF rue ZooLocicar Society.

64

and in the larger forests, less frequented by the natives, these pairs
may be met with at distances of about a quarter of a mile.

“The cry of the Kiwi at night is similar to the whistling made by
boys by the help of the fingers placed in the mouth,—a whistle with
a hiss; and it is by imitating this sound that the natives decoy
them, and either catch them by the help of dogs, or having induced
the bird to approach near to them by the whistle, they suddenly
surprise it by the glare of a lighted torch, which they have with them,
concealed under their mats, when they seize it by the neck, and thus
capture it alive.

‘In this manner the bird, the skin and body of which are now sent
to England, was taken and brought to me alive. It may here be
observed, that the natives, when they proceed to the forest to cap-
ture these birds, choose the darkest night: and as the Kiwies
usually wander about in pairs, the New Zealander readily distin-
guishing, by some difference of voice, the sexes, endeavours to se-
cure the female first, since the male will always linger about the spot
to protect its mate, and will thus give the natives a fair opportunity
to capture it also.

“When alarmed in the forest, the Kiwi retires precipitately into
its darker recesses, running with considerable swiftness; although
its Jegs appear, from their shortness and strength, more fitted for
burrowing than fleet movements.

“The legs afford the bird a means of formidable defence, for
when hunted and overtaken by the small dogs and the natives, it
uses its feet effectively: and it is said the dogs unskilled in the
mode of seizing their prey have been greatly injured by its kick.

«Formerly, when the natives, wearing solely their loose, airy,
mat-dresses, were altogether more hardy than they are in the pre-
sent day, in which every man is rolled up in a thick, heavy double-
blanket of our introduction among them, and has thus become, com-
paratively speaking, effeminate and inert ;—formerly the natives were
skilful ‘‘ Kiwi hunters,” delighting in the pursuit, and many a group
would they form to go and pass a dark tempestuous night in the
forest to decoy and catch these birds, the flesh of which, although
said to be hard and sinewy, they greatly esteem. The feathers also
were in request for making or decorating mats, by sewing them upon
a groundwork of their native flax. Thus by their frequent night-
prowlings in the woods, the natives have extirpated the Kiwi in
some districts where it once abounded: and although it is still an
inhabitant of timbered regions less disturbed by the natives, it is
rarely to be obtained, because these people have become less ener-
getic and enterprizing, and certainly less hardy by their adoption of
the habits of civilized man than formerly, and therefore cannot often
be induced, by a promise of reward however considerable, to spend
a gloomy night in the forest, in search of the bird; and without the
aid of the New Zealander it cannot be obtained.

“*The skin now sent home, the natives said, was of a male bird,
and certain it is that whilst living it had a very strong and highly
offensive smell. Some natives of the country at East Cape, on the

65

coast, south of the Bay of Islands, who are residing with the Church
missionaries at Paihia, on its southern shore, observed that the
Kiwies of their forests are much larger and more powerful birds than
my specimen taken on the Hokianga river. Might not those south-
ern birds be of a distinct species?”

Mr. G. Smith exhibited several birds, which had been preserved,
with all the parts entire, by a peculiar fluid, which was injected soon
after the death of the animal. For this antiseptic fluid Mr. Smith
has taken out a patent.

The Rev. F. W. Hope exhibited a portion of his collection of in-
sects, in order to illustrate a paper entitled “‘A Monograph on Mr.
William Sharp MacLeay’s Coleopterous Genus Euchlora.”

Genus Evcurora, MacLeay.
Metotonraa, Linn., Fab. & Olivier.

Antenne articulis novem, basilari conico elongato, 2do, 3tio, 4to,
5to et 6to brevibus subglobosis ; capitulo ovato, triphyllo, elongato,
antennarum longitudinis totius haud dimidium zquante.

Labrum prominulum, clypeo fere absconditum, margine antico
lineari, ciliato, emarginato, lateribus rotundatis.

Mandibule latitantes, subtrigone supra plane, latere externo
rotundato, interno ciliato, ad apicem 3-dentato.

Mazille caule subtrigono-triquetro, ad apicem inflexz 6-den-
tate.

Palpi mazillares articulo terminali cylindrico ovato.

Labiales articulis 2do et ultimo longitudine zqualibus hoc sub-
ulato.

Mentum subquadratum, margine antico emarginato angulis trun-
catis rotundatis ac lateribus sinuatis, postice valde convexis.

Caput subquadratum clypeo lateribus rotundatis margine reflexo.

Corpus ovatum convexum postice elytris haud opertum. Thorax
subquadratus ad basin duplo longior quam latior, latere postico
sinuato vix lobato.

Scutellum parvum cordato-truncatum. Sternum haud productum.

Pedes validiusculi tibiis anticis 3-dentatis. Tarsorum ungues
posticorum indivisi reliquorum ex unguibus unus bifidus, alter in-
divisus.

“It is in the warm and tropical regions of the world that we find
vastness one of the, leading characteristics of animal life. It is in
the same regions also, amongst the class of insects, that we find a
corresponding magnitude attended with a wonderful increase of spe-
cies, many examples of which might here be mentioned. It is suf-
ficient for our purpose at present to note only a few of them, such
as the Sternocera, among the Buprestide ; Lamia, belonging to the
Longicorn beetles, and Melolontha and Euchlora, well-known genera
pertaining to the Lamellicorns. With regard to vegetation, there
will also be found an equal magnitude of stature and a luxuriance

66

of foliage quite in proportion to what occurs even in the animal
world. If we look to the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and Ame-
rica, we shall find a similarity of character generally predominating :
but it is in the tropical jungle chiefly, and on the banks and estuaries
of mighty rivers, that insects will be found, not only formidable by
their size, but remarkably numerous in species and individuals. The
genus Euchlora of Mr. MacLeay, to which at present I wish to
draw your attention, is not very distinguished for its size, although
larger than all the allied genera belonging to the family. The pre-
dominating colour is green, and the abundance of individuals be-
longing to some of the species is incalculable. I may mention, en
passant, that the thousands which have annually been imported
into Europe, appear from inquiry not in the least to have thinned
their numbers. On one occasion I received forty Chinese boxes,
and in each of them (I speak greatly within bounds) there were at
least twenty specimens of Euchlora viridis. These boxes are im-
ported into England, and other parts of Europe, in great quantities,
and there is scarcely a museum at home or abroad, however insig-
nificant it may be, but what it exhibits its Atlas Moths, its purple-
coloured Sagra, and less attractive Euchlora, in tolerable profusion.
I have stated above that the prevailing colour of the species is green,
but there are some exceptions. The under side of some of them is
usually a bronze, or a rose-coloured copper; some of them green
above and beneath; others green above and yellow beneath; while
some again are blue on the same side, with the play of light appearing
of a violet colour. With regard to the colour of insects, greens, as far
as my observations go, naturally on one side merge into blues and
violets, and on the other into orange and yellows. Instead of occu-
pying the time of the meeting with a question at present (as far as
regards insects) comparatively little studied or understood, I pro-
ceed to remark on the geographical distribution of the family Eu-
chloride. Had some of the Continental entomologists been better
acquainted with Mr. MacLeay’s Hore Entomologice, they certainly
never would have considered Euchlora as an European genus. Ina
late work, published in Paris, the ‘‘ Histoire Naturelle des Animaux
Articulées” (at page 135), we find under the generic name Euchlora,
not only Mimela and Aprosterna included, but also Anomala, &c.
It is singular that the same appellation is given to twenty-two spe-
cies therein specified, a short analysis of which I now place before
you, and shall then allude more particularly to the genera composing
the family, the range over which it extends, and mention the coun-
tries and localities in which they severally occur.

‘Of the above twenty-two species, five of them appear to be true
Euchlore, two others belong to Mimela, Kirby, another to Rhom-
bonyx, Kirby, and the remaining fourteen to Anomala of Megerle, as
it now stands. Before I conclude these remarks on the species of
the genus before us, it is necessary to state that I have elevated
Euchlora to the rank of a family, the following genera properly be-
longing to it.

67 .

Evcuiorip2, Hope.

Genera. Country. Species known.
‘. nchisw, weeneny. Asia’. Oy. OO
2. Aprosterna, Hope . . . Asiaand Africa. . . 35
MRC EOM SERIO cg Sf AR te ote
4. Rhombonyx,Kirby. . . Siberiaand China. . 2
5. Anomala, Megerle . . Old and New World . 120
179

Genus 1. Evcuiora.

“The family of Euchloride, from the above table, consists of five
genera, and nearly two hundred species, which have fallen under my
notice. ‘True Euchlora, I state, belongs exclusively to Asia and its
isles. It occurs as far south as Manilla, appears at Singapore, and
runs from thence through the continent of India up to the Hima-
laya; the extreme eastern point appears to be Japan, while its
western range does not reach Bombay, probably from the interven-
tion of some physical barrier. Captain Ezra Downes has taken it
at Neemuch. The Entomology of that district essentially agrees
in character with that of Calcutta and Madras, at the latter of which
places Euchlora is taken.

Genus 2. AprosTERNA.

“This genus is not peculiar to Asia, as some of the species are
found in New Guinea.

Genus 3. Mime.a.

“ This elegant genus, rivalling in colour and splendour the Bupres-
tide, is confined to Asia; it ranges wherever Euchlora is found.

Genus 4. RuomsBonyx.

“‘ This genus is probably peculiar to Asia. One species is found
in China, and the other, I have reason to think, is only found in
Asiatic Siberia. '

Genus 5. ANOMALA.

“‘ Anomala is common to the four quarters of the globe, and may
properly be divided into three if not four subgenera, which task I
willingly leave to other entomologists.

‘In concluding these observations on Luchlora, I have only to add,
that it may excite some surprise that this genus extends far into the
Himalayan regions; it may be explained however, satisfactorily, by
the influence of local causes. It is an ascertained fact, that tropical
vegetation often extends into high latitudes, and why, then, may we
not expect to find insects which feed upon it, and are intended pro-
bably to keep it within due bounds?

‘“‘ From information given to me by my friend Professor Royle, I
state that the tropic-girt base of the Himalayas is characterized by
a vigorous and luxurious vegetation.

68

‘« In the same regions there is also an uniformity or great equality
of temperature, well adapted for animal as well as vegetable life.
The exuberance of the latter adds to the humidity of the atmo-
sphere, as well by the exhalation of the foliage as by preventing
free evaporation from the soil. In the boundless forest and inter-
minable jungle there will generally be found a great equality of tem-
perature, brought about in consequence of the umbrageous shelter
impeding the absorption of heat by day, as it checks the free radia-
tion of it at night. It is then, owing to the presence of tropical
vegetation, united with moisture, that there arises considerable uni-
formity of temperature ; in a word, it is from local causes that we
are enabled to explain the reasons why we meet with the repre-
sentatives of tropical genera of plants and insects extending into
higher latitudes than at first might naturally be expected.”

Sp. 1. Euchlora viridis, Fabricius.

Long. lin. 12; Lat. lin. 7. }

E. glabra, punctata, supra viridis nitens subtis cupreo-aurata,

pedibus cupreis. Sternum haud porrectum.

Vide Oliv. Mel. Tab. 9. fig. 21°.

Hab. in China.

Varietas HE. Elytris cupreo-marginatis, corpore supra @eneo mar-
ginato, antennisque piceis.

This species is found also at Singapore, Assam, in Bengal, and in
the island of Ceylon. On the under side it is of a rose-coloured
copper, appearing about the sternum and the lower rings of the
abdomen of a brassy vivid green.

Sp. 2. Euchlora Jurinii, MacLeay.

Long. lin. 11; Lat. lin. 6.

E. nitidissima, glabro-punctata, supra viridi-olivacea, subtis
viridi-cuprea, thorace utrinque punctis duobus impressis, pedibus
viridibus, nitidis.

Antenne picee Tmo articulo virescente. Totum corpus supra
viride, aureo-opalino colore tinctum, infra viridi-eeneum, pedibus
supra et infra viridibus.

Hab. in Java, Mus. Dom., MacLeay.

**T have received this species from Java; it varies in size, and may
at once be distinguished from ZL. viridis by its smooth upper sur-
face, which is of an opalescent bright green; its under side is also
more brilliant, and of a golden-coloured bronze ; the tibie and tarsi
are invariably green. The EL. MacLeaii of Mr. Kirby’s MSS. is
only a large variety of this species.”

Sp. 3. cupripgs.
Long. lin. 12; Lat. lin. 64.
Affinis Euchl. viridi, MacLeay, at major. Corpus ovatum ; supra
viride glabrum, subtius roseo-cupreum, pedibus cupreis.
‘“‘ This insect is closely allied to EZ. viridis, MacLeay ; it is, how-
ever, distinct. Viridis in form is oval. Cupripes, ovate: the under

69

side is of a rich rose-coloured copper, without any neous tinge. I
have received one specimen from Java, and a second from the Te-

nasserim coast.”
Hab. in India Orientali. Mus. Dom., Hope.

Sp. 4. E. crannis.

Long. lin. 14; Lat. lin. 8.

E. glabra, punctata supra viridis, nitens, subtis viridi-cuprea, tho-
race utrinque puncto laterali medio leviter impresso, pedibusque
viridibus.

Hab. in Calcutta? Mus. Dom., Hope.

** I obtained this species from Calcutta; I am doubtful, however, if
that be its real habitat. It is stuck with a needle, like most of the
Chinese insects, and may have been imported into Calcutta. It is at
present the largest species of Huch/ora I am acquainted with.”

Sp. 5. Euc. MacLzayaya, Vigors.
Long. lin. 135; Lat. =>
Ei. pallide virescens, capite thoraceque punctis aureis confertis
splendentibus ; elytris punctatis flavo-marginatis ; corpore subtis
pedibusque aureo-cupreis.
Antenne aureo-cupree. Corpus subtus pedesque aureo-cuprei, al-
bide pilosi. Clypeus aureus. Scutellum nitidum, parce punctatum.
Hab. in Orientali. In Mus. Dom. Vigors.
“* Jt is difficult to convey, either by description or representation,
a just idea of the beauty of this superb insect, which was obtained
from Madras. It was named by Mr. Vigors in honour of Mr. William
Sharp MacLeay.”

Sp. 6. E. smaracpina, Eschcholtz.

Long. lin. 114; lat. lin. 53.

E. supra viridi-orichalcea; subtis, femoribus, thoracis pygidiique
marginibus externis fusco-auratis, capite thoraceque dense punctu-
latis, elytris vage punctulatis seriebusque punctorum plurimis.

Hab. in Insula Luzonum, Manilla.

«The above insect I received from Dr. Eschcholtz*.”’

Sp. 7. E. Sresozorr.

Long. lin. 104; lat. lin. 6}.

Affinis precedenti ; glabra. punctata, supra viridis; thoracis late-
ralibus marginibus fusco-auratis. Pygidium vir idi-cupreum. Cor-
pus infra roseo-cupreum, et nitidum. Pectus subargentea sericie
obsitum. Pedes supra virides, subtus cupreo-aurati ; femoribus
cupreis et nitidis.

Hab. in Madagascar. Captus celeberrimo Macklotio.

This species is allied to Z, smaragdina of Eschcholtz, but may at

* It has been reported that the above entomologist died of cholera: it
appears however that he died of a bilious fever.

70

once be distinguished by the different colour of the pygidium, that of
smaragdina being of a brilliant gold-colour.

Sp. 8, Eucutora arzorriosa, Siebold.

Long. lin. 10; lat. lin. 5.

E. glabra punctata supra viridis subtis roseo-cuprea et nitida albopi-

losa, femoribus tibiis tarsisque concoloribus. Caput viride antennis
fusco-piceis : margines thoracis aurato-virides. Scutellum postice
cupreum. Elytra lineis longitudinalibus impressa, sutura lete viri-
dis, marginibus e medio elytrorum ad apicem fusco-membranaceis.
Corpus infra roseo-cupreum, albo-pilosum. Pygidium viride et:
tomentosum. Pedes cuprei.

Hab. in Japonia.

“This singular insect was sent to me by my friend De Haan, of Ley-
den. It is remarkable for a dilated margin to the elytra, which ap-
pears to be membranous. The pubescence also of this species is
singular.”

Sp. 9. Eucutora Martini, Kirby’s MSS.

Long. lin. 10; lat. lin. 53.

E. viridis, capite marginibus thoracis auratis, elytris lineis duabus lon-
gitudinalibus fortiter impressis. Pygidium viridi-cupreum. Cor-
pus infra roseo-cupreum, femoribus nitidis.

Hab. in China?

This insect is evidently distinct from any species yet described ;
it is in a very mutilated state, no tibie and tarsi remaining. It is
described from the Rev. William Kirby’s collection, liberally given
to the Entomological Society by that talented naturalist.

Sp. 10. Euchlora bicolor, Fab.

Long. lin. 9; lat. lin. 5.

Caput viride, margine clypei rufescente antennis rubro-fuscis, glabra
supra, viridis, subtis testacea, pedibus apice aureis. Statura Eu-
chlore viridis at duplo minor : supra tota viridis, glabra, obscura,
immaculata: subtus obscurior, testacea, @neo colore tincta: fe-
mora pallidiora tibia et tarsi aurei, (Fab). pygidio obscure viridi.
Variat colore supra viridi nitido, subtus aureo, et elytris interdum
apice rufis.

Hab. in Java.

“‘ Fabricius described this insect from Sir Joseph Banks’s cabinet,
as a species from the Cape of Good Hope. Olivier copied the error,
and figured one specimen, as obtained from the island of Bourbon.
Both writers are in error as to locality, as the insect is peculiar to
Java and the East Indian continent. Mr. Kirby has named the
above species in his collection H. Brightwellii, which I regard only as
a synonym of #. bicolor.”

Sp. 11. Evcuiora PerPiexa.
Long. lin. 8; lat. lin. 41.

71

E. glabra, supra viridis, subtis pallidé testacea tibiis tarsisque roseo-
cupreis. Affinis precedenti at minor. Caput viride margine antico
subrufo, antennis testaceis. Corpus supra viride, glabrum subtus
testaceum femoribus concoloribus, tibiis tarsisque roseo-cupreis,
pygidio viridi, postice flavescente.

Hab. in agro Nepalensi.

‘This species I received from my late lamented friend General
Hardwicke, and for a long time I regarded it as the true bicolor of
Fabricius. Professor De Haan of Leyden has latelysent me LZ. bicolor,
Fab., from the island of Java; I have therefore been obliged to name
an insect which I regarded as previously described. The species are
closely allied, and might have puzzled any individual. The concise
descriptions of Fabricius necessarily lead to error. It is of the
highest importance, then, to obtain authentic specimens from sources
which may be relied on, and I feel satisfied, that with regard to in-
sects, unless the few authentic cabinets known are carefully inspect-
ed, little reliance can be placed on specimens, without they are
named from comparison.”

Sp. 12. EvcHiora FEMORALIs.

Long. lin. 7; lat. lin. 4.

E. glabra supra viridis, subtus rufo-testacea, femoribus flavis. Affinis
E. bicolori at minor. Clypeus eneo-flavescens. Antenne testacee.
Thorax marginibus lateralibus concoloribus. LElytra supra viri-
dia, opalino, seu aureo colore tincta, apice bituberculato. Corpus
subtus testeceum. Pectus sericie flavo obsitum. Femora flava ;
tibiis, tarsis, chelisque roseo-cupreis.

Hab. in Java.

«« This species, by the kindness of Dr. Horsfield, I have described
from the rich collection at the India House. It approaches in form
the genus Mimela, Kirby. It is remarkable for its opaline play of
colour, differing in that respect from all the species of my acquaint-
ance.”

Sp. 18. Evcuiora Dz Haant.

Long. lin. 114; lat. lin. 6.

E. viridis, supra glaberrima nitida, subtus eneo viridis, nitido splendore
conspicua. Caput viride, in medio aureo colore tinctum. Elytra
glaberrima, sub lente vix subpunctata. Corpus infra smaragdino
colore ornatum, lateribus pectoris argenteis pilis obsitis, segmentis
abdominis utrinque pilosis et punctatis. Femora nitida, tibiis for-
titer variolosis, tarsis chelisque viridibus.

Hab. in Assam.

«‘T have named this species in honour of my friend Professor De
Haan, of Leyden, to whom European entomologists are greatly in-
debted for the additions made to many of their cabinets.”

In Mus. Dom., Hope.

Sp. 14. Evcuiora prmipiara.
Long. lin. 11; Lat. lin. 64.

72

E. supra tota viridis punctata, subtds cyanea. Vide Gray’s Zoo-
logical Miscellany, page 23, sp. 8, under Euchlora dimidiata.
Clypeus rotundatus, antennis, palpisque piceis. Thorax subtilissime
punctatus. Llytra viridia opalino colore tincta, glabra nitida,
striato-punctata striis parum distinctis. Corpus infra cyaneum,
violaceo colore mixtum. Pectus pilis flavescentibus obsitum. Pe-
des cyanei.
Hab. in agro Nepalensi.
«This species was originally described by me among other Coleop-
tera belonging to General Hardwicke’s superb collection, which has
passed since his death to the British Museum.”

Sp. 15. Evcuiora sutcata.

Long. lin. 10; Lat. lin. 6.

E. supra viridis, punctata, elytris lineis fortiter sulcatis ; corpore
infra cyaneo.

Caput viride. Antenne picee. Thorax utrinque in medio puncto
impresso. lytra binis lineis longitudinalibus fortiter impressa,
seu sulcata, tertia fere humerali ante medium disci interrupta.
Corpus subtus cyaneum pedibus concoloribus. Pectus ferrugineis
capillis sparsim obsitum ; annulis abdominis, pedibusque punctatis.

Hab. in agro Nepalensi.

‘‘ Treceived thisinsect from my lamented friend, General Hardwicke,

and described it concisely some years back in Gray’s Zoological Mis-
cellany.”

Sp. 16. Eucuiora suBcHRULEA.

Long. lin. 10; Lat. lin. 5.

Totum corpus supra et infra subcyaneum. Antenne fusco-picee.
Caput subquadratum. Oculi nigriiride pallenti. Thorax punc-
tatissimus. Elytra substriato-punctata apice tuberculato. Corpus
infra concolor. Pectus cum femoribus flavis capillis obsitum.
Tarsi cheleque picei.

Hab. in Java.

‘« This singular species I am enabled to describe through the kind-

ness of Dr. Horsfield, of the India House, who has liberally allowed
me to describe some of the nondescripts of the Company’s col-

lection.”

Sp. 17. E. Cuprea Sresporpit.
Long. lin. 114; Lat. lin. 54.
Caput clypeo subreflexo oculis nigris. Totum corpus supra ereum
subtus roseo cupreum, nitidum. Caput et thorax punctulata. Elytra
fovea impressa, obsolete striata, punctulata lineis viz distinctis,
tuberculis apice conspicuis. Pygidium deflerum pilisque aspersum.
Corpus infra roseo-cupreum nitidum capellis subflavis obsitum.
Hab. in Japonica.
“« This insect I received from Professor De Haan, of Leyden, with
Siebold’s name of Cuprea attached to it, which I have consequently
adopted.”

73

Sp. 18. Evcnnora Cantor.

Lon. lin. 10; Lat. lin. 54.

Affinis precedenti at minor. Caput antice rotundutum antennis
piceis, oculisque albis. Totum corpus supra ereum, subtus roseo
cupreum, coloreque virescenti tinctum. Caput et thorax subtilis-
sime punctulata. Elytra e@rea, obsolete striata crebrissime punc-
tulata. Corpus infra roseo-cupreum femoribus anticis piceo-rubris,
colore nitidis, tibits tarsis chelisque cupreis.

«This species inhabits Assam ; it was given to me by Dr. Cantor,

in whose honour I have named it*.”

Sp. 19. Euvcutora costata, De Haan.

Long. lin. 84; Lat. lin. 43.

E. @rea, thorace viridi, elytris costatis, corpore subtus roseo cupreo.

Caput viridi-auratum antennis flavis oculisque albis. Thorax auratus

viridique colore tinctus, longitudinali linea media fortiter impressa,
crebre punctulatus. Elytra roseo-cuprea, sutura elevata, lineisque
quatuor in singulo elevatis, interstitiis punctulatis. Pygidium
flavum, in medio roseo-cupreum, eneo subpunctatum. Corpus infra
concolor, marginibus thoracis utrinque flavis.

Hab. in Japonia.

«‘ This species was sent to me by Professor De Haan, of Leyden; it
verges from the typical Euchlore, and appears intermediate between
Euchloraand Anomala. here is a variety of the above species which
has the margins of the thorax yellow, and the elytra testaceous, as
well as its under side and feet yellow. It is probably only an im-
mature specimen.”

Sp. 20. EucHiora AUREOLA,

Long. lin. 8; Lat. lin. 44.

E. aurato-viridis glabra nitida : corpus subius subtestaceum femoribus

Jflavis, tibiis tarsisque roseo-cupreis.

Caput viride, antennis testaceis, oculisque fuscis. Thorax et elytra
subtilissime punctulata virescentia auratoque splendore nitentia,
marginibus posticis abdominis membranaceis. Corpus infra testa-
ceum viridi eneo colore tinctum. Femora pallidiora tibiis tarsis che-
lisque roseo-cupreis. Pygidium obscure viride et punctulatum.

Hab. in India Orientali.

This beautiful species came from the Burmese territories ; it ap-

pears to be unique.

Mus. Dom., Hope.

Species Dusia.

Sp. 21. Euchlora erea, Perty.

Long. lin. 6; Lat. lin 43.

E. brunneo-enea, thorace subtilissime punctulato elytrisque obsolete
striatis rugulosis.

* “The superb collection of drawings of Reptilia, made by Dr. Cantor
whilst in India, is now deposited in the Radcliff Library at Oxford : it is to
be hoped the University will publish them.”

74

Statura et magnitudine fere E. Frischii, aliquantulum angustior.
Tota brunnea eneo-micans. Caput et thorax subtilissime punc-
tulata. Scutellum disco impresso, Elytra irregulariter punctato-
striata, rugulosa.

Hab. in Java.

I am in doubt if this insect can be considered as an Euchlora,

being compared with Anomala Frischii ; it may probably belong to
that genus.

Sp. 22. Euchlora cicatricosa, Perty.

Long. 7'"; Lat. lin. 33.

E.@nea elytris castaneis, cicatricoso-punctatis. Caput cupreo-eneum,
punctulatum. Thorax eneus dense punctulatus, stria media levi
impressa, Scutellum viridi-eneum, punctulatum. Elytra castanea,
marginulo extremo neo, substriato-punctata, punctis confluentibus
cicatricosis. Antenne et trophi picei: subtus cum pedibus enea.

Hab. in Brasilia Australi. Prov. 8. Pauli.

I am totally unacquainted with the above insect ; I have given the
description from the Delectus Animalium Articulatorum, the ento-
mology of which was written by Professor Perty. I feel no hesi-
tation in referring the above species to another genus, as I do not
believe a true Euchlora is ever found in the New World.

Sp. 23. Huchlora irrorella, De Haan.

Long. lin. 7; Lat. lin. 4.

Punctuée, d’un brun-jaune clair, avec deux bandes longitudinales
sur la téte, plusieurs autres mélées sur le corselet, et une foule
de petites taches transversales sur les elytres, noires; dessous du
corps et pattes tachetés de noir. Java.

From the above description it appears probable that Irrorella be-

jongs to the genus Euchlora.

Sp. 24. Euchlora? strigata, Castelneau.

Long. lin. 74; Lat. lin, 5.

D’un beau vert métallique, cuivreux, trés brillant; bords latéraux
du corselet d’un brun-jaunatre métallique, avec un point vert au
milieu; élytres avec des stries de points enfoncés, serrés, d’un
brun-jaune clair, 4 reflets verts métalliques, avec plusieurs
taches de cette couleur 4 la base, sur le milieu et 4 l’extremité ;
plaque anale jaunatre, avec deux grandes taches d’un vert mé-
tallique sur les cétés.

Hab. Coromandel.

This and the foregoing species are described from a French work

now in the course of publication, by the Count de Castelneau.

Sp. 25. Euchlora trivittata, Perty.

Long. lin. 5; Lat. lin. 21.

Subtus testaceo-metallica, thorace viridi, margine striaque media
flavis, elytris testaceo-viridibus.

Statura omnino E. Frischii, sed satis minor. Subtus testacea, metal-

75

lico-nitida, abdomine obscuriore. Caput eneum, subtilissime punc-
tulatum, clypeo reflevo. Thorax viridi-eneus, nitidus, margine
laterali lato, vittaque media flavis. Scutellum viridi-eneum,
politum. Elytra longitudinaliter punctulata, testaceo-viridia.
Antenne brunnee. Pedes metallico-testacei.

Hab. in Java.

In Museo Dom., Perty.

Sp. 26. Euchlora splendens. Schonherr.

Supra glabra, viridi-orichalcea, nitidissima, thorace elytrorumque

dorso subtiliter parce punctulatis clypeo, reflexo integerrimo.

Hab. in China.

In Museo Dom., Schonherr.

It is probable that the above species is a Mimela. It is con-
sidered by Professor Perty to be an Euchlora. I have added Schon-
herr’s short Latin description ; for more ample details consult the Ap-
pendix to Schonherr’s ‘Synonymia Insectorum,’ tom. i, part 3,
page 110.

Besides the above twenty-six species of Euchlora, there are seve-
ral other insects which have been comprehended under that name ;
for instance, E. Dalmanni of Schonherr, and Chrysea of Kollar, both
of which are true Mimele, and allied to M. fastuosa, Fab.; and
to these may be added various species of Anomala, recorded by Fa-
bricius, De Jean, and others. The latter writer, im his last catalogue
of 1837, mentions the names of E. piligera, Japonica, chalcites : as
he, however, confounds Mime/a with Euchilora, little reliance can be
placed on his authority; they are, moreover, manuscript names, and
no names ought to be adopted without published descriptions. I
may add, that in the Dutch and other collections, about six others
have fallen under my notice, making in all about thirty species;
which number no doubt will be considerably increased the more we
become acquainted with the Entomology of Oriental India.

Mr. Waterhouse called the attention of the members present to
some specimens of Quadrupeds presented to the Society by John
Wray, Esq. These quadrupeds were procured at Minas Geraes,
about three hundred miles from Rio Janeiro, and consist of two spe-
cimens of a species of Opossum, closely allied to Didelphis Azarae,
a curious pale variety of Gulo barbatus, and a specimen of Galictis
vittata, together with a Cavy and a Fox, which Mr. Waterhouse
stated he believed were undescribed.

May 28, 1839.
William Ogiiby, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter from C. B. Bidwell, Esq., dated Sierra Leone, February
22, 1839, was read. It stated that Mr. Bidwell had forwarded for
the Society’s museum the skull of a Hippopotamus, and skins of
four species of monkey. ‘‘ ‘The Hippopotamus,” says Mr. Bidwell,
‘is not found in the Sierra I.eone River, but is very abundant in the
Scarcies, which is about fifty miles distant.”

A paper from the Rev. R. T. Lowe, entitled ‘“‘ A Supplement to a
synopsis of the Fishes of Madeira*,” was read.

Fam. Percip#.
Genus CaLLANTHIAS.

Gen. char.—Head scaly, except the short muzzle before the eyes ;
teeth as in Anthias, Bl.; preopercle perfectly entire; opercle with
two flat adpressed spines; lateral line high up, near the back, and
ending at the end of the dorsal fin, which is even or continuous;
branchiostegous membrane with six rays.

CALLANTHIAS PARADISEUS. A most elegant little fish ; in general
habit and colouring resembling Anthias sacer, Bl., but without the
produced third spine of the dorsal fin. Its analogies are singularly
complicated, but its affinities are truly Percidous. By Bloch it might
have been arranged either in Bodianus or Cephalopholis, Bl., but it is
really inadmissible into any well-defined or constituted modern ge-
nus. It is almost as rare as beautiful.

Fam. BeryciD&£.
Genus Brryx, Cuv.

Breryx pEcaDActyLus, Cuv. 8B. corpore ovali, lato, profundo,
altitudine longitudinem capitis superante ; dorso elevato, arcuato,
gibbo ; ventre prominente: basi pinne dorsalis elongato, pinnis
pectoralibus haud breviore: oculis maximis : operculi.angusti ca-
rina obscura: osse humerali angusto, margine posteriore recto,
verticalt.
D. 4 + 18 — 20; Vs. 1 +10; &e.
B. decadactylus, Cuv. and Val., Hist. III. 222.
B. splendens, nob. quoad icon. Tab. III. in Cam. Phil. Trans.,
Vol. VI. Part 1; haud textus.

When I published B. splendens as a new species in the Cambridge
Transactions, I was unacquainted with the present fish, though it is
scarcely perhaps less common than the former. I consequently did

* See Transactions of the Zoological Society, vol. ii. p. 173.

77

not discover till long after, that the figure intended for my B. splen-
dens had been inadvertently taken by Miss Young from an individual
of B. decadactylus, Cuv., of which it offers the more obvious pecu-
liarities. The true B. splendens, therefore, yet remains unfigured,
and till an opportunity presents of supplying this deficiency in the
“ Fishes of Madeira,” I subjoin its true specific characters, contrasted
with those of B. decadactylus.

B. spLenpreNs. 8B. corpore oblongo, altitudine longitudinem capitis
haud equante : dorso recto : basi pinne dorsalis brevi, pinnis pec-
toralibus breviore : oculis magnis ; operculi lati carina prominente :
osse humerali dilatato, margine posteriore_arcuato, obliquo.

D.4+13—15; V.1+ 10—18 (1 + 11 fere); &c.

B. splendens, nob. Proceed. Zool. Soc. 1833. 1. 142. Cam. Phil.
Trans. VI. 1.197; excl. icon.—Syn. Mad. Fishes in Trans. Zool.
Soc. Vol. ii. p. 174.

Trachichthys pretiosus, nob.

Hoplostethus mediterraneus, Cuv. and Val. IV. 496. t. 97. bis.
Rariss.

This fish is unquestionably congeneric, if it is not even still more
closely allied with Trachichthys australis of Shaw. Hence the above
adoption of the older generic appellation, affording opportunity for
the substitution of a less restrictive specific title; better suited to a
fish : proved by the occurrence of two individuals in these Atlantic
seas not to be peculiarly Mediterranean.

To the Sub-Percidous family Berycide belongs also Polymivia ;
nob. Cam. Phil. Trans. IV. 1. 198. t. 1V.—Syn. Mad. Fish. pp. 178,
179.

Fam. TricLip#.

Trigla lineata, LL. Cuv. and Val. Hist. IV. 34.; Yarrell, Brit.
Fish. 1. 46. Rariss.
A single individual only has occurred.

Fam. Sparip#.

Pagellus rostratus, nob.—Syn. Mad. Fish. 177.
Reference to the excellently characteristic figures of Rondelet and

Salviani has satisfied me that this is merely Pagellus erythrinus, Cuy.
and Val.

Fam. Cu@tTopontTip2&.

Pimelepterus Boscti, Lac.—‘‘ Cheiroco” or ‘‘ Xarroco.”—Cuy. and
Val. VII. 258 t. 187. Rariss.

Fam. ScoMBRIDZ&.

Thynnus Albacora.—‘‘Atum Albacora.” —T. corpore elongato, postice
attenuato: pinna anali secundaque dorsali antice longe falcato-
productis: pectoralibus ad medium secunde dorsalis attingen-
tibus : ore oculisque parvis.

Tunny, Penn. Brit. Zool. Ed. 1. iii. 266. No. 133. t. 52. excl. syn.

An L’Auxide de Sloane, Scomber Sloanei, Cuy. and Val. Hist, VIII.

78

148; i. e. Albacore, Sloane, Hist. of Jam. 1. t. 1. fp. 28? Sat.
vulg.

The length of the narrow produced fore-part of the second dorsal
fin varies from one-sixth to one-fourth part of the whole length of
the fish ; that of the pectoral fins is from one-fifth to one-fourth part
of the same, and their tips reach to the middle of the second dorsal
fin. Thus, in this latter point it is intermediate between the common
Tunny (7. vulgaris, L.) and the following new species (7. obesus,
nob.) ; approaching most the latter.

Pennant’s figure is at least a tolerable representation of this very
distinct species, agreeing with it in its main points of difference from
the true 7. vulgaris, L. It may be hoped that the attention of Bri-
tish Naturalists will be directed to this point. The proper season
for the Albacora in Madeira is September and October.

Tuynnvus opEsus.—‘‘Atum Patudo.”—T. corpore abbreviato : obeso :
pinnis acutis ; pectoralibus ad finem secunde dorsalis attingen-
tibus: oculis magnis.

Vulgaris.

This fish is constantly distinguished by the fishermen from the
common Tunny or “ Atum Rabilha” (T. vulgaris, L.) by the larger
eye, and shorter thickset figure. The pectoral fins vary from one-
fourth to nearly one-sixth part of the whole length, their points
reaching to the end of the second dorsal fin. In 7. vulgaris, L. the
tips of the pectoral fins reach only to the end of the first, or to the
beginning of the second dorsal fin.

T. obesus is in greatest abundance earlier in the summer than 7’.
Albacora. In size it ranges next below T. vulgaris, L., not however
attaining above half the extreme size of that species; nor much ex-
ceeding the full size of T. Albacora.

Thynnus Alalonga, Cuv. and Val.— Atum Avoador.’’—Cuyv. and
Val. Hist. VIII. 120. t. 215.

Orcynus Alalonga, Risso, iii. 419. Vulgaris.

No difficulty can occur in the recognition of this species, from the
great length of the pectoral fins, which are one-third part of the
whole length, and reach to the end of the anal fin, or to the first
spurious finlet behind it. Its proper season is said to be January.

Thyrsites acanthoderma.— Escolar.” :

Aplurus simplex, Syn. Mad. Fish. 180.

This is the fish called in my Synopsis Aplurus simpler. Itisa
true Thyrsites, Cuv. in every respect, except the structure of the skin,
a peculiarity which seems insufficient, in the absence of all other
characters, to warrant its generic separation.*

Prometheus atlanticus, nob.—‘‘ Coelho.”

This also is again here mentioned only for the sake of remarking,
that further observations have gone far to prove the Maderan fish to

* By an error in the punctuation, some descriptive observations at the
bottom of page 180 of my synopsis (Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. ii.), relating to
this fish, have been converted into a specific character.

79

be specifically distinct from both Gempylus Prometheus and G. Solandri
of MM. Cuvier and Valenciennes, whose synonyms should therefore
be expunged.

Gen. Aruanorpus, nob.

Gen. Char.—Form as in Lepidopus, elongate, much compressed,
like a sword-blade, naked, but with a short keel on each side, towards
the tail.

Muzzle and teeth as in Lepidopus (Gouan), but the palatines un-
armed.

Dorsal fins two, nearly equal. Anal fin as in Lepidopus, but with
a strong sharp spine instead of a scale before it, a little behind the
vent. No trace or rudiment of ventral fins.

ApHANOPUS CARBO.—‘‘ Hspada preta.”’ Rariss.

Of this most curious new genus a single individual only has yet
occurred. The whole fish is of a dark coffee colour, approaching to
black, and has in form so close a general resemblance to Lepidopus
argyreus, Cuv., that it might well be taken hastily for a mere variety
of that fish.

Tetragonurus atlanticus, nob.

Differs from T. Cuvieri, Cuv. and Val., XI. 172. ¢. 318. chiefly in
the longer head, much larger eye (nearly twice as large in proportion
to the whole length), greater width between the eyes, teeth twice
as numerous, in the upper jaw; thicker body, longer pectoral fins,
higher (twice as high) first dorsal fin, and inequality of its spines.
Having, however, seen only a single individual, I forbear to charac-
terize it more distinctly ; especially since of T. Cuviert so few ex-
amples have as yet occurred ; and that even MM. Cuvier and Va-
lenciennes appear to have taken their figure from one which was im-
perfect in the caudal fin at least. The first dorsal fin is described
by MM. Cuvier and Valenciennes as having fifteen spines; but
twenty-one are figured in the plate.

The following is the fin-formula of T. Cuvieri, according to Risso ;
and MM. Cuv. and Val. :

Ist. D. 18; 2nd. D. 1,12; A. 1,11; P.16; V.1,5; C.36.”
—Risso Hist.

“Ist: Dif or in agp end Del +185 A.125.P?; Vi 02; B.
M. 5.”—Cuv. and Val. Hist.

That of T. atlanticus, nob. is

: ‘ 2 3 / 7+ VIII.
bet Dla: Zad. DP AL IT; P. 165 V1 55 TEV. 3
B. M. 5.

The true affinities of this fish are certainly rather to be sought
among the Mackerels (e. g. Thyrsites) than the Mullets. Its relation
to the Mugilide is, indeed, one merely of a faint analogy.

Xiphias gladius, L.—*‘ Peixe Agulha.”

The ordinary Sword-fish of Madeira is truly the common Xiphias
gladius, L.

80

I have heard, however, of ‘‘ another sort, with a bayonet or spit-
like beak,” called ‘‘ Peto,”” which may perhaps have been a Histio-
phorus or Tetrapturus.

SERIOLA DuBIA. Rariss.

A single individual only has occurred, which I am unable to
identify with any of the species enumerated by MM. Cuv. and Val.
The second dorsal fin is produced in front into a point ; five eighths
the depth of the body beneath. The sides of the tail are sufficiently
distinctly keeled; and there is no temporal band. In the first of
these characters it comes nearest S. Rivoliana or S. falcata Cuv. and
Val.; differing, however, from both, principally in the points in
which they are said to agree with S. Dumerilii, Cuv. and Val.
With S. Lalandi, Cuv. and Val., it agrees in the two latter points
above-mentioned ; but differs in the produced second dorsal and anal
fins; S. Lalandi appearing from MM. Cuvier and Valenciennes’ de-
scription not to disagree in this respect with S. Dumerilii, Cuv. and
Val. The individual described measured two feet and a half long.

Lampris lauta. For ‘ Vertebris 69’’ and “ Vert. 49,” in the
specific character and following formula of the Lampris lauta, p,
183. Of the Synopsis of Fish Mad. (vol. ii. Trans. Zool. Soc.),
read, Vertebris 45; and in the seventh line of the next page, for
‘« six vertebre more,”’ read “‘ two yertebre more.”

Fam. CorypH2NIDZ.

Coryphena hippurus, Cuv. and Val.? ‘‘ Dourado macho.”—Syn.
Fish Mad. 183.

This fish agrees with C. Aippuroides, Raf., according to the brief
account transcribed by MM. Cuv. and Val., in having a row of larger
dusky spots along the ridge of the back on each side at the base of
the dorsal fin, which is itself immaculate, whilst the anal fin is also
somewhat high and pointed in front. In these three points it is at
variance with MM. Cuvier and Valenciennes’ elaborate description
of their C. hippurus, L. The individual described, however, by these
consummate Ichthyologists was a male; whilst the only three which
I have been able to examine closely, proved on dissection to be fe-
males, though commonly supposed by the Maderan fisherman to be the
male of C. equisetis, L. Hence the Maderan fish, whether identical
or not with the obscure and doubtful C. hippuroides, Raf., is for the
present better referred to C. hippurus,L. Sufficient ground appears
for the suspicion that the above differences may be only sexual. But
were it otherwise, they would alone scarcely warrant its specific dis-
crimination.

Corypuzna Nortronrana.— Delfim.”

This is a deeper fish than the preceding, in proportion to its
length; with the front much steeper and bluffer; indeed, nearly
vertical ; the Dorsal fin beginning also somewhat forwarder. In the
fin-formulz, and number of the vertebre (31), the two agree ; and I
have seen too few individuals at present to decide whether they really

81

are distinct, or only so in sex. But for its spotted body, I should
be greatly tempted to refer it to the imperfectly known C. imperialis,
Raf. (See Cuv. and Val., Hist. 9, 286.) In this uncertainty as to
both rank and synonyms, less ultimate confusion will result from a
distinct specific name, applied provisionally, than from a doubtful
reference. It is therefore called after the Honourable C. E. C. Nor-
ton, to whose able pencil I was first indebted for a knowledge of the
fish. Two other supposed individuals have since occurred, of which,
however, one was unfortunately neglected, and the other had been
two much injured by a blow, beating in the interparietal crest, to be
fully satisfactory. This last individual, taken November 22nd 1838,
was apparently a male; but I could not satisfy myself completely even
on this point, and infer it only from my inability to discover any trace
of the ovaria.

Coryphena equisetis, L. 1, 447.—‘‘ Dourada,”” “ D. femea,” or
«« D. amarella.”’—C. equisetis, Cuv. and Val., 9, 297, t. 267.

This may at once be distinguished from the foregoing species by
its unspotted body, marked only by a few scattered, clear, but ex-
tremely minute black specks, very different from the diffused, pale,
dusky, larger, spots of the preceding. The pectoral fins are also very
short, the dorsal fin with fewer rays (53— 55), the number of ver-
tebre greater (33), the form deeper and less elongated than even in
the first species here recorded. It also is a smaller fish. Being
our commonest species, I have seen numerous examples, but none
exceeding two feet in length. The average length is very uniformly
from twenty to twenty-two or twenty-three inches.

This fish, which is the commonest of the ‘“‘ Dourados”’ of Madeira,
differs from C. equisetis, L., as described by MM. Cuv. and Val.,
under the name of C. equisetis, only in the head being rather longer
than high, instead. of higher than long, in the dorsal fin being lower
in its highest part, and also lower before than at its hinder end; and
lastly in the profile being oblique from the beginning, whilst in C.
equisetis, Cuv. and Val., ‘‘il monte d’abord verticalement sur le tiers
a peu prés de son contour.” The first three discrepancies might
well be merely due to slightly different modes of measurement.
The latter is less easily accountable; for in this Maderan fish at
least, of which I am well acquainted with both sexes, I find nothing
to confirm M. Dussumier’s observation, that a greater height of the
interparietal crest is characteristic of the male in Coryphena. See
Cuv. and Val. 12, Pref. p. vii.

Pompilus Rondeletii, Will. 215, t. O. 1, f. 6.

Centrolophus pompilus, Yarr. 1, 158.
pompilus, Cuv. and Val. 9, 334, t. 269.
morio (Lacep.) Ib. 342. Rariss.

Two examples have occurred during the writing of this paper ;
the first was uniformly blackish, without spots or marks, thus an-
swering to Centrolophus Morio of Lacepéde: the second individual
was smaller, and was marked precisely as in MM. Cuvier and
Valenciennes’ figure (t. 269) of C’. pompilus.

I have no hesitation in uniting both these fishes, with their re-

82

spective synonyms, under the name long since applied by Willoughby
to designate the species; although by him employed especially in
reference to the second state or variety abovementioned, which also
was the variety originally described by Rondeletius,

Pompilus Bennettit.

Leirus Bennettii, nob. in Cam. Trans. VI. 1, 199, t. V.—Syn.

Mad. Fish, p. 179.
Centrolophus ovalis, Cuv. and Val. IX. 346.
crassus. Ib. 348.

The genus Leirus proves identical with Centrolophus, Lac., which
in its turn, if not intolerable in itself (see Cuv. and Val. IX. 33].),
must yield precedence to the prior claims of Pompilus, Rond. The
species described by the Ichthyologist of Montpellier, (Centrolophus
pompilus, Auct.) ought, on the other hand, as long ago by Willoughby,
to be called Pompilus Rondeletii.

Brama Raii, Bl.“ Freira.”’—Syn. Mad. Fish, p. 179.

The true affinities of this fish are most assuredly Scombridal, or
to speak more strictly, Corypheenidal.

It was in reconsidering those of Brama, and in reaching this con-
clusion, that I was first led to detect the true affinities and synonyms
of Leirus. It was not till convinced of the necessity of placing
Brama next to Pompilus (Centrolophus, Lac.), that I discovered Leirus
Bennettii to be a genuine species of this last-named genus.

So valuable are these studies of affinities; and thus do even errors
often lead to valuable truth. I was not wrong, however, in asso-
ciating Leirus Bennettii with Brama; but in not referring sooner it,
or rather both, to the neighbourhood of Pompilus.

Fam. ZENID&.
Zeus Faber.

Fam. Muciipz.

Mveit maperensis. ‘‘ Tuinha de moda.”

This is the fish published, in the former part of this list, under the
name and with the synonyms of M. Chelo, Cuv. Comparing it, how-
ever, more closely with the description of M. Chelo in the eleventh
volume of MM. Cuvier and Valenciennes’ Histoire, I find the follow-
ing principal discrepancies in the Maderan fish :

1. The produced scaly appendages at the base of the first dorsal
fin extend considerably beyond the base of the fourth spine.

2. The maxillary is but very slightly S-like.

3. The upper lip is by no means peculiarly thick and fleshy, but
rather the contrary.

4. It isa shallower, less deep fish in proportion to its length.

5. The tongue is altogether smooth, without any “ asperités”’
whatever, at the edges or anterior end of the “‘aréte,” which cannot
be called “‘ trés-aigue.”

6. The palate also is entirely smooth, not papillose near the vomer.

7. A conspicuous bright metallic brassy spot on the opercula, as
in M. auratus, Cuv. and Val.

It differs, however, essentially from this last-named species, and

83

from M. breviceps, Cuv. and Val., in the exposure of the ends of the
maxillary.

Fam. Gosip#.

Having considerably extended my list of species, as well as rec-
tified some errors in the nomenclature of others, I subjoin a com-
plete enumeration of the Maderan species of this family hitherto
discovered.

Blennius gattorugine, Will. Cuv. and Val. IX. 200. Will. Ichth.
foletnite ot) 2)—— Var 1996.” Rariss:

A single individual only has occurred.

Blennius palmicornis, Cuv. and Val. XI, 214. t. 320. Syn. Mad.
Fish 185. Vulgaris.

Blennius Artedii, Cuv. and Val. XT. 231.
Synops. Mad. Fish 185. haud Cuv. and Val. Rarior.

This is the little fish which, being formerly known to me only by
a sketch, I had erroneously supposed to be referrible to B. inequalis,
Cuy. and Val. On better acquaintance it however proves their B.
Artedii ; and is indeed a most distinct and well-marked little species,
scarcely exceeding two inches in length, and at once characterized
by its active lively habits, its light tawny brown or yellowish olive
colour, sprinkled all over with numerous minute white specks or
dots, and the hollow, triangle-shaped, ciliate, occipital crest.

Blennius parvicornis, Cuv. and Val. XI. 257. Syn. Mad. Fish
185. Rariss.

Of this, as formerly of B. Artedii, I have no means of judging,
except from some notes and a drawing taken by Miss Young, July
10th, 1835, during my absence from the island. My friend Mr.
Yarrell has, however, examined the individual from which these were
taken; and on his accuracy I rely entirely for the correctness of the
above name or reference. I had before supposed it to be undescribed,
calling it B. strigatus.

Pholis levis, Flem. Cuy. and Val. XI. 269. Yarr. 1, 230. Syn.
Mad. Fish 185. Rarior.

I cannot help suspecting that MM. Cuvier and Valenciennes’ Ma-
deran specimen at least, discovered by my friend Henry Richardson,
Esq., of Aber Hirnant, North Wales, of Blennius trigloides, Cuv. and
Val. XI. 228, is really nothing but this state or variety of Pholis
devis, which differs from the ordinary European fish only in having
five or six distinct dark blotches or “‘ demi-bands”’ along the back.
I have hitherto met with no other fish beside the present answering
at all to their description of B. trigloides; whilst this state of Pholis
levis, although somewhat rare, is by no means so uncommon as to
have been likely to escape Mr. Richardson’s unwearied assiduity.

Salarias atlanticus, Cuv. and Val. XI. 321. Syn. Mad. Fish 185.
Vulgaris.

Tripterygion nasus, Riss. Cuy. and Val. XI. 409. Syn. Mad. Fish
185. Rariss.

Gosius nicer, f. nob.

, L. Syn. Mad. Fish 185.

inequalis nob.

84

Gobius Maderensis, Cuv. and Val. XII. 55. Rarior.

I believe this to be a mere variety or state of the common Euro-
pean G. niger, Cuv. and Val., analogous to the above-mentioned
Maderan state of Pholis levis, Flem.

Gosius EpuipPratus, G. fuscus, maculatus et punctatus: capite
nuchaque nudis, huc sulcata: pinnarum pectoralium dorsaliumque radiis
haud productis : squamis magnis.

Dy 12%) Ge DeaPs 19 3VAl Ls, 9% Vibes ee:

5 v. 6

B. M. 5. Rariss.

Of a nearly uniform brown colour, a little paler on the belly, with
a row of darker rich brown patches along the sides, and above these
numerous scattered smaller spots. Head spotted. The spots on the
head and fore part of the body are ocellate, or surrounded by a fer-
ruginous or yellowring. The eyes are scarcely a semidiameter apart.
The ventral fias are united, but by a very low membrane in front.
Length of the only individual which has hitherto occurred, five inches.
It appears sufficiently distinct from all the described European spe-
cies by its naked head and nape.

Fam. Loruip«.

CHEIRONECTES BIcuRNIS.. C. hispidus, setis furcatis, nudus sex-
appendiculatus, pallide ruber, punctulis fuscis conspurcatus :
Sronte super oculos bicorni; cornu anteriore distineto, recurvo ;
posteriore gibboso-cristiformi ; filamento intermedio inconspicuo :
brachiis pectoralibus ventralibusque exsertis.

D.12; A.7; P.10; V.5; GH +V.

A single individual only has occurred of this pretty little species,
which in the foregoing characters appears distinct enough from all
enumerated by MM. Cuv. and Val. ; approaching, perhaps, nearest
to Ch. furcipilis, pardalis, or coccineus. It was only one and three-
fourths of an inch long, and seven-eighths of an inch deep. The
whole fish is strongly scabrous to the touch.

Fam. Lasripa.

Crenilabrus caninus, nob. Synops. 186.

A most remarkable variety of this fish has the preopercle perfectly
entire ; invalidating thus completely the generic character. This
state of the species appears permanent, and independent of age or
size; whilst it is wholly unaccompanied by other marks of difference
or indications of disease. It is rare comparatively with the normal
form.

Crenilabrus luscus, nob. in Syn. Mad. Fish 187; nec Yarrellii
nec Linneei.

This also proves distinct from Mr. Couch’s Scale-rayed Wrasse
(Acantholabrus Couchii, Cuv. and Val. 13. 248), to which, as figured
by Yarrell for the Labrus luscus, L. (a true Labrus, according to
Valenciennes,) I had formerly referred it. A still nearer ally ap-
pears, however, to be Acantholabrus Palloni, Cuv. and Val. 13. 243

85

(Crenilabrus eroletus, Risso, haud Labrus exoletus, L.). From this
it differs in the extension up between each of the spines of the dorsal
and anal fins of generally four of the large scales into a curious di-
stinct ard moveable imbricated appendage ; in the large dark spot or
patch on the hinder end of the spiny portion of the dorsal fin; in
having two dark spots on each side at the base of the caudal fin, one
on the dorsal, and another fainter on the ventral line; and lastly in
the general colour. In the first and last of these four points, it
agrees better with Acantholabrus Couchii, Val. (Crenilabrus luscus,
Yarr., Brit. Fish. 1. 300); butit differs in the other two, is only half
the size, and whilst the dorsal and the anal fins have severally one
spine less, the dorsal has one soft ray more.

LABRUS RETICULATUS.

This fish cannot be at present safely referred to the Ballan Wrasse
of British Authors (Labrus maculatus, Bl.), Yarr. 1. 275; although
in size and form of body, no less than in the peculiar lowness of the
spiny portion of the dorsal fin, and abrupt production of the soft
part of the same, and of the anal fin, as well as in the number of the
rays of all the fins, there is a strong agreement. It will, I think,
however, ultimately prove merely a dark variety of that species. The
colour is peculiarly sombre ; being a dark brown, approaching on the
back almost to black; the whole beautifully reticulated with dark
chesnut-brown lines, forming a border to each scale, and leaving the
centre pale. The preeoperculum was scaly. A single individual
occurred in March 1838, and measured sixteen inches in length. Its
fin-formula was,

4+] VI.
Baer ee Tones ich te G00 PF] Aisi dns ees

Be ee
This individual has been deposited in the Society’s collection.

; B.M.5.

JuLis MELANURA. J. oblongus, postice nigrescens : capite superne
dorsoque olivaceo-fuscis : lateribus perpendiculate strigatis ; strigis
posterioribus nigricantibus : pinne dorsalis antice altiores rudiis
tribus primordialibus longioribus, operculique angulo lato truncato,
basique primarum pectoralium ceruleo-nigrescente notatis : pinna
dorsali analique fasciatis, basi nudis ; caudali rotundato nigri-
cante: squamis parvis: dente solitario majore ad canthum oris
utrinque, antrorsum porrecto.

D.9 +12; A.3 + 12; P.14v.15; V.1+5;C.

Vert®, 25.

Julis speciosa, nob. in Syn. Mad. Fish 186; haud Rissoi.

, Cuv. and Val., Hist. 13. 375; quoad tantum ex-
empla Canariensa, et forsan quidem Maderensia.

On re-examination and a close comparison of this fish with MM.
Cuvier and Valenciennes’ description of the true Mediterranean J.
speciosa, of Risso, I find that it is properly distinct; although a Ca-
narian individual at least of it has been referred by Valenciennes, as

44VI..
44 V1?

M.B.6;

86

the Maderan fish was formerly by me, to Risso’s species. It differs
chiefly in the elevation of the three first rays of the dorsal fin, the
spot on which is small, not large; in the deep blackness of the
caudal fin and hinder part of the tail or body ; and, lastly, in being of
considerably larger size (8-10 inches in length) than the true Medi-
terranean J. speciosa, Riss. Not having met at present with any
other fishes in Madeira which agree so nearly as J. melanura with
that species, I cannot help suspecting that in M. Valenciennes’ Ma-
deran specimens of his J. speciosa may exist the principal peculiari-
ties which he has expressly noted in Mr. Webb’s Canarian example,
and which are precisely those of Julis melanura.

ACANTHOLABRUS IMBRICATUS. A. pinna dorsali analique basi squa-
mosis; squamis subquaternis, bractearum modo imbricatis, inter
spinas assurgentibus : dorsalis parte spinosa postice unimaculato :
cauda utrinque bimaculata : squamis sige h

Fam. FisruLarip&.

Crnrriscus GraciLis. C. corpore gracili, angusto, elliptico-oblongo,
supra fusco, lateribus argenteis : rostro producto, elongato :
pinne prime dorsalis, inter oculos pinnamque caudalem media,
spina secunda mediocri, breviore, pinnam caudalem nequaquam at-

tingente.
8 DAP eS Ie PA FOV ee POE es i.
Rarior.

In its shape and colour this is very obviously different from the
common red Snipefish (C. Scolopax, L.). But I have not been able
to assure myself that the above differences are not sexual. They are
not certainly dependent upon size. The depth averages from one-
fifth to one-sixth and a half of the whole length, instead of one-
fourth of the same. In two individuals of the same length within
one quarter of an inch, the depth of the larger (C. Scolopaz, L.) was °
very nearly double that of the smaller (C. gracilis, nob.) and the 2nd
spine of the Ist dorsal fin was respectively in each one-fourth and
one-seventh of the whole length of the fish.

Fam. Esocipz.

BELONE GRACILIS, nob.—‘‘ Catuta.” .

Early in March last year (1838) a fisherman brought alive in sea-
water two fishes, which, in their slenderness, and the upper jaw being
only half the length of the lower, differed obviously from the com-
mon B. vulgaris. Measuring, however, seven or eight inches only
in length, it seemed questionable, in the absence of equal-sized in-
dividuals of B. vulgaris for comparison, whether they might not be
the young of that species. My friends, however, the Rev. L. Jenyns
and Mr. Yarrell, have examined these two individuals, and the latter
warrants me in stating, on their joint authority, that these two fishes

87

are ‘‘not, in their opinion, B. vulgaris,” being “‘ much more slender
for the same or equal length.”

Scomberesox Saurus, Cuv.

The Portuguese name “ Delphine” (rectius ‘‘ Delfim’’,) is errone-
ously appended to this fish. Another individual has been lately
brought to me with the name of “‘ Almeirao,” but the species is far
too rare to have obtained any permanent and genuine appellation in
Madeira.

Fam. SALMONID.

ScopELUS MADERENSIS.

A small dark mulberry-coloured fish, which might easily be taken
for the fry or young of Pomatomus telescopus, Risso. The dark vi-
nous-coloured ground is concealed by very large deciduous platina-
like scales. The only individual which has yet occurred was three
inches long. It approaches very near to Sc. Humboldti, Risso, Hist.
iii. 467. (supposed to be identical with Pennant’s Argentine, Yar. 11.
94.), and has the row of longer silver dots, or pits, extending forwards
from the root of the caudal fin along the ventral line : but it disagrees
remarkably with the generic characters assigned to Scopelus by Cu-
vier, R. An. 2nd Ed. ii. 314, in having both the palatines and tongue
aculeate with teeth.

The fin-formula in the Madeiran fish was

Ist, D. 3 + 10; 2nd, D. 1 club- or feather-shaped ;

f} 2ASER
6+1+ Vill

Gen. ALysIA.

Ago 2 19. P31 Ves lt gi.

r

Corpus subelongatum, compressum ; dorso postice ventreque spinoso-
serratis. Rostrum brevissimum, ore rictuque magnis, hoc pone
oculos diducto. Dentes minuti, tenues; in maxilla inferiore, Vo-
mere, et Palatinis scobinati. Lingua postice lateribus subacu-
leolata.

Squame magne, haud decidue, scabre ; squamis linez lateralis la-
tissimis, maximis, scutellatis, s. per totam longitudinem loricato-
imbricatis.

Pinne ventrales sub apice pinnarum pectoralium site. Dorsales
due; prima inter Ventrales et Analem posita; 2% ad finem
analis, rudimentali. Pinna caudalis minima, furcata.

ALYSIA LORICATA.

The spinoso-serrate ventral and hinder part of the dorsal lines,
together with the peculiar scales of the lateral line, appear to forbid
the blending of this interesting little fish with the Cuvierian genus
Aulopus, as defined in the R. Anim., Ed. 2. ii. 315, though they have
many characters incommon. The Maderan fish is no less rare than
elegant. It scarcely exceeds two inches in length. The back is a
deep blue; the sides bright silvery or platina; and a row of dead-
silver dots or pits extends along the ventral line; as in the Scopelus
above described. The fin-formula is {

88

lst, D. 2+ 10; 2nd, D. rudimentary; A. 2421 (+8 de-
tached depressed points or spines); P. 15 or 16; V. 1+ 5;
7 eis
"34 T+ VI
Fam. GapiIpz.

Macrovurus aTLanticus.—‘ Praga” or ‘‘ Lagartiza do mar.” —
M. fusco-cinereus, dorso vinoso, gatturis umbilico pinnisque ven-
tralibus atris : squamis areolato-scaberrimis, echinalatis, ecarina-
tis, inermibus : oculis maximis.

M. rupestris, nob. in Synops. Mad. Fish, p. 190, nec Bl. nec Cuv.

et omiss. syn. Lepidoleprus celorhynchus, Risso.

On further examination, this most singular fish appears to be quite
distinct from M. rupestris, Bl. t. 177; and therefore, according to
Cuvier (R. Anim. 2nd Ed. ii. 337, note,) from Lepidoleprus celo-
rhynchus, Risso, through which indeed alone I had referred it to the
northern fish described by Bloch. But besides the points included
in the specific character, the first ray of the first dorsal fin is neither
serrate nor stronger than the rest. The diameter of the eye is one
twelfth or one thirteenth part of the whole length, which scarcely
exceeds one foot.

Fam. PLEURONECTIDZ.

Ruomsvs oristatus. R. corpore oblongo-elliptico: oculis ap-
proximatis : dentibus tenuibus pectinatis ; in maxilla superiore
uniseriatis ; ininferiore anguste scobinatis : pinne dorsalis dimidit
anterioris radiis apice liberis ; primordialibus (2° 6™.) productis,
elongatis : latere (sinistro) fusco, immaculato : squamis (haud de-
ciduis) magnis, margine scabris.

3+ VI

D. 92;,A.75;V.6;P.14+9;C. 34"

The Whiff of British authors (R. megastoma, Yarr. 2. 251) appears
the nearest ally of this apparently new species. Indeed, except for
Mr. Yarrell’s more detailed account, I should have scarcely perhaps
scrupled referring it to ‘‘ La Cardine ou Calimande” of Cuvier’s R.
Anim. 2. 341, of which he says, “‘ses premiers rayons sont libres” ;
of course meaning of the dorsal fin. Nothing is, however, discern-
ible of this in either Mr. Yarrell’s figure or description of ‘‘ The
Whiff” ; nor even, if correct, does it express sufficiently the peculi-
arity of this part in the Maderan fish. The only individual which
has yet occurred was five and a quarter inches long.

Rariss.

Fam. CycLorreRip&.

43. LEPADOGASTER ZEBRINUS.—‘‘ Chupa sangue.” LL. fusco-nigres-
cens, lateribus postice strigis obliquis, nuchaque fasciis diver-
gentibus saturatioribus maculisque binis ceruleis pyriformibus
pictis: naribus biciliatis: pinnis dorsalibus analibusque caudali
adnatis.

D.17 v.16; A. 10 v.9; P.15 v.16; V4; C% +X. Haud

Yara. ’

89

In the double nasal cilia, and connexion of the caudal with the
dorsal and anal fins, this little fish agrees with L. cornubicus (Flem.),
Yarr. 2. 264. The structure of the sucking disk is also similar to
the representation of the same part in that species, and not to that
of the “ bimaculated Sucker,” at p. 268. In this particular it per-
fectly agrees also with the former species indicated in my Synopsis,
p- 190; which is, however, perfectly distinct specifically, having
neither a nasal cilium nor the caudal fin united with the dorsal and
anal fins. Of this last-mentioned species no second example has
yet occurred. The present (L. zebrinus) is not by any means un-
common. It varies considerably in intensity of colour, and in the
distinctness of the darker stripes upon the nape and flanks. The
nasal ciliz are of the general dark brown or blackish tint.

Fam. EcuENnEIp2.
SS. Cauda lunata.

Echeneis Remora, L. Syst. Ed. 12.—* Pegador.” . tota cinereo-
Suliginosa, nigrescens: laminis disci xvii. v. xviii. ; pinnis
pectoralibus brevibus, ovatis, integris, apice rotundatis: lingua
levi.

peat viri M. B.9. Rarior.

D. 23; A.23; P.26; V.1+5;C.
Ecuentts ratuipa. LE. tota pallide cinerea, fuligineo hinc et hinc
subnebulata: laminis xix. ; pinnis pectoralibus brevibus, latis,
apice rotundatis, subtruncatis, tenuiter crenulatis : lingua medio
scobinata.

D.24; A.22; P.27; V.145; C34 irs M.B. 9. Rariss.

SS. Cauda integra, S. truncata.

EcuEnEIs saAcop#£a.—E, tota cinereo-fuliginosa, nigrescens : laminis
xix.: pinnis pectoralibus brevibus, latis, pectinato-rotundatis cre-
natis : ventre sulcato: lingua seabra.

D.24; A.24; P.21; V.1 + 5; C. 3+ 75; M.B.8. Rariss.

EcuENEIs vitrata.—E. purpureo-nigrescens, pallido variegata, fas-
ciaque nigra longitudinali laterali, antice utrinque albo margi-
nata: pinnis pectoralibus ovatis, acutiusculis, integris; pinne
dorsalis analisque antice caudalisque marginibus albis : laminis
xxiv.: lingua scabra: oculis magnis: corpore elongato, postice
valde attenuato, gracili.

D. 39; A.39; P.22; V1 +5; c, +17
aSD sy As39 »P. 225. MV. 3 C. ir
The nearest ally of this very distinct species appears to be E. lu-
nata. Bancr. in Zool. Journ. V. 413.t. 18. But this, besides other
differences, has a lunate tail.

Rariss.

EcHENEIS BRACHYPTERA. (Echeneis ? Syn. p. 191.) Z. ci-
nereo-fuliginosa, nigrescens ; pinnis Gorsalibus analibusque antice

90

albo submarginatis : laminis xvi.: pinnis pectoralibus brevibus,
latis, truncatis, integris : lingua medio scobinata.
D. 28; A. 24; P.26; V.14+ 5; C.2=4+¥7. MB. 8
Dae; ete, rs 3 C. 3 a4 vn M.B.
This is the first of the two species indicated by me in the former
part of this List or Synopsis. Of the second sort, there mentioned
as having been seen by Miss Young, and which I have there doubt-
fully referred to E. naucrates, L., no fresh example has occurred.
I should now be much inclined to consider it identical with £. vit-
tata ; but Miss Young affirms that it was ‘‘ certainly plain-coloured.”’

Fam. Mur2nipz.

Sphagebranchus serpens.

S. serpa, Risso, Hist. Nat. iii. 195. No. 81.

A single individual only has occurred, precisely answering to the
description above referred to. It measured eleven inches in length.
I could not detect the slightest rudiment of pectoral fins.

Fam. GyMNODONTIDA.

Terropon capistraTus. T. pusillus, oblongiusculus levissimus ;
dorso illiisque inermibus, nudis ; ventre adpresso-spinelloso : dorso
fusco; lateribus ochraceo-fulvis, fusco longitudinaliter bifas-
ciatis, capiteque utrinque ceruleo punctatis, illiis oblique litura-
tis, rostroque subproducto gulave semi-capistrato : pinna caudali
utringue nigro-limbata.
2

D.9; A.8; P.16; C.". + VIII. Rariss.

A most elegantly-coloured little species, which I cannot refer with
certainty to any already described. Only two individuals have hi-
therto occurred. The first was little more than two inches long:
the second nearly twice as large.

The Orthagoriscus of Madeira, called by the fishermen, “ Peire
Porco,” or ‘“‘ Bouto,” I forbear at present to designate further, not
having seen a sufficient number of individuals to determine its cha-
racters. The caudal fin is produced into a short point in the mid-
dle, not truncate, as in all the figures to which I have access of the
European Sun-fishes.

Fam. SquaLip2.

CarcHarius Fatcipinnis. ‘“ Faqueita.” C. corpore supra griseo-
cinereo, subabbrevialo, medio crassiore s. altiore, utrinque atte-
nuato: rostro brevi, lato, depresso, apice obluso: oculis rotun-
datis: pinna dorsali prima alta, triangulari, subantica s. supra
medium pinnarum pectoralium posita : pinnis pectoralibus fal-
calis, angustis, elongatis, apice obtusis: pinna dorsali secunda
analique oppositis : ventralibusque parvis. Rariss.

An Squalus ustus, Dum.

It is perhaps only for want of better materials for comparison that

I have been unable to refer this Shark precisely to the above-indi-
cated or to some other described species. It is about three feet long,

91

and the female differs in nothing from the male. The teeth are
precisely similar to those of the “ Tintureira’”’ (C. glaucus, Cuv.)

The ‘‘ Marraxo”’ proves to be, as I suspected, Lamna cornubica,
Cuv., adult, or of large size,

Gen. AcanTHIDIUM.

Corpus gracile, elongatum. Spiracula magna. Pinne dorsales
duz, antice spiniferee; secunda majore postica, caude approximata.
Pinna analis nulla. Pinne ventrales, subpostice s. secunda dorsalis
subanteriores.

Dentes utriusque maxille dispares, parvi: superioris laniarii, plano-
triangulares, tenues, acuminati; acumine recto; basi utrinque den-
ticulo aucto; antice triseriati, lateribus biseriati: inferioris incisoril,
acumine utrinque a medio oblique deflexo, uni- vel bi-seriati. Cauda
oblique oblonga, apice truncata.

This new genus appears exactly intermediate between the esta-
blished genera of Cuvier, Spinax and Centrina: agreeing with the
former in its elongated form, and with the latter in the teeth.

‘The ventral fins are placed more backward than in Spinaz, but rather
forwarder than in Centrina, i.e. neither halfway between the two
dorsal fins, nor opposite the second dorsal fin, but just before the
second dorsal fin, which begins exactly opposite the termination of
their base. The tail or caudal fin resembles that of Spinaz, rather
than of Centrina, and the spines of both the dorsal fins are reflexed
as in Spinaz, forming the fore-edge of each fin. The pectoral fins
are abruptly truncate. The second dorsal fin is greatly larger than
the first; im which it differs equally from Spinar and Centrina.
The teeth are not arranged quincuncially, but behind each other in
rows.

Two species have occurred, both of which have hitherto been con-
founded with Centrina.

AcanTuipium pusiLLuM. ‘“ Gata negra.” A. totum atrum,
pusillum: rostro crassiusculo: dentibus inferioribus uniseriatis :
spiraculis oculo remotiusculis.

Centrina? nigra, nob. olim in Proceed. Zool. Soc. 1833, p. 144*.

Syn. Mad. Fish in Trans. Zool. Soc. p. 194. Rariss.

Four individuals of this curious little shark have now occurred,
agreeing equally in the foregoing characters and in their dimensions,
varying in length only from eleven to twelve inches. The second
dorsal fin is somewhat forwarder or more distant from the origin of
the tail than in the next species.

The condition of the teeth, and constancy of size, both indicate
an adult fish; and a comparison of the present species with the

* A serious erratum has been caused here by the transposition of a sen-
tence. The paragraph referred to should stand thus: ‘ It (Centrina?
nigra) is intermediate in characters between Centrina, Cuv., and Acanthias,
Risso, having the teeth of the former genus as well as the backward posi-
be: of the second dorsal (rectius ventral) fin, and the form of body of the

atter.”’

92

foetal and adult state of the following, in these two points alone
demonstrates Acanthidium pusillum to be no stage of A. calceus.

AcANTHIDIUM caALcEUS. “ Sapata.” A. purpureo-fuscum, sub-
tus pallidius: rostro plano-depresso: dentibus inferioribus
biseriatis: spiraculis oculo, pinnaque dorsali secunda caude
approximatis.

Centrina Salviani, Syn. Mad. Fish in Trans. Zool. Soc. p. 194:

nec aliorum. Rarior.

This shark very much resembles in its general aspect Scymnus
niceensis, Risso, the ‘‘ Gata’ of Madeira: but is at once distinguished
by the spines in front of the two dorsal fins, which, as in A. pusil-
lum, are both recurved, and ought, had I attended to the excellent
figures copied by Willoughby from Salviana of Centrina nigra, Cuv.,
instead of allowing myself to be deceived by a miserable figure of
Lacepéde’s, alone to have preserved me from the blunder of referring
to that species for the present shark, the usual size of which exceeds
by a few inches only three feet.

Fam. Razp2z.

Raia oxyrhyncus, Will., Ichth. p. 71.—*‘‘ Raia.”

Sharp-nosed Ray, Penn., Ed. 1. iii. 83. No. 31. Yarr., Brit.
Fish. ii. 424.

Two male individuals only have occurred: the largest, measuring
three feet in width from wing to wing, was furnished on the back
with patches of strong hooked spines or prickles, much as in the
figure in the British Fishes ; but the second example, scarcely two
feet wide, although decidedly a male, was devoid of these append-
ages. The colour of the upper surface was a pale, dull, yellowish,
or ashy-grey, obscurely mottied or dappled with a few scattered di-
stant paler whitish spots.

Trycon aLtraveta.— Andorinha do mar.” T. corpore rhom-
boideo, duplo latiore quam longo, alis expansis, cauda perbrevi.
Pastinaca marina altera rrepum\areta, Altavela Neapoli dicta Colum-
ne. Will., Hist. 65. Tab. C. 1. f.3. (Copied from F. Columna.)—
Rariss. 2
A single female individual only has occurred, measuring five feet
and a half from tip to tip of wings.

taperncbiee? ss

. = Fie ro ~. io) =
cing, fetta, Seas Dis’ ites

at ARUN Pe

Honteg em Fig Ste. kahiy aoe
att
As - Ey TY ast 4&2 * 4 ,
? me Se) > oh ee

June 11, 1839.
William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Mr. Bucknell exhibited his Eccaleobion, or machine for hatching
eggs; and having broken eggs in every stage of incubation, explained
the nature and incidents of the process. Mr. Bucknell stated that
the period of incubation in the common fowl, which was, on an ave-
rage, 21 days, sometimes varied from 18 to 24 days, and that he at-
tributed this variation to the mode of keeping, and previous treat-
ment, by which the embryo was injured, either from the heat of the
weather, exposure to variety of temperature, jolting in carriage, &c.
The young bird was occasionally known to emit a faint chirp even
so long as 24 hours before being excluded ; and he believed that if this
noise was heard on the 1&th day the chicken would probably appear
on the 19th. From this and other circumstances, such as the common
mode of preparing eggs by varnishing, &c., the porosity of the shell,
and other similar causes, he concluded that the small globule of air
constantly found in eggs, and which he had observed to increase ac-
cording to the age of the egg, was produced by the air penetrating
the substance of the shell and its lining membrane.

The average number of malformations, according to Mr. Buck-
nell’s experience, was not more than five in a thousand; though in
Egypt, it was stated, that malformations were extremely common in
the artificial process of incubation. He attributed this circumstance
to an excess of heat, and generally found it to affect the toes and
extremities ; sometimes also the muscles of the neck.

A general conversation afterwards took place on this subject,
during which much interesting and valuable information was ex-
tracted, with regard to the period and circumstances of the incuba-
tion.

A letter from H. Cuming, Esq., Corr. Memb., dated Manilla, No-
vember 18, 1837, was read. This letter stated that Mr. Cuming had
forwarded a collection containing 395 birds and 12 quadrupeds,
from the southern part of the Island of Luzon.

Mr. Cuming states that quadrupeds are scarce in the Philippine
Islands, and that he has been able to procure all the species known
excepting three, two of which are Deer, and the third is a species of
Buffalo, of small size, with straight and sharply-pointed horns.
This last animal Mr. Ogilby stated was most probably the Anoa de-
pressicornis.

Mr. Ogilby exhibited the skull of an Elk from Nova Scotia, brought
over by Dr. Cox, and remarkable for its great size as compared with
the dimensions of the horns.

No. LXXVIII.—Procrepines or THE Zoonocicant Socrery.

94

Mr. Ogilby also called the attention of the meeting to a collection
_ of skins from Sierra Leone, exhibited by Mr. Garnett. Among
others were three of the Chimpanzee, apparently adult, but too much
mutilated to admit of obtaining the dimensions ; two of Colobus ur-
sinus, one of which had the tail of a rusty white colour, instead of
the pure white which generally characterizes the species; and one
of a species of Cat, which Mr. Ogilby believed to be undescribed,
and for which he proposed the name of

Fexis Servauina. F. supra fulva, maculis nigris, minutis, copio-
sissimis ; subtis albida ; caudd brevissimd.

«This species appears to be about the size of the common Serval,
but differs from that animal in having a shorter tail, and in the very
numerous and minute black spots which are scattered over the shoul-
ders, back, and flanks. It is only on the thighs and arms that the
spots become large and distinct; there they are less numerous, and
resemble those of Felis Serval. The head and fore part of shoul-
ders are entirely free from spots ; the median line of the back is of a
deeper fawn than the rest of the body, the minute spots having a
particular tendency to run into lines; the belly is of a dirty white
colour, with large brown blotches, and the tail does not exceed the
length of the same organ in the lynxes. ‘This character is alone
sufficient to distinguish the present species from all the other African
cats with which I am acquainted. ‘The mutilated condition of the
skin unfortunately prevents me from describing the characters of
the ears, legs, feet, and under parts of the body.”

Ft. In.

Length of the skin from the muzzle to the root of the | 2 10
EL ENP OE SH REET ES BE Pa -FE

Teaeth Of 0S 80) 6 tan 53K «> sai tindsinn? SH, wane (Oe ts

As regards the species of Colobus, Mr. Ogilby observed, that from
information communicated by M. 'Temminck, he was now convinced
that it was identical with the Colobus polycomos of Pennant.

Mr. P. Buckley Williams exhibited various specimens of White-
Bait (C/upea alba, Yarrell,) from the Dovey and some other rivers
of North Wales, and stated that the common belief, that this was
confined to the Thames, was now proved to be erroneous, not only
from the facts now stated, but likewise from their abundance in the
river Forth of Scotland, as shown by Dr. Parnell.

95

June 25, 1839.
Dr. Bostock in the Chair.

Dr. Richardson read his account of an interesting collection of
fish formed at Port Arthur in Van Diemen’s Land, by T. J. Lem-
priere, Esq., Deputy Assistant Commissary General, by directions
from His Excellency Sir John Franklin, K.C.B., Lieutenant Govern-
or, and now deposited in the museum of the Royal Naval Hospital
at Haslar. The collection contains about thirty species, and the
paper, which embraces only a part, gives detailed descriptions and
anatomical notices of these, several of them being also illustrated
by very elaborate drawings, executed by Mr. Charles M. Curtis with
his wonted fidelity. The following species are included in the pre-
sent paper, the others being reserved for a future communication.

1. Serranus Rasor. Ser. mavxillis valdé squamosis, apicibus ra-
diorum pectoralium fasciculatis, compressis, lanceolatis ; pinnis
omnibus preter ventrales squamosis ; radiis aculeatis pinne dorsi
subequalibus ; fascié oculum cingenti ceruled per lineam latera-

lem producta.
Radii:—Br.7—7; P.13; V.1,5; D.10,21; A.3,9; C. 154.

The Serranus Rasor, or Tasmanian barber, is a beautiful fish belong-
ing to that group of Serrani which was named Anthias by Bloch,
none of which had previously been described as inhabitants of the
Australian seas. It agrees with the barber-fish of the Caribbean
seas in having no elongated dorsal rays, and may be distinguished
readily from all the known Serrani by the peculiar form of its pec-
toral rays, whose numerous branchlets are so graduated and closely
approximated as to give a flat lanceolate shape to the tip of each
ray. The general colour of the fish is reddish brown, with umber-
brown spots, a dark patch beneath the end of the pectorals, a bright
blue stripe crossing the anterior suborbitar, encircling the eye, and
running along the lateral line to the caudal fin. There are also
thirteen or fourteen narrower blue streaks on the lower part of the
flanks and tail. The fins are lake-red, and are all, except the ven-
trals, more or less scaly.

2. Cenrxopristis Sarar. Cent. operculo suboperculoque squa-
mosis ; interoperculo seminudo; preoperculo subdenticulato ;
pinnis dorsi anique in fossis receptis.

Radit :—Br. 7—7; P.16; D.9,16; V.1,5; A. 3,10; C. 173.

This species is known locally as the salmon, and differs from
C. truttaceus, as described in the Histoire des Poissons, in the distri-

96

bution of the scales on the gill-covers, and in some other minute
particulars. Truttaceus is said to have the interoperculum and subo-
perculum entirely naked, and only a few scales on the operculum
itself (‘‘ quelques écailles sur sa surface’). In C. salar there are
five rows of pretty large scales on the operculum, one row-on the
suboperculum, covering surfaces of both these bones, and a row of
smaller scales on the interoperculum, clothing its upper half only.
As these scales are very easily detached, and the gill-plates remain
hard and silvery, after they are removed with the epidermis, it must
be difficult to distinguish an injured specimen from ¢ruttaceus ; whose
description in other respects exactly accords with salar, except that
the latter has the suborbitar very faintly denticulated, and two rays
fewer in the soft dorsal.

3. APLODACTYLUS ARCTIDENS. Aplo. dentibus oris tricuspidatis,
superioribus in serie octuplici, inferioribus in serie quintuplicé
dispositis ; cecis pylori quatuor.

Radii:—Br. 6—6; P.9 et 6; V. 1,5; D. 16—1, 17; A. 3, 8;

C. 165.

This species differs from A. punctatus of the Chilian seas (the only
species previously known) in its dentition, but :esembles it so much
in external form, colours, and markings, as well as in anatomical
structure, that it cannot be placed in a separate genus. In the
Histoire des Poissons the teeth of dentatus are described as follows :
“‘ Les dents sont disposées sur trois rangées & la machoire supérieure
et sur deux a Vinfcrieure : elles sont aplaties et ont leur bords arrondis
et dentel¢s en petits festons ; elles sont tres-semblables a celles des cré-
nidens, on en compte quatorze de chaque cdié a la mdchoire supérieure
et treizealinférieure. Derrivre ces rangées antérieures il y a des
petites dents grenues sur une bande étroite a chaque mdchoire.” Inthe
Van Diemen’s Land fish, the teeth stand in eight or nine crowded
ranks in the upper jaw, and in five or six in the lower one, those of
the interior rows being very much smaller in all their dimensions, but
otherwise shaped exactly like the teeth of the exterior rows, which
resemble those of punctatus. Their points show three small lobes,
the middle lobe being largest and most prominent. ‘The species
further differs from punctatus in having four ceca, but its food ap-
pears to be similar, the intestines having been found filled with large
fragments of sea weed, apparently Ulva umbilicalis.

4 and 5. Two new species of gurnard were then mentioned as the
first of the genus that have been brought from the Australian coasts,
though one species (Trigla kumu) is known to inhabit the seas of
New Zealand. They were stated to agree with that species, with
several Indian ones, and with Trigla peciloptera of the Mediterra-
nean, in their large pectoral fins being ornamented with eye-like
marks similar to those on the wings of some lepidopterous insects.
One of them, TricLa potyommata, has minute cycloid scales on
the body, an unarmed lateral line and the dorsal plates confined to
the first dorsal, there being no dilation whatever of the interspimous
pones of the second dorsal. All the spines of the head are stiletto-

97

shaped, and one whose base occupies the whole anterior end of the

infraorbitar on each side, projects boldly beyond the snout, and gives

the fish a very different aspect from any other known gurnard.
The other may be thus characterized :-—

5. Trieta Vanessa. Tri. squamis aspersis mediocribus ; lined
laterali aculeata ; fossa dorsali ad finem usque pinne posterioris
armatd, orbité oculi edentatd, pinnd pectorali amplda labeculis
aculeis binis ernatd, maculd inter aculeum pinne dorsi quintum
et octavum nigra.

Radu :-—Br.7—7; P.12—Ill.; V.1,5; D. 8,12; A.12;C.132.

Trigla Vanessa has a spinous infraorbitar tooth, larger than usual
in gurnards, though not so remarkable as in the preceding species,
and not occupying the whole end of the bone, there being a smaller
tooth and some granulations beneath it. The arming of the dorsal
furrow extends to both fins, and is formed by saddle-shaped dilata-
tions of the interspinous bones, with a triangular spinous tooth on
each side of each plate directed backwards. “The scales of the body
are rather large, and are studded on their uncovered portions with
minute spiny points; those forming the lateral line are tubular both
transversely and longitudinally, and are armed with several strong
spines also tubular. There is a black mark on the anterior dorsal.
The sides of the head are tinely granulated without radiations, and
there are no denticulations on the edge of the orbit either in this or
the preceding species.

6. Apistes marmoratus (Cuv. et Val. 4, p.416). The specimens
correspond exactly with the description given in the work referred
to, except that the first suborbitar has only one tooth anteriorly.
The spine of that bone reaches in one specimen to the preoper-
culum, but in another it is one third shorter, being in the latter case
only just equal to the preopercular spine in length.

7. Sebastes maculatus (Cuv. et Val.). ‘Two specimens in good
order, when examined in reference to the account of the species in
the work referred to, offer no discrepancy, except that the postor-
bitar spines are somewhat different from those of imperialis, which
maculatus is said closely to resemble. S. maculatus is an inhabitant
of the seas of the Cape of Good Hope, and although a range from
thence to Van Diemen’s Land may appear very great, it is not more
extensive than that of the northern sebastes which has been taken
on the coasts of Greenland, in the gulf of St. Lawrence, on the
coast of Norway, and in the British Channel.

8. Cheilodactylus carponemus (Cuv. et Val.), known locally as the
Perch, and described as having, when fresh, a bright silvery hue
with dark spots.

9. Nemapacty.us concinnus. The fish so designated is stated by
the author to be one of those species whose natural position is
difficult to ascertain, from their partaking of the characters of se-
veral different groups. Viewed as the type of a new genus, Nema-
dactylus may be characterised as having none of the bones of the
gill-cover armed or sculptured, the operculum itself being destitute

98
of projecting points, but as differing from any described sparoid
form in having simple inferior pectoral rays, one of them projecting
beyond the rest, as in Cheilodactylus, and in the teeth, which are
minute and slender, in a single row on the jaws. The palate, vomer,
tongue, and pharyngeal parietes are toothless. The fins are scale-
less, the dorsal single, the branchial rays only three in number, the
seales cycloid, and the pyloric cca few (three). There is but one
specimen of Nemadactylus concinnus in the collection, which is three
inches anda half long, has a compressed elliptical form, and a spar -
oid aspect. Its lateral line is marked by a series of bright thin
scales, and beneath it, the integuments are merely silvery with
wrinkles, as in some scomberoid fishes; but the specimen has been
long in spirits with other fish, and it is possible that the scales of
the flanks may have been detached. If they actually existed, they
must have been proportionably larger than those on the back, jud-
ging from the wrinkles of the epidermis. ‘I'he scales of the back and
top of the head are small, thin, and delicate, like those of a mackerel.
Vertebre 34.
It may be thus characterized :—~

NEMADACTYLUS, 0. g.

Piscis acanthopterygius. Operculum leve, inerme. Pinne esquamose,
pinna dorsalis unica: radii pinne pectoralis inferiores (sex) sim-
plices, quorum unus productus. Coste branchiostege pauce (tres).

Intermacillarum pediculi breves. Dentes gracillimi minuti in ambitu
oris tantum positi. Fauces palatum et lingua glabri. Sguame
tener, leeves, infraque lineam lateralem scomberoidee. Ceca
pylorica pauca (tria).

N. concinnus, species unica adhuc cognita.

Radii:—Br. 3—3; P. 9 et 6; V. 1, 5; D. 17, 28; A. 3, 15;

C. 15.

10. Larris Hecarera is the appellation given by the author to the
type of another annectant genus, which he considers as taking its
position most naturally among the menoidee, but as having many
characters in common with a percoid group composed of the genera
therapon, datnia, pelates, helotes, and nandus. In Latris the mouth
is moderately protractile, the dentition is similar to that of mena
vomerina, there is a scaly groove for the reception of the deeply
notched dorsal as in gerres, which genus it further resembles in its
opercular bones, the preoperculum being very finely denticulated,
and the operculum terminated by a slightly concave line without
projecting angles. The ventrals are still further back than in Cesio,
and the ceeca are few in number. The scales are cycloid, without
teeth or cilia, and the genus unlike any previously described mx-
noid group has the lower pectoral rays simple like those of aplodac-
tylus. There are no elongated scales at the base of the ventrals.
Latris Hecateia is marked by three well-defined dark stripes on each
side of the back, with a more diffused one inferiorly on the flanks,
the four pyloric cca are short and wide, and the only specimen in

99

the collection is eleven inches long, which is said to be the ordinary.
s1ze.
The principal characters of this genus are as follows :—

Larris, n. g.

Piscis acanthopterygius, menoideus.. Pinne esquamose: dorsi
pinna unica, profunde emarginata, in fossa decumbens: ventrales
pinne sub abdomine medio posite. Radii pinne pectoralis infe-
riores (novem) simplices. Preoperculum denticulatum. Os mo-
dicé protendens. Denées in oris ambitu tignoque vomeris positi
villosi, in ossiculis pharyngeis parvi, subulati, conferti. Palatum
linguaque leves. Squame leves.

L. Hecateia, species unica detecta.

Radii:-—Br. 6—6; P. 9 et 9; V. 1,5; D. 18, 36; A. 3, 27.

11. Tuyrsites autive.is. Thyr. radiis pinne dorsi aculeatis, cor-
pus altitudine equantibus ; dentibus intermaxille utriusque qua-
tuordecim, in latere maxille inferioris utroque duodecim.

. Radii:—Br. 7—7; P.14; V.1,6; D. 20—1, lle¢ VIL; A.1,10
& VII.; C. 17¢.

A single specimen of this fish in the collection, agrees in most par-
ticulars with the description of Thyrsites atten in the Histoire des
Poissons, but the spinous rays of the dorsal fin are considerably higher
in proportion, and the teeth on the jaws much fewer.

12. Burennrvus Tasmantivs is an undescribed species strongly re-
sembling some of the European ones.

13. Cxinus pespiciLyatus differs from C. perspicillatus of the His-
toire des Poissons in possessing a thicker form, a larger head, a pro-
portionably smaller eye, and in wanting the nuchal marks which
give the name to that species. The marks on the body are arranged
as in perspicillatus, but there are three transverse bands on the pec-
toral and caudal fins, with many other spots not mentioned in the
description of the latter. ‘The dorsal rays are 36, 4, and in other
particulars the two fish seem to be much alike.

14. Lasrus taticuavius. Lab. smaragdinus, fasciis binis late-
ralibus puniceis purpureo marginatis, postice in unum coalescen-
tibus, ingue pinnd productis ; pinna dorsi basi virida, in medio
laté purpured : superné aurantiacd, purpureo guttatd, inque mar-
gine extremo ceruled ; pinnd ani basi aurantiacd, dein primu-
laceo-flavd, utringue ceruleo cinctd, exinde purpured ceruleo
guttatd, denique in extremo margine ceruled.

feaaet s— EES Viel, Og 0. 9,- 1h; Ana, 0s C. 14.

This is a very handsome species, having a duck-green colour, with
two lake-red stripes, commencing at the gill-opening and uniting
opposite the end of the dorsal to form a single broader stripe which
is continued into the caudal fin. These stripes are bordered on both
sides by dotted lines of plum-blue, and there are also five rows of blue
spots on the sides of the belly, and three rows near the base of the

100

- anal fin, on a lake-red ground. Several purple lines radiate from all
sides of the orbit, and some pass over the preoperculum, interoper-
culum, and lower jaw. The dorsal is dark-purple, with green at the
base of the rays, and an orange band at the tips, spotted and finally
edged with blue. The anal has an orange streak along its base,
then a broad primrose- yellow band edged above and below by a nar-
row blue line, next a broad band of purple with many very regular
blue spots, and finally a narrow blue edging. The caudal is purple,
with many plum-blue spots near its extremity in a vertical band.
The other fins are apparently colourless. The aspect of the fish is
that of a Julis, but the operculum and cheeks are scaly.

15. LeprpoLeprus austrauis. Lep. squamis corporis ordinibus
plurimis aculeorum areté incumbentium instructis ; pinnd ani
plus duplici altitudine pinnam dorsi posteriorem superante.

Radii:—Br. 6—6; P. 16; V.1, 6; D. 2, 11—89; C.1.

This is an example of a genus which had not previously been
detected in the southern hemisphere. It has the general form of
Lepidoleprus celorhynchus, but there are abundant specific differ-
ences, especially in the relative size of the fins, and in the arming
of the scales, which in the Antarctic fish consists of rows of closely-

- incumbent strong spines. The author has compared it with exam-
ples of celorhynchus from the Mediterranean, and also from Madeira,
both in the Society’s museum, whose scales are totally different.
None of these examples have the first dorsal ray serrated, as it is
stated to be by writers who have described and figured the Green-
land and Iceland Macrourus rupestris, yet Cuvier states that he has
ascertained the identity of the latter with the Mediterranean fish.
The first dorsal ray of L. australis is also smooth. There are sixty-
seven vertebre, of which fourteen are abdominal. ‘The collection

ontained three specimens.

A platycephalus intermediate between fuscus and grandispinis, a
scorpend, a cheironecies which is figured in Ross’s Annual for 1835,
a dajaus closely resembling its American prototypes, several hand-
some Balistes and monacanthi, a diodon and several teirodontes, a
new form of torpedo, some fresh-water fishes, and several other sea
ones, are reserved for a future communication.

A paper by T. C. Eyton, Esq., entitled ‘‘ Catalogue of a Collection
of Birds from Malaya, with descriptions of the new species,’ was
read.

“The collection of Birds, of which the following is a catalogue,
are in the possession of Mr. Evans of the Wyle Lop, Shrewsbury,
having been collected by his brother in the above-mentioned coun-
try. This collection is particularly interesting when taken in con-
junction with that of the neighbouring islands of Sumatra and Java,
an account of which is published in the Transactions of the Linnean
Society, vol. xiii, by Sir T. Stamford Raffles and Dr. Horsfield.

“The zoology of Malaya is altogether highly deserving of the at-

101

tention of the naturalist, presenting as it does a connecting link be-
tween those families of which Australia is the metropolis, and the
forms of the Old World. The ornithology of Australia is distin-
guished by the number of species belonging to the family Melipha-
gide which it produces, and we find from the present catalogue and
that above-mentioned, that the Indian islands and the Malay penin-
sula also possess a greater number of species belonging to this family
than any other portion of the world excepting Australia. This trans-
ition may also be traced through the marsupial animals, and man,
the Malay variety of the human species approaching nearer to the
Australian than any other in the form of the cranium.

“* The present collection contains eighty-nine species, of which se-
veral are new to science; there are also some entirely new genera :
it is singularly deficient in Raptorial and Natatorial birds, nut pos-
sessing one of either order ; but this perhaps may be owing to the col-
lection having been made chiefly in the interior.”

Podargus Javanicus, Horsf. Native name, Burong Saiang.

Harpactes Duvauceliit, Gould. Native name, Burong Mass.

Harpactes Diardiit, Gould. Native name the same as the pre-
ceding.

Eurystomus cyanocollis, Vieill. Native name, Tihong Lampay.

The collection contains both male and female ; the latter is merely
distinguished from the former by its more obscure colouring.

Eurylaimus Corydon, Temm.

Cymbyrhynchus cucullatus. Eurylaimus cucullatus, Temm.
Native name, Tamplana Lilin.

Cymbyrhynchus nasutus, Vig. Native name, Burong Ujuu.
Halcyon Capensis, Sw. Native name, Burong Kaha.

Haucyon varia. H. pectore, guld, ventre, strigdque oculos cin-
gente ferrugineis ; capite, nuchd, et strigd a mandibuld inferiore
ad capistrum brunneis, singulis pennis teniis ceruleis ornatis :
primariis, dorso, scapularibusque, brunneis, his externe flavo mar-
ginatis, illis maculatis ; rostro flavo, culmine obscuro.

Long. tot. 8f unc.; rostri, 144 unc.; tarsi, ly.
Native name, Kaing Kaing.

Halcyon pulchella. Dacelo pulchella, Horsf.
Native name, Kaing Kaing Kimba.

Alcedo Smyrnensis, Lath. See Kaing Kaing.
Alcedo cerulea, Linn, Native name, Raja Ulang.

Nyctiornis amictus, Sw. Merops amictus, Temm.
Native name, Kay Chua.

Merops Javanicus, Horsf. Native name, Berray Berray.
Cinnyris Javanicus, Steph. Native name, Clichap.
Cinnyris affinis, Horsf. Native name, Major.

102

Calyptomena viridis, Raff. Native name, Siebo.

Chloropsis Malabaricus, Jard. and Selby. Native name, Burong
daou.

The female differs from the male in having the markings less
distinct.

Chloropsis Sonneratii, Jard.and Selby. Native name, Mirbadaon.
The female and young are destitute of the black throat, a straw-
coloured mark being sometimes substituted for it.

Irena puella, Horsf. Native name, Krouing.
Muscipeta paradisea, Le Vaill. Native name, Mira jabone,

Mouscirera aTrocaupaTa. Mus. toto corpore purpureo-atro, sed
pectore imo abdomineque albis.

Long. tot. 9 unc.: rostri, 4 unc.; tarsi, 77, unc.

Native name, Murra jabone.

Genus Microrarsvs, n. g.

Rostrum feré capiti quale, altius quam latum, ad apicem incisum,
ultraque nares compressum, ad basim setis armatum; nares mem-
branacez, parve, rotundate.

Tarsi brevissimi, superiore parte plumati; digiti debiles, externi vix
longiores quam interni ; posteriores medios equantes ; ungues com-
pressi, posteriores longissimi; scuta tarsi indivisa.

Ale mediocres rotundate, prima pennarum spuria, secunda breviore
tertia, tertia duabusque proximis inter se equalibus.

Cauda rotundata tectricibus superioribus mollibus et longis.

Obs. _ The above genus is closely allied to Micropus of Swainson,

Microrarsus MELANOLEUCOos. Micr. aler, tectricibus primariis
apicibus albis ; rostro pedibusque airis.

Long. tot. 64 unc. ; rostri, } unc.; ¢arsi, 6} unc.

Native name, Mirba tando.

Genus MaacorrTeEroy, n. g.

Rostrum feré capiti zquale, altius quam latum, ad apicem incisum,
ultraque nares compressum, ad basim setis armatum; mandibula
inferiore ad basim tumida.

Tarsi mediocres ; digiti externi vix longiores quam interni, poste-
riores medios equantes ; ungues compressi posteriores longissim1 ;
scuta tarsi vix divisa.

Ale breves, rotundate ; pennis secondariis primarias feré zquantibus;
prima pennarum spuria, secunda breviore tertia, que longissima
est.

Cauda paucarum pennarum composita, rotundata; tectricibus supe-
rioribus mollibus et longis.

‘Obs. This genus is allied to Microtarsus in some particulars and
to Brachipus in others: it agrees with both in the soft and downy
nature of the tail coverts.

103

Mauacopreron MAcnuM. Mal. fronte cauddque ferrugineis, nuchd
atrd, dorso strigdque lransversd pectore, cinereis, alis brunneis,
rostro flavo.

Long. tot., 6 une.; rostri, +7; unc.; tarsi, 4°, unc.

Fem. mare minor, capite nuchaque ferrugineo et atro maculatis.

Native name, Burong Map.

Mavacopreron cinerEvs. Mal. femine speciei precedentis similis
sed magnitudine multim inferior.

Long. tot. 55 unc. ; rostri, 5 lin. ; tarsz, 8 lin.

Brachypus entylotus, Jard. and Selb. Native name, Merfa.

Bracuypreryx nicrocaritata. Bra. vertice atro, genis cinereis,
guld albd, dorso cauddque brunneis, pectore abdomineque ferru-
gineis héc obscurissimo ; rostri mandibuld superiore fuliginosd, in-
feriore fluvd, tarsis pedibusque brunneis.

Long. tot. 64 unc. ; rostri, $ unc. ; tarsi, 171, unc.

Dicrurus Malabaricus, Steph. Native name, Chanwee.

Obs. Dic. eratus of Stephens is the female of this species.

Lanius virgatus, Temm. Native name, Burong Tana,

Lanius stricatus. Lan. dorso, caudd alisque ferrugineis, illo atro
strigato ; paucis pennis tertiarum et flecure alarum lined atris ; ca-
pite cinereo, sparso et strigato atro ; corpore subtis obscure albo ;
lateribus pectoreque parce atro strigatis ; rostro apice atro, basi
alba ; tarsis pedibusque brunneis.

Long. tot. 64 unc. ; rostri, 47, unc.; tarsi, ,°, une.

Obs. This is probably a young bird.

Lamprotornis chalybeus. Turdus chalybeus, Horst.
Native name, Terling.

Turdus Mindanensis, Gmel. Native name, Murray.

Kittacincla macrourus, Gould. Turdus macrourus, Gmel.
Native name, Mura buta.

‘

Turpus moprstus. Tur. dorso, tectricibus alarum, verticeque oli-
vaceo-brunneis ; paucis tectricum primarium prepilatis albo ; pri-
mariis cauddque brunneis ; guld, strigd oculari abdomineque albis,
alld maculis cinereis sparsd ; lateribus capitis, et pectore inferiore
cinereis ; lateribus pectoreque superiore ferrugineis ; mandibuld
superiore pedibusque brunneis, inferiore flavd.

Long. tot. 82 une. ; rostr?, 47, unc. ; tarsi, 142, unc.

Native name, Awaran.

Pastor Maxrayensis. P. dorso, caudd alisque viridi-eneis ; tec-
tricibus tertiariis abdomineque albis ; verlice nuchdque pennis elon-
gatis, cinereis ; paucis pennis viridi circumclusis ; mento albo ; cor-
pore subtis cinereo.

Long. tot. 63 unc. ; rostri, 5 unc. ; tarsi, 1 une.

Fem. dorso brunneo ; reliquis coloribus obscuris.

Native name, Brass Brass.

104
Jora scapularis, Hersf. Native name, Durong Capas.

Genus Crartatonyx, n. g.

Rostrum forte ; mandibuld superiore arcuat4, mediocri; nares rotun-
datz, basales, setis brevibus tectz.

Pedes validi syndactyli; digitis medio posteriori inter se zquantibus,
exterioribus interioribus vix longioribus.

Tarsi validi elongati ; ungues validi, posteriores maximi.

Ale yemigibus primariis spuriis, secundis yix brevioribus tertiis ;
4tis, 5us, 6tisque inter se zqualibus.
Cauda longa rotundata.

Crataionyx FLAvA. Crat. ater vertice cristato ; abdomine pecto-
reque inferiore flavis ; tarsis pedibusque flavis.

Long. tot. 7 unc. ; rostri, 5 unc. ; tarsi, +2 unc.

Native name, Seray Seray.

Cratatonyx ATER. Crat. enea, vertice cristato ; abdomine pecto-
reque inferiore, flavis ; tarsis pedibusque flavis.
Long. tot. 7 unc.; rostri, 4 unc.; tarsi, +9 unc.

Oriolus xanthonotus, Horsf. Native name, Simpelong Rait.
Oriolus Sinensis, Linn. Native name, Kapindary.

Gracula religiosa, Auct. Native name, Tchong.

Platylophus galericulatus, Temm. Native name, sce Jerray.
Pitta brachyura, Auct. Native name, Mortua Plando.

Pirra coccinea. P. occipite, nuchd, corporeque subtis coccincis ;
alis, dorso, caudd, strigdque utrinque nuche, cyaneis; gutture
Serrugineis ; lateribus capitis, pedibus, rostroque atris.

Long. corp. 8 unc. ; rostrum, 3 unc. ; tarsi, 14 une.

Native name, same as the last.

Buceros picotor. Buc. ater, rectricibus tertiis lateralibus caude-
que apicibus albis ; rostro albo, strigd cingente basim atrd ; casside
mediocri carinatd a dimidio capitis ad bis trientis rostri tendente.

Long. corp. 334 unc. ; rostri, 6 unc. ; carina cassidis, 5 unc. ; tarsi,

23 unc.

Jun, casside non perfecta et atra.

Native name, Kay Kay.

Euplectes Philippinensis. Lowxia Philippinensis, Linn.

Native name, Tampua.

Antuus Matayensis. An. dorso brunneo, marginibus pennarum
saturatioribus ; corpore subtis ferrugineo levitér tincto ; duabus
rectricibus exterioribus caude albis ; pectore maculis brunneis
adsperso ; primoribus marginibus exterioribus flavis.

Long. tot. 62 unc.; rostri, Z unc.; darsi, 13 unc.; ung. post.

unc.

Native name, Lanchar.

tol

105

The present species, which is the An. prafensis of Rattles, and of
which the collection possesses two specimens, is nearly allied to An-
thus trivialis, but differs in being of a larger size.

Diceum cantillans, Ste.
Diceum saccharina. Certhia saccharina, Lath.
Native name, Nella.

Diceum cruentata, Horsf.

Diczum ienicapituaA. Dic. dorso, caudd, tectricibus alurum,
primariis externis partibus, lateribusque capitis obscure azureis ;
strigd oculari atrd ; guld corporeque subtus aurantiacis ; macula
pectorali verticeque rubris.

Long. tot. 34 unc. ; rostri, 4 unc. ; tarsi, 3 une.

Native name, Nalloo.

Fem. superné cinerea subtisque flava irregulariter cinereo-maculata ;

rubro cristata.

ANTHREPTES FLAVIGASTER. An. capite, dorso, pectore colloque
cinereo-viridibus ; corpore subtis flavo ; alis, caudd tectricibusque
alarum brunneis; rostri mandibuld superiore atrd, inferiore
flava ; pedibus brunneis.

Long. tot. 8 unc. ; rost7i, 12 unc. ; farsi, +9 une.

Native name, Chichap Rimba.

ANTHREPTES MODESTA. An. vertice, dorso, alis, cauddque
viridi-olivaceis hac singulis pennis mediis brunneis, illd prepi-
laté atro; corpore subtus viridi, singulis pennis in mediis
obscuris ; rostro pedibusque brunneis.

Long. tot. 65 unc. ; rostri, 1d unc. ; tarsi, 3 unc.

Native name, Chichap Nio.

Phenicophaus tricolor, Steph. Native name, Kado besar.

Phenicophaus chlorocephalus. Cuculus chlorocephalus, Raffles.
Native name, see Lahia.

Phenicophaus Crawfurdii, Gray. Native name, Kada Kachie.

Phenicophaus Javanicus, Horsf. Native name, Kada Apie.

PHG@NICOPHAUS VIRIDIROSTRIS. Phan. alis dorso cauddque
castaneis ; primariis apicibus brunneis ; rectricibus caude apt-
cibus albis, poné strigé atrd ornatis ; capite, collo, pectoreque
superiore cinereis, corpore subtus ferrugineo.

Long. tot. 13 unc.; rostri, 1 unc.; tarsi, 1 unc.
Native name, see Lahia.

Psittacula Malaccensis, Kuhl. Native name, Tana.
Bucco trimaculata, Gray. Native name, Tanda.
Bucco versicolor, Raff. Native name, Tahoor.

Bucco quaprRicotor. Bue. viridis; primariis brunneis ; rec-
tricibus caude inferioribus partibus azureis ; fronte aureo, ma-

106

culd coccinea posteriore utrinque ad latus locatd ; strigd per-
oculari atrd, hae anticé macula coccined, infra azured ornatd ;
guld coccined ; pectore superiore ceruleo maculis coccineis ornato ;
maculd flavd ad angulum inferius rostri ; rostro, tarsis, pedi-
busque atris.

Long. tot. 8} unc.; rostri, 1} unc.; farsi, 1} unc.

Native name, Tahoor Capata Cuning.

Genus MecaLoruyncuvus. n.g.

Rostrum validum culminatum, carina basali vix ad apicem adunca ;
altius quam latum ; nares magne, basales, rotundate ; setis tecte.

Pedes scansorii; digiti bini locati; exteriores singulis partibus
zquales et longiores quam interiores; posteriores et exteriores
brevissimi.

Ale primis pennarum spuriis, secundis brevibus, tertiis, 4%, 5%, 6ts,
inter se zqualibus.

Tarsi mediocres.

Cauda rotundata, mediocris.

MEGALORHYNCHUs spINosuS. Meg. superioribus partibus brun-
neis ; pennis prepilatis olee colore, vertice pennis mediis spino-
sis, oculis spatiis nudis et rubris cirewndatis; guld obscure
Serrugined ; corpore subtus sordide albo,

Long. tot. 6$ unc.; rosiri, +}; tarsi, 38; unc.

Native name, Ariko Berine.

Chrysonotus Tiga. Picus Tiga, Horsf.

Native name, Gilafo.

Chrysonotus miniatus. Picus miniatus, Gmel.
Native name, Glato.

Picus validus, Temm. Native name, Glaio.
Hemicircus badius, Picus badius, Raff.

Hemicircus BruNnNEvus. Hem. brunneus transversim ferrugineo
strigatus ; guld strigis minutis; vertice genisque brunneis et
non strigatis ; maculdé oblonga ad latera cervicis flavo-ferrugi-
ned ; notd ab angulo inferiore rostri utrinque ad gulam ten-
dente coccined.

Long. tot. 72 unc.; rostri, 1 unc.; tarsi, 3 unc.

Hemicircus tristis. Picus tristis, Horsf.
Picus poicilolophus, Temm. Native name, Glato.
Polyplectron Chinquis, Temm.

Nycthemerus - erythrophthalmus. Phasianus erythrophthalmus,
Raffles.
Native name, Pagas.

Cryptonyx coronatus, Temm. Native name, Bestum.

PERDIX £RuGINOSUS. Perd. eruginosus ; tertiariis transversim

107

strigatis atro; abdomine guldque saturatioribus ; nullo calcare ;
rostro tarsisque atris, illo forte.

Long. tot. 10 unc. ; rostri, 2 unc. ; tarsi, 13 unc.

Native name, see Hole.

Hemipodius Taigour, Sykes. Native name, Pochio.

Hemipopius atrocutaris. Hem. guld pectoreque superiore
atris ; pennis ad latera colli albis atro prepilatis ; lis verticis
et frontis atris, albo prepilatis ; dorso brunneo, singulis pennis
transversim strigatis atro, et maculis parvis albis sparsis ; tec-
tricibus atro prepilatis, et transversim late strigatis flavo-ferru-
gineo ; tectricibus caude ferrugineis, et super caudam tendenti-
bus ; lateribus atris ; rostro aurantiaco pedibus, tarsisque brun-
nets.

Long. tot. 62 unc.; rostri, 7 lin.; tarsi, 1 unc.

Native name, Pochio.

Coturniz Sinensis, Temm. Native name, Pechan.
Columba Javanica, Gmel. Native name, Paonay Crochi.
Columba jambu, Gmel. Native name, Paonay Gadang.

Vinago vernans. Columba vernans, Linn,
Native name, Paonay Crochi.

Vinago Olax. Columba Olax, ‘Temm.
Native name, Semboan.

Rallus gularis, Horsf. Native name, Rentar.

Gallinula phenicura, Lath. Native name, Roa Roa.

Porphyrio Indicus, Horsf. Native name, Burong Tedone.
Charadrius Virginianus, Bostik, Native name, Kangbang Saut.
Totanus Damacensis, Horsf. Native name, Kadidie.

Scolopax heterura, Hodgs. Native name, Reshail.

Mr. Waterhouse read a paper on a new species of Rodent which
had been sent from the island of Luzon, one of the Philippines, by
Hugh Cuming, Esq., Corresponding Member.

In general appearance this Rodent might be mistaken for a species
of Capromys ; in size it is about equal to the C. Fournier? ; the gene-
ral characters of the skull and dentition, however, indicate that its
affinity is with the Muride.

«The skull, compared with that of the common Rat, differs in
being of a more ovate form, the occipital portion being somewhat
elongated, and considerably contracted; the width between the or-
bits is comparatively great; and behind the orbits the frontal bones
are expanded, and join with the temporal to form a distinct post-
orbital process. The interparietal bone, instead of being transverse,
is almost circular. The auditory bulle are very small. The inter-
dental portion of the palate is slightly contracted in front, so that
the molares diverge posteriorly ; the rami of the lower jaw are less

108 ©

deeply emarginated behind, the coronoid portion is smaller, and the
descending ramus is broader and rounded; the symphysis menti
is of considerable extent. The incisor teeth are less compressed and
less deep from front to back. The molar teeth are of a more simple
structure; the anterior molar of the upper jaw consists of three
transverse lobes, and the second and third consist cach of two
transverse lobes. In the lower jaw the anterior molar consists of
four lobes, a small rounded lobe in front, followed by two transverse
lobes, of which the anterior one is the smaller, and finally a small
transverse posterior lobe; the second molar consists of two equal
transverse lobes, and a small lobe behind them ; the last molar con-
sists of two simple transverse lobes.”

On account of the differences observable in the structure of the
teeth, and form of the skull, combined with the hairy nature of the
tail and ears, Mr. Waterhouse regarded this animal as constituting a
sub-genus, and proposed for it the name of Phlwomys', this name
being suggested by the habit of the animal, which Mr. Cuming
(after whom the species is named) states, feeds chiefly on the bark of
trees. It may be thus characterized :

Mus (Puta@omys) Cuminer. WM. vellere setoso, suberecto, pilis la-
nuginosis intermixtis ; auribus mediocribus extis pilis longis
obsitis ; mystacibus crebris et perlongis ; pedibus permagnis et
latis, subtus nudis ; caudd mediocri, pilis rigidis et longis (ad
Murem Rattum ratione habitd) crebré obsita : colore nigrescenti-
fusco sordide flavo lavato, subtus pallidiore ; caudd nigrescente ;
pilis longioribus in capite et dorso nigris.

une. lin.

Longitudo capitis corporisque ...... 19 O
COUD Go cre is: Chas BEE os cur ccm peer aU

———— antepedis (unguibus exclusis) 1 8%
————-larsi........ PR uke watt: 2 10
A Ljad O
CHROME OBFER ois ace 2 4

Latitudo ejusdem .............. vx shh

Hab. apud insulam Luzon.

Some notes on the birth of the Giraffe at the Society’s Menagerie
were communicated by Professor Owen.

Of this paper the following is an abstract.

Connexion took place between the female Giraffe and the lighter-
coloured male on the 18th March, 1838, and again on the Ist of
April.

"The young animal was a male, and was born June 9, 1839, being
444 days, or fifteen lunar months, three weeks, and three days, since
the last observed, and, in all probability, the last coitus.

The new-born animal came into the world, like other Ruminants,
with the eyes open, and the hoofs disproportionately large. The
skin was marked as distinctly as in the adult, with large angular

1 PXovds, bark (PAoiw, to decorticate), and Mis.
) p

109

spots, which were somewhat darker than those of the mother; and
the hair of the legs was of a deeper fawn colour. It sucked some
warm cow’s-milk from a bottle with avidity, and once or twice uttered
a low, gentle grunt or bleat, something between that of a fawn
and a calf. The young creature made several efforts to stand, raising
itself on the fore knees; and was able to support itself on its va-
cillating and outstretched legs, about two hours after its birth.

“No one could have seen the young Giraffe,” says Professor
Owen, “‘ without being struck with its large size, compact figure,
and strength of limb. The condition or purpose of the long gesta-
tion is, evidently, to bring into the world the young Giraffe of a
stature and strength suitable to the exigencies of a denizen of the
desert—the birthplace, likewise, of the Lion and other destructives.”
The length of the animal, measuring from the muzzle to the root of
the tail, was six feet ten inches; the girth of the trunk was two
feet nine inches; from the tuber ischii to the patella was one foot
four inches; from the patella to the apex of the hind hoof three
feet ; from the olecranon to the carpus was one foot ten inches ;
from the carpus to the end of the fore hoof was one foot eleven
inches. These segments of the fore leg were thus nine inches
longer than the corresponding ones of the hind leg; and as this dis-
proportion does not exist in the adult, it offers another instance of
the precocious developement of the anterior extremities in the mam-
miferous foetus.

She would not yield her milk to, or even suffer her offspring to
come near her. The young Giraffe was nourished by warm cow’s
milk. It gamboled actively about when one day old, and continued,
without appearance of illness, till the 28th of June, when it was at-
tacked by convulsions, and died.

A paper was read “ On the polarizing property of living animals
and animal substances upon the rays of transmitted light,’’ by Mr.
J. F. Goddard.

In this communication Mr. Goddard first alluded to the double
refractory (polarizing property) exhibited by the lenses of the eyes
of fishes and several other animal substances, an account of which
was published in 1816 by Sir D. Brewster.

On repeating these experiments, Mr. Goddard, after observing
that the scarf skin of the human subject, sections of human teeth,
the finger nails, bones of fishes, and other substances, possessed the
same property, was led to examine some living objects, when he
discovered that among others, the larvee and pupz of a gnat (Co-
rethra plumicornis) possessed this property in an eminent degree.
The extraordinary transparency of this little insect is such, that the
whole of its internal structure is beautifully displayed, and when
viewed by polarized light, presents the most splendid appearance ;
the peculiar interlacing of the muscles of the body, dividing it into
regular parts, present (as the insect changes its position with regard
to the plane of polarization) the most varied hues and brilliant co-

110

lours. Mr. Goddard stated that the same phenomena may also be
seen, if possible, in a more splendid manner, in the spawn of many
large fishes, which, in their early state are sometimes equally trans-
parent, particularly those species which inhabit the sea.

The polarizing property of various substances was beautifully ex-
hibited by Mr. Goddard, by means of his “‘ Polariscope.”

lll

July 9, 1839.
The Rey. J. Barlow in the Chair.

A letter addressed to Col. Sykes by Sir John McNeill was read.
It related to a Dog recently presented by that gentleman to the So-
ciety. ‘This kind of dog, Sir John McNeill states, is used by the
wandering tribes in Persia to guard their flocks: it is a shaggy ani-
mal, nearly as large as a Newfoundland, and very fierce and power-
ful. The dam of the animal at the menagerie killed a full-grown
wolf without assistance.

A letter from Augustus Eliott Fuller, Esq., was read. In this letter,
which is addressed to the Secretary, and is dated June 29, 1839,
Mr. Fuller encloses an account from his head keeper, Henry Cheal,
respecting two broods of Woodcocks (Scolopaz rusticola), which were
bred in the woods of Mr. Fuller’s estate at Rose Hill in Sussex.

The two broods referred to consisted each of four birds, and when
first observed, about the second week in April, they could but just
run; as they grew very fast, however, they were soon able to fly.
Mr. Fuller’s keeper believes the young woodcock is able to run as
soon as hatched, and states that, according to his own observation
and the report of others, they always build in a small hole, which
they make on the plain ground: they select a dry situation for the
nest ; but this is placed near a moist soil, to which the old birds lead
their young to procure food.

Mr. Waterhouse pointed out the distinguishing characters of a
new species of Toucan, which had been forwarded to the Society by
the President, the Earl of Derby, for exhibition and description.

This species of Toucan approaches most nearly in size and colour-
ing to the Pteroglossus hypogluucus of Mr. Gould's Monograph ; but
the beak, which is totally black, is much smaller, and less arched ;
the nostrils do not extend so far forwards, and are hidden by the
feathers of the head, and there is no longitudinal groove in front of
them, as in the species above named, and others of the genus; the
blue of the under parts of the body is of a much paler and purer tint,
and the feathers on these parts are white at the base. It differs,
moreover, in having the throat and cheeks white, and the upper
tail-coverts black.

A totally black beak being an uncommon character in the species
belonging to the subgenus Pteroglossus, Mr. Waterhouse proposed
for this new species the name nigrirostris, and proceeded to charac-
terize it as follows:

PrEROGLOSSUS NIGRIROSTRIS. Pt. rostro, capite summo, nuchdque
nigris ; guld albd ; corpore supra olivaceo-fusco ; rectricibus se-
No. LXXIX.—ProceEpines or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

212

condariis olivaceo-viridibus ; uropygio pallide sulphureo: caudd,
tectricibus caude, nigrescenti-viridibus, plumis quatuor intermediis
ad apicem, femoribusque castaneis : corpore subtis pallide cyaneo,
crisso coccineo, pedibus nigris.

i tot. 0 unc. ; rostri, 334; ale, 62; caude, 7 ; tarsi, 1k.
ab.

Mr. Fraser read his descriptions of two new species of Birds, from
a collection made in the Island of Luzon, and recently forwarded to
the Society by Hugh Cuming, Esq., Corresponding Member. The
first of these belongs to the family Cuculide, the genus Pheni-
cophaus, and to Mr. Swainson’s subdivision of that genus, to which
he has applied the name Dasylophus. It may at once be distin-
guished from all the known members of the family by the singular
structure of the feathers of its crest and throat: the shafts of these
feathers are expanded at their extremities into lamin, which may
be compared to the shavings of whalebone ; and in this respect they
resemble the feathers of the crest of the Toucan, to which Mr. Gould
in his Monograph applies the name Pteroglossus ulocomus, which is
the Pt. Beauharnesti of Wagler*, but are not curled as in that species.

The feathers above the nostrils, of the crest and chin, and along
the middle of the throat, are gray at the base; have a decided white
spot towards the middle, and are terminated by a broad expansion of
the shaft, which is of a glossy black colour, and exhibits blue or
greenish reflections. The external edge of this expanded portion of
the shaft is minutely pectinated. The occiput and sides of the head
are gray, passing into dirty white on the cheeks and sides of the
throat : the hinder part and sides of the neck, and the breast, are of
a deep chestnut colour; the back, wings, and tail are of a deep shi-
ning green colour ; all the tail-feathers are broadly tipped with white ;
the vent, thighs, and under tail-coverts are dusky brown, tinged with
green ; the bill is horn-colour, and the feet are olive.

This beautiful and interesting species Mr. Fraser proposed to name
after its discoverer Mr. Cuming. Its principal distinguishing cha-
racters may be thus expressed :

Puenicornaus Cuminer. Ph. cristatus, plumis criste et gutturis
laminis corneis ovalibus splendide nigris terminatis ; nuchd, et
pectore castaneis ; facie pallide cinered ; alis et caudd metallice
virescentibus, hac ad apicem albd.

Long. tot. 16 unc. ; rostri, 14; ale, 6; caude, 8; tarsi, 13.

To the bird above described the following memorandum was at-
tached :—“‘ Ansic En Bicol, language of Albay. Eyes red, pupil
large and black, length from beak to tail, 84 inches, around the body
5 inches.” Signed H. Cuming.

The second bird characterized by Mr. Fraser is a new species of
Duck (Anas), which is nearly allied to the Anas superciliosa, Gmel.,

* Oken’s Isis for 1832, part iii, p. 279; also in the ‘ Ausland,’ 1830, No.
118, p. 470.

113

but differs in being of a smaller size, in having the whole of the plu-
mage much lighter in colour, and in the sides of the head and neck
being rufous, instead of pale buff: it moreover has but one dark
stripe on the side of the head, whereas Anas superciliosa has two.

The middle of the forehead, crown of the head, and a line down
the back of the neck, are dark brown; from the bill to the eye, and
thence to the occiput, is a brown line, which is separated from the
crown of the head by a broad stripe, which is of a pale rufous tint;
the cheeks, sides of the neck, chin, and upper part of the throat, are
of the same colour; the whole of the body is brown, becoming gra-
dually darker on the rump and tail feathers: all the feathers on the
upper parts are edged with pale rufous ; the wing coverts are crossed
by a narrow white band near their extremity, and terminate in a
deep velvet-like black colour; the speculum is deep glossy green,
with purple reflections, and bounded behind by velvety black; to
this succeeds a narrow white line: the bill and feet are apparently
dark olive.

To this species Mr. Fraser applies the name Luzonica: it may be
thus characterized :

Awnas Luzontca. An. supra cinereo-fusca, vertice nigrescenti-fusco ;
strigd super oculari, genis, et gutture, pallide castaneis ; speculo
alarum purpureo-virescente, antic? et postice nigro marginato ;
corpore subtiis fuscescenti-cinereo.

Long. tot. 21 unc.; rostri, 24; ale, 83; caude, 44; tarsi, 14.

A collection of Birds from South Australia was exhibited. This
collection, recently presented to the Society by the South Australian
Company, contains the following species :—

Falco melanogenys, Gould. Native name, Monkah.

Falco Berigora, Vig. et Horsf. Native name, Car-cown, ya.

Falco Cenchroides, Cenchris Cenchroides, Gould. Native name,
Monne-monnie ; Golden Hawk.

Athene fortis, Gould. Native name, Ounda-y-papa.

AGgotheles lunulata, Jard. et Selb. Native name, Na-nie; Night
Hawk, or Eve-jar of the colonists.

Dacelo gigantea, Leach. Native name, Cracow-Kata; Laughing-
Jackass of the colonists.

Graucalus melanops, Vig. et Horsf. Native name, Ora.

Cracticus hypoleucus, Gould. Native name, Corow-Raw ; Whis-
tling Magpie of the colonists.

Platycercus Pennantii, Vig. Native name, Na-kall-ya; Rosetta
Parrot of the colonists.

Nanodes undulatus, Vig. et Horsf. Native name, Tir-cou-ce ;
Scalp Parrot of the colonists.

Trichoglossus concinnus, Vig. et Horsf.

Trichoglossus purpureus. Native name, Warrow-Ka.

Meliphaga Nove-Hollandie, Vig. et Horsf. Native name, Wandow.

Anthochera rufogularis. Acanthegonys rufogularis, Gould.

Sitella melanocephala, Gould. Native name, Coolta-tacoow.

114

Coturniz Australis, Temm. Native name, Tou-ta-wa-tee.

Coturnix pectoralis, Gould. Native name, Tou-ta-wa-tee. This
is no doubt the male of the preceding species.

Charadrius nigrifrons. Agialitis nigrifrons, Gould.

Rallus Philippinensis, Less. Native name, Eerncou; Land-Rail
of the colonists.

Porphyrio melanotus, Temm. Native name, Cow-oue; Bald Coot
of the colonists.

Nycticorax Caledonicus, Less.

Anas superciliosa, Gmel. Native name, Tow-an-da?

Rhynchaspis Rhyncotis, Steph.

Cygnus atratus, Shaw.

Phalacrocorax Carboides, Gould. Native name, Yal-tow; Black
Shag of the colonists.

Mr. Fraser, who brought these birds severally under the notice of
the meeting, and who at the same time furnished the above list, ob-
served that the chief interest attached to this collection consisted in
the locality in which it was formed, as naturalists were no doubt
anxious to learn the geographical ranges of the Australian birds.

115

July 23, 1839.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

A collection of 68 Bird-skins, made by Capt. Belcher on the west
_ coast of South America, and presented to the Society by the Lords
Commissioners of the Admiralty, was exhibited, and commented on
by Mr. Vigors.

Among other observations, Mr. Vigors directed the attention of
the Society to typical or leading characters, of the various groups of
which specimens were found in the collection; and pointed out the
relations which subsist between the great primary groups of his own
system of ornithology, and the different situations they are fitted to
occupy,—the earth, the water, the air, the forests, and the marshes.
Mr. Vigors afterwards went over the collection in detail, and made
many interesting observations respecting the habits and relations of
the different species.

The following paper, on the production of Isinglass from Indian
Fishes, was read by Dr. Cantor, Corresponding Member :

“In the December number, 1838, of Parbury’s Oriental Herald
appears a letter ‘On the Suleah Fish of Bengal, and the Isinglass it
affords’: the description of this fish I shall quote in the words of
the anonymous writer. ‘The Suleah Fish,’ he observes, ‘when at
its full size, runs about four feet in length, and is squaliform, resem-
bling the Shark species in appearance, but exhibiting a more delicate
structure than the latter. The meat of this fish is exceedingly
coarse, and is converted by the natives, when salted and spiced, into
‘‘burtah,” a piquant relish, well known at the breakfast-tables of
Bengal. The bladder of the Suleah may be considered the most
valuable part of it, which, when exposed to the sun and suffered to
dry, becomes purely pellucid, and so hard that it will repel the edge
of a sharp knife when applied to it. These bladders vary from half
a pound to three quarters of a pound avoirdupois in weight, when
perfectly dry. .. . The Suleah Fish abounds in Channel Creek, off
Saugor, and in the ostia or mouths of all the rivers which intersect
the Sunderbuns, and are exceedingly plentiful at certain seasons.’

“Conceiving the great importance of the discovery of isinglass
being a product of India, I was naturally anxious to examine the
source, arising from a branch of natural history to which in particular
I have devoted my attention ; but from the general nature of the de-
scription, I was obliged to defer my desire of identifying the fish till
some future opportunity should enable me to do so. Quite unex-
pectedly, however, a few days ago, the last overland despatch brought
me a letter from my valued friend Mr. McClelland, a Corresponding
Member of this Society, an extract of which, bearing upon the point

116

in question, I lose no time in laying before the Society :—‘....I
have now to mention what is of far greater importance in another
point of view, namely, that the Suleah Fish described in a recent
number of Parbury’s Oriental Herald is the Polynemus Sele of Ha-
milton. I have examined that species, and found an individual of
two pounds weight to yield sixty-five grains of pure isinglass, an ar-
ticle which here sells at sixteen rupees (1/. 12s.) per Ib. Refer to
your dissections of Polynemi ; mark those with large air-vessels to be
isinglass, requiring no other preparation than merely removing the
‘vascular membrane that covers them, washing with lime-water, and
drying in the sun. You know the size these fishes attain, and the
number in which they abound in the Sunderbuns; you also know
the method of taking them, and can therefore state to what extent
isinglass may be obtained in India. I have sent a paper on the sub-
ject to the Journal of the Asiatic Society, which I will send you by
the next overland despatch.’

‘* Perceiving by this that the subject has been taken up by a na-
turalist of Mr. McClelland’s rank, and that we ere long may expect
his observations embodied in a paper from his hand, I think it suf-
ficient to confine myself to a few general remarks upon those species
of Polynemus which have come under my actual examination while
I was attached as surgeon to the Hon. Company’s survey of the
sea-face of the Gangetic Delta.

«The species best known is the Polynemus risua, Hamilton ; Pol.
longifilis, Cuvier ; the Tupsee-or Mango Fish of the Anglo-Indians ;
this inhabits the Bay of Bengal and the estuaries of the Ganges,
but enters the mouths of the rivers, even higher up than Calcutta,
during the breeding- season (April and May), when the fish is con-
sidered in its highest perfection, and is greedily sought as a great
delicacy. This species is the smallest, for its length seldom exceeds
eight or nine inches, and one and a half to two inches in depth.
Polynemus aureus and Topsui, Hamilton, are species closely allied to
this.

“« Polynemus sele, Hamilton, P. plebeius, Broussonnais, P. lineatus,
Lacépéde, is the Suleah Fish mentioned in Parbury’s Oriental Herald,
the same which Mr. McClelland submitted to examination. ‘This
species, as well as another closely allied to P. quadrifilis, Cuvier,
which I have dissected, figured, and described, under the name of
P. Salliah (Saccolih), appears equally plentiful, in shoals, all the
year round in the estuaries of the Ganges, and is appreciated by
Europeans and natives for its excellent flavour. Both species at-
tain a size from three to four feet in length, and eight to ten inches
in depth.

“In a paper which I had the honour of communicating to the
Royal Asiatic Society*, the genus Polynemus, among others, was
pointed out by me as forming an article of food fit for curing, and
easily procurable in almost any quantity: by the discovery that it

* Published in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain
and Ireland, No. ix., August 1838, p. 165.

117

produces isinglass, it has attained an additional interest ; and I have
no doubt the manufacture of this article will, when entrusted to ju-
dicious hands, form another valuable article of exportation from
India.”

Mr. Ogilby called attention to a new species of Squirrel sent from
the west coast of South America, by Capt. Belcher, at the same time
as the bird-skins noticed by Mr. Vigors. This species more nearly
resembles the Coquallin of Buffon (S. variegatus, Gmel.) than any
other with which I am acquainted. It is, however, much smaller;
rather less indeed than the common European Squirrel, and differs
both in the colours themselves and in their distribution. The whole
upper surface of the head and nape, as well as the cheeks of the
Coquallin, are intense and uniform black; the ears and muzzle are
pure white ; the black and light- yellowish brown colours of the back
are finely intermixed, or as it were granulated, whilst the long hairs
of the tail are yellowish red at the roots, glossy black in the middle,
and intense red on the terminal portion. In the new species, on the
contrary, the head, muzzle, cheeks, and neck, are of the same colour
as the back; the ears are but thinly covered with short hair, and that
of a sandy red colour, surrounded by a narrow black border, most
conspicuous in front; the back colours are brindled, or mixed in
wavy irregular patches, and the long hairs of the tail are mostly
black, terminated by snowy-white tips, which give the whole organ
a hoary appearance; many of these hairs, however, have yellowish
gray roots. The limbs and under-surface of the body, in both spe-
cies, are red, but in the present species it is of a lighter and more yel-
lowish cast.

For this species Mr. Ogilby proposed the name variegatoides : its
chief characters are as follow:

ScIuRUS VARIEGATOIDES. Sc. supra fulvo nigroque variegatus ;
subtis helvolus ; caudd longd, cylindricd, floccosd, cunescente ; au-
riculis imberbibus, subrufis, nigro marginatis.

unc, lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.. 10 0
EY SRE MS ad ee Oe Sac wheats uit’,
— tarsi digitorumque ...... warn: 2 6
ales Aor Ba eh doen rar og

ab apice rostri ‘ad basin auris. 2 14

A new species of Squirrel, sent by Hugh Cuming, Esq., Corre-
sponding Member, from one of the Philippine Islands, was thus cha-
racterized by Mr. Waterhouse :

Scrurus Pariiprinensis. Sc. supra intense fuscus, pilis nigri-
rufescenti-flavo annulatis, subtis cinerescenti-albus, capite et anti-
cis pedibus cinerescentibus ; auribus parvulis ; caudd mediocri.

unc. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 6 6

CHUDE a ROS CRORE CE 6he3

118

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 1 6
tarsi digitorumque.............. rug

EQUI eee eet hee cl ee 0 31

Hab. Mindanado.

“This species is rather larger than Sc. Palmarum, and less than
Sc. bivittatus. ‘The general hue of the upper parts, sides of the
body, and outer side of the hinder legs, is deep brown (a much richer
and deeper colour than the same parts in Sc. divittatus) : this tint is
produced by the admixture of rust colour and black, the hairs being
of the latter colour, and rather broadly annulated with rusty-red
near the apex. The tail is not very bushy; the hairs are black, with
two bright rusty bars. The under parts of the body are grayish
white, with a faint yellow tint: the head and fore legs are grayish,
and the feet are black, slightly grizzled with rust colour.”

Mr. Waterhouse then proceeded to point out certain differences
observable in the skulls of two species of Squirrels, which are usually
confounded under the name Sciurus Palmarum, and the external
characters of which he had pointed out in the ‘“‘ Magazine of Natural
History” for September 1837, p. 496. The specific name fristriatus
is there proposed forthe new species.

“The skull of Seiurus tristriatus,’ observes Mr. Waterhouse,
“differs from that of Se. Palmarum in being a little larger, consider-
ably broader in proportion, and in having the upper surface less
convex ; the post-orbital process is larger, the width between the
orbits is greater, and the nasal portion is more suddenly contracted ;
the nasal bones are larger, and narrower posteriorly. Following are
the dimensions of the crania of these two species of Squirrel.”

Sc. Palmarum.|Sc. tristriatus.

unc. lin. unc. lin,
Total length ..... his its a Rata gah es oe Lt
Wi dGhi Gite 30s steraiasttorcon piste Letee teed lee nie:
between orbits .............. init 4
Length of nasal bones .............. 54 6
From outer side of incisors (upper jaw) 5 5a
to front molar tooth ............ 7
Space occupied by the five molars on r 4
either side of upper jaw ........ \ if +
Lengthsot palates J. dag ies doa tas 3 9
of ramus of lower jaw from 101 7 gg

front to posterior part of condyle. .

119

August 13, 1839.
William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

A collection of Bird-skins, from the neighbourhood of Erzeroom,
presented to the Ssciety by E. D. Dickson, and H. J. Ross, Esqrs.,
was exhibited.

The species contained in this collection were brought under the
notice of the Meeting by Mr. Fraser, and the following notes (made
by Messrs. Dickson and Ross) which accompanied thein, were read.

Buteo > August 20t. Very common: arrives middle
of March, and leaves middle of November.

* Falco tinnunculus, Linn. M¢. April 28. Common. Iris dark
hazel. A mouse found in its stomach. This bird was perched on a
tree, with some starlings and sparrows.

Falco tinnunculus, Linn. F. April 29. A bird and a frog found in
its stomach. Five well-developed eggs in the ovarium. Another
had eight eggs, besides a great many small ones, and its stomach
contained a frog and some scaly substances, probably a portion of a
fish. It breeds in April, on lofty poplars, and also on the top of
minarets. Arrives early in April and departs late in November.

Falco Aisalon, Temm. M. April 23. Eyes large, round, and of
a bluish-black colour: rim of eyelids, cere, and legs, bright yellow.
A great number of thin tough worms, from one to two inches long,
between the peritoneum and muscles on the left side: neither sto-
mach nor intestines contained any.

Milvus ater, Gould. M. May 10. Common. Shot on a tree
close to the town. Eyes large, of a light cinnamon colour, and with
a black ring round the iris. Testicles reniform; yellow. Arrives
middle of March.

Noctua Indica, Franklin. August1l. Common about the foot of
the mountains near the town.

Cypselus murarius, Nl. M. May 24. Very abundant. Arrives
beginning of May, leaves late in September.

Merops Apiaster, Linn. F. May 20. Gizzard full of insects.
Arrives middle of May, leaves latter end of September.

*Coracias garrulus, Linn. September 6. Common in various lo-
calities. Arrives early, and departs late in September.

Collurio minor, Vig. August 6. Common. Frequents haycocks.
Arrives beginning of August, leaves middle of September,

+ The date when the specimen was procured.

* The species marked with an asterisk have been noticed in the Proceed-
ings as inhabitants of Trebizond, a locality not far distant from Erzeroom,
See Proceedings for 1834, pp. 50 & 133; for 1835, p. 90; and for 1837,

126%
: t The letter M stands for male, and F for female, throu, hout the paper.
Nos. LXXX & LXXXI.—Procegpines or THE ZooL. Society.

120

Oriolus galbula, Linn. F. September 2. Rather rare. Found
in willow-trees. Arrives early in August and departs middle of Sep-
tember.

*Cinclus aquaticus, Bechst. F. December 9. Very few seen.
Frequenting a mountain stream. Shy: flies rather high : food, small
crustacea.. Eyes light hazel. ‘Two small oval appendages, one on
each side of the rectum; hollow, and communicating with its cavity.
The down on the breast very thick.

Motacilla alba, Linn. Not uncommon. Arrives end of September
and departs end of October. Migratory.

Budytes melanocephala, Savi. M. June 7. Very common on moist
ground: food, insects. Arrives middle of April and leaves early in
November.

Phenicura ruticilla, Swains. M. April 29. A straggler: found
in a garden in Erzeroom.

*Sazicola Cinanthe, Bechst. Eyes hazel. Frequents rills; also
found on adjacent hills.

Sazicola CEnanthe, Bechst. M. May 27. Common all over the
neighbourhood. Food, coleopterous insects and caterpillars.

Sazicola rubetra, Bechst. A few seen in April.

*Erythaca rubecula, Swains. (In spirit.) Found in a stony ravine
in November; the only one yet noticed.

Sylvia hippolais, Penn. August 15. A few seen on high thistles,
in moist situations, from the commencement of April to the middle
of October. Migratory.

Salicaria Cetti? Gould. October 28. Caught in a stable after
the first falls of snow. Neither this bird nor several others of the
same family procured at the time had any tails.

Anthus arboreus, Bechst.

Anthus rufescens, Temm. F. June 2. Found on the adjacent
hills. Gizzard filled with coleopterous insects.

Alauda Calandra, Pall. Rather numerous: frequents fields. Ar-
rives end of October and departs late in September. Migratory.

Alauda arvensis, Linn. Very common in summer.

*Alauda ? Not very common. Food, the grain found
among horses’ dung. This variety differs from the preceding spe-
cies in the construction of the bill. It is only found in winter, and
occurs in flocks, in company with the Horned Lark (Alauda peni-
cillata).

Alauda brachydactyla, Temm. Seen in large flocks. Only noticed
from 21st of April to 28th of May. Frequents fields and the hills.
The cock is of a brighter colour than the hen, and has its ears and
the spot on the breast much darker.

Alauda penicillata, Gouldt. Numerous: food, seeds. The speci-
mens sent are not so bright as the living bird, probably from the ef-
fects of the arsenical soap. The males differ from the females in
being of a brighter colour, and in having the black feathers on the
top of the head much more distinctly marked. The yellow gorget

+ Proceedings Zcol. Soc. 1837, p. 126,

121

ef both, in winter is bright, and in summer remarkably faint, while
the purple on the nape is vice versd. During the hot months they
are found on the neighbouring mountains, from which they are
driven down to the plain in winter in quest of food, which consists
then of the grain found in the dung of cattle, the ground being at
that time covered with snow several feet in depth. They fly in
companies of from three to twelve birds ; are very familiar, especially
so in winter, when they may be killed easily with an ordinary whip.
When approached, or in the agonies of death, they erect their horn-
shaped crest quite perpendicularly, with the tips curved inwards.
They run on the snow with surprising rapidity : as soon as the snow
has melted on the plain they return to the mountains.

*Emberiza miliaria, Linn. M.& F. April 23, June 5. Common
in the fields close to Erzeroom. Feed on corn.

*Pyrgita domestica, Cuv. M. Excessively common. Begin to
pair and build about the end of April and beginning of May.

Pyrgita petronia, Gould. M. May 28. Very common, observed
in the spring and summer months in steep and stony ravines. Giz-
zard filled with wheat and chaff.

Fringilla nivalis? Linn. May 27. Rare: food, insects. Found
in the neighbouring hills.

Linaria montana, Ray. October 14. Noticed from the 20th of
September to the 18th of November, in companies.

Fringilla sanguinea, Gouldt. May 28. Tolerably common. Firs
appears on the neighbouring hills, and afterwards in the plains, at no
great distance from them. Food, the unripe seeds of the Cichoracea.
The young bird has a lighter plumage, and its skin is of a deep
pink colour. Arrives in the middle of May, and departs in the mid-
dle of September.

Pterocles arenarius, Temm. M. & F. Very common. Iris dark
hazel; margin of eyelids pale light yellow. Food, grain, vetches,
tares, &c. Said to breed towards the end of April, on the adjoining
hills, amongst loose stones. Arrives in the beginning of April ; they
are then seen in those fields that are free from snow, close to the
town. In summer frequents bare sterile grounds. Quits Erzeroom
about the end of September. Native name, Bahghr-Kahrah (Black
Belly).

* Otis tetraxr, Linn. Very common in ploughed fields and on the
skirts of the marsh. Arrives early in September, and departs in the
middle of November. Native name, Mez-mel-dek.

Glareola limbata, Riipp. September 8. Rare. In flocks in marshy
situations.

Vanellus cristatus, Meyer. September. Very numerous. Arrives
at the end of March and departs at the end of November. During
summer frequents the river}, but on its arrival and previous to its
departure it is found in moist fields near Erzeroom. Native name,
Kiz-Cooshéo (Maiden’s Bird), or Kahmaum-Cooshédo (Bath-bird).

+ Proceedings Zocl. Soc. 1837, p. 127.
t The river referred ty in this paper is the Xarak- Soo, or northern branch
of the Euphrates,

122

Vanellus Keptuschka, Temm. September 17. A few observed from
the middle of September to the middle of October. In flocks. This
specimen sent had its right leg shrivelled up.

Charadrius morinellus, Linn.

Charadrius minor, Meyer. June 26. Numerous on the sandy
and pebbly banks of the Aras at Hassin-Kaléh (18 miles east of
Erzeroom), about the middle of June. The naked rim round the
eye is of a deep sulphur colour. None of these birds have been no-
ticed at Erzeroom. ;

Tringa subarquata, Temm. Numerous about the streams at So-
ook-T'cherméh, a viliage four miles from Erzeroom.

Tringa minuta, Leisl. August. Plentiful at Tchif-lik, a village
five miles distant, close to the houses, about pools, in company with
sparrows and starlings.

Tringa minuta, Teiek: September 15. Abundant at the village
of So-ook-Tcherméh.

Limosa melanura, Leisl. November 15. One leg had apparently
wasted and dropped off, and the other was found in an incipient
state of atrophy, like that in Vanellus Keptuschka, Temm., but not in
so great a degree.

* Himantopus melanopterus, Meyer. End of July. Not very com-
mon. On the borders of the river. A naked rim round the eyelid,
of a bright vermillion colour.

Ardea alba, Linn, Not many: seen only at the river, from the
commencement of May till the beginning of October. Sometimes
in flocks and sometimes solitary.

Ibis Falcinellus, TYemm. End of August. Seen during the hot
months at the river.

Ibis ? End of August. Not uncommon: about the river
in August. Food, shell-fish : has a remarkably thick gizzard.

Fulica ater, Linn.

Tadorna rutila, Steph. August 30. Very abundant: gregarious.
During the day frequents marshes, but feeds late in the evening and
early in the morning, in corn and stubble-fields: Arrives in the
middle of March and departs at the end of November: rarely seen
in the water. Said to breed in the marshes. Great numbers on the
Lake of Van in August. Native name, Ahn-godt.

Sterna nigra, Linn. Very common about the river during spring
and summer.

The collection also contains specimens of Crice/us accedula (Mus
accedula of Pallas.), which species is ‘‘ very common. The eyes are
large and black ; cheek-pouches spacious, extending from the angles
of the mouth to the back of the head, a little beyond the ear. It is
one of our domestic mice, In winter it is sometimes found on the
snow ; its fur is then silky and glossy.”

The common mouse (Mus musculus) is said to be very common
in houses at Erzeroom.

The Spalax (Spalax typhius, Ilig.), a specimen of which is also
sent, is said to be ‘‘ common all over the plain. Its food is roots, but
it will readily eat bread: its paws are thick and fleshy: it is very
expert in burrowing, which it performs with all four of its feet. The

123

pericardium is excessively thin and transparent, and without any
traces of fibrous texture. The left lung is entire, and the right one
divided into four lobes ; heart, pancreas and kidneys, natural ; peri-
toneum of exactly the same structure and appearance as the peri-
cardium ; liver five-lobed, with a small appendix: a large thick,
round blotch (resembling an ulcer) on the iriner surface of the great
curvature of the stomach; spleen narrow, very much elongated, and
adhering to the posterior and left side of the stomach; capsule re-
nales firmly attached to the upper end of the kidneys; cecum and
appendix vermiformis of an enormous size, in proportion to the intes-
tines: between the rectum and bladder a flat white substance, of a
follicular structure, and terminating at its posterior extremity in a
thick fleshy canal. Native name, Kior-Seetchdn (Blind Rat.).”

_ Mr. Charlesworth exhibited a young shell, as he supposed, of the
Nautilus Pompilius, which he considered worthy of notice on account
of its small size, its transverse diameter not exceeding half an inch.
The umbilicus was open throughout its entire length, and a series of
elegant and rather prominent striz were transversely disposed upon
the terminal portion of the external whorl. -Mr. Charlesworth re-
marked, that the rarity of this shell in the early stages of its growth
was a singular circumstance, considering the immense number of
nautili which are annually imported to this country. ~I’he specimen
on the table was by far the smallest he had ever seen.

The plates of the first part of Sir W. Jardine’s work on Scottish
Salmonide were exhibited by Mr. Yarrell.

August 27, 1839.

No meeting took place.

124

September 10, 1839.
William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following letter, addressed by M. Baillon to Mr. Waterhouse,
was read. It is dated Abbeville, July 16, 1839 :—

““M. De la Motte has just informed me that when he had the
pleasure of seeing you in London you expressed a wish to know the
name of a new species of Goose which I described in 1833 in the
catalogue of the birds observed in the department of the Somme, and
which I have inserted in the ‘ Memoirs of the Society of Emulation
of Abbeville.” To this bird I gave the name Anser brachyrhynchus,
because it appeared to me that one of its most striking characters
consisted in the shortness of its beak. ‘This species has been sent
by me, under that name, to the museums at Paris, Turin, Mayence,
&c. I have also forwarded two specimens, exhibiting the young and
adult states, to M. Temminck for the museum at Leyden, and this
learned naturalist stated that he would give an account of the spe-
cies (under the above-mentioned name) in the fourth volume of his
‘ Manuel d’Ornithologie.’

‘In the same catalogue I described two new species of Scolopaz,
one under the name of S. LaMottei, and the other under that of S.
pygmea. M.'Temminck does not admit that the first is a good spe-
cies, and for the same reason he will not admit the Scolopaxr Brehmii,
which, like my new species, differs only from the Scolopaz gallinago
in the number of tail-feathers. Sc. Brehmii has sixteen tail-feathers,
whilst LaMottei has only twelve; the last-mentioned species differs
moreover in being of a much smaller size than the common snipe.
The S. pygmea M. Temminck regards as a good species, and he in-
tends to insert itin his work. Like S. gallinago, it has fourteen tail-
feathers, but it is of a much smaller size than that species ; it is even
smaller than the S. gallinula. Two specimens of this new species,
resembling each other, were killed in the same week, and furnished
me with the materials of my description. A new species of Anthus
and four new small quadrupeds are also described by me in the cata-
logue ; two of the quadrupeds belong to the genus Arvicola, and the
remaining two belong to the genus Vespertilio.”

The following paper, by George Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S., Assistant-
~ Surgeon to the Royal Regiment of Horse Guards, entitled ‘‘ Ob-
servations on the Muscular Fibres of the Gesophagus and Heart in
some of the Mammalia,” was read.

‘“‘There seems to be considerable difference of opinion as to the
extent to which the muscular fibre of animal life invests the gullet,
a discrepancy which has probably arisen from the want of a sufficient

number of comparative observations on the lower animals. It has
No. LXXXI.

125

been generally concluded that this fibre is confined to the upper
portion of the tube, Professor Miiller, Dr. Schwann, and Mr. Skey
informing us that the striated muscular fasciculi are either confined
to this part of it, or belong only to the muscles of the pharynx, while
MM. Ficinus and Valentin have been led to assign a much more
extensive range to the fibre in question.

“ From a somewhat attentive investigation of this subject during a
residence in the country last spring, and without any more inform-
ation as to what had been done by others than is to be found in Mr.
Skey’s paper, it appeared to me not only that the muscular fibre of
animal life extended much further towards the stomach in certain
brutes than in man, but that there was also a remarkable difference
in this respect even among different genera of animals. Hence I
propose to communicate to the Society a short account of my obser-
vations, with the impression that they will tend as well to reconcile
the discordant results of others, as to direct attention to a field of
inquiry which may prove of much interest, both as regards the phy-
siology of the muscular tissue and of an important part of the ali-
mentary apparatus.

“1. In the Dog (Canis familiaris, Linn., and C. familiaris var.
Australasie, Desm.) the muscular sheath, from its commencement
to its termination in tle stomach, was found to be composed entirely
of distinct fibres everywhere marked with the striz, which appeared
to be of two distinct sizes, without intermediate gradations. Of the
largest, two and a half or three occupied a micrometer space of
1=—4000th of an inch, while five of the smaller were required to cover
the same extent, the latter presenting a much more acute appearance
than the former; so the large striae were from 1—10,000th to
1-12,000th of an inch broad, and the small marks 1-20,000th.
The fibres were of the same diameter as those of the sartorius muscle,
both being larger than in the heart of the same animal.

“©2. In the Fox (Canis Vulpes, Linn., and Canis Vulpes, var, Ame-
ricanus), to within half an inch of its termination it was composed
wholly of the striated muscular fibre, and this structure, mixed with
the muscular fibre of organic life, extended as far as the stomach.
The diameter of the striated fibre, or bundle of ultimate filaments,
was from 1—666th to 1—333rd of an inch, which much exceeds the
magnitude of the fibre in the heart of the same animal.

«In the Silvery Fox (Canis argentatus, Desm.) the striated fibres
were abundant to within half an inch of the termination of the gul-
let: in the Arctic Fox (Canis lagopus, Linn.) they were detected to
its end, though in the former they could not be seen so near to the
stomach.

“« 3. In the common Otter (Lutra vulgaris, Desm.), the striated
fibres were detected abundantly to within half an inch of the cardiac
end of the gullet. The fibres were from 1—800th to 1—500th of an
inch in diameter. In the heart they had a diameter varying from
1-2000th to 1—1145rd of an inch.

“4. Inthe Domestic Cat (felis Catus, Linn.) the muscular sheath
of the cesophagus consisted wholly of striated fasciculi to about a

126 t

quarter of an inch below the superior border of the sternum. The
bundles were from 1-1600th to 1-1148rd of an inch in diameter.
Nearer to the stomach the muscular fibres of animal life were mixed
with those of organic life, the former being completely lost within
half an inch of the cardiac end of the cesophagus. ‘The muscular
fasciculi in the heart were very indefinite, but manifestly smaller than
in the gullet.

“5, In the Asiatic Leopard (Felis Leopardus, Desm.) the muscu
lar fibre of animal life was seen to within one inch and three quarters
of the cardiac end of the gullet. In this situation, and about half an
inch further up, the striae were remarkably small and faint. Three
inches from the stomach the muscular fibre was almost entirely that
of animal life. ‘The fascicles measured from 1—500th to 1-3338rd
of an inch in diameter; in the heart, from 1—2666th to 1—666th,
1-1000th being a common size.

“6. In the Lynx ( Felis Lynz, Linn.) the muscular tunic was com-
posed entirely of the striated fibre to within seven inches and a half
of the stomach. Many of the striz were very large, and separated
by rather wide intervals, viz., about 1-8000th of an inch. Two
inches higher the striz were generally of the finer kind. About six
inches from the stomach the muscular fibre of animal and that of
organic life were mixed in about equal proportions; and the former
was lost in a little more than an inch lower down. The fibres of
the latter were riband-like, about 1—4000th of an inch broad, and
containing distinct corpuscles, as in the horse. ‘The fascicles of the
former were from 1-1000th to i—666th of an inch broad. In the
heart the fascicles presented a diameter varying from 1—2000th to
1-—800th of an inch; 1-1333rd of an inch was a common size.

«In the Caracal (Felis Caracal, Linn.) some ill-defined fasciculi
were observed to within half an inch of the cardia, but no striz
could be seen nearer to it than an inch and a half. Three inches
and a half from the end of the gullet the fasciculi were distinct and
general, but the strixw faint and often invisible. The riband-like
fillets in the organic muscular tissue could not be detected.

“7, In the Common Rat (Mus decumanus, Desm.) the muscular
fibre was throughout fasciculated and transversely marked, without
any visible intermixture of fibre of a different character, even close to
the stomach. The strie were chiefly, if not exclusively, of the
larger kind.

“8. In the Common Guinea Pig (Cavia Cobaya, Desm.) the striated:
fibres extended to the stomach; they measured from 1—1600th. to
1-400th of an inch in diameter. In the heart their diameter was
from 1-2000th to 1-800th of an inch.

‘© 9. In the common Rabbit (Lepus Cuniculus, Linn.) the striated
fasciculi extended to the termination of the gullet, and even toa
short distance on the cardia.

“10. In the Horse (Zguus Caballus, Linn.) the muscular sheath,
to within seven or eight inches of its cardiac end, was constituted al-
together of the striated fasciculi, having a diameter varying from
1-444th to 1-266th of an inch. The striz were both of the large.

127

and small varicties, the former being, as usual, sharp and well-defined
in their course, without any appearance of a granular arrangement ;
while the former appeared to be composed of very minute globules,
extremely regular in size and shape, the striz apparently resulting
from the exact apposition laterally of the granules, and of the depres-
sions or spaces between them, The diameter of the granules was
about 1-16000th of an inch. Some of the transversely marked
fibres could be traced on the outer surface of the gullet as far as four
aud a half inches from its termination, but they were completely lost
on the inner muscular layer one inch and a half nearer to the pha-
rynx than here indicated. The diameter of the muscular fasciculi
in the heart was from 1-1333rd to 1-666th of an inch.

‘‘ The remaining portion of the muscular fibres, as far as the sto-
mach, was chiefly composed of the riband-like filaments, varying from
1-—3000th to 1—-2000th of an inch in diameter. These were every-
where pervaded by irregular corpuscles from 1—4000th to 1—2000th
of an inch in diameter, giving to the gullet a knotted appearance,
with about 1—500th of an inch longitudinally between these bodies.

“11. Inthe Fallow Deer (Cervus Dama, Linn.) almost the whole
extent of the muscular tunic was made up of the striated fibres, which
could be detected in the last portion of the esophagus, though mixed
about two inches above the stomach with the muscular fibre of
organic life. There was a considerable quantity of tissue, com-
posed of longitudinal filaments, riband-like, apparently quite flat,
with very distinct margins, and each measuring transversely from
1—4000th to 1-3000th of an inch. Portions of the striated fibres
often seemed to terminate insensibly in these riband-like filaments.

“12. In the Calf (Bos Taurus, Desm.) the muscular covering pre-
sented the striated fibres to within half an inch of the stomach.
The strie were generally of the larger kind. Only one observation
was made with this animal, and that in a foetus at the seventh month
of utero-gestation.

“13. In the Sheep (Ovis Aries, Desm.) it was composed entirely
of fibres, measuring from 1—666th to 1—250th of an inch in diame-
ter, the striz being both of the sharp and small, and of the large and
obscurely globular varieties. Some of the transversely-marked fibre
was also detected extending for three quarters of an inch on the
great end of the stomach, among the muscular fibre of animal life in
that situation.

‘14. In the Bearded Sheep ( Ovis Tragelaphus, Desm.) the striated
fibre extended to within half an inch of the termination of the gullet.
The fascicles were very variable in diameter, viz., from 1-2000th to
1-400th of an inch. In the heart they measured from 1—777th to
to 1-1143rd.

“© 15, In the Cashmire Goat (Cupra Hircus, var.) the striated fibre
was continued down to the stomach, being found abundantly on the
last portion of the cesophagus. A common diameter of the fibres
was 1—666th of an inch; in the heart they measured from 1—2666th
to.1-1833rd of an inch. :

“16. In the Coati (Nasua fusca, Desm.) the cesophageal muscular

128

fibre was almost entirely of the striated kind, there being but very
little of the muscular fibre of organic life, even close to the stomach.
The fascicles measured from 1—888th to 1-333rd of an inch in di-
ameter.

‘©17. In another Coati (Nasua rufa, Desm.) the striated fibre ex-
tended to the stomach; the outer layer was composed entirely of
the muscular fibre of animal life, the fibres being longitudinal, and
easily separable from the inner layer, which latter near to the stomach
was composed of the muscular fibre of organic life.

“18. In the Sloth Bear (Ursus labiatus, Blainville) the muscular
tunic of the gullet was remarkably strong and red, being about an
eighth of an inch thick in the neck, and increasing to a fourth of an
inch near the stomach. The striated fibre was detected throughout,
and extended some distance on the cardiac end of the stomach.
The fibres were generally large, viz., about 1-400th of an inch in
diameter ; in the heart from 1—2000th to 1—1000th.

“© 19. In the Capuchin Monkey (Cebus capucinus, Desm.) the stri-
ated fascicles were found abundantly, mixed with the muscular fibre
of organic life, two inches from the cardiac end of the cesophagus.
The fibres measured from 1—800th to 1-500th of an inch in di-
ameter.

“20. In the Lemur (L. Albifrons, Desm.) no striated fibres could
be seen within an inch and a half of the termination of the gullet.
In the Green, Grivet, Mangabey, and Rhesus Monkeys (Cercopithe-
cus Sabeus, C. griseo-viridis, C. Aéthiops, and Macacus Rhesus), the
strie could not be observed within an inch and a quarter of the car-
dia, though several well-marked fasciculi were seen in this situation,
presenting a homogeneous or very irregular and slightly granular ap-
pearance, as if not composed of primary fibrils. An inch further
from the stomach the striated fasciculi were abundant. In the Dog-
faced Baboon (Cynocephalus Anubis,) Mr. Siddall could only trace
the striated fibres as far as three inches and a half from the stomach ;
in a Gibbon Monkeyt he saw them no nearer to the cardia than an
inch and a half; and in a Barbary Ape the striated fibre was lost on
the gullet two inches from the stomach.

«Professor Miiller assures us that ‘the third act of deglutition is
perfectly involuntary, being performed by the muscular fibres of the
cesophagus, which are not in the slightest degree capable of voluntary
motion.’ If this statement be correct, some of the facts adduced in
this paper are remarkable, since they are examples of complete iden-
tity of structure between the muscular fibres of the last portion of
the gullet and the known muscles of voluntary motion; and this
identity, according to my observations, is not deduced from one ap-
pearance alone, but in several instances from a combination of cha-
racters, which I am not aware that any perfectly involuntary muscle
hitherto described presents; i. e. the ultimate filaments formed into
fasciculi, considerably larger than in the heart, well-defined, agreeing

+ To the cecum of this Gibbon there was an Appendicula, which was
not the case in-any of the other Quadrumana mentioned in this paper.

129

in size with those of the voluntary muscles generally, pervaded by
the two kinds of striez, and unmixed with the muscular fibre of or-
ganic life.

“It may be remarked, that however adverse the appearance of the
very definite, sharp, and minute transverse markings may be to the
views of Sir Everard Home in regard to the constitution of the ulti-
mate muscular filament, still that the larger strie are formed from the
lateral apposition of granules, as maintained by Professor Miller,
seems to be very probable. This may often be seen in the cesopha-
geal fibre of the horse, and still better in the heart of this and other
animals. Yet the beaded arrangement cannot be detected in the
acute and smaller strie, and the character of these appears to me to
be so distinct and constant, never running by insensible gradations
into the larger kind, and unaffected by any modifications of light or
manipulation, that it is not improbable that there is an essential dif-
ference between them. ‘This view also receives support from the
fact, that in the heart of several animals none of the smaller trans-
verse marks are present, the ultimate tissue being throughout gra-
nular, and presenting only the larger or more indefinite kind of strie.

“It is remarkable too that in this organ the character of the mus-
cular fibre is altogether peculiar, being constituted exclusively, as
before mentioned, without a visible intermixture of any other tissue
whatever. Nothing can be seen in the heart like the fibre described
in the last portion, either of the gullet of the horse or of the fallow
deer, or indeed similar to the muscular tissue of organic life belong-
ing to the membranous viscera of the abdomen ; and if the cellular
substance exist between the cardiac muscular fasciculi, it must be in
a form agreeing in some respects with the ingenious hypothesis of
Bordeu.

“In the preceding observations generally the muscular fibre of
animal life extended further towards the stomach in the outer than
in the inner layer of the cesophageal muscular sheath. ‘Thus, in the
Otter the striated fasciculi were abundant in the former portion to
within half an inch of the termination of the gullet: within an inch
and a half on the surface they were entirely of this kind; while the
muscular fibre of organic life formed the inmost layer nearly four
inches anteriorly to this point.

‘In the Horse, Lynx, and Deer, the organic muscular fibre, as
figured and described by Dr. Baly, was remarkably distinct. In the
first the fillets were larger than in the others, and in the last the
corpuscles were not seen. In many of the other observations these
peculiar riband-like fibres were either less evident or not to be de-
tected by the most careful examination, even in that part of the gullet
where the striated fibre constituted but a small part of, or was alto-
gether absent from, the muscular sheath.”

A paper communicated by Dr. Lhotsky, and entitled ‘‘ Some Re-
marks on Animal Tuition,” was read.

Dr. Severn exhibited a species of Balistes, which had been caught
on the coast of New Zealand.

130

September 24, 1839.
The Honourable Sir Edward Cust in the Chair.

_ A letter from R. J. Bourchier, Esq., Corresponding Member, dated
Malta, Sept. 5, 1839, was read. It stated that Mr. Bourchier had
forwarded a young Lioness to the Society, which Sir Thomas Reade,
Honorary Member, had sent to Malta for that purpose.

A letter from Cel. Warrington, Corr. Memb., was read. This
letter, which is dated Tripoli, July 20, 1839, states that Col. War-
rington had forwarded to the Society two small boxes, containing
preserved specimens of natural history, and some living gundies.
( Ctenodactylus Massonii.)

A letter from E. D. Dickson and H. J. Ross, Esqrs., dated Erze-
room, July 18, 1839, was read. It referred to a collection which ~
these gentlemen had forwarded for the Society’s Museum. The
specimens alluded to in this letter having arrived, were severally
brought before the Meeting by Mr. Fraser, and the following notes
which acecmpanied them were read :—

Accipiter fringillarius, Ray. Procured April 3. Male. Found
in the stomach small birds. Iris bright orange ; margins of eyelids
yellowish ; bill blue, with black tip; cere yellowish green ; legs yel-
low; claws black. ‘Total length 12°5 inches. Shot near the town.

Falco subbuteo, Linn. Procured May 22. Total length about
12 inches. Bill bluish; legs orange ; claws black. The only speci-
men we have yet seen. Female.

Circus pallidus, Sykes. Procured April 4. Iris bright yellow,
with yellow margin to the eyelids ; bill bluish ; cere greenish yellow ;.
legs orange yellow, with black claws. Total length 17 inches. This
year (1839) arrived March 24, and left April 7; last year they ar-
rived March 8 and left May 1. They were then also much more nu-
merous than this year, and most abundant in April.

* Circus rufus, Briss. One specimen, a male, procured May 8.
Found in the stomach frogs and mice. Shot close to town. Legs
pale yellow. A second specimen procured May 24. Found in the
stomach a Tern (Sterna nigra). Iris bright sulphur-yellow ; legs pale
dirty yellow. Common about the river: they are shy, but bold.

Hirundo rustica, Linn. Procured April 25. Found in the sto-
mach insects. Iris dark brown; bill and legs black. Total length
85. Arrives April 20, and remains here the whole summer; very

* The species marked with an asterisk have been noticed in the Pro-
ceedings as inhabitants of Trebizond, a locality not far distant from Erze-
room.—See Proceedings for 1834, pp. 50 and 133; for 1835, p. 90; and
for 1837, p. 126.

131

numerous all over the plain: builds under eaves; the nest is made of
mud, straw, and coarse large feathers, neatly lined with fine hay,
over which there is a layer of feathers; eggs four, white, speckled
with brown.

Lanius Collurio, Linn. One specimen, a male, procured April
20. Found in the stomach Coleopterous insects. A second, a female,
procured May 4: found in the stomach worms, &c. Total length
7 inches. A small number seen together in a burying-ground.

Muscicapa grisola, Linn. Found in the stomach insects. Very
common in May, in the burying-grounds, and also in fields.

Muscicapa luctuosa, Temm. Procured April 8. Found in the
stomach insects. Shot in a burying-ground. No others have been
seen.

Turdus merula, Linn. Procured Mareh 28. Found in the sto-
mach insects. Observed from March 28 to April 7 about burying-
grounds, &c. Said to be common in winter both at Tortoom and
Trebizond.

Zurdus pilaris, Linn. Procured April1l. Found in the stomach
beetles. Only one seen; on moist ground.

* Turdus musicus, Linn. Procured March 28. Found in the sto-
mach Coleopterous insects. Seen from March 23 to April 19: fre-
quents the gardens and ditches near town, and also the roofs of
houses. Common. Said to be numerous at Tortoom in February.

Petrocincla saxatilis, Vig. Procured April 19. Found in the
stomach insects. Iris brown; bill and legs dusky. ‘Total length
8°5 inches. Found near the river, on moist ground. Another was
seen Apri] 22 in a burying-ground near the town.

Sylvia Hippolais, Temm. Found in the stomach small insects.
‘There are two varieties, both of which were sent on a former occasion.

*Curruca cinerea, Bechst. Procured May 11. Found in the
stomach insects. ‘Total length 5°5 inches. Only two seen; one ina
ditch, and the other in a burying-ground.

Salicaria phragmitis, Selby. Procured May 11. Found in the
stomach insects. Frequent bogs and other moist localities.

Phenicura Tithys, Jard. and Selb. Procured April17. Found in
the stomach small Coleoptera. The only specimen found. Bill and
legs black.

* Pheenicura Suecica, Jard. and Selb. Procured March. Found
in the stomach small insects. Common about rills from March 28
to April 22. Total length 5°7 inches. Subject to several varieties
of plumage.

Saxicola rubicola, Bechst. Procured April 19. Found in the
stomach small Coleoptera. Burying-grounds, and the vicinity of
moist ditches. Common. Seen from 19th of April to the present time.

Alauda arborea, Linn. Procured April19. Found in the stomach
‘insects. Shot in a burying-ground adjoining the town : only one seen.

Alauda Po” Var: Albino, of a species we sent in the first
box. No other lark except the Alauda penicillata has been seen
this winter.

Parus ceruleus, Lion. Procured February 17. Bill black, with

132

brownish white margins; legs and claws bluish gray. Total length
4°5 inches. Several noticed in the same places as (Parus major,
Linn.) from February 17 to April 7. Some were seen at Tortoom
in February.

*Parus major, Linn. Procured March 25. Bill black, with dark
margins; legs and claws bluish gray. Total length, 5:5 inches.
Among trees and rose-bushes in town. Noticed from January 31
to March 2.

*Emberiza Cia, Linn. Procured April4. Found in the stomach
very small graminaceous seeds. Total length 6°8 inches. Bill bluish ;
legs light brown. Observed from 3rd to 25th of April, near mill-
streams and in burying-grounds. Common.

Emberiza citrinella, Linn. Procured March 24. Food the same
as that of Emberiza Cia. Common upon trees and in burying-
grounds. Seen from March 23 to April 23. Total length 7 inches.

Emberiza hortulana, Linn. Procured April 19. Found in the
stomach insects and smallseeds. Total length 6°3 inches. Bill light
brown; legs very pale light brown. Frequents the vicinity of mill-
streams. Noticed from April 19 to May 8. It is singular, that among
fourteen or fifteen birds which we examined, shot at different times
and places, every one had insects as well as seeds in the crop and
gizzard. The female has the feathers of the breast, summit of the
head, nape, and sides of the chin, marked with longitudinal dusky
spots.

Coccothraustes chloris, Flem.

Coccothraustes vulgaris, Briss. Procured April 10. Found in
the stomach seeds, both large and small. Ona tree in town. Only
two seen.

Fringilla montifringilla, Linn. Procured March 31. Bill yel-
lowish, and black at the tip; legs dusky. No others have been seen.

Fringilla Celebs, Linn. Procured March 26 and 27. Found in
the stomach small seeds. Common in the vicinity of rills. Total
length 6°3 inches. Bill light brown, or of a smoke-blue colour ; legs
dark brown. Arrived March 26, departed April 17.

Pyrrhula ? Procured Feb. 27. Found in the stomach seeds.
Total length 5°7 inches. Shot on some willows at Tortoom, where
they are said to be common. .

* S/urnus vulgaris, Linn. Procured March 8. Total length 9°6
inches. Very common. Frequents the habitations of man, and feeds
in fields, &e.; these birds are also the constant attendants of cattle
while grazing: at sunset they return in large flocks, to roost upon
trees and eaves of houses. Arrive in the beginning of March and
disappear late in November. Turkish name, Sighergik (diminutive
of ox).

Garrulus melanocephalus, Bonelli. Procured February 27. Bill
black ; legs light brown. Shot at Tortoom, thirty miles from Erze-
room, having a much milder climate than this. Shy.

Pica caudata, Ray. Procured February. Found in the stomach
carrion, insects, &c. A few live in and about town: roost and
build on trees: none are found at Trebizond.

133

* Corvus monedula, Linn. Found in the stomach carrion, offal, &e.
Very common. Frequents town and the vicinity of man ; often seen
in fields, and is very familiar: in winter is only seen about the town :
towards sunset these birds assemble in large flocks to roost upon the
trees about the town: begin to pair early in April, and build in the
end of the same month, low down in chimneys.

Corvus frugilegus, Linn. Killed March 24. Begins to arrive about

the end of January. Common. Frequents fields, &c., and is often
seen following the plough : towards sunset these birds assemble into
small flocks, and return to town to roost upon trees, on which they
build.
_ Corvus Cornix, Linn. Procured January 13. Found in the sto-
mach grain, hair, bones, offal, &c. Arrives January 1 and leaves
March 28. Common about the streams near town ; when approached
it sometimes erects the feathers on the crown of the head: it is by
no means shy. Only seen on clear sunny days.

Cuculus canorus, Linn. Procured April 22 and 30. Found in
the stomach insects. Iris yellow ; margin of eyelids bright sulphur-
yellow ; tip of the bill and greater part of the middle black, remainder
greenish ; margins of the gape and the root of the lower mandible
yellow ; legs bright yellow: the plumage of both sexes alike. No-
ticed from April 2 to May 17. Frequents burying-grounds, fields,
and the adjoining hills. Not numerous.

Yunx torquilla, Linn. Procured May 4. Found in the stomach
very small brown ants. Shot on atombstone. Solitary. Total length
7 inches.

Upupa Epops, Linn. Noticed from April 21 to September 17.
Most common during summer. m

Columba Aznas, Linn. Food seeds. Common.
~ Perdix saxatilis, Meyer. Numerous at Tortoom. Sometimes
found here in the depth of winter, in burying-grounds and in the
ditches round the town: in summer it is said these birds inhabit the
neighbouring mountains.

_ Glareola limbata, Riipp. Procured May 5. Found in the sto-
mach small crickets. Total length 11 inches. Bill black, the mar-
gins of the gape being red ; legs dusky, with black claws. Only seen
in May, when these birds were common in small flocks about the
moist turf near the river. Shy.

Nyeticorax Europeus, Steph. Procured March 29. Shot at the
river, perched on a tree. Total length 24 inches. Iris bright
scarlet.

Gallinula chloropus, Lath. Procured April 14, Found in the
stomach very small black seeds. Anterior half of the bill yellow,
with a greenish tinge; the remainder, as also the plate on the fore-
head, bright red, inclining to scarlet; iris bright red, with two very
narrow rings round the pupil, the inner one being dark yellow and
the outer one black; legs yellowish green, with a patch of bright
orange red above the knee-joint. Fell with a few others into the
yard of a house, where it was caught alive.

Totanus hypoleucos, Temm. Procured April 6 in a burying-

134

ground, near a pool of water. Another shot on the 19th, near a mill-
stream.

* Scolopax major, Gmel. Procured April 19. Total length 11°
inches. Common in boggy grounds.

Charadrius minor, Meyer. Procured in March. Found in the
stomach insects. Only three seen.

Platalea leucorodia, Linn. Procured May 24. Found in the sto-
mach grass and feathers. Seen at the river, where it breeds: seve-
ral nests are placed near each other, about the middle of the river.
They are made of reeds, bound together by weeds, which are piled
up a few inches above the water's edge. Over this foundation dried
reeds are placed in various directions, to form the body of the nest,
which is not lined with anything, and is just large enough to allow
one bird to sit, and the other to stand beside it: we found four eggs
in each; they are white, spotted with brown. Turkish name, Cashzk
Booroonoo (Spoon-bill), and Taktar Boornoo (Broad-bill).

Zapornia pusilia, Steph. Proecured April 19. Bill green, with
the margins of the gape red. Boggy ground near the river. Another
shot May 5.

*Anas Boschas, Linn. Procured May 12. Very common at the
river: breeds here. The ducklings seen on the Ist of August 1838 ;
these birds arrived on the 5th of April. Early in spring a few were
seen in the fields near town ; they afterwards feed in wet fields near
the river.

Dajila eaudacuta, Leach. Procured Aprill. Found in the sto-
mach small seeds. Shot in a brook near the river. Total length
26 inches. Upper mandible bluish, with slate-coloured sides near
its base, and black culmen; under mandible brownish black; legs
slaty colour, with the webs and claws dusky.

Chaulelasmus strepera, G. R. Gray. Chauliodes strepera, Sw.
Procured March 28. Found in the stomach sand. In a wet field
near mill-streams, close to town. Iris hazel. Drake, total length
19.8 inches. Maxilla black; mandibula dark brown; legs yellow,
with very dark brown webs and claws. Duck, total length 18+, in-
ches. Bill yellow, with a very dark brown ridge along the middle.
of the maxilla; legs like those of the drake.

Rhynchapsis elypeata, Steph. Procured April 21. Crop filled
with worms, caterpillars, and a number of eggs of some insect or
fish ; gizzard contained small seeds and gravel. Total length 18°5
inches. Feet orange, with dusky webs and claws ; maxilla of a dusky
greenish tinge; mandibula dirty orange brown. A few of these
birds seen together at the marsh. ,

*Querquedula circia, Steph. Proeured April 15. Total length
15°5 inches. Iris hazel ; bill dusky ; legs dusky gray ; claws and webs
dusky. A couple seen in a wet field near town.

* Podiceps cristatus, Lath. Procured May 24. Found in the sto-
mach grass, fish, and feathers. Iris bright cochineal. colour, with a
narrow yellow ring round the margin of the pupil; bill greyish
dusky ;- legs outside dusky, inside yellowish gray, marked with
patches of dusky. The bill in some (especially the males) has a good

135

deatof red. The plumage of both sexes is alike. Frequents the
river.

Podiceps rubricollis, Lath. Procured May 24. Found in the
stomach grass. At the river.

Podiceps auritus, Lath. Procured June 2. Found in the stomach
grass, with a few insects. Iris of a very bright golden scarlet ; mar-
gin of the eyelids orange ; bill black; legs dusky outside, grayish in-
side. Inhabits the river.

Larus argentatus? Brunn. Procured April 12. Found in the
stomach hair, clots of blood, chick peas, and a portion of a sheep’s
hoof. Iris hazel; margin of eyelids bright orange red; bill orange,
marked with red, dusky near its tips, which have a horny appear-
ance; legs yellowish orange, the claws dusky. Arrives March 23.
At first frequents rills, at a short distance from the town, but after
the melting of the snow these birds are found at the river. They
are shy, and fly high.

*Larus ridibundus, Linn. Procured April 20. Found in the
stomach water-beetles. Iris hazel; bill of a deep lake-colour, with
the tip inclining to dusky ; margins of the eyelids bright red; legs
same colour as bill; the claws dusky. Total length 14°5 inches.
These birds are very common about the river, where they breed,
on small strips of land, just appearing above water, and surrounded
by sedges: the nests are placed in a row, mingled with those of other
birds, and are constructed of reeds externally, and weeds inside ; each
nest is three or four inches high, and contained on the first of June
one egg, of an olive-green colour, spotted irregularly with chocolate.
brown, and purple patches.

Sterna nigra, Linn. Procured May 24. Found in the stomach
beetles. Iris very dark brown, almost approaching to black. Com-
mon at the river, where these birds are seen in small companies.

* Sterna Hirundo, Linn. Procured May 24. Found in the ste-
mach fish. Iris hazel. Frequents the river: common. Breeds on
the slips of land that are laid bare by the diminishing of the waters
at the river: it makes no nest, but lays its eggs on the ground.

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited skulls of the various genera contained
in the order Carnivora, and stated that he had laid them before the
Meeting for the purpose of pointing out certain characters, both in
the crania and dentition, which might serve to distinguish the sub-
divisions of that order.

Judging from the form of the skull and lower jaw, and from the
structure of the teeth, the order Carnivora (Mr. Waterhouse ob-
served) appears to consist of six families, of which the Dog, Viverra,
Cut, Weasel, Bear, and Seal afford familiar examples; of these the
Cats and Weasels appear to be the most truly carnivorous, and the
Bears the least so.

To these six families Mr. Waterhouse applies the names Canide,
Viverride, Felida, Mustelide, Urside, and Phocide.

In the first of these families (the Canide) the muzzle is elongated ;

136

the bony palate terminates in a line with the hinder margin of the
posterior molars, or even in advance of that line, and in this respect
differs from other Carnivora ; the posterior portion of the skull is
short, and there are two-true molars on either side, both of the upper
and lower jaw.

The principal genera contained in this family are Canis, Fenne-
cus, Lycaon, and Megalotis. In the form of the lower jaw, and in
dentition, the last-mentioned genus affords a most remarkable excep-
tion to the other Carnivora, and the palate terminates behind the
line of the posterior molars ; there may be some doubt therefore as
to its real situation.

The Viverride have the same general form of skull as the Canide,
but differ in having the posterior portion more produced ; the bony
palate is carried further back, and the small back molar observable
in the lower jaw of the Dogs is here wanting ; they have, therefore,
but one true molar on either side of the lower jaw, and two true
molars on each side of the upper jaw.

To this family belong the genera Paradoxurus, Cynogale (which
is the Potamophilus of Miller and Limictis of De Blainville), Am-
bliodon, Hemigaleus, Herpestes, Cynictis, Ryzena, Crossarchus (the
three last being divisions or subgenera of Herpestes, in which there
is a complete bony orbit), Viverra, Genetta, Prionodon, and Cryp-
toprocta. A

The Hyzna, Mr. Waterhouse stated, he was inclined to regard as
an aberrant form of the Viverride: in the general characters of the
eranium, and especially in the curved form of the lower jaw, it differs
considerably from the Cats (with which it has by some been asso-
ciated ), and approaches the Viverras. If, however, it be placed with
the Viverride, it will form an exception, as regards its dentition,
having but one true molar on either side of the upper jaw. The
‘ carnassiére’ has a large inner lobe, and in this respect also resembles
the Viverras, and not the Cats.

The species of the family Felide may at once be distinguished by
the short rounded form of the skull, combined with the straightness
of the lower margin of the ramus of the lower jaw, and the reduced
number of the teeth, especially of the true molars, of which there
are none in the lower jaw, and but one in the upper, and that very
small.

This family contains the genus Felis, species of which are found
in all quarters of the globe, Australia excepted. The Cats appear
to bear the same relation to the Mustelide as the Dogs to the Vi-
verride.

The Mustelide, like the Felide, have the muzzle short and ob-
tuse ; the skull, however, is more elongated. They may be distin-
guished by there being one true molar on either side of each jaw;
that in the upper jaw is well-developed, and generally transverse; but
in some, such as the Badger, it is longer than broad: in the Otters,
Skunks, and American Badger ( Taaidia Labradorica), the true mo-
Jar is intermediate in form between the common Badger (Meles vul-

137

garis) and the more typical Mustelide. The false molars in the
Weasels ( Mustela) are typically = but in some species they are

reduced to = As in the Felidae, the angle of the lower jaw, in the

greater portion of the Mustelide, is on the same plane as the lower
edge of the horizontal ramus: in other Carnivora it is raised. In this
family there is a great tendency in the glenoid cavity of the temporal
bone to enclose the condyle of the lower jaw. The condyle is more
truly cylindrical, and longer than in other Carnivora. In the Dogs
there is no trace of the anterior descending process of the temporal
bone, which in the Mustelas confines the condyle of the lower Jaw ;
in other Carnivora there is always a slight trace of this process, but
in none does it enclose the condyles, as in most of the Mustelide.

_ The genera contained in this family are Mustela, Zorilla, Galictis,
Bell (which must not be confounded with the Galictis of Is. Geoffroy
St. Hilaire, published in the ‘Comptes Rendus’ for October 1837,
p- 581.), Mellivora, Ursitaxus, Helictis and Gulo, in which the true
molar of the upper jaw is transverse ; Zutra and Mephitis, in which
this tooth approaches more or less to a square form; TVuazidea, in
which it is triangular; and lastly, Meles, Arctonyx and Mydaus, in
which the true molar is longer than broad. This last-mentioned ge-
nus evinces an approach to the order Jnsectivora.

In the Urside@ there are two well-developed true molars on either
side of each jaw: the ‘carnassiére’ here has changed its function, not
being suited, as in other Carnivora, to cutting flesh. The palate is
considerably elongated. In the Bears (Ursus and its subgenera) it
is small, being robbed as it were of its nutriment by the true molars,
which are very large. In the other Urside (Procyon, Nasua, Cer-
coleptes, Arctictis and Ailurus,) the ‘carnassiére,’ especially that of
the upper jaw, and the true molars, are nearly equal in size, and also
nearly resemble each other in other respects+.

In the true Bears the form of the lower jaw differs from that of
any of the preceding Carnivora in having a projecting process on
the under side of the ramus, and situated a little in advance of the
angle of the jaw. The same character is also found in many Seals

(Phocide), which in several other respects appear to approach the
Bears.

+ ‘‘ From an examination of the external characters of Bassaris astuta,
it appears to me that it belongs to this group.”

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139

October 8, 1839.
The Rev. F. W. Hope in the Chair.

The following letter, addressed to the Chairman of the Scientific
Committee by John Gould, Esq., Corresponding Member, was read ;
it is dated Van Diemen’s Land, May 10th, 1839 :—

« Although my present occupations will not permit me to send a
lengthened communication, still, as a Corresponding Member of the
Zoological Society, I am desirous of contributing to the pages of its
proceedings; I therefore forward herewith the characters of some
new species of birds, together with a very slight summary of my
peregrinations since leaving England, trusting to lay before you at
some future period a more full account of the results of my labours.
The greater number of the birds from which the following characters
are taken are from the collection made by the officers of Her Ma-
jesty’s ship the Beagle. To Captain Wickham and the other officers
of that vessel I am indebted for much kindness and attention. By
the exertions of Mr. Bynoe, surgeon of the Beagle, science has been
enriched, not only by the discovery of these new species of birds,
but of several others, and some quadrupeds of a most interesting de-
scription, the whole of which have been placed in my hands for the
purpose of describing, figuring, &e.
~ Tt is now twelve months since I left England. The early part
of the passage was boisterous and adverse, our ship being detained
eleven days in the Bay of Biscay, during which period numbers of
land-birds, all of European species, constantly visited the vessel ; but
as no great interest attaches itself to their chance occurrence, I shall
confine my observations more particularly to those species that make
the expansive ocean their home, and whose natura! limits have been
but slightly recorded. The members of the genus Thalassidroma
wert the birds to which my especial attention was directed, from the
circumstance of the group being but slightly understood, and from
the great interest these little tenants of the ocean excite in the mind
of the voyager. Immediately off the Land’s End, Wilson's Storm-
Petrel ( Thalassidroma Wilsoni) was seen in abundance, and con-
tinued to accompany the ship throughout the Bay. The little Storm-
Petrel ( Thalassidroma pelagica, Selby) was also seen, but in far less
numbers: both species disappeared on approaching the latitude of
Madeira, their place there being occupied by another species, which
I took to be Thal. Bulweri. This latitude was also favourable to
the Shearwaters, Puffinus cinereus, and Puff. obscurus, the former
being there in great numbers.

“We came to anchor in the roadstead of Santa Cruz, Island of
Teneriffe, on the 11th of June. During our short stay at this island,

Nos. LXXXII.& LXXXII].—Procegpines or tax Zoot. Socrery.

140

I proceeded as far into the interior as circumstances would permit,
and spent a part of two days most delightfully. Among the birds
I observed during my rambles were the Common Blackbird (Merula
vulgaris, Ray), the Robin (Erythaca rubecula, Swains.), and the
Black-cap Warbler ( Curruca atricapilla, Bechst.),—a more southern
locality, I believe, than has been hitherto recorded against these spe-
cies. The fishes of this island also claimed a portion of my atten-
tion, several species of which I procured and preserved.

“ We crossed the equator on the 7th of July, having been more
than twenty days within the tropics, part of which time our vessel lay
becalmed. This portion of the ocean’s surface was also inhabited by
Storm-Petrels, but of a distinct species from any I had hitherto ob-
served, and which I believe to be new to science. These birds, with
now and then a solitary Rhynchops and Frigate Bird ( Tachypetes),
were all of the feathered race that I observed in these heated lati-
tudes, a part of the voyage which always hangs heavily upon those
destined to visit these distant regions; by me, however, it was not
so much felt, the monotony being relieved by the occasional occur-
rence of a whale, whose huge body rolled lazily by; by a shoal of
porpoises, who sometimes perform most amusing evolutions, throw-
ing themselves completely out of the water, or gliding through it
with astonishing velocity ; or by the occasional flight of the beautiful
Flying Fish, when endeavouring to escape from the impetuous rush
of the Bonito or Albacore.

“On the 20th of July we reached the 26th degree of south lati-
tude, and were visited for the first time by the Cape-Petrel (Procel-
laria Capensis of authors). On the 23rd, lat. 31° 10! S., long. 24°
W., we found ourselves in seas literally teeming with the feathered
race. Independently of an abundance of Cape-Petrels, two other
species and three kinds of Albatrosses were observed around us.
The latter were Diomedea exulans, D. chlororhyncha, and D. fuli-
ginosa. A few days after this we commenced running down our
longitude, and from this time until we reached the shores of Van
Diemen’s Land, several species of this family (Procellaride) were
daily in company with the ship. Whenever a favourable opportunity
offered, Captain McKellar obligingly allowed me the use of a boat,
_ and by this means enabled me to collect nearly all the species of this
interesting family that we fell in with.

«“ As I had every reason to expect, I found the Australian seas
inhabited by their own peculiar Storm-Petrels ( Thalassidroma), four
distinct species of which I have already observed since leaving the
Cape.

‘From the westerly winds which prevail in the southern hemi-
sphere, between the latitudes 35° and 55°, I am induced to believe
that a perpetual migration is carried on by several of the members
of this oceanic family continually passing from west to east, and cir-
cumnavigating this portion of the globe. This remark more par-
ticularly refers to the Albatrosses, Prions, and other large kinds of
Petrels ; the same individuals of several of these species having been
observed to follow our ship for some thousands of miles. Until I

_———

141

had ascertained that they were nocturnal, it was a matter of surprise
to me how the birds which were seen around the vessel at nightfall
were to be observed crossing our wake at daybreak on the following
morning, the ship having frequently run a distance of nearly 100
miles during the night.

“Tn conclusion, I may observe, that whatever success I have met
with on the ocean, or whatever pleasures I may have enjoyed during
the voyage, the country to which we were safely conveyed by our
frail bark (now lying a wreck on the Trowbridge Shoal, Spencer's
Gulf) has still greater treasures. :

“During the eight months spent in these regions, six have been
devoted to Van Diemen’s Land and the islands in Bass’s Straits,
where I have made extensive and most interesting collections. In-
dependently of the skins of birds and quadrupeds, skeletons of all
the forms, together with entire bodies for dissection, have been pro-
cured, as also the nests and eggs of nearly seventy species of birds
from Van Diemen's Land alone. The short visit 1 have paid to the
continent of Australia has convinced me that much of interest there
remains buried in obscurity, and that I shall there find much to oc-
cupy my attention when I fairly commence my researches in that
country. The drought this season has been most distressing to the
colonists. The Liverpool range was the furthest journey I made into
the interior. While there I procured several specimens of the Me-
nura superba ; three of these I have entire for Mr. Owen to dissect ;
I have also the skeletons of two others, besides skins, &c. The only
remark I shall now offer respecting this truly interesting bird is, that
it has no relationship whatever to the Gadlinacea, as has hitherto
been considered.

“ My assistant is now at Swan River, and I start for South Au-
stralia tomorrow ; after which I proceed to Sydney ; thence into the
interior. I intend going to Moreton Bay and New Zealand before
my return, and if I can accomplish, it to Port Essington and other
parts of the north.

“TJ am happy to add, that in the execution of my researches the
governors of the different colonies lend me their aid most willingly ;
and I shall ever be proud publicly to acknowledge the unremitting
kindness of Sir John Franklin, whose goodness of heart is only
equalled by his zealous attention to the duties of his high official
station.”

Mr. Gould’s descriptions of the new Australian birds referred to
in the letter were next read.

CyPSELUS AUSTRALIS. Cyp. gutture et uropygio albis ; corpore
superné et subtus intense fusco; dorso metallicé splendente ;
plumis pectoris abdominisque albo marginatis ; alis cauddque ni-
grescentibus ; rostro, oculis, et pedibus nigris.

Long. tot. 6} poll. ; rostri, $; ale, 74; caude, 31; tarsi, a:

This species is about the size of Cypselus murarius: I first met

with it on the 8th of March, 1839. They were in considerable
abundance, but flying very high. I succeeded in killing one, which

142

was immediately pronounced by Mr. Coxen and others to be new to
the colony. On the 22nd I again saw a number of these birds hawk-
ing over a piece of cleared land at Yarrondi, on the Upper Hunter:
upon this occasion I obtained six specimens, but have not met with
it since.

PoDARGUS PHALENOIDES. Pod. cinereo, fuscoque ornatus, lined
nigra centrali per plumas singulas excurrente ; scapularibus,
tectricibusque majoribus castaneo sparsis ; primariis fuscis, albo
angusté fasciatis; caudé cuneiformi, nigro angustée fasciatd ;
rostro fuscescenti-corneo ; pedibus olivaceis.

Long. tot. 142 poll.; rostri, 21 ; ale, 835 ; caude, 63 ; tarsi, 1.

Hab. The north-west coast of Australia. :

This bird is smaller than any other species of the genus yet dis-

covered in Australia.

From Benjamin Bynoe, Esq.

GRAUCALUS PHASIANELLUS. Grauc. cinereus ; uropygio abdo-
mineque albis, angusté nigro-fasciatis ; crisso albo; alis cau-
daque nigris, hac ad basin alba ; rostro tarsisque nigris.

Long. tot. 15 poll. ; rostri, 14; ale, 83 ; caude, 8 ; tarsi, 12.

Hab. Liverpool Plains.

From the collection of Stephen Coxen, Esq.

PACHYCEPHALA LANIoipEs. Pach. vertice, plumis auricularibus
et pectore nigris ; dorso posteriore fascid castaned ornato; gut-
ture, abdomine medio, crissoque albis ; dorso, lateribus, humeris,
necnon primariis secundaris tectricibusque, externé, cinereis ;
caudd, rostro, pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 7} poll.; rostri, 1; ale, 32; caude, 34; tarsi, 1.

Hab. The north-west coast of Australia.

From Benjamin Bynoe, Esq.

PETROICA ROSEA. Pet. (mas) vertice, guld, corporeque superné
cinereis ; fronte fascia angustd albé notato ; pectore rosaceo ; ab-
domine, crissoque, albis; alis, rectricibusque caude@ sew inter-
mediis nigrescentibus ; rectricibus externis ad apicem albis ; ros-
tro, pedibusque nigrescentibus.

Foem., fascid frontali luted; corpore supra cinereo-fusco ; alis,
fasciis, secundariis fasciis duabus luteis, obscuré notatis ; caudd
fused.

Long. tot. 43 ; rostri, 3 ; ale, 22; caude, 24; tarsi, }.

Hab. Hunter, and the Liverpool Range.

This species is nearly allied to Petroica Lathami. It inhabits thick

brushes. I killed specimens both ou the Hunter River and the
Liverpool Range.

PETROICA PULCHELLA. Pet. nigra, fronte notdque humerali al-

bis ; pectore abdomineque coccineis ; rostro nigro ; pedibus fuscis.
Long. tot. 5 poll. ; rostri, 2; ale, ?; caude, 2 ; tarsi, 1. :
Hab. Norfolk Island.

143

Maturus cruentatus. Mal. (mas) dorso, humerisque cocct-
neis ; partibus reliquis nigris.

Feem., pallidé fusca, abdomine albescente ; rostro, tarsisque pallide
Suscis.

Long. tot. 4 poll. ; rostri, 4; ale, 13; caude, 13; tarsi, 3.

Hab. North-west coast of Australia.

PARDALOTUS UROPYGIALIS. Pard. vertice et lined oculari nigris ;
lined superciliari, pectore, et abdomine medio, albis ; guld, genis-
que croceis; uropygio sulphureo ; dorso cinerescenti-olivaceo ;
alis nigris, primaris plurimis ad basin albo notatis ; ala supra
ad apicem coccined ; cauda nigra, plumis externis tribus ad api-
cem albis ; rostro nigro ; tarsis plumbeis.

Long. tot. 31 poll. ; rostri, 5; ala, 21; caude, 1 ; tarsi, 3.

Hab. North-west coast of Australia.

From Benjamin Bynoe, Esq.

AMADINA ANNULOSA. Am. facie guldque albis, vittd nigra mar-
ginatis ; pectore albescente, subtis fascia nigrd marginato ; ver-
tice dorsoque cinerescenti-fuscis, lineis albidis transversis, angusté
notatis ; uropygio, crisso, cauddque nigris ; ; alis fuscis ; tectrici-
bus, secundariisque cinereo crebré ornatis; rostro pedibusque
plumbeis.

Long. tot. 4 poll. ; rostri, 2 ; ale, 2; caude, 23; tarsi, 4.

Hab. North-west coast of Australia.

This species is nearly allied to Estrilda Bichenovit.

From Benjamin Bynoe, Esq.

AMADINA ACUTICAUDA. Am. vertice genisque cinereis ; corpore
cervino ; abdomine roseo lavato ; loris, guld, fascid per uropy-
gium currente, cauddque, nigris ; tectricibus caude, crisso, et
femoribus, albis ; rostro pedibusque flavis.

Long. tot. 53 poll.; rostri, 2; ale, 23; caude, 32; tarsi, 3.

Hab. North-west coast of Australia.

This species has the two central tail-feathers very long and ta-

pering.

From Benjamin Bynoe, Esq.

Dasyornis striatus. Das. fuscus ; abdomine cinerescente ; plu-
mis dorsalibus lined central alba notatis ; rostro pedibusque ni-
greacentibus.

Long. tot. 6} poll. ; rostri, 2 ; ale, 23 ; caude, 34; tarsi, 1.

Hab. Liverpool Plains, New South Wales.

This species is nearly allied to the Amytis textilis of Lesson.

MyzanTHA FLAVIGULA, Myz. spatio pone oculos, fronte, gu-
laque flavis ; uropygio albo ; dorso cinereo, obscuré albo fasciato ;
loris, plumisque auricularibus, nigris; guld, genis, corporeque
subius, albis, pectore notis fuseis in formaé sagitte ornato ;
alis caudaque fuscis ; primariis externé, cauddque ad basin fla-

144

vescentibus ; caudd ad apicem alba ; rostro flavo ; pedibus flave-
scenti-fuscis.
Long. tot. 93 poll.; rostrz, 1; ale, 51; caude, 5 ; tarsi, 135.
Hab. Banks of the Namoi, interior of New South Wales.
This species is rather larger than Myzantha garrula, to which,
and M. eitreola, it is closely allied.

MyzanTHa Lutes. M. cute nuda pone oculos, Sfronte, apicibus-
que plumarum ad latera colli, citreis ; loris nigro-fuscis ; plumis
auricularibus nigrescentibus splendore argenteis ; corpore supra
cinereo, nuchd dorsoque albo transversim Jfasciatis ; uropygio, tec-
tricibus caude, et corpore subtus, albis ; guld, pectoreque cinereo
lavatis, plumis singulis notd fusca fasciatis ; alis fuscis plumis
obscuré citreo marginatis ; caudd fuscd ad apicem alba ; rostro
citreo ; pedibus flavescenti-fuscis.

Long. tot. 103 poll.; ale, 54; caude, 53; tarsi, 11.

Hab. North-west coast of Australia,

From Benjamin Bynoe, Esq.

TROPIDORHYNCHUS ARGENTICEPS. Trop. vertice argenteo, capi-
tis partibus reliquis nudis, et nigrescentibus ; corpore subtis albo ;
pectoris plumis lanceolatis ; corpore supra cauddque fuscis ; ros-

tro pedibusque nigrescenti-fuscis.
Long. tot. 10} poll. ; roséri, 13; ale, 53 ; caude, 44 ; tarsi, 12.
Hab. North-west coast of Australia.

From Benjamin Bynoe, Esq.

PoMATORHINUs RUBECULUS. Pom. guld, strigdque superciliari
albis : pectore, et abdomine superiore rufescenti-fuscis ; strigd a
rostro, per oculos, ad occiput tendente nigrescenti-fuscd ; vertice,
dorso, abdomineque imo intensé fuscis, olivaceo-tinctis ; tectrici-
bus caude, crisso cauddque nigris, hdc ad apicem albd, rostro
corneo ; pedibus nigrescentibus.

Long. tot. 94 poll. ; rostri, 13; ala, 4; caude, 43 ; tarsi, 14,

Hab. North-west coast of Australia.

From Benjamin Bynoe, Esq.

PTriILoTIS FLAVESCENS. Pt. olivaceo-cinerea, capite corporeque
subtus citreis ; noté ad latera capitis fuscd, et pone hanc alterdé
nitidée flava.

Long. tot. 43 poll. ; rostri, 2 ; ale, 24; cauda@, 24: tarsi, 3.

Hab. North-west coast-of Australia.

From Benjamin Bynoe, Esq.

MyzoMELA ERYTHROCEPHALA. Myz. intensé fusca, capite, et
uropygio, coccineis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 43 poll. ; rostri, 2; ale, 21; caude, 13; tarsi, %.

Hab. North-west coast of Australia.

From Benjamin Bynoe, Esq.

SITTELLA LEUCOPTERA. Sitt. vertice, plumis auricularibus, nec-
non alis, caudaque nigris, hdc ad upicem albd, illis fascia trans-

145

versd albd ornatis ; guld, tectricibus caude, corporeque subtus al-
bis ; dorso, cinerescenti-fusco, plumis ad medium fusco notatis ;
rostro ad basin pallide flavo, ad apicem nigro, pedibus flavis.

Long. tot. 4 poll. ; rostri, 14; ale, 3; caude, 14; tarsi, 14.

Hab. North-west coast of Australia.

From Benjamin Bynoe, Esq.

Hemiropius castanotus. Hem. capite, et pectore olivaceo-
cinereis, plumis colore cervino notatis, illius ad apicem, hujus apud
medium ; abdomine medio crissoque stramineis ; strigd superci-
liari, caudd, dorso et humeris, castaneis, dorsi, humerorumque
plumis albo guttatis, singulis guttis anticé nigro marginatis ; pri-
mariis fuscis, cervino colore marginatis ; rostro pedibusque pal-
lide flavis.

Long. tot. 7 poll.; rostri, £; ale, 35; tarsi, 1.

Hab. North-west coast of Australia.

From Benjamin Bynoe, Esq.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited a small but perfect specimen of the Eagle
Ray, Myliobatis aquila of British fishes, which had been found on
the shore of Berwick Bay, and was sent to him from thence by Dr.
George Johnston.

«“ Particular interest attaches to this very rare specimen,” observed
Mr. Yarrell, “since it establishes the fact that this fish is a native
species ; the only evidence which previously existed of the Eagle
Ray being a British fish was founded on some parts of a specimen,
believed to belong to this species, which were procured from a fish-
erman of Scarborough by Mr. Travis, a surgeon in that place.”

A fresh specimen of the Angler-fish (Lophius piscatorius), pre-
sented by John Goldham, Esq., was also exhibited.

146

October 22, 1839.
James Whishaw, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter from R. J. Bourchier, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., dated
Malta, October 2nd, 1839, was read. It stated that Mr. Bourchier
had shipped two cases of preserved specimens of Natural History, a
box containing some living Gundies (Ctenodactylus Mussoni), and
an Eagle, for the Society; the Eagle from Sir Thomas Reade,
Hon. Memb. Z.S., H. M. Consul-General at Tunis, and the remain-
ing specimen from Col. Warrington, Corr. Memb. Z.S., H. M. Con-
sul-General at Tripoli.

A letter from the Society’s Corresponding Member, R. Mackay,
Esq., H. M. Consul-General at Maracaibo, was also read. It is
dated Maracaibo, July 12, 1839, and refers to an insect presented
by the writer to the Society, in the body of which a kind of plant
had taken root.

Mr. Waterhouse observed, “that the insect in question was ap-
parently the larva of one of the Lamellicornes, and that on one side
of the body, springing partly from the thoracic segments, and partly
from the foremost segments of the abdomen, were about six sprouts
of some vegetable, probably of the genus Clavaria. The longest of
these sprouts is about one inch in length; they are cylindrical, bent
in an irregular manner, have no branches, and for the most part are
joined together near and at the root. He also observed that nume-
rous similar instances of insects having this kind of vegetable pro-
duction attached to different parts of the body were on record: he
might refer to the well-known instance of the caterpillar found in
New Zealand, an account of which is published in the Transactions
of the Entomological Society *, where will also be found references
to several other cases.

“That the dead body of animals constituted a substance fitted to
nourish a vegetable is not extraordinary ; but in the letter from Mr.
Mackay it is stated that the insect was alive when first found; and
this is by no means a solitary instance in which these vegetable pro-
ductions have made their appearance on living insects. These facts,
combined with others, which tend to show that to a slight degree
there is an independent existence in the different parts of the same
insect,—where life is retained for a considerable time in parts, al-
though they may be separated,—are highly interesting in a physio-
logical point of view.”

Dr. Horsfield communicated to the Meeting a “ list of Mammalia

* Vol. I. Part 1, Journal of the Proceedings, p. vi.

147

and Birds collected in Assam by John McClelland, Esq., Assistant-
Surgeon in the service of the East India Company, Bengal Esta-
blishment, Member of the late Deputation which was sent into that
country for the purpose of investigating the nature of the Tea
Plant.”

“ On the return of the Deputation above-mentioned to Calcutta,”
says Dr. Horsfield, “ Mr. McClelland delivered his coilection of
Mammalia and Birds, accompanied by a descriptive catalogue and
drawings of many subjects, to the Bengal Government, to be for-
warded to the Court of Directors. These subjects arrived safely in
England, and are now, with few exceptions, prepared and exhibited
in the Company’s Museum at the India House.

“In his official correspondence with the Bengal Government, Mr.
McClelland explains the object he principally had in view in making
the collection in the following terms: ‘ Having been invited to offer
any suggestion I may have to submit, as to how this portion of my
labour may be disposed of with most advantage, I shall, in venturing
an opinion, keep in view the objects with which my collections were
made: these were, to procure as much information as Upper Assam
is calculated to afford, in elucidation of the circumstances under
which the Tea Plant is found in that country.

“« Next to the relations of the plant in regard to soils, and its as-
sociation with other vegetable productions, the zoology of the pro-
vince is entitled to careful examination; so that all its productions
may be compared with those of the tea districts of China.

«¢ The accompanying catalogue of animals will be found to display
an interesting balance numerically in favour of the extension of spe-
cies from the eastward, a point that ought to be carefully examined,
as bearing upon the main question; for in proportion as the Tea
Plant is associated in Assam with the prevalence of Chinese forms,
the prospect of its successful cultivation becomes the more certain.’
—Extract from Mr. Mc Clelland’s letter to the Secretary of the Ben-
gal Government.

* Mr. McClelland then expresses his desire that his Descriptive
Catalogue, before publication, should be revised in England, in order
to prevent the introduction of mere nominal species, and to conform
the nomenclature to the latest discoveries in science. In accordance
with this desire, the entire collection has been carefully compared
with subjects from India contained in the British Museum and in the
Museums of the Zoological Society and the East India Company, as
well as with the drawings and descriptions lately published in various
zoological works to which Mr. McClelland had no access.

“ The following catalogue now exhibits Mr. McClelland’s collec-
tion, with those alterations which the progress of discoveries required,
and with a partial modification of the arrangement ; and m perform-
ing this task the only object has been to secure to Mr. McClelland
the discoveries he has made, and to bring before the public a faith-
ful statement of his zoological observations in Assam, and of the zeal
and ability with which he has executed the charge confided to him.”

148

MAMMALIA.
Order I. QUADRUMANA.
Genus HyLosaTEs, Illig.
1. Hylobates Hoolook, Harlan, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.

The first authentic account of this animal is contained in the
fourth volume of the Transactions of the American Philosophical
Society. Dr. Harlan here describes and figures, from a prepared
specimen, an adult male, which wasbrought to Philadelphia in 1832
by Dr. M. Burrough, together with a large collection of rare and
valuable skins of quadrupeds and birds, obtained on the plains of
the Burhampooter river, near Assam. The specimen described,
with another adult and a young subject, was presented to Dr. B. by
Capt. Alex. Davidson, of the Hon. East India Company’s station at
Goalpura, in the latitude of 26° north on the Burhampooter. They
were taken on the Garrow Hills, in the vicinity of that station ; they
soon became tamed, especially the young one; they were docile and
affectionate, and rather inclined to melancholy. They lived some
time in the possession of Dr. B., but died on his voyage down the
river to Rangoon.

A specimen of this species was brought from India by General
Hardwicke, and presented to the museum of the Zoological Society,
where it is exhibited. Living individuals are at present in the So-
ciety’s Gardens in the Regent's Park.

“The colour of the Assam animal is uniformly black, except the
eye-brows, which are white. Some individuals are grayish-yellow.
Its length is not much above two feet. It is possessed of the most
wonderful activity, making use of its arms in swinging from tree to
tree: nor is the female in any way restrained in her movements by
the young, which she carries suspended to her body.

“ Inhabits the Cossiah Mountains and valley of Assam.”—Mc Clel-
lands MS.

Genus Macacus, La Cép.

2. Macacus AssAMENSIS*. Fulvo-cinereus, supra saturatior,
gastreo artuumque latere interiore canis ; capillitio pilis paucis
nigris sparso; facie natibusque carneis; caudd partem tertiam
longitudinis totius superante omnino pilis tectda.

“ Bluish-gray, with dark brownish on the shoulders; beneath light
gray: face flesh-coloured, but interspersed with a few black hairs:
length 24 feet: proportions strong: canine teeth long, and deeply
grooved in front; the last of the cheek-teeth in the upper jaw blunt.”
—-McClelland’s MS.

Order II. CHEIROPTERA.
Genus Preropvs, Briss., &c.
3. PrErropus ASSAMENSIS. Capite anticé toto ex saturato rufes-

* The names used in this paper, where no authority is given, are those
of Mr. McClelland’s MS.

149

cente fusco, posticé zond pallidiore in aureum vergente cincto ;
collo omni, nuchd, interscapulio, pectore abdomineque e xeram-
pelino aureis, plagaé laterali saturatiore ; vellere in his elongato
sublanuginoso ; noteo e saturato fusco-nigricante pilis albis com-
misto; patagio nigro; auriculis elongatis acuminatis ; axillis
humerisque lanugine fusco vestitis.

The face and the whole anterior part of the head are deep chest-
nut-brown, with a slight tendency to tawny; the back part of the
head is surrounded by a belt of -a lighter tint, inclining to orange,
which also includes the throat. Around the entire neck, to the
origin of the membrane, is a broad collar of rusty-yellow, inclining
to orange, diversified with deeper rufous shades; the same colour,
with its variation of tints, embraces the interscapulium, and ex-
tends to the breast and anterior part of the abdomen; the lower por-
tion of the abdomen and the vent are rufous-b¥own. The back is
deep blackish-brown, with a scanty admixture of white hairs; the
fur, though slightly appressed, is more soft and silky than in the
other species belonging to this section of Pteropus. ‘The membrane
is blackish. The flanks, armpits, and the bones of the shoulders and
arms, are covered with a soft, silky, lengthened down, of a rufous-
brown colour. The ears are long and pointed. ‘The entire length
is eight inches.

This species, although it resembles the P¢. edulis and Edwardsii
(or medius) in habit, distribution of tint, and in the form of the ears,
is nevertheless distinguished from them by the character of the fur
on the neck, breast, and adjoining parts. This is not short and rigid,
as in the species mentioned, but long, soft, and silky, furnished at
the base with a close down, of a dark colour: in this particular it
approaches to the second section of this genus, which is characterized
by a lengthened, silky, frizzled fur, and of which the Pteropus dasy-
mallus, Temm., is the type. The toes and claws are proportionably
large.

There are in Mr. McClelland’s collection two specimens of this
species, for which he has proposed the specific name of Assamensis :
this, notwithstanding the objection raised to local names, has been
retained, in order to direct naturalists in India to the country where
it was discovered, and thus to determine, by future search, its rank
as a distinct species, and also the existence of other species of both
groups, typified by Pteropus edulis and Pteropus dasymallus.

Genus VESPERTILIO, Auct.
4. Vespertilio ?

A single specimen of Vespertilio has been received, which is not
sufficiently perfect to determine its true character.

Order III. FER.
Genus Ursus, Linn., &c.

No opportunity was afforded to determine the species of Ursus
found in Assam.

150

Genus Mancusra, Oliv.
wee Mangusta auropunctata, Hodgs. Journ. Asiat. Soc. V. 1836, p.
Genus Fetis, Linn, &c.
6. Felis Tigris, Linn.
“ There are other species of this genus, but their characters I have
not had an opportunity of examining.’—MeClelland’s MS.

Order V. PACHYDERMATA.
Genus EvepHas, Linn.
7. Elephas Indicus, Linn.
Genus Sus, Linn.

8. Sus Scropha, Linn.

“ The size the wild boar attains in Assam may be conceived, from
one of the sculls of the animal in my collection, containing a tusk
which measures in length twelve inches.’—McClelland's MS.

Genus Rutnoceros, Linn.
9. Rhinoceros Indicus, Cuy.

Order VI. RUMINANTIA.
Genus Cervus, Linn.

10. Cervus porcinus, Zimmerm.

“The Cervus porcinus is not a rare animal, as has been supposed ;
I have seen it in the Tarrai, at the foot of the Kemaon mountains,
as well as in Assam, where it is the commonest species of the genus.
I had in my collection a curious instance of an albino cf this spe-
cies, for which I was indebted to Mr. Hugon of Assam. It was a
female, every part of it white; but it was shot and prepared before I
had an opportunity of examining the irides. It is an interesting
proof that the change of colour in the fur of animals is not dependent
on the cold of northern latitudes.” —MeClelland’s MS.

11. Cervus Pumilio, Hamilt. Smith, Griff. Anim. Kingd. V.
No. 788.
“ A small portion of the scull of this animal has been procured by

me.

“There are other large species of Cervus in Assam, and several
smaller kinds, but which I have not been able to procure.” —McClel-
land’s MS.

Order VII. RODENTIA.

Genus Scrurus, Linn., &c.
12. Sciurus bicolor, Auctor. Sciurus giganteus, McClelland’s MS.

151

‘Upper part of the head, the nose, the ears, outer and hinder
portion of the fore-legs, the feet, tail, and back, deep glossy-black ;
beneath yellowish-white ; two small spots on the chin ; cheeks white ;
a rudimental thumb, covered by a flat nail. Body fifteen, tail sixteen
inches long.

** The above description has been derived from seven or eight.
specimens procured during the course of three months. Among the
various individuals I have seen there appeared to be no difference.

“It differs from the Seiwrus maximus by the absence of the ma-
rone colour on the head, and from Seiurus Leschenaultii by its
greater size, its deep black colour above, without any diminished
intensity of shade on the anterior part of the head and nose; and
from Sciurus bicolor of Sparmann by the uniform blackness of the
upper parts of the body, extending to the extremity of the tail, which
is entirely black.’—MeClelland’s MS.

Individuals of this species, agreeing in all particulars with those
collected in Assam by Mr. McClelland, have been observed in other
parts of India by Dr. Francis (Buchanan) Hamilton and by Dr. Fin-
Jayson. The latter forwarded several specimens to the Museum at
the India House. The specific character originally constructed by
Sparrmann, and subsequently adopted by all systematic writers, de-
fines accurately the animal as described by Dr. Hamilton and by
Mr. McClelland. Schreber’s figure also agrees with the same, while
the animal from Java (represented in Horsfield’s Zoolog. Res.), and
indicated as a variety in Fisher’s ‘ Synopsis Mammalium,’ appears to
differ from the continental species by the variations to which its
tint is subject. It remains therefore for further research and ob-
servation to determine, whether these two varieties may not be spe-
cifically distinct, and whether the name proposed by Mr. McClelland
should not henceforth be applied to the species observed in Conti-
nental India by himself and by Hamilton and Finlayson.

13. Sciurus hippurus, Isid. Geoff. Guerin. Mag. Zool., Pl. VI.

“ Gray above, on the cheeks, on the outside of the limbs, and base
of the tail: feet grayish-black: throat and lower part of the body
reddish-brown: posterior third of the tail reddish-brown in a single
specimen procured by Mr. Griffith in the Cossia mountains, but
black in five specimens procured by myself in Upper Assam: tail as
long as the body. Entire length of the animal eighteen to twenty
inches. Inhabits the Cossia mountains, as well as the eastern parts
of Assam.”—MeClelland’s MS.

14, Sciurus Lokriah, Hodg., Journ. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, V. 1836.
p- 232... - ;

“ Above brown, sprinkled with yellow, the hairs being dark at _
their bases, but towards their extremities alternately barred with
fulvous. A broad irregular yellowish stripe extends from the chin
to the tail, and is broadest on the throat. Ears rounded, and nearly
naked: tail nearly equal to the body in length: body eight inches
long, and of stout proportions.” —MeClelland’s MS.

152

One imperfect specimen sent by Mr. McClelland agrees precisely _
with Mr. Hodgson’s description, referred to above.

15. Sciurus Lokrioides, Hodg., Journ. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, V. p.
232.

“Light gray, with a yellow tinge on the sides of the thorax; sil-
ver-gray beneath ; hairs above alternately barred with light and dark
gray. Tail scarcely so long as the body: ears short, but pointed
upwards: length eight inches.” —McClelland’s MS.

16. Scturus McCLeLLanpu, Horsfield. Supra fuscus fulvo te-
nuissimé irroratus note@o saturatiore ; subtus ex sordido fulvo
canescens ; dorso summo lined recta atrd ; lined insupér utrinque
laterali fusca leto fulvo marginatd, anticé saturatiore, ad oculo s
extensd, posticé obsoletéd in uropygio ulrinsecus approximata ;
cauddé mediori subcylindrico-attenuata nigro fulvoyue variegatd
auriculis atris barbé nived lanuginosd insigni circumscriptis *
vibrissis longis nigris.

« A black line extends along the spine, with a double-shaded line
of yellow and brown on each side, softly relieved from the remaining
upper portion of the body (which is most minutely variegated ful-
vous and brown); yellowish-gray beneath: tail slightly tapering,
shorter than the body and legs, more bulky than in Squirrels in ge-
neral : length three and a half inches, exclusive of the head, which
measures one inch,

“Tt inhabits Bengal as well as Assam, and is the only one of the
foregoing species possessed of pencilated tufts on the ears. They
have each long black beards.” — Me Clelland’s MS.

Genus Lepus, Linn.
17. Lepus timidus, Linn.

“ This Hare is found in Assam, but its size is degenerate, measuring
only from seventeen to nineteen inches in length. It is not esteemed
as an article of food. The ears are more uniformly gray than in the
European variety.”"—MeClelland’s MS.

18. Lepus hispidus, Pearson.

This species is admitted by Mr. McClelland, on the authority of
J. IT. Pearson, Esq., late Cur. Mus. As. Soc., who described it in the
Calcutta Sporting Magazine.

“Tts hair is harsh and bristly ; ears very short, not projecting be-
yond the fur: length eighteen inches: colour more dusky-gray than
that of the Hare. Inhabits Assam, especially the northern parts of
the valley along the base of the Boutan mountains.

* T am indebted to Lieutenant Vetch of Assam for the skin of this
animal, but unfortunately the scull is wanting ; but according to Mr.
Pearson it is the same as the scull of the common Hare.’—Me Clel-
land's MS.

153

Order VII. EDENTATA.

Genus Manis, Linn.
19. Manis brachyura, Erxl.

“‘ This animal has fifteen rows of scales, extending longitudinally
over the body ; those on the back are longest, and are rounded pos-
teriorly, but they are narrow below, and carinose ; while on the back
they are simply striated at the base. Bristly hairs pass out between
the scales.

“‘ Lower parts of the head, the throat, and a line extending along
the lower portion of the body to the tail, and the inner sides of the
legs, without scales, but covered with a scanty coarse white hair.”—
McClelland’s MS.

AVES.
Order I. RAPTORES.

Fam. Fatconipm. Sub-Fam. AQUILINZ.
Genus Hatraétus, Sav.
1. Hal. Macei. Falco Macei, Temm. Pl. Col. Pl. 8.

«A Fisher Eagle. Throat and nape yellowish-white, covered with
long pointed feathers; crown and base of the neck grayish-yellow
(feathers of the latter obtusely pointed), all other parts of the bird
brown, except a broad band across the tail, which is white. The
tarsi are naked two-thirds of their length: wings long, extending
nearly to the extremity of the tail : length thirty-three inches.

“This eagle preys on fish, and is particularly active during a
storm, when it is found soaring over the lee-shore, descending on
such fishes as are driven into shallow water. During fine weather
it Spends the principal portion of its time on some high solitary bank,
quite motionless.’—MeClelland’s MS.

2. Hal. Pondicerianus. Aquila Ponticeriana, Briss. Pl. enlum.
416. Falco Pondicerianus, Gmel. Linn. I. 265. Lath. Ind. Orn. I.
p- 23.

Genus SpizAEtTus, Vieill.

3. Spiz. RUFITINCTUs. Supra fuscus capite saturatiore, noteo
nebulis dilutioribus vario; cauda fusco et cinerescente laté fas-
ciata; subtis albo fuscoque varius, collo pectoreque vittatis, ab-
domine femoribusque fasciatis ; tarsi ultra medium plumosi. ~

“Upper part of the body dark brown, with slight undulations of
a deeper tint: breast and throat longitudinally striped with brown :
belly and under surface of the wings white, transversely barred with
-brown: tarsi feathered to the lower third, each feather marked with
five transverse bars: tarsi shielded: the beak short, much hooked,
and sharp: claws and toes strong and formidable.

154

“Jt inhabits the banks of the Burhampooter and other rivers in
Assam, where it conceals itself in bushes and grass, along the verge
of the water, seizing such fishes as approach the surface within its
reach.” —McClelland’s MS.

Sub-Fam. FALConINnz.
Genus Fatco, Linn, &c.

4. FALCO INTERSTINCTUS. Supra lete ferrugineus nigro fas-
ciatus ; subtus dilutior subflavescens ; pectore abdomineque nigro
viltatis ; capite nigro lineato ; rectricibus pogoniis singulis nigro
fasciatis, fascia caudali terminali latiore ferrugineo marginata ;
remigibus nigricantibus margine fasciisque interioribus ferrugi-
neis.

“ Brown striated Falcon. Upper part of the’ body and wing-
coverts brown, with blackish bars across the feathers, but on the
head the stripes are longitudinal ; quill-feathers blackish ; inner mar-

in barred with pale ferrugineous ; tail-feathers transversely barred
with black ; below paler, inclining to dusky-yellow, except the breast
and sides, which are marked with longitudinal brown spots. En-
tire length fourteen inches.”— MeClelland's MS.

The bird here described, to which Mr. McClelland has given the
specific name of inéterstinctus, agrees in many points with the female
of F. Tinnunculus; but from the observations hitherto made, it
would appear that it is entitled to distinction by the fact that the
sexes have not the same difference in markings and external charac-
ter which belongs to the European and Asiatic Kestrils. The re-
searches made by Col. Sykes in the Dukhun confirm the determi-
nation of Mr. McClelland. Col. S. mentions, in the Catalogue of
Birds from Dukhun, “ his being in possession of a male bird exactly
like the female Kestril in plumage and size, and consequently larger
than the male Kestril; and as this was shot from a party of five or
six perched on the same tree, and without a male Kestril in com-
pany, he is induced to believe that there is a distinct species, in which
both sexes have the plumage of the female European Kestril.”

The museum of the East India Company has received specimens
from Madras agreeing accurately with those collected by Mr. McClel-
land, but further observations are required to determine whether
Mr. McClelland’s. bird deserves to be ranked as a distinct species.

Sub-Fam. BuTEONIN-A.
Genus Crrcus, Auct.

5. Cire. melanoleucus. Falco melanoleucus, Gmel. Linn. I. O74.
Black and White Indian Falcon, Penn. Ind. Zool., Pl. 2. Engl. Ed.

“ This bird is a fisher, like the Brown Spizaétus above described ;
but instead of inhabiting the banks of rivers, it is found in low inun-
dated places, where it feeds, with Waders, on Reptiles and Mollusca,
as well as on Fishes.” —MeClelland’s MS.

135

Sub-Fam. MILvina.
Genus Mitvus, Auct.
6. Milvus Govinda, Sykes?

“The primary quill-feathers are blackish-brown at their tips ;
every other part of their plumage is brown. It is a common Kite in
Assam, as in every other part of India.”—-MeClelland’s MS.

Note——A single specimen of this bird, not well preserved, was
found in the collection: some uncertainty respecting the species to
which it really belongs still remains.

Fam. Stricip®. Sub-Fam. Nocturna.
Genus, ATHENE, Boie: NoctuA, Sav.

7. Athene cuculoides. Noctua cuculoides, Gould’s Cent. Himal.
Birds, Tab. IV.

Sub-Fam. BuBonina.
Genus Scopes, Sav.
a Lempiji. Strix Lempiji, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soe. XIII.
p. 140.
Order II. INSESSORES, Vigors.
Tribus FisstrostTREs, Cuv.
Fam. Mrropipz.
Genus Nycriornis, Swains. Zool. Illust. IT. Pl. 56.

9. Nyctiornis Athertonii.

“Toes much longer than the tarsi; outer ones united to the last
joint, and the inner to the first joint: beak compressed, arched
equally from the forehead, and terminating in a point formed by
both mandibles: nostrils concealed with feathers : body seven, tail
five inches long.” ——Me Clelland’s MS.

Fam. HirunDINIDz.
Genus Hirunpo, Auct.

10. Hrrunpo BREVIROSTRIS. Supra nigricans nitore olivaceo ;
subtus fuscescens, alis elongatis ; caudd mediori subfurcata ; ros-
tro brevissimo.

This species agrees with Hirundo fuciphaga in habit, in propor-
tional length of wing, and shortness of beak, and in colour above;
but it is darker underneath, and more than one third larger: entire
length six inches.

11. Hirundo Jewan, Sykes, Proceed. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 83.

The specimens of this bird sent from Assam by Mr. McClelland
agree in all points with those discovered in Dukhun hy Col. Sykes.

156

12. HrRUNDO BREVICAUDATA. Supra fusca; subtis cana; uro-
pygio albido ; cauda brevissimd subequali.

This species has the general physiognomy of the Hir. concolor,
Sykes, but it is considerably smaller, of a lighter tint, and without
the white spots on the tail which mark, that species.

Fam. Topipz.
Genus Eury.armus, Horsf.

13. Eurylaimus lunatus, Gould, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London, I.
i Gs

The specimens forwarded by Mr. McClelland from Assam agree
with those preserved in the Museum of the Zoological Society, which
have been examined and marked by Mr. Gould.

14. Eurylaimus Dalhousie, Jamieson, Edin. New Phil. Journ.,
vol. 18, p. 389. Psarisomus Dalhousie, Swainson, Cab. Cyclop.
Birds, Vol. II. 261. Royle’s Illustr., Part VI. Pl. 7.

Eurylaimus Psittacinus, Tem. P\. Col. 598.
Eurylaimus (Crossodera) Dalhousie, Gould, ‘Icones Avium,’
Part I. Aug. 1837.

“« Above grass-green, beneath light bluish-green; throat yellow ;
crown velvet-black, with blue and yellow spots; quills black on their
inner margins, but anteriorly light blue in the middle of the wings;
tail slender, light blue above, beneath black ; length nine inches.’—
MeClelland’s MS.

Fam. HALcYOoNIDz.
Genus Atcepo, Linn.

15. Alcedo Bengalensis, Gmel. Linn. I. 450. Little Ind. King-
fisher, Edw.

16. Alcedo rudis, Linn. I. 181. Black and White Kingfisher, Edw.

Genus Hatcyon, Swains.
17. Haleyon Smyrnensis. Alcedo Smyrnensis, Linn. I. 181.
18. Haleyon leucocephala, Gmel. Linn. I. 456.
Tribus DenTrrRosTREs, Cuyv.
Fam. Muscicarip&.
Genus PHa@nicornis, Sw.

19. Phenicornis princeps. Muscipeta princeps, Gould's Cent. of
Himal. Birds, Pl. VII.

20. Phenicornis brevirostris. Muscipeta brevirostris, Gould’s
Cent., Pl. VIII. The male.

21. PHG@NICORNIS ELEGANS. Capite elongato, sincipite admodum

157

compresso ; capite, collo, dorso summo, alis, rectricibusque duabus
mediis nigris ; corpore subtis, dorso imo, fascia lata alarum,
maculis paucis apud remiges secundarios, rectricibusque latera-
libus aurantio-coccineis.

The character given by Mr. Gould of the Phenicornis ( Museipeta)
princeps, as far as regards the nature and distribution of its colours,
applies also to the Ph. elegans, but the latter is somewhat less in
size, while it is chiefly distinguished by the flatness of the crown,
which brings it nearly on a plane with the upper mandible. Mr.
McClelland has given on one sheet a comparative view of the Phan.
elegans, princeps, and brevirosiris, in order to illustrate the form of
the head in eack species, and the depression of the sinciput in Phen.
elegans, in which its essential difference consists.

22. Pua@nicorNis AFFINIS. Capite colloque supra cum regione
interscapulari griseis; collo subtis gastreo, dorso imo, maculis
tribus alarum, rectricibus interioribus ad basin exterioribus totis

Jflavis : alis caudéque in medio nigris.

“The male is larger than the female, and distinguished from her
by a yellow band on the forehead between the eyes.’—Mc Clelland’s
MS.

Mr. Gould has figured this bird as the female of Phan. brevirostris,
but by annexing a mark of interrogation to the specific character,
has indicated his doubt respecting the correctness of his determi-
nation, or its being really a distinct species. This doubt has now
been explained by the researches of Mr. McClelland in its native
country.

Genus Muscicapa, Auct.

23. Muscicapa melanops, Vigors, Proceed. Zool. Soc. 1831, 171 ;
Gould’s Cent. of Himal. Birds, Pl. VI.

24. MuscicAPA? CAPITALIS. Capite supra tectricibus primariis,
rectricibusque supra atris ; macula suboculari utrinque ad occiput
producté alba; subtis, dorso lateribusque colli saturaté fuscis ;
crisso et uropygio canis.

The distinctive character of this species rests on a very concise
description of Mr. McClelland, accompanied by a drawing: no per-
fect specimen was found in the collection. Length five inches.

Genus RuipipurA, Vigors & Horsf.
25. Rhipidura fuscoventris, Frankl., Proceed. Zool. Soc. 1831,
117, Broad-tailed Fly-catcher, Lath. ?
Genus CryrroLtopHa, Swains. Nat. Lib. Ornith. Vol. X., Fly-
catchers.

26. Cryptolopha poiocephala, Sw., loc. cit. p. 200. Pl. XXIII.
Platyrhynchus Ceylonensis, Swains. Zool. Ulust., I. 13.

158

Fam. Laniap#, Vigors.
Genus ArTAMUsS, Vieill.

27. Artamus leucorhynchos, Vieill. Lanius leucorhynchos, Linn.
Mantis. (1771) p. 524.

Genus Dicrurus, Vieill.

28. Dicrurus grandis. _ Edolius grandis, Gould, Proceed. Zool.
Soc. 1836, p. 5.

Several specimens of this bird received from Assam agree with
the specific character and description given by Mr. Gould (as above
cited) in all points excepting the size, being about one-third smaller ;
but further observations are required to determine with precision the
points by which the long-tailed Hdolii are to be discriminated.

29. Dicrurus Rangoonensis. Edolius Rangoonensis, Gould, Pro-
ceed. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 5.

One of our specimens agrees accurately with Mr. Gould’s specific
character ; in two others the crest is less developed, and the lanceo-
lated plumes on the throat are less prominent.

30. Dicrurus Balicassius, Vieill, Enc. Meth. Ornith., 751. Cor-
vus Balicassius, Linn. Syst. I. p. 155. Le Drongo Balicasse.

31. Dicrurus eneus, Vieill, Enc. Meth. Ornith.,’751. Le Drongo
Bronze.

Genus TrICHOPHORUS. Temm.
32. Trichophorus flaveolus, Gould, Proceed. Zool. Soc. 1836, p.6.

“ Yellowish-green above, with a tinge of brown on the wings and
tail; beneath bright yellow: crested with narrow feathers, becoming
progressively longer from the nostrils to the crown ; bill strong, com-
pressed, and slightly hooked; cheeks and nucha scantily covered
with feathers. Eight inches long."—McClelland’s MS.

The specimens sent from Assam agree with those contained in the
Museum of the Zool. Society from the Himalaya, which are the
originals of Gould’s description.

Genus Coxtturio, Vigors.

33. Collurio nigriceps, Frankl., Proceed. Zool. Soc. 1831, p. 117.
Indian Shrike, Lath.

“ Crown, nape, tail, and wings black; throat and breast white ;
body and secondaries reddish-gray, Length nine inches.” —Me Clel-
lands MS.

34. Collurio erythronotus, Vigors, Proceed. Zool. Soc. 1831,
p-42. Gould’s Century of Himal. Birds, Pl. XII. fig. 2.

“ This species, as found in Assam, compared with the figure in
Gould’s Century of Himalayan Birds, is considerably smaller, and

159

the colours more dull in the Assam than in the Himalayan bird. I
am therefore disposed to think that the species has here reached its
south-eastern geographical limit, as the rena puella may be sup-
posed in Assam to have reached its northern limit.”—MeClelland’s
MS. :

Genus Hyprsrreres, Vigors, Proceed. Zool. Soc. 1830-1, p. 43.

35. Hypsrretes McCyietianpu, Horsf. Supra olivaceo-viridis ;
capite subcristato vinaceo-fusco, plumis albicante strigatis ; subtis
vinacea, abdomine pallidiore ; guld albidd, plumis laxis lanceo-
latis ; rostro flavicante.

“Head brown; body and tail above yellowish-green ; beneath
vinaceous-gray, the tints of the abdomen being lighter. (Plumes of
the throat white, lanceolate, and straggling, being bedded in a bluish
down.) Inner vanes of the quills brownish-black ; tarsi slender, and
rather short. Length nine inches.’—MeClelland’s MS.

36. Hypsipetes psaroides, Gould’s Century of Himal. Birds, Pl. X.

37. HypsIpeTES GRACILIS. Supra olivacco-cinerea, crisso palli-
diore ; subtus ex diluto cinnamomeo albicans ; capile summo atro ;
remigibus primoribus atris, vexillis exterioribus tenuiter cano
marginatis, secundartis canis margine nigro ; rectricibus ex di-
luto olivaceo canescentibus, fascid latd subterminal nigra in
exterioribus gradatim latiore.

This species deviates slightly from the character of Hyps. psaro-
ides, the type which served for theydefinition of the genus, and gra-
dually approaches that of Kittacincla of Gould.

Genus GraucaALus, Cuv.

38. GRAUCALUS MACULOsUS. Cerulescenti-canus, alis cauddque
saturatioribus obscuro olivaceo nitentibus ; rectricibus exterioribus
albo apiculatis.

“ Olive-black on the wings and tail; body above dark olive-gray,
with light gray longitudinal streaks on the feathers under the throat,
and light wavy lines on the abdomen and vent; outer tail-feathers
with white tips. Length eight and a half inches.” —Mce Clelland’s MS.

Fam. MERULID&.
Genus IANTHOCINCLA, Gould, Proceed. Zool. Soc. 1835, p. 187.

39. IANTHOCINCLA GULARIS. Capite supra pectoreque cerule-
scenti cinereis ; not@o, abdomine, femoribus, rectricibusque exteri-
oribus lete cinnamomeis in aurantium vergentibus ; dorso satura-
tiore ; rectricibus intermediis nigricantibus ; strigd aterrimd a
rostri basi sub oculos ad regionem paroticam productd ; guld tar-
sisque flavicantibus ; rostro nigro.

“ Head ash-gray, with a black band passing along the eyes; throat
yellow ; breast gray; rest of the body light olivaceous-brown, incli-

160

ning to reddish-yellow ; beak compressed, arched above alittle more
than below, depressed at the point; tarsi strong, longer than the
middle toe, and yellow; wings rather short and round.”—MeCiel-
land’s MS.

This bird, although greatly resembling the Janthocincla albogula-
ris of Gould, is clearly distinguished from that species by the yellow
colour of its throat, by the absence of the white tips to the exterior
tail-feathers, by its yellow tarsi, and by the brighter orange shade
of its general tint.

40. Lanthocinela pectoralis, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1835, p. 186.

“ Above greenish-brown, beneath yellow and white, irregularly
intermixed. A black band extends over each eye, descending on
the sides of the neck, unites (from each side) in front of the neck ;
throat yellowish-white; lower tail-feathers tipped with white ; beak
compressed, slightly arched above ; upper mandible projecting and
slightly depressed at the tip; tarsi high and strong.” —MceClelland’s
MS.

41. I[ANTHOCINCLA LUNARIS. Cinnamomeo-olivacea, capite summo
cauddque nigricantibus ; fronte, gutture pectoreque in medio atris ;
lunuld insigni collari a regione paroticd gulam versus extensd
crissoque lete ferrugineis.

“Dark olive; throat and lores black, bounded posteriorly by a
light brown crescent ; vent and a few clouds on the abdomen of the
same colour; tail blackish; wings short, and chiefly concealed be-
neath the downy plumage of the back ; tarsus strong, longer than the
middle toe; beak arched beneath, compressed, slightly denticulated,
but not hooked. Length nine inches.”— MeClelland’s MS.

Genus Ortotus, Auct.

42, Oriolus melanocephalus, Gmel. Linn. I. 383. Black-headed
Oriole, Lath.

43. Oriolus Traillii. Pastor Traillii, Gould’s Cent. Himal. pees,
Pl. XXXV.

Genus Irena, Horsf.

44. Irena Puella, Horsf., Linn. Trans., XIII. p.153. Coracias
Puella, Lath. Ind. Orn. 171.

Genus Ixos, Temm.

45. Ixos MonTICOLA. “ Above grayish-brown ; crown black and
crested ; throat and abdomen white ; vent scarlet ; lower tail-feathers
tipped with white ; wings short ; body four inches, tail three inches
long, and square ; a scarlet ring about the eye, but no red tuft be-
neath this organ; by the latter circumstance it differs from Jxos
Jocosus.

“Inhabits the Kossia mountains, and usually seen in numerous
flocks, flying from tree to tree in quest of insects. Their note is

161

shrill and inharmonious, not unlike that of the sparrow.”—McClel-
land’s MS.

Further observations are required to determine the rank of this
bird as a distinct species, or as a variety of Jxos jocosus.

46. Ixos Cafer. Turdus Cafer, Linn. 1.295. Le Curouge, Le
Vaill.
Genus Tima ia, Horsf.
47. Timalia pileata, Horsf., Linn. Trans., XIII. p. 151.

“ This is another instance of a species of the Malayan Archipelago
having extended itself to Assam, and is more interesting from the
smallness of its size, its length being only five and a half inches in
Assam, but in Sumatra and Java it is six and a half inches in length.
The tail in the Assam variety is marked with obscure bands, which
does not appear to be the case with the Java variety ; and the plumes
of the belly and thighs are shorter in the former than in the latter.”
—MceClelland’s MS.

Genus GeocicuLa, Kuhl.
48. Geocichla Rubecula, Gould, Proceed. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 7.

Fam. SyLviADz&.
Genus MoraciLia, Auct.
49. Motacilla variegata, Steph. Pied Wagtail, Lath, Mot. pi-
cata, Frankl.
Genus Saxicoua, Bechst.
50. Saxicola Rubicola, Temm.

51. SaxicoLa? oLivEA. Supra olivaceo-viridis, subtis ex plum-
beo cerulescens ; fronte flavicante.

«A minute species, olive-green above, leaden-blue beneath, and
olive-yellow on the forehead; anterior toes short; tarsi elevated.
Length three inches.” —MceClelland’s MS.

A single specimen only has been forwarded, which is not suffi-
ciently perfect to determine its true generic character with certainty.

Genus Pua@nicurA, Jard. & Selb.
52. Phenicura Reevesii, Gray, Zool. Mise.

Genus Zosterops, Vigors and Horsf.

53. Zosterops Maderaspatanus ? Catal. of Zool. Specim. Append.
to Life of Sir T. S. Raffles, p. 661.

The specimen sent home by Mr. McClelland differs from that
brought from Sumatra by Sir T. S. Raffles in being a trifle smaller.

162

Fam. Piprip&.
Genus Parus, Linn.
54. Parus atriceps, Horsf., Trans. Linn. Soc., XIII. 160.

55. Parus flavocristatus, De Lafresnage. Mésangye a huppe jaune,
Guerin, Mag. Zool., Pl. 80. Janvier 1837. Parus Sultaneus, Hddg-
son, India Review and Journal of Foreign Science, &c., by F. Cor-
byn, Esq., April 1837.

“The female is distinguished from the male by the black colour
being less intense, and intermixed more with a greenish tint. For
the first specimen of this elegant bird I was indebted to Mr. Grif-
fith, who procured it during our descent from the Kossia mountains
into Assam, in which place, however, they are more common.”—
Me Clelland’s MS.

Genus LEIoTHRIX, Swains.

56. LEIOTHRIX LEPIDA. Capite subcristato supra nuchdque cinereis
in cerulescentem vergentibus ; dorso tectricibusque alarum ex oli-
vaceo cinnamomeis ; alis cauddque supra ex parte ceruleis ; remi-
gum pogoniis internis late nigris, apicibus albis ; rectricibus exte-
rioribus pogoniis internis, omnibus apicibus albis : subtis ex diluto
cinnamomeo canescens.

“Gray; bluish on the crown, brownish on the back, and light
bluish-gray beneath ; wings and tail blue (inclining to black), with
minute white tips and light blue outer margins. Length five inches.”
—MeClelland’s MS.

57. LEIOTHRIX SIGNATA. Olivaceo-fusca abdomine pallidiore ;
alis, cauddque subcastaneis ; guld obsolete flavicante ; fascid collari
ex lete-cyaneo nitente.

“ Olive-brown above, lighter beneath ; a Prussian-blue streak on
each side of the neck ; tail short and square. Length five inches.” —
Mc Clelland’s MS.

58. LEIOTHRIX ORNATA. Capite colloque supra nigricantibus ;
subtus tenidque ad latera colli per oculos ad rostrum ductd albis ;
noteo cinnamomeo, crisso pallidiore ; alis cauddque nigris, remigi-
bus secundaritis albo marginatis, primoribus rectricibusque ad apices
albo limbatis, omnibus nitore cruento inductis.

“ Head black, with a white streak passing over each eye; back
brown ; wings and tail black, variegated with scarlet and white ; be-
neath white.’—Mc Clelland’s MS.

Tribus ConrrosTRES, Cuv.
Fam. FRINGILLIDZ, Vigors.
Genus Mirarra, Horsf.

59. Mirarra Assamica. Corpore cinereo-brunneo variegato, uro-
pygto pallidiore ; remigum pogoniis internis caudeque basi rufis ;

163

subtis ex rufescente cana, plumis pectoris nigro maculatis ; lunuld
obsolet2 fuscd temporibus.

This species appears to be intermediate between Mirafra Javanica,
Horsf., and Mirafra phenicura, Frankl., but its characters are suffi-
ciently marked to distinguish it from both.

60. MirAFRA FLAVICOLLIS. Supra olivaceo-brunnea, vertice sa-
turatiore, tectricibus secundartis albicante marginatis; subtis
flava, fasciis paucis obsolete fuscis ; crisso cauddque subtis albi-
cantibus.

Length five inches.
Genus PLoceus, Cuv.
61. Ploceus Manyar. Fringilla Manyar, Horsf., Trans. Linn.
Soc., XIII. p. 160.
Genus Loncuura, Sykes, Proceed. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 94.

62. LoncHURA MELANOCEPHALA. Capite, collo, pectoreque atris ;
corpore, alis cauddque saturate badiis.

Length four inches.
63. Lonchura Cheet, Sykes, Proceed. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 95.

Fam. SturNID&.
Genus Pastor, Temm.

64. Pastor tristis, Temm. Gracula tristis, Lath., Ind. Orn., I. 190.
65. Pastor Pagodarum, Temm. Turdus Pagodarum, Gmel. Linn.

Genus LAMPROTORNIS.
66. Lamprotornis spilopterus, Gould’s Cent. of Himal. Birds.

Fam. CorvipD&.
Genus Corvus, Linn.

“The Raven, the Carrion Crow, and the Rook, are inhabitants of
Assam, but are seldom found in the depths of the forests. They
rather follow the footsteps of man, and establish themselves in small
numbers in the vicinity of villages and such places on the banks of
rivers as are frequented by travellers as halting-places. The Hooded
Crow is very common, but I did not perceive anything peculiar
about it to induce me to add it to my collection.” Me Clelland’s MS.

Genus DenprociTTA, Gould, Proceed. Zool. Soc., 1833, p. 57.

67. DENDROCITTA FRONTALIS. Facie aterrimd, conterminio exacté
circumscripto, alis cauddque nigris ; occipite, vertice, collo, pec-
toreque albis, diluto canescente lavatis ; humeris, noteo, hypochon-
driis, femoribusque badiis in ferrugineum vergentibus ; tectrici-
bus secundariis saturato cerulescenti-canis.

Length of the body seven, of the tail ten inches.

164

68. Dendrocitta vagabunda, Gould’s Cent. Himal. Birds. Pica
vagabunda, Vieill, Encyclop. Method. Ornitholog., p. 888. Cora-
cias vagabunda, Lath., Ind., I. 171.

Genus Kirra,

69. Kitta venatorius, Gray, Illustrations of Indian Zoology, I. Pl.
XXIV.

Genus Coractas, Linn.

70. CoRACIAS AFFINIS. Capite supra eruginoso, nuchd dorsoque oli-
vaceis, eneo subnitentibus ; fascid alarum latd, tectricibus utrinque,
rectricibus ad basin, salvis intermediis glaucis, saturatissimeé cy-
aneis ; fascid remigum primorum subterminali, secundariarum ba-
sali, uropygio, fascid latd terminali rectricum, crissoque leté tha-
lassinis: subtis et lateribus colli vinaceis ; guld plumis lazis, in
medio violaceo-vitiatis, ornatd.

Genus GRACULA.
71. Gracula religiosa, Linn. Syst., I. p. 164.

Fam. BucrerIp&.

Genus Buceros, Linn.

72. Buceros Malabaricus, Gmel. Linn., I. 359. Pied Horn-Bill,
Lath.

73. Buceros Homrdi, Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. I.
p. 251.

Mr. Hodgson’s description of the Buceros Homrdi applies closely
to Mr. McClelland’s specimens, and also to the bird figured in the
44th plate of Gould’s Century of Himalayan Birds, and to specimens
from Sumatra in the East India Company’s Museum; while the
Calao a casque concave of Le Vaillant, according to Dr. Shaw’s de-
scription and specific character, differs in various particulars.

Fam. Lox1ap2, Vigors.
Genus Parapoxornis, Gould, Proceed. Zool. Soc., 1836, p. 17.

74. Paradoxornis flavirostris, Gould, loc. cit., figured in Gould’s
‘Icones Avium,’ Part I. Bathyrhynchus brevirostris, McClelland,
Quarterly Journal of the Calcutta Med. and Phys. Society, Dec.
1837. With a figure.

‘“‘ Brown, beneath yellowish-brown ; head brown, with a black cir-
cle under each eye, the interior feathers of which have white tips ;
wings short; beak much compressed, strong, shorter than its depth,
and thrice the depth of its breadth at the base ; mandibles equally
arched, and meeting in front, without a hook, in an obtuse point ;
nostrils small, round, and concealed by recurved feathers.”—Me Clel-
land's MS.

165

Tribus SCANSORES.
Fam. PsiTTAcipz&.
Genus PaLzornlis, Vigors.
75. Paleornis torquatus, Vigors. Psittacus torquatus, Auct.

76. Paleornis Pondicerianus, Vigors. Psittacus Pondicerianus,
Auct.

Fam. Picipz.
Genus Bucco, Auct.
77. Bucco corvinus, Temm. Pl. Col. DXXII.
78. Bucco cyanops, Cuv. Capito cyanocollis, Vieill. Gal. des Ois.
XXXV.
Genus Picus, Linn.
79. Picus strenuus, Gould.
80. Picus occipitalis, Gould’s Cent. of Himal. Birds, Pl. XLVII.
a 81. Picus Nepalensis, Gray and Hardw. Ind. Zool., Pl. XXXI.
ig. 1.
82. Picus Macei, Temm. Pl. Col. LIX.

83. Picus (Chrysonotus, Swainson) GRANTIA. Fronte, alis, cau-
ddque supra ex sordide aurantio rufescentibus ; collo supra et ad
latera ex viridi flavicante; subtis fuscus ; rectricibus flavicante
fasciatis ; remigibus primoribus fuscescentibus, vevillis alternis
flavo-guttatis vel fasciatis.

Length nine inches.

This bird belongs to Mr. Swainson’s subgenus Chrysonotus, Lard.
Cab. Cycl. Birds, IL. p. 309, of which Picus Tiga, Linn. Tr., XIII.
177, is given as the type.

Genus Yunx, Linn.
84. Yuna torquilla, Linn.
The specimens collected by Mr. McClelland agree in all points
with the bird as found in Europe.
Fam, CERTHIADE.
Genus Sitra, Linn.
85. Sitta frontalis, Horsf., Linn. Trans., Vol. XIII. p. 162.

Genus Upupa, Linn.
86. Upupa Epops, Linn.

From comparison with European specimens, it appears that this
bird, as occurring in Assam, can scarcely be considered a variety of.
the U. Epops of Linneus; although Mr. McClelland’s specimens

166

are rather smaller, they do not agree with the U. minor of Shaw,
which is found in Africa,

Genus PomaTorutnus, Horsf.
87. Pomatorhinus montanus, Horsf., Linn. Trans., XIII. p. 165.

No essential difference is apparent between a specimen of this
bird sent from Assam and the specimens obtained in the Island of
Java, from which the original description was made.

Fam. CucuLip2.
Genus Pua@nicopeHaus, Vieill.
88. Phenicophaus tristis, Lesson?

“ Bottle-green above; dark greenish-gray beneath; throat light
greenish-gray, with black streaks ; naked space around the eyes; su-
perciliary streak white; tail with white tip; beak green. Thirteen
inches long.”—MceClelland’s MS.

No specimen having been found of this species, it will require
further observations to determine its true character.

Genus CenTrRopvus, IIl.
89. Centropus Philippensis, Cuv.

“ This species is very common in villages and cultivated rice-fields
in Assam, and in low inundated lands along the banks of rivers, It
is tame even in the most deserted places in which it is found, and
seldom flies ; but if pressed too closely, it rather forces its way into
a thick hedge. It delights in moist humid climates, as is proved by
the vast numbers of them which occur in the Sunderbunds, the only
part of India except Assam in which I have seen them; but I believe
they are also seen in the vicinity of Calcutta. I am informed that
they are common at Maulmain on the Tenasserim coast, but I
question if they are to be found in India further north-west than
Bengal. They have avery peculiar suppressed note, resembling
whono, uttered with such a degree of ventriloquism, that although
you see the individual from which the sound escapes, you do not ex-
pect it as the cause. In passing through the Sunderbunds in April
last, this whono was almost the only sound I heard, and I was at first
induced to suppose that it proceeded from some concealed animal in
my boat.”—MceClelland’s MS.

90. Centropus lepidus, Horsf., Linn. Trans., XIII. p. 180.
Mr. McClelland’s specimen is comparatively of a large size, but
agrees in all particulars with the Cent. lepidus from Java.
Genus TRoGon.
91. Trogon Hodgsonii, Gould, ‘Monograph of Trogonide.’

167

Tribus TenurrosTREs, Cuv.
Fam. CINNYRIDZ.
Genus Cinnyris, Cuv.

92. Cinnyris AssAMEnsis. Cinn. nigrescens, capite supra gu-
lique metallic purpureis ; dorso et colli lateribus intense fusce-
scenti-rubris ; plumis ad partem dorsi posteriorem flavido termi-
natis ; uropygio, tectricibus caude superioribus, rectricibusque
caude duabus intermediis metallic? purpureis ; his elongatis ; ab-
domine et crisso flavido lavatis : rostro valde incurvo, et quam
caput paululiim longiore.

This species is closely allied to Cinnyris Gouldie.

93. CINNYRIS LABECULA. Punicea ; guld pectoreque nitidissimis ;
capite, plumis scapularibus, cauddque metallice aureo viridibus ;
alis fuscis viridi nitentibus ; subtts cana.

Body three inches, tail two inches long.

Genus ARACHNOTHERA, Temm.

94. Arachnothera inornata, Temm., Pl. Col. LXXXIV.
Fig. 2.

Fam. MELIPHAGID2.
Genus Cutoroprsis, Jard. & Selby.

95. CHLOROFSIS CHRYSOGASTER. Supra viridis, nitens ; pectore
abdomineque ex aurantio luteis ; guld, jugulo, lateribus colli, arcu-
que per oculos ducto atris, conterminio arcté circumscriptis ; genis
violaceis, maculd scapulari eruginosd ; tectricibus, remigibus pri-

moribus, rectricibusque nigris, nitore violaceo ; pileo aureo subni-
tente.

In the specimens of the female the black mark on the throat and
neighbouring parts is not apparent; the spots on the chin and
shoulders are obscure ; but the general colour of the upper and lower
parts is the same as in the male.

Genus Dicmum, Cuv.

96. Diceum erythronotum. Certhia erythronotos, Ind. Orn., 1.290.
Red-backed Creeper, Lath., Gen. Hist. of Birds, IV. 241. ‘Soui-
manga 4 dos rouge,’ Ois. dor., II. 57. Pl. XXXV.

‘ tt
es, | VS” ong ils We 2 hay a teil tile lp ith. bie ie) we bam mae
SE eae ee ean alate weer ant dink ' aaDe

te P Lo fry cE eae Be Fs hae 13 > si
Es ae ear Cees Sietcbaaenareetamenite ray, bees ce a

Bites PSULe o0gah dS Aa -S roi pa spt
sgrvee =D og ah tinishe wine ae |

Spee ahr ay er pine ive aayliitetia: tori, ; |
Bar AS ue Yare 44 ties e Bh ». )
Fae: vat arith, vy ya “val il i i yin cabana 3

sdttisys"T” Agate aiden wah mucat

fae és OPA RL IE I) ¥; eatetnT sspsmony a

RETA RTH Katt nie tad THAAO. 18! GR RS
ea Riiccbesnss Vive aeahermutaatiseees reba aeme 4
Rap eth were op

ray:

ae ; oy “4 A aati i.

hi tits, ertcre whe hier 4
Sn fend si ar aad

Day
Beas

169

November 12, 1839.
William Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

A letter was read from Lady Shelly, relating to the manners,
whilst in confinement, of a Black Spider Monkey (A¢eles ater), re-
cently presented to the Society.

From this letter it appears that the animal in question was ex-
tremely gentle and partial to some persons, but disliked others. It
learnt many little tricks, and exhibited a considerable degree of in-
telligence.

A letter from Sir Thomas Reade, Hon. Memb. Z.S., H. M. Consul-
General at Tunis, dated Tunis, Sept. 30th, 1839, was read. It stated
that that gentleman had forwarded as a present to the Society a
living Bubaline Antelope (Antilope Bubalis, Pall.), three Numidian
Cranes (Anthropoides Virgo, Vieill.), and a young Lynx.

A letter from R. J. Bourchier, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., which was
also read, states that the above-mentioned specimens are safely ar-
rived at Malta, and that he will take the first favourable opportunity
of forwarding them to the Society.

A letter from Lieut. J. Frembly, R.N., Corr. Memb. Z.S., dated
Gibraltar, Oct. 17, 1839, was read. This letter relates to some
specimens of Fishes which Mr. Frembly had forwarded to the So-
ciety.

The specimens referred to in this letter were exhibited.

Professor Owen exhibited the bone of an unknown struthious
bird of large size, presumed to be extinct, which had been placed in
his hands for examination by Mr. Rule, with the statement that it
was found in New Zealand, where the natives have a tradition that
it belonged to a bird of the Eagle kind, but which has become ex-
tinct, and to which they give the name “ Movie.” Similar bones it
is said are found buried in the banks of the rivers.

The following is an abstract of Profesor Owen’s paper upon this
bone :—

“The fragment is the shaft of a femur, with both extremities
broken off. The length of the fragment is six inches, and its small-
est circumference is five inches and a half. The exterior surface of
the bone is not perfectly smooth, but is sculptured with very shallow
reticulate indentations: it also presents several intermuscular ridges.
One of these extends down the middle of the anterior surface of the
shaft to about one-third from the lower end, where it bifurcates ; two
other ridges or linew aspere traverse longitudinally the posterior
concave side of the shaft ; one of them is broad and rugged, the other
is a mere linear rising.

No. LXXXIII.—Procrrpines or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

170

“The texture of the bone, which affords the chief evidence of its
ornithic character, presents an extremely dense exterior crust, vary-
ing from one to two lines in thickness; then there occurs a lamello-
cellular structure of from two to three lines in thickness. The la-
mellz rise vertically to the internal surface of the dense wall, are
directed obliquely to the axis of the bone, decussate and intercept
spaces which are generally of a rhomboidal form, and from two to
three lines in diameter. This coarse cancellated structure is con-
tinued through the whole longitudinal extent of the fragment, and
immediately bounds the medullary cavity of the bone, which is about
one inch in diameter at the middle, and slightly expands towards
the extremities. There is no bone of similar size which presents a
cancellous structure so closely resembling that of the present bone
as does the femur of the Ostrich ; but this structure is interrupted
in the Ostrich at the middle of the shaft where the parietes of the
medullary, or rather air-cavity, are smooth and unbroken. From
this difference I conclude the Struthious bird indicated by the pre-
sent fragment to have been a heavier and more sluggish species than
the Ostrich ; its femur, and probably its whole leg, was shorter and
thicker. It is only in the Ostrich’s femur that I have observed su-
perficial reticulate impressions similar to those on the fragment in
question. The Ostrich’s femur is sub-compressed, while the present
fragment is cylindrical, approaching in this respect nearer to the
femur of the Emeu; but its diameter is one-third greater than that
of the largest Emeu’s femur, with which I have compared it.

“The bones of the extremities of the great Testudo elephantopus
are solid throughout. Those of the Crocodile have no cancellous
structure like the present bone. The cancellous structure of the
mammiferous long bones is of a much finer and more fibrous charac-
ter than in the fossil.

“ Although I speak of the bone under this term, it must be ob-
served that it does not present the characters of a true fossil; it is
by no means mineralized : it has probably been on, or in, the ground
for some time, but still retains most of its animal matter. It weighs
seven ounces twelve drachms, avoirdupois.

“ The discovery of a relic of a large struthious bird in New Zea-
land is one of peculiar interest, on account of the remarkable cha-
racter of the existing Fauna of that island, which still includes one
of the most extraordinary and anomalous genera of the struthious
order, and because of the close analogy which the event indicated
by the present relic offers to the extinction of the Dodo of the island
of the Mauritius. So far as a judgment can be formed of a single
fragment, it seems probable that the extinct bird of New Zealand,
if it prove to be extinct, presented proportions more nearly resem-
bling those of the Dodo than of any of the existing Struthionide.

«* Any opinion, however, as to its specific form can only be con-
jectural ; the femur of the Stilt-bird (Aimantopus) would never have
revealed the anomalous development of the other bones of the leg ;
but so far as my skill in interpreting an osseous fragment may be
credited, I am willing to risk the reputation for it on the statement

171

that there has existed, if there does not now exist, in New Zealand,
a Struthious bird nearly, if not quite, equal in size to the Ostrich.”

Mr. Yarrell exhibited some specimens of the Portuguese Man-of-
War (Physalia pelagica), which were sent to him by the Rey.
Robert Holdsworth, who procured them off the coast of Devonshire,
at Brixham.

_ A collection of Skins of Quadrupeds and Birds from the Society's
Corresponding Member, Col. H. Warrington, H. M. Consul- General
at Tripoli, was exhibited.

November 26, 1839.
William H. Lloyd, Esq., in the Chair.

An extensive collection of shells, sponges, &c., presented by J. B.
Harvey, Esq., Corr. Memb. Zool. Soc., was exhibited. The specimens
contained in this collection are from South Australia, and were prin-
cipally collected in Kangaroo Island.

Prof. Rymer Jones called the attention of the Meeting to certain
specimens contained in this collection, and to the sponges in par-
ticular, and, having made some observations upon their structure and
mode of reproduction, he entered into the question relating to their
animal or vegetable nature.

Mr. Waterhouse laid before the Meeting the following tabular
view of the distribution of the Rodentia :—

1, Lagostomus.

Chin-
Caviide. chillide, dontida.

| 6, Cavia.
| 2, Kerodon. |
| 1. Dolichotis.
| 1. Hydrocheerus. |

(SS SST India and Is.| South America |
| Europe and North : A Africa. ~| and West Indian |
| ‘Gin! North America. | lands, Talands:
| ———E oOo —-_ —___-_-_---————>-—s ———— —
‘cote 5. Seiurus. 20. Sciurus.: 5. Sciurus, 25, Sciurus. 6, Sciurus,
& 1. Pteromys. | 3. Pteromys. | 9. Pteromys.
s y s y
= 1. Tamias. | 5. Tamias. 3. Xerus. j
| =) | 3. Spermophilus. |10. Spermophilus, | |
t vations | 2. Arctomys. 8, Arctomys. |
| | es 1, Aplodontia. | |
2. Graphiurus.
(f 3. Myoxus. | 3. Myoxus.
l |
< { 2, Meriones. |
|e v8. Dipus. | 4, Dipus. |
| = } < 4 ‘16. Mus. | 6. { Mus. 10. Mus, 12, Mus. 30. ¢ Mus.
ee | Hesperomys. 2. Dendromys. | \ Hesperomys.
| | $ 6. Gerbillus. 2. Gerbillus. 3. Reithrodon.
| 1, ’sammomys.) 1, Phleeomys.)
| | 1. Sigmodon. | 3. Euryotis, | 2. Rhizomys.
L 6. Cricetus. | 2. Neotoma. |
| | 1, Castor. | 1. Castor. |
¢ 8 1. Ondatra. }
| ‘SS 4 (20. Arvicola. | 8. Arvicola. |
S* |) 4. Lemmus. | 4. Lemmus, |
| L | 2, Spalax. '10. Geomys. | | |
| i wt is ¢| 1. Hystrix. 1. Erethison. | 1. Hystrix. | 1. Hystrix. 3. Cercolabes.
38 { I. dasdcuony ssnkcsccuaptssneiliaers és apsesessancxes sal; 1s PATH CEUTA) |): SSRREEREEEES 2
23) | |
z° | 1. Aulacodus. | 3, Capromys.
" | 1. Orycterus. 1. Myopotamus. ,
| | 4. Bathyergus. | 10, Echimys. |
i 1. Petromys. | | 6. Nelomys.
; 1, Cercomys.
En | 2. Dasyprocta.
“Z | 1. Ceelogenys.
o | 2. Ctenomys.
ad, | 1, Poephagomys. |
a) 8 A | 1, Octodon.
i | Ss | ‘ | 2, Abrocoma,
|
i
Ny | | 1. Chinchilla.
|

ieee Se aaaeee-anihtion Aabirpek ab Ihe Po cente: { | 2. Lagotis.
|
L

5. Lepus. N15. Lepus. 6. Lepus. | 4. Lepus.

1, Lepus.
3. Lagomys. 1. Lagomys, | 1. Lagomys.

LEPO-
RINA

Leporide.

178

Mr. Waterhouse stated, that in the construction of this table he
had endeavoured to display the geographical distribution of the sec-
tions of the order Rodentia, and that to accomplish this, it of course
became necessary to combine some system of classification, with an
arrangement of the genera according to the countries in which they
were found. The table is divided into five columns, one column
being devoted to each of the following portions of the globe: Ist,
Europe and North Asia; 2nd, North America; 3rd, Africa; 4th,
India and the Indian Islands; 5th, South America and the West In-
dian Islands.

In these columns the names of the genera found in each province
are inserted, and the number of known species belonging to each
genus (as nearly as can be ascertained) is also indicated. Horizon-
tal lines separate the genera according to the sections to which they
are supposed to belong.

“The few Rodents found in Australia all belong to the family
Muride. About six species are known, and these appertain to the
genera Mus, Hapalotis, Licht. (which is the Conilurus of Mr.
Ogilby), Hydromys and Pseudomys.

“ The first thing that strikes the attention,” observed Mr. Water-
house, “ is, that the great mass of South American Rodents belong to
a different section from those of the northern portions of the globe,
and that they are of a lower grade of organization, as is also the case
with respect to the Old and New World Monkeys.”

The next point to which Mr. Waterhouse drew attention was the
relative number of species found in warm and in temperate climates.
“If the number of species found in the two provinces, Europe (in-
cluding North Asia) and North America, be added together, the
total is 180 species, whilst in all the rest of the world, taken together,
the amount is only 206 ; and if from this last number those species
which inhabit the temperate portions of South America and Austra-
lia (amounting to about 30) be deducted, and added to the first
amount, it would appear that the Rodents are most abundant in tem-
perate regions. In the Mammals of large size the case is reversed.

“The total number of species inhabiting each of the provinces
pointed out.in the table varies less than perhaps might be expected.
The European province, North America, and South America, are
nearly equal as to the number of species they contain; India and
Africa are also nearly equal, but they contain fewer species than
either of the other provinces.

“The Squirrels, Rats, Porcupines, and Hares (constituting the
genera Sciurus, Mus, Hystrix, and Lepus), are the only groups which
are found in all the provinces.

“The Sciuride abound most in North America and India, and
are least abundant in Africa and South America. In the latter
country they appear to be chiefly confined to the northern portions,
and are totally wanting in the southern.

“The Muride are about equally abundant in Europe, Africa, and
South America; in North America and India they are much less
numerous..

174

“ The Arvicolide appear to be confined to North America and'the
European province. In South America they are apparently replaced
by the Octodontide, Chinchillide, and Caviide.

“ The family Zeporide is but feebly represented in each of the
provinces above-mentioned, excepting in North America, where the
number of species already discovered is almost equal to all those
found in other portions of the globe taken together. In earlier pe-
riods, these Rodents, which are very low in the scale, appear to have
been much more numerous, judging from the fossil remains which
have been found,—-at least in the European province.

“ The remaining families of Rodents are almost entirely confined
to South America. The genus Awlacodus of Western Africa, the
genera Petromys, an inhabitant of the Cape of Good Hope, and
Bathyergus, found both at the Cape and north-east portions of
Africa, possess certain characters in which they approach the South
American forms. Petromys analogically appears to represent the
Octodons of South America, and Bathyergus may be compared to
the genera Poephagomys and Ctenomys; whilst in Aulacodus we
possess a representative of the Capromys of the West Indies.”

Mr. Waterhouse observed “that he had not yet been able to satisfy
himself as to the precise situation, in a systematic classification, of
the genera Ctenodactylus and Helamys, the former from North, and
the latter from South Africa. Four other genera are omitted in the
above table for the same reason ; they are, Otomys* of Dr. Smith, a
genus found at the Cape of Good Hope ; Akodon, Meyen, which in-
habits Peru; Heteromys, Desmarest, founded on the Mus anomalus
of Thompson, an animal found in the island of Trinidad ; and lastly,
Saccomys of F. Cuvier, which is supposed to be from North Ame-
rica. These four genera in all probability belong to the family
Muride.

“The genus Aplodontia is placed with the Sciuride, but it must
be observed that it differs much from the typical species of that
group, there being no post-orbital process to the skull, and the molar
teeth being rootless.

“ The remains of Rodents found in a fossil state indicate that the
different provinces were formerly inhabited by the same forms as
those which are now found in them.”

* This is a different genus to the Otomys of Cuvier, which is Euryotis of
Brants. -

175

December 10, 1839.
William H. Lloyd, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter from Dr. Weissenborn, dated Weimar, October 6, 1839,
was read. It accompanied a present of two specimens (male and
female) of the black variety of the common Hamster (Cricetus vul-
garis), and a head, preserved so as to display the cheek-pouches of
that animal. The writer of the letter states that he possesses a
common Pigeon, just fledged, in which no vestiges of the organs of
vision can be traced. ‘‘ The orbits are tolerably well developed, and
lined with a sort of half-mucous membrane, and therefore destitute
of feathers. I have never heard of a similar defect in any animal ;
and in one where the incubation is extra-uterine it appears doubly
wonderful or anomalous. The bird is quite healthy, and presents in
its habits several curious anomalies, which may be traced to its mon-
strosity.””

Professor Owen communicated his notes on the Anatomy of the
Biscacha (Lagostomus trichodactylus, Brookes).

*« The individual dissected,”’ says Mr. Owen, “‘ was a female, full-
grown, weighing 8 pounds 2 ounces, avoirdupois : the weight of the
brain was 5 drachms, avoirdupois, the proportion of the brain to the
body being as 1 to 416. This is the smallest relative size of the
brain that has yet been recorded in the Rodent order, in some of the
species of which order, as the Mouse, the brain approaches that of
Man, the relation of its mass to that of the body being as 1 to 46;
that of the human subject is as 1 to 30. The brain presented the
usual broad depressed form and simple unconvoluted surface charac-
teristic of the Rodent order : its length was 1 inch 8 lines, its breadth
1 inch 5 lines, and the length of the cerebral portion 1 inch 3 lines.
The proportion of the cerebellum to the cerebrum was as | to 5.
The breadth of the medulla oblongata was to that of the cerebrum as
1 to 6. The upper surface of each lobe of the cerebrum is marked
with two slightly curved fissures, each between 3 and 4 lines in
length, and one a little in advance of, and exterior to the other: a
single anfractuosity defines the external convex prominence of the
cerebrum. On the under surface a fissure is continued from the
posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere forwards, along the middle
of the natiform protuberance, to the outer boundary of the root of
the large olfactory nerve.

On laying open the abdomen an immense accumulation of adipose
membrane concealed the viscera; the bag of the great omentum
formed, however, a small part of this covering, as after extending
‘down over half the abdomen it was reflected upwards, in front of
the liver.. The lower half of the abdominal cavity was overlapped

No. LXXXIV.—Procgepines oF rut Zooxoeicay Society.

176

by broad and thick adipose processes, continued from the lower con-
volutions of the colon, without being connected with the great
omentum, and from the fundus of the urimary bladder. The appen-
dices epiploice of the human colon may be regarded as rudimentary
conditions of the adipose folds here so enormously developed. The
stomach corresponded in form and relative size with that of the Chin-
chilla (see Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. i. p. 51. pl. V.). The left blind
extremity projected about an inch beyond the cardia; the pyloric
end became suddenly contracted: the cuticular lining of the ceso-
phagus terminated at the cardia in five pointed processes, radiating
from the cardia.

The duodenum was dilated, as in many other phytophagous Ro-
dents, at its commencement; it descends with a slight sigmoid
flexure to the right lumbar region, then crosses over to the left side,
being freely suspended in a broad duodenal mesentery, which con-
tracts as the gut perforates the base of the meso-colon to become the
jejunum. The small intestines presented the usual disposition : the
cecum is of moderate length, viz. four inches, with a diameter of
two and a half inches, thus corresponding in general form with that
of the Chinchilla. ‘The colon first crosses obliquely the lower part
of the abdomen, and returns, forming a fold of about four inches in
extent; it then describes a second much larger and narrower fold,
of ten inches in length: it is at the bend of this fold that the feces
begin to be separated into pellets, and it is from these loops that the
omental processes are continued : the colon then bends over the root
of the mesentery, passing below the stomach to the left side of the
abdomen, where it describes a series of convolutions before ending
in the rectum. No omental process is continued from these folds,
but the meso-colon, to which they are suspended, is of great breadth,
and was loaded with fat.

Feet. Inches.
Length of the small intestines ...... 14 9
large “ditto s/s». 128

“The anal, vaginal, and urethral outlets are separate from one
another.

“The liver consists of a left lobe, a cystic lobe, and two small
right lobes, with a spilegian appendage. ‘The cystic lobe is fissured,-
and the left division is perforated on its free convex surface to re-
ceive a process of the suspensory ligament.

«The gall-bladder was of very small size.

«The spleen is triangular, with the upper or anterior angle most
produced.

«The kidneys and suprarenal glands as usual in Rodents. The
heart presented the usual. form; two superior venz cave, the left
joining the inferior cava, and receiving the coronary vein. The
right lung presented three lobes and the median lobule; the left
lung three lobes.

“There was nothing remarkable in the ovaria or fallopian tubes.
The two uteri terminate by distinct valvular orifices; they are long

177

and narrow : in each mesometry there is a plexus of transversely dis-
posed vessels, principally veins, which runs parallel with the uterus,
and seems to represent the remains of the wolffian body. The most
interesting feature in the generative organs was a longitudinal sep-
tum, dividing the vagina into two canals for upwards of an inch be-
yond the ora tince. ‘This septum terminated by a thin concave edge,
directed towards the outlet of the vagina. There was no constric-
tion or valvular fold between the divided and the undivided portions
of the vagina; the former were somewhat more vascular, and slightly
plaited longitudinally. The whole length of the vagina was four
inches. The clitoris was perforated by the urethral canal, and was
nine lines in length.

“No other placental quadruped has hitherto presented so near an
approach to the marsupial type of the female organs as the Lagosto-
mus. Rudiments of a vaginal septum occur in the young or virgin
state of several genera; but it is only in the Lagostomus that a con-
tinuation of the median separation of the genital tubes has been
continued beyond the uterine portion along so great an extent of the
vagina, and as a permanent structure.”

Professor Owen also communicated the following paper, entitled
“* Observations on the Generative System of some of the lower Ani-
mals,” by Professor Rudolph Wagner, M.D.

** Among a variety of observations which I undertook on the coast
of Nice in August and September 1839, for the purpose of obtaining
a more intimate knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of marine
animals, there are several which perhaps afford some more general
interest for the natural history of animals.

“* Many of my own earlier observations had produced the convic-
tion, that a disjunction of the sexes is much more universal than has
been hitherto admitted. Cuvier, in his ‘ Régne Animal,’ and after
him the most of those who have entered upon Zoological Classifica-
tion, still assume that among the so-called lower animals many are
no more than females, and others without sex.

“Thus, to begin with the Mollusca, and judging from assertion,
the Cyclobranchiata up to the present time are known only as fe-
males. I succeeded as well in Patella as in Chiton in finding some
individuals that were males, and others that were females. The
males have a white testis, with active spermatozoa, resembling those
of muscles ; the females have all the elements of the primitive ovum.
The Ascidie also appear to be of disjoined sex. I found, however,
in several species merely ova, but ova that presented the germinal
vesicle and germinal spot.

“Among the Radiata I had hitherto found only females, as well
in the Starfish as in the Sea-urchin and the Holothurie. The pear-
shaped vesicles which open into the efferent duct of the ovary in
Holothuria tubulosa, and which Delle Chiaje regards as testes, posi-
tively showed no spermatozoa in three individuals, in which the pale

_rose-red ovary was otherwise much developed, and presented the
most beautiful ova, with germinal vesicle and germinal spot. But

178

in the first individual which my friend Professor Valentine opened,
the organ corresponding and very similar to the ovary immediately
presented a difference (from the ovary) in its white contents. We
also saw indeed in those contents the most beautiful spermatozoa,
much resembling those of osseous fishes. Numerous other individuals
constantly presented themselves, either as males or females.

“Regarding the Meduse, Von Siebold of Dantzic had already
mentioned that he had found male individuals with spermatozoa in
Medusa aurita. In Nice I convinced myself with the greatest cer-
tainty in Pelagia, Aurelia, Cassiopeia, and a fourth genus, that these
Meduside are always of disjoined sex. The males, with their sper-
matozoa actively moving (even within the capsules of the testes), are
at the first glance to be distinguished from the females, whose ovaria
always contain ova in different stages of development*.

‘Tt is of especial interest to find that a disjunction of sex admits
of demonstration, even in the Polyps. One of my companions, Dr.
Erdl, (?) of Munich, found in Veretillum only female individuals in
one Polypary, and in others only males. He writes me that he has
afresh convinced himself of the same relation in Alcyonium, though
the specimen had been preserved in spirit; and that among the Mol-
lusca he has found similar sexual differences in Halyotis ; thus in the
Aspidobranchia of Cuvier.

“<I must here remark, that my earlier statements on the sperma-
tozoa of the Actinie@ are erroneous, since I regarded entirely peculiar
and remarkable capsules with long threads (situated even on the
prehensile arms) as spermatozoa.

‘“« My researches on the spermatozoa of cartilaginous fishes have
shown the remarkable fact that the individual genera of the Rays and
Sharks are distinguishable by the form of their spermatozoa. ‘These
spermatozoa are for the most part spirally wound, as in birds of song.
Very remarkable is the structure of the testis; which is constantly
connected with a largely developed and winding vas deferens. That
which Johann Miiller has described in the Rays as a peculiar gland
is nothing else than this vas deferens. The relations in form of the
male genital organs alternate much, as I shall show in a special and
more comprehensive work.

“The facts here reported were not witnessed by myself alone, but
also by Professor Valentine of Bern, Dr. Peters of Berlin, and five
young zootomists, pupils of mine, who were all in Nice at the same
time as myself, and took a part in my observations.”

* I shall state these sexual relations in a special and detailed work on
the whole anatomy and physiology of the Meduse.

December 24, 1839. :

No meeting took place.

The names of New Speéies and of Species newly characterized are printed in Roman
Characters: those of Species previously known, but respecting which novel informa-
tion is given, in Jtalics: those of Species respecting which Anatomical Observations

are made, in CAPITALS.

; Page

Acanthegonys rufogularis, Gould . 113
Acanthidium, n. g., Lowe . om
calceus, Lowe 92

pusillum, Lowe. . . 91
Acantholabrus imbricatus, Lowe. 86
Accipiter fringillarius, Ray . » . 130
ACTINI® . . = « L738
figialitis nigrifrons, Gould . . . 114
Aégotheles lunulata, Jard. et Selb. . 113
Alauda arborea, Linn. . . 131

arvensis, Linn. . aoe si LAO
brachydactyla, Temm. . . 120
Calandra, Pall. . . - 120
penicillata, Gould . 120
Sinensis, Waterh.. . 60

Alcedo Bengalensis, Gmel. . . 156
cerulea, Linn... . . . . 101

Tide, jinn... * 3.7. . . . 156
Smyrnensis, Lath. . 101, 156
ALCYONIUM . “ rye tris)
Alysa, n.g., Lowe . : 87
loricata, Lowe . . . . 87
Amadina acuticauda, Gould . . 143
annulosa, Gould . - 143

Ambulatona . . _- |... . ; Bes)

Anas Boschas, Linn. . 134
Luzonica, Fraser Pag! it
superciliosa, Gmel. . 114

Anomala . 67

Anser albifrons, Bechstein das galt ce
brachyrhynchus, Baillon . . 124
CINET EUSP NICV CE ct lo ico) ee «a
pheenicopus, Bartlett. . . 3

Segetum, Meyer. . ... 2

Anthochera rufogularis 113
Anthreptes flavigaster, Hyton 105

modesta, Eyton . . 105
Anthus arboreus, Bechst.. . 120

Anthus Malayensis, Eyton
rufescens, Temm. .
Antilope Philantomba, Ogilby

Aphanopus,n.g., Lowe . . . . 79
Carbo, Lowe . 79

Apistes marmoratus, Cuv. et Val. 97
Aplodactylus arctidens, Rich. . 96
Aplurus simplex, Lowe . 78
Aprosterna . ai fo wah a RL,
Apteryx Australis, Shaw... . 63
Arachnothera inornata, Temm. . . 167
Ardea alba, Linn. . 122
Argonauta Argo. . . 3d
Artamus leucorhynchos, Vieill . 158
Arvicolide, Waterh. . » 172
ASCIDLE Li!
ASPrpoBRANCHIA, Cuv. . 178
Ateles ater, Geoff. . 169
Athene cuculoides . . . . . 155
JSortis, Gould . 113
AURELIA . . 178
Basaris astuta, Licht. : seloa
Bathyrhynchus brevirostris, McClel. 164
Belone gracilis, Lowe . . . . . 86
Beryx decadactylus, Cuv. . - 76
splendens, Lowe . . 77
Blennius Artedi, Cuv. et Val. . 83
gattorugine, Will. . . . 83
palmicornis, Cuv. et Val. . 83
parvicornis, Cuv. et Val. .- 83
strigatus, Lowe . 83
Trigloides, Cuy. . ih aitian ee

Bos Taurus, Desm. - 127
Brachypteryx een, Eyton . 103
Brama Raii, Baile ahiilaly o ere
Bucco corvinus, Temm. . 165
cyanops,Cuv. . . . - 165
quadricolor, Eyfon. . . . 105

180 INDEX.

Page

Bucco trimaculata,Gray . . . . 105
versicolor, Raffles . . . . 105
Buceros bicolor, Eyton. . . . . 104
Homrdi, Hodg. . . . . 164

Malabaricus,Gmel.. . . 164
Budytes melanocephala, Savi. . . 120
Bungarus lividus, Cantor. . . . 32

Calamaria sagittaria, Cantor. . . 49
monticola, Cantor . . 50
Callanthias,n.g., Lowe . . . . 76
paradiseus, Lowe. . . 76
Calyptomena viridis, Raff. . . . 102
Camelopardalis Giraffa, Gmel. . . 108
Canide, Waterh, . . ee ee
CANIS ARGENTATUS, Desm: a ae ently
FAMILIARIS, Linn. . . . 125
FAMILIARIS var. AUSTRAL-
asim, Desm. . 125
Virepres, imino... |. E25
Capito cyanocollis, Vieill.. . . . 165
Capra Hracus, Var. . . . . . 127
Carcharius falcipennis, Lowe. . . 90
Carpophaga, Owen. . . . . . 12
CASSIOPFIA . . Sh oe eit ly =)
Cavia Cosata, Desm. res taco aang Fy
Caviide, Waterh. ea AAA GY 2
Cezsus capucinus, Desm. . . . 128
Cenchris cenchroides, Gould. . . 113
Centriscus gracilis, Lowe. . . . 86
Centrina? nigra, Lowe . . .. Q1
Centrolophus crassus, Cuy. et Val. . 82
morio, Lacep. . . . 81

ovalis, Cuv. et Val. . 82
pompilus, Cuy. et Val. 81
Centropus lepidus, Horsf.. . . . 166

Philippinensis, Cuv. . . 166
Centropristis Salar, Rich.. . . . 95
Cerberus cinereus, Cantor. . . . 54

Cercopituecus Aruiops, Geoff. . 128
GRISEO-VIRIDIS,

Desm. . . 128

Saszus, Desm. . 128

Certhia erythronotos, Lath. . . . 167
Cervus Dama, Linn... . . . 127
poreinus, Zimm.. . . . 150
Pumilio, H. Smith . . . 150
Cheropus, Ogilby . . . . 10
Charadrius minor, Meyer. . 122, 134
morinellus, Linn. . . 122

nigrifrons,Gould . . 114
Virginianus, Bostik. . 107
Chaulelasmus strepera, G. Gray. . 134

Cheilodactylus carponemus,
Cuy. et Val. . 97

Cheironectes Yapock, Desm.. . . 11
Che:ronectes bicornis, Lowe. . . 84
Chenchillide, Bennett . . . 61,172
Cuiton . and 177

Chlorops:s chrysogaster, McClelland 167
Chloropsts Malabaricus, Jard.& Selb. 102

Page

Chloropsis Sonneratii, Jard. & Selby 102
Chrysonotus miniatus, Eyton. . . 106
Tiga, Eyton . - 106

Cinclus aquaticus, Bechst. . 120
Cinnyris affinis, Horsf... . - 101
Assamensis, MeClelland . 167
Javanicus, Steph. . . 101
labecula, McClelland - 167

Circus melanoleucos, Auct. . 154
pallidus, Sykes . . 130
rufus, Briss. . : - 130
Clupea alba, Yarrell. . . - - 94
Coccothraustes chloris, Flem. soe
vulgaris, Briss. . . 132

Colobus fuliginosus . . 49
polycomos, Pennant . 94
ursinus, Ogilby . . 94
Coluber bipunctatus, Cantor . 2°"G2
curvirostris, Cantor . «wou
Dhumna, Cantor. rig
monticolus, Hodgson 52
porphyraceus, Cantor ~ ol
quadrifasciatus, Cantor. . 51
reticularis, Cantor a)!
sanguiventer, Hodgson . . 52
Columba Alnas, Linn. . . 133
Jambu, Gmel. . 107
Javanica, Gmel. . . 107

Olax, Temm. . . 107

vernans, Linn. pes ae GUL:

Collurio erythronotus, Vig. . . . 158
minor, Vig. . - Lg
nigriceps, Frankl, . . 158
Coracias affinis, WeClelland . . 164
garrulus, Linn. . 119
Corethra plumicornis, Auct.. . . 109
Coronella albocincta, Cantor. . . 50
cyclura, Cantor. - 50

violacea, Cantor . 50

Corvus Balicassius, Linn. . - . 158
Corntz, Linn: : |. eas «Lad
monedula, Linn. . - 133
Srugilegus, Linn. .-. . . 133
Coryphena equisetis, Linn. . . . 81
hippurus, Cuv. et Val.? 80
Nortoniana, Lowe - 30

Corythaix macrorhynchus, Fraser . 34
Coturnix Australis,Temm. . . . 114
pectoralis, Gould. - 114
Sinensis,Temm. . . . 107
Cracticus hypoleucus,Gould. . . 113
Crataionyx, n. g., Eyton. - . 104
ater, Eyton. . - « 104

flava, Eyton . . . . 104
Crenilabrus caninus, Lowe . . . 84
luscus, Lowe. . . . 84

Cricetus accedula, Auct. cacgrevibee
auratus, Waterh, . . . 57
vulgaris, Auct. - 59
Cryptelopha poiocephala, Swains. . 157

Cryptonyx coronatus, Temm.
Cuculus canorus, Linn.

chlorocephalus, Raffles :

Curruca atricapilla, Bechst.
cinerea, Bechst. .
Cygnus atratus, Shaw. .

Cymbyrhynchus cucullatus, Eyton :

nasutus, Vig.

CynocrepHaLus Anuais, F. Cuv.

Cypselus australis, Gould .
murarius, Il.
Dacelo gigantea, Leach.
pulchella, Horsf.
Dajila caudacuta, Leach . .
Dasyornis striatus, Gould. .
Dasyurus, Geoff.

Dendrocitta frontalis, McClelland '
vagabunda, Gould .

Dendrophis Boii, Cantor .
Diceum cantillans, Steph.
cruentata, Horsf.
erythronotum .
ignicapilla, Zyton
saccharina, Auct.
Dicrurus eneus, Vieill.
Balicassius, Vieill. .
grandis...
Rangoonensis .
Didelphide, Owen
Didelphis, Auct. “
Diomedea ehlororhyncha A
exulans
Suliginosa
Dipsas ferruginea, Cantor .
monticola, Cantor .
Echeneis brachyptera, Lowe .
Jacobea, Lowe .
pallida, Lowe.
Remora, Linn.
vittata, Lowe .
Edolius grandis, Gould .
Rangoonensis, Gould .
Elaps Bungaroides, Cantor
flaviceps, Cantor
furcatus, Canfor.
nigromaculatus, Cantor
Elephas Indicus, Linn. .
Emberiza Cia, Linn.
citrinella, Linn.
hortulana, Linn.
miliaria, Linn. . .
Entomophaga, Owen
Eauus CaBaLtvs, Linn. .
Erythaca rubecula, Swains.
EBuchlora, MacLeay .
@rea, Perty, .. ..%.
albopilosa, Siebold .
aureola, Hope
bicolor, Fab. .
Cantori, Hope

INDEX 181
Page Page
- 106 | Euchlora chalcites, De Jean . 75
4133 Chrysea, Kollar . a 5
. 105 cicatricosa, Perty 74

eon costata, Hope 73
. 131 cupripes, Hope . . 68
114 Dalmanni, Scho. 75
101 De-Haanii, Hope 71
- 101 dimidiata, Hope . 71
128 femoralis, Hope . 71
141 grandis, Hope 69
- 119 irrorella, De Haan . 74
113 Japonica, De Jean .« 95
101 Jurinii, MacLeay . 68
134 MacLeayana, Vigors OD
143 | Martinii, Kirby . eA}
7 perplexa, Hope . 70
163 piligera, De Jean at Yo
164 Sieboldii, Hope . - 69, 72
53 smaragdina, Eschcholtz 69
105 splendens, Scho. 75
105 strigata, Castelneau 74
167 subcerulea, Hope - 72
105 | sulcata, Hope . 72
105 trivittata, Perty. 74
158 viridis, Fab... 68
158 | Eurylaimus Corydon, Temm. . 101
158 cucullatus, Term. 101
158 (Crossodera) Dalhousie,
ll Gould. 156
1l Dathousie, Jamison . 156
140 lunatus, Gould 156
140 Psittacinus,Temm.. . 156
140 | Eurystomus cyanocollis, Vieill. 101

53 Falco Aisalon, Temm. ‘ 119

53 Berigora, Vig. et Horsf. 113

89 | Cenchroides 113

5 89 interstinctus, McClelland . 154

89 | melanogenys, Gould . 113

89 | subbuteo, Linn. 130

89 tinnunculus, Linn. 119

158 | Felidae, Waterh. . . 136
158 | Ferris Catus, Linn. 125

33 Caracat, Linn. - 126

33 Leoparpus, Desm. 126

34 Lynx, Linn. . - 126

33 Servalina, Ogilby 94

150 Tigris, Linn. . 150

132 | Fringilla Celebs, Linn. 132

132 Manyar, Horsf. . 163

132 montifringilla, Linn. 132

121 nivalis ? Linn. - 121

ae he, sanguinea, Gould - 121
126 | Fulica atra, Linn. . . 122
120, 140 Gallictis vittata, Bell. 75

67 Gallinula chloropus, Lath. 133

73 phenicura, Lath. 107

70 | Garrulus melanocephalus, Bonelli . 132

73 Geocichla Rubecula, Gould 3 161

70 Glareola limbata, Rupp. 121, 133

73 | Gobius ephippiatus, Lowe . . 84

182 INDEX.

Page
Gobius Maderensis, Cuy. et Val. . 84
niger, B. Lowe. . . . . 83

Gracula religiosa, Auct. . . 104, 164
Graucalus melanops, Vig. et Horsf.. 113
maculosus, MeClelland . 159
Phasianellus, Gould . . 142

Gulo barbatus, Auct. . . . . . 75
Halcyon Capensis,Sw.. . . . «101
leucocephala, Gmel.. . . 156
pulchella, Eyton. . . . 101

Smyrnensis . . . . . 156

varia, Eyton . . . . . 101
Haliaétus Macei, Auct. . . . . 153
Pondicerianus, Auct. 2 a3
Halmaturus, Wig. . .« vom,
Hamadrias ophiophagus, Cantor - 32
Harpactes Diardii, Gould. . . . 101
Duvaueelii, Gould. . . 101
Hemicircus badius, Eyton. . . . 106
brunneus, Eyton. . . 106

tristis, Eyton. . .- . 106
Hemipodius atrogularis, Eyton . . 107

castanotus, Gould . . 145

Taigour, Sykes . . . 107
Herpetodryas prionotus, Cantor. . 52
Himantopus melanopterus, Meyer . 122
Hippopotamus amphibius, Linn.. . 76
Hirundo brevicaudata, McClelland . 156
brevirostris, McClelland . 155

Jewan, Sykes. . . . . 155
rustica, Linn. . . . . 130
HoLotuHvrim .. ae tc, eomlitig:
HoLorHuRiA TUBULOSA . . . . 177
Homalopsis olivaceus, Cantor . . 55

Hoplostethus Mediterraneus,
Cuv. et Val. 77

Hurriah sanguiventer, Cantor . . 52
Hylobates Hoolook, Warlan . . . 148
WIYLOTIS*. . wavs

Hypsipetes gracilis, McClelland . . 159
McClellandii, Horsf. 159

psaroides,Gould. . . 159
Hypsiprymnus, Illig. . . . « . 16
Hystricide, Waterh. . . Be bis

Tanthocincla gularis, McClelland . 159
lunularis, MeCleliand . 160
pectoralis,Gould . . 160

Ibis Falcinellus, Temm. . . . . 122

Tora scapularis, Horsf.. . . . . 104

Jrena Puella, Horsf. . . . 102, 160

Ixox Cafer . . eam ic ll

monticola, McClelland : ie GO

Julis melanura, Lowe . . . . . 85

speciosa, Lowe . . . . . 85

Kitta venatorius, Gray. . . . . 164

Kittacincla macrourus, Gould . . 103

Labrus laticlavius, Rich. . . . . 99

reticulatus,; Lowe. . . . 84

LAGOSTOMUS TRICHODACTYLUS, Br. 175

Lamna cornubica,Cuy. . . . . 91

Lampris lauta, Lowe eats:
Lamprotornis chalybeus, Eyton .
spilopterus, Gould
Lanius Collurio, Linn. .
strigatus, Eyton
Larus argentatus? Bruun.
ridibundus, Linn.
Latris, n. g., Rich.
Hecateia, Rich. z
Leiothrix lepida, MeClelland .
ornata, McClelland.
signata, MeClelland
Leirus Bennettii, Lowe
Lemur ALBIFRONS, Desm.
Lepadogaster zebrinus, Lowe.
Lepidoleprus Australis, Rich.
Lepus Cunicuuvus, Linn.
hispidus, Pearson .

Limosa melanura, Leisl.
Linaria montana, Ray .
Lonchura Cheet, Sykes.
melanocephala, MeClell. .
Lophius piscatorius, Auct.
Loxia curvirostra, Auct.
Lurra vuLearis, Desm.
Lycodon atro-purpureus, Cantor
subfuscus, Cantor .
Macacus Assamensis, eClelland
Ruesus, Desm. .
speciosus, F. Cuvier .
Macropodide, Owen
Macropus, Auct. 5
Macrourus atlanticus, Lowe
rupestris, Lowe
Malacopteron, n. g., Eyton
cinereus, Eyfon .
magnum, Eyton .
Malurus cruentatus, Gould
Mangusta auropunctata, Hodgs.
Manis brachyura, Erxi. >
| MEDUSA AURITA . .
Megalorhynchus, n. g., Eyton
spinosus, Eyton
Meliphaga Nie ee

Menura superba .
Meriones microcephalus, Har lan

Merula vulgaris, Ray
Merops Apiaster, Linn.
Javanicus, Horsf. .
Microtarsus, n. g., Eyton . i

melanoleucus, Eyton

Milvus ater, Gould . 3
Govinda, Sykes .

Mirafra ‘Assamica, McClelland

flavicollis, MWeClelland
Motacilla alba, Linn.

variegata, Steph.

INDEX. 183
Page Page
Mugil Maderensis, Lowe . . . . 82 | Pastor Traillit,Gould.. . +» + - 160

Muride, Waterh. . . . . - «172
Mus accedula, Pall... . . ~ « 122

DECUMANUS, Desm.. . . « 126
musculus, Auct. . wl22
Muscicapa (?) capitalis, McClelland. 157
grisola, Linn. . . . « 131
luctuosa,Temm. . . . 131

melanops, Vig.. . + ~ 157
Muscipeta atrocaudata, Eyton . . 102
brevirostris, Gould . . 156
paradisea, Le Vaill. . . 102
princeps,Gould . . . 156
Mustelide, Waterh. . . . . . 136
Myrmecobius, Waterhe. . . . - 9
Myrmecophaga jubata, Auct.. . . 21
Myliobatis aquila, Auct. . . . . 145
Myzantha flavigula, Gould . . . 143

lutea, Gould. . . 144
Myzomela erythrocephala, Gould . 144
Naja larvata, Cantor . . 32
Nanodes undulatus, Vig. et Horsf. fold
Nasva Fusca, Desm.. . . 27

RuURA,. Desmiven ester. 28

Nautilus pompilius, Auct.. . . . 123

Nemadactylus, n. g., Riche . . . 98

concinnus, Rich. . . 97

Noctua cuculoides, Gould. . . . 155

Indica, Franklin . . . . 119
Nycthemerus erythrophthalmus,

Eyton . 106

Nycticoraxr Caledonicus, Less. . . 114
Europeus, Steph. . . 133

Nyctiornis amictus, Sw. - . 101

Athertonii, MeClelland . 155
Octodontide, Waterh. Sages sullz2,
Orcynus Alalonga, Risso ata Keele)
Oriolus xanthonotus, Horsf. . . 104

galbula, Linn. . . 1 eet20
melanocephalus, Gmel. vorssl60
Sinensis, Linn... . . . . 104
Tre ta Vee. s/t 2, LOO
Giistetrax, Linn. 9...) . 121
@vis,Anies, Desmi.s «20 se a 127
TRAGELAPHUS, Desm.. . . 127
Pachycephala Lanioides, Gould. . 142
Pagellus erythrinus, Cuv.. . . - 77
rostratus, Lowe. . . . 77

Paleornis Pondicerianus, Vig. . . 165
torquatus, Vig. . . . 165
Papio melanotus, (/gilby . . ede I

Paradoxornis flavirostris, Gould . 164
Pardalotus uropygialis, Gould . . 143
Parus atriceps, Horsf.. . . . « 162

ceruleus, Linn. . . woke! Doe
Slavocristatus, De Lafres.. . 162
major; Linn, < . . . . 132

Sultaneus, Hodgs. . . . . 162
Pastor Malayensis, Eyton. . . . 103
Pagodarum,Temm. . . . 163

tristis, Temm. . . . - + 163

PATELLA ‘Stands ve LE
PELAGIA . . Stl cas .-aa sel dS
Perameles, Mig. . < lraals ae aah sO,

Perdix zruginosus, Hyton. . . . 106
saxatilis, Meyer . . . « 133

Petaurus,Shaw. . . . +. 13
Petroica pulchella, Gould. . . . 142

rosea, Gould . . . . . 142
Petrocincla saxatilis, Vig. . . - 131
Phalacrocorax Carboides, Gould . 114
Phalangisia . ei we. » - 1
Pharcogales Puke | eiecaie = 2) 08
Phascolarctos. . . as sone Rata:
Phascolotherium, Owen srrehtonnand
Phascolomys . . 18

Phasianus erythrophthalmus, Rafiles 106
Pheenicornis affinis, McClelland . . 157

brevirostris . . . 156
elegans, McClelland . 156
princeps’. . . . «156

Phenicura Reevesii, Gray. . . « 161

ruticilla, Swains.. . . 120

Suecica, Jard. & Selby . 131

Tithys, Jard. & Selby . 131

Pheenicophaus Cumingi, Fraser. . 111

chlorocephalus,Eyton 105

Crawfurdii, Gray. 105

Javanicus, Horsf. ~. 105

tristis, Lesson? . . 166

tricolor, Steph. . . 105

viridirostris, Eyton . 105

Phleomys, n..g., Waterh. . . . 108

Cumingi, Waterh. . . 108

Phocidee, Waterh. . . nae ey

Pholis levis, Flem.. «=. . +. + 83

Physalia pelagica, Auct. . . . . (il

Pica caudata, Ray . . . . - . 132

vagabunda, Vieill. . . . - 164

Picus badius, Raffles . . - . 106
(Chrysonotus) Grantia,

McClelland . 165

Macei, Temm. . . - 165

miniatus,Gmel.. . . . - 106

Nipalensis, Gray . 2 Sheen

occipitalis, Gould arpa frei Boy
poicilolophus,Temm. . . . 106
strenuus, Gould . ce eel hb
Tiga, Horsf. . - + . 106
tristis, Horsf. . at threo

validus, Temm. c « «106.
Pimelepterus Boscii, Lac... . . . 77
Pitta brachyura, Auct. . . . . 104
Platycercus Pennantii, Vig. . . ~. 113
Platalea leucorodia, Linn.. . . . 134
Platylophus galericulatus, Temm. . 104
Ploceus Manyar. . . . - 163
Podiceps auritus, Lath. . . . « 135

cristatus, Lath. . . . . 134

184 INDEX.
Page Page
Podiceps rubricollis, Lath. - 135 Sciurus bicolor, Auct. . . . . . 150
Podargus Javanicus, Horsf. - 101 giganteus, McClelland . . 150
Phalenoides, Gould . . 142 hippurus, Is. Geoff. . . « 151
Poephaga, Owen. . . é 16 Lokriah, Hodgs. . . - .« 151
Polymizia, Lowe ~ ~~. 2.7. = U7 Lokrioides, Hodgs. . . . 152
Polynemus aureus, Hamilt. . . . 116 McClellandii, Horsf.. . . 152
lineatus, Lacép. 4 3 NG Palmarum, Auct.? . . . 118
longifilis, Cuv.. . . . 116 Philippinensis, Waterh.. . 117
plebeius, Brouss. . . . 116 tristriatus, Waterh. . 118
quadrifilis, Cuy. . . . 116 variegatoides, Ogilby. . ~ 117
Risua, Hamilt. . . . 116 | Scolopaw Brehmit . .. . . . 124
Salliah, Cantor . . . 116 heterura, Hodgs. . 107
Sele, Hamilt. Sd6. | LaMottei, Baillon . . 124
Topsui, Hamilt. 2 486. | major,Gmel.. . . - 134
Polyplectron Chinquis, Temm. - 106 | pygmea, Baillon . . 124
Pomatorhinus montanus, Horsf... 166 | rusticola, Auct. . . . . Ill
rubeculus, Gould. . 144 | Scomber Sloanei, Cuv. et Val... . 77
Pompilus Bennettii, Lowe 82 | Scomberesor Saurus,Cuv. . . . 87
Rondeletii, Will. . 81 | Scops Lempiji. . . Si) ee 155
Porphyrio Indicus, Horsf. . 107 | Scopelus Maderensis, ae
melanotis, Temm. . . 114 | Sebastes maculatus, Cuy. et Val. . 97
Procellaria Capensis, Auct. . 140 Seriola dubia, Lowe. . . . . . 80
Prometheus atlanticus, Lowe 78 Serranus Rasor, Rich. . . . . - 95
Psammophis cerasogaster, Cantor . 52 | Sitta frontalis, Horsf... . . 165
nigrofasciatus, Cantor. 53 Sitella leucoptera, Gould . . . 144
Psarisomus Dalhousie, Swainson . 156 melanocephala, Gould. . . 113
Psittacus Pondicerianus, Auct. . 165 Spalax typhlus, lig. . . . 122
torquatus, Auct. 165 | Sphagebranchus serpens, Lowe . . 90
Psittacula Malaccensis, Kuhl. 105 Spizaétus rufitinctus, McClelland 153
Pterocles arenarius, Temm. . 121 SquaALIpHA .. + Seats 178
Pteroglossus nigrirostris, Waterh. . 111 Sterna Hirundo, Linn. . An ea BE
Pteropus Assamensis, McClelland . 148 nigra, Linn. . - 122, 135
Ptilotis flavescens, Gould . . 144 | Strix Lempiji, Horsf. . . 155
Puffinus cinereus. . « . 139 | Sturnus vulgaris, Linn. . . . . 132
obscurus 139 Sus Serofa, Linn. . . ote OO
Pyrgita domestica, Cuv. 2 121 Sylvia hippolais, Temm. 120, 131
petronia, Gonlds ye) So Sa Zadorna rutila, Steph. . Sms 222
Querquedula circia, Steph. . . . 134 | Tetragonurus atlanticus, Lowe . . 79
Ratp# Lush 178 Cuvieri, Cuv. et Val.. 79
Raia oxyrhynchus, Will. " 92 | Tetrodon capistratus, Lowe . . . 90
Rallus gularis, Horsf. . . 107 | Thalassidroma Bulweri . . . . 139
Philippinensis, Less. o?) «D4 pelagica, Selby . . 139
Rhinoceros Indicus, Cuv. . . . 150 Wilsoni. . a: 439
Rhipidura fuscoventris, Frankl. . 157 | Thylacotherium, Owen. . . . . 9
Rhizophaga, Owen. . . . . 18 | Thylacinus,Temm.. . wees FS
Rhombonyx : 67 | Thynnus Alalonga, Cuv. et Val... 78
Rhynchapsis elypeata, Steph. 134 Albacora, Lowe. . . . 77
rhyncotis, Steph. 114 obesus, Lowe... 2-35). . 98
Rhombus cristatus, Lowe. . . 88 | Thyrsites acanthoderma, Lowe . 78
Salarias atlanticus, Cuv. et Val. . 83 altivelis, Rich. . 99
Salicaria Cetti? Gould. . 120 | Timalea pileata, Horsf. . . . . 161
phraginitis, Selby 131 | Totanus Damacensis, Horsf. . . . 107
Saltatoria, Owen. . . . 10 hypoleucos, Temm. . . . 133
Sarcophaga, Owen . . shar 6 | Trachichthys australis, Shaw. . . 77
Saxicola Enanthe, Bechst. ae 120 pretiosus, Lowe Ama kr!

? olivea, McClelland. . . 161 Trichoglossus concinnus,

rubetra, Bechst.. . . . 120 Vig. et Horsf. . 113
rubicola, Bechst.. . 131,161 | Tricophorus purpureus . . . . 113
Scansoria, Owen. . rae Page lit fae Gould. . 158
Sciuride, Waterh. . . . . . . 172 Trigla Kumu. . . ares 96

INDEX.
Page
Trigla lineata, Linn. . . . . . 77 | Turdus Mindanensis, Gmel. .
polyommata, Rich. . . . 96 modestus, Eyton .
WWanessa, Heck. . oe ss OF Merula, Linn. .
Trigon altavela, Lowe . . 92 musicus, Linn. .
Trigonocephalus erythrurus, Cantor 31 pilaris, Linn, . .

mucrosquamatus, Cantor. 32

Tringa minuta, Leisl. . . . . . 122

subarquata,Temm. . . . 122

Tripterygion nasus, Riss. . . . . 83

Troglodytes niger, Geoff. . . . . 28

Trogon Hodgsonii, Gould. . . . 166
Tropidorhynchus argenticeps,

Gould . 144

Tropidonotus meestus, Cantor . . 54

plumbicolor, Cantor . 54

Quinque, Cantor . . 54

surgens, Cantor . . 54

Turdus Cafer,Linn. . . .. . 161

chalybeus, Horsf... . . . 103

Upupa Epops, Linn.
Ursidx, Waterh. .
Ursus LABIATUS, Blainy.
Vanellus cristatus, Meyer .
Keptuschka, Temm. .

VERETILLUM . :
Vinago Olax, Eyton

vernans, Eyton.
Viverride, Waterh. .
Xiphias gladius, Linn. .
Yunex torquilla, Linn. .
Zapornia pusilla, Steph.
Zeus Faber, Auct. . . :
Zosterops Maderaspatanus : Bis

Printed by K, and J, E, Taylor, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street,

Be tte

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

PART VIII.
1840.

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
BY R. AND J. EF. TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

;

4
T

ANY THAMY

LIST

OF

CONTRIBUTORS,

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

Biytu, E., Esq. page
Monograph of the Species of the Genus Ovis wigp LZ
Exhibition of a pair of Horns of the Rass of Pamir, and

also of the Horns of a new Species of Wild LPheen from Little
Tibet. P 61
On the Species ‘of ‘the Genus Ovis : 62

Exhibition of Drawings of various Quadrupeds, chiefly

collected by Mr. wiape: in Little am and Observations
upon them . 79

Bourcuier, R. J., et
Letter : 20

Broperip, W. J., Esq.

Descriptions of Shells collected in the Philippine Islands
by H. Cuming, Esq. . . . . . . 83, 94, 119, 155, 180

Cantor, Theodore, M.D.

Letter from, relating to Ursus Syriacus, &c. 46

CrarkeE, C., Esq.

Notes, Sone in a Letter, relating to a Bird called in
Cuba ‘ The Musician.’ PEON RA: . 153

Cumine, H., Esq.

Letter, relating to Specimens sent to the Society Sea
Exhibition of some Specimens of carta from Ma-
lacea. . ‘ae aan Riek 62

Dersy, The Earl of.

Letter, relating to some Crosses which have taken place
among the Animals in his Lordship’s Menagerie 33

Fox, G. T., Esq. _ page-
Exhibition of a Specimen of the Agama cornuta of Har-
VW Ana rie VO Earp SMe home oe are el eligi ly UI

Fraser, L., Esq.
Characters of new Species of Humming-birds . . . . 14
On some new Species of the Genus Agrilorhinus . . . 22
Un some new Species of Birds from the Collection of the
Harlot Derbys) soc) 5 Mn a: aa

FrEMBLY, Mr. J., R.N.
Letter from ..0. 38.57. 4.\4 54 § 0h 4. 02S 1815058. 180

FresnayeE, M. Le Baron.
On the Situation which the Genus te a should OcruRy
in the Classification of Birds. . . . 124

Gou Lp, J., Esq.

On Five new Species of Kangaroos. . 92
On the “ Run” or Playing-house constructed by ‘the Satin

Bird (Ptilonorhynchus holosericeus), and on a similar struc-

ture formed by the Chlamydera maculata of Australia . . 94
On the Brush Turkey ( Zalegalla Lacon) of New South

Wales :.°-, Se Fearn so |
On some new w Species of Australian Birds | Maks SES
On the Habits and Characters of Leipoa ocellata, a new

Genus of Birds from Swan River, allied to the Brush Turkey

of New South Wales . . . eT ere
Descriptions of two new Species of Australian Birds . . 126
On two new Species of Kangaroos (Macropus manicatus

and M. brachyotis) from Swan River . . . . . . . . 1297
Descriptions of new Birds from Australia. . 147, 159, 169
Observations on Dasyurus Maugei and D. viverrinus of

Geoffroy, and description of a new Species . . . . . . 151
Description of a new Species of Hypsiprymnus. . . . 178

GuLLIveR, George, Esq.
Notes on the Ova of Distoma hepaticum, and on certain

Corpuscles obtained from the genera Cysticercus . . 30
Observations on the Blood-corpuscles of the Snowy Owl
and Passenger Pigeon . . bing: ey a pean

On the Blood-corpuscles of the Crocodilide PROM PRT |
On the Blood-corpuscles of the Common Paradoxure,
Paradoxurus Bondar, and some other allied species . . . 154

Hay, G. W. H., Esq.
Notes on a Collection of Birds from Tangiers . . . . 133

Hexon, Sir R., Bart.
Notes relating to a young Kangaroo. . . . .. .- - S59

Hops, the Rev. F. W.
On the Stenochoride . . . 2. . 2. ee ee ee 46

Lay, G. T., Esq. page
On ihe Habits of a Bird of Paradise (Paradisea apoda,
i ae 13

Exhibition of a Pomel Bird’s Nest frou Borneo, and He.
marks on a Species of Gobiocephalus from the Sea of Japan. 31

Lewis, E., Esq.
Desultory Observations on subjects having relation to

Seen eT ene CP IOIS BRIO! ROL SO Lala AIO FEATS
LoweE, the Rev. R. T.
On New Species of Fishes from Madeira . . 36
On Parthenia, a new Genus of recent Marine "Shells or
Mollusks, containing British Species . . 239
Letter from, relating to the Ausonia Cac of Pee, 5.131

McNEILL, Sir John.
Letter relating to two Persian pert id die By that
gentleman to the Society . . . 11

Ociisy, W., Esq.
Observations upon the Skull of Cercopithecus brio te
Auct. 1
Monograph ¢ on the Hollow- horned Ruminants ALS CNB A;
On a new Species of Gibbon (Hylobates leucogenys) . . 20
Observations upon a Specimen of Colobus Temminckii,
presented to the Society by P. L. Strachan, Esq. . . . . 20
On a new Species of Antelope (Antilope Cuvieri). . . 34
On a new Species of Musk Deer from Sierra Leone . . 35
Observations upon a small Australian Rodent exhibited
by Mr. Gould and ied dass to be identical with the uid

Mitchellii . . » 151
Owen, Professor.
On the Skeleton of the Talegalla Lathami . . . . .112-

Power, Madame.
Letter relating to some ee of specimens forwarded
to the Society. . . . : ek ace horame S| Sabi her ae

Ricuarpson, Dr.
On some new Species of Fishes from Australia. . . . 25

Smitu, Capt. C.
MLSRGR POM ote, es Lely irate. toy wR eae a ce? GD

Sowersy, G. B., Esq.
Descriptions of Shells collected by H. Cuming, Esq., in
the Philippine Islands. . . - + + 87, 96, 116, 135, 167

Sowersy, G. B., Esq., Jun.
On some new Species of the Genus Cardium, chiefly from
the Collection of H. Cuming, Esqg.. . . . . . 4. . 108

Vi

Sowersy, G. B., Esq., Jun. . page
Descriptions of some new Species of Murex, principally
from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. . . . « « +» 4 18

Srracuay, P. L., Esq.
Specimens presented by . . - - + + ++ + «+ @

Sweetine, R. H., Esq.
Notes relating to a female ane. Whale 8 ( Balenanaena
boops of authors) . . 11

VauGHAN, Perry, Esq.
Becther. 22 nna ypek - dines ‘Esacsnad? eae oo Rea eee ee

Warprop, J., Esq.
Letter from, relating to a Fowl in which the iso, had been
engrafted on the Head . . . » soy 131

WarTeErRHoOvsE, G. R., Esq.
On a new Genus of the Family Muride and Order Ro-
dentia . wy ey oth
On a new ’ Species of Squirrel (Sciurus ‘dimidiatus) Meryl
Description of two new Species of Birds from the So-
ciety’s Collection .-.j)6,),% is2 fs 9) 8) ep jen ee seca s 182

Wvuuir, Joun, Esq.
On the Peculiar Structure of the Branchial heaters
in one of the Indian Siluride . . 34

YARRELL, W., Esq.
Note relating to the Snow-Bunting . . . . . + + + 59

PROCEEDINGS

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 14, 1840.:
William Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Ogilby exhibited the skull of the Mangabay Monkey (Cerco-
pithecus Aithiops, Auct.), and called the attention of the members
present to the fact that this species, like the C. fuliginosus, differs
from other Cercopitheci in possessing a fifth tubercle to the last
molar of the lower jaw.

Mr. Ogilby then commenced the reading of his paper entitled
* Monograph on the hollow-horned Ruminants.”

A variety of the common Hare (Lepus timidus, Auct.), shot in
Sussex, and presented to the Society by Augustus E. Fuller, Esq.,
was exhibited; it differs chiefly in being of a smaller size, and in
having the fur somewhat mottled with whitish and in parts rust co-
lour.

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited a new species of Rodent from the river
Gambia, and stated that he was indebted to Alexander Nasmyth,
Esq., for the loan of this curious animal, which constitutes a most
interesting link between the genera Mus and Cricetus: like the first
of these genera, it has a long scaly tail, but it resembles the Ham-
sters in possessing large cheek-pouches. In the number of its molar
teeth and the form of the skull it presents all the most common cha-
racters of the Muride, as defined by Mr. Waterhouse in the Maga-
zine of Natural History*.

The skull compared with that of the Common Rat (Mus decuma-
nus, Auct.) differs chiefly in having the nasal portion. more elongated :
the anterior root of the zygoma, as in that animal, is in the form of
a thin plate, but this plate is less extended in its antero-posterior
direction, is directed obliquely outwards and upwards, and leaves a
tolerably large and nearly round ant-orbital opening, thus differing
from the Common Rat, in which the lower portion of this opening
is in the form of a vertical slit: the zygomatic arch is less extended
in the longitudinal direction, the incisive foramina are much smaller,
and the auditory bulle are rather smaller in proportion. ‘The molar
teeth are rooted; the foremost of these teeth in either jaw is the

* Vol. iii. p. 275.
Nos. LXXXV. & LAXXVI,—Proceepines or ZooLOGICAL Society.

2

largest, and the posterior one the smallest: in the upper jaw, as in
Mus, the molars present a central row of larger, and two lateral rows
of smaller tubercles ; and the molars of the lower jaw have two prin-
cipal rows of tubercles ; there are however some slight modifications
in the structure of these teeth, which should be noticed. The front
molar of the upper jaw has three central tubercles, three smaller ones
on the outer side and two on the inner side, and besides these there
is a small ninth tubercle on the posterior part of the tooth, which is
not observed in the Black and Common Rats; the second molar has
two small extra tubercles, one in front and one behind; the crown
of this tooth therefore presents eight instead of six tubercles, as in
Mus proper, and the last molar possesses one extra small tubercle,
which is placed on the anterior and outer part of the tooth. The
molars of the lower jaw very closely resemble those of Mus decuma-
nus.

In the form of the lower jaw the present animal differs from that
last mentioned, chiefly in the greater breadth of the descending ra-
mus or angle, which is moreover somewhat raised, and so far ap-
proaches the Hamsters.

The name Cricetomys was proposed for this new subgenus, and
that of Gambianus to distinguish the species, and to indicate the lo-
cality in which it was first discovered. The principal characters
may be thus expressed :—

Subgenus ad genera Cricetus et Mus dicta affine, et inter hec me-
dium locum tenens. C€riceto simile quoad saccos buccales, Muri
simile quoad formam corporis et caudz ; hac perlonga et pilis brevibus
vestita, inter quos squame in more annulorum posite videntur. Pe-
des ut in Mure.

Dentes fere ut in Mure. Jncisores compressi; molares radicati,
3—3
—3

oo

Cricetromys Gampianus. Cri. magnitudine corporis duplo, vel
plus, majore quim in Mure decumano : colore fer? eodem : auri-
bus mediocribus, pilis minutis vestitis ; caudd corpus cum capite
equante ; pedibus mediocre parvis ; vellere brevi, adpresso, et sub-
rigido ; colore cinerescenti-fusco ; pedibus partibusque inferioribus
sordideé albis ; caudd ad basin, pilis intense fuscis, ad apicem, albis,

obsitd.
unc. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin ...... ef GE RE
a Basin. Sori! te 2-9
(APEDTAGHOTMIAQUE . 6 5. oeiun ev pe nag obi D 2-6
Ga rea a hat okt ig sone ha te ee Dirt
COMME sere ing 8 yeid. -igic sr eniets ees 15° 0

The Gambia Pouched-Rat is about double the size of the common
Rat (Mus decumanus); in its colouring and proportions it greatly
resembles that animal; the fur is rather harsher, and more scanty :
the general colour of the upper parts of the body is a trifle paler
than in Mus decumanus. ‘The head is tolerably long, and pointed;

»
vu

the ears are of moderate size and rounded form; the feet are of mo-
derate size; the tail is nearly equal to the head and body in length,
thick at the base, covered with small adpressed harsh hairs ; but these
are not sufficiently numerous to hide the scales ; about one third of the
tail at the base is of a deep brown colour, the hairs covering the re-
maining portion are pure white, and the skin itself has evidently
been of a paler hue than on the basal part of the tail. The fur on
the body is somewhat adpressed, and the hairs are glossy on the back ;
they are of an ashy-gray colour at the base; the apical half of each
is brownish-yellow, but at the points many of them are brownish ;
many longer hairs intermixed with the ordinary fur of the back are
almost entirely of a brownish-black colour. The whole of the under
parts of the head and body and inner side of the limbs are white ;
the hairs on the belly are rather scanty, and of an uniform colour to
the root: the fore feet are whitish, and the tarsi are white, but
clouded with brown in the middle. The ears are but sparingly
clothed with short hairs, which on the inner side are whitish, and on

the outer brown.

January 28th, 1840.
William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Mr. Ogilby resumed the reading of his ‘ Monograph of the Hollow-
horned Ruminants.”. The following is an abstract of this paper :—

“In revising the history of the Rwminantia,” says Mr. Ogilby,
“the zoologist who, like myself, has made a special study of these
animals, must be forcibly struck with the confusion of synonymes, the
carelessness and inaccuracy of description, the vague and indefinite
limits of the generic and subgeneric groups, the trivial and confess-
edly empirical principles of classification, and, as a consequence, the
great number of nominal species, and the general disorder which
still prevail in this department of Mammalogy.” ~He proceeds to
show that the views of the modern writers on this subject are no
more philosophical than those of their predecessors, and that as re-
gards their generic distribution, the Ruminantia remain at present
in very nearly the same state as that in which Ray left them a hun-
dred and fifty years back.

The history of the classification of this group next comes under
the consideration of the author, and the views of the various writers
are given and commented upon, commencing with the publication of
the ‘Synopsis Methodica’ of Ray, published in 1693. The genera
Ovinum, Bovinum, and Caprinum, established by that author, Mr.
Ogilby regards as strictly natural groups, but the characters by which
they are distinguished, derived principally from the curvature of the
horns, the existence of a beard or dewlap, the number of teats, and
the woolly or hairy nature of the covering, he considers trivial, arbi-
trary, and uninfluential.

The ‘ Systema Nature’ is next considered ; and although arbitrary
and empirical, the generic definitions of Linnaeus, (the author of the
paper states,) possess all the logical correctness and simplicity which
so peculiarly characterize the | genius of that great man. Though
neither natural nor scientific, his distribution was, at all events, ex-
clusive and diagnostic, in reference to the small number of Rumi-
nants then known. But whilst the zoology of the Ruminantia re-
mained thus almost stationary in the hands of Linneus, it was
making rapid and brilliant progress under the auspices of his great
rival and cotemporary, Buffon : even as early as the year 1764, two
years before the publication of the 12th edition of the ‘ Systema Na-
ture,’ the French philosopher had described new forms, and indicated
important relations among the hollow-horned Ruminants. The ar-
ticle ‘ Gazelles,’ contained in the 12th volume of his great work, was
the most important addition which had been made to the generic
distribution of the Ruminants since the time of Ray, and must be
considered as the first monograph of the genus two years afterwards

5

founded upon it, and more formally proposed by Pallas under the
name of Antilope.

The works of Pallas, Pennant, Allaman, Gmelin, Erxleben, Shaw,
Mlliger, Lichtenstein, De Blainville, and Col. Hamilton Smith, next
pass under the notice of the author.

The consideration of the muzzle and lachrymal sinus was first

introduced by Illiger, and his principles were quickly adopted, in
successive monographs by Lichtenstein, De Blainville, and Hamilton
Smith, to subdivide the Antelopes into something more nearly ap-
proaching natural groups than the old principles admitted. ‘The
publication of Illiger’s ‘Prodromus’ may be considered therefore as
an epoch in the history of these animals.
_ The monograph of Dr. Lichtenstein contains descriptions of
twenty-nine species, and these are distributed into four groups, cha-
racterized by the presence or absence of horns in the females, and of
lachrymal sinuses, the existence or non-existence of dewlap, and the
comparative length of the tail. But the author was in many cases
ignorant of the specific characters of the animals, and the compo-
sition of his groups is consequently faulty in proportion. ‘The di-
visions, however, are exceedingly well imagined, and less encumbered
with trivial characters than those of De Blainville and Hamilton
Smith.

M. De Blainville, whose monograph of the genus Antilope was
published in 1816, contented himself with separating from the main
group successive detachments of what he conceives to be the most
anomalous species, afterwards elaborating the characters of the sub-
genera thus formed from those of their component species. By this
means he has unquestionably succeeded in forming a few natural
groups, to which no other objection can be made than that they are
considered as subdivisions of a primary group which is not itself a
natural genus.

To the eight genera established by De Blainville, Desmarest ad-
ded three others, two of which, viz. the separation of the Antelopes
proper from the Koodoo and Boshbok, and of the Oryxes, were de-
cided improvements.

The principal merit of Col. Hamilton Smith’s monograph, pub-
lished in Griffith’s translation of the ‘ Régne Animal,’ consists in the
resolution of the residual group of De Blainville and Desmarest,
which he subdivides into eight minor groups, in all respects more
definite and natural than the original.

The next section of the paper is devoted to the consideration of
the characters hitherto employed in the generic distribution of these
- The genera Bos, Ovis, and Capra, represented by familiar and

well-known types, observes Mr. Ogilby, carried with them clear
and definite ideas, and represented to the mind of the naturalist di-
stinct and determined forms, but the genus Antilope not being ex-
emplified by any common domestic species familiar to the observa-
tion of the student, every thing connected with the genus was vague
and indeterminate ; the only conception it enabled him to form was,

=a -

6

that the animal, whatever else it might be, was neither an ox, a
sheep, nor a goat. The characters, moreover, upon which this genus
is established, are in reality so many negative traits, and merely
served to distinguish all other hollow-horned Ruminants from the
oxen, sheep, and the goats respectively, but they limit no positive
group, and consequently cannot be received as the definition of a
natural genus. The genus Antilope in a short time became an
asylum for the_reception of all hollow-horned Ruminants, which
could not be associated with the known genera Bos, Ovis, and Capra,
and consequently the most incongruous forms and opposite charac-
ters were associated in the same genus, till, independently of its un-
philosophical structure and total want of character, whether natural
or artificial, the practical inconvenience arising from its undue ex-
tension, forced zoologists to devise the partial remedies detailed
above, and which all proceeded upon one common principle, that,
namely, of dividing the genus Antilope into such subordinate groups
as were conceived best calculated to obviate the inconsistencies, and
approximate those species which most nearly resembled one an-
other in habit and conformation. In thus subdividing the genus dn-
tilope it is assumed by every writer on the subject to be a natural
group, even whilst they confess that it has not a single character
either exclusively appropriate to it or even common to the generality
of its component species: far, therefore, from being a natural, it is
not even entitled to be considered an artificial group. The diagnosis
proposed by M. Geoffroy St. Hilaire regarding the nature of the core
of the horns, and that broached at a meeting of the Zoological So-
ciety by M. Agassiz, to the effect that these animals are distinguished
from Bos, Ovis, and Capra, by having a spiral twist of the horns
turning from left to right, instead of the opposite direction, are
founded upon hasty generalizations, inapplicable to at least three-
fourths of the species.

The form or curvature of the horns, the beard, the dewlap, the
scope, the number of teats, and other such diagnoses hitherto em-
ployed to define the genera of Ruminants, according to the views of
Mr. Ogilby, are purely trivial and accidental characters, which not
only exercise no assignable influence on the habits or economy of
the animals, but which may be modified to any extent, or even
destroyed altogether, without in the slightest degree changing the
generic relations.

Having demonstrated the imperfections of the actual distribution
of hollow-horned Ruminants,.Mr. Ogilby proceeds to the exposition
of the principles which he proposes to make use of for that purpose,
and to explain the nature and extent of his own researches. He in-
sists, upon the law of classification, that no generic characters should
be admitted but such as are founded upon the necessary relations
that subsist between the organic structure of animals and their
habits and economy.

The next section of the monograph is devoted to the consideration
of the horns of the Ruminantia. Under this head the author first
treats of their substance ; 2ndly, their permanent or deciduous cha-

7

racter ; 3rdly, their presence or absence in different genera and sexes ;
and 4thly, their number, forms, and flexures.

The distinctions between the horns of the stag tribe generally,
and those of the hollow-horned Ruminants, are pointed out, and in
the next place the various modifications observable in the horns
and their core of the latter group. ‘‘In some cases the substance
of this bony core is solid, or at least penetrated only by minute
pores; in others, and they are by far the greater number, it is par-
tially hollow, or filled with large cancelli, which communicate with
the frontal sinuses. These variations are not confined to any par-
ticular groups, but are equally common to solid and hollow-horned
genera. The giraffe, for instance, has very extensive eancelli; so
likewise have the oxen, sheep, goats, and all the larger species
hitherto classed among the antelopes: nor have I found the solid
core, so much insisted on by MM. Cuvier and Geoffroy St. Hilaire,
in any of these animals, except the A. Cervicapra, the Dorcas, and
their allied species.”

Speaking of the raised ridges and annuli on the horns, Mr. Ogilby
states that the number of these added in a given time appears to be
very variable. ‘‘ The common cow is generally supposed to acquire
‘one ring on the horn every year after the third, but this is far from
being a general law. Between the 20th of July and the 3lst of
October, 1833, the horns of a young Indian Antelope (A. Cervicapra),
which I had marked for the purpose in the gardens of the Society,
acquired an addition of no fewer than three rings, and an increase
of length of a full inch and a half; and I have observed a similar
phenomenon in other species.”

The permanent or deciduous character of the horns is said to de-
pend upon their hollowness or solidity; and the author, moreover,
states that it is not correct to suppose that hollow horns are, strictly
speaking, permanent; the hollow horn is shed, as well as the solid,
but in a different sense. ‘‘ Buffon has been much ridiculed for as-
serting this fact with regard to the domestic ox, but Buffon was a
much better observer than his critics; and I have myself verified his
observations on many other Ruminants. If the horns of any young
animal be examined, it will be found that they are of a coarse, sca-
brous, spongy texture, very thick and blunt in proportion to their
length, and hollow nearly to the point: let the same individual be
examined when it arrives at maturity ; the horns, especially towards
the extremity, havea close, compact, and polished surface ; they are
much attenuated, end in a very fine point, and have the terminal
_ third perfectly solid. These changes do not arise from the mere
rubbing and polishing of the horn, as is commonly supposed. That
hypothesis does not account for the difference of texture and solidity
which distinguish the old and young horns; but the truth is that, as
in the case of the second dentition, the permanent organ is developed
under, or rather within the other, and by its growth gradually car-
ries it upwards, and supports it like a sheath or scabbard. The
young horn thus severed from the vessels which formerly supplied
it with nutriment, dries up, bursts from the expansion of the perma-

8

nent horn within it, and exfoliates in large irregular stripes, leaving
the latter with the finely polished surface, and solid, sharp, attenu-
ated points which distinguish them. As far as my observations en-
able me to judge, this exfoliation takes place only once during the
life of the animal, and that at the period of adolescence, immediately
before the appearance of the first annulus. Though it does not take
place all at once, nor absolutely deprive the animal of horns for a
certain period, it is nevertheless a true and actual shedding of these
organs, and accounts satisfactorily for many phenomena which I
found inexplicable before making these observations. The horns of
the Oryxes, for instance, which in the adult state are remarkable for
their straightness and extreme sharpness, have the points very blunt,
and bent backwards, almost at a right angle, in the young animal ;
and the Koba, or Sing-Sing, whose permanent horns are partially
lyrated, has the young organs nearly straight, as may be observed in
the specimen now in the Society’s museum. It is only necessary
‘to observe further, that the young horn, which afterwards exfoliates,
appears to be entirely the growth of the first year, though it gene-
rally remains a much longer time before being cast. A young Leu-
coryx in the museum at Frankfort, with horns eighteen or twenty
inches long, has the points still blunt, exactly as in another speci-
men, where they are only two inches long.” ‘‘ Now this permanence
or deciduousness of the horns—for in a general sense, and especially
as contrasted with the solid organs of the deer kind, the hollow horn
may be considered as permanent—is a constant and invariable cha-
racter, which has a direct and powerful influence upon the habits
and ceconomy of the animals. The deer kind invariably affect par-
ticular localities at the period of casting and renewing their horns ;
their manners then undergo a complete change; from bold and da-
ring, they become irresolute ; they lose their flesh, abandon the open
hills and upland plains for the thick cover of the forests, and foregoing
their gregarious habits, desert their companions, and pass the period
of weakness in solitude and seclusion. As soon, however, as the
new horn acquires strength and solidity, the stag resumes his usual
habits, and regains his former confidence. Hollow-horned Rumi-
nants present no such phenomena; the habits and manners of the
same species are similar at all seasons, and the differences which we
observe in different species depend upon other causes, which shall
be developed in the sequel. ‘The modifications of organic structure
which produce these different effects are too permanent and influen-
tial to be neglected among the characters of a natural classification
of the Ruminants. Nor have they been overlooked by zoologists ;
it may be said, indeed, with truth, that they constitute the only
really important characters hitherto employed to distinguish the ge-
nera of these animals.”

The presence or absence of horns in species or sexes has been
partially employed by naturalists for the distinction of genera; the
importance of this character, however, in the opinion of the author,
has not been duly appreciated. Its effects on the habits and ceco-
nomy of the species of Ruminants is pointed out. The gentleness

9

and timidity of those species which have hornless females, their being
either perfectly monogamous, or residing in small detached families,
composed of a single adult male and variable number of females, and
the circumstance of the males adhering throughout life to the same
female are all phenomena which are traceable to the defenceless
condition of the females. These phenomena are contrasted with
those exhibited by Ruminants, in which there are. horns in both sexes ;
they are said to be extremely bold, to reside generally in large herds,
and to have a community of sexual intercourse, and rarely attach
themselves to particular individuals. ‘

The number, form, and peculiar curvatures of the horns are next
considered ; and the author arrives at the conclusion, that all the va-
rious flexures of the horns, as well as their number, form, and direc-
tion, have no assignable relation to the habits and economy of animal
life; they should not therefore be selected for generic diagnoses,
On the other hand, the form of the upper lip, as well as its hairy or
naked character, having a very decided influence on the habits and
economy of ruminating animals, ought by no means to be neglected
in the classification of this group. Other important characters may
be derived from the crumens and other glands, or certain pits or
sinuses which open externally, especially in different parts of the
head in ruminating animals. The most remarkable, as well as the
most common of these are the suborbital, sometimes called the la-
chrymal sinuses, or tear-pits, but which Mr. Ogilby distinguishes by
the name of crumens, a term applied to them by Dr. Flemming.
These are situated at a short distance below the inner canthus of the
eye, and received into a cavity of the lachrymal bone; at their bot-
tom is a gland, opening into the crumen by a number of small aper-
tures, and secreting a viscous substance, of the consistence of ear-wax.
The various modifications of the form of these crumens in different
Ruminants being pointed out in the paper, the author proceeds to
the consideration of their functions and uses: he observed that the
Gazelles and Antelopes in the Society’s menagerie frequently pro-
truded this crumen, and rubbed its inner surface against the rails of
the compartments in which they were confined, seeming to take a
pleasure in smelling and licking it afterwards. A male and female
Gazelle, occupying contiguous compartments, were changed, and
it was found that they immediately discovered the viscous deposit,
and became restless and agitated; the male Gazelle was some days
after made to change places with an Indian Antelope, but neither
animal appeared to take the slightest notice, or to be aware of the
presence of its predecessor. “‘ This, to be sure,” says Mr. Ogilby,
‘«is but a single experiment, but it countenances the idea, highly pro-
bable in itself, that the deposit which the animals leave behind them
by rubbing the crumens against the shrubs or stones of their desert
and mountain habitats, (for it is only the inhabitants of such locali-
ties that are furnished with these organs, at least among the hollow-
horned family,) may serve to direct them in their wanderings and
migrations, when the storms and fogs incident to such places obscure
all visible landmarks. But whatever it may be, the principles of

10

sound philosophy and the great doctrine of design forbid us to en-
tertain the notion that so remarkable an organ has been formed with-
out some special and appropriate function in animal ceconomy.”

A superficial slit, situated in a depression of the maxillary bone,
on either side, called by the author the maxillary sinus, is found in
certain Ruminants hitherto classed among the Antelopes; its secre-
tion is of a thin watery consistence, and thus differs from the secre-
tion of the crumens. The situation of these glands, and their pecu-
liar secretion, induces the author to regard them as distinct organs,
and he doubts their coexistence with the crumens, though M. F.
Cuvier and Colonel Smith have reported such sometimes to be the

~ ease.

The membranous sac which opens behind the ear of the Chamois,
and the large gland which Mr. Hodgson describes in the nose of the
Chiru, are of too partial occurrence to be made available in generic
characters; there are, however, two large and deep sacs, situated
one on each side of the udder, which are of pretty general occurrence,
but their function does not appear to exercise sufficient influence
over the animal economy to entitle them to be considered among the
generic characters. ‘The same observation may be applied to the
odoriferous bags attached to the prepuce of the Musk and Antilope
gutturosa; so that, upon the whole, the crumens, maxillary and fa-
cial glands, are the only organs of this nature which appear entitled
to the rank of generic characters.”

The modifications of the feet are considered as scarcely definite
enough to be employed for generic definitions : ‘‘ the glands or pores
which open between the toes of many Ruminants afford much better
characters for this purpose, and beara very evident relation to the
habits and geographical distribution of the animals. These glands
are of greater or lesser extent in different genera, according to the
nature of the localities which they frequent; in the Gazelles, Ante-
lopes, Bubals, and Oryxes, which inhabit the burning deserts of
Africa and central Asia, they are extremely large, and frequently
occupy the whole interspace between the first and second phalanges ;
in the Sheep, Capricorns, and Tragelaphs again, which live on the open
grassy downs and mountains of a less arid nature, they are of a much
smaller size; whilst in the Ozen, Calliopes, &c., which inhabit the
moist forests and swamps of tropical regions, or grassy meadows of
temperate climates, they are altogether wanting.

After describing the uses of these digital pores, and pointing out
the great influence they have on the ceconomy and manners of the
animals, the author observes that he is not aware of their having
been noticed by any previous zoologists, and concludes by expressing
the hope that the employment of this and other influential characters,
which it is the object of this first part of his monograph to explain,
will be found to establish a logical, scientific, and natural arrange-
ment among the Ruminantia, instead of the prevailing arbitrary and
artificial system.

11

February 11, 1840.
The Rev. J. Barlow in the Chair.

A letter addressed to the Secretary by Sir John McNeill, and dated
January 31, 1840, was read. It related to the two Persian Deer’
presented by that gentleman to the Society's menagerie, and con-
tained an answer to some inquiries from the Secretary respecting
them.

The letter states that this species of Deer is called by the Persians,
Maral, or Gevezu, or Goo Koohee, and is frequently noticed in their
literature. It is found in all the wooded mountainous districts of Per-
sia, but apparently does not occur in the central parts of the country.

The Persian Deer “rarely descend into the plains. During the
summer they are found in the highest wooded parts of the mountains,
and during the winter in the lower ravines near their bases, where
they are frequently tracked in the snow.

“The horns of the adult male closely resemble those of the Red
Deer of this country, insomuch that I doubt whether an unscientific
observer could distinguish them, unless by the superior size of those
of the Maral.”

Mr. Yarrell communicated to the meeting, on the part of R. H.
Sweeting, Esq., some facts relating to a female Rorqual Whale (Ba-
lenoptera boops of authors), which was stranded newr high-water-
mark at Charmouth, Dorsetshire, early in the morning of Wednesday,
February 5th, 1840.

The whole length was 44 feet.
Girth tease Rs 21 —
Brent tail! eek. 68

Probable weight from twenty to twenty-five tons.

The jaws long and slender, but not sharp, the tip obtuse and con-
vex; the upper jaw the shortest, and received, when the mouth is
closed, within the lower jaw, which projected nine inches beyond it.
The plates of whalebone amount to upwards of 250 on each side of
the jaw ; the palate and tongue of a pale pink colour ; no warts about
the lips. The back black ; the under surface of the body white ; the
throat plicated. The nostrils or blow-holes are two longitudinal
fissures, the anterior points nearly touching, but diverging posteri-
orly to a distance of three inches, and separated by a furrow. The
opening of the eye six inches in length, from canthus to angle; the
bony socket from anterior to posterior margin is eight inches ; eye-
ball seven inches; the pupil oval; the irides hazel. ‘There was not
the slightest appearance of eyelashes, which some authors state
whales possess.

The distance from the end of the under jaw to the origin of the
No. LXXXVI.—Procegrpines oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mo

pectoral fin ten feet nine inches; the length of the fin five feet six
inches; the breadth eighteen inches. The dorsal fin small, of car-
tilage only, conical, the basal length eighteen inches, the elevation
twelve inches ; placed eleven feet in advance of the tail.

The subcutaneous layer of fat varied in thickness from three to
five inches.

The figure at the bottom of page 52] in Mr. Bell’s History of
British Mammalia and Cetacea, was referred to as a very good re-
presentation.

The dimensions of the skeleton are as follows :-—

Whole length ........ 40 feet.
EHO TD xis rang ayes tein 10 —

The vertebrze are sixty in number ; viz. seven cervical, fifteen dor-
sal, sixteen lumbar, fifteen caudal, and seven caudal bones. Of ribs
there are fourteen, the first of which is double-headed, and is at-
tached to the two first dorsal vertebre ; each of the other ribs is at-
tached to a single vertebra, and has a single head; the dorsal ver-
tebr, therefore, exceed the ribs in number by one.

The rest of the details of the bony fabric, as regards the pectoral
fins, &c., correspond precisely with Dewhurst’s plate and description
of the Ostend specimen, allowing of course for the inferior size of
the present animal.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited, at the request of G. 'T. Fox, Esq., of Dur-
ham, a specimen of a beautiful spiny Lizard, from Texas,—the
Agama cornuta of Harlan, Phrynosuma Bufonium and Phrynocephalus
Bufonius of other modern authors. The specimen on which Dr.
Harlan drew up his description was from the west of the Rocky
Mountain Range.

A paper was then read, by Mr. Blyth, entitled ‘A Summary
Monograph of the species of the genus Ovis,” in which the author
recognized nine species, besides indicating others as more or less
doubtful.

The Argalis of Asia and America were provisionally considered as
the same, under the appellation of Ovis ammon, as also the Kam-
tschatka sheep of M. Eschscholtz, which Mr. Blyth suspected to be
only an individual slight variety; and accordingly, he traced the
geographic range of this animal from Asia through Kamtschatka and
the Aleutian Isles to the Rocky Mountains of North America, and
southward upon that continent to California, where there was reason
to believe it occurred, together with the true Californian species de-
scribed by Mr. Douglas. In Asia he followed it southward to the
Himalayas, but suspected that the Ovis ammon mentioned by dif-
ferent authors as inhabiting the Caucasus and ‘Taurus, referred to a
distinct species which he had to describe. The Ovis Californiana
was next noticed ; and then a superb new species, believed to be from
Mount Taurus, the horns of which were suggested to bear every ap-
pearance of having supplied the model which ancient sculptors follow-
ed in their representations of Jupiter Ammon, and which therefore it
was proposed to designate O. sculptorum. Mr. Blyth then proceeded

.

13

to distinguish two Himalayan species, which presented a somewhat
different form of horn from the rest of the genus; one, the Ovis Na-
hoor, Hodgson, of superior size, and general pale colour, which he
believed did not inhabit so high; the other he termed O. Burrhel,
which was of a very dark colour, and presented numerous other spe-
cific distinctions, being an inhabitant also of more elevated regions.
The Ovis aries he considered a species per se, and not descended
from the Mouftlon ; and the O. musimon was treated of in detail under
its two alleged varieties, specimens of which, however, had never
been compared together. The Jzalus probaton, Ogilby, was deemed
to belong strictly to the genus Ovis, and Mr. Blyth suggested, that
as the abnormal growth of its hoof indicated that it had long lived
in captivity, it was not unlikely that castration at an early age may
have obstructed the developement of its horns, the rudiments of
which exactly resembled those found upon many breeds of true
sheep, and upon the lambs of all horned breeds of a certain age.
The last animal included was the Ovis tragelaphus, Auctorum, of
which the O. ornata, Geoffroy, appeared to be merely a dwarfish in-
dividual: the characters of this species were treated of at consider-
able length, and it was proposed to elevate it to the rank of a sub-
genus of Ovis, for which the name Ammotragus was suggested.
The paper was illustrated by numerous elaborate drawings of the
horns, &c., and by a pictorial group, containing the principal species,
the relative sizes of which were thus rendered obvious to the eye.

Mr. Strickland, at the request of the chairman, exhibited some
Birds selected from his collection, several of which he thought were
undescribed, and would interest the members present.

Mr. G. T. Lay read the following account of the habits of a Bird
of Paradise, Paradisea apoda, Linn. :—

“This bird has been in the possession of Mr. Beale upwards of
fourteen years, and seemed when I left China at the commencement
of the past year to be in full health and vigour. It is fed mainly
upon boiled rice, with a few grasshoppers, as meat with its vege-
tables. These it eats whole when small, but pulls off the legs and
wings when large. The tip of the abdomen, with the lower intes-
tine, are rejected, while the rest of the viscera are devoured as a sort
of choice morsel. It seizes the insect near its head with so firm a
gripe, that life is soon extinct, which answers the double purpose of
securing its prey and of shortening the dying throes of the poor vic-
tim. It is very careful to cleanse its bill after every such operation,
wiping it upon the perch, and shaking it with a peculiar jerk. I
have heard one remark that it is not a clean feeder, but this is true
only of the mode of eating, which is gross and eager, as the largeness
of the mouthful is incompatible with much grace or nicety in con-
veying the food to the place of its destination.

«The voice is loud and sonorous when he calls in a rapid suc-
cession of notes. This is probably the strain in which he answers
his fellows in the wild state, and may be heard, from its clearness, a
great distance, where walls and dwellings do not interfere with the

14

pulsations. When you approach his cage he often treats you with
a ditty, which I have called in my memorandum ‘the song of solici-
tation.’ It is short, but very pleasing, and not a little curious, for
the notes are repeated in harmonic progression.

“« The Serenade of Beale’s bird.

‘‘ The first four notes are very exactly intonated, very clear, and
very sweet. The three last are repeated in a kind of caw, a very
high refinement of the voices of a daw or a crow, yet possessing a
striking resemblance. And this suggests a lively affinity between the
crows and the paradise birds. While this serenade is uttered, the
black pupil, encircled by a golden iris, waxes or wanes, as the crea-
ture wishes to contemplate more distant or nearer objects. The bill
snaps as the prelude of a meal and the token of appetite, while the
body is conveyed from side to side by the highest and most easy
springs. The crow and its congeners love to range upon the ground,
as having feet formed for walking, but the Paradise Bird shuns the
bottom of the cage, as if afraid of soiling its delicate plumage. For
I must observe, that it is always as clean and wemless as it is gay
and splendid. The Creator, who has poured so much beauty upon
it, has also endowed it with an instinct to delight in these charms,
and with wisdom to preserve them in their fullest integrity. In the
wild state it is not unlikely that they catch their prey upon the wing,
either by taking it in flight, like the swallow, or by darting upon it,
like the Drongo Shrike, as it passes by the seat of its pursuer.

«« The form and disposition of the pennons afford it the power of
floating gracefully upon the breeze, not of cutting the air in rapid
flight. The ease with which it glides upon the aur must be in-
creased by the hypochondrial feathers, which are lifted up and dis-
played in the act of flying. The hypochondrial feathers are yellow
at the base, whitening towards the end, with brown shafts. The
shortness of the vanes make them resemble the teeth of a saw near
the end. The tail-coverts with long toothed shafts. The feet and
legs are of a dark leaden blue. They are strong, and grasp the perch
with great ease and firmness.”

Mr. Fraser pointed out the characters of several new species of
Humming-birds, which had been placed in his hands by the Earl of
Derby for that purpose, and that they might be exhibited at one of
the Society’s scientific meetings. These birds were obtained at S“
Fé de Bogota, and the collection contained eighteen species, a great
portion of which being undescribed, were thus characterized :—

TrocHitus exortis. TJ. rostro quam caput paululiim longiore ;
caudd nigrescente, latissimd, subfurcatd ; colore viridi; pectore
ceruleo enitente ; macula frontali splendid? viridi ; lacinid gulari

15

purpurascenti-rubra nitore ceruleo ; menti plumis ceruleis ; crisso
albo.

Long. tot. 4 unc. ; rostri, 3; ale, 24; caude, 24.

Hab. Guaduas, Columbia.

This species is of moderate size ; the general colour of its plumage
is deep rich green, with bronze reflections; the wings are dusky,
with the upper and under coyerts of the same green tint as the body :
the two central tail-feathers are tinted with bronze, both above and
beneath ; the remaining tail-feathers, which are broad, are black, but
in certain lights a very obscure purplish-green hue is observable ;
the feathers on the forehead are more compact than the remaining
feathers of the head; in some lights they appear to be of a black
colour, edged with green; in others they exhibit a most brilliant
green lustre.

TROCHILUS CUPREO-VENTRIS. T'. rostro quam caput paululim lon-
giore ; caudd brevi, subfurcatd : femoribus albis ; colore splendid?
viridi, aureo et cupreo enitente ; crisso purpurascenti-ceruleo ; pri-
mariis nigrescentibus ; caudd nigrd, purpureo tinctd.

Long. tot. 43 unc. ; rostri, 1; ale, 23; caud@, 14.

This species is remarkable for the richness of its colouring; in
certain lights it appears as if it were powdered with gold and copper-
coloured particles ; the coppery hue prevails most on the belly ; and
the upper tail-coverts are of a purer green than other parts.

Another blue-vented and white-thighed Humming-bird was de-
scribed under the name of

TrocuHitus uropyeiaAtis. T. rostro quam caput longiore; caudd
mediocri, furcatd : colore corporis intensé viridi, aureo relucente ;
rectricibus caude fulgid® aureo-viridibus ; guld crissoque ex pur-
pureo splendide ceruleis ; abdomine nitide viridi ; alis nigrescenti-
bus ; caudd ex purpureo aird ; plumis femoralibus albis, laxis.

In the female the throat and chest are somewhat rusty, with green
spots, and the feathers on the belly are variegated with whitish.

This species is about the same size, and in many respects resem-
bles, the T. cupreo-ventris, but differs in having the general colour
less brilliant, whilst the feathers of the belly and the upper tail-
coverts are more brilliant, and present that compact striated appear-
ance which is always observable in those feathers which give that
extreme brilliancy to different parts of these birds: it differs, more-
over, in having a blue throat, and the belly, instead of being cupre-
ous, is bluish-green. The upper tail-coverts in 7. cupreo-ventris are
of the same loose character as those on the back.

Trocuitus coruscus. IT. rostro brevi; caudd latissimd, subfur-
catd, ex eneo fuscd : corpore supra, eupiteque viridibus nitore au-
reo ; tectricibus caud@ cupreis ; primariis purpurascentibus ; cor-
pore subtis viridescente, fuscescenti-ochreo, presertim ad crissum,
tincto ; lined gulari, ad pectus tendente nitid? viridi, apice purpu-
rascenti-rubro.

Long. tot. 54 unc. ; rostri, 3; ale, 24; caude, 23.

16

Beak about equal to the head in length; tail slightly forked, the
feathers very broad; general colour of upper parts green, with
golden reflections, upper tail-coverts coppery; under parts dull
brownish-green ; tail-feathers above and beneath rich bronze, with
golden brown reflections ; primaries dusky, with purple reflections :
a stripe, extending from the chin to the chest, is composed of com-
pact brilliant feathers ; those on the chin and throat are green, and
those beyond are purplish-red, exhibiting bluish reflections ; under
tail-coverts brownish-yellow ; some of the feathers are whitish ; the
feathers on the edge of the shoulders are varied with brownish-
ochre.

The female is deficient of the flame-like mark on the throat.

TROCHILUS BRACHYRHYNCHUS. T. rostro quam caput breviore ;
caudd brevi, nigro, cupreo et eneo subnitente ; rectricibus utringue
duabus externis ceteris paululim prestantibus, et ad apicem albis :
corpore supra, ex aureo viridi, corpore subtis albo (interdiim fla-
vido lavato), maculis ex aureo viridibus ornato ; primariis purpu-
rascentibus.

Long. tot. 35% unc. ; rostri, 4; ale, 14; caude, 155.

In one specimen there is a rufous tint on the upper tail-coverts ;
in another there are several purple feathers irregularly scattered
with the ordinary golden green ones on the back; perhaps in the
adult bird this purple is the prevailing colour of the back.

This small-sized species is remarkable for the shortness of its beak,
which is acutely pointed, and a little dilated in the middle.

Trocuitus Dersianus. T. rostro recurvo, quoad longitudinem,
corpus cum capite equiparante ; caudd mediocri, paululim furcatd :
colore viridi, corpore subtus albido variegato ; guld nigrescente.

3 Long. tot. 8 unc.; rostri, 33 ; ale, 3; caude, 21.

9 ———— 73 » 22; —, 3; ae

Bill immensely long, and somewhat recurved, equal in length to
the head and body ; tail moderate, slightly forked; head and upper
parts of body green, with golden and bronze reflections ; wings pur-
plish-black ;, tail blackish, tinted with bronze, the central feathers
being the richest ; chin and throat dusky, each feather very obscurely
tinted with bronze in the middle, and edged with ashy-white ; belly
and vent green; the feathers edged with white, or in parts greyish,
those on the chest are whitish, with a large green spot near the apex ;
under wing-coverts green.

The female has a shorter beak; and there is more white on the
under parts of the body; the feathers on the throat and chin are
somewhat variegated with yelloyvish.

TrocniLus aurocasteR, Loddiges’ MSS. T. rostro feré duplo
quam caput longiore ; caudd mediocriter latd et furcatd ; plumis
corporis permagnis, et supra et subtis: colore splendidé viridi ;
tectricibus caude plumisque abdominis nitidé aureo relucentibus ;
notd gudari purpureo-ceruled, necnon apud frontem notd, luce
Ffavente, gramineo-viridi ; crissi plumis aureo-viridibus, ferrugineo

e 17

marginalis ; alarum primariis fuscescenti-nigris non sine neo ni-
tore ; caudd ex-aureo-eneo-viridt.

In the female the throat is of a rusty yellow tint, and is sparingly
spotted with green; the belly and vent are of an ochreous colour,
with heart-shaped green spots; on the former the green predomi-
nates, and on the under tail-coverts the yellowish tint prevails.

This species is of moderate size; that portion of the under man-
dible which shuts into the upper one is white.

Trocuitus ruscicaupatus. T.rostro quam caput longiore ; caudd
subrotundatd : colore ex aureo viridi; plumis gule, pectoris, et
abdominis, albido marginatis ; plumis analibus albis ; crisso fusco,
rectricibus caude submetallice castaneis, nigrescente marginatis ;
remigibus alarum nigrescentibus, purpureo paululiim relucentibus ;
mandibuld inferiore (apice excepto), necnon superioris basi, pal-
lide fuscis.

Long. tot. 4 unc. ; rostri, 2; ale, 2; caude, 14.

Hab. Chachapayas, Peru.

Trocurtus cyanoprErvs, Loddiges’ MSS. Tr. rostro quam caput
multo longiore ; caudd latissimd et leviter furcatd : colore, intense
viridi, ad nigrum hic atque illic vergente, presertim apud caput ;
primariis tectricibusque alarum metallice ceruleis, illis ad apices
marginesque nigrescentibus ; caudd nigrescente, viridi tinctd ; alis
subtis corulescentibus.

This is a very large species, being nearly equal in size to the T.
gigas; its deep green colouring and blue wings render it easily di-
stinguished ; the female differs considerably from the male, inasmuch
as nearly the whole of the under parts of the body are of a rust-like
tint; the two outer tail-feathers are of a blackish colour, but have a
white shaft ; the outer web is grayish-white, excepting at the margin
and at the apex of the feather ; the outer edge of the first primary is
palish.

Trocuitus Grssont, Loddiges’ MSS. _ T. rostro quam caput lon-
giore ; caudd mediocri, rotundatd : corpore supra, sic et rectricibus
caude duabus intermediis aureo-viridibus ; corpore subtis albo ;
plumis gularibus magnis, strophium efficientibus, purpureo relucen-
tibus ; rectricibus caude utrinque tribus, exterioribus, ad basin ci-
nerascentibus, apicibus albis.

Long. tot. 22 unc. ; rostri, 4; ale, 12; caude, it.

Hab. ?

The green on the upper parts of the body of this little species is
rather paler, and has a greater admixture of the golden lustre, than
usual : words ean convey no idea of the brilliancy of the large ruff
on the throat; in some lights it assumes a deep blood-red hue; in
others there is a slight admixture of purple observable ; in others,
again, they put on a brilliant cupreous-red tint, as we observe in the
copper ore. ;

18 -

TROCHILUS ANGUSTIPENNIS. T. rostro quam caput paululiim lon-
giore ; caudd leviter furcatd, hujus rectricibus, necnon remigibus
alarum, valdé arctis : capite corporeque supra intense eneo-viri-
dibus ; guld et corpore subtis, plumis albis analibus exceptis, aureo-
viridi metallice relucentibus ; alis cauddque intense purpureis.

Long. tot. 3} unc. ; rostri, 3; ale, 12; caude, 13.

This small-sized species has the wing and tail-feathers narrower
than usual.

Trocuius parvirostris. T. rostro parviusculo, acuto, quam ca-
put breviore ; caudd leviter furcatd, mediocri, rectricibus sub-latis :
capite corporeque supra aureo-viridibus, in obscurum transeuntibus ;
Srontis plumis ochreo pallidé lavatis ; corpore subtis flavescenti-
albo; gule plumis singulis macula obscurd ; abdomine sordide
ochreo, plumis singulis maculd magnd, obscuré viridi ; plumis
analibus albis ; crissi plumis obscuris, apicibus albis ; caude rec-
tricibus, eneo-viridibus supra, subtis aureo-eneis, scapis albis ;
rectricum tribus utringué externis, lined centrali albd, in externa
utringue hdc lined extensa, fere ad marginem ; alis obscuris, pur-
pureo subtis, paululim relucentibus.

Long. tot. 43 unc. ; rostri, 4; ale, 23; caude, 2.

This is in all probability a young bird, or perhaps a female of some
species, the male of which remains to be discovered; the yellow
white, or cream-colour of the lower part of the throat, extends in a
narrow line across the back of the neck.

TRocHILUs FrLAvicaupatus. F. rostro quam caput dupld longiore,
et arcuato ; caudd mediocri : capitis vertice obscure fusco ; corpore
supra aureo-viridi, corpore subtis ochreo ; gule plumis punctis
aureis et cupreis ; pectoris lateribus maculis aureo-viridibus, or-
natis ; crisso pallide ochreo ; rectricibus caude duabus intermediis
aureo-viridibus, reliquis ochreis, apicibus viridibus ; remigibus
alarum obscuris, purpureo relucentibus ; rostro nigro ; pedibus su-
pra nigrescentibus, subtis pallidis.

Long. tot. 43 une. ; rostri, 11; ale, 24; caude, 12.

Trocuitus MELANOGENYS. JT. rostro quam caput vix longiore ;
caudd sub-brevi, rectricibus mediocriter latis, et acutis : capite et
corpore supra aureo-viridibus ; corpore subtiis ex-ochreo-albo ;
abdominis lateribus rufo lavatis ; genis nigris ; lined flavescenti-
albd pone oculos; plumis gule singulis notd ad apicem nigrd,
notis lineas longitudinales efficientibus ; abdomine, obscure, auxeo-
viridi guttato ; caudd supra nigrescente, eneo tinctd, apicem ver-
sus nigrd purpureo relucente, et rectricibus flavescenti-albo, dua-
bus intermediis exceptis, terminatis ; alis obscuris, violaceo relu-
centibus ; mandibule inferioris basi, pedibusque flavis.

Long. tot. 32 unc. ; rostri, ¢; ale, 32; caude, 12.

‘TRocHILUS TYRIANTHINUS, Loddiges’ MSS. T. rostro acuto, capué
fongitudine equante ; caudd mediocri, vie furcatd ; rectricibus la-

i9

tissimis : capite, corporeque supra, aureo-viridibus ; sic et corpore
subtis, at ochreo variegato; guld nitente, et intense viridi ; rec-
tricibus caude supra eneo-viridibus, ex-aureo, et cupreo relucen-
tibus, subtiis, cupreis, aureo nitentibus ; alis obscuris ; rostro pe-
dibusque nigris.

Foem : guid e castaneo flavd ; abdomine albo, ochreo lavato ; singulis
plumis notd aureo-viridi.

Long. tot. 4 unc. ; rostri, 4; ale, 22; caude, 12.

20

February 25, 1840.
Prof. Rymer Jones, in the Chair.

A letter from the Society’s Corresponding Member, R. J. Bour-
chier, Esq., was read. It is dated Malta, February 4, 1840, and
relates to some living quadrupeds and birds which had been for-
warded to that place by Sir Thomas Reade, for the Society’s mena-
gerie. These animals, Mr. Bourchier states, notwithstanding the
greatest possible care had been taken, have all died, with the excep-
tion of one Crane. They originally consisted of three Cranes, a
Wild Cat, and a Cervine Antelope, or Bubalus.

A letter from Petty Vaughan, Esq., was also read : it accompanied
two specimens (male and female) of a species of Jcterus, and their
nest, which he begged to present to the Society in the name of Mrs.
Vredenburg. ‘These specimens, the letter states, were sent from
Para by the lady of the British Consul.

The Secretary called the attention of the meeting to some speci-
mens of Quadrupeds, Birds, Reptiles, and Fishes, which were upon
the table. These specimens were presented to the Society by P. L.
Strachan, Esq., who procured some of them at Sierra Leone, and
others at the Gambia. The collection consists of forty specimens of
Birds and six Quadrupeds, together with some specimens of Reptiles,
Fishes, and Crustacea, preserved in spirit.

Mr. Ogilby more particularly drew attention to a fine female spe-
cimen of the Colobus Temminckii, procured by Mr. Strachan at the
Gambia, which differs somewhat in its colouring from the mounted
specimen in the Society’s museum; the tint of the upper parts of
the body being darker, and the rusty hue on the limbs much richer.

Mr. Ogilby next drew attention to a prepared specimen and skull
of a Gibbon, which had recently died at the Society’s menagerie.
The precise locality from which this animal was-procured had not
been ascertained; it was presented by John Abel Smith, Esq., and
after living some months in the menagerie, fell a victim to the same
complaint which carried off so many of the Quadrumana during the
past winter.

The whole body is of an uniform deep black colour, except the
throat and cheeks, which are covered with long white hair, forming
a broad band which extends from ear to ear. This circumstance
induced Mr. Ogilby to propose the name of Hylobates leucogenys for
this species. There is no white mark over the eyes, as in the Hoo-
lock, and the chin and under jaw are black, like the rest of the body.
The head is remarkable for its pyramidal elevation, as contrasted
with the flattened form of the same part in the Hoolock. Mr.
Ogilby stated, that the only doubt he had with respect to the spe-

21

cific distinction of this animal, is the probability of its being the
male of that described by Dr. Harlan under the name of H. niger.
The hair of the forehead and head in general is directed backwards,
towards the neck: that on the crown of the head is very long, and
gives to the head that pyramidal or conical form before mentioned.

The skeleton and dentition show it to have been a young animal ;
the permanent teeth had not yet protruded from the alveoli. The
total length of the skull (from the intermaxillaries to the occiput) is
4 inches; its greatest width is 2 inches 72 lines; width between the
outer boundaries of the orbits, 2 inches ; from base of nasal bones to
apex of intermaxillaries, 1 inch 12 lines. The length of the hume-
rus is 7 inches 2 lines; of the ulna, 8 inches; radius, 7 inches 7 lines ;
femur, 6 inches; tibia, 5 inches 3 lines; fibula, 5 inches 1 line.

The principal external characters of this animal may be thus ex-
pressed :

Hyxosates teucocenys. Hyl. niger ; pilis ad latera faciei et ad
gulam albis ; pilis verticis longis et semi-erectis.

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited a new species of Squirrel from the So-
ciety’s collection, and pointed out its distinguishing characters, which
are as follows :—

Scrurus pimrp1atus. Sci. supra griseus fulvo lavatus, subtis fla-
vus ; capite, corpore ad latera pedibusque rufescentibus ; caudd
fere corporis longitudinem equante, indutd pilis nigris, flavis atque
fulvis commiztis.

une. lin

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin........ 10 0
Gude lereaw ys «oh Sbsaer. 4 Jed wseitlea® 4s 6

ab apice rostri ad basin auris .,...... ee

tarsi digitorumque ...... ee cer see eaes 2 3

AUMIR 6-215, vere ith) >t wid eyelet OF- om 4 0 8

Hab. South America?

This curiously-coloured species of Squirrel was purchased at a
sale, and in the same lot were specimens of Sciurus estuans and Sc.
Langsdorffiii, well known South American species; it is probable,
therefore, it may be an inhabitant of the same country. Its fur is
very short for a Squirrel, rather harsh, and less loose than in the
generality of Squirrels : the back is gray, or what might be termed an
iron-gray, having a rusty hue; on the upper part of the head the
rust-like tint prevails, and the muzzle is almost entirely of a rich
rust colour; the sides of the head and neck are of a golden-yellow
tint, and the under parts of the body are yellow: a bright rust-
coloured line runs along each side of the body, and separates the
yellow colouring of the under parts from the iron-gray of the upper :
on the outer sides of the limbs, and on the feet, a rich deep golden-
yellow hue prevails. The tail is apparently cylindrical, and not
bushy ; the prevailing hue of the hairs is deep rust colour, but they
are for the most part more or less broadly annulated with black in
the middle. The ears are slightly pointed, and well clothed with

22

golden-yellow hairs; those on the outer side are of a bright rust
colour; they have no pencil of hairs at the tip. ‘The hairs of the
moustaches are numerous, long, and of a black colour. The incisors
of both upper and under jaws are deep orange.

Mr. Fraser read his descriptions of, and observations upon, some
new species of Insessorial Birds, belonging to the genus Agrilorhinus.

“In the northern parts of South America and in Mexico,” Mr.
Fraser observed, ‘‘ are certain small birds, resembling the Warblers
in size, and in having a slender beak ; they differ, however, in having
the beak stronger and compressed ; the upper mandible straight, or
even slightly recurved; its apical portion strongly hooked, and di-
stinctly notched; its cutting edges are curved inwards, so as to in-
close the corresponding edges of the under mandible. But the most
remarkable character consists in the existence of three or four small
notches in the edge of the upper mandible, on either side, and behind
the ordinary notch which characterizes the Dentirostres.

«‘The Prince of Musignano first noticed these peculiarities in a
bird from Mexico, and described them in the ‘ Nuovi Annali delle
Scienze Naturali,’ where he used the name Agrilorhinus to distin-
guish generically the bird in question.

“T have now the honour of laying before the meeting four new
species of this interesting genus; three from a collection belonging
to the Earl of Derby, which I am informed was made at S* Fé de
Bogota, and one from the Society’s museum, the precise habitat of
which is not known; there are reasons, however, for believing it to
be a Mexican bird.

‘The Prince of Musignano is of opinion that the genus Agrilo-
rhinus has affinities both with the Sitting and Sylvicoline. The
strong notch in the upper mandible, its distinctly curved point, and
the compressed form of the beak, combined with the well-developed
vibrisse, lead me to believe that this genus ought rather to be re-
garded as a somewhat aberrant form of Laniade.

AcriLorHinus Bonaparter. Agr. in toto niger, humeris exceptis;
his cerulescenti-cinereis.

Long. tot. 63 unc. ; rostri, 3; ale, 3; caude, 3; tarsi, 3.

Hab. 8 Fé de Bogota.

AGRILORBINUS HUMERALIS. Agr. i toto niger, humeris exceptis;
his cerulescenti-cinereis.

Long. tot. 5 unc. ; rostri, 7 lin. ; ale, 22; caude, 21; tarsi, 4.

Hab. S* Fé de Bogota.

This bird only differs from the preceding species in its smaller
size.

AGRILORHINUS OLIVAcEUs. Agr. olivaceus, corpore subtis palli-
diore, et flavido tincto.

Long. tot. 4 unc.; rostri, $; ale, 2; caude, 2; tarsi, 2

Hab. Mexico?

This specimen is probably a female.

25

AGRILORHINUS PERSONATUS. Agr. ceruleus ; fronte, spatio circa
oculos, rostro pedibusque nigris ; remigibus rectricibusque interne
nigrescentibus.

Foem. plumbea.

& Long. tot. 64 unc. ; rostri, 3; ale, 3; caude, 22; tarsi, 2.

oe a eee 2; —, 28; 93. 3

4 ? > ? > Ss? eg 2 bey. BS

Hab. S® Fé de Bogota.

This bird is about the size of the Blue Bird (Sialia Wilsoni) of
North America ; its blue colouring is much darker, and less brilliant.
The bill is strong, long, and compressed, and suddenly bent down-
wards at the apex; the lower edge of the upper mandible is curved
inwards and encloses the cutting edges of the lower one, but it is
not notched as in the more typical species of Agrilorhinus, The
forehead, a broad space around the eye, and the ear-coverts, are
black : the chin is blackish, The feathers of the wing are blackish,
but externally edged with blue ; and’so are the tail-feathers.

PRS: Penal Apeatip anit poate aie shana i
Wirt dint Me tent sed. Boutetbed taew an: the / Noms
Regen NR miPGh ete: 3. tanh Merce agridare
G88 orate ce Ste fy quinn ah

? his Peck Me Ronine of ying bebaree

i
Tron pai ei apt aoe: hens ir tucetins? oan pasa:
MP LD ripe Ro RoeORy mene ee an DaNON
Rig tere (ahany oe teadere,; DP anmges

that vith wetv or es
erecta fe Crucial: Bas

wa + iy enya =
eae etd penn ,

March 10, 1840.

Professor: Owen in the Chair.

A paper by Dr. Richardson, on a collection of Fishes, was read :

The proceedings of the Society for June 25, 1839, contain the
first part of the description of this collection, which was made at Port
Arthur in Van Diemen’s Land, by Deputy-Assistant-Commissary-
General Lempriére, pursuant to the directions of His Excellency Sir
John Franklin, K.C.B. &c., Lieutenant-Governor of the colony.
The subject is resumed in this paper, and the author describes a
Dajao, which differs from the three known mullets of Australia in
many particulars, and from all the Mugiloidee described in the Histoire
des Poissons, in the greater number of rays of the anal fin, as well as
in the combinations of other characters. ‘The only Dajao mentioned
in the work referred to, is an inhabitant of the mountain streams of
the Caribbee Islands; while the Van Diemen’s Land one has been
found only in the sea; but perhaps both are anadromous. The rough
plates on the palate and vomer of some acknowledged typical mullets
assimilate their dentition greatly to that of the Dajaos ; and the pre-
sent species approaches the ordinary mullets in the form of the orifice
of the mouth, while its palatine and yomerine teeth are nearly as
large as those on the jaws. It is prized as an article of food.

Dasaus Dremensis (Richardson). Tasmanian Dajao.

Dajaus, rostro fer? truncato, vir prominente.

Radii :—-Br. 6—6; P. 15; D.4—1 | 9; A. 3 he h2is NMienk. Baits Co
144. ;

The author next remarks that of four Ladri in the collection, two
species, comparatively little ornamented, are furnished with six gill
rays, while the other two, more gaily coloured, and one of them in-
deed brilliantly striped, have only five rays in the branchiostegous
membrane. ‘hey are all true labri, but the scales which protect their
opercula, though in fact much larger than those of Labrus bergylta,
are so deeply imbedded in mucous skin, that in a recent state these
fish might pass for examples of the genus Tautoga, which they further
resemble in possessing a tolerably regular inner row of minute teeth.
They are without scales on the interoperculum, and the small scales
on their cheeks being variously distributed, furnish specific charac-
ters. All four have canine teeth at the corners of the mouth, and,
contrary to the prevailing character of the Labri, the soft rays of the
dorsal éxceed the spinous ones in number, resembling in this re-
spect the Labrus pecilopleura of New Zealand.

Laprus Tetricus. Lab., squamis minutis in ordinibus duobus ad
No. LXXXVII.—Procrrepines or rae ZooLoGcican Society.

26
.
marginem anteriorem superiorem preoperculi instructis ; opercula
squamis majoribus in seriebus ternis quaternisve disposilis
tecto.

Radii :-—B.6—6; P. 13; D.9] 11; V.1]5; 4.3] 10; C. 14.

Lasrus FucicoLa. Lab., squamis parvis inter oculum et preoper-
culum in seriebus qualuor instructis ; squamis opercularibus ma-
jusculis.

Radii :—B. 6—6; P.13; D.9] 11; V.1]5; A. 3] 10. C.14.

‘Lazarus psirracuLus. Lab., squamis gene in ordinibus quatuor
preoperculo approximatis, oculoque remotiusculis ; corpore ovali;
pinnd caude superneé apiculatd.

Radii:—B.5—5; P.138; D.9 | 11; V.1]5; A.3] 10; C.14.

Lasrus LaTicLavius. Lab., smaragdinus, fasciis puniceis purpureo
marginatis, binis lateralibus postic? in unam coalescentibus inque
pinnd caude productis ; pinnd dorsi basi viridi : in medid late
purpured: superne aurantiacd, purpureo guttatd, inque margine
extremo ceruled; pinnd ani basi aurantiacd, dein primulaceo-
flavd ceruleo cinctd, exinde purpured ceruleis guttis, denique in
margine extremo ceruled*.

Radii :—Br.5—5; P.12; V.1] 5; D.9|11; A.2] 10; .C.14.

Then follows the description of a small Odax, known at Port
Arthur by the name of ‘‘ Kelp fish.” It agrees with Odar semifas-
ciatus of the Histoire des Poissons in many of its details, but on a
minute comparison with the description of that species it appears to
be distinct.

Opax aucEnsis. Od. capite longiusculo ; preoperculo denticulato ;
facie utrinque sex-striatd.
Radii :—Br. 5—5; P. 14; D. 17] 12; A. (2 |o12 5: Viaewligh.
C. 12%.

Another species of kelp-fish common at Port Arthur, and of which
a specimen was sent by Mr. Lempriére, but too much decayed for
identification, is described by that gentleman as being marked with
a dark stripe. It is probably the Odawr bulteatus of the Histoire des
Poissons. which was discovered by Peron.

The author then describes a new scaroid fish which did not form
part of Mr. Lempriére’s collection, but which there is reason to be-
lieve was taken either at Hobart Town or Sydney. It was presented
to the Museum of Haslar by Mr. Conway, formerly medical super-
intendent of a convict ship, and since deceased. The specimen
being a mounted one, no details of internal structure can be given,
and in so far the characters of the genus or sub-genus are incom-
plete ; but it differs from the ordinary Labri in the scaliness of the
vertical fins, and from Scarus in external aspect, the form of the fins,
the smallness of the scales, especially at the base of the caudal fin,

* The character of this species being rendered obscure in the abstract of
the former paper by the omission of a word in printing, is here repeated.

27

and in the manner in which the lips cover and move with the jaws.
It differs from Odagz in the teeth and ventral fins.

OPLEGNATHUS, genus novum,

Corpus ellipticum, crassum, squamis parvis oblongis tectum. Man-
dibule modo Scarorum dentes incorporatos gerentes. Labium
superius basi profundé sulcatum, intermaxillas feré tegens, et cum
illis movens. Operculum osseum alté sinuatum, hinc bilobatum,
cum gend squamis parvis tectum. Dorsum monopterygium. Coste
branchiostege quinque. Pinne ventrales pone pectorales site,
radiis quinque ramosis et uno aculeato sustentate. Radii aculeati
pinnarum dorsi anique fortes. Fascie squamose inter radios ar-
ticulatos pinnarum verticalium decurrentes.

Or. Conwall, species unica cognita.
Rodii:—Br. 5—5; P. 18; V.1}5; D. 12412; A. 3)| 12;
C. 154.

In Mr. Lempriére’s collection there are three specimens of Ostra-
sion which the author considers as examples of the Auritus of Shaw,
of different ages, and one which he characterizes as a new species,
also belonging to Mr. Gray’s sub-genus Aracana. They are known
at Port Arthur by the name of “ Pig-fish.”

Osrracion spiLocaster. Ostr. ( Aracana), ventre maculato ; la-
teribus dorsoque fasciis interruptis ornatis, quarum quatuor sub
oculo numerandis, tribus in basibus pinnarum dorsi anique et
tribus prope finem pinne caude anastomosantibus.

Radu :—P. 11s D: VV; A. 113°C. 11:

The three following species are also from Van Diemen’s Land,
though not now characterized for the first time.

Osrracion auritus (Shaw). Ostr. (Aracana), ventre pallenti
unicolore ; lateribus dorsoque lineis saturatis rectis curvisque
ornatis, quarum quinque sub oculo numerandis, et tribus in proprtis
basibus pinnarum dorsi, ani, caudeque.

Radii:—P. 11; D.11; A. 11; C. 11.

OsrRacion FLAVIGASTER (Gray). Ostr. (Aracana), ventre pallido
unicolore, lateribus dorsoque lineis saturatis percursis, quarum octo
sub oculo numerandis, totidemque lineis pallidis interjacentibus ;
in basi pinne caude lineis quinque pallidis et tribus in basibus
pinnarum dorsi caudaque.

Osrracton oanatus (Gray). Ostr. (Aracana), lateribus dorso-
que albo tessellatis ; fucie ventreque lineis purpureis, fuscis, et
albidis numerosis, percursis ; fasciis sex obscuris in pinnd caude,
sub finem anastomosantibus.

Monacantuus RupIs. (Nob.) Grey Monacanthus. Mon. (nec pa-
leari ewtensivo, nec caudd setosd, nec corpore papilloso vel peni-
celligero preditus ;) retro-scaber ; colore (murino ?) immaculato ;

28

rostro mediocri ; dentibus latis in serie duplici dispositis, decem
superior ibus sex inferioribus ; aculeo dorsali subulato, spinifero ;
pinnd caude rotundatd.

Radii :—P. 14. D.2 | 35; A. 34; C. 12.

’ This Monacanthus known at Port Arthur (as well as the Aleuteres
described below,) by the name of “ Leather Jacket,” attains the
Jength of a foot or more, and is considered to be a good fish for the
table, the skin being removed before it is cooked. After long ma-
ceration in spirits it has a dull greyish-brown hue, without any
traces of spots or other configurations of colour, and the species also
wants the extensible dewlap, the bristly tail, pedunculated warts or
branching cirri, which characterize other groups of Monacantht.

ALEUTERES MAcuLosus (Nob.). Speckled Leather Jacket. Al. re-
tro-scaber, sub-ovalis, ventre prominulo ; angulis quatuor aculet
dorsalis spiniferis ; pinnd caude rotundatd, sub finem nigro fasci-
atd ; corpore colore murino ? nebuloso-guttato.

Radii :—P. 11, aut 12; D. 2—34; A. 32; C. 12.

This is a small Aleuteres, ms exceeding five inches in length,
and having a sub-oval form, the back being less arched than the
belly. The dorsal and anal fins are arched, the curvature being
more abrupt anteriorly. The dorsal spine is four-sided, with rows
of prickles pointing downwards on each of the angles. The minute
second spine is very slender. As has been remarked by Salvian, this
small spine aids like a trigger in fixing the large one in any required
position. ‘The colour of the fish after being kept in spirits is dull ,
olive-brown or mouse-colour, with scattered clusters of small dark
spots. ‘The subterminal black band on the caudal fin is very faint.

ALEUTERES PARAGAUDATUS (Nob.). Trim Leather Jacket. Al.,
retro-scaber ; dorso depresso ex ore usque ad pinnam secundam
fere recto ; ventre regulariter arcuato ; pinnd caude rotundatd,
sub finem nigr O- Sfasciatd ; colore corporis murino ; fascid pallidd
(flavd) % mento per pinnam pectoralem medio in latere tractd, sub
qud lined ceruled ; lined alterd cwruled @ mento per oculum et ul-
tra extensd ; corpore sublis et postice ceruleis guttis pulchré in-
terstincto.

Radii :—P. 12; D. 2—34; A. 32; C.

This handsome Aleuteres is named in allusion to the striped upper
vestments of the Roman ladies. Like the preceding, it is a small-
sized fish. One of our specimens had the gut and the whole abdo- |
men distended by a large Jdoéea, full of roe, not at all crushed, and
apparently little digested: a portion of its tail fin protruded at the
anus of the Aleuteres.

The Aleuteres Ayraud of Shark Bay (Quoy et Gaimard) differs
from this and the preceding species in the dorsal spine having only
two rows of prickles, and in the dorsal fin having a concave outline,
and reaching to the caudal fin. _ It is also differently striped, and no
spots are mentioned. The <Aleuteres spilomelanurus taken by the

29

same naturalists at Port Jackson resembles the Port Arthur fish in the
form of the dorsal spine and shape of the three vertical fins, but the
numbers of the rays in the dorsal and anal are different; there are
no spots on the body, and merely a single dark line extending from
the angle of the mouth along the higher part of the sides. In both
the Port Arthur Aleuteres the minute prickles of the skin, when ex-

amined by a good microscope, appear to be solitary, and to spring
from a globular base.

CatLtoruyncuus Tasmantus (Nob.). Tasmanian Callorhynchus.
Call., pinnis pectoralibus ad ventrales haud attingentibus ; pinnd
dorsi secundd pone ventrales incipienti, ante lobum anteriorem in-
Fferiorem pinne caude desinenti.

This species agrees with the Callorhynchus Smythi of Bennet,
figured in Beechey’s Zoological Appendix, in the distance between
the pectorals and ventrals, but is so unlike that figure in other re-
spects that it is impossible to assign it to that species. Call. An-
tarcticus has large pectorals whose tips overlie the base of the
ventrals. al

Narcine Tasmanrensis, (Nobg).-Tasmanian Narcine.

This species has not yet béen compared with Narcine capensis,
but it is most probably distinct. A full description is given in the
paper, to enable authors who have the opportunity of seeing figures
or recent specimens of Narcine capensis, to point out the differences.
It is named ‘‘ Ground Shark” at Port Arthur and Hobart Town.

Synenatuus ancus (Nob.). Ocellated Pipe-Fish. Syng., depressus,
latus, pinnis pectoralibus dorsique preditus ; ventralibus caudeque
orbatis ; dorso maculis oculeis ornato ; maculis albis und serie in
margine ventris dispositis.

This very handsome pipe-fish differs from all the groups of species

t indicated in the Régne Animal, in having pectoral fins, while the
caudal and ventrals are wanting. It did not form part of Mr. Lem-
priére’s collection, but is said to have been presented to the Haslar
Museum by the surgeon of a convict ship; its exact habitat being
unknown.

It was mentioned in the former paper that labels of many of the
specimens were detached, so that correct references could not be
made to Mr. Lempriére’s list. In this predicament is the ‘ Saw-fish’
or ‘ Bugler,’ which attains the weight of sixteen pounds, but the
example sent was below the usual size. Also one of the ‘ Parrot -
Fish,’ known locally as the ‘ Blue-head.’ The Thyrsites altivelis is
named the ‘ Baracoota,’ and Mr. Lempriére says that there is a se-
cond species taken at Port Arthur, which has much lower dorsal
spines, but is more esteemed as an article of diet. This is probably
the Thyrsites utun of the Histoire des Poissons. ‘The most choice
fish in the colony is called the ‘Trumpeter’, and weighs, when full-
sized, eight or nine pounds. A single specimen of this was sent,
and is doubtless described in this or the former part of the paper.

30

There are also in the collection several specimens of a Hemiram-
phus, which is known locally by the name of ‘ Guard Fish.’ They are
only half the full size, which is said to be fifteen inches. Several
specimens of a Diodon have all the characters ascribed to D. nycthe-
merus in Cuvier’s monograph (Mem. du Mus., iv.). Two species of
Hippocampi are probably those described by White and Shaw as in-
habitants of Port Jackson. A ‘Rock Cod’ taken in the sea was too
much decayed for examination, the skull being all that could be
preserved ; and several examples of a small freshwater fish were also
very much injured. The species bears the local name of ‘ Trout,’
is said to have an olive colour, with small red spots, and to weigh
when full grown about nine ounces. It is perhaps the Galazias
truttaceus of Cuvier, or an allied species. A ‘Sea Cow’ mentioned
in the list may be the Callorhynchus Tasmanius. A Solea of a sub-
orbicular form, and having a small square spot on each scale, and a
freshwater Anguilla, remain undescribed.

A paper by G. Gulliver, Esq., entitled ‘ Notes on the Ova of the
Distoma hepaticum, and on certain Corpuscles obtained from the ge-
nera Cysticercus, was read.

The physiology of the Common Liver-Fluke is extremely interest-
ing, on account of the connection which this parasite has with a very
frequent and fatal disease of that useful animal the sheep.

“If we obtain,” says Mr. Gulliver, “‘from the bile-ducts of the
sheep some of the larger ova of the entozoon, and subject them to
careful examination, it will be found that the cyst of the ovum pre-
sents a very clear outline, the continuity of which is uninterrupted,
except at one end, where a well-marked operculum may be seen, as
represented in the drawing.

“The size of these ova differs considerably ; their average length
is about g45th of an inch, and their breadth 745th.

“‘ The interior of the cyst is occupied by granular matter, often con-
tained within secondary and more delicate cysts or cellules, generally
of a circular figure, and occasionally having within them a third still
smaller cyst. The diameter of the latter is about .,/,5th of an inch,
and of the secondary cysts ;;5th of an inch is a common size,
although their magnitude is very variable. The granules within the
cells or eysts also differ much in size, but they are very commonly
about go/5ath of an inch in diameter.

‘When the ova of the Distoma are compressed forcibly, the oper-
culum is lifted up, or even separated entirely, and the granular mat-
ter extruded, with its containing cells or cysts generally broken.

«‘The operculum does not appear to exist in the smaller and im-
mature ova. The drawing No. 2. represents this in some ova ob-
tained from the uterus of the Fluke.

«‘ Whether what is commonly called the ovum of the entozoon,
may not be a cyst containing numerous ova within it, and furnished
with an operculum, to allow of their extrusion when mature, and fit
for propagation, appears to me to be an interesting question. At all
events it should be ascertained if the cysts be discharged with the

31

dung of the diseased sheep, whether the granules have escaped or
not, and whether they are to be found in the pasturage of those lo-
calities, where the entozoon is sometimes known to be propagated
so quickly as soon to infect entire flocks of sheep.

“I could never see anything like a small fluke in the outer cyst,
at any period of its growth, although the operculum was often ob-
served just ready to open and give exit to its contents, as above de-
scribed.

“The granules may possibly be regarded as yolk-globules, in
which case I apprehend the numerous secondary cysts, or cells, must
be considered as so many different yolks.

“« On the oval Corpuscles of the Cysticercus.

“If the opake part near the head of this entozoon be gently
pressed, a little rather viscid fluid will escape, which on examination
will be found to be pervaded by a great number of oval corpuscles,
presenting a very beautiful microscopic object. They have a re-
markably distinct dark outline, with a brilliant surface, semitrans-
parent, and apparently homogeneous, except very rarely, when they
appear to contain an inner corpuscle or cellule.

“They are generally but slightly oval, their length often scarcely
exceeding their breadth by a third, as exhibited in the drawing,
though they may occasionally be seen nearly twice as long as they
are broad. A common size of the corpuscles is about ;;';,th of an
inch long, and 3,4,;th broad.

“The bladder-like body of these hydatids is everywhere pervaded
by distinct spherules, presenting a — oil-like appearance, vary-
ing in diameter from 35395 zooath of an inch. They have no
resemblance whatever to the oval corpuscles.

“‘ Hydatids are described as being without discernible generative
organs. Whether the remarkable oval corpuscles shown in the
drawing be ova or gemmules, must be determined by future obser-
vation. ‘That they are the former appears probable, from their form
and general regularity of size. Besides they are situated in one
particular part of the parent, never appearing in the walls of the
transparent sac. If this conjecture should be confirmed, the cysti-
cercus can no longer be regarded as destitute of any distinct gene-
rative organ, for the part in which the ova are contained will corre-
spond to the uterus of the higher entozoa, and probably lead to a
further knowledge of the method by which the different species of
this genus are propagated.

“‘T am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Siddall for the accompany-
ing drawings, which have been made by the aid of the camera lucida.
As they were taken from dried specimens, the internal structure of
the ova of the Distoma is not well exhibited, though the form is
faithfully shown.”

Mr. Lay exhibited a small Bird’s Nest from Borneo, and a species
of Ateuchus from China, together with the ball which it forms for the
protection of its eggs. He also made some remarks on a species of
Gobiocephalus, found in the Sea of Japan,

March 24, 1840.
William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Mr. Waterhcuse laid before the Meeting the Society’s collection
of Caviide, upon which he made some observations.

_ There not being a sufficient number of Members present to con-
stitute a quorum at the Meetings on April the 14th and 28th, and
May the 12th, the Society adjourned to May the 26th.

33

May 26, 1840.
William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

A letter from Hugh Cuming, Esq., was read. This letter is dated
Manilla, November 5, 1839, and gives an account of some cases of
specimens forwarded to the Society. Mr. Cuming states that he
has not yet been successful in procuring a certain Ruminant, known
by the name Tamaroo, but he entertains hopes of having a specimen
forwarded to England after him, he being about to return. With
the exception of this animal, he had procured all the quadrupeds of
the Philippines of which he could obtain any information. The
letter, moreover, states that he observed two varieties of the Monkey
he had sent home (Macacus cynomolgus), and which is the only spe-
cies found in the Philippine Islands; one was variegated with black
and white, and the other is of a light chestnut colour, and varied
with white. Only one of each of these varieties was seen by Mr.
Cuming, and the variety was, in both cases, in company with ordi-
nary coloured individuals.

A letter from the President of the Society, the Earl of Derby,
was also read; it is dated Prescot, May 13, 1840, and relates to
some crosses which have taken place among the animals in his Lord-
ship’s menagerie. ‘‘ A female common Zebra (Equus Zebra),”’ says
his Lordship, “has lately taken to my young Dshiggetai (Hquus
hemionus), and is the only animal he has yet appeared to notice in
this way. The produce, if any, would, I should think, be curious.

«IT think I have often heard that Foxes will not breed in confine-
ment, but I have a female which, about two days since, produced
three young; they only lived about two days. The sire is from
America.”

His Lordship has reason to believe that a female Fox also pro-
duced a similar litter about four years back, but destroyed them.

On the ‘ Great Water’ of his Lordship’s park, a Bernicle paired
with, and constantly accompanied, a Canada Goose, but there was
no produce; this happened last season. In the present one the
same Bernicle has paired with a white-fronted Goose, and the pair
have a nest with nine or ten eggs. It is not known, in either case,
which was the goose and which the gander.

The Polish Swan has bred with the common species, and his Lord-
ship further states, that this year a pair of their cross-breed have
laid again, but the eggs are not yet hatched.

In a letter from Madame Power, dated Messina, March 25, 1840,
which was read, that lady states that she had forwarded for the So-
ciety’s museum some packages containing some bird-skins, and also

Nos. LXXXVIII. & LXXXIX.—Procrepines or tHz Zoot. Soc.

54

some molluscous animals and zoophytes, preserved in spirits, from

Sicily.

A paper by John Wyllie, Esq., describing the peculiar structure
of the branchial appendages of one of the Indian Siluride, was read.

«‘ The fish to whose singular branchial appendages I wish to draw
the attention of the Society,” says Mr. Wyllie, ‘‘ is named ‘ Singee’
in the Mahratta, and ‘ Bichoo-Mutchie’ (Scorpion Fish) in the
Hindostanni language. It is the Silurus Singio of Dr. Hamilton’s
‘ Fishes of the Ganges.’ ”

“The following description is drawn from memoranda taken at
Nagpoor, December 6, 1825 :—

OCs tes Up sO sik 9 toby Vor hg dha as C. 14; Cirrhi, 8S.

“Length of body 72 inches, breadth at anus one inch. Head
much depressed, very hard, without scales, terminating posteriorly
in three equal spinous processes, resembling a trident.

«Body elongated, much compressed; above rounded, below
carinated, naked. Colour, when alive, of a very dark olive green;
when dead, of a bluish black. Ventral and dorsal fins opposite ;
pectoral quadrangular with one very strong sharp bony ray, and
six soft rays; anal extending as far as the tail; lateral line mesial.

«« Cirrhi of nearly equal length, one pair arising immediately before
the nostrils; another from the angles of the mouth; and a third and
fourth from the lower jaw, near the angles of the mouth.

«Stomach small, with a moderate cul-de-sac; intestines equal,
without czeca, of several convolutions, measuring seven inches in
length.

“No air-bladder.

“The peculiar organs to which I wish to direct attention are
situated exterior of the abdomen: there is one on each side, lying
immediately over the transverse processes of the vertebree ; and in the
angle formed between them and the spinous processes they are
loosely attached to the surrounding parts, and covered only by the
general integuments. They have the form of cylindrical tubes, are
about the size of an ordinary black-lead pencil; they are closed at
the posterior extremity, which extends within about three inches of
the tail, and they open under the base of the cranium, between two
of the branchial pairs. They are of loose cellular texture, of a
whitish gray colour, speckled with numerous minute black points ;
they are traversed from one extremity to the other by a blood-vessel
(vein ?) of considerable size, into which numerous smaller branches
open at right angles.

«« These sacs are perhaps intended for reservoirs of water, to enable
the animal, during its migrations from tank to tank, to maintain the
gills in a constantly moist condition. They may also perhaps serve,
in ordinary circumstances, as an extension of the respiratory surface,
and the numerous blood-vessels that are seen on their coats would
tend to give a probability to such a conjecture.”

Mr. Ogilby pointed out the characters of a new species of Ante-

bas
35

lope, which was exhibited to the Meeting. This animal lived for
some time in the menagerie, having been presented to the Society
by W. Willshire, Esq., Corresponding Member, who procured it at
Mogadore. It is closely allied to the Antilope Dorcas and A. Ara-
bica, and most nearly resembles the latter in its colouring, but is
readily distinguished by its much greater size ; its total length, from
the tip of the muzzle to the tail, being about forty-three inches, and
its height twenty-eight inches : the ears of the Mogadore animal are
moreover proportionately larger, measuring in height about 63 inches,
or rather more. Like A. Arabica, it has a black patch on the upper
surface of the muzzle, and a black line on either side of the face,
extending forwards from the eye, and terminating above the angle
of the mouth: the dark band on the flanks is very broad, and of a
deep brown colour, inclining to black ; there is also a distinct broad-
ish black mark on each side of the rump; the fore knees are fur-
nished with distinct black tufts. The specimen is a female, and has
slender horns, about equal to the ears in length; the horns are in-
distinctly lyrated, in fact, nearly straight, and exhibit eleven or
twelve annulations, four or five of which, at the base of the horn,
are very close together. Mr. Ogilby stated that he had observed
specimens of the same species in the Paris Museum, and that it was
the intention of M. F. Cuvier to have described them; he should
therefore propose the name Cuvieri be used to distinguish the spe-
cies.

The Secretary also called the attention of the Members present to
a species of Musk Deer, from Sierra Leone, which had been brought
from that part of Africa by Mr. Whitfield, who had kindly allowed
it to be exhibited to the Meeting. In general colour, and in the
markings on the throat, this species most nearly resembles the Mos-
chus Sanleyanus, but its body has spots and markings nearly similar
to those in the M. meminna ; it is much larger, however, than cither
of these species, being, in size, about midway between them and the
M. moschiferus. The chief interest attached to this animal is the
locality in which it is found, the well-established species of Mos-
chus being either from the continent of India or the islands of the
Indian Archipelago. Mr. Ogilby stated that the present animal
could not be identified with the Moschus Guineensis of Brisson,
Gmelin, and some other of the older authors; it was therefore ne-
cessary to give it a new name, and he proposed for that purpose the
name of M. Aquaticus, in allusion to the peculiar habits of the spe-
cies which will be described more at length in the Transactions of
the Society.

36

June 9, 1840.
William H. Lloyd, Esq., in the Chair.

A paper from the Rev. R. T. Lowe, M.A., describing certain new
species of Madeiran Fishes, and containing additional information
relating to those already described, was read. The paper commences
with an account of a new species of the

Family Triciipz.

ScorPa#na usTuLATA. SS. minor, laciniis nullis, rubra, pallido va-
riegata nigroque punctata ; genis operculisque granulato-pustulosis,
macula fusca notatis: pinne dorsalis medio unimaculate spina
quarta ceteris longiore : capite s. rostro abbreviato, obtuso ; maz-
illis equalibus : squamis majusculis, scabriusculis.

D. 12+9; A.3+5; P.1+VII.+10; V. 1+5;C.

Rariss.

Occasionally taken with the common sort (Sc. scrofa, L.), with
which it agrees in general colouring, resembling rather the Rocaz
(Sebastus maderensis, nob.) in shape. It appears undescribed, and
is very distinct in its characters, being a true Scorpena, notwith-
standing the absence of Jacinie, having the whole head naked or
scaleless. It scarcely attains half the size of Sc. scrofa, L.

5+ VI
5+V'

Fam. ScoMBRIDz.

Nauclerus abbreviatus, Cuv. et Val. Hist. IX. 251.

Two individuals have occurred of this pretty little fish, answering
so well to the species above referred to, that it were unreasonable to
doubt their identity, although its describers have omitted mentioning
a strong superscapulary spine, and a fourth smaller tooth or spinule
along the lower border of the preopercle, anterior to the three which
arm its angle. Alive, and in a glass of sea-water, the activity and
lovely colours of these little fishes rendered them most interesting
objects. They were taken following a piece of floating timber;
and until close examination after death, could scarcely be distin-
guished from the young of Naucrates ductor, Cuv., but for the abs-
ence of the caudal keels.

Terrapturus Greoreit.— Peito.”

Having at length, through Mr. Leacock’s kind exertions, obtained
a fine example of the Peito in perfect condition, I am enabled to
state that it forms a new and very distinct species of Tetrapturus,
Rafin.; differing from T. belone, Raf., as described by MM. Cuvier
and Valenciennes, especially in having the pectoral fins proportion-

No. LXXXIX.—Proceepines oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

37

ally twice as long, and the body clothed with large scales of a pe-
culiar shape and nature. I only forbear to draw up its specific cha-
racter till I have checked my notes and observations by examination
of more examples; but I hope to be allowed the privilege at once of
commemorating by its specific name the valuable assistance rendered
to the cause of Ichthyology by Mr. George Butler Leacock, of this
island generally, as well as in the present instance. ,

Fam. CoryPpH2NIDA.

Asteroderma coryphenoides (Bon.); Astrodermus coryphenoides,
Cuv. et Val. IX. 353. ¢. 270.—Diana semilunata, Risso, Hist. iii.

267. f. 14.
A single small example only has occurred.

Fam. Lasrip2.

Ctenolabrus iris, Cuv. et Val. XIII. 236. Rariss.
A most elegant and well-marked little species.

Juis unrmacutata,— Peixve Verde.” —J. elliptico-oblonga, gra-
ciliuscula : corpore aurato-viridi, lateribus medio fascia longitu-
dinali obscura : squamis magnis, litura rufa perpendiculate notatis :
capite rosaceo-rufo, strigis fasciisve flexuosis ceruleis picto :
pinna dorsali medio unimaculata analique basi squamatis : oper-
culo postice biangulato : cauda lunata, lobis abbreviatis.

2v.3+ VI

D. 8+13; A. 3411; P. 2413; V. 145; C. 2y.3 VI"

Var. a. teniata: corpore 5—6-fasciato : fasciis angustis viridibus, im-
maculatis. Vulgatiss.

Var. (3. lineolata: corpore efasciato, toto lituris rufis creberrimis ad
perpendiculum ductis equaliter picto. Vulg.

Blended apparently by Valenciennes (Hist. XIII. 377.) with the
blue-collared J. turcica, Risso, under the name of J. pavo; as for-
merly by me considered merely a variety of J. turcica. Long-con-
tinued observations have, however, established its claim to rank as a
species, which is composed of two varieties, precisely corresponding
with the two of which the true J. turcica consists.

Fam. Gapip#.

Mer.ucius ampicuus.—‘‘ Morcégo do mar.”

Having only obtained a single individual, I forbear attempting a
specific character of this little Hake, which, in the production into a
filament of the second ray of the ventral fins and grooved nape, re-
sembles a Motella; wanting, on the other hand, the beards, and
having no trace of any fin within the nuchal groove. From Mer-
lucius Maraldi, Risso, Hist. iii. 220. it differs in the colouring ; and
though the upper jaw closes over the under, it scarcely can be called
‘“‘longer.” In Risso’s fish the nape is grooved (sil/onnée), but he
says nothing of any peculiarity about the ventral fins.

The Madeiran Hake, or ‘‘ Pescada,’’ Merlucius vulgaris of my

38

Synopsis, p. 189, proves, upon better acquaintance, distinct from the
common British Hake, M. vulgaris, Cuv., Yarr., &c. (Gadus Merluc-
cius, L.). Instead of being even, the dorsal and anal fins are each
produced at their hinder end into a rounded lobe; the jaws are
nearly equal in length; the teeth are large and numerous; the scales
small. I do not name it, for I believe it has already been called by
Mr. Swainson M. sinuatus; and I am doubtful whether it may not
also be the M. esculentus of Risse, iii. 220, though in his synonyms
he has confounded it with the true Northern Hake. I believe
it to be the fish imperfectly figured long ago by Salviana, p. 73,
copied by Willoughby, ¢. L. membr. 2.2. 1, which has usually been
referred to also for the Northern Hake.

Fam. Esocipz.

CyPpsELURUS PULCHELLUS.

From want of materials for comparison, I am unable to give cor-
rectly the specific characters of this most elegant little Flying-fish,
which is remarkably characterized by two or three bright rose-
coloured horse-shoe-shaped marks on each side of the belly, one be-
hind the other. The ventral fins are placed a little behind the
middle of the body, not reckoning the caudal fin, and their tips
reach to the base of the latter. The tips of the pectoral fins reach
only to the end of the base of the dorsal fin, which is large, high,
and produced, ‘The anal fin is small and low, but a little produced
backwards. The cirrate appendage to the lower jaw is like a
leathern flap or apron, torn irregularly at the bottom into strips or
thongs. I willingly abandon my own MS. name of Cheilopogon for
this genus, distinguished from Ewocetus by the variously-appendaged
lower jaw, in favour of the designation which I find this group of
fishes has received from Mr. Swainson whilst this paper has been
going through the press.

Fam. DioponTipz&.

Diodon Hystriz, a. Linn.—D. punctatus, Cuv.—Histrizx piscis
Clusii, &c., Will. ¢. I. 5.
A single example only has occurred.

Fam. SquaLip#.

Carcuarias Microps.— Tubarao.”

The Tubarao of Madeira proves to be a genuine species of Car-
charius, as defined by MM. Miiller and Henle in the Magazine of
Natural History for the year 1838, p. 35. It is remarkable for the
smallness of the eye; and the teeth, as reported previously by the
fishermen, are really feeble in proportion to its bulk; they are in
only two rows, and precisely similar in both jaws. The tail is very
large and powerful. The individual examined measured eight feet
five or six inches in length. I name it only provisionally, and abs-
tain again from attempting a specific character,—deferring, in both
points, to the expected publication of MM. Miiller and Henle,
amongst whose indicated ‘ twenty species” it will probably be found.

39

ALOPECIAS SUPERCILIOSUS.

At once distinguished from the only other known species of the
genus, Carcharias vulpes, Cuv., by the enormous eye and its promi-
nent brow. I have at present only seen a single young example.

A paper “‘ On Parthenia, a new genus of Recent Marine Shells or
Mollusks, containing British Species,” also by the Rey. R. T. Lowe,
M.A., was then read.

Genus PARTHENIA.

Testa eximie turrita, acuminata, imperforata, plerumque lactea,
epidermide pallida s. fere nulla; spira apertura longiore; anfracti-
bus plurimis, costis striisque eleganter sculptis, seepe cancellatis.
Apertura ecanaliculata, ovata, integra: columella simplex, antice
effusa, postice aliquando torta s. plicata: labrum tenue, simplex.

Obs. Teste figura et sculptura elegantissime, parvule. Animal
corpore admodum spirali; pallio simplici, ecanaliculato ; pede antice
abrupte truncato, postice attenuato exappendiculato, operculifero.
Tentacula duo, triangularia s. prismatica, basi coalita, oculis sessi-
libus, superne ad basin internam positis, approximatis. Buccz la-
biales coalitz, infra tentacula exserte, proboscidem abbreviatam,
depressam, profunde emarginatam s. bilobam referentes. Opercu-
lum aperture fere magnitudine, corneum, tenue, ovatum, integrum ;
TAIGIED: aeiaps s; fot

Obs. Animal marinum, branchiis pectinatis, corpore capiteque
simplicibus, sc. nec velo nec membranis neque ciliis instructum.
Tentacula figura fere Limnee ; sed elongatiora, e membrana longi-
tudinaliter ab apice ad medium basis conduplicata constare videntur.
Figura pedis inter Gasteropodes non siphoniferos infrequentior, in
Rissois tamen «que obtinet.

Genus et animale et testa distinctissimum, cum Meluniis, Eulimis,
Turritellis, &c., a testaceologis recentioribus diutius confusum.

The group proposed for generic distinction consists of several shells
remarkable for their elegance of form and sculpture, but which it
has been neither easy to associate with others in established genera,
nor advisable, in the absence of all knowledge of the animal, to place
apart. Accordingly, they have been variously arranged by different
authors. Philippi, in his excellent Hnumeratio Molluscorum Sicilie
(Berol. 1836), whilst uniting some of them with several species of
Eulima, Sow., under the head Melania, Lam., has not-failed to re-
mark their discrepancy as marine shells from the last-named genus,
and to point out the probability of their formation into a genus or
subgenus, ‘‘quando animalia eorum cognita erunt’’: the species
which belong to Hulima, Sow., being, after Bronn, considered by
him to be congeneric with Niso of Risso. The genus Eulima, as
proposed by Risso, consisted of the same exceptionable kind cf mix-
ture ; but being now ably defined by Sowerby, and restricted within
its proper limits to the latter of these groups, the type of which is
the Turbo politus of some British authors, I am induced to bring for-
ward, in relation to the other, some materials obtained twelve or

40

thirteen years ago, which at the time indeed immediately suggested
the formation of the genus Parthenia, but which the progress of
Conchology, in the more recent establishment of Eulima, seems to
have rendered really interesting.

The genus Turbonilla (rectius Turbinella) of Risso, though perhaps
composed in chief of true Parthenia, is not so constituted, even
should this supposition prove correct, as to supersede or clash with
the reception of Parthenia. Its definition is extremely incomplete
and faulty, and it differs no less in its limits than its constitution ;
whilst its very author places in his Eulima and in Turritella some
undoubted species of Parthenia. The name, moreover, rightly
spelled, is long preoccupied by a well-known genus of Lamarck.

The group, however, constituted as above, appears sufficiently di-
stinct from every other. From Melania it is distinguished primarily
by being marine instead of fluviatile, and in the shell being destitute
of a dark-coloured epidermis. It differs from Rissoa or Cingula,
Flem., in the animal, much as Limnea does from Physa, and in the
shell, as Turritella does from Littorina; whilst from Eulima, Sow.,
the shells are at once distinguished by their rough or sculptured,
ribbed, and generally cancellated surface ; and the animal wants the
lateral membranes and subulate tentacula of Twrritella, from which
the shells also differ in the transverse ribs or plaits of the volutions,
and in the shape of the aperture and of the opercle, the nucleus of
which is also probably eccentric and anterior ; but this, without de-
struction of the specimens, I cannot ascertain.

The name is formed from mapGevos, a virgin; the word zap0ena,
virginity, expressing well, in contrast with Melania, the simple ele-
gance and purity so remarkably characteristic of these shells, which
are wholly colourless, and of a spotless milk or ivory whiteness.

Several recent species of this group are found in the Mediterra-
nean, and two at least in the British seas. Others appear also to
occur subfossil, in the tertiary beds of Sicily and Nice.

The animal of the shell, called by Montagu Turbo unidentatus
(Odosiomia of Fleming), would appear, from the observations of my
friend, the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, to be very similar. But the shell,
in most points, differs, except in having a fold or plait upon the co-
lumella. Still future observations may warrant possibly the modi-
fication of the characters of Parthenia, for the reception of this shell
and its allies.

Species quedam.

1. PARTHENIA BULINEA. P. testa subcylindraceo-attenuata, oblon-
giuscula, juniore ovato-tereti: anfractibus planis, elegantissime
reticulato-cancellatis, striis spiralibus crebris cequidistantibus,
transversas equidistantes decussantibus ; sutura distincta impressa:
columella postice torta, uniplicata.

a. subventricosa,

Lat. _ 14-12 Long. aperte.! 14 3

ee 31: we hh ee Su ly iid tN
Long. 5 lin. : engetete 5 lin. vel i0 millim

4]

Turbonilla Humboldti, Risso, Hist. lV. 394. f. 63. male. Testa
Junior.

Tornatella ? clathrata, Phil. Enum. 166.

B. gracilis, angustata.

Pant. |e Meeeyld ge af Long. aperte. — 14

Long. | (5 1" Tong, teste ~ 5 ine

Anfractus § in utraque varietate.

Hab. in mari Maderensi, rara; vv. Animal omnino lacteum.

Dredged in deep water in the bay called Labra at P' Sad Lou-
renco, in the spring of 1827, by H. Richardson, Esq. This shell in
form resembles a Bulinus.

2. ParrnentaA Teresra. P. testa elongato-turrita, gracili, sen-
sim attenuata: anfractibus convewiusculis, transvense obsolete
costatis s. plicatis, striisque exiguis, concinnis, crebris, spiralibus,
alias creberrimas, transversas, tenuissimas, plicasque decussanti-
bus : sutura distincta, impressa.

Lat. _ 2,. — Long. aperte.
Long. 7 """* Long. teste

Turritella cancellata, Risso, Hist. IV. 110. f. 40?

Hab, in mari Maderensi cum priore rariss. v. m.

Of two examples dredged up without the animal, one is in perfect
condition. The columella is quite simple, without any fold or plait.
The whole shell is sub-opake or milk-white, and in form resembles a
Turritella.

11
= 7 lin. “Anfr:: 12%

3. ParrHenra ELEGANTIssIma. P. testa elongato-turrita, gracili,
sensim attenuata, levi: anfractibus convexiusculis, costis trans-
versis validis, latis, obliquis, confertis, equis sculptis : interstitiis
levibus, costis angustioribus: sutura simplici, distincta: colu-
mella postice subtorta.

Lat. vix1_, Long. aperte. 2... ae
Sra . . llim.
Long. 3 lin. : Long. testee 3 lin. vel Gz millim
Anfr. 9-11.

Turbo elegantissimus, Mont. Turt., &c., &c.

Turritella elegantissima, Flem. Brit. An. 303. n°. 218,
Eulima elegantissima, Risso, Hist. [V. 128. n°. 296.
Melania Campanelle, Phil. Enum. 156. t. 9. f. 5?

Hab. in mari Britannico, Mediterraneo; Maderensi, rariss. vv.
‘Animal lacteum, omnino ut in P. bulinea, nisi quod tentacula obtu-
siora sunt.

Dredged with the former. Found also in 1824 at Sheean Ferry,
near Appin, in Argyleshire.

Aliz species videntur :
4. Parthenia crenata (Turbo crenatus, Mont. inedit. Melunia rufa,

42

Phil. Enum. 156. ¢. 9. f. 7?); que a P. elegantissima interstitiis
costarum spiraliter striatis potissimum differt.
Hab. in mari Britannico rariss. ym.

5. Parthenia pallida. Melania pallida, Phil. Enum. 157. ¢. 9. f. 8.
An Turbo unicus, Mont. Turt. Dict. 209, &c.
Hab. in mari Siculo (Britannico ?).

for)

. Parthenia scalaris. Melania scalaris, Phil. Enum. 157. t. 9. f. 9.
An Turbo simillimus, Laskey, Turt. Dict. 209?
Hab. in mari Siculo (Britannico ?).

The genus Turbonilla of Risso (Hist. IV. 224. ff. 70. and 72.)
appears to contain some fossil species also of Parthenia, besides the
recent one above referred to. Other species are indicated by Phi-
lippi as figured by Brocchi.

The following paper was next read. It is entitled ‘“‘ Observations
on the Blood Corpuscles of the Snowy Owl and Passenger Pigeon,”
by George Gulliver, F.R.S., Assistant Surgeon to the Royal Regi-
ment of Horse Guards.

“Although I have found generally less difference in the blood
corpuscles of birds than in those of the Mammalia, yet in some of
the former there are peculiarities in the size and shape of the red
particles, which appear to me, after a careful examination of the
blood of upwards of two hundred different species, deserving of
especial attention. As examples of this kind, I select from my
notes an account of the blood corpuscles of the Snowy Owl and
Passenger Pigeon, and, by way of comparison, of one or two other
allied species.

“In the following measurements, as noted in the first observation,
the common-sized corpuscles are first indicated; then the small and
large extremes, and lastly, the average size, deduced from the whole.
They are all expressed in fractional parts of an English inch.

Obs. 1.
In the Snowy Owl (Surnia nyctea).

Long Diameter. Short Diameter.
1°1600

1-1500 ac 1-4000 1 Common
1°1455 porn 1°4570 sizes.
12000 | Extreme 1°5333 | Extreme
1:1333 { sizes. 1:3000 { sizes.
11550 Average. 1°4042 Average.

The nuclei of the corpuscles, exposed by the action of acetic acid,
were generally 1-3200th of an inch long, and 1-10666th broad.

/

43

Obs. 2.
In the Common Brown Owl (Syrnium Aluco).
Long Diameter. Short Diameter.
1-2000 1:4000
1°1895 1°3555
SEI Pi7 1°5333
1:2400 1°3000
11714
1°3801
1:1930
Obs. 3.
In the Passenger Pigeon (Columba migratoria).
Long Diameter. Short Diameter.
1°2133 1-4800
12000 1:4570
11895 1:°5333
NG Oh 1:4000
11714
1:2666 1°4626
1°1542
1°1909
Obs. 4.
In the Russet Pigeon (Columba rufina).
Long Diameter. Short Diameter.
1-2400 1:3428
1°2286 1:4000
1-2666 1°3000
1°2000
1°3429
1°2314

“‘ From the observations on the blood corpuscles of the Snowy Owl,
it results that their average long diameter is 1-1550th, and their
average short diameter 1-4042nd of an inch, so that their length is
considerably above twice and a half greater than their breadth ; while
in the Brown Owl the corpuscles are scarcely twice as long as they
are broad.

“« Now both the absolute size of the latter, as well as the relation
between their long and short diameters, approach very nearly to the
dimensions frequently presented by the corpuscles of various birds.
But in the Snowy Owl the corpuscles are not only peculiarly long,
in proportion to their breadth, but their absolute length is much
greater than is often to be found in the red particles of other birds,
whether belonging to the rapacious order or not. Indeed it is pro-
bable that the difference generally between the blood-disks of any

44

two orders of birds is not greater than that now indicated between
the disks of two species of one natural family, the Strigide.

«The corpuscles of the Snowy Owl, therefore, are very remark-
able and characteristic, as any one may immediately see who will
take the trouble to compare them with those of the Common Brown
Owl. I have examined the blood of several other species of this
family, and find the size and shape of the corpuscles of the Barn Owl
(Striv flammea) to approximate most nearly to those of the Snowy
Owl.

«It will be seen that the nuclei of the blood particles of the
Snowy Owl, exposed by acetic acid, were fully three times the length
of their breadth; and it may be noticed incidentally, that in most
birds the nuclei thus exhibited have a more elongated ellipse than the
outline of their envelopes*.

«“We might expect to find an exact resemblance between the ele-
mentary parts of such a truly natural family as the Columbide, and
yet the observations show a striking difference between the blood
corpuscles of the Passenger and Russet Pigeons, the average long
diameter of the former being 1—1909th, and the short diameter
1—4626th of an inch, while the latter are 1-2314th of an inch long,
and 1-3429th broad. Although I have examined the blood of many
different species of the Columbide, in no instance did the corpuscles
agree in figure with those of the Passenger Pigeon; in the Turtle
Dove (Columba Turtur) the long diameter appeared to be nearly simi-
lar, but the short diameter agreed with that observed in the disks of
the Russet Pigeon. Hence there was a remarkable difference in
shape, and the corpuscles of the Passenger Pigeon, as far as I have
yet ascertained, are quite peculiar, since the singularly narrow ellipses
which they present have not hitherto been found in the red particles
of other species of the Columbide.

“It should be recollected, however, that the results of my obser-
vations may exhibit differences rather apparent than real, since our
knowledge of the blood corpuscles is at present so limited, that we
are not sure whether their size and shape may not be subject to some
variation in relation to season, to the habits, or to certain conditions
of the animal. In Man, and some of the other Mammalia, I have
seen remarkable changes in the appearance of the blood corpuscles,
apparently in connection with disease; and their size and shape are
undoubtedly liable to modifications, from the effect of causes which
have not yet been clearly explained. The observations recorded in
this paper have been made with so much care, to obviate any source
of fallacy, that I am disposed to place much confidence in the results ;
but even if it should ultimately appear that the differences which I
have described are not permanent, but merely within the limits of
variation to which the blood-disks are liable, this would be some
addition to our knowledge of these curious bodies, and would, at all
events, be sufficient to reconcile the numerous discrepancies appa-
rent in the measurements of various eminent observers.

* See Dublin Medical Press, No. 59, March 4, 1840.

45

“In conclusion, it may be remarked, that however paradoxical
the history of the red particles may be, still, that of the blood gene-
rally is in many respects equally so. As we can only expect to ob-
tain a knowledge of the physiology of the corpuscles by the multi-
plication of observations, it is especially desirable that persons re-
siding abroad should avail themselves of opportunities of examining
the blood of such animals as are not easily to be seen alive in this
country. Among the birds, it may be mentioned that an examina-
tion of the blood of the different species of ‘Temminck’s orders Ani-
sodactyli and Inertes is especially required ; and when made, it is not
improbable that some interesting results may be obtained.”

46

June 23, 1840.
William Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

A letter from the Society’s Corresponding Member, Dr. Cantor,
was read. ‘The writer states that he is on his way to Penang, Sin-
capore, and China, where he hopes to make extensive collections of
objects of Natural History for our museums.

Dr. Cantor also states that he met with a specimen of the Ursus
Syriacus, or isabellinus, in captivity. This animal is not known to
the natives of Bengal, but abounds in the mountains of Cashmere,
where the natives know it by the name ‘ Reetck’ or ‘ Ritck.’ The di-
mensions of the specimen referred to are—total length (the very
short tail not included), four feet two inches ; height at the shoulders,
three feet ; height at hip, two feet eight inches.

The Rev. F. W. Hope read a paper entitled ‘‘ Observations on
the Stenochoride of New Holland, with descriptions of new species.”
Of this paper the following is an extract :—

Fam. Srenocnorip#, Leach.

Type of the family Stenochorus semipunctatus, Fab.

Section 1. Armigeri.
Antennis thoraceque spinosis, apicibus elytrorum bidentatis.

Sp. 1. Srznocuorus eicas. Sten. ater thorace spinoso inequali,
elytris basi nigro flavoque variegatis.

Antenne corpore fere duplo longiores, articulis ternis primis nigri-
cantibus, reliquis fusco-ferrugineis, articulis intermediis apice spi-
nosis. Caput atrum antice rufo-ciliatum palpis ferrugineis. Tho-
rax utringue spinosus spinis brevibus, tuberculatus, rugosus et ater.
Elytra bidentata, basi nigro flavoque variegata, varioloso-punctata.
Corpus infra nigrum abdomine postice piceo, femoribus atris,
tibiis tarsisque fusco-brunneis et tomentosis.

Long. lin. 183; lat. lin. 54.

Hab. In interiori parte Nove Hollandiz.

This magnificent species, the largest of the genus, was given to
Captain Roe, when engaged on his survey of the Australian coast;
it was labelled as coming from the inner country.

In Museo Dom. Hope.

Sp. 2. Srrwocnorus tatus. Sten. fusco-brunreus, thorace cinereo-
tomentoso, elytris flavo brunneoque variegatis. Caput cinereum.
Antenne longitudini corporis vir equales. Thorax utrinque spi-
nosus, spinis acutis, tomentosus et rugosus, antice binis tuberculis

47

rubro-piceis insignitus. LElytra flavo-brunnea maculisque nigris
variegata, macula suturali magna lunulata, ad apicem posita, corpus
infra nigrum, pectore pedibus brunneo-piceis, tarsisque aurico-
matis.

Long. lin. 15; lat. lin. 4.

Hab. In Nova Hollandia circa Flumen Cygneum.

In Mus. Dom. Hope.

Sp. 3. Srenocnorvus LonerPennis, Sten. atro-brunneus, thorace
cinereo, elytris antice flavo variegatis, postice, piceo-brunneis.
Antenne longitudine corporis, fusco-flave et tomentose. Thorax
utringue spinosus spinis acutis, ad humeros elytrorum curvatus,
rugosus, tuberculo nigro et glabro in medio disci posito. Elytra
elongata ad apicem parum attenuata, antice brunnea, lineis flavis
longitudinalibus variegata, postice reliqua parte disci atro-brunnea.
Corpus infra fusco-brunneum, femoribus tibiis pallidioribus et to-
mentosis, tarsisque auricomatis.

Long. lin. 13; lat. lin. 34.

Hab. Van Diemen’s Land.

Sp. 4. Srenocnorus Mircuerrr. Slen. straminicolor, caput ni-
grum antennis flavis, thorace atro-cinereo, elytrisque flavo brun-
neogue variegatis. Caput atrum thorace bispinoso, spinis utrinque
minutis, disco rugoso atro-cinereo. lytra pallide flava sutura
brunneisque maculis variegata. Corpus infra rubro-brunneum an-
nulis abdominis aurato-tomentosis, femoribus et tibiis concoloribus
tarsisque aurato-spongiosis.

Long. lin. 12; lat. lin. 3}.

Hab. In Nova Hollandia.

This singularly marked insect I have named in honour of Sir T.

Livingston Mitchell, the author of one of the most interesting works
which has yet appeared respecting Australia.

Sp. 5. Srenocnorvus tarmacutatus. Sten. pallide flavus, antennis
pedibus luteis thorace cinereo elytrisque nigro maculatis. Caput
piceo-brunneum. Antennis flavis sparsimque tomentosis. Thorax
utrinque spinosus, spinis brevibus, rugoso-tuberculatus et argenteo-
cinereus, scutellum flavum. Elytra ad basin nigra, macula magna
ovali pallide flava, ante apicem in singulo posita. Corpus infra
rubro-fuscum et argenteo-tomentosum. Pedibus luteis.

This elegant species I received from Captain Roe; it was captured

at the Swan River Settlement.

Sp. 6. Srenocuorvus opscurus, Donovan. Sten. thorace rugoso
spinoso, fuscus elytris antice punctato-rugosis, postice ievibus ni-
tidis apice bidentatis.

Long. lin. 11; lat. lin. 3.

This species appears to be of rare occurrence. I have seen only

three specimens; all of them were from Van Diemen’s Land.

Sp. 7. Srenocnorus punctatus, Donovan. Sten. thorace spinoso,

48

Suscus, elytris punctatis antice subrugosis, apice bidentatis maculis
tribus flavis.

Long. lin, 11 ; lat. lin. 23.

This species I obtained at the sale of the late Mr. Donovan’s in-
sects; it was labelled as received from Van Diemen’s Land. ‘The
colour of this species in Donovan’s plate is not dark enough; the
variety with the basal and medial spots united on the elytra, is by
no means uncommon; the species is also liable to vary considerably
in size; a small specimen measured only 84 lines long and 2 in
width.

Sp. 8. Srenocnorvus semipunctatus, Fabricius. Sten. thorace
spinoso, fuscus, elytris antice punctato-rugosis, flavo-fasciatis,
postice levibus, apice bidentatis macula flava. Vid. Oliv. 4—
67. p. 37, 48; Stenoch. 69. tab. 2. f. 19; Enc. Méth. 5. p.
308, 56; Schonherr. Syn. Ins. vol. i. part 3. page 404. species
os

Long. lin. 11; lat. lin. 3.

The localities of ‘ Brasilia’ and ‘ Nova Hollandia’ are mentioned by
the latter author ; there cannot exist a doubt that the former locality
is erroneous. The species is subject to great variation. I mention
some of the most particular.

Var. a. Elytris (long. lin. 8 ; lat. lin. 14) mediis trimaculatis, maculis
binis antice parvis, postica triplo majori.

Var. 3. Elytris (long. lin. 7 ; lat. lin. 14) late flavo-fasciatis maculis
nigris aspersis.

» Var. y. Elytris (long. lin. 11; lat. lin. 3) late flavo-fasciatis nigris
binis maculis notatis, apice late flavo, spinisque concoloribus, an-
tennis pedibusque pallidis.

This is probably an immature specimen. It is by no means un-
common.

Sp. 9. Srenocnoxus anéusratus, DeJean. Sten. valde elongatus,
parallelus, pubescens, fusco-cinereus, thorace subplicato, conico,
lineis duabus albidis. Elytris macula laterali antica, elongata,
Susca.

Long. lin. 10; tot. 15.

In Museo M. M. DeJean et Gory.

The above description is taken from the Voyage De I’Astrolabe,

by Mons. Boisduval, vide part 2. p. 475.

Sp. 10. Srenocnorus unpunatus. Sten. nigro-brunneus, an-
tennis aurato-tomentosis thorace supra tuberculato et concolori,
medio disci macula elevata rubro-picea et polita. Scutellum au-
reo-tomentosum. lytra fusco-brunnea, fasciis binis mediis un-
dulatis pallide flavis upicibus concoloribus. Corpus infra rubro-
piceum pedibus aureo-tomentosis.

Long. lin. 10; lat. lin. 22.

This species inhabits New Holland, and was sent me by Captain

Roe from the New English Settlement at the Swan River in Au-
stralia. I must remark that in this species the spines at the apex

49

of the elytra appear unusually short, those at the suture are scarcely
perceptible. I imagine therefore, as the insect is unique and much
damaged, that probably they have been broken off.

Sp. 11. Srenocnorvs assimiuis. Sten. affinis precedenti, rufo-
brunneus, antennis concoloribus et tomentosis. Thorax-rufo-
piceus, supra tuberculatus tuberculis quinque elevatis majori-
bus ita dispositis :|: reliquis minoribus. Elytra rufo-brunnea,
fascia elongata irregular undulata et flava apicibus flavo-macu-
latis. Corpus infra rufum femoribus et tibiis concoloribus et
sub-tomentosis tarsisque auricomatis.

Long. lin. 104; lat. lin. 24.

I received this insect from Van Diemen’s Land.

Sp. 12. Srenocnorvus acantuocervus, MacLeay. Sten. fusco-fer-
rugineus capite punctato ; antennis rubris, articulo 3%, 4%, 5'°
et 6'° apice spinosis ; ore rubro ; mazillis elongatis, apice ciliatis
membranaceis ; palpis securiformibus ; thorace obscuro utrinque
unispinoso margine antico tuberculisque dorsalibus utrinque pos-
ticoque semicirculari rubris ; scutello rubro ; elytris rubris fas-
cus tribus nigris undatis, ad basin inter lineas elevatas subcre-
natis, apicemque versus punctatis, apice bidentatis ; corpore sub-
tus nigrvo nitido tomentoso pedibus rubris.

In Mus. Dom. MacLeay.

Sp. 13. Srenocnorvs porsatis, MacLeay. Sten. fulvo-piceus ca-
pite angusto labro palpisque testaceis ; vertice canaliculato ; tho-
race incequaliter rugoso eminentia media ovali glabra tribusque
aliis utrinque inconspicuis ; elytris bidentatis subelevutis inter-
stitiisyue punctatis macula media suturali testacea antice sub-
emarginata ; antennis subtus villosis, articulis apice haud spinosis ;
corpore pedibusque piceis ; femoribus incrassatis.

In Mus. Dom. MacLeay.

Hab. In Nova Hollandia.

Section 2. Tubericolles.

Antennis spinosis, thorace tuberculato, haud spinoso, apicibus
elytrorum bidentatis femoribusque incrassatis.

Sp. 14. Srenocnorus unieurratus, MacLeay. Sten. fuscus capite
cum antennis villosis, thorace ineequali rugoso, tuberculato. Ely-
tris depressis crebrissime punctulatis, in singulo macula quadrato-
elongata, et lutea fere in medio disci posita. Corpus infra rubro-
fuscum tomentosum femoribus incrassatis et concoloribus, tarsis
infra flavo-spongiosis.

This species I received from the Swan River : it is subject to great
variation in size. A specimen similar to Mr. MacLeay’s Uniguttatus
measures in length, lin. 104; lat. lin. 2. It seems likely that Sten.
elongatus of DeJean is the same as the above species.

Sp. 15. Srenocnorus RHOMBIFER. Sten. affinis precedenti at

50

multo minor. Fuscus, antennis et corpore sparsim flavo-tomento-
sis, capite haud villoso, rubro. Thorax inequalis et tuberculatus.
Elytra depressa bidentata, macula quadrato-elongata lutea fere
in medio disci posita. Corpus infra rubro-piceum nitidum, binis
ultimis segmentis pallidioribus. Pedes rubro-fusci femoribus pa-
rum incrassatis larsisque infra aureo-tomentosis.

Long. lin. 7.; lat. lin. 14.

I received this species in a box of insects from Mr. Charles Dar-
win. Its true locality is either Sidney or Van Diemen’s Land.

1 consider it quite distinct from Mr. Sharpe MacLeay’s Stenocho-
rus uniguttatus.

In Mus. Dom. Hope.

Sp. 16, Srenocnorus tunicatus, MacLeay. Sten. flavus antenna-
rum articulis duobus primis nigris quinto apice septimo nonoque
nigris ; thorace subcylindrico utrinque unidentato, supra quadri-
tuberculato tuberculis anticis majoribus ; elytris apice flavis uni-
dentatis, parte basali ultra medium subviolaceo-flava linea obliqua
terminata ; corpore pedibusque flavo-testaceis.

In Mus. Dom. MacLeay.

Sp. 17. Srevocnorus ruprires, Boisduval. Sten. elongatus paral-
lelus ; antennis pedibusque rufis ; thorace angustiori, c ylindrico,
tuberculato, coleopteris dilute fuscis ; apice spinosis, punctis cre-
bris impressis, macula communi maxima irregulari, nigra notata,
altera postica, scutelloque flavis.

Long. lin. 104; lat. lin. 24.

Described from Mons. Boisduval’s ‘ Voyage de l’ Astrolabe,’ vid.
partii. page 479. I had given the name of Undulatus to the species,
and had figured it before I was aware of its being described: the
sexes apparently differ considerably in size.

Sp. 18. Srenocnorus Roe. Sten. rubro-fuscus ; antennis pal-
lidioribus ; thorace tuberculato, elytrisque macula irregulari
flava notatis, alteraque apicali lutea, spinis apice brevibus, ex-
terno longiori. Corpus infra rubro-piceum nitidum pedibus con-
coloribus et tomentosis.

Long. lin. 61 ; lat. lin. 1).

This species “was sent to me from the Swan River by Captain Roe ;

it is named after that indefatigable and enterprising officer.

Section 3. Fissipennes.
Antenne spinose, thorace inequali tuberculato seu denticulato,
apicibus elytrorum transverse truncatis, haud spinosis.
Gen. Corrocrercus*, Hope, Nov. Gen.
Caput antice rugosum, antennis spinoso-tomentosis. Thorar fere
cylindricus, tuberculatus. /ytra parallela thorace latiora ad

* Koptocercus, from Korra, scindo, and Kepxo; cauda.

ha

5)

apicem parum contracta, transverse fissa, haud spinosa. Cor-
pus infra convexum, antennis pedibusque fere ut in Sten. Roei

conformatis.
Type of the Genus, Stenochorus biguttatus of Donovan.

Sp. 1. Coprocercus sreurratus, Donovan, vid. pl. 2. fig. 7.
Copt. biguttatus, thorace mutico, ferrugineus, elytris antice punc-
tato-rugosis, testaceo-maculatis, bidentatis macula flava.

Long. lin. 8; lat. lin. 2.

I received this insect from Mr. Donovan, and therefore have no
doubt respecting the individual species. The elytra, according to the
above description, can scarcely be considered as bidentate; they
appear as if they were abruptly broken off at their apex. The sexes
vary very much in size.

Sp.2. Coprocercus sExMAcuLATus. Copl.niger ; antennis brunneis ;
thorace tuberculato et rugoso; elytris 6 maculis luteis notatis,
pedibus rufescentibus. Caput atrum antennis brunnets. Thorax
utringue denticulatus, inequalis, rugosus, tuberculatus, macula
media elevata et glabra. Elytra nigra antice varioloso-punctata,
postice punctis minoribus. Sex-maculata, macula 1™ lutea paullo
infra basin, 2% fere media seu melius fasciata, 3%* apicali pal-
lidiore. Corpus infra cinereo-piceum ; pedibus rufo-brunneis.

Long. lin. 7; lat. lin. 13.

This species, which appears to have escaped the notice of ento-

mologists, is abundant. I suspect that the male sex will have the
denticulation on each side of the thorax more marked than in the

female described.

Sp. 3. Coprocercus unrrascratus. Copt. ater thorace inequali
tuberculato, elyiris nigris punctatis, et flavo-fasciatis, punctis
ternis, maculisque minutis in singulo, inter basin et medialem
fasciam positis. Corpus infra rubro-piceum ; pedibus concolori-
bus, aureo-tomentosis ; abdomine nigro, et nitido.

Long. lin. 6; lat. lin. 14.

The above insect I received from Captain Roe, of the Swan River

Settlement in New Holland.

Section 4. Denticolles.
Antenne tomentose. Thorace utrinque spinoso; dorso dentato;
elytris apice obtusis.
Gen. TracuELoraAcuys*, Nov. Gen.
Type of the Genus, Stenochorus fumicolor.

Caput exsertum, oculis prominentibus, antennis corpore breviori-
bus. Palpi maxillares mandibulis longiores. Antenne 11-ar-
ticulate, 1™° cylindrico parum deformi ad basim tenuiori et
externe crassiore, 2°° brevi subcyathiformi, reliquis fere zequa-

* The above word is formed of reexndos, collum, and gaxis, a spine.

52

libus, at extimo minori, apice attenuato. Thorax convexus
utrinque spinosus, disco spinis armato. lytra thorace quad-
ruplo longiora, depressa, ad apicem obtuse rotundata et inermia.
Pedes simplices, femoribus haud incrassatis.

Hab. In Nova Hollandia.

TracHELoracuys Fumicotor. 1'rach. fusco niger ; thorace utrin-
que spinoso, disco spinis quatuor fere in medio armato. Elytra
parallela marginibus undique elevatis ad basim crebre granu-
lata, granulis ad apicem e medio elytrorum magnitudine decres-
centibus. Corpus infra piceo-nigrum, pedibus pallidioribus et
tomentosis, plantisque aurato-tomentosis.

Long. lin. 104; lat. lin. 25.

This insect was obtained from a collection made in the vicinity of

Sydney.

TracHEeLoracuys PustuLatus. T'rach. flavo-fuscus antennis to-
mentosis ; thorace concolori utringue spinoso ; spinis binis fere in
medio armatis. Elytra marginata; pustulis nigris in lineis
sparsim dispositis. Corpus infra fusco-rubrum ; pedibus subto-
_mentosis.

Long. lin. 8; lat. lin. 13.

The above insect was purchased out of a New Holland box,

along with various nondescripts ; most likely they were from Hobart
Town.

Section 5. Femorales.

Antenne tomentose; thorace utrinque spinoso, dorso dentato ;
elytris transverse sectis; femoribus incrassatis.

Gen. Meroracuys*.

Caput exsertum, antennis tomentosis articulis undecim articulatis ;
1™° fere ut in Trach. fumicolori, at externe crassiori et ovato ;
24° hrevi et globoso; 3° triplo longiori; 4'° paullo breviori, re-
liquis gradatim increscentibus, extimo apice subacuto. Thorax
antice et postice contractus, utrinque in medio spinosus; dorso
dentato. Elytra depressa; thorace latiora postice latiora trans-
verse fissa. Totum corpus supra et infra argenteo sericie asper-
sum. Femoribus valde incrassatis in medio fortiter globosis.

Meroracuys MacLeaii. Merop. fusco-flava antennis flavis to-
mentosis, thorace concolori, utrinque spinoso, maculis binis atris,
anlice et postice signato. Elytra aurato sericie aspersa, ad hu-
meros tuberculata, fascia nigricanti ante apicem posita. Corpus
infra rubrum nigro et argenteo variegatum. Pedes flavescentes ;
femoribus globosis, nigro-maculatis ; tibits quatuor posticis medio
atratis ; tarsisque pallidis binis anticis fere omnino nigris sub-
tusque aurt-comatis.

Long. lin. 8; lat. lin. 14.

This beautifully sericeous insect is named in honour of William

* Meropachys is from gengos, femur, and raxus, crassities.

53

Sharpe MacLeay, Esq., from whom we may shortly expect some
valuable communications relating to the entomology of Australia.

This genus appears to differ chiefly from Trachelorachys in having
both the sexes remarkably characterized by their incrassated femora ;
and it is probable that, as in other New Holland Stenochoridous ge-
nera, the length of the antennz will vary in the sexes.

Meropacnys tristis. Merop. flavo-fuscus antennis tomentosis,
thorace aurato lanugine obsito. Elytra depressa, minulis pustu-
lis lineari serie insignitis. Corpus infra rubro-piceum sericie
aurato tectum. Femora valde incrassata ; tibiis rubro-testaceis ;
tarsisque infra auri-comatis.

Long. lin. 94; lat. lin. 2.

The above species was sent to me by Captain Roe from the vici-
nity of the Swan River settlement. There were also other species
allied to the present, but they arrived in too mutilated a state to
describe.

ConIcOLLEs.

Scolecobrotus Westwoodii. This species was described at p. 109
in the first volume of the Zoological ‘Transactions, and is admirably
figured at Plate XV. 2. 5. It is remarkable for the joints of the
antenne, all excepting the first three appearing as if they were eaten
by worms. I have lately obtained from Mr. Fortnum the other sex
of this singular insect, and now briefly describe it. The antennz
are of a light coral-red colour, which may partly be occasioned by
abrasion. The joints of the antennz do not appear serrated as in
the former sex, excepting under a high magnifying power, and even
then it is scarcely perceptible. The spines at the apex of the elytra
are wider apart than in the specimen previously described ; in other
respects the insects accord almost entirely. I have reason to think
that both the above specimens are from the Swan River settlement,
and am not aware that any others are to be found in our metropoli-
tan, or even in the French collections. :

Uracanthus, Hope. For the description of this genus, vide the de-
tails published at page 108 of the ‘ Zoological Transactions,’ where
only one species was described ; two more are now added.

Uracantuus PALLENS. Uracan. affinis precedenti at multo minor.
Cervino-brunneus thorace conico et albo-lineato ; elytris palli-
dioribus apicibus bidentatis. .

Caput fronte forte canaliculata pubescenti-albida tectum. Tho-
rax alba linea utringue notatus, binisque tuberculis ad latera sub-
armatus, rugisque transversis constrictus. E lytra cervino-brunnea,
sericea, triangulis in singulo colore saturatiore inquinatis. Cor-
pus infra brunneo-sericeum, femoribus parum compressis.

Long. lin. 10; lat. lin. 2.

I had originally given the name of sericeus to this species, which,

54

as it seems common to all that are at present known, I change it at
present to pallens. It was received from Van Diemen’s Land in 1839.

UracanTHus MARGINELLUS. Uracan. fusco-brunneus thorace albo-
lineato, elytrisque brunneo marginatis.

Totum corpus supra tomentosum, capite porrecto et inter oculos
parum sub-canaliculato. Thorax rugis constrictus, tuberculo
utrinque posito. Elytra albo-pubescentia marginibus brunneis
apicibus abrupte truncatis, spints parum prominentibus, Corpus
infra concolor, femoribus compressis.

Long. lin. 9; lat. lin. 14.

I received this insect from Captain Roe, of the Swan River. In
form it approaches a singular genus named Stephanops by Mr. Shuck-
hard ; it is however decidedly an Uracanthus, and there can be little
doubt that Stephanops Nasutus of the above author belongs to my
section of the cone-necked-shaped Stenochoride.

4 Section Conicolles, Hope.
Genus Stroneyiurvus, Hope.

Type of the Genus Sten. scutellatus, Hope.
Vide Zool. Trans., vol. i. p. 107.

Caput porrectum, oculis prominentibus. Antenne undecim articu-
late: articulus 1™* crassus antice latior quam ad basim; 24°
brevi, reliquis gradatim increscentibus, compressis. Thorax
coniformis antice et transverse truncatus. lytra thorace la-
tiora, parallela apicibus rotundatis. Femora in utroque sexu
subincrassata, et parum compressa.

Sp. 1. SrroneyLurus scuretiatus. Strong. fuscus et tomentosus,
thorace flavo-ochraceo colore utrinque lineato medio disci nigri-
cante. Scutellum valde distinctum flavum. Elytra fusco-brunnea,
fasciisque undulatis parum distinctis notata. Corpus infra sor-
dide fuscum, abdomine rubro-piceo, pedibus concoloribus et tomen-
tosis.

Long. lin. 124; lat. lin. 3.

The above insect I have received from various parts of New Hol-
land; as it is accurately figured, I have not given very full generic
details. I must remark, however, that in the sexes of this genus
the antennz vary very considerably, in one instance exceeding the
length of the body, whilst in the other sex they are shorter than
the elytra. These Longicorn beetles also vary much in size,
which is a remark that appears to apply to most of the Cerambycide
of New Holland. Can the long drought which sometimes prevails
in this country be regarded as the cause of dwarfishness, which is
certainly one of the striking features of the Coleoptera of Au-
stralia ?

Sp. 2. Srroneyiurus varicornis. Strong. testaceo-fuscus,

antennis flavo-nigroque variegatis. Thorace tomentoso utrinque,
dentibus atris armato. Scutellum distinctum et album. Elytra

55

fusco-lestacea fascus binis undatis parum distinctis. Corpus
infra concolor, pedibus tomentosis. r
Long. lin. 54; lat. lin. 13.
There are in our English collections two other species belonging
to this genus; as however I have them not at hand, I must leave
others to describe them.

Genus Corroprerus, Hope.

Type of the Genus Stenochorus Cretifer, Hope.
Vide Zool. Trans., vol. 1. p. 107.

Caput porrectum inter oculos canaliculatum. Antenne compresse,
et fere ut in Strongyluro. Thorax obconico-truncatus, lateribus
rotundatis. Elytra thorace latiora parallela; apicibus sub-ob-
lique truncatis, seu abrupte sectis. emora sub-incrassata et
parum compressa; tibiis subincurvis.

Coprorrerus cretiFER. Copt. fusco-brunneus, capite albida
macula inter oculos posita. Thorax nigro-cinereus variis ma-
culis cretaceis notatus. Elytra brunnea maculis nigris aspersa,
in quibusdam speciminibus macule conjuncte fascias exhibent.
Corpus infra fusco-rubrum maculisque variis albidis obsitum.
Pedes rubro-picei et tomentosi.

Long. lin. 103; lat. lin. 3.

This insect appears to be abundant at Sydney: there are also

other allied species undescribed, and from the vicinity of the Swan
River.

Genus Presarturivs, Hope.

Type of the Genus Stenochorus marginellus.
Vide Zool. Trans., p. 112. Genus 12.

Caput exsertum. Antenne valde compresse, 11-articulate. Thorax
fere tetragonus angulis anticis parum rotundatis. Elytra tho-
race paullo latiora parallela, interne spinosa, angulis externis
rotundatis. Femora antica quatuor vix incrassata, posteriora
minora; tibiis subincurvis.

Hab, In Nova Hollandia.

PresaRTHRIUS MARGINELLUS. Diesar. flavo-fuscus antennis com-
pressis, tomentosis et pallidis. Thorax niger, lateribus flavo-
ochraceis. Scutellum distinctum et flaoum. Elytra testaceo-flava
marginibus interne et externe rubro-piceis. Corpus infra brunneo-
piceum lateribus pectoris annulisque abdominis utrinque flavo-
maculatis, pedibus pallidioribus.

Long; lin. 10; lat. lin. 23.

This insect I received from Captain Roe of the Swan River, and

it is, I believe, unique in our London cabinets. I have seen a second
species, but have not been able to obtain permission to describe it.

56

Seven ” ca of Birds of Paradise, presented to the Society by
the Duke df Northumberland, were exhibited at the Meeting.

A collection of Birds and Molluscous animals, from Messina, were
also exhibited, these specimens having been presented to the Society
by Madame Power, Corr. Memb.

Mr. Ogilby characterized a new species of Monkey, under the
name of Papio ochreatus. ‘1 saw this animal” (observed Mr.
Ogilby) ‘in a travelling collection last June. It was of a uniform
dull black colour on every part of the body, both above and below,
except the arms and legs, from the paws to the elbows and knees,
respectively, which were dark gray, as was likewise the space be-
tween the scrotum and the callosities; the scrotum itself was dirty
flesh-colour ; the face and ears naked and black ; the naked part of the
hands and feet brown, and there was a large naked patch, of the
same colour, surrounding the callosities ; but whether natural, or the.
effect of accident, I am unable to determine. ‘he ears were rounded,
and less pointed than in the Papios generally ; the countenance re-
sembled that of the Pig-tailed Baboon (P. Nemesirina), but the face
was more attenuated; size that of the Pig-tail. I was unable to
learn whence the individual here described had been obtained. It
constitutes a very distinct species, and may be characterized as fol-
lows :—

“«« The Booted Baboon, Pario ocureatus: P.supra subtusque niger,
brachiis et cruribus canis.”

A species of Trionyx, or, according to MM. Dumeril and Bibron,
Gymnopus, was exhibited. This specimen had lived for some, time
in the Society’s menagerie, having been sent from the Euphrates by
Colonel Chesney.

The following description and observations relating to this animal
were communicated by Mr. Martin :—

«Total length, from the tip of the muzzle to the end of the tail,
two feet; width about one foot; head and neck, measuring to the
anterior edge of the carapace, seven and three quarters inches : cara-
pace slightly convex and oval, slightly truncated posteriorly ; com-
posed of nine costal plates, the ribs being eight in number; a double
mesial furrow runs along the back, leaving a slightly convex elevation
between them: between the first, and most anterior, of these plates
and the second, are two depressions, each about half an inch in di-
ameter, placed near the mesial line, and separated by a space less
than a quarter of an inch in extent. The whole upper surface of the
carapace, excepting at the margin, irregularly reticulate. The de-
pressions between the costal plates are well marked. The length of
the carapace is nine inches, and the breadth seven and three quarters
inches; on the sides of the body the coriaceous membrane extends
about two inches beyond the lateral margins of the carapace,
the ribs themselves extending about one inch and a half beyond the
carapace. Towards the hinder part of the body the membrane gra-
dually increases in width, and posteriorly over the tail it had at-

a
Jf

tained a width of nearly six inches: here the free portion of the
membrane is about two and a half inches in width. The head is in
the form of an elongated triangle; the snout is considerably pro-
duced and attenuated : the width of the head at the base is two inches
and a quarter ; the total length of the skull is three inches five lines ;
the space from the eye to the upper lip, beneath the nostrils, is eleven
lines ; the space between the orbits is five lines; on the vertex, above
and between the orbits, the skull is smooth and convex. In both
the fore and hind feet the first or front claw is the largest. The tail
is rather short and thick; its length is about four inches and a half.

“‘ When alive this animal was of an uniform mud colour, slightly
tinted with olive-green.

“In many respects this animal agrees with the Gymnopus Aigyp-
tiacus (Trionyx Aigyptiacus), as described by M. Bibron, but neither
the head nor the margin of the carapace is spotted with yellowish
white, as in that species; besides, the two nearly confluent de-
pressions on the anterior part of the carapace are not alluded to
in the account of G. Avgyptiacus ; they are, however, very conspicu-
ous in the animal in question. There are, it may be added, no pel-
lucid scales, placed in a transverse direction, on the under surface
of each elbow, nor are there any depressed convex tubercles, either
anteriorly or posteriorly, on the cartilaginous expansion of the cara-
pace, as are often, though not invariably, found in the G. A/gyptiacus.

«With respect to the Gymnopus Euphraticus (Trionyx Euphrati-
cus), originally described by Olivier (Voyage en Perse, tom. ili. p. 453,
tabl. 41.), the carapace is described as being broader behind than be-
fore, which, if reference be extended only to the osseous disc, is not
the case in the present animal. As in that species, however, the
circumference of the carapace is smooth, and the skin is folded at
the elbow-joint above, but does not simulate scales. The cireum-
stance of a mesial depression, or rather double channel, with a con-
vex line between, down the vertebral column, is not noticed as cha-
racteristic of the G. Euphraticus, nor yet are the smooth anterior
oval fover.

** Still, however, it is not improbable that the animal in question
may be identical with that described by Olivier; but it remains to
be seen whether his species be distinct from G. A/gyptiacus, a point
which his short and imperfect account does not enable us to solve.

“The sternum of the specimen having been removed by the ani-
mal preserver, and lost, has prevented my noticing this part in the
above description.”

A skull of an adult Chimpanzee, recently purchased by the So-
ciety, was exhibited, and Professor Owen pointed out the distinguish-
ing characters between this and the skull of the Orang, also on the
table ; he also called attention to certain points of agreement be-
tween this skull and that of the Hottentot.

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59

July 14, 1840.
William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

A letter from Sir Robert Heron, Bart., dated July 8, 1840, was
read. It related to a young Kangaroo, which had crawled out of
the pouch of the parent long before the proper time, and was conse-
quently unable to return; its body was marked all over by the
mother in her attempts to get it back into the pouch. In a second
letter Sir R. Heron states that this young Kangaroo was quite naked,
and unable to move. It was some hours before he could find the
keeper, and when he arrived the little animal was scarcely alive.
The keeper took it home, gave it milk, and by careful treatment it
quite revived, and was restored to the pouch of the mother, where it
has remained for five days, appears to be perfectly well, and fre-~
quently protrudes its nose. The mother never left it, and was evi-
dently under great anxiety.

A species of Ibex, and a Moufion, from Erzeroom, together with
some other specimens from the same part of the world, presented by ~
Messrs. Dickson and Ross, were exhibited.

Some specimens, displaying the different stages of the Rana Para-
dora, were also exhibited. These specimens were brought from
Demerara by Capt. Warren, who presented them to the Society.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited the first ten numbers of Mr. Audubon’s
new royal Svo edition of his ‘ Birds of America,’ in which the plates
are carefully reduced and coloured from the original large drawings.

Mr. Yarrell also exhibited a specimen of the Snow Bunting, in
perfect summer plumage, and stated that the bird was given to him
by his friend Thomas Wortham, Esq., on whose grounds, at Roy-
ston, in Hertfordshire, it was shot, on the 22nd of May, 1840.

Mr. Fraser exhibited and pointed out the characters of the follow-
ing new species of birds from the collection of the Earl of Derby :

Turpus cieas. T. nigrescenti-olivaceus ; subtus fuscescenti-cine-
reus ; hdc colore apud gulam crissumque obscuriore, caudd et capite
Suliginosis ; gutturis plumis strigd obscura et oblongd notatis ;
rostro, pedibusque flavis.

Long. tot. 14 unc.; rostri, 1}; ale, 63; caude, 64; tarsi, 14.

Hab. S*. Fé de Bogota.

This bird may at once be distinguished from any other American

species with which I am acquainted by its much greater size.

Psirracus cuatcortEerus. P. nigricans, nitore submetallico ; plu-
mis capitis, ceruleo, et nec non viridi lavatis ; illis dorsi sub-fuli-
No, XC.—Procerpines or THE ZooLoGicaL Society.

60

ginosis, tinctura viridi ; illis corporis subtus ceruleo suffusis ;
alarum tectricibus eneo-viridibus, hic et illic ochreo tinctis ; pri-
mariis, uropygio, cauddque intense cewruleis ; tectricibus caude
paululim virescentibus, crisso rubro ; plumis femorum gutturisque
rubro variegatis ; alis subtus virescenti-cerulcis, tectricibus infe-
rioribus intense ceruleis ; rostro flavo.

Long. tot. 114 unc; rostri, 1; ale, 83 ; caude, 34; tarsi, 3.

Hab. S'*. Fé de Bogota.

Very closely approximates to the Psittacus purpureus, Gmel., but
may at once be distinguished by its beak being entirely yellow ; the
absence of the red spot in front of the eye; its blue rump; the
feathers on the legs, throat and chest being variegated with red ;
the darker colour of the abdomen, and also in the colouring of the
upper and under surfaces of the wings.

Picus eLzeans. P. coccineus, fascid per genas eacurrente, et ab-

_ domine, flavis; mento, guttureque nigro flavidoque variegatis ;
plumis pectoris et uropygii rubello, flavido, et nigro fasciatis ;
caudd nigrd, primariis fuscescenti-nigris, extus olivaceis.

Fem. differt gutture, capiteque supern? nigris.

Long. tot. 12 unc. ; rostri, 13; ale, 52; caude, 44; tarsi, %.

Hab. S*. Fé de Bogota.

Head, neck, back, wings, and moustache, blood-red; a stripe,
commencing at the nostril, passing through the eye, and extending
on to the ear-coverts, together with the abdomen, under surface of
the tail, and wing-coverts, yellow ; chin black, each feather having
a narrow bar of yellow, which becomes more distinct on the throat
and chest, which are tinged with red; the feathers of the rump and
upper tail-coverts are similarly marked with those on the chest, but
more obscurely ; primaries olive ; tail, beak and feet black.

The female only differs from the male in having the upper surface
of the head and moustache black; all the colours are less brilliant.

This bird appears nearly related to Colaptes campestris (Picus
campestris, Licht.).

The three species above described are from the collection of the
Earl of Derby.

Mr. Fraser also exhibited some specimens of the true Pteroglos-
sus Azare of Wagler and Vieillot, and pointed out the differences
between that species and the bird figured by Mr. Gould, in his Mo-
nograph of the family of Toucans, under that name.

‘This bird differs from the Azare of Gould, in having the broad
dusky dash along the upper mandible (having seen about twenty
specimens of this species, of all ages and sexes, I can safely say that
it is not a sign of immaturity, or caused by decomposition, as Mr.
Gould was led to suppose, but really a specific difference), the very
broad black belt, and the very narrow band of scarlet across the ab-
domen, as may be seen by a comparison of the figure given by
Gould in his Monograph, and the one by Vieillot in his Galérie des
Oiseaux, tom. ii.

61

«The specimen now before me, of the Azare of Wagler, was brought
from British Guiana by R. H. Schomburgk, Esq., Corr. Memb. Zool.
Soc., and presented by him to this Society. In the Earl of Derby’s
collection there is a specimen of the bird figured by Gould, for which
I propose the name of Pteroglossus flavirostris, from the uniform
colouring of its beak. M. Natterer informs me the latter species is
from Rio Janeiro.”

Mr. Blyth exhibited a fine pair of horns of the Rass of Pamir*,
brought from that elevated table-land by Lieut. Wood, of Sir A.
Burnes’s party. Mr. Blyth also exhibited the horns of a new species
of wild Sheep, from Little Thibet, whence the specimens had been
brought by G. T. Vigne, Esq., to whom he was indebted for the
loan of them.

[* See page 64.] \4 3)

62

July 28, 1840.
Professor Owen in the Chair.

A letter from Capt. Christopher Smith, of H. M. Brig ‘ Star,’ was
read: it is dated July 20, 1840, and refers to two living Agoutis
which that gentleman begged to present to the Society. ‘The letter
moreover states that he had collected a few specimens of Natural
History, which he would take an early opportunity of forwarding
for the Society’s Museum.

Mr. Leadbeater exhibited an extensive collection of Birds, most of
which were rare species from the various islands of the Indian Archi-
pelago.

Mr. Cuming exhibited some specimens of Quadrupeds, which he
had procured during his stay at Malacca; they consisted of two spe-
cimens of Semnopithecus obscurus, which species, Mr. Cuming states,
is subject to great variation in its colouring, one specimen of Felis
marmorata, and one of Rhizomys Sinensis.

Mr. Cuming’s notes relating to the last-mentioned animal state
that the specimen was a male, and before it was skinned afforded the
following dimensions : length from the tip of the nose to the root of
the tail, 15 inches; of tail, 6 inches; girth behind the shoulders, 8
inches. The animal lives on the roots of bamboos, under which it
burrows ; the eyes are very small, and of a black colour.

Mr. Blyth read his paper entitled ‘‘ An Amended List of the Spe-
cies of the genus Ovis.”

“The arrival of various spoils of different species of wild sheep,”
remarks the author, “since my memoir upon this genus of animals
was read before the Society, enables me now to clear up several
points which I formerly left as doubtful, as well as to include some
additional species in the catalogue, and to indicate still more as pro-
bably distinct, and therefore desiderata to which the attention of
travellers and others should be directed.

“1. Ovis Politi, nobis (the Pamir Sheep). In the narrative of
the celebrated Venetian traveller, Marco Polo, we read (in Mars-
den’s edition, p. 142) that upon the elevated plain of Pamir, east-
ward of Bokhara, and which is 16,000 feet above the sea-level, ‘ wild
animals are met with in great numbers, particularly sheep of a large
size, having horns three, four, and even six palms in length. The
shepherds form ladles and vessels of them for holding their victuals.
They also construct fences for enclosing their cattle, and securing
them against the wolves, with which they say the country is infested,
and which likewise destroy many of the wild sheep or goats (mou-

63

toni v. becchi or ‘boucs’).’ More recently, an animal called the
Rasse was indicated, from report, in Sir Alexander Burnes’s ‘ Tra-
vels in Bokhara,’ ii. 208, and its horns have since been transmitted
to the Royal Asiatic Society by Lieut. Wood, of Sir A. Burnes’s
party, through the medium of G,. T. Vigne, Esq. In this magnifi-
cent specimen of a frontlet I recognize (though with some hesitation)
the Ovis sculptorum, formerly described by me from a horn in the
Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons; but as the characters
of that specimen, as originally drawn up by me, have not hitherto
been published; as its flexure, too, which suggested the appellation
of sculptorum, would appear to form a less extended spiral than is
probably normal, and the habitat also proves to be different from that
anticipated,—namely, the Taurus, which I have still reason to sus-
pect contains a large undescribed species of this genus,—I here pro-
pose to dedicate the present splendid animal to the illustrious Vene-
tian traveller of the thirteenth century, by the name of Ovis Polii.
«« As compared with the Rocky Mountain Sheep of North America,
the Rass or Roosh of Pamir differs in having the horns considerably
less massive, but more prolonged, approaching more in character to
those of the domestic O. Aries, but differing again from the latter, not
only in their very superior size, but in having their two front angles
about equally developed. As in the Rocky Mountain species, and I
believe also the O. Aries normally, the pair at first diverge back-
ward, and then descend and gyre round at a parallel with the axis
of the body, inclining, as they again spire backwards, more outward
to the tip. The horns described were in their seventh year of
growth, and measure 4 feet 8 inghes in length, following the
curvature, and 141 inches round at base, having the tips, which are
continued round till they point obliquely backwards, 45 inches apart.
The width of their upper plane is 3} inches at base, 23 inches at the
distance of one foot from the base, and 23 inches at 2 feet distance
from the base ; the depth of the base inside is 5 inches, and distance
apart of the pair, measured outside, where they gyre forward at a
parallel, 21 inches. The years of growth are successively 154, 103,
13, 8, 5, 3, and the Zast (incomplete) 1, inches. The College of
Surgeons’ specimen, a single horn, was in its eighth year of growth,
but measures only 4 feet 4 inches round the curvature; its depth
towards the base is 6 inches, and greatest width, about the middle,
22 inches. The successive annual growths are 123, 9, 8, 8, 7, 5,
34, and the incipient eighth 1, inches. It is curved in a spiral in-
volution, and scarcely outwards for three-fifths of a circle, when it
gradually inclines more so to the tip, the horn describing one circle
and about a third. When upon the head, it must accordingly have
gyred considerably inward, instead of descending at a parallel with
the other, as indeed is almost invariably the case with the domestic
O. Aries. Both specimens are of a_pale colour, and indented with
rugged transverse striz, in general half an inch apart. Of the
animal nothing further is yet known. Considering, indeed, the dif-
ferences of the two specimens, it is by no means improbable that
they will yet prove to be of altied rather than of the same species,

64

in which case my former name of O. sculptorum might be retained
for that to which it was applied.

«9, 3, and 4. The museums of Western Europe do not, that I
can learn, contain any portion of the Siberian Argali, Ovis ammon of
Pallas, that might serve for comparison with the Rocky Mountain
Sheep of North America, O. montana of Desmarest; but as the Kam-
tschatka Argaliis described as a distinct species, O. nivicola, by M.
Eschscholtz in his Zoologischer Atlas, (differing from the two pre-
ceding in its inferior size, and in wanting, it would appear, the pale
disc surrounding the tail, so conspicuous in both the others,) the
probability is thus enhanced, that the Siberian and Rocky Mountain
species are not the same, however closely they may resemble. The
descriptions of O. Ammon would seem to apply in every particular to
the O. montana, though it is still probable that actual comparison of
specimens would lead to the detection of some discrepancies, as ge-
nerally, but not always, happens in like cases. I may notice, that
while Mr. Drummond affirms that the horns of old rams of O. mon-
tana ‘attain a size so enormous, and curve so much forwards and
downwards, that they effectually prevent the animal from feeding
on level ground*,’ the same had previously been remarked by Strah-
lenberg of the Argalis of Siberiat, and no doubt is equally obser-
vable in the Rass of Pamir. The finest specimen of a head of the
Rocky Mountain animal, of seven heads of adult males examined,
is in the collection of this Society, and gives the following admea-
surements : horns 3 feet 5 inches over the front ridge, and 172 inches
round at base, where the front angles are 43 inches apart. They
nuraber nine years of growth, which successively give 9, 74, 64, 5,
43, 4, 23, 14, and 1, inches. They are nearly equilaterally tri-
angular, but bulge a little between the angles, having the inner or
front angle obtusely prominent, the posterior double, or forming a
second plane at a slight angle with the superior one, and the infe-
rior angle (if such it can be called) much rounded off: the greatest
depth of the horn is about 6 inches; from base of front angle to tip
they measure 1] inches; and the tips apart 26 inches. They are
everywhere strongly furrowed across, more particularly in front, the
intervals between the grooves swelling out considerably ; and they
gradually become, as in all the rest of the genus, more compressed
to the extremity.

“Of the O. nivicola of M. Eschscholtz, that naturalist writes :
‘The specimen described is a male in winter garb, measuring 5 feet
(French ?) in total length, and 2 feet 5 inches high. Its outer coat
is of a yellowish grey colour, brighter on the under parts, and in-
clining to straw-yellow on the head and neck; the markings in front
of the limbs are of a rust-colour: horns equilaterally triangular, 3
inches thick at base, and gyring outwards to form one complete
spiral circle, 10 inches in diameter, and having their points directed

* Fauna Americana-borealis.

+ Description of the northern parts of Europe and Asia.—Eng. Transl.,
p. 332.

65

outwards and forwards; the upper and posterior portions of the horn
are level, and marked with deep annual indentations, which success-
ively measure 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 2, and 14, inches, making eight years
of total growth; besides which, there are numerous minor indenta~
tions or ordinary cross-striz, but no protuberant intervals.’ From
the figure they would seem not to bulge between the angles, as is
usua}, though not invariably the case, with the Rocky Mountain
species; as also to be somewhat more tensely spiral, as if pulled a
little outward. The appearance both described and figured at the
base of the fore-limbs externally, I suspect to be nothing more than
the avilla, that had been twisted outwards in the mounting of the
specimen. M. Eschscholtz describes this animal to be very nume-
rous on the mountains of Kamtschatka, residing upon the snow-clad
heights in summer, and descending to the lower regions in winter.
A notice of its chamois-like agility occurs in the narrative of Kotze-
bue’s Voyage from 1823 to 1826.

“In the 18th volume of the ‘ Asiatic Researches,’ part ii., Mr. f..i38. -
Hodgson, of Nepal, gives a figure of a horned female of the Nahoor )632
Sheep, and also of the skull and horns of a young ram, which he
erroneously refers to that species, as since described by him. He
also mentions having once possessed a pair of the horns, which he
‘could only lift from the ground with a considerable effort’; but it
is necessary to observe, that the description which he gives in the
volume adverted to, of the mutilated skin of a young wild ram, pro-

* cured in mid winter, refers evidently to the Nahoor, and not to the
species with horns having a triangular section, which is the subject
of the present notice. According to Mr. Hodgson, the horns of
this young specimen are ‘equilaterally triangular,’ as the figure
likewise represents ; whereas the Rocky Mountain species would at
the same age have much compressed horns, far from attaining to an
equilateral triangle. Should a true species be here indicated, as is
not improbable, distinct from O. Ammon, I propose that it be dedi-
cated to that assiduous investigator of Nepalese zoology, and be ac-
cordingly termed O. Hodgsonit.

«5. O. Californiana, Douglas. The Jesuit missionary Venegos
observed in California ‘a kind of wild sheep, the size of a calf of
one or two years old, with extraordinarily thick horns, resembling
those of a common ram, and tail shorter than that of a stag,’ whence
it would appear that the Rocky Mountain species, or a near ally, is
here alluded to. Mr. Douglas describes the Californian Argali to
have a tail 18 inches long (vide Zoological Journal, iv. 332). Its
length, he observes, from nose to base of tail, is 5 feet. 10 inches ;
height of the shoulder 2 feet 8 inches; girth behind the shoulders6 =~
feet : head 16 inches long, 7 [to] between the eyes, and 9 [to] between
the horns: ears erect, 14 inch [44 inches ?] long, obtuse. The horns
deposited in the museum of this Society bear a general resemblance “
to those of the Rocky Mountain species, but are smoother, and form

_ amuch more open spiral: the terminal third is very much com-
pressed; the medial intermediate, and the basal very thick and tri-
angular ; they were only in their fifth year of growth, and would

66

doubtless have attained to much greater dimensions. Their length
is 82 inches, measured over the front ridge, and girth at base 144
inches, having a span of 124 inches from base to tip inside: from
the tip to first annual depression they measure 123 inches, and then
successively 64, 53, 43, and the incipient fifth year’s growth 2 inches.
They do not bulge between the angles, which are rather obtuse, and,
as usual, are transversely striated. Approximate distance of the
tips apart 33 inches.

««* From the testimony of the Indian tribes about the Great Falls
of the Columbia River,’ writes Mr. Douglas, ‘this species appears
to inhabit the subalpine regions of Mounts Wood, St. Helen’s, and
Vancouver, but is more numerous in the mountainous districts of the
interior of California. The only good skin that ever came under
my observation was in lat. 46° 14’ 55", and long. 121° 17! O".’
Forbes, in his recent work on California, appears to allude to it by
the name of Berindo, which in Mexico is applied to the Antilecapra
furcifera. He quotes, however, the description by Venegos, inclu-
ding the statement that it has a short tail, and remarks, that ‘they
still abound in the plains at the foot of the mountains, and are
always found in large herds.’ It does not, from the context, appear
to me that the prong-horned animal is intended.

«From these we might proceed, through the domestic Aries, to
the species generally typified by the Mouftion of Corsica; but I shall
interpolate a small group from the Himalaya, and apparently Cau-
casus, distinguished by having smooth and sub-cylindrical horns,
that form a bold arc outwards at nearly right angles with the axis
of the body, and have the tip turned backward. Such is

«6. O. Nakoor, Hodgson ; the Nahoor or Nervati, and Snd (not
Sha) of Thibet. Size of the larger breeds of tame sheep, with pale
horns, and general colour duil brownish grey in old animals, with
the ordinary dark markings on the face, breast, and limbs, more or
less developed. Younger specimens, more particularly, have their
coat, when renovated, tipped with a light fulvous tint, deeper along
the middle of the back; the tail is bushy, and conspicuously white,
its medial portion generally dark. Length, as given by Mr. Hodg-
son, 4 feet from nose to base of tail, and height of the back 32
inches. A female was 3 feet 4 inches from nose to tail, and stood
29 inches high at the shoulder. From nose to between the horns
a male measured 8} inches; the ears 4} inches; and tail 4 inches,
or 7 inches to the end of the hair. A pair of horns in the museum
of this Society, which are far from having attained their full growth,
measure 12 inches in circumference at base, and 20} inches long
over the curvature, having their tips 27 inches asunder: their suc-
cessive annue] growths were respectively 63, 4, 3, 23, 24, and 13,
inches. Mr. Hodgson mentions a pair that were each 32 inches
long. ‘Those of a very old female in the British Museum have pre-
cisely the same curvature as in the male, only that the tips do not
turn so much backwards; they are, however, much compressed, and
measure 93 inches long, 44 inches round, with the tips 14 inches
apart. Another female, in the collection of this Society, is entirely

\

67

destitute of horns. The latter, and a young male which I formerly
examined at Mr. Leadbeater’s, accorded perfectly with the descrip-
tion of Mr. Hodgson, having pale slaty-blue hairs, deeper on the
back, and tipped with a rufous tint, more particularly on the back,
which caused the animal to appear of a pale fulvous or isabelline
hue. An old male in the museum of the Linnean Society*, and the
aged female in the British Museum, together with another skin
which I have seen, have not only no trace of this colour in their
present state of pelage, but I doubt whether they showed much of
it when their coat was new: the colour of all three is a dingy grey-
brown, not easy to express in words.

*« The horns of the Nahoor differ but little in flexure from those
of the next ‘species, but may nevertheless be distinguished by many
differences, in general strongly pronounced: as their superior size ;
the greater proportional thickness of the basal half, beyond which
they narrow somewhat abruptly ; the flatness of their dorsal aspect,
with a much more acutely raised ridge along its middle; and by the
comparative sharpness of all the angles, together with the existence,
generally, of some traces of cross strie, more particularly towards their
compressed tips ; whereas the horns of the Burrhel Sheep are much less *
angular, of a deep rufeus-brown colour, and quite smooth. Those of
the female Nahoor described were entirely destitute of cross furrows,
but all have the marks of annual growth conspicuously indented.

“This species, according to Mr. Hodgson, ‘ inhabits the Kachar
region of Nepal, northward of the habitat of the Jharal Goat, amid
the glaciers of the Himalaya, and both on the Indian and Thibetan
sides of that range.’ Mr. Vigne informs me that it is plentiful in
Great, but not in Little Thibet. I suspect that itis never fuund at
so considerable an altitude as the next species.

“7. O. Burrhel, nobis. Smaller and more robust than the Na-
hoor, with shorter ears, and very dark horns; having no white upon
it ; and general colour dark and rich chestnut-brown, with the ordi-
nary black markings upon the face, chest, and front of the limbs
very distinct ; tail apparently minute.

“This handsome species bears pretty much the same relationship
in appearance to the Nahoor, which the English breed of South
Down domestic sheep bears to the Leicester breed, except that there
is not so much difference in size. Length of the unique stuffed spe-
cimen in the museum of this Society, from nose to tail, 54 inches,
but a foot less would probably give the dimensions of the recent
animal, as the skin is evidently much stretched; height of the back
32 inches, from which also about 2 inches might be deducted ; from
muzzle to base cf horn 8 inches, and ears 34 inches. The horns
measure 20 inches over the uppermost ridge, and 10 round at base,
having their tips 25 inches apart; but those of a specimen noticed
in the ‘Bengal Sporting Magazine’ (for 1839, p. 295) were 254

* Mistaken for Ovis Ammon in the Fauna Americana-borealis, vol. i.
p- 274, and for a second specimen of O. Burrhel in Part 6, p. 79, for July
10th, 1838, of these ‘ Proceedings.’

68

inches long, with a girth of 114 inches; anda horn of this same
species, which I examined at Mr. Leadbeater’s, had attained a length
of 2 feet, and circumference of 11 inches at base, having a span of
14 inches from base to tip inside, and numbering at least ten indi-
cations of annual growth, and probably at least one more towards
the tip, which could not be made out with comoantye The ZPapOe eis
lengths of these were successively 10, 25, 24, 13, li, 13,15 lids
andl the basal 4, inches. The coat of the Burcel Sheep 1 is rather long,
and harsher than that of the Nahoor, having less wool concealed
beneath it than in the Moufflon and Rocky Mountain species. The
female is undescribed, and I have met with no other specimens than
are here mentioned.

‘In the description of the preceding species, the principal differ-
ences are stated which distinguish the horns of that animal from those
of the present one. ‘The Burrhel’s horns have all the ridges rounded
off, though still sufficiently distinct, and the marks of annual growth
are deeply indented, the horn bulging a little between them. Upon
a front view, the backward curvature of the tips disappears altogether,
and the animal has an imposing appearance, finer than that of the
Nahoor. Its colour is much darker than that of the Moufiion.

“The Burrhel would seem to inhabit a much loftier region of the
Himalaya than the Nahoor, where it bounds lightly over the en-
crusted snow, at an altitude where its human pursuers find it difficult
to breathe. It has the bleat of the domestic species, as indeed they
all have, and is very shy and difficult of approach. Flocks of from
ten to twenty have been observed, conducted by an old male, which
make for the snowy peaks upon alarm, while their leader scrambles
up some crag to reconnoitre, and if shot at and missed, bounds off
a few paces further, and again stops to gaze. ‘They pasture in the
deep hollows and grassy glens. The Society’s specimen was met
with near the Boorendo Pass, at an altitude estimated to have been
from 15,000 to 17,000 feet. The notice in the ‘ Bengal Sporting
Magazine’ refers to the same locality ; and another notice most pro-
bably alludes to this species, in Lieut. Hutton’s ‘ Journal of a Trip
through Kunawar,’ published in the ‘ Journal of the Bengal Asiatic
Society’ for 1839, p.994. Finally, Mr. Leadbeater informed me that
the horn described as having been in his possession was brought
from Nepal, together with specimens of the Nahoor and Musk, and
the skull and horns of a Himalaya Ibex, which I also examined.

“8. O. cylindricornis, nobis (the Caucasian Argali). Col. Ha-
milton Smith notices this animal in his description of O. Ammon
(published in Griffiths’s English Edition of the ‘ Régne Animal,’ vol.
iv. p. 317), and writes me word that an individual died on landing
it at Toulon, whither it had been brought by a French consul, who
did not preserve the skull or skin, but set up the horns, which were
quite fresh when he saw them. ‘ Each horn was about 3 feet long,
arcuated, round, as thick at the top as at the base, of a brown co-
lour, nearly smooth, and about 15 inches in circumference. ‘They
were so heavy and unmanageable,’ writes Col. Smith, ‘ that I could
not lift both together from the ground, nor-place them in that kind

69

of juxta-position which would have given me an idea of their appear-
ance on the head. I could not well determine which was the right
or which the left horn. Circumstances prevented my taking a
second view of them, as they arrived only the day before I left Paris,
and they are now doubtless in the museum of that capital.’ In my
former paper I alluded to this animal as probably distinct, and ap-
parently allied to the Burrhel : the foregoing details confirm me in
that opinion, and remove all doubt of its distinctness, as there is no
other species to which they will at all apply. The sketch which
Col. Smith has favoured me with represents a sheep-horn, apparently
of the same general form as those of the Burrhel and Nahoor; but
the dimensions specified are very superior to those attained in the
instance of either of the two Himalayan species adverted to, and I
can only suppose that the (reverted ?) tips had been broken off, and
the truncated extremity worn smooth. ‘The wild sheep of Caucasus
and Taurus are at present little known, nor does any notice of this
genus occur in the catalogue of Caucasian animals published by M.
Ménétries ; though it is nevertheless certain, from the vague inci-
dental notices of various travellers, that some, and not unlikely se-
veral, exist. At Azaz, by the foot of Taurus, Mr. Ainsworth men-
tions having seen an animal which he designates Ovis Ammon (vide
‘ Travels in Assyria, Babylonia, and Chaldea,’ p. 42).

“9. O. Gmelinii, nobis (the Armenian Sheep). This species
belongs to the Moufflon group, but is yet very different from the
Moufilon Sheep of Corsica. It is described and rudely figured in the
Reise durch Russland (vol. iii. p. 486, and Tab. LV.) of the younger
Gmelin ; and the skull and horns, forwarded by that naturalist to St.
Petersburgh, have been figured and described by Pallas in his Spi-
cilegia (Fasc. xii. p. 15, and Tab. V. fig. 1.). Messrs. Brandt and
Ratzeburg erroneously identified it, at the suggestion of M. Licht-
enstein, with the wild Cyprian species, the horns of which have a
nearly similar flexure. Fine specimens of the male, female, and
young, lately received by this Society from Erzeroom, enable me to
give the following description :

«Size of an ordinary tame sheep, with a remarkably short coat,
of a lively chestnut-fulvous colour, deepest upon the back ; the limbs
and under parts whitish, with few traces of dark markings, except a
finely contrasting black line of more lengthened hair down the front
of the neck of the male only, widening to a large patch on the breast ;
and in both sexes a strip of somewhat lengthened mixed black and
white hairs above the mid joint of the fore-limbs anteriorly, which
corresponds to the tuft of O. Tragelaphus ; tail small, and very slen-
der: horns of the male subtrigonal, compressed, and very deep, with
strongly marked angles and cross-strie, diverging backwards, with a
slight arcuation to near the tips, which incline inwards. As regards
the flexure alone, but not the character of the horn, which is allied
to that of the Common Ram, this handsome species links the Moufflon
group with the Nahoor and Burrhel group.

“Length nearly 5 feet from nose to tail; the tail 4 inches; from
nose to base of horn 8 inches, and ears 34 inches. Horns (about

70

full-grown, or nearly so,) 20 inches over the curvature, 10 round at
base, 4 deep at base inside, their widest portion 2 feet apart, and.
tips 21 inches, with a span of 134 inches from base to tip inside;
their colour pale. Around the eye and muzzle this species is whi-
tish ; the chaffron and front of the limbs are more or less tinged with
dusky, and its coat is rather harsh, and fades considerably in bright-
ness before it is shed. Female generally similar, but smaller, with
no black down the front of the neck, and in the observed instances
hornless. The lengthened black hair of the male is only 1 inch long,
and that composing the tuft on the fore-limbs is so disposed that
the latter is white in the centre, flanked with blackish.

“According to M. Gmelin, this species is found only on the
highest mountains of Persia. Its rutting season takes place in Sep-
tember, and lasts a month; and the female yeans in March, pro-
ducing two or three lambs at a time: the males, he informs us, are
very quarrelsome amongst each other, insomuch that he had been at
one place where the ground was completely strewed with horns that
had been knocked off in their contests; so that if any variation in
the flexure of these horns had been observable, this industrious na-
turalist would doubtless have remarked it. Sir John McNeill in-
formed me that ‘it appears to be the common species of the moun-
tains of Armenia; occurring likewise on the north-west of Persia ;’
but the wild sheep of the central parts of Persia is evidently distinct,
‘having horns much more resembling those of the domestic Ram,
being spiral, and completing more than one spiral circle. I think I
am not mistaken in supposing,’ continues Sir John, ‘ that I have also
had females of this species brought to me by the huntsmen with
small horns, resembling those of the ewes of some of our domestic
sheep; but, on reflection, I find that I cannot assert this positively,
though I retain the general impression.’ It is highly probable that
a wild type of O. Arics is here adverted to, which would thus in-
habit the same ranges of mountains as the wild common Goat (C.
Aigagrus) ; and with respect to the circumstance of horns in the female
sex, I may here remark that this character is very apt to be incon-
stant throughout the present group. It has already been noticed in
the instance of O. Nahoor; and the elder Gmelin states that the fe-
males of O. Ammon are sometimes hornless, while those of the Cor-
sican O. Musimon are generally so. The same likewise happens in
different species of wild Goats, in the Goral of India, and in the
prong-horned animal of North America; and even in the Gazelles,
and other ovine-nosed species of what are commonly confused toge-
ther under the name of Antelope, there have been instances of horn-
less males as well as females. A male Springbok of this description,
as I am informed by Col. Hamilton Smith, was long in the possession
of the Empress Josephine; and the specimen of Jxalus Probaton,
Ogilby, in the museum of this Society, doubtless affords another ex-
ample of the same phenomenon.

“10. O. Vignei, nobis: the Sha (not Sna) of Little Thibet, and
Koch of the Sulimani range between India and Khorassan. This
fine species is closely allied to the Corsican Mouffion, but is much

71

larger, with proportionally longer limbs, and a conspicuous fringe
of lengthened blackish hair down the front of the neck, and not
lying close, as in the Moufflon. Its size, I am informed by Mr.
Vigne, is that of a large Fallow Deer; and from the general appear-
ance of these animals, their length of leg, and swiftness on the
mountains, ‘they reminded me,’ remarks that gentleman, ‘ of Deer
rather than Sheep.’

««The general colour of this animal, to judge from an elaborately
finished painting, taken from a living individual in its native country
by Mr. Vigne, to whom we are indebted for all we know concerning
the species, is a rufous brown, apparently not so deep as in the
Moufflon; the face livid, or devoid of the rufous tinge of the body,
and not terminated by a white muzzle, as in the Moufflon Sheep:
the belly is white, separated by a black lateral band; and the limbs
are brown, not mottled, as in the Moufflon, but with a whitish ring
immediately above each hoof, then a dark ring, and above this a _
little white posteriorly, as in the Nylghau. The fringe in front of
the neck is doubtless peculiar to the male, and the hairs of it would
appear to be 4 or 5 inches long, and hang loosely. Tail about 6
inches long, and slender, apparently resembling that of the Armenian ~
species rather than the Moufflon’s.

« A full-grown pair of horns measure 323 inches over the curva-
ture, and 11 inches round at base ; their widest portion apart, mea-
sured outside, is 2 feet, the tips converging to 8 inches, and span
from base to tip also 8 inches: they are subtriangular, much com-
pressed laterally, the anterior surface 2? inches broad at base, with
its side-angles about equally developed, and the posterior part of the
section tapers rather suddenly to a somewhat acute angle; eight
years of growth are very perceptible, which successively give 12, 7,
4, 3, 3, 14, 14, and J, inches; they bear considerable resemblance to
those of the Moufflon Sheep, but differ in being very much larger,
and in the circumstance of the outer front-angle being as much de-
veloped as the inner one; and they have not the slightest tendency
to spire, but, describing three-fourths of a circle, and originally di-
verging as in a common Ram, they point towards the back of the
neck, somewhat as in O. Tragelaphus. Another and younger speci-
men, however, has a decided spiral flexure outward, more especially
towards the tip, and has also the outer angle much less developed
than in the corresponding terminal portion of the former. This
pair had grown to 11 inches long, with the tips 145 inches apart;
only one year’s growth, and that appparently incomplete, is how-
ever exhibited, and the curvature is likewise less than in the older
specimen. The portion of skull attached is also so much smaller,
that I think it prudent to hesitate in identifying it as specifically the
same. The posterior margins of the orbits are but 44 inches apart,
whereas in the other they are 54 inches. There are no materials
for extending the comparison, but a few more dimensions may be
given of the smaller one. ‘The greatest width of this skull, at the
posterior portion of the zygoma, is 5 inches, and the orbits are 34
inches distant where most approximated; the series of 5 developed

72

molars occupied 22 inches; width of second true molars apart, pos-
teriorly and externally, 21 inches ; of anterior false molars, measured
outside and before, 13 inch; greatest width of palate 12 inch, andfrom
front of first false molar to anterior portion of occipital foramen, 53
inches. Mr. Vigne, indeed, assures me that the adult has only five
grinders on each side of both jaws, as in the Chirew, which, if nor-
mal, would make an important distinction, as the smaller specimen
would undoubtedly have developed a third true molar, and possesses
three false ones; whereas it is in one of the latter that the Chirew
is deficient. I am inclined, however, to regard the two specimens
as belonging to the same species, since I have observed analogous
differences in the mere flexure of the horn in different Corsican
Mouffions ; but it was at all events proper to indicate the disparity.

«** Vast numbers of this species,’ relates Mr. Vigne, ‘ are driven
down by the snow in winter to the branches of the Indus, near
Astor, at the southern extremity of Little Thibet, where the river
breaks through the chain of the Himalaya. I once saw a young
one, apparently of this species, in Persia, but took no memorandum
of it at the time ; it was dirty and draggled, but, I think, was covered
with short wool.’ I have great pleasure in dedicating this species
to that gentleman.

“11. O. Musimon, Linnzus: the Moufflon Sheep of Corsica and
Sardinia, but not, there is reason to suspect, of the Levantine coun-
tries. It is unnecessary to give a detailed description of this beau-
tiful little species, though I may mention that the fine living male
in the Gardens measures 39 inches from nose to tail, the tail 5
inches; from nose to base of horn 7 inches; ears 4 inches; neck,
from posterior base of horn to the abrupt angle of its insertion, 8
inches, and thence to base of tail 21 inches; height at the shoulder
21 feet. The horns of this individual are remarkable for not spiring
in the least degree, whence they point towards the back of the neck :
they measure 21 inches over their curvature, and 84 inches round at
base, being in their fifth year of growth; their widest portion apart
is 15 inches, and at the tips 6 inches; but another pair, upon the
stuffed specimen in the museum, which show the more usual slight
spirature, are 26 inches long, having the widest portion 14 inches
apart, and the tips as much as 12 inches : this pair shows seven years
of growth, and their development was evidently completed, though
they are only 7 inches in girth at base. The female has seldom any
horns, which, when they exist, are ordinarily about 2 inches long.

“The character of the horn of the Moufflon is nearly the same as
that of the domestic Ram, only that it is never so much prolonged,
nor indeed to more than two-thirds of a circle : the inner front edge is
acute to near the base, where the outer one approaches to an equality
with it; the first half being thus unequally triangular, and the re-
mainder much compressed, with strongly marked rug@, and having
the inner surface of the horn concave. It has always appeared to
me, however, that the specifical distinctness of the Mouffion is very
obvious, and I doubt whether it has contributed at all to the origin
of any tame race. ‘That it interbreeds freely with the latter, under

73

circumstances of restraint, is well known; but we have no informa-
tion of hybrids, or Umbri, as they are called, being ever raised from
wild Moufflons, though the flocks of the latter will occasionally graze
in the same pasture with domestic sheep, and all but mingle among
them. The male of this animal is denominated in Corsica Mufro, and
the female Mujra, from which Buffon, as is well known, formed the
word Moufflon: and in Sardinia the male is called Murvoni, and the
female Murva, though it is not unusual to hear the peasants style
both indiscriminately Musion, which (as Mr. Smyth remarks in his
description of that island,) is a palpable corruption of the Greek
Ophion. It is sometimes stated, but I do not know upon what au-
thority, that a few of these animals are still found upon the moun-
tains of Murcia.

«12. The Cyprian Moufflon, figured and described by Messrs.
Brandt and Ratzeburg from a specimen in the Berlin Museum, and
contrasted by them with M. F. Cuvier’s figure of the Corsican animal,
is probably a distinct species, intermediate to O. Musimon and O.
Gmelinii: its horns have more the curvature of those of the latter
species, but are not so robust, and curve round gradually backward
from the base, instead of at first diverging straightly, as in O. Gmelinit ;
but the colour of the coat would appear to resemble that of the Cor-
sican Mouffion, only without the rufous cast, and the specimen
figured wants also the saddle-like triangular white patch, which is
seldom absent in the Moufflon of Sardinia and Corsica. The T'ra-
gelaphus of Belon, it is true, observed by that author in Candia and
in ‘Turkey, is described by him to have ‘horns similar to those of
Goats, but sometimes gyrated like those of a Ram’; yet the fact of
a nearly similar flexure of horn to that represented by Messrs. Brandt
and Ratzeburg, proving to be of normal occurrence in the allied Ar-
menian wild Sheep, confers additional probability on the supposition
that the Berlin specimen of the Cyprian Moufflon has also normally
curved horns, which alone would go far to establish its claim to rank
as a species, in which case it might.bear the appellation of O. Ophion.

138.0) : Ivalus Probaton, Ogilby. I stated in my former
paper an opinion, to which I am still disposed to adhere, that this
animal is no other than a genuine sheep, but specifically distinct
from any at present known: the specimen had long lived in cap-
tivity, as is obvious from the manner in which its hoofs had grown
out; but whereas J formerly sought to account for its absence of
horns, by ascribing this to probable castration at an early age, I am
now inclined to consider that this abnormity—for such there is every
reason to suppose it—was individually congenital, as in other rare
cases before alluded to. The Armenian wild Sheep approaches more
nearly to this species than any other as yet discovered; so much so,
that before actually comparing them I thought that they would prove
to be the same; but they are nevertheless distinct, as is particularly
shown by the longer and less slender tail of the present animal, and
the very different texture of its coat: the absence of dark markings
on its face and limbs may prove to be an individual peculiarity. The
specimen is of the size of a large tame Sheep, and entirely of a

74

chestnut fulvous colour, dull white beneath and within the limbs,
as also on the lips, chin, lower part of the cheeks, and at the tip of
the tail. From nose to base of tail it measures about 50 inches,—
the tail half a foot, and height of the back 24 feet. From nose to
rudiment of horn 9 inches, and ears 4 inches: the vestiges of horns,
which exactly resemble those found upon many breeds of tame Sheep,
are 2 inches apart. Upon the minutest examination of the specimen,
I can perceive no character whatever to separate it from the genuine
Sheep, nor any distinction more remarkable than the trivial cir-
cumstance of its chaffron not being bombed, as usual, which how-
ever is equally the case with O. Tragelaphus. I have been favoured,
however, by Col. Hamilton Smith with a drawing of an animal ob-
served by himself on the banks of the Rio St. Juan in Venezuela,
which appears to accord so nearly with Jxvalus Probaton, except in
the particular of bearing horns similar to those of the Rocky Moun-
tain Goat, that its absolute identity is probable, in which case it
would be curious that a species so very nearly allied to the genus
Ovis should yet differ from it so considerably in the character speci-
fied. The South American animal adverted to is the Aploceros
Mazama of Col. Smith, and is probably congenerous with the Pudu
of the Chilian Andes mentioned by Molina, (the existence of which
would appear to have been lately re-ascertained by M. Gay,) and
also with the fossil Antilope Mariquensis of Dr. Lund: there would
indeed appear to be other living species of this type, more or less
distinctly indicated by different authors.

“14. O. Aries, Linnzus : the Domestic Sheep. Assuming that dif-
ferent species have commingled to produce this animal, as appears
to be very evident in the instance of the Dog, it is still remarkable
that we have certainly not yet discovered the principal wild type, or
indeed any species with so long a tail as in many of the domestic
breeds, which I cannot doubt existed also in their aboriginal pro-
genitors: nothing analogous is observable among the endlessly di-
versified races of the domestic Goat, which all appear to have been
derived exclusively from the Caucasian C. Hgagrus; and as in my
former paper I suggested the probability that a wild Sheep more
nearly resembling-the domestic races than any hitherto discovered
would yet occur somewhere in the vicinity of the Caucasus, it now
appears that such an animal does exist in central Persia, as noticed
in my description of O. Gmelinii: nor should it be forgotten that
Hector Boétius mentions a wild breed in the island of St. Kilda,
larger than the biggest Goat, with tail hanging to the ground, and
horns longer and as bulky as those of an Ox*. Pennant remarks
upon this subject, that such an animal is figured on a bas-relief,
taken out of the wall of Antoninus, near Glasgow.

“Of all the wild species of true Ovis that. have been here de-
scribed, the Rass of Pamir approaches nearest to O. Aries in the

* Two crania of sheep, apparently male and female, from the Irish peat,
in the possession of the Earl of Enniskillen, and exhibited some time ago
at a meeting of the Geological Society, are probably of this race.

75

character of its horns, though differing in one particular, besides
size, that has been pointed out; namely, that the two front angles
are about equally developed ; whereas in O. Aries, as in the Moufflon,
the inner angle is more acute to near the base. Some experience in the
deduction of the specific characters of sheep-horns enables me to state
with confidence, that the normal character of the long-tailed domes-
tic breeds of Europe, and also of most other breeds, is intermediate
to that of the Rass and that of the Moufflon, combining the flexure
and the prolongation of the former with the section of the latter,
but becoming proportionally broader at the base than in either ; more
as in the Argalis of Siberia, Kamtschatka, and North America.
That O. Aries is totally distinct from all, I have been long perfectly
satisfied, and examination of the Rass in particular has strongly
confirmed me in this opinion. I think it likely, however, that more
than one wild species have commingled to form the numerous do-
mestic races, though certainly not any that have been described in
this paper. It is not very long since the question was habitually
discussed, whether the tame Sheep had descended from the Argali
of Siberia or the Moufflon of Corsica? and now that so many more
decidedly distinct wild species have been added to the catalogue of
this genus, it is probable that we are still very far from having as-
certained the complete existing number, but that several more yet
remain to be discovered upon the lofty table-lands and snowy moun-
tains of middle Asia, from the Caucasus and Taurus to the Altai,
and among them, it is very probable, some much more nearly allied
to the domestic races than any at present known.

«The whole of the foregoing animals appertain to my subgeneric
group Ovis, as distinguished from Ammotragus, which latter is cha-
racterized by the absence of suborbital sinuses, like the Goats, but
differs from the latter by possessing interdigital fossa, as in other
Sheep. This difference between the Goats and Sheep appears to
have been first noticed by Pallas, and has since been descanted upon
by Prof. Géné in vol. xxxvii. of the Memorie della Reale Academia
delle Scienze di Torino. ‘The fact of such a diversity in genera
so nearly allied in habitat as the Goats and Sheep, renders the pro-
blem of the utility of the structure in question somewhat difficult of
solution. The species upon which I found the subgenus Ammotra-
gus, has decidedly an Ovine, rather than a Caprine aspect, when
viewed alive: the male emits no stench, as in the Goats; the bleat
is precisely that of Ovis, and the animal butts like a Ram, and not
like a Goat. Unlike the other species of admitted wild Sheep, as
well as the long-horned or true wild Goats, it has a concave chaf-
fron, and no markings on the face and limbs: its tail is rather long,
which is the case in no species of Capra, and is also remarkable for
being tufted at the extremity. The imdigenous habitat, North
Africa, is a further peculiarity in the genus in which it is here
placed, though two species of wild Goats respectively inhabit Upper
Egypt and the snowy heights of Abyssinia.

“15. O. Tragelaphus, Pallas: the African Goat-Sheep. This
animal appears to vary considerably in size, some exceeding a Fallow

76

Deer in stature, while others are much smaller. I[¢-has no beard
on the chin, like the true Goats, but is remarkable for the quantity
of long hanging hair in front of the neck, and on the upper part of
the fore-limbs, the former attaining in fine males to about a foot in
length, and the latter to 9 inches; there is also some lengthened
hair at the setting on of the head, and a dense nuchal mane, the
hairs of which are 3 inches long, continued over the withers till lost
about the middle of the back. General colour yellow-brown. Horns
moderately stout, turning outwards, backwards, and so inwards, with
the tips inclining towards each other.

«The splendid male in the British Museum measures 5 feet from
nose to tail, and tail 9 inches, or with its terminal tuft of hair 13
inches; height of the back 34 feet, but the living animal would not
have stood so high by several inches; from muzzle to base of horn
11 inches, and ears 5 inches. The finest pair of horns which I have
seen are in the same collection, and measure 25 inches over the cur-
vature, 104 round at base, with an antero-posterior diameter of 24
inches inside ; they diverge to 23 inches apart, measuring outside, at
a distance of 6 inches from the tips, which latter return to 15 inches
asunder; their span from base to tip inside is 13 inches; at base
they are closely approximated, but not quite in contact. General
ferm subquadrangular for nearly a foot, then gradually more com-
pressed to the end, and having a very deep longitudinal furrow for
the greater portion of their length outside, above which the horn
bulges: there is a mark of annual growth at 13 inch from the base,
another 14 inch further, and a third after an interval of 3 inches;
but the rest are too indistinct to be made out with certainty among
the wrinkles of the horn. A large pair of female horns were 16
inches long ; 74 round at base; their widest portion apart, near the
tips, 19 inches ; and the tips 17} inches : their surface is marked with
broad transverse indentations, which in the males ordinarily become
more or less effaced with age. The female of this species is a third
smaller than the other sex; and a lamb in the collection of this So-
ciety is extremely kid-like, with the spinal mane upon the neck and
shoulders very conspicuous, but no lengthened hair on the fore-neck
and limbs; in the half-grown male, the latter especially is still not
much developed.

‘This species is well known as the Aoudad of the Moors, and the
Kebsh of the Egyptians; it is also, according to Riippell, the Tedal
of the inhabitants of Nubia, which is doubtless the same as Teytal,
applied by Burckhardt to the wild Goat of that region, in addition to
the word Beden, which (in common with Riippell and others) he also
assigns to the latter. Mr. Wilkinson, however, confirms Burckhardt,
by informing us that the Goat referred to is called in Arabic Beddan,
or Taytal, the former appellation referring to the male only. This
author adds, that the present species ‘is found in the eastern desert,
principally in the ranges of primitive mountains, which, commencing
about lat. 28° 40’, extend thence into Ethiopia and Abyssinia.’
According to M. Riippell, ‘ it is found in all North Africa above 18°,
in small familics, and always upon the rocky hills ;’ frequenting the

77

steepest and most inaccessible crags amid the woods and forests
of the Atlas, and descending only to drink. It is a wonderfully agile
leaper, even more so than the wild Sheep and Goats generally, and
is remarkable for always browsing, in preference to grazing. The
Ovis ornata, figured by M. Geoffroy in the great French work on
Egypt, would appear to be merely a small-sized individual.

“ The following may serve for definitions of the various ascertained
species of wild Sheep that have been here described :—

“1. O, Polit, Blyth. O. cornibus maximis triquetris, angustis
altissimisque ; angulis anterioribus equalibus: extrorstm spiraliter
gyratis, et tam prolongatis quam sunt cornua Arietum domesti-
corum longissima: sulcis transversim indentatis; colore pallido.
Animal non cognitum est, sed O. Ammoni magnitudine saltem haud
inferius. Habitat apud planitiem elevatam Pamir dictam, in Asia
centrali.

«©2. O. montana, Desmarest. O. cornibus maximis triquetris,
crassissimis, et seepe inter angulos tumidis, ad apicem compressi-
oribus; sulcis transversim indentatis ; deorstm et antrorstim gyratis
ad parallelum, apicibus extrorsiim eductis: colore pallido, sed sepe
rufo-brunneo suffuso. Animal ad magnitudinem Cervi Elaphi appro-
pinquans, sed artubus brevioribus ; pilis griseo-fulvis pallidis, maculis
genericis super facie, pectore, artubusque fuscis; cauda brevissima,
et disco albescente circumdataé. Habitat apud Americe Septentri-
onalis montes, occidentalem versus.

«<3. O. Ammon, Pallas. Diversitas hujus speciei ab precedente
non cognoscenda est, quamvis patria differt, hac in Siberia Ori-
entali habitante ; tertia alia species ambobus distincta regione inter-
media Kamtschatke invenitur, itidem simillima, tamen (apparenter)
facillimé dignoscenda ; viz.

«4. Q. nivicola, Eschscholtz. O. cornibus triquetris, et inter
cornua Polii et Montane Ovium apparenter intermediis; apicibus
magis prolongatis quam in QO. montano, sed ad basin crassioribus; =
potius quam in O. Polio prolongatis, sed cornibus utriusque minori-
bus. Magnitudo huic animali inferior est, et pilorum color flavescens,
sine disco caudali. Habitat apud montes Kamtschatke.

“5. O. Californiana, Douglas. O. cornibus crassis triquetris, ad
apicem compressioribus; sulcis transversim indentatis; curvamine
aperto extrorstm (non antrorsim) gyrantibus, apicibus plurimtim
extrorstim ductis; colore pallido, aut rufo-brunneo paulim suffuso,
Magnitudo Ammonis, vel paulim inferior : cauda elongata, et non (?)
disco pallido circundata. Habitat apud Californiam.

«©6. O. Nahoor, Hodgson. O. cornibus crassis subcylindraceis,
supra magis planiusculis, culmine abruptiore medio, dimidio-distali
compressiori, et extrorstim arcuatis, apicibus retortis: sulcis trans-
versis obsoletis; colore pallido, Magnitudo Arietis grandis; pilis
griseis, vel in junioribus adultis fulvo terminatis, maculis genericis
fuscis ; cauda brevi et floccosd. Habitat apud regiones medias mon-
tium Himalaicorum, et in Tibeta Magna.

“7. O. Burrhel, Blyth. O.cornibus crassis subcylindraceis, supra

78

convexioribus, culmine longitudinali minis abrupto, et aliis angulis
minis prominentioribus quam in specie precedente, subequalioribus ;
in arcu extrorstm curvatis, apicibus retrorsis; sulcis transversis ob-
soletis ; colore nigrescenti-rubido. Magnitudo inferior est Nahoori,
sed forma robustior ; pilis castaneo-brunneis intensis, maculis gene-
ricis nigris et distinctis ; cauda minima (?) et non floccosa. Habitat
apud montium Himalaicorum regiones summas.

“8. O. cylindricornis, Blyth. O. cornibus maximis cylindraceis,
in arcu extrorstm (?) sine diminutione curvatis, apicibus non cogni-
tis ; sulcis transversis obsoletis: colore nigrescenti-rubido. Habitat
apud Caucasum.

“9. O. Gmelinii, Blyth. O. cornibus triquetris et robustis, altis,
et transversim sulcatissimis; in arcu retrorsim divergentibus, api-
cibus introrsim ductis: colore pallido> Magnitudo “Atietis ; ; pilis
brevissimis, et castaneo-fulvis splendidé coloratis ; maculis genericis
subdistinctis, sed linea pilorum longiorum nigra infra collum in mare
solo excipienda, apud pectore se expandente, et in utroque sexu
cesarie rudimenta brachiis, sicut in Ove Tragelapho : cauda brevi et
gracillima. Habitat apud Armeniam et provincias Occidentales Per-
sie Septentrionalis.~

“10. O. Vignei, Blyth. O. Musimoni simillima, sed magnitudi-
ne Cervi Dame grandis, equans artubusque longissimis: cornibus
robustis, compressis, et subtriquetris, angulis anterioribus equalibus ;
lunatim non spiraliter gyratis ; et sulcis transversim indentatis : colore
pallido. Corporis pilis rufo-brunneis ; facie artubusque lividis ; ven-
tre, et annulis supra ungulas albis; lined laterali nigra; pedibus
annulo secundo nigro anticé albo super-marginato notatis; apice
caude (brevis et gracilis,) et linea pilorum pauld pendentium infra
collum medium ad pectus tendente, nigris. Habitat apud Tibetam
Minorem. Varietas dubia minor, cornibus extrorsim gyratis, cum
angulo interiori prominentiori.

“11. O. Musimon, Linnzus. O.cornibus compressis, ad basin tri-
quetrioribus, angulo interiori prominentiori; lunatim gyratis, et
sulcis transversim indentatis: colore pallido. Magnitudo Arietis
parvi, cauda brevi et magis villosa: pilis rufo-brunneis ; facie livida,
cum capistro albo ; ventre, clunibus, dimidiisque artuum inferioribus,
albis; et linea laterali, cauda, pectore, et membrorum plerumque
dimidiis superioribus, nigris: macula triangulari alba utroque lumbo
szpe conspicua. Habitat apud insulas Corsice et Sardinie, et forsan
provinciam Murcie in Hispania.

“©12. O. Ophion, Blyth. O. Musimoni simillima, sed cornibus
retortis, apicibus accurvatis: pilisque brunneis, et non rufescenti-
bus (?). Habitat apud Cyprum, et forsan regiones alias Levantinas.

*©13. O. Aries, Linnzus.

«14. O. ? Ivalus Probaton, Ogilby. Magnitudo Arietum
maximorum, cauda paulim elongata : cornibus in specimine solo cog-
nito abnormaliter (?) rudimentalibus. Pilis castaneo-fulvis, et infra
albescentibus.

15. O. (Ammotragus) Tragelaphus. O.cornibus magnis sub-
quadrangularibus, moderaté crassis, ad apicem compressioribus, sulcis

79

transversim indentatis; divergentibus et retrorstm curvatis, sed
prope basin rectis, apicibus acclinatis; colore pallido. Magnitudo
“Cervi Dame superior, pilis flavescenti-brunneis ; collo jubato, et infra
cum pectore brachiisque capillato, cauda elongata extremitate vil-
losa ; facie non convexa—ut in omnibus speciebus aliis, sinibusque
suborbitalibus nullis. Foemina semper (?) cornuta, cornibusque for-
tioribus quam in feeminis specierum cxterarum hujus generis, que
seepe non cornutz sunt, sed plurime cornua parva, tenuissima, et
compressiora ferunt, qua in maribus junioribus aut curvata sunt,

aut seepe rectiora. Habitat apud Africe Septentrionalis montes
rupestres.”’

This paper on the Sheep was illustrated by numerous drawings ;
and the horns of the Rass of Pamir, from the Museum of the Royal
Asiatic Society, and two pairs of those of the Sha of Little Thihet,
and one of the Nahoor Sheep, or Snd of Great Thibet, brought by
G. T. Vigne, Esq., were exhibited.

Mr. Blyth also exhibited various other coloured drawings and spe-
cimens collected chiefly in Little Thibet by Mr. Vigne, among the
former of which were several figures of the Yak (Bos grunniens), a
highly-finished portrait of the Jharal* of Mr. Hodgson, another of
the Ovis Vignii, some sketches of the Ursus isabellinus, (or Syriacus
of Ehrenberg?) and of Buffaloes of the same breed as that of Italy
and Hungary, with the long tail, &c., that were drawn from life at
Hurriana. ‘This race was more esteemed for the quantity of milk it
yields than the ordinary Indian Buffalo, with long horns, a shorter
tail, &c., and is doubtless the same, in the opinion of Mr. Blyth, as
the Guzurat race indicated in Dr. Buchanan’s ‘Journey through
Mysore,’ &c., which that author, however, observed at Seringapa-
tam. It appears to be scantily diffused throughout India, becoming
rarer to the eastward.

Among the specimens was the ‘horn of a Stag, from Kashmir,
which Mr. Blyth suspected would prove to be the C. Wallichii of
Duvaucel, or a closely allied species, a description of which may be
expected from Dr. Falconer. The specimen exhibited was 44 inches
long, and 8 inches round above burr: it had a brow, a bez, and
royal antlers, the bez a foot in length, and longest of the three, and

* “This animal is mostly known as the Zehr, Thaar, or Thar, to the
westward of Nep4l, a name applied by Mr. Hodgson to a very different
animal, which is usually called Surow, or Surrow. The first of these names,
as suggested to me by Col. H. Smith, is clearly a modification of the Teuton
Thur, ramifying into Thier, Deer, &c. &c. &e. Surow, or Surrow, again
passes into various other names, applied to different Himalayan Ruminants;
as Jerow or Jerrow for the Cervus Aristotelis, Serow and Chirew (pronounced
with a soft ‘Ch’) for the Panthalops chiru, Hodgson, &. Then we have
Jharal, Goral, Goorul, Baral, Boorul, Burrhel, Boorhoor, Nayoor, Nahoor,
and even the Persian Maral may be derived from the same root. These
names, too, are all severally applied to different animals, whence it often re-
quires much caution in endeavouring to ascertain what species is intended.”

80

it terminated in a bifurcating crown, precisely as in the Cervus Elaphus
of the Sal forest of Nepal, figured by Mr. Hodgson, and supposed
by Mr. Ogilby to be C. Wallichii, an opinion in which Mr. Blyth
coincided. The general character of this horn was intermediate to
that of the Wapiti and European Stag, but agreeing more nearly
with the latter in its kind of granulated surface.

There were also three pairs of horns of the Markbur of Kabul, or
Rawacki of Little Thibet, a race of feral common Goats (in the opinion
of Mr. Blyth), remarkable for their large size, and also that of the
horns, which last are more or less twisted, varying from the curva-
ture of those of the Koodoo, only in an opposite direction, to the
tense spiral of the Caffrarian Impoof’s horns, as shown by the speci-
mens then exhibited. It was remarkable that no tame Goats ob-
served by Mr. Vigne in the same countries at all approached this
feral race in stature, nor was it known to occur in Persia, or in Ne-
pal. From the circumstance of the twist alone of the horns of this
animal, Mr. Blyth argued that it was not an aboriginal species; for
whereas an inward spirature, or at least a tendency to it at the tips,
was all but invariably observable throughout the endlessly diversified
races of domestic Goats, neither the wild Capra Afgagrus, nor any
other of the numerous distinct species of wild Capre known to Mr.
Blyth, exhibited this spirature in the least degree ; besides which, it
appeared to be alike in no two specimens of the Markbur. This animal,
however, as he was informed, did not vary in colour, which resem-
bles that of an ordinary brown domestic Goat. A description and
figure of it have been published in Mr. Vigne’s narrative of his tra-
vels in Kabul.

Finally, were exhibited the skull and horns of a magnificent spe-
cimen of the Himalayan Ibex, being the second skull and third pair of
horns of this species examined by Mr. Blyth, all of which accorded
with each other in the several particulars in which they differed from
the Swiss Ibex. The animal is very closely allied to the latter, having
a similar rudimental beard, and colouring, so far as he could learn ;
but the horns are much longer, considerably less divergent (a constant
distinction in both species), and resemble those of the Egyptian Ibex
in curvature ; excepting towards the base, they are less massive than
the horns of the Swiss Ibex, the middle part being narrower ; and
the tips, which incline more abruptly somewhat forward and inward,
are much more attenuated, or drawn out. The splendid pair ex-
hibited, which were in their twelfth year of growth, and all but fully
developed, measured 44 feet over the curvature, and 104 inches round
at base ; diverging to 23 inches asunder, measuring outside, at nearly
three-fourths of their length from the base, and the tips returning
to 16 inches apart, at a distance of 20 inches from the base inside.
They are 4 inches deep at base, 2} inches broad anteriorly, and 2
inches at a foot distance from the base, bearing 26 prominences, and
numbering, as before remarked, 12 years of growth, which success-
ively give 16, 7, 5, 4, 5, 4, 34, 24, 2, 14, and the last (incomplete)
Z, inches. The extreme length of skull is 12 inches, or 185 inches
over the curves, from tip of intermaxillary to occipital foramen ;

81

breadth across of orbits posteriorly 7 inches, and total length of bony
palate 6} inches. The dimensions of the largest pair of horns of
the Swiss Ibex examined by Mr. Blyth, and which were of the same
age as the preceding, are given as follows. Length 3} feet over the
arch, having a span of 2 feet from base to tip inside; the points 23
feet asunder, and basal circumference 103 inches ; number of promi-
nences above 20, several being comprised within the first 8 inches.
They diverge quite regularly, and somewhat spirally, more outward
to the tip.

« The Himalayan Ibex,” continues Mr. Blyth, ‘is the Skyn or Skeen,
Sakeen or Sikeen (as variously written) of different parts of its range,
and is numerous, according to Mr. Vigne, in Little Thibet, where it is
designated Skyn. In Kashmir it bears the name of Kyl. Mr. Moor-
croft informs us that in Ladakh the male is termed Skyn, and the
female 7’ Danma* : he describes it to inhabit the most inaccessible
crags of the mountains; and other authors notice its habits as en-
tirely resembling those of its Alpine congenert. In Kashmir, as I
am informed by Mr. Vigne, its poshm (or under-fleece of delicate
silky wool), which in all the true massive-horned Ibices is amazingly
copious in winter, is highly prized, ‘ that of one large Ibex being equal
to the produce of three Shawl Goats, besides being softer and finer.
I have some beautiful cloth,’ continues that gentleman, ‘ made from
the poshm of the Ibex. The animal is of a sepia-brown colour.’
It may be further noticed, that in the ‘ Journal of the Asiatic Society
of Bengal,’ vol. v. p. 242, it is stated that Major Kennedy had a
pair of these animals, stuffed, at Suhatu, in Kunawar. A skull and
horns which I saw at Mr. Leadbeater’s was received from Nepal,
where, however, the species does not yet appear to have been noticed
by Mr. Hodgson. Dr. Falconer has probably named it.

«‘ Himalaya Ibex. Capra Ibici Helvetico simillima, sed cornibus
magis prolongatis, semper minus divergentibus, apicibus attenuati-
oribus et ad antrorsim abruptiori-curvatis,—sic ut in plurimis spe-
ciebus hujus generis, at vix in Caprd Ibice vera.”

* Travels, i. 311.
+ Vide ‘ Journal of a Trip through Kunawar,’ published in the ‘ Journal
of the Asiatic Society of Bengal’ for 1839, p. 928.

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83

August 11, 140.
R. C. Griffith, Esq., in the Chair.

A paper entitled ‘‘ Description of Shells collected and brought to
this country by Hugh Cuming, Esq.,” by W. J. Broderip, Esq.,
F.R.S., etc., was read.

“Mr. Cuming,” observes the author, ‘the fruits of whose western
voyage are so well known, left England on the 26th of February,
1836: he proceeded to the Philippine Islands, by the permission of
the Queen Regent of Spain, and aided by powerful recommendations
from her government, which opened to him the interior of the islands,
and caused him to be received with a noble hospitality, equalled only
by the warm interest which facilitated his pursuits wherever he ar-
rived and made himself known.

«Mr. Cuming visited the whole group. His longest stay was in
the island of Luzon, fifteen provinces of which were well ransacked
by him. In the islands Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Siquijod, Zebu,
Bohol, Camiguing, Mindanao, Leyte, Samar, Capul, Ticao, Masbate,
Burias, Temple, Marinduque, Maracavan, and Ramblon, he reaped
a fine harvest. He left the Philippines in November, 1839, proceeded
thence to Sincapore and Malacca, and returned to England in June,
1840, bringing with him, besides the living animals which he has
liberally presented to this Society, a grand collection of zoological
and botanical specimens, including more than three thousand species
and varieties of shells, the greater part of which appear to be new
to science, and among them are several new genera. The smaller
islands were particularly rich in the pulmoniferous mollusca, which
were found by Mr. Cuming principally in deep forests. We com-
mence a notice of the labours of this active and zealous collector,
with an attempt to describe a few of these terrestrial species. Mr.
G. B. Sowerby, who liberally gives up his valuable time to assist in
laying before the public the novelties of this part of the collection,
will also begin his share of the task, by describing another branch of
the same numerous family ; and it is intended to submit descriptions
to the Society from time to time till the whole of Mr. Cuming’s
stores are exhausted.

“‘ Before, however, we commence our task, I must, in justice to
him who has placed the materials in our hands, observe, that, to say
nothing of the variety of new forms which he has been the means of
bringing to light, those who cultivate this branch of zoology so
highly interesting to the geologist, as well as the physiologist, owe
him a large debt of gratitude, for information on a point of no small
zoological importance. It is not very long since, that the localities
ascribed to shells could in very few instances be depended upon.

No. XCI.—Procerpines or THE ZooLoGIcAL Society.

84

The cupidity of dealers, some years ago, not unfrequently prompted
them wilfully to deceive those who gave extravagant prices for new
shells on this point, and carelessness was generally the order of the
day. Mr. Cuming, by his accurate notes, and the open publication
of the places where every one of the multitudinous species and va-
rieties collected by him was found, has mainly assisted in making a
complete revolution in this department of the science, and has done
more towards giving us data for the geographical distribution of the
testaceous mollusca than any person who has yet lived.

«‘ HELICIDA.

“‘When we consider what the genus Helix was when Linnzus
wrote, and what it now is, we must be struck with the flood of new
species which has been poured in upon us of late years. Already
the vocabulary has been so drawn upon, that the mere finding
‘names for the new species is attended with no small embarrass-
ment, whilst the limits of each species are daily more difficult to fix.
When a few forms only in a great natural group are known, they
-are easily defined. It is where multitudes are placed before the
zoologist, marked with every variation that food and temperature
and locality can impress upon them, that it becomes no longer easy
to solve the problem, ‘ Which is a species and which is a variety?’
Then it is that the pregnant question ‘ What is a species?” comes
home to the mind. But our business now is to define, as well as
we can, those forms which have been laid before us, and which, to
us at least, are new. When the whole of the additions to this great
tribe existing in Mr. Cuming’s collection have been studied, we shall
perhaps have materials for something like a complete natural ar-
rangement of the group.”

Genus Burinus*.

Buxinus Minpororensis. Bul. testd ovatd, ventricosd, subprond,
anfractibus sex, ultimo longe maximo, lineis incrementi obliqué
striatd, aperturd subrotundd, columella latd, labio expanso.

Var. a. valdé ventricosa, sordidé brunnea strigis irregularibus longi-
tudinalibus varia; aperturd subalbidd ; labio nigro-brunnescente.

Hab. ad Puerto Galero in insula Philippina Mindoro dicta.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

Var. 6. Pallidior, coloribus distinctioribus, fascid suturali brunned
interruptd ; anfractu ultimo fascid brunned strigis longitudinali-
bus interruptd cincto ; labii margine castaneo-rufescente.

Hab. ad Mansilai in insula Mindoro,

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

Var. c. Gracilior, longitudinaliter brunneo et flavo sordido striata.

This comes very near in colouring, and approaches somewhat in

* “T have elsewhere (Zoological Journal, vol. iv. p. 222) given my
reasons for writing Bulinus instead of Bulimus. Adanson’s Bulin was a
Physa, and the word, however written, is very inapplicable to the forms to
which Bruguiére, Lamarck and authors generally have applied it.”

85

the shape of the aperture, to the two first varieties of Bul. chrysali-
diformis. The markings of the young shell remind the observer of
the eggs of some of the Plovers, and the shape assists the delusion.
Hab. ad Puerto Galero in insula Mindoro.
Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

Var. d. Sordidé flavescens creberrimé longitudinaliter corrugata et
strigata.
A brilliant chatoyant reflection, like Labradorite, is to be observed
on the polished surface of the dark brown reflected part of the outer
lip in fresh specimens.

Var. e. Subnana, gracilior, strigis et coloribus distinctioribus, clari-

oribus.

Hab. ad Puerto Galero.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

This variety was the most abundant, and Mr. Cuming informs me
that he detected it in the act of depositing its eggs on the leaves of
trees in the forest where it was feeding. ‘lhe eggs, which are white,
oblong, and covered with a hard, granular shell, were attached to
the leaves by a gummy substance. ‘They are half an inch long, and
nearly four-twelfths across in their widest part.

Var. f. Anfractu ultimo nigrescente, antice flavo subsordido stri-
gata vel maculata, fascid nigrescente basalt.
Hab. ad Puerto Galero.
Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.
In this variety, the abrupt termination of the yellowish markings
toward the basal portion of the body-whorl leaves the dark colour
almost uninterrupted, in the shape of a dark band.

Var. g. Strigis distantibus, anfractu basali erga basin cincturd
moniliformi, interruptd, albidd vel flavescente ornato.

Hab. ad Mansalai in insula Mindoro.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

Var. h. Pallida, strigis latis, anfractu ultimo fascid pallidiori sub-
basali cincto.

Hab. ad Mansalai.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

Var. i. Strigis irregularibus, angulatis, frequentibus tota picta.

Hab. ad Mansalai.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

Var. k. Cinereo-subvirescens, strigis pallidis angulatis, distantibus,
brunneo-marginatis obscure ornata, anfractu basali fascid brunneo-
rufescente subbasali cincto.

Hab. ad Puerto Galero.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

Near the umbilicus, the epidermis, in those specimens of var. k.
which I have seen, is worn off, exposing the rich red-brown ground
colour of the shell. Indeed in all the varieties the dark colour ge-
nerally appears to reside in the shell itself, and the lighter-coloured

86

markings, with few, if any exceptions, in the epidermis. In the
largest variety (a) here described, the effect of the detrition of the
epidermis is well shown. Var. k. comes very close upon var. c. of
Bulinus chrysalidiformis. The length of this species is 6 inches and
under, and the breadth from about 1 to 14th of an inch.

BuLINUS CHRYSALIDIFORMIS. Bul. testd valde productd, subpupi-
Sformi, subcylindricd, lineis incrementi oblique rugosd ; apertura
subauriculiformi, distortd ; columella subrectd, ampld, complanatd ;
perisiomate interrupto ; labio interno expanso, labio externo ex-
panso, subrecurvo, sepits subconstricto ; umbilico subobsoleto.

Var. a. Subgracilis, anfractibus 7 subventricosis, ultimo vir subven-
tricosiori ; pallide castanea vel brunnescens strigis longitudinali-
bus, irregularibus sordid? flavis picta ; aperturd intus subalbidd ;
labio nigro-purpurascente.

This variety is curiously marked. In the young shells the co-
lours are more pure and distinct, but as the animal becomes aged
they are more confused, and run into each other. In both states
the upper whorls are transparent, and the two last opaque.

Var. 6. Pallidior, labio haud constricto, ex albido dilute purpu-
rascente.

Hab. ad Puerto Galero.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

The distortion and a shade of the constriction may be traced in

the mouth of this variety.

Var. a. et b. habitant ad Puerto Galero.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

Var. c. subflava, anfractibus ventricostoribus, fascid suturali albidd
et subpurpured tessellatd ; aperturd ampld, alba, labii margine
castaneo-purpurascente.

The shells of this variety are much less thick than those of the
two first, and are nearly transparent throughout; but it must be re-
membered that all which I have seen of this variety appear to be
younger shells : the body- whorl is also much more ventricose in pro-
portion.

Var. d. Tota flavescens, labio albo. -

This variety, as well as the last, when held against the light,
shows shading’ of the longitudinal stripes.

Var. c. et d. habitant ad Mansalai.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

*.* Bulinus chrysalidiformis of G. B. Sowerby (Zool. Proc. 1833,
p- 37) is a faded shell of var. c. ord. It is without epidermis, and
entirely white, except the margin of the lip, which is brownish. The
length of this species varies from 23ths inches to 22ths, and the
breadth from 18ths to 13th.

««The shells which I have here attempted to describe were collect-
ed by Mr. Cuming in deep and dark forests of thick foliage, some
upon, and others beneath, the leaves of trees. There were no palms
in these forests. :

87

«I cannot quit this group without acknowledging that I am not
without doubts as to the specific difference of Bul. chrysalidiformis
and Bul. Mindoroensis. If the shells at the greater intervals be
taken, they appear to be distinct, but there are gradations in these
numerous and motley Mindoro snails, that at least closely approx-
imate the two sections into which I have divided them.” —W. J.B

Mr. Cuming exhibited the various species and varieties of shells
described in the foregoing paper, and also a series to illustrate the
memoir of G. B. Sowerby, Esq-, which was next read: it is entitled
‘« Descriptions of new species of the family of Helicide, collected by
Mr. H. Cuming in the Philippine Islands.”

Hexrx (Cocntocena De F.) votycuroa. — Hel. testd obovatd, te-
nui, nitidd, anfractibus quinque, primis presertim, ventricosis,
oblique lineis incrementi, striatis, ultimo majori, ceteris dupld
longiori, fascia diversicolore, pleriimque albd, prope suturam :
apertura suborbiculari, peristomate plerumque albo, extus reflexo ;
columella albd, rectiusculd, anticé subcallosd, subsinuatd. Long.
1-9, lat. 1°3 poll.

H. virido-striata, Lea secund. Jay.

Hab. in foliis arborum ad insulam Temple dictam Philippinarum.

One of the most beautiful, as well as one of the most variable spe-
cies in colour. In its general form it is very near var. b. of Lamarck’s
Helix galactites (H. mirabilis, De F. Hist. Nat. Gen. et Part. des
Mollusques terr. et fluv. t. 31. f. 4 to 6), which has been called H. Phi-
lippinarum, but from which it may easily be distinguished by atten-
tion to the above characters. The following seven varieties in colour
have been brought by Mr. Cuming: viz. var. a. bright green, with
darker, longitudinal, oblique, slightly undulated lines and bands,
and a white band at the suture: var. 6. the same, with the addition
of a narrow, very darkly coloured brown band immediately below
the white sutural band, and a broad spiral dark brown basal band :
var. c. the same, with two additional dark brown bands on the last
yolution: var. d. bright light brown, with green, slightly undulated
oblique longitudinal bands, and a white sutural band: var. e. the
same as var. a., but having the sutural band of a light and dark brown
colour varied: var. f. of chestnut brown, with a white sutural band :
var. g. of a dark chestnut brown, with a light orange brown sutural
band.

This species is Helix virido-striata of Lea, according to Dr. Jay ;
I know not if that name be published or not. I hope not, because
it cannot be adopted, neither being consonant with the rules of no-
menclature, nor with classic purity.

Hexix (Cocntocena DeF.) rroripa. Hel. testd obovatd, tenui-
usculd, haud nitente, anfractibus quinque ventricosis, tenuissime
oblique striatis, ultimo majori, ceteris fere dupld longiori ; suturd
minutissime crenulatd, albd ; aperturd suborbiculari peristomate
latiusculo, reflexo, rotundato, albo; columelld albd, subincurvd.
Long. 1°6, lat. 1:1 poll.

88

Hab. in foliis arborum prope Munsolai ad insulam Mindoro Phi-
lippinarum. ‘

This, like the last, is a very beautiful species, and it is also sub-
ject to much variation in colour; its varieties, nevertheless, are not
so numerous. It is principally remarkable for its surface being dull
like the bloom upon green plums or grapes. The following varieties
are exhibited by Mr. Cuming: viz. var. a. of an uniform green, be-
coming paler toward the apex, where it is white: var. 6. green, with
a brown band close to the white sutural band, and the apex of a
reddish brown: var. c. green, with a dark brown band near the su-
tural band, and a dark brown spiral band close to the columella: var.
d. the same, with two intermediate brown bands, both of which,
however, are not continuous: var. e. brown, with a dark brown band
next to the sutural white band, and the dark brown spiral band sur-
rounding the columella. In all these varieties the narrow white
sutural band is constant, and the anterior part of the last volution
within the aperture is yellower than the outer surface.

Heurx (Cocatocena De F.) nypropHana. Hel. testd obovatd,
tenuiusculd, nitiduld, anfractibus quinque ventricosis, oblique te-
nerrime striatis, ultimo majori, ceteris dupld longiori, omnibus
plis minisve epidermide hydrophand indutis ; apertura suborbicu-
lari, peristomate albo, rotundato, reflexo ; columella subarcuatd,
antice in tuberculam indistinctam productd. Long. 1°35, lat.
1-05 poll.

Hab. prope Puerto Galero ad insulam Mindoro Philippinarum.

The ground colour of this extraordinary species is brownish yel-

low, and it has two, three, or four broader or narrower very dark
brown spiral bands. A rather thinner variety, with three bands, is
found in the island of Corregidor, in the Bay of Manilla. The most
remarkable circumstance in its natural history is that it is more or
less covered with a very thin, opaque, white epidermis, which becomes
transparent on being wetted; the dark brown bands are then seen
brilliantly contrasted with the yellowish brown general colour of the
shell.

Heurx (Hericosryza De F.) ceporpes. Hel. testa suborbiculari,
tenui, spird subdepresso-conicd ; anfractibus senis, ventricosis,
postice depressiusculis, lineis incrementi striatis ; suturd distinctd ;
aperturd semilunari, peristomate postice tenui, subreflexo, tim
crassiori, reflexo ; columella in dentem obtusum producto. Long.
1°8, lat. 2°2 poll.

H. cepoides, Lea, M.S. secund. Jay.

Hab. ad insulam Luban Philippinarum.

This species most nearly resembles H. unidentata, Lam. Anim.
sans Vert. VI. pt. 2, p. 74, from which it may easily be known by
its more ventricose volutions, and its much narrower aperture. It
differs also in colour, the wxidentata being usually of a dark chestnut
brown, while in the Doliwm the spire and more than the upper half
of the last volution are of a light brown, and the remainder lighter
coloured still, and between the darker and lighter colour is a band

8)

of nearly white. The epidermis in this species is very thin and pale-
coloured, and it has alternating darker marks close to the suture.
A variety occurs of a nearly uniform pale brownish yellow colour,
though in other respects similar.

I gladly adopt Lea’s manuscript name of cepoides.

Heuix (Hexicosryra? De F.) anata. Hel. testd ovatd, subcy-
lindricd, crassiusculd, rufo-fuscescente, fascid antemediand albidd ;
anfractibus senis, subventricosis, oblique eavaratis, subrugosis ;
suturd distinctd, erenulatd ; aperturd fere circulari, intis albd,
peritremate expanso, subreflexo, fusco ;*columelld albd ; umbilico
mediocri. Long. 1:7, lat. 1:1 poll.

Hab. ad insulam Tablas Philippinarum.

_Variat testdé omnind pallidé lutescente, aperturd peritremateque albis.
The two varieties of this remarkable species differ so much in
colour that they might at first sight be regarded as distinct species ;
I do not, however, discover any real difference in their conformation,
and therefore am compelled to unite them as varieties. ‘The ridges
between the furrows vary greatly in their distance from each other ;
they appear to be more and more frequent as the shell increases in
age.

Heurx (Hericosryita? De F.) apusta. Hel. testd oblongd, sub-
cylindricd, castaned, levigatd, tenuissimé lineis incrementi striatd,
Sfascid antemediand pallidiort ; anfractibus senis subventricosis ;
suturd distinctd ; aperturd feré circulari, ints albicante ; peritre-
mate leviter expanso, reflexo, fusco ; columelld pallidd ; umbilico
parvo. Long. 1°8, lat. 1° poll.

Hab. ad insulam Tablas Philippinarum.

This species resembles the last in form as well as colour ; it differs,
however, in its general proportions, as well as in being entirely free
from the numerous and deep oblique grooves so remarkable in that
species ; its umbilicus also is smaller.

Hewrx (Hexicosryra? De F.) pracnyopon. Hel. testd ovato-
subcylindricd, tenui, castaned, fuscid anticd pallescente ; anfracti-
bus quinque ad sex subventricosis, lineis incrementi tenuitér ob-
lique striatis ; suturd distinctd, levitér crenulatd ; aperturd sub-
orbiculari, intis albicante ; dente obtuso, untico, albo ; peritremate
subincrassato, reflexo, subexpanso, interne inter columellam den-
temque sinuato ; columelld albd, obtusd ; umbilico parvo. Long.
1:95, lat. 1°3 poll.

Hab. in foliis arborum prope Puerto Galero ad insulam Mindoro

Philippinarum.

Variat testd breviori, colore saturatiori, striisque fortioribus. Long.
1°35, lat. 1-2 poll.

I have named this species Brachyodon, from a short white tooth
placed at the inner and anterior part of the lip, and which appears
to be constant, I do not hesitate to regard the shorter specimens as
merely a variety, though they differ greatly in their proportions from

90

the typical variety. A single nearly colourless specimen is inter-
mediate in its proportions.

Heurx (Cocutocena De F.) putcnerrima. Hel. testd orbiculari,
subglobosd, tenuiusculd, haud nitente, spird plerimque subdepressd,
anfractibus 44, ventricosis, levibus, striis solim incrementi tenu-
issimis insculptis, coloribus pulcherrimé ornatis, ultimo maximo,
ceteris quadrupld longiori ; suturd distincté impressd ; apertura
rotundato-semilunari, intis albd, peristomate latiusculo, rotundato,
reflexo, extiis ad busin columelle subsinuato ; columelld dilatatd,
subplanilatd. Long. 1°5, lat. 2° poll.

Hab. prope St. Jaun in provincia Cagayan insule Lucon Phi-

lippinarum.

‘The usuel ground colour of this very pretty shell varies from a
pale yellowish brown, through orange brown, to dark chestnut brown;
some of its varieties are of a nearly uniform colour, others are very
elegantly varied, with narrower or broader, and more or less nume-
rous interrupted bands of opaque white epidermis (which are trans-
parent when wetted), and which gives them a very brilliant and
captivating appearance, to which it is indeed impossible in words to
do justice.

This species is usually about the same size as Helix Pomatia, dif-
fering from that, however, very greatly in form and proportions, and
varying, moreover, greatly in size. It is nearly orbicular, somewhat
globose, with a slightly depressed obtuse spire. It is of a thin sub-
stance, and its surface is dull. Its volutions are four and a half, of
which the first is rounded, and the last is very large, being four times
as long as the rest, and very ventricose; they are smooth, being
closely covered’ with the very slender lines of growth ; the suture is
very distinct, inasmuch as that the posterior part of the next volution
is nearly horizontal, and the anterior part of the last volution nearly
perpendicular to it. ‘The aperture is large (not so large in propor-
tion as Deshayes’s Helix Cailliaudi, Mag. de Zosl., 1839, ‘ Mol-
lusques,’ Pl. 5.), of a rounded semilunar form, and white within :
the peristome is rather broad and thick, rounded and reflected; in
some varieties it is quite white, in others it is delicately coloured of
a rose tint, and sometimes of a brownish red: the columella is dilated
and rather flattened, usually quite white, though occasionally tinged
with rose.

The following are the twelve principal varieties which have oc-
curred to Mr. Cuming, viz.

Var. a. General colour dark chestnut brown; apex brownish scar-
let; edge of the peristome purplish crimson; body covered with
broader and narrower white interrupted bands, set nearly close to-
gether.

Var. 6. The same, only not having so many of the white bands,
the ground colour is seen in broader bands.

Var. c. General colour dark chestnut brown, with numerous in-
terrupted bands of light brown epidermis; apex brownish scarlet ;
edge of the peristome purplish brown.

oF ,

Var. d. Ground colour orange brown, with numerous white inter-
rupted bands ; peristome white.

Var. e. Dark chestnut brown, with only three or four light-
coloured interrupted bands, so that the dark brown ground colour
appears in broad bands.

Var. f. Light yellowish brown, with the apex red, and the edge
of the peristome rose colour ; numerous close-set, interrupted, nearly
white bands ornament this variety.

Var. g. The same ground colour as the last, with a light buff-
coloured edge to peristome, and a single white scarcely interrupted
band, forming the circumference of the shell.

Var. A. With a chestnut brown ground colour, a red apex, and
orange-coloured edge to the peristome, and one white band, forming
the circumference.

Var. i. With a chestnut brown ground, a red apex, and an orange-
coloured edge to the outside of the pink-edged peristome, and with-
out any white band but a slender white sutural line.

Var. k. With a yellowish brown ground colour, the apex and the
back of the peristome bright orange-red; peristome and columella
rose-coloured ; without a band, but with a slender white suture line.

Var. 7. Of an uniform yellowish brown, with white peristome.

Var. m. Of an uniform pale brownish yellow, with white peristome.

The most beautiful varieties are most abundant on the leaves of
bushes and young trees at St. Jaun, where also all the other varieties
are found. Some of the lesser painted varieties are also found at
Abulug in the same province. The species has not been found in
any other part of the Philippine Islands.

Since this paper was read two other varieties have been found by
Mr. Cuming in his packages ; they are

Var. n. Of a very rich dark chestnut brown, with a scarlet apex,
four very narrow interrupted white bands of epidermis, a white suture,
and orange-coloured outer edge to the white peristome.

Var. o. Of arich light brown colour, with a yellowish band form-
ing the circumference of the shell, and another band of the same
yellowish colour in front, near the columella; peristome white, its
edge pink, and back of the lip orange-yellow.

August 25, 1840.
W. H. Lloyd, Esq., in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of five new species of Kangaroo, form-
ing part of the collection made by Mr. Gould, who had just returned
from Australia, after an absence of two years and a half spent in the
investigation of the habits and ceconomy of the animals of that con-
tinent.

The first of these Kangaroos to which Mr. Gould drew attention
was a large species, but little inferior in size to the Macropus major,
inhabiting the summits of the mountain ranges in the interior of
New South Wales. Mr. Gould observed, that it is a most powerful
animal, and very dangerous to approach. The unusual strength and
size of the limbs suggested the specific name of robustus, and Mr.
Gould accordingly characterized it as

Macrorus (PerrocGaLE*) rosustus. Macr. artubus anticis mag-
nis et prerobustis ; vellere e fusco cinereo, apud partes inferiores
pallidiore ; tarsis fuscis ; digitis anticé nigris ; antipedibus, et
carpis, nigris; capite fuliginoso levitér tincto; utrdque gend
lined albescente notatd ; guld, guttureque albidis ; cauda superne
Suscd, subtus pallidiore.

une. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 47 0
COUDE. ~~ iis ete eee Te otella, ate Tenis

tarsi digitorumque (sine unguibus).. 11 0

ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 8 O
UNIS OS SO Secs hia or 3.7

Femina differt vellere ex argenteo cinereo, corpore subtis feré
albo. Long. corporis cum capite, 33 unc. ; caude, 26; tarsi digito-
rumque, 10 unc. 2 lin.

The second species has a remarkably elegant appearance, being of
a slender delicate form, and adorned with two white stripes, which
commencing at the occiput, ran down the back of the neck on to the
shoulders, where they are recurved. Mr. Gould proposed to desig-
nate this species

Macropus rranatus. Macr. elegans, et gracilis; vellere molli
brevi, colore e fusco cinereo; curpore subtis albo ; ab occipite
uirinque super rumeros lined angusta alba currente ; interspatio
obscuro, et apud occiput nigrescente : caudd tuberculo parvo cor-
neo ad apicem instructo, pilis nigrescentibus abscondito ; tarsis,
artubusque anticis feré albis, digitis pilis obscuris pauld ad-
spersis.

* The Petrogale of Gray is probably identical with Heteropus of Jourdan.

93

une. lin.

Longitudo ab-apice rostri ad caude basin.... 23 0
PUMA 5 Daisies crvnsthy yareter sy reve 20 0
tarsi digitorumque (sine unguibus).. 5 6
ab apice rostriad basin auris .... 4 2
auris .... Wepetage ictal Phan en

Hab. Interior of New South Wenlaay

The third species is about the same size as the last. The most
remarkable character in this animal consists in its having a nail at
the tip of the tail: this nail is hidden by the tuft of hair with which
the end of the tail is furnished, and greatly resembles a finger-nail,
both in texture and form, but is of a black colour. The name pro-
posed for this species was

Macrorus uneurrer. Mucr. corpore gracili, caudd perlongéd ;
vellere perbrevi, et mediocritér moll: colore fulvo, parte corporis
anteriore, et collo albescentibus ; capite fere toto, nec non artubus
abdomineque albis : noté fusca longitudinal, apud dorsum ; cauda
albidd, apicem versus, pilis longis et fuscis indutd, ad apicem
cum ungue nigrescente, fere magnitudinem et figuram unguis
Ehibente, ut in digito hominis videtur, instructd.

une. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 25 0
CONGR ied. ss ae Ee AO

— tarsi digitorumque (sine unguibus).. 7 O
ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 0

BETES eget ae oat ee tte 26

Hab. North-west coast of Australia.

To the fourth species, having two crescent-shaped white marks
on the shoulders, Mr. Gould gave the name of

Macropus tunatus. Macr. capite brevi, auribus magnis ; artubus
anticis parvis ; tarsis mediocritér elongatis et gracilibus ; colore
cinereo, collo humerisque feyrugineo pallidé tinctis ; corpore sub-
luis e cinereo albo; lined arcuatad alba in utringue latus, ab hu-
meris extensd.

unc, lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostriad caude basin.... 18 0
ET RE ES ROMS OP ONES PIES 0, OF

tarsi digitorumque (sine unguibus).. 4 6

ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 3 O

SEUNY tera A) vt aels, over aney ae aaa

Hab. West coast of Australia.

The fifth species resembles the Common Hare in size, and in the
texture of the fur; so much so, indeed, that a portion of its skin
could not be distinguished from that of a Hare. ‘The fore-legs and
feet of this animal being very small, Mr. Gould proposed to describe
it as

Macrorus Levoripes. Maer. pro magniludine et velleris colore

94

nec non texturd, Lepori timido assimilis ; capite breviusculo ;
antibrachiis pedibusque parvulis ; caudd breviusculd et gracili ;
corpore superne nigro, fusco et flavido variegato ; apud latera, et
circum oculos colore pallidé fulvo prevalente ; abdomine e cinereo
albo ; artubus anticis ad basin nigris.

une, lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 19 6
(LE Td RE Oe I Py PET Hi 13. 0

tarsi digitorumque...... TPS. ee:

ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 4 O

GUT RT ook ol Fe svt) Siio Nein, Sante arenes 2 0

Hab. Interior of Australia.

Mr. Gould also exhibited a remarkable spiny Lizard, allied to the
Agamas, which he had procured from Swan River.

Mr. Gould then called the attention of the Members to an extra-
ordinary piece of Bird-architecture, which he had ascertained to be
constructed by the Satin Bird, Ptilonorhynchus holosericeus, and an-
other of similar structure, but still larger, by the Chlamydera macu-
lata. These constructions, Mr. Gould states, are perfectly anomalous
in the architecture of birds, and consist in a collection of pieces of
stick and grass, formed into a bower; or one of them (that of the
Chlamydera) might be called an avenue, being about three feet in
length, and seven or eight inches broad inside ; a transverse section,
giving the figure of a horse-shoe, the round part downwards. They
are used by the birds as a playing-house, or ‘‘ run,” as it is termed,
and are used by the males to attract the females. ‘The ‘‘ run” of
the Satin Bird is much smaller, being less than one foot in length,
and moreover differs from that just described in being decorated
with the highly-coloured feathers of the Parrot tribe; the Chlamy-
dera, on the other hand, collects around its “run” a quantity of
stones, shells, bleached bones, etc. ; they are also strewed down the
centre within. Mr. Gould spent much time in observing the habits
of those birds, and was fully satisfied that the ‘“‘runs”’ were actually
' formed by them, and constructed for the purposes described.

Two papers were then read, in which the authors resume the de-
scriptions of the Shells collected by H. Cuming, Esq., Corr. Memb.,
in the Philippine Islands, who exhibited specimens in illustration of
the papers.

The first of these papers is from W. J. Broderip, Esq.

Buuinus Dryas. Bul. testa elongato-ovatd, via subdiaphand, pe-
ristomate interrupto, crassiusculo, lato, expanso, subrecurvo ; ni-
tide alba vel flavescente brunneo castaneove vittatd.

Var. a. alba, anfractu basali trivittato, viltd superiore et inferiore
strus nigro-fuscis ; medid castaned, nonnunquam interruptd.

This variety is sometimes yellowish, and the three bands on the
body-whorl are nearly uniform chestnut.

95

Var. b. anfractu basali bicincto, viltd superiore angusta, vitta infe-
riore tristrigatd.

Var. c. anfractu basali nitidé albo, vittd superiore et inferiore an-
gustis ngrescentibus limbato.

Var. d. Pallidé flava fascid suturali albente, anfractu basali vittd
superiore et inferiore angustissimis, castaneis limbato ; ceteris
castaneo univittald.

Var. e. Tota alba.

Hab. ad Mansalai in insula Mindoro.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

Mr. Cuming informs us that the animal of this elegant shell,
which in the form of the spire and the distribution of the colouring,
though not in the colouring itself, reminds the observer of Achatine
fasciata, emarginata and virginea of Swainson (Zool. Ill.), varies
much. In all the varieties the broadly expanded lip is white, both
above and below, and the bands of the body-whorl terminate
abruptly upon its upper part, so that the shell almost looks as if the
wide white lip had been added to some of the Riband Achatine,
for varieties of which some of the young might be taken by a cursory
observer. The animal was ash-coloured, darker above. General
length of the shell about two inches ; width of body-whorl from §ths
to {ths of an inch.

Burinus Sytvanus. Bal. testa elongato-ovatd, subdiaphand, sub-
pyramidali, anfractibus ventricosioribus, fused castanco vitiata,
strigis et maculis flaventibus vel albentibus, longitudinalibus
picta ; peritremate interrupto, columelle basi subsinuatad, aper-
turd subauriculari ; labro expanso, recurvo.

Var. a. Fusca vel flavescens fascia suturali tenui aibd, apice pur-
purascente, anfractu basalt castaneo trifasciato, fasciis inferiori-
bus maximis, strigis angulatis longitudinalibus picto, anfractibus
ceteris frequentissimé longitudinaliter strigatis et maculatis.

Var. b. Nitidé flavescens, anfractu basali castaneo quadrivittato.

Var. c. Flavescens anfractu basali bivittato.

Several of this variety have traces of the longitudinal zigzag lines
and spots upon the body-whorl. E

Var. d. Ventricosior, anfractu basali trivittato, apice purpurascente,
vittis nigricantibus.

Var. e. Sordidé fusca strigis et maculis angulatis elongatis obscuré
sparsa.

Var. f. Tota flavescens, lined tenuissimd suturali alba, gracilior.

Hab. In insula Mindoro. i

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

Some of the varieties of this fine shell, especially variety 6, will
remind the observer, at first sight, of the species last described ; but
Mr. Cuming informs us that the animal is reddish brown, and, be-
sides other differences in the shell, the colouring-matter, instead of
stopping short at that point of the body-whorl, just where the lip
begins to expand, is continued on to the very rim, which is in most
instances bordered with it; nay, the colour generally becomes more

96

intense upon the upper part of the expansion. Varieties d. and e.
were found at Calapan; varieties c. and f. at Puerto Galero. The
latter variety has generally a chestnut oblique stripe or spot at the
bottom of the whorl and on the upper expansion of the outer lip,
continued from above the columelia. Sometimes there is an obscure
line of a somewhat darker hue belting the body-whorl in this same
variety.

This species varies a good deal in length and breadth. The
average length may be taken at about two inches, and the width
across the body-whorl, at from more than an inch to $ths of an inch.

Buxinus Fictitis. Bul. testd subpupiformi, anfractibus sex ven-
tricosis, lineis incrementi obliquis fortioribus, peristomate inter-
rupto, expanso, crassiusculo, labro expanso, aperturd subauricu-
lari, supra subangulatd, alba.

Var. a. Nitide fusca strigis, punctis, lineisque albentibus notata,
anfractis basalis vitld suturali angusta subalbidd.

Var. b. Albescens, strigis maculisque castaneo-nigricantibus longi-
tudinalibus, clarioribus.

Var.c. Flavescens, lineis strigisque longitudinalibus albentibus, an-
fractis basalis fascié angustd obscura.

Var. d. Griseo-albens vel albens, strigis longitudinalibus albidis.

Hab. in insula Philippina Cuyo dicta.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

In var. a. the dark ground-colour of the shell is striped, and pow-
dered, as it were, with the whitish epidermis ; in var. b. this whitish
epidermis predominates, so that the longitudinal zebra-like stripes
arising from the exposure of the dark brown, but shining ground-
colour, are comparatively distinct. Var. d. seems to be the albino-
state of the species. General length about 1ths inch; breadth
about ths.

Buuinus tarvatus. Bul. testd elongato-pyramidah, gracili, sub-
diaphand, lineis incrementi obliquis, aperturd auriculari, superne
angustatd, labro crasso, expanso, recurvo, fused strigis pallidis
obliqué longitudinalibus, distantibus, varia ; aperturd alba ; labri
margine externo inferneé fusco limbato.

Hab. in insula Cuyo.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

It is not without doubt that I have separated this shell specifically
from the last; but in addition to the difference of shape, the colour-
ing matter, here again, instead of stopping short just above the outer
lip, where it begins to expand, as is the case with Bul. fictilis, is
carried on and over the external expanse of the outer lip, so as to
constitute a coloured rim on its lower external edge. In other re-
spects there is much similarity between the two. General length
about 14 inch; breadth across body-whorl rather more than half an
inch.—W. J.B.

Following is the continuation of Mr. G. B. Sowerby’s paper :—

Hewrx prcreimns. Hel. testd globosd, tenuis, levis, haud nitens,
striis incrementi subtilissime striata, pierumque pallescens, non-

97

- nunquam unicolor, sepius zonis duabus nigris ornata ; anfracti-
bus quatuor, rotundatis, ultimo maximo ; aperturd subcirculart ;
peritremate reflexo, albo, columella albd, subincurvd, rectiusculd.

Long. 1:2, lat. 1°35.

Hab. supra folia arborum ad insulam Marinduque, Philippinarum.

The appearance of the different varieties of this species might lead
to the supposition that they were distinct species, in consequence of
the peculiarities of the outer portion of the epidermis. The whole
epidermis of this species seems worthy of particular notice: it con-
sists of an inner coat, which is rather thick, horny, apparently strongly
adhesive, and of a greenish brown yellow colour; and of an outer
partial coat, which is white and hydrophanous, and which does not
entirely cover the inner coat, but is variously arranged upon it in
the different varieties. The following are the most remarkable va-
rieties :—

a. Shell brown, with two very dark-brown spiral bands, a lighter
antesutural band, and a very dark columellar band. Lip white at
the back as well as in front. From the island of Marinduque.

6. Shell coloured similarly to the last, but having its outer sur-
face slightly rugulose. From the same locality.

ce. Shell coloured similarly to the two former, but with an exter-
nal white epidermis disposed in slightly interrupted spiral bands.
Found on the leaves of trees in Tayabas, in the province of 'Taya-
bas, Island of Luzon.

d. Shell light brown, with a dark-coloured antesutural band, and
very dark columellar band; external white epidermis disposed as the
last. From the same locality.

e. Shell brown, not banded, with the white external epidermis
disposed in irregular and interrupted lines, nearly following the di-
rection of the lines of growth, but increasing in width so as to form
an interrupted band at the circumference of the shell. Found on
the leaves of small trees on the island of Capul.

Jf. Shell pale brownish yellow, with the white external epidermis
similarly disposed, but forming two rather broader and less inter-
rupted bands, one at the circumference and the other anterior.
From the same locality.

g. Shell white, with alternating light and dark brown bands ;
antesutural hne and band round the columella dark brown. From
Ligao, South Camarenis, island of Luzon : found on the leaves of trees.

A. Similar to g, but the alternating bands are dark brown and
black ; the antesutural line and the band round the columella also
are black. From Pasacao, South Camarenis: found on the leaves
of trees.

i. Similar to the last, only destitute of the central brown band.
From the same locality as h.

k. Shell white, with three brown bands; antesutural line and
columellar band of the same colour. From Ligao.

1. Shell white, with two brown bands; antesutural line and colu-
mellar band of the same colour. From Ligao.

98

m. Shell white, with a single brown band at its circumference.
From Ligao.

n. Shell white, with alternately very pale and dark brown bands ;
antesutural line and columellar band dark brown. From Ligao.

o. Shell very pale brown, with a very thin epidermis; two dark
brown bands, the one before and the other behind the light brown
circumferential band; antesutural line and columellar band dark
brown. From Ligao.

p- Shell totally white. Also from Ligao.

Heurx opatinus. Hel. testa pyramidalis, conica, obtusa, hyalina,
tenuis, albido-viridescens, levis, nitida, striis incrementi tenuissi-
mis solim sculpta; anfractibus senis, subconvezis, ultimo antice

- obtus® subcarinato ; suturd distinctd, antice lined albd angustis-
simd ; aperturd obliqud, subrotundatd, superné basi ultimi an-
fractis fere pland modificatd ; peritremate subreflero, prope colu-
mellam subincrassato ; columella albd, subincurvd, sulco subobso-
leto circumdatd.

Long. 1°25, lat. 0°8.

Hab. supra folia fruticum propé St. Jaun, Provinciam Cagayan

Insulz Luzonice.

A remarkably delicate species, having nearly the form of Helix
pileus ; it is, however, narrower in proportion to its height, its vo-
lutions are less numerous, and rather more convex. ‘This elegant
species has the usual colour and semitransparency of the Semi-Opal,
which, however, becomes rather greener towards the base.

Hex cincinnus. Hel. lesta ovato-pyramidalis, tenuis, levis, ple-
rimque nitida, subhyalina ; epidermide albo fuscoque varid, haud
nitidd nonnunguam induta; spird elatiusculd, obtusd ; anfracti-
bus senis, convexiusculis, soliim striis incrementi tenuibus indutis ;
suturd distinctd ; aperturd subovali, postice acuminatiusculd, su-
perné basi anfractés ultimi rotundatd modificatd, sinistrorsim
sinuatd ; peritremate angusto, reflexo ; columella albd, anticé per-
oblique subtruncatd.

Long. 1°8, lat. 11.

Hab. supra folia arborum ad Insulas Philippinas.

Another very variable species, particularly in its colouring and in
the characters dependent upon its epidermis. Numerous, however,
as its Varieties are, and abundant as the species is, it does not ap-
pear to have been described either by Lamarck or De Férussac; in-
deed, I have not been able to find any species nearly approaching it,
except Helix ventricosa, De Fér., which is figured in Chemn. vol. ix.
f. 1007, 1008, and which somewhat resembles the banded variety
of our shell. The following varieties have been brought by Mr.
Cuming :—

a. Shell white, last volution pale green, which is darker in its an-
terior part. From the island of Rumblon.

b. The same as a, but having a dark brown band surrounding the
columella. On some specimens of this variety the remains of a dark

99

brown epidermis is to be seen about the anterior part of the last vo-
lution. From the island of Burias.

c. Shell white, with a pink band surrounding the columella, and
scattered remains of a dark brown epidermis on the last volution.
From Temple Island.

d. Shell white, with a dark brown band surrounding the colu-
mella, and scattered remains of a dark brown epidermis on the last
volution. From the island of Burias.

e. Shell rose-colour, with scattered remains of a dark brown epi-
dermis about the anterior part of the last volution. From Temple
Island.

Ff. Shell red-brown, with a dark brown band surrounding the colu-
mella, and scattered remains of a dark brown epidermis about the
anterior part of the last volution. From Temple Island.

g. Shell light red-brown, with a dark brown band surroundifig
the columella, and mottled with a nearly white, hydrophanous and
a dark brown epidermis, which becomes altogether darker coloured
toward the anterior part of the last volution. From the island of
Burias.

h. Shell pink, epidermis as in g. From the island of Burias.

i. Shell white, with the dark brown columellar band and epider-
mis as in g. From the island of Burias. b

k. Shell white, very pale greenish toward the anterior part of the
last volution, with a broad dark brown columellar band, a narrow
brown band at the circumference of the shell, and a pale antesutural
brown band. From the island of Burias.

7. Coloured as k, but with broader and darker bands. From the
same locality.

Butrnvs ovorpevs, Brug. Bul. testa ovato-oblonga, ovoidea, alba,
levis, striis incrementi evilissimis obliquis solitm sculpta, zonis
nigris variis plerumque ornata ; anfractibus quingue subventri-
cosis, ultimo spiram fer? duplo longiori, aperturd subovatd,
postic? subacuminatd, intis albd, zonas exhibentibus ; peritremate
reflexo, albo ; columelld rectiusculd, labio columellari subincras-
sato, antic®reflexo, ad labium externum adjuncto.

Hab. ad insulam Ticao Philippinarum.

This species has been inadvertently figured in the ‘Conchological
Illustrations’ under the name of Luzonicus, having previously been
figured by De Férussac in his ‘Hist. Nat. des Mollusques terrestres et
fluviatiles,’ tab. 112. f.5,6, and described in the ‘Encycl. Méthod., by
Bruguiére* under the name of ovoideus, which name must of course
be retained. Bruguiére’s specimen was quite white; those figured
by Lister and De Férussac had a single dark band. Mr. Cuming
has brought the following varieties :—

a. White, the anterior part of the first three volutions light brown.
From the island of Masbate, on leaves of trees.

b. White, with three broad brown bands close behind the suture.

* Hist. Nat. des Vers, tome vi. p. 335,

100

c. The same as the last, with an additional black band in front. of
the postsutural band.

d. White, with a narrow brown band behind the suture.

e. Brownish white, with perfectly white antesutural band, and
three very broad dark brown bands.

Jf. White, with two dark brown bands, both anterior to the cir-
cumference of the shell.

g. White, with a single dark brown band. This is the variety
that has been figured in ‘ Conch. Illustr.,’ Bulinus, f. 53, under the
name of B. Luzonicus; it is also given in Guérin’s ‘ Magazin de
Conchyliologie’ (1838), tab. 116. f. 2. under the name of B. Coste-
vii: of course both these names must be abandoned in favour of the
older name of Bruguiére.

g. Entirely white. This’variety is of smaller size than most of
the others.

i. Apex reddish brown, ground-colour white; anterior part of the
last volution pale brown, with three dark brown bands.

k. Apex white or pale reddish, antesutural band white; then two
broad dark brown bands, nearly confluent; then a lighter brown
band, sometimes nearly white ; then a broad dark brown band; and
finally, the circumference of the columella white.

1. White, with two dark brown bands in front, and a very nar-
row light brown band behind the circumference.

Hex Arparensis. Hel. testa subglobosa, depressiuscula, tenuis,
levis, alba, plerumque fusco-zonata, lineis incrementi tenuissimis
soliim insculpta ; spird subdepressd, anfractibus 34 subconvezis,
ultimo maximo inflato ; aperturd evtiis rotundatd ; peritremate albo,
rotundato, reflexo, mediocri ; intis sinuatd, sinu profundo, antice
per columellam, latiusculam, albam, postic? per modificationem
anfracttis penultimi efformato ; suturd subinconspicud.

Long. 1:2; lat. 1°5 poll.

Hab. supra folia fruticum apud Matnog, Provinciam Albaiensem

insule Luzonice.

The following three varieties of this new species have been disco-
vered by Mr. Cuming, viz. :—

a. White, with a little light brown at the apex and outside the
columellar lip.

6. White, with two brown bands, one anterior to, and the other
posterior to, the circumference of the shell; a dark brown antesu-
tural line and a dark brown band outside the columellar lip.

c. The same as 0, with the two brown bands nearly meeting over
the circumference.

HErx «vrata. Hel. testa depressiusculo-subglobosa, tenuis, levis,
subnitens, flava, apice roseo ; spird rotundato depressd ; anfrac-
tibus 34 convexis, ultimo maximo ; aperturd semilunari, latd,
postice basi ultimi anfractds gibbosd modificatd ; labio externo
postice paululim coarctato, deinde subreflero, albo, crassiori, ro-
tundato ; columella albd, latd, subincrassatd ; suturd distinctd.

Long. 0°9; lat. 1°4 poll.

101

Hab. in foliis arborum ad St. Jaun Provinciam Cagayan Insule
Luzonice Philippinarum.

Two varieties of this remarkable and beautiful species have been
found by Mr. Cuming. The similarity of the young shell to Helix
picta is very great: the full-grown shell differs, however,-very much
in shape from that species. Both varieties are remarkable for a
bright red apex. oe

Var. a. Bright yellow, with a scarlet band placed just before the
suture, beginning at the second volution and increasing in breadth
with the growth of the shell: this var. has also a blue line on the
outside a little in front of the scarlet band, which is black within.

Var. 6. Upper half of the shell bright yellow; lower half white.

Hetrx Rorssyana, De F. Hel. testa subglobosa, crassiuscula, le-
vis, coloribus plerumque albo, nigroque fasciata, et ut assolent
epidermide obscurd, haud nitente, obtecta ; spird obtusissimd ; an-
Ffractibus 44, rotundatis, subventricosis, ultimo maximo, ceteris
quadruplo longiort ; suturd distinctd ; aperturd sublunari, intis
albd, labii externi margine arcté revolutd, nigra, columellari albd ;
columella rectiusculd, planulatd, alba s. albicante.

Hexix Rorssyana, De Fér, ‘ Hist. Nat. générale et particuliére
des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles,’ tab. 104. f. 2, 3.

Long. 1:2; lat. 1°4 poll. E

Hab. propé Puerto Galero ad Insulam Mindoro, Philippinarum.

Five principal varieties of this species are remarkable; one alone
has been represented, though not described by De Férussac. If the
colours alone were to be depended upon as specific characters, two
of these varieties would be considered distinct species. Deshayes
has omitted to mention or to describe this species in his second
edition of Lamarck-(Anim. sans Vert.) ; I am therefore much grati-
fied by having the opportunity afforded me of pointing out its cha-
racters and making known its several varieties.

Var. a. White, with a yellowish epidermis, a very dark brown,
almost black, antesutural band, and a rather broad, black band sur-
rounding the columella.

Var. 6. The same as the last, with an additional broad interme-
diate anterior black band.

Var. c. Similar to the last, with the addition of a black band an-
terior to the sutural band, and with the anterior intermediate band
much wider.

Varieties a, b, c, are all found at Puerto Galero.

Var. d. Nearly black all over, and only showing more or less di-
stinct remains of white on the three first volutions; epidermis very
thin and nearly colourless. Found at Calapan, in the Island of Min-
doro.

Var. e. Of a dark chestnut-brown colour, with the same arrange-
ment of colour as the last, but covered with a thickish, brown, opake,
hydrophanous epidermis. From Puerto Galero.

I am compelled to regard as a variety of this species a shell which
Mr. Cuming has brought from the island of Tablas, whose spire is

102

more elevated, having nearly five volutions; it is of a dark colour,
with more or less distinct lighter bands, and the same thickish,
brown, opake, hydrophanous epidermis as the last: its columella,
and the columellar lip, are of a brownish purple. I designate this
as Var. f.

The figure given by De Férussac represents a rather dwarf vari-
ety, of which I have seen a specimen in Mr. Metcalfe’s collection.

Herx (Cocatoeena, De F.) 1¢nopitis. Hel. testa subgloboso-
conica, tenuis, albicans, subhyalina, fasciis duabus castaneis orna-
ta; spird subconoided; anfractibus 44, levibus, nitidis, subplanu-
latis, striis incrementi tenuissimis solum sculptis ; suturd distinctd ;
apertura subrotundd, intis albd, fasciis duabus conspicuis ; peri-
tremate reflexo, rotundato, albo; columelld rectiusculd continuo.

Long. 1°2; lat. 1°2 poll.

Hab. ad insulam Romblon, Philippinarum.

The subconical form of the spire, with very slightly ventricose
volutions, distinguish this from all its most nearly-related species.
When young it is slightly carinated. The anterior part of the last
yolution is usually coloured of a pale yellowish tint.

Heurx (Cocutocrena, De F.) tenera. Hel. testa subglobosa,
tenuis, alba, subhyalina ; spird subacuminatd, obtusd ; anfractibus
44, levibus, subventricosis, striis incrementi tenuissimis soliim in-
sculptis, ultimo fascid angustd, viridi picto; suturd distinctd ;
aperturd subrotundd, intis alba fascid solitarid subinconspicud ;
peritremate tenui, reflexo, albo ; columelld latiusculd, rectiusculd,
albd, extits antice subangulatd, :

Long. 1; lat. 1 poll.

Hab. prope Mansalai ad insulam Mindoro, Philippinarum.

Var. b. fasciis duabus castaneo-nigris.

Nearly related to the last (H. ignobilis): it may be distinguished
by being rather smaller, by having its volutions rather more convex,
its peritreme thinner, its columella straighter, and angular in front
externally. A variety occurs with two dark brown, nearly black,
bands, the one above and the other below the ordinary green band.
The posterior of these is seen nearly up to the apex.

Hewrx (Cocutocena, De F.) cottopEs. Hel. testa subglobosa,
tenuiuscula, nitida, alba ; epidermide lutescente induta, apice ro-
seo; spird subelatd, obtusd ; anfractibus quinque, ventricosis,
ultimo ad basin paululiim planulato ; suturd distinctd, anticé
castaned ; aperturd subrotundd, intis albd ; peritremate reflexo,
nigricante ; columelld albicante, paululim recurvd.

Long. 1°2; lat. 1:2 poll.

Hab. ad insulam Tablas, Philippinarum.

I have named this species collodes, in consequence of the remark-
able appearance of the epidermis, like a coat of glue covering all the
outer surface except the apex. In form this species is much like
H. ignobilis ; its spire is not, however, so much acuminated, and the

103

apex is much more obtuse than in that species; its peritreme, more-
over, is thinner, and although reflected, it is not rounded as in that
species.

Heurx (Cocutostyta, De F.) Orsituvs. Hel. testa subglobosa,
crassiuscula, levi, oblique lineis incrementi tenerrimé insculpta ;
anfractibus 44 ad 5, subventricosis, ultimo maximo, ventricosiori ;
suturd distinctd, antice albd; aperturd subrotundd, intis albd ;
peritremate latiusculo, rotundato, reflexo, albo; columella albd,
rectiusculd, paululiim inflecd.

Long. 11; lat. 171 poll.

Hab. prop? Mansalai ad insulam Mindoro, Philippinarum.

Var. a. Shell nearly globular; spire very obtuse, white, base dull
yellowish ; two spiral green bands commence at about the third vo-
lution, and increase in width and strength of colour until they reach
the back of the outer lip; of these the lower is by much the broader.

Var. b. Shell oblong, and coloured in the same manner as the last;
but the last volution is green,above (the anterior side of the suture
being always pure white), increasing in intensity from its commence-
ment: in this variety the dull yellowish colour of the anterior or
basal part of the last volution is much deeper than in var. a,

Var. c. Shell larger; its volutions rather more ventricose, similar
to the last in colouring, but having two additional dark brown, nearly
black bands, which are distinctly seen within. This is by far the
largest and handsomest variety of the three.

Note.—‘ M. Valenciennes informs me that this species was brought
in 1830 by the officers of the ‘‘ Favourite,” and placed in the galleries
of the Museum of Paris, under the name of H. chlorogrammica, Val. ;
but as it does not appear that he has published either the name or
any description of the species, I continue to use the name which I
have given it above.”

Hexrx (Cocutosryza, De F.) Oomorpna. Hel. testa ovato-ob-
longa, crassa, obscura, spiraliter tenuiter substriata, lineis incre-
menti decussata ; anfractibus quinque subventricosis ; suturd di-
stinctd ; aperturd suborbiculari, intis obscurd ; peritremate fere
continuo, albo, reflexo, rotundato ; columella subundatd, labio co-
lumellari extenso, ad umbilicum fere velato ; umbilico mediocri.

Long. 1°1; lat. 0°7 poll.

’ Hab. ad insulam Tablas dictam, Philippinarum.

Mr. Cuming has obtained only a single specimen of this species :
it is very different from all the others, its peritreme being continuous
nearly all round, the only interruption being about a seventh where
it is intersected by the last volution; colour dull light brown, with a
dark brown band in front of the suture; the greater part of the last
volution dark brown, and having a light narrow band near the um-
bilicus in addition to the light band near the suture.

Heurx 1ncompta. Hel. testa ovata, tenuiuscula, obscura; epider-
mide fuscd, haud nitente induta, oblique tenuiter lineis incrementi
striata ; anfractibus quingque subconvezis, ultimo majori ; suturd

104

distinctd, aniicé .posticeque fuscd ; aperturd subrotundd, posticé
subacuminatd ; peritremate tenuiter reflero, rotundato, anticé sub-
truncato, albo ; columelld rectd, albd, anticé subtruncatd.

Long. 1:1; lat. 0°66 poll. ,

Hab. ad insulam Tablas dictam, Philippinarum.

Nearly resembling the last in shape and in its dull surface, but
differs in having no umbilicus, and in its peritreme not being nearly
so continuous. ‘The last volution has its suture brown, a brown
band in the middle and another round the columella. A single spe-
cimen only was found.

Heu1x srasiuis. Hel. testa ovoidea, solidiuscula, levis, nitidiuscu-
la, alba ; anfractibus senis, paululim convevis, anticé castaneis,
nigro-fasciatis, oblique lineis incrementi striatis ; aperturd obli-
gud, subovatd, intis albd, peristomate albo, incrassato, rotundato,
antice subeffuso ; columelld albd, inconspicud, labio columellari
paululiim expanso.

Long. 1°35; lat. 0°8 poll.

A species which in general appearance bears some resemblance to
Bulinus ovoideus of Brug. and De F., tab. 112. f. 5, 6. (the same as
B. Luzonicus, ‘ Conch. Illustr.’ Bulinus, f. 53.) ; this species, however,
increases more rapidly toward the anterior part; it has, moreover,
one more volution. The aperture is placed very obliquely, so that
the shell stands firmly when placed upon it. The dark burnt colour
of the anterior part of this shell is seen in every volution in the
form of a spiral postsutural band. It has a thick light-coloured epi-
dermis, of which some traces have not been entirely effaced.—G.B.S.

A curious variety of the Dog, from Malta, presented by Her Royal
Highness the Duchess of Kent, was exhibited.

105

September 8, 1840.
James Whishaw, Esq., in the Chair.

An extensive series of new species of the genus Cardium was ex-
hibited by Mr. Cuming, and the following account by Mr. G. B.
Sowerby, Jun., of their characters, was read.

Carpium Sinensez, Conch. Illustr. f. 35. Card. testa retundatd,
posticé subrostratd paulo ringente, ad marginem subexpansd, om-
nind (antice precipue) minxtissimé granulatd, pallide fulva ;
costis 23 validis, rotundatis, quarum 8 postremis angustioribus,
posticé subangulatis, fimbriatis ; margine dorsali inflato ; ventral
interne fortissime dentato.

Long. 1°55; lat. 1; alt. 1°40 poll.

Hab. ad mare Sinense, et ad insulas Philippinas, invenit H. Cuming.

Slightly resembling C. Asiaticum, from which it is distinguished

by having larger and fewer ribs, and a small fringe on the posterior
ribs. Found in sandy mud.

Carpium srriatuium, Conch. Illustr. f. 16.45. Card. testa tenui,
rotundatd, posticé subrostratd minutissimé radiatim striata ; pal-
lide fulvé rubro radiatim fasciata ; intis alba, fasciis binis ru-
bris radiata ; striis. postremis denticulatis ; epidermide fusca.

Long. 1: ; lat. 0°60; alt. 0°90 poll.

Hab. ad Australiam et ad Novam Zelandiam. G. Bennett legit.

The pink-striped bands which give so much brilliancy to this shell

when in a young state, are scarcely to be traced in the older speci-
mens. The doubt as to their identity, which this circumstance at
first created, was only removed by the most careful comparison.

Carpium Austrate, Conch. Illustr. f.12. Card. testd oblique ovata,
tenui, alba, purpurea-rubro fuscoque precipue ad wmbones macu-
lata, purpureo ad latera fasciata ; umbonibus levibus ; lateribus
marginibusque tenuissimé sulcatis ; cicatrice ab apice ad margi-
nem posticum decurrente.

Long. 1°20; lat. 0°85; alt. 1°30 poll.

Hab. ad Australiam, et ad mare Sinense.

This species differs from C. tenuicostatum and C. papyraceum in
its proportions, being longest from the apex to the ventral margin ;
and also from the latter in the narrowness of the posterior ribs, and
in having a distinct groove on the posterior side. Since the appli-
cation of the above name, specimens have been met with in Mr:
Cuming’s Collection, named C. sauciatum by Dr. Beck, who, how-
ever, to the best of our knowledge, has not published it. ~

No. XCII.—Procerpines or THE ZooLoeicaL Society.

106

Carpium RrincrIcuLUM, Conch. Illustr. f. 11. Card. testd longitudi-
nalitér ovali, tenui, utrinque hiante ; postice elongata, sub-
aspersd ; costis anterioribus angustis, inconspicuis ; tribus cen-
tralibus latis, planulatis ad marginem valdé dentatis ; decem
postremis angustioribus, paulo elevatis, ad marginem dentatis.

Var. testa pallidé flavida.

Var. testa ad latus posticum rubro tincta.

Hab. ad insulam Ceylon.

A pretty little species, differing from C. bullatum in the strongly
toothed posterior margin.

Carpium Sicuuum, Conch. Illustr. f.31. Card. testd tenui, sub-
quadratd, ventricosd, anticé angustd, posticé lata, subangulatd ;
alba, fusco maculatd ; costis numerosis, planulatis, 5 anticis cre-
nulatis ; interstitis angustis.

Long. 0°50; lat. 0°40; alt. 0°45 poll.

Hab. ad mare Siculum.

Carpium Arcticum, Conch. Illustr. f.26. Card. testa ovali com-
pressd, subequilaterali ; costis 27, angulatis, subcrenulatis ; epi-
dermide crassa, olivaceo-fuscd, ad umbones etate erosd; liga-
mento elongato ; cardine dentibus centralibus obsoletis, lateribus
distantibus.

Long. 1°55; lat. 0°90; alt. 1°40 poll.

Hab. ad mare Arcticum. ‘

Differing from C. Gréenlandicum, in having ribs, and from C. Ice-

landicum, in being less ventricose and in the ribs being angular.

Carpium PpAucicostatum, Conch. Illustr. f. 20. Card. testé ro-
tundatd, ventricosd, subequilaterali, tenui; albido-flavicante,
fusco undata ; costis 16, planulatis, levibus, distantibus, tubercu-
lis acutis in medio armatis ; interstitiis planulatis.

Long. 1°30; alt. 1°30; lat. 1 poll.

Hab. ad mare Adriaticum (Malta).

This species differs from C. echinatum in being comparatively
smooth, and having very few ribs, with wide interstices.

Carpium muttisrinosum, Conch. Illustr. f.38, 38 a. Card. testa
rotundata, ventricosd, tenui, posticé paulo hiante, pallidé fulva,
ad margines rosed, intts alba ; costis 33 levibus, utrinque angu-
latis ; spinis numerosis, acutis ; interstitus granulatis, ad mar-
ginem elongatis ; margine dorsali tumidd.

Long. 2°10; lat. 1°70; alt. 2°20 poll.

Hab. ad insulam Mindanao, Philippinarum. H. Cuming legit.

In shape and general appearance, this beautiful shell resembles

C. Asiaticum, from which, however, it differs widely, in having
small spines on the ribs instead of the fringe. Found in sandy mud,
at 25 fathoms.

CarDIUM EXASPERATUM, Conch, Illustr. f.37. Card. testd ventri-

107

cosd, rotundato-subquadratd, albd, ad margines roseo-tinctd ; te-
nuiter sulcatd ; inter sulcos spinis numerosis acutis ornatda.
Long. 1: ; lat. 0°70; alt. 0°95 poll.
Hab. ad oras Australi (Swan River).
An extremely delicate and beautifully wrought shell, and quite
distinct from others of the group to which it belongs.

Carpium variecatum, Conch. Illustr. f. 57. Card. testé ovali,
subventricosd, rosed, aurantiaco, rubro-fusco-albo-que maculata ;
costis 48, quarum anticis rotundatis, crenulatis ; posterioribus
valdé angulatis, levibus ; postremis subplanulatis, tuberculis
obliquis ornatis.

Long. 1°70; alt. 1°80; lat. 1°20 poll.

Hab. ad insulam Leyte, Philippinarum. H. Cuming legit.

The ribs are much more numerous and close than in C. murica-

tum, and C. Radula is described as having the ribs angular on both
sides, which is not the case with this species.

Carpium Untcoxor, Conch. Illustr. f. 29.42. Card. testa ovali
ventricosd, postice subelongatd, paulo emarginald, alba, purpureo
obscuré maculata, epidermide fusca tenui indutd ; costis numero-
sis, anticis, mediis, et posterioribus rotundatis, minuté crenulatis ;
extremis planulatis.

Long. 1°50; lat. 1°10; alt. 1-70 poll.

Hab. ad ins. Ticao. H. Cuming legit.

Found in sandy mud, at five fathoms. A slightly mottled variety

is brought from the Brazils.

Carpium rmpo.itum, Conch. Illustr. f.6.66. Card. tesid crassa,
cuneiformi, snbequilaterali ad marginem dorsalem angustiore, ad
ventralem rotundatd; albd, fusco obscuré maculata, postice pur-
pureo-fasciatd ; costis 35 wmpolitis, subcrenulatis ; epidermide
Sused. P

Long. 1°50; lat. 1°10; alt. 1-90 poll.

Hab. ad mare Sinense.

Remarkable for its wedge-like, nearly equilateral shape.

Carpium oxyconum, Conch. Illustr. f. 9. Card. testa oval, sub-
ventricosd, ad umbones angustd ; alba, rubro fuscoque maculata,
intas alba; costis 35, quarum 18 antertoribus validis, acutangu-
latis, ad latera antica atque ad angulos crenulatis ; deinde 9
posterioribus acutangulatis ad angulos crenatis, ad latera levi-
bus ; extremis angustis, levibus, tuberculis obliquis ornatis.

Long. 1°20; lat. 0°90; alt. 1°40 poll.

Hab. ad mare Sinense.

This species resembles C. maculosum of Wood in form, but in
sculpture it more nearly approaches C. angulatum of Lamarck, from
which, however, it is distinguished by being narrower towards the
umbones, less ventricose, and having the ribs more distinctly angu-
lated.

108

CarDIUM suBELONGATUM, Conch. Illustr.f.61. Card. testd ovali,
subventricosd, elongata, crassd, posticé pauld hiante ; albé, fusco
rubroque maculata, epidermide flavicante indutd ; costis 32, qua-
rum anticis biangulatis, crenulatis ; mediis levibus, biangulatis ;
posticis rotundatis, levibus, tuberculis obliquis ornatis.

Long. 1°85; lat. 1°40; alt. 2°35 poll.

Hab. ad Sancte Thome insulam (Ind. occidentalis).

The above name has been given, to indicate the near alliance be-
tween this species and the true C. elongatum of Brug., with which
it has been confounded. Our shell resembles some of the figures to
which Lamarck refers for his C. marmoreum, and which Bruguiére
quotes for C. elongatum. It is much longer and smoother than the
former, and does not agree with the description. The true C. elongatum
is described by Brug., from a specimen im the collection of M. de La-
marck, as an elongated, ventricose shell of 39 or 40 ribs, and attain-
ing a large size. It seems to have been a matter of dispute between
the two conchologists, whether the above-named species were iden-
tical. We were unable to meet with a shell agreeing with Bru-
guiére’s description, until the arrival of Mr. Cuming with fine spe-
cimens sufficiently characteristic to set the matter at rest. The
present species has fewer ribs and is less ventricose.

Carpium ENnopDE, Conch. Illustr. f.51. Card. testa oval, ventri-
cosd, posticé subexpansd, fortissimé dentatd ; pallidé fulvd roseo
fasciatd, intis alba, sub umbonibus flavidd, ad marginem purpu-
red; costis 38, planulatis, anticis levitér crenatis ; mterstitis
angustissimis.

Long. 2°30; lat. 1°60; alt. 2°60 poll.

Hab. ad insulam Ceylon.

Much more spread than C. elongatum, with the ribs latter, and

terminating in very strong overwrapping teeth.

CarDIUM suBRUGOsUM, Conch. Illustr. f. 34. 71. Card. testa
crassa ovali ventricosd, etate posticé subacuminatd ; costis 33,
quarum 25 anterioribus rotundatis, crenulatis ; extremis levibus
vix elevatis ; epidermide fusca.

Var. testd alba, purpureo maculata.

Var. testa posticé alba, anticé flavidd.

Long. 2°30; lat. 1°70; alt. 2°40 poll.

Hab. ad insulam Ceylon.

The ribs are not so deep as in C. rugosum, and the eight posterior

ones are so little raised as to leave the surface nearly smooth.

Carpium aLTerNaTuM, Conch. Illustr. f. 64. Card. testa oblique
ovali, compressa, postice subexpansd, alba, luteo vel fusco-fla-
vescenle fasciato-maculald ; epidermide fusco induta ; costis 32,
anticis crenulatis, subangulatis ; deindé posterior ibus angulatis
anticé levibus ; extremis muricatis ; interstitiis convexis, utrin-~
que sulcatis.

Long. 2°40; lat. 1°30; alt. 2°60 poll.

109

Hab. Ticao, Philippinarum. H. Cuming legit.

A beautiful pale-coloured specimen of this species has existed for
some time in the well-selected cabinet of Miss Saul, who, however,
possesses no information as to its locality. With this we have been
supplied by Mr. Cuming, who collected some richly coloured indi-
viduals from the above-mentioned island: they were found in coral
sand, on reefs, at low water.

Carpium atrenvatum. Card. testa levi, cuneiformi, compressa,
oblique elongatd, posticé subcomplanatd, omnino obscure striata,
ad marginem dentata ; flavd, rubro maculata, maculis posteriori-
bus validis ; intus albd.

Long. 1°80; lat. 1°20; alt. 2°60 poll.

Hab. ad insulam Ceylon.

A good figure of this species is found in Wood’s’‘ General Con-
chology,’ accompanied by the following erroneous statements: firs:,
that it is C. biradiatum of Brug.; and second, that C. diradiatum oi
Brug. is only a variety of the British species (C. serratum), which is
improperly named C. /evigatum by him and some other authors.
From the apex to the ventral margin, it measures longer in propor-
tion than any other species.

Carpium Evenensge, Conch. Illustr. f.58. Card. testd lenuz, levi,
ovali, posticé subacuminatd pallidé fuled, fusco et purpureo mi-
nuté maculata, intus fuscd rubro fasciatd ; umbonibus inconspi-
cuis, purpureo maculatis.

Long. 0°75; lat. 0°50; alt. 0°75 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam. H. Cuming legit.

Very nearly resembling C. Brasilianum, but not coloured in radi-

ating lines, as in that species, and not so much elongated at the
posterior ventral margin. Found in sandy mud, at seven fathoms.

Carpium tyratum, Conch. Illustr. f. 40. Card. testa ventricosd,
rotundatd, subcequilaterali, pallide fulvd, epidermide rubro-pur-
pured induld, intus aured; anticée decussatim plicatd; costis
numerosis 3 anticis tenuissimis ; mediis validioribus ; posteriori-
bus distantibus, angulatis.

Long. 1°70; lat. 1:40; alt. 1°70 poll. :

Hab. Dumaguete, ins. Negroes, Philippinarum.

The C. Zolicum of Born (C. pectinatum, Linn., according to Brug.)
has a space on the posterior side of the shell entirely free from ribs
in either direction. Bruguiére describes it as characterised by ‘trois
faces distinctes,” of which the first (the posterior) is ‘‘ lisse, sans cétes
ni striés,”’ and the figures in Chemnitz represent the same peculia-
rity. In the shell before us, the whole of the posterior side is covered
with radiating ribs, no space being left smooth. In other respects
it exactly resembles the ‘‘ Janus”’ celebrated by ancient naturalists,
and it is now almost as frequently met with in cabinets. The dif-
ference between the two species has been long observed, although
they have not hitherto been separately described. Mr. Cuming has

110

taken specimens of this species in sandy mud, at the depth of seven-
teen fathoms.

Carpium Parvum, Conch. Illustr. f.33. Card. testa ovali, subqua-
dratd, posticé subangulatd, anticé rotundata, pallide Sulva, fusco
vubescente angulatim maculata ; costis numerosis, suliphemisliae; ;
sulcis angustis.

Long. 0°50; lat. 0°40; alt. 0°43 poll.

Hab. ———?

Carpium Fornicatum, Conch. Illustr. f.50. Card. testd subqua-
dratd, posticé angulaid, anticé rotundatd ; alba, purpurco-macu-
lata, intés aurantiacd, ad margines purpureo-rufescente macu-
lata : costis 35, quarum anteriorum 23 biangulatis, imbricatis, ad
latera minutissimé spinoso-crenulatis.

Long. 1* ; lat. 0°75; alt. 1° poll.

Hab. —? Mus. F. J. Stainforth.

A very beautiful shell, in some respects resembling C. medium,
but not so angular, and having the ribs richly ornamented by vaulted
imbrications in the centre, and very minute crenulations raised into
points at the sides. Unfortunately, we possess no information re-

’ specting the locality.

CarpiuMm 1mBRicaTuMm, Conch. Illustr. f. 48.. Card. testa crassd,
ventricosd, anticé rolundatd, postice subquadratd, angulaté ;
alba, intus aurantiacd, purpureo maculatd : costis 28, quarum 19
anterioribus valdé imbricatis, postremis sublevibus, subangulatis ;
imbricatis propé umbones, angulatis, fornicatis, prope marginem
ventralem obtusis.

Long. 1:20; lat. 1:05; alt. 1°30 poll.

Hab. ad oras Australie (Swan River).

Like C. medium in general form, but having vaulted imbrications
on the ribs. These are much thicker and larger than in C. fornica-
tum, and the sides of the ribs are not crenulated as in that species.

CarpiuM suBRETUSUM, Conch. Illustr.f. 24. Card. testé alba, ob-
liqué subquadratd, ventricosd, posticé subcarinatd, acuminata,
anticé subrotundata ; post angulum complanatd, levitér sulcaté ;
costis ante angulum sex, tuberculatis; interstitiis punctatis ;
ante umbones cavernuld cordiformi, intus levitér callosd.

Long. 0:90; lat. 1°20; alt. 1:30 poll.

Hab.

Thus we have three species presenting the character in common,
of having a callosity within a heart-shaped cavity, close under the
umbones, namely, the true C. retusum; the var. ‘‘ (2.) testa punctis
sanguineis picta”’ of Lam., which has been named C. auricula by
Forskall, and the present species, which resembles the original C. re-
tusum in general appearance, but it is more elongated and smoother

behind the angle, the cavity is not so deep, and the callosity is more
strongly marked.

lll

Carprum Fracite, Conch. Illustr. f. 68. Card. testa rotundatd,
tenui, levi, subequilaterd, posticé paulo inflata, alba, fusco-lineata,
epidermide fulvd indutd ; intis albé ad marginem rubescente ;
ad umbones flava ; margine levitér sulcato.

Long. 1°05; lat. 0°65; alt. 1° poll.

The only specimen at present known is in the collection of the

Rev. F. J. Stainforth. We have no information as to its locality.

Carprum roveoLatum, Conch. Illustr. f. 65. Card. testa subro-
tundato-ovali, compressd, albd, costis 43, quarum 25 anterioribus
rolundatis, crenulatis, deinde posterioribus 10 levibus, subangu-
latis, extremis concavis, ad latera crenulatis.

Long. 1°45; lat. 0°90; alt. 1°55 poll.

Hab, ad oras Australie (Swan River).

The last ribs on the posterior side are hollow, with crenulations
crossing them so as to form little pits. This species belongs to the
same section as C. muricatum, but it is much flatter and has a greater
number of ribs.

Mr. Gould then read a paper on that most singular and anomalous
bird, the Brush Turkey (Tulegalla Lathami) of New South Wales. The
author began by giving the opinions of various ornithologists as re-
gards its affinities, and especially quotes Mr. Swainson’s account, in
which that author attempts to prove, that the bird in question is a
vulture. Mr. Gould proceeded to detail, from his own observations,
some interesting facts connected with its habits. The most remark-
able circumstance connected with the bird is, that it does not hatch
its own eggs, but employs for that purpose similar means to those
now in use for artificial incubation. For some weeks prior to the
period of laying, the Brush Turkey collects together an immense
mass of vegetable matter, varying from two to four cartloads, with
which it forms a pyramidal heap; in this heap it plants its eggs,
about eighteen inches deep and from nine to twelve inches apart.
The eggs, which are always placed with the large end upwards, being
carefully covered, are then left to hatch by the heat engendered by
the decomposition of the surrounding matter. The heaps are formed
by the labours of several pairs of birds, and frequently contain as
many eggs as would fill a bucket. The eggs are white, about three
inches and three quarters long by two and a half in diameter,
and, having an excellent flavour, are eagerly sought after. A spe-
cimen of the Brush Turkey, which Mr. Gould had an opportunity of
observing in Mr. MacLeay’s garden at Sydney, had formed a heap
in ashrubbery similar to that which it would have made in its native
woods. Around and over this heap the bird was seen to strut in the
same way as the domestic cock; at the same time frequently utter-
ing aclucking noise. The flesh is of a pale salmon colour, juicy and
tender. After all he had seen of the bird in a state of nature, he
had no hesitation in assigning it a place among the Gallinacee,
among which it has a nearer alliance to Cracide than to any other
group; at all events, it is in no way allied to the Vulturide, and is

112

equally distant from Menura, with which it has been classed by
some writers. Mr. Gould’s paper was illustrated by five skins, an
egg, and also a skeleton of the bird.

A skeleton of the Talegalla was exhibited, and Prof. Owen drew
attention to its peculiarities.

“On comparing the osteology of the Talegal/a with that of other
birds,” says Prof. Owen, “it exhibits all the essential modifications
which characterise the Gallinaceous type, and among the Rasores it
most nearly resembles the genera Penelope and Craz.

“In all the main points the skeletons of these birds agree ; their
differences are those of proportion only; whereas in the Raptores,
and especially in the Vulturide, the following important differences
present themselves. ‘The spines of the dorsal vertebre are detached ;
the upper transverse processes of the sacrum are separated by ob-
lique elliptical vacuities; the plough-share bone, which terminates
the coccyx, has double the relative vertical extent ; the cervical ver-
tebrze are shorter and broader; twice the number of the ribs, as
compared with Tulegaila, give off vertical processes, and these are
longer and stronger: but the most striking and decisive differences
occur in the sternum; this important bone, in the Talegalla, very
closely corresponds with that of the two Gallinaceous genera above
mentioned ; the chief difference occurs in the greater breadth which
separates the costal from the external posterior notch. In the Vul-
tures the contiguous margin of the sternum forms part of the same
nearly straight line with the rest of the lateral margin of the ster-
num behind it. In the Cathartes, which has the least complete ster-
num in the tribe of Raptores, to which some Quinarian Zoologists
have assigned the Talegalla, there is a shallow notch and a small
foramen in each half of the posterior margin of the sternum; the
whole sternum is broader and more convex; the coracoid grooves,
and the corresponding extremities of the bones adapted to them, have
twice the breadth of those in the Talegalla. ‘The furculum presents
more than six times the thickness of that bone in the Talegalla and
allied Gallinacea; its space is wider, and its superior extremities
much more recurved. Equally striking are the differences which the
bones of the wing present: in Cathartes Aurea, in which the cestal
and sacral regions of the vertebral column measure five inches, the
length of the humerus is five inches and a half, that of the ulna is
six inches eight lines, and the bones of the hand are nearly six inches
in length: the strength of all these ,bones is proportionate to their
length. ‘The produced angle of the lower jaw is a character which
is most conspicuous in the Gallinaceous birds, in some of the spe-
cies of which, as in the Wood-grouse, it is excessive. Now this pro-
cess is altogether wanting in the Raptorial birds, and consequently
in the Vulturide; its presence in the Talegalia (where its form and
size closely agree with those in Penelope and Craz) coincides with
the decisive Gallinaceous characters which are pointed out in the
‘sternum, vertebral column, and bones of the anterior extremity.

*«The presence of the broncho-tracheales, which alter the: length

113

and tension of;the bronchial tubes, widen the lateral diameter of the
lower larynx, and influence its position, coincides with the observa-
tions which Mr. Gould has made respecting the voice of the Tale-
galla; and at the same time establishes another important structural
difference between this bird and the Vulturide, which are precisely
those Raptorial birds in which there are no true vocal muscles.

“From all the Raptores the Talegalla essentially differs, in its
gizzard and elongated ceca: in the one we have all the characters
of the Gallinaceous structure of that important part of the digestive
system: in the form and proportions of the lower appendages—the
ceca, the Talegalia most closely corresponds with the genera Crar
and Penelope.”

Mr. Gould then exhibited some new species of birds about to be
figured in the forthcoming part of his work on the “‘ Birds of Austra-
lia;”’ and characterised a new and. beautiful Cinclosoma, from the
belts of the Murray, as

Cincrosoma casranotus. Cincl. lined albé & mandibule inferioris
basi per genas excurrente: guld pectoreque nigris ; humeris et
uropygio castaneis.

Total length, 9 inches; bill, 1; wing, 41; tail, 42; tarsi, li.

A new Halcyon, as

Haucyon pyreuoryeia. Hal. plumis capitis viridibus, anguste
albo marginatis ; humeris tectricibusque alarum majoribus ceru-
leis, uropygio, tectricibusque caude flavescenti-rubris.

Crown of. the head dull green, intermingled with white, giving it

a striated appearance; a broad black stripe commences at the base
of the bill, passes through the eye, and encircles the back of the
head; upper part of the back and scapularies green; remainder of
the wings bluish green; lower part of the back, rump, and upper
tail coverts red; tail green, tinged with blue; throat, a broad collar
encircling the back of the neck, and all the under surface white ;
bill black, the base of the lower mandible flesh white ; irides black-
ish brown; feet dark olive brown.

Total length, unc. 8; bill, 2; wing, 4; tail, 22; tarsi, 4.

Hab. Interior of New South Wales.

A new species of Rhipidura, which has hitherto been confounded
with the Motacilla flabellifera of Latham, Mr. Gould proposed to
characterise as

Rurprpura aupiscaPpa. Rhi. nigrescenti-fusca ; rectricibus caude

ad apices, et per scapos albis.

All the upper surface, ear-coverts, and a band across the chest,
sooty-black, slightly tinged with olive, the tail and crown of the
head and pectoral band being rather the darkest ; stripe over the eye,
lunar-shaped mark behind the eye, throat, tips of the wing coverts,
margins of the secondaries, shafts, outer webs and tips of all but the
two middle tail feathers, white ; under surface buff; eyes black; bill
and feet brownish black. \

114
Total length, 6 inches; bill, 3; wing, 3; tail, 32; tarsi, 3:
Hab. Van Diemen’s Land and the southern coast of Australia.

A new and highly interesting Pigeon as

Cotumsa (PERIsTeRA) HIsTRIONICA. Col. cupite nigro; fronte,
spatio circum plumas auriculares necnon notd semilunari apud
gulam albis ; corpore superné e cinnamomino fusco ; subtis ceru-
lescenti-cinereo.

Forehead, a stripe from behind the eye forming a circle round the
ear coverts, and a crescent-shaped mark across the throat, snow-
white; the remainder of the head, throat and ear coverts, jet black;
all the upper surface, wing coverts, flanks, and two centre tail feathers,
deep cinnamon brown; edge of the shoulder dull white; spurious
wing bluish grey, slightly margined with white; primaries brown-
ish grey, margined on their outer webs with rufous, at the base of
the inner web largely marked with the same, forming a conspicuous
patch on the under surface of the wing; and with an oval spot of
white at the tip of each feather; secondaries by a beautiful band of
deep crimson-bronze on the outer webs near the tip; lateral tail
feathers bluish gray at the base, passing into black toward the ex-
tremity, which is white; breast and centre of the abdomen bluish
gray; under tail coverts light buff; nostrils and bill black; irides
dark brown ; frontal scales of the legs and feet lilac-red ; hind part
of the legs flesh-red.

Total length, 105 inches; bill, 1; wing, 8; tail, 34; tarsus, 1.

Hab. Plains of interior of Australia,

And a Rasorial bird of an entirely new form, about half the size
of a Quail, and which, were it not for the presence of a hind toe,
might be taken for a diminutive bustard.

Mr. Gould proposed to make it the type of a new genus, with the
following appellation and characters :

Genus Pepionomwus.

Gen. Char.—Rostrum tam longum qiam caput, apicem versus com-
pressum, fere rectum, naribus valdé elongatis, in fovea basali positis.
Ale valdé concave, remigibus primo, secundo, et tertio, inter se fére
zequalibus, remigibus tertiariis perlongis, et primarios transeuntibus.
Tibie super suffraginem nude. Tarsi mediocritér elongati, scutis
undiqué tecti, his, reticulis minutis, sejunctis. Digiti quatuor ; ho-
rum posticus, debilis, et apud partem internam tarsi, surstm positus,

Prepionomus Torquatus. Ped. vertice et pectore rufis, singulis
plumis prope apicem lunuld nigrd notatis ; collari lato, albo,
crebre maculis nigris guttato.

Crown of the head brown speckled with black, sides of the head
and the neck light buff speckled with black; neck surrounded by a
broad band of white thickly spotted with black; all the upper sur-
face reddish brown, each feather having several narrow, transverse,
crescent-shaped marks in the centre and margined with buff; tail
buff, crossed by numerous narrow brown bars; centre of the breast

115

rufous, the remainder of the under surface buff; the feathers on the
breast marked in a similar manner to those on the upper surface,
and the flanks with large irregular spots of black; irides straw-yel-
low ; bill yellow, passing into black at the point; feet greenish-yel-
low.
Total length, 7 inches; bill, #; wing, 3%; tail, 13; tarsi, 7.
Hab. The plains of the interior of South Australia.

116

September 22, 1840.
William Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

The following paper was read, in which Mr. G. B. Sowerby pro-
ceeds with his descriptions of the new species of Shells collected by
H. Cuming, Esq., in the Philippine Islands.

Heurx Inoconensis. UH. testd obovatd, crassiusculd, levi, colori-
bus variis varie pictd ; spird elevatiusculd, obtusd ; anfractibus
quingue, rotundatis, ultimo maximo ; aperturd rotundato-subtrape-
zoidali, intis albd ; peritremate lato, incrassato, rotundato, reflexo,
albo ; labio columellari lato, albo, subplanulato, postice emarginato.
Long. 1°3, lat. 0°9, poll.

Hab. in foliis arborum prope Sanctum Nicolam, Provincie Tloco-

nis septentrionalis ad Insulam Lu¢on, Philippinarum. y

The varieties of this species, in colour and size, are very nume-
rous; many of them are remarkable for an apparent interruption of
their growth, shown by a band of colour darker than the general
ground-colour of the individual across the second, third, or fourth
volution ; the recommencement after which suspension is marked by
an apparent want of colouring matter to produce the usual spiral
bands.

The following is the enumeration of the varieties which have oc-
curred :-—

a. Apex reddish brown, softened down into a greenish yellow
ground-colour, which becomes more intense, and is speckled with
brown on the last volution, particularly toward the aperture ; poste-
rior edge of each volution brown, softened down with pink ; circum-
ference of the shell with a greenish brown narrow band behind a
brownish pink band; columellar band and back of the lip reddish
brown. From St. Nicolas.

b. Nearly similar to a.; anterior circumferential band yellowish.
Found on Pandanus Palms at Curimao, in the province of North
Ilocos. 1

c. Apex pale reddish brown; ground-colour greenish yellow,
speckled on the last volution ; antesutural band light reddish brown ;
posterior circumferential band greenish brown, anterior circumferen-
tial band pale yellow; columellar band rose-colour; back of the lip
brownish red. From St. Nicolas.

d, Apex reddish brown ; ground-colour grayish rose ; antesutural
band and back of the lip reddish brown; posterior circumferential
band pale olive-brown, anterior circumferential band pinkish yellow ;
circumference of the columella rose softened into the ground-colour.
From St. Nicolas.

e, Apex dark brown; ground-colour gray-brown ; suture white
or yellowish ; antesutural band red-brown; circumferential band
white at its commencement, but becoming yellowish, and yellowish

°

117

pink upon the last volution ; posterior circumferential band indistinct;
olive-brown ; circumference of the columella red-brawn ; back of the
lip dull red. The lip of this variety has a slight reddish tinge. From
St. Nicolas.

J. Apex brownish black ; ground-colour yellowish. olive-brown ;
posterior circumferential band darker; suture pale, yellowish,. or
nearly white; anterior circumferential band pale yellowish at its
commencement, increasing in intensity until it is nearly lost in the
ground-colour near the aperture; columellar band blackish, suffused
with pinkish; back of the lip yellowish brown. From Sinait, in
the province of South Ilocos.

g. Apex brownish black, softened down into the gray-brown ground-
colour ; sutural band yellow-brown ; posterior circumferential band
olive-brown ; anterior circumferential band whitish at its commence-
ment, then yellowish, and at length grayish ; back of the lip yellow ;
border of the columella brownish yellow. From Sinait.

h. Nearly similar to g, but smaller, and the circumferential bands
nearly obsolete toward the back of the aperture. From Sinait, in
the province of South Ilocos.

i. Apex blackish, softened down into a pale greenish gray ; suture
white; antesutural band dull and pale yellow-brown ; posterior cir=
cumferential band of the same colour, and very narrow; anterior
circumferential band dull yellowish white ; back of the lip pale yellow.

k. Apex pale reddish brown; ground-colour pale fawn-colour ;
sutural band rather obsolete, reddish; circumferential band yellowish
white ; columellar band rose-colour, and back of the lip duller ; last
volution speckled. From Saint Nicolas.

1. Apex pale reddish brown; ground-colour yellow ; antesutural
_ band yellow-brown, pink in front ; a very narrow dull greenish band
near the circumference ; back of the lip brownish red; columellar
band rose-colour. This is a small variety from Curimao, in the pro-
vince of North Ilocos.

m. Apex and circumference of the columella rose- colour ; ground-
colour dull yellow, suffused at the posterior part of cath volution
and toward the mouth with pink; antesutural and circumferential
bands yellow-brown. A very pretty small variety from Sinait, in
the province of South Ilocos.

n. Apex pink; ground-colour yellow-brown, increasing in inten-
sity, darker toward the suture ; columellar circumference pink. A
small, somewhat. lengthened variety from near Sinait.

o. Apex nearly black, soon softened down to nearly colourless, and
then gradually into the pale grayish green ground-colour ; antesutural
band rather indistinct, brownish yellow; posterior circumferential
band brownish yellow, very slight and indistinct at its commencement,
but becoming gradually more and more distinct: the reverse is the
case with the anterior circumferential band, which is distinct and
nearly white at its commencement, but becomes gradually darker,
until it is nearly lost in the ground-colour ; back of the lip dull yel-
low ; last volution’speckled.. From Saint Nicolas.

p. Apex very pale pink ; circumference of the columella rose- colour ; ;

118

ground-colour pale yellow, darker towards the front ; antesutural band
yellowish brown. A small and very pale variety from Curimao,

q. Apex white; ground-colour pale yellow, darker toward the
front ; antesutural and circumferential bands yellow-brown. Another
small variety from Curimao.

r. Colours the same as g, but altogether paler. This is a large
variety, from St. Nicolas.

s. Apex white, softened down into a pale yellow ground-colour;
antesutural band yellow-brown.

A paper by E. Lewis, Esq., entitled ‘‘ Desultory Observations on
Subjects having relation to Zoology,” was also read.

The author in this paper comments on the different systems of clas-
sification, and proposes that the various groups of animals should be
defined with more simplicity than they at present are ; he is of opinion,
that although the members of a group may resemble each other in
many characters, yet one of these characters should be selected, and
used for distinction ; “‘and it is hoped,” observes Mr. Lewis, “that
divisions thus formed will be found practicable, precise and sufficient ;
because, as each is formed from a single common character, the ne-
cessity of admitting subfamilies and subgenera is obviated ; for it is
evident the necessity for forming those divisions has arisen from the
family or genus from which they have been deducted having been
formed from the notice and combination of too many particulars.
It may be mentioned as a recommendation of the proposed method
of using one character, as essential for distinction of divisions, that it
has been in part virtually, if not expressly used, by many eminent
zoologists. Linnzus makes use of the organs of manducation for
generic distinctions in the class Mammalia, and in so doing is fol-
lowed by most naturalists. ‘The Rev. W. Kirby, in his enumeration
of the characters of Apis and Melitta, mentions the form of the tongue
us the one essential character.” The cells of the wings has been
selected by Jurine in the Hymenopterous insects; and numerous
other instances of a single peculiarity having been selected for the
definition of a group are mentioned by the author, who asks, * Will
it not therefore be better, if only for the sake of uniformity and the
advantage of fixing a character, which, from its singleness, can be
easily retained in the memory, and therefore always be ready for
application, to adopt the same plan throughout ?

“The Vertebrata and Invertebrata may be divided into four stirps ;
the first will contain the Hematherma (Latr.), or warm-blooded ani-
mals, as the Mammifera and Aves, and the Hemacryma, or cold-
blooded animals, such as the Reptiles and Fishes. The Invertebrata
may be divided into. the Cephalidea, containing the Insects and Mol-
lusca, or Palliata (Latr.), and the Acephala (Latr.), which last are
the Vermes Zoophyta and Infusoria of Linneus, or ‘les Animaur
Apathiques’ of Lamarck.”

Mr. Gould exhibited a Drawing of the Brush Turkey of New South
Wales.

AER ity NAT RS. Ship
is schema awe 5 simak ist (a ;
nee sgt ht aie ee ened price na abd ab deortat!

7 dking Bi PR2
~ ® ' *f

5. apie hed ox)

ho)
Sirol

mote

—— fi ; ;
Oe
eet

si

119

October 13, 1840.
James Whishaw, Esq., in the Chair.

A paper by W. J. Broderip, Esq., was read. In this paper the
author resumes his descriptions of the new species of shells collected
by H. Cuming, Esq. in the Philippine Islands.

Buuinus Funcerrum. Bul. testd ovato-pyramidali, anfractibus 5
subventricosis, ultimo longé maximo, lubio et aperturd ovatd albis ;
columelld callosd basi subsinuatd.

Var. a. Cinereo-flavescens strigis longitudinalibus albis, nunc rectis,
nunc sinuatis, nunc angulatis pulcherrime strigata.

Hab. ad insulam Negros.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

Var. b. Castaneo-brunnea, lineis parvulis brevibus haud frequentibus
a suturis albo-lineatis anfractis ultimi et penultimi descendentibus.

Hab. cum precedente.

Legit H. Cuming.

Var. c. Tota cinereo-fusca, obscure et rard albido-strigata, apice
subrubro.

The brown under covering appears to be overlaid with a dull pale
ashy epidermis, which sometimes presents the appearance of oblique
obscure stripes in the direction of the lines of growth. On the
lower part of the penultimate whorl the brown and shining under
covering is exposed, so as to produce a basal fillet. The sutural line
of the last or body-whorl is obscure white.

Hab. ad insulam Guimaras.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

Var. d. Albida, strigis longitudinalibus sub-flavescentibus, nunc rectis,

nunc sinuatis, nunc angulatis, ornata.

Hab. cum precedente.

In this variety the shining subflavescent under covering appears
to be overlaid with a dull chalky-white epidermis, through intervals
of which the lightning-like stripes of the ground-colour appear. A
somewhat obscure deep brown stripe borders the outside of the colu-
mella.

Var. e. Brunneo-flavescens, strigis vividé albis conspicua, fasciis
suturalibus anfractuum superiorum rubro-brunneis submicantibus,
fascid suturali anfractds ultimi albo suturam versus limbatd fas-
cidque submedid haud micantibus.

Hab. ad insulam Negros.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

In this variety the white lightning-like stripes passing over the
Nos. XCIII., XCIV , & XCV.—Procexpines oF THE Zoot. Soc.

£26

transverse red-brown bands of the body-whorl have a striking effect.
A deep-brown stripe borders the outside of the columella.

Var. f. Flavescens, strigis (in anfractu ultimo frequentibus) albis.

Hab. cum precedente.

On the penultimate whorl the rudimentary longitudinal stripes
are but obscurely seen; on the body-whorl they gradually increase
from lines to irregular stripes of a full white. A blackish stripe
borders the columella.

Var. g. Brunneo-flavescens albo lat? strigata et albido-fucata.

Hab. ad insulam Guimaras.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

Var. h. Flavescens, albo-strigata, fasciis suturalibus et fascid an-

Sractis ultimi transversd subpurpureis.

Hab, ad insulam Negros.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

The white stripes passing over the sutural bands give them a tes-
sellated appearance, but these lightning-like stripes are much more
widened where they pass over the transverse band of the body-whorl,
which is seen through the shell on looking at the aperture. A red-
dish brown stripe borders the columella.

Var. i. Productior, subflava, fasciis suturalibus rubro-brunneis,
strigis irregulariter longitudinalibus latis valde angulatis albidis,
subfiavo-limbatis.

Hab. in insula Pannay ad Ilo Ilo.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis montanis, Igbaras dictis.

This mountain-variety, which is longer in proportion, is dashingly

marked : in the intervals between the zig-zag stripes an ashy pellicle
covers the ground-colour. A reddish stripe borders the columella.

Var. k. Productior, subflava cinereo co-operta, fasciis suturalibus
rubro-purpureis ; fascid suturali et submedid lutis, obscuris ; stri-
gis longitudinalibus irregularibus, albis, sparsis.

Hab. cum precedente.

A purplish red stripe borders the columella of this curious variety,
and the bands of the body-whorl may be seen faintly through the
shell on looking into the aperture.

This beautiful and greatly varying species ranges from about 2
inches in length and 1} in breadth, to very nearly 25 by 14 inches.

They were all found by Mr. Cuming on the leaves of trees, and
he informs me that they lay soft eggs. Variety @ was most abun-
dant, and the mountain-varieties ¢ and & are the longest and largest.

Buurinus Pictor. Bul. testd ovato-productd, anfractibus sex, ul-
timo ceteros e@quante; aperturd ovatd, ceruleo-albente, labio
rubro-brunneo limbato ; columelld graciliori subrectd.

Var. a. Brunnea strigis longitudinalibus latis vivide albis picta.

Hab. in insula Pannay.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

This beautiful variety will remind the observer of the colouring of

Achatina Zebra.

121

Var. b. Albida; strigis longitudinalibus brunneis:

Hab. cum precedente.

Both varieties were found by Mr. Cuming at Dingle, in the pro-
vince of Ilo Ilo.

The length ranges from about 2% by 19 inch to 23 inches in
length, and 1 in breadth.

Burinus nrmposus. Bul. testd productd, elongato-pyramidali, li-
neis incrementi striatd, anfractibus sex, gradatim majoribus, ulti-
mo maximo sed haud valde ventricoso, antice subangulato, columelld
subrectd, subgracili.

Var. a. Brunnea, strigis latis undulato-angulatis, ochraceo-albis
nubilosa.

Var. 6. Brunnea, sparsim lineis ochraceo-albis.a lined suturali pre-
cipue descendentibus picta ; fascid sub-basali nigricante obscuriore.

Var. c. testa totd brunned.

Hab. ad insulam Negros.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

The throat of this species is bluish white, and the lip is bordered

with dull pinky-brown.

The largest specimen which I have seen (var. @.) is about 3

inches long and 14 broad.

Var. d. Subjlava, epidermide quasi cretaced, lineis angulatis subflavis
inscriptd. Long. 3 unc. circiter: lat. 14 unc.
Hab. ad Ilo Ilo insule Pannay:
Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.
Through the chalky epidermis which covers this shell, appear the
irregular angulated lines of the light amber ground-colour. An old
shell.

Hexix (Cocutostyza) sarcinosa. Hel. testd ovato-rotundatd,
subdiaphand, productd, anfractibus 45 ventricosis, ultimo ceteros
longé superante, lineis incrementi obliquis frequentissimé substri-
atd, columella incrassatd, callosd, subrectd, aperturd albd.

Var. a. Ochraceo-ulba fasciis frequentibus castaneo-nigris cincta,
labii limbo subrosaceo. Long. 23 ; lat. 2% une.

Hab. in montibus _Tanhay insulee Negros.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

Var. b. Brunneo-virescens, fasciis subnigricantibus cincta, albido-
ochraceo interrupté tessellato-maculata, labii limbo pallide sub-
rosaceo.

Hab, ad insulam Negros.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

The size of this variety is about the same as that of the last. Mr.

Cuming found it on bamboos as well as on the leaves of trees.

Var. c. Viridi-brunnea fasciis interruptis ochraceo-albis et nigro-
brunneis alternis cincta, labii limbo pallidé subrosaceo. Long.
2 ; lat. 28 unc.

Hiab.

A sutural band of ochreous-white, interrupted by the greenish-

122

brown stripes, ornaments the upper part of the penultimate and last
whorl.

Var. d. Flavo-virescens, strigis latis ochraceo-albis longitudinaliter
obliquis picta et fasciis brunneo-virescentibus cincta, labii linbo
albo. Long. 24; lat. 23 unc.

Hab. ad insulam Guimaras.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

Var. e. Brunneo-virescens, anfractu basati fascid obscure subrubré
tenid subalbidd tessellatim interruptd inferné limbatd cincto,
labii limbo subrosaceo. Long. 3; lat. 24 une.

Hab. in insula Masbate.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

Var. f. Virescens, anfractu basali fascid superné subrubrd inferne
albido-tessellatd cineta, columelld subrosaced, labii limbo subrosacee
vie tincto. Long. 3; lat. 24 unc.

Hab. cum precedente.

This fine variety is blotched with irregular, obscure, ochraceous-
white markings, through which pass narrow greenish fillets. On
turning up all the varieties, the space polished by the animal strongly
contrasts with the rest of the shell, and in all, the reddish band which
girds the body-whorl may be traced at the bottom of the upper
whorls. In the two varieties last described this band may be clearly
seen through the shell on looking into the aperture. In all the va-
rieties the two first whorls are plain, and not much differing in
colour, viz. brownish or yellowish white.

The banded varieties, when deprived of the epidermis (in which
the other variations of colour reside in all the varieties), appear to me
to be Helix (cochlostyla) sarcinosa of Férussac. This species is not
noticed in the last edition of Lamarck, by M. Deshayes, and indeed
I can find no description of it in Férussac, excepting “‘ No. 323,
sarcinosa, nobis ; a. spira conica. Hab.L’ Amerique? Com. D’Orbigny.”’
If the habitat be correctly stated, there would be some ground for
supposing that the Philippine shells which we have described are of
a different species ; but the locality is named with a mark of doubt,
which the form itself strengthens, whilst the upper figures in Férus-
gac’s work (Pl. 109), though the bands are much narrower and paler
than in those skinned specimens which I have seen, bear so strong
a resemblance to them, that I have preferred the retention of Férus-
sac’s name. In Mr. Cuming’s skinned specimens the rich reddish-
brown, broad, transverse band of the body-whorl, and the basal band
of the same colour at the base of the other whorls, contrast strikingly
with the pure white which is the ground-colour of the shell. A
small rosy fillet runs along the upper edge of the body-whorl, near
the suture.

At the bottom of the same plate Férussae has figured another
variety with a uniform brown epidermis. These appear to have been
all the materials upon which Férussac founded his Helix sarcinosa.

The latter will form a sixth variety, which I have never seen, but
which may be thus characterized :

123

Var. g. Tota brunnea (Fér. Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr, et Fluv. Pl. 109.
f.3.).

Mr. Cuming, who found all the shells which I have described, and
am about to describe in this paper, on the leaves of trees, informs
me that Helix sarcinosa deposits a great number of small eggs on
the leaves of the trees in the dark forests where he found all the
varieties. After the eggs are deposited on the leaf chosen, the
animal wraps it round them subconically, so as to resemble in a de-
gree the small paper wrappers in which grocers hand their wares to
their customers.

Obs. Though it perhaps may be considered that Helix sarcinosa
may come within the section named Cochlostyla by De Férussac,
there appears to me to be almost a sufficient difference in the form
of the aperture, the shape and termination of the columella, and the
ventricose character of all the whorls, to justify a separation. The
animal I have not seen, and I wait for further information before I
decisively make that separation, being anxious to prevent the multi-
plication of names, which already involve the student in a sufficiently
entangled labyrinth. For the present, therefore, I shall merely ob-
serve, that if future observations confirm my present suspicions, J
would propose for the group the name of Helico-bulinus.

Hetix TursinoipeEs. Hel. testd subrotundd, subproductd, diaphand,
lineis incrementi oblique longitudinaliter striatd ; apice rubente ;
aperturd effusd magnd, ceruleo-albente, labii limbo nigro-purpura-
scente, lato, recurvo.

Var. a. Viridis, anfractu penultimo et ultimo teniis albis nunc te-
nuibus nunc latioribus cinctis. Long. 23 ; lat. 23 une.

Var. b. Ochraceo-brunnea lineis teniisque nigris vittata, anfracte
basali fascid viridi-nigrd latd cincto.

The green colour is beautifully seen where the animal has polished
the shell, on turning it up; but when it is in its natural position it
would be difficult to suppose that there were any other colours than
the obscure ochraceous or whitish brown and the black lines, fillets
and band. On holding the shell between the eye and the light, the
green hue becomes perceptible on the back of the shell, and the
bands seen transparently through it on holding the aperture toward
the eye and against the light, have a very pretty effect.

Var. c. Tota viridis.

Hab. ad Albay in insula Luzon.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

All the varieties of this noble Heliv are about the same size, and
at first sight bear no distant resemblance to a Turbo. The apex and
two upper whorls in the first and last varieties are reddish-brown,
and pale brown in var. 0.

Heurx Harrorpu. Hel. testd rotundatd, diaphand, anfractibus
valde ventricosis, superioribus apiceque complanatis, lineis incre-
menti frequentissime striatd, pallidé brunned, anfractu penultimo
maculis strigisque angulato-nubilosis vario, anfractu ultimo su-

124

perne subalbido maculis nigro-brunneis suturam versus ornato,
dehinc usque ad fasciam subcentricam obscure albidam medio
brunneo-teniatam creberrimé nigro-brunneo teniato et maculato,
infra fasciam brunneo nigricante obscure albido maculato et teni-
ato ; aperturd subeffusd, ceruleo-albidd, labii limbo angusto sub-
recurvo, flavicanti-subrosaceo. Long. 18; lat. 25 unc.

Hab. in insule Negros montibus.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

In honorem Viri Reverendi Augusti Harfordii hee species nomen
obtineat.

It is almost impossible to describe the varied markings of this fine
Helix. Only the two last whorls are spotted and striped, the rest
being pale brown. The cloudy markings of the penultimate whorl
become more distinct, and the colouring becomes deeper as the body-
whorl is approached, and there the spots and fillets become more
crowded and intense as they approach the subcentral band, till just
above it they form a dark-brown zone. The part polished by the
animal is of a bright amber hue.—W. J. B. Oct. 12, 1840.

M. Le Baron de la Fresnaye then read his observations on the
situation which the genus Upupa, in his opinion, should occupy in
the classification of Birds, judging from the form of the feet, and
from the habits of the species.

Following is a translation of this author’s observations :—

«It is surprising, now it is generally known that the classifica-
tion of species and genera, based solely upon the form of the beak,
is often unnatural and vicious, that modern authors should have
continued to reunite, as did the old authors, the genus Upupa, with
that of Epimachus or Promerops, and that they should constitute
with these genera a little family under the name of Promeropide.

“It is evident that authors have been guided solely by the struc-
ture of the beak in such an association ; and if the feet of these genera
be compared, we are struck with the enormous difference which
exists in their conformation, and consequently, of necessity, with the
habits of the species.

«« The Hoopoe, in fact, in the shortness of its fore toes, in the al-
most straight form of the claws, and particularly in the claw of the
hind toe, we perceive has evident affinities with the Larks (Alauda)
and other conirostral ground birds. Like them, also, the Hoopoe seeks
its food on the ground, and especially on humid and newly disturbed
land. - It is often seen in grazing lands, where it seeks its food in
the excrement of cattle, in which coprophagous insects abound. Its
long and very slender beak is well adapted for pulling out the larvz
of these insects from the small holes in which they live and undergo
their transformations: it serves well likewise to divide and disperse
the excrement when dried by the sun.

“It is seen that the Hoopoe, with its feet formed like those of the
larks, also essentially resembles those birds in its cursorial habits,
but that it seeks its nourishment only on the ground, and in humid
lands, such as pasture land.

“Tf, on the other hand, we consider the form of the feet of the

125

e
species of Promerops, with which the Hoopoe is usually associated,
it will be seen that there exists a very essential difference in these
organs. The feet of the Promerops are as remarkable for their
thickness as those of the Hoopoe (though fitted for walking) are for
their slenderness. In the first of these genera the toes are strong;
the external toe is elongated, as well as the back toe, as in all those
birds which are essentially perchers and which procure their food
upon trees, whether it be in the manner of the species of Melliphaga,
Paradisea, or Dendrocolaptes.

«As in these genera likewise, the claws in Promerops are very
strong and much arched. The birds of this genus, in fact, appear
to us to be Cinnyride, but on a large scale.

«« The genus Upupa, as at present constituted, consists only of two
or three species,—one from Europe, an African species, and one from
India: in these there is so great a similarity in form, colouring and
habits, that upon a cursory view they might be mistaken for one
species.

«« This genus, therefore, does not, as in most other genera, present
certain species which recede from the type and form a transition
between it and other genera, with which it is then natural to group
them.

«« From these considerations, the genus Upupa appears to us to be
one of those isolated genera, like many others in the class, which
cannot be naturally placed in any other group, but which ought to
be regarded as constituting by itself a family or subfamily, under the
name of Upupide or Upupine, its situation being in the section
Tenuirostres; and if it be only regarded as a subfamily, it is with
another subfamily of the cursorial Tenuirostres it should be grouped,
which division should contain the genera Upucerthia of M. Isidore
Geoffroy St. Hilaire, and some other genera peculiar to Chili, de-
scribed by Killitz, and by Mr. Gould in the Voyage of the Beagle,
and the species of which, in the form of their beak and feet as well
as in their cursorial habits, afford a positive analogy with our genus
Upupa, from which the genus Promerops is so isolated.”

Mr. Gould, after reverting to the account given by him at the
Meeting on the 8th of September, of that singular bird the Brush
Turkey of New South Wales, proceeded to state that he had since
received from Swan River another bird, having similar habits and a
similar mode of nidification, but from which it differs in inhabiting
the open sandy plains, instead of dense and gloomy glens, and in
forming the mound for the reception of the eggs of sand, dead
grasses and boughs, depending as much upon the sun’s rays as upon
the heat produced by decomposition to develope the young.

Mr. Gould added, that a most interesting note, detailing these
facts, accompanied the specimens, and that an equally important
sketch of its range, &c., had been furnished him by Capt. Grey, who
has just returned from the north-west coast of Australia. The ac-
quisition of this new species, and the notes here alluded to, are more
than ordinarily acceptable, since they materially tend to clear up the

126

long-disputed point as to what group the Brush Turkey should be
referred. Mr. Gould further stated, that the views of those natu-
ralists who have considered it to be closely allied to the Megapodii,
were perfectly correct, and that the Brush Turkey and the new spe-
cies now exhibited would in fact form part of a large and singular
family of birds inhabiting Australia and the Indian Islands, all of
which assimilate in their habits and mode of nidification. This new
species differing considerably in several of its characters from the
Brush Turkey (Yalegalla), Mr. Gould proceeded to characterize it
as a new genus, under the name of Leipoa, signifying ‘a deserter of
its eggs.’ The specific term of ocellata was suggested by the ocel-
lated character of many of the spots with which its body is adorned.

Genus Lerroa.

Gen. Char.—Rostrum feré tam longum quam caput; gracile, ad
basin tumescens, tomiis undulatis et ad basin incurvatis, naribus
amplis, oblongis, operculo tectis, et in fovea centrali positis. Caput
subcristatum. Ale ample, rotundate, concave; e remigibus pri-
mariis quinto longissimo ; tertiariis quam remiges primarii feré tam
longis. Cauda rotundata, rectricibus quatuordecem. Tursi mediocres,
robusti, anticé scutis, postic€ squamis rotundatis haud zequalibus,
tecti. Digiti subbreves ; digitis lateralibus inter se feré eequalibus.

Lerpoa ocELLATA. Let. pectore per medium plumas lanceolatas
nigras, strigd centrali albd ornatas, prebente, plumis corporis su-
perne albescenti-cinereis, ad apicem gutta pene ocellatd, rufa, nigro
marginatd, notatis.

Head and crest blackish brown ; neck and shoulders dark ash grey ;
the fore part of the former, from the chin to the breast, marked by
a series of lanceolate feathers, which are black with a white stripe
down the centre; back and wings conspicuously marked with three
distinct bands of grayish white, brown and black near the tip of each
feather, the marks assuming an ocellate form, particularly on the
tips of the secondaries; primaries brown, their outer webs marked
with zigzag lines of darker brown; rump and upper tail-coverts
brownish gray, the feathers of the latter transversely marked with
two or three zigzag lines near their tip; all the under surface light
buff, the tips of the flank feathers barred with black ; tail blackish
brown, broadly tipped with buff; bill black ; feet blackish brown.

Total length, 24 inches; bill, 15; wing, 12; tail, 83; tarsi, 24.

Hab. Western Australia.

Mr. Gould next proceeded to characterize the two following new
birds :—The first (Cracticus argenteus) is from the collection of Capt.
Gray, and the second, a new species of Amadina, is from the collec-
tion of Mr. Dring, of H.M.S. Beagle.

Cracticus ARGENTEUS. Cra. guld corporeque subtis albis ; humeris
nigris ; dorso argenteo-cinereo.
Crown of the head, ear-coverts, shoulders, primaries, and all the

127

tail-feathers for three-fourths of their length from the base, black ;
back silvery gray ; throat, all the under surface, sides of the neck,
some of the wing-coverts and the margins of several of the second-
aries, rump, and tips of the tail-feathers pure white; bill horn-
colour ; feet blackish brown.

Total length, 11 inches; bill, 14; wing, 6; tail, 45; tarsi, 11.

In size this species is directly intermediate between Cracticus ci-
nereus and C. varius.

Hab. North-west coast of Australia.

Amapina Pectoratis. Am. guld nitidé nigrescenti-purpureo ; pec-
tore plumis ad basin nigris, ad apicem albis, fasciato ; corpore
superne cinereo-fusco, alarum tectricibus crebré guttulis albis
adspersis.

Crown of the head and ‘all the upper surface and wings, delicate
grayish brown; the tips of the wing-coverts very minutely spotted
with white ; tail blackish brown ; throat and ear-coverts glossy black-
ish purple; chest crossed by a band of feathers black at the base,
strongly tipped with white; abdomen and under tail-coverts vinous
grey; the flanks ornamented by a few feathers, similar to those
crossing the breast ; bill bluish horn-colour ; feet flesh-colour.

Total length, 44 inches ; bill, 4; wing, 23; tail, 12; tarsi, 3.

Hab. North-west coast of Australia.

Mr. Gould next exhibited and characterized two new species of
Kangaroos from Swan River ; the first of these is rather less than the
Macropus Bennettii, and is remarkable for the perfect black colour
of the fore part of all the feet, which appear as if they had been
dipped in ink or some other black liquid, the black not blending, as
usual, with the pale colour of the hind part of the feet, but termi-
nating in an abrupt line. The general tint of the upper parts of the
body is deep gray, a tint produced by the admixture of black and
white, the hairs being black at the tip, and annulated with white near
the.tip ; the sides of the body, as well as the under parts, are of paler
gray, and are tinted with buff-yellow; this yellow tint is almost
pure on the abdomen between the hind legs, on the feet and inner
side of the ears: the upper surface of the head and muzzle are of a
soot-like colour, and the occiput and back of the ears, as well as the
apical portion in front, are pure black ; a yellowish white line is ob-
servable on each side of the muzzle, commencing at the tip, and
running backwards beneath the eye; the fore half of the hands and
feet are pure black, and the greater portion of the tail (which is well
clothed with harsh hairs) is of the same colour ; at the base, however,
it is coloured as the body, and on the upper surface, for a consider-
able distance from the base, the black hairs are more or less annu-
lated with whitish, producing a grizzled appearance. On the chin
is a small black patch.

Mr. Gould gave to this species the specific name manicatus: its
principal characters may be thus expressed :—

Macrorus (Hatmaturus) Manicatus. Macr. obscure griseus ; vel-
o

128

lere apud partes inferiores pallidiore et flavescente ; capite supra
Suliginoso, occipite necnon auribus externé nigris ; utrdque gend
lined flavescente notatd ; tarsis antipedibusque flavescentibus, an-
tice nigris ; caudd nigrd ad basin grised.

unc. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 30 0O
— PA ae ee DE ae 26 0
tarsi digitorumque(sine unguibus).. 8 10

ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 5 O

WB oc iB wy gf ae i we ois tees poet 2 6

The second species of Kangaroo to which Mr. Gould drew the
attention of the members, is nearly allied to the Macropus penicilla-
tus of Mr. Gray, but differs in being of a smaller size, paler colour,
in having no black mark on the sides of the body, and the tail less
bushy; the ears, moreover, are smaller in proportion, and more
pointed. The general colour is gray-brown ; the under parts of the
body are dirty white, obscurely tinted with yellowish : on each side
of the body, near the base of the fore leg, is a dusky patch; a dirty
white mark is observable on each side of the head, and there is an
indistinct mark on the base of the thigh. The tail is moderately
bushy, coloured at the base like the body, but the apical third is
dusky black.

Mr. Gould gave to this species the name

Macrorus (PETROGALE) BRACHYoTIS. Macr. vellere e fusco ci-
nereo, apud partes inferiores albescente ; caudd floccosd ad api-
cem nigrd ; utrdque gend lined albescente notatd.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 21 0
OEE PRINTS EAE 2 TR INS 16 6

tarsi digitorumque(sine unguibus).. 5 0
ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 3 8
CONS SOS GRA el. 1 ll

Various specimens presented since the last Meeting were exhibited.
These donations consisted of a collection of Birds from Australia,
presented by L. Chandler, Esq., and some specimens of Birds and
Zoophytes from Gibraltar, presented by Mr. Frembly, R.N., Cor-
responding Member.

October 27, 1840.
~ William Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair,

In consequence of the lamented death of N. A. Vigors, Esq., one
of the founders of the Society, and during the first years of its exist-
ence its active and zealous Secretary, whose reputation and influence
had materially increased its numbers, as his liberality augmented its
collections, the Society adjourned to November 10th.

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November 10, 1840.
William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

A letter from the Rev. R. T. Lowe, dated Madeira, August 8, 1840,
was read. It stated that Mr. Lowe had forwarded for the Society's
Museum two specimens of Snakes from Demerara, and a specimen of
the Ausonia Cuvieri of Risso, from Madeira. ‘The Ausonia,” ob-
serves Mr. Lowe, “I scarcely need remark, is one of the most inter-
esting and valuable of my acquisitions, from the obscurity attending
it, and its supposed identity with Rafinesque’s Luvarus imperialis.
It has been altogether passed over by Cuvier and Valenciennes in
their Histoire des Poissons, though the former had previously taken
it up in a note in his second edition of his Kegne Animal.”

A letter from Mr. J. Frembly, R.N., dated Gibraltar, September
23, 1840, was read. In this letter Mr. Frembly states that he had
forwarded for the Society a living specimen of a Brazilian Pheasant
(Penelope pileata of Wagler), and also a skin of the same species
from Para. He had likewise forwarded some specimens of Marine
Corallines and other Zoophytes, recently obtained during the prose-
cution of a coral fishery on the coast of Barbary.

A letter from J. Wardrop, Esq., dated Oct. 29, 1840, was next
read. It refers to a Fowl brought by W. Wardrop, Esq., from the
Island of Lemurs, and presented to the Society. In this Fowl] the
spur had been remoyed from its proper place, and engrafted on the
head. The letter moreover states, that the natives of the island men-
tioned often cause the spurs of the cock bird to grow upon its head,
and the comb upon its legs.

The following paper, by G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S., entitled **Ob-
servations on the Blood Corpuscles of the Crocodilide,” was read.

« According to the observations of MM. Prevost and Dumas, Wag-
ner, Schultz, and others, the long diameter of the oval blood corpus-
cles of the vertebrate animals is never more than one and a half or
twice the short diameter; and M. Mandl states that this accords with
his experience, except in regard to the blood corpuscles of the Cro-
codilide, of which he says that the long diameter is between two or
three times greater than the short diameter,

«<M. MandI’s observations are published in the Annales des Sciences
Naturelles, séconde série, tome xii., in which the following remarks
occur: ‘En prenant dans les globules des chameaux*, oiseaux, rep-

* M. Mandl says in a note, “* Nous avons examiné le sang du Dromadaire,
de l’Alpaca, et du Chameau.” I may add that I have examined the blood
No. XCIV.—ProcEepines oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SociETY.

132

tiles et poissons, le petit diamétre pour unité, le grand varie entre
14 4 2; on en rencontre une exception dans les Crocodiliens, dont le
grand diamétre est 2 a 3 fois plus grand que le petit.’

“It appears that this conclusion was deduced from an examination
of the blood of a single species only, the Crocodilus Lucius of Cuvier.

“In a short paper ‘On the Blood Corpuscles of the Snowy Owl
and Passenger Pigeon,’ read before the Society on the 9th of June,
1840, I showed that the corpuscles of these birds, particularly of the
former, were so very long, in relation to their breadth, as to present
a peculiarity in this respect which I had not seen in the corpuscles of
any other vertebrate animal; and, however singular it might appear,
it was shown in the same communication that the blood-dises might
differ remarkably in two nearly allied species of the same genus.
Hence it will not appear surprising that I have failed to find the same
peculiarity in the figure of the blood corpuscles of two other species
of the Crocodilide, as M. Mandl did in the Crocodilus Lucius. In the
following measurements the common-sized corpuscles are first noted,
then those of extremely small and large dimensions, and lastly the
average deduced from a computation of the whole; and they are all
expressed in fractional parts of an English inch.

‘1, Sharp-nosed Crocodile (Crocodilus acutus).

Long Diameter. Short Diameter.
1°1333 Conia 1:2286 Common size.
#1981 sizes se \ Extremes
1:1145 1°2000
er gua \ Extremes
1-1000 1°2286 Average.

1°1231 Average.

“The average thickness of the dises was about gq/,jth of an inch.
“The animal was young, and the blood was obtained from the
heart after death.

“2. An Alligator from South America (Champsa fissipes, Natterer).

Long Diameter. Short Diameter.
1°1455 1°2666
1:1333 | Common 1:2400 | Common
1:1200 sizes. 1°2286 sizes.
1°1143 1°2000
“ pe \ Extremes. Picea \ Extremes.
11259 Average. 1/2315 Average.

«The animal was young and lively. The blood was obtained froin
a prick of the foot.

of the Vicugna and Guanaco, and found their corpuscles also of an oval shape,
thus completing the history of the singular red particles of the Camelide.
See ‘Dublin Med. Press,’ November 27, 1839, and ‘Trans. of the Royal
Med. and Chirurgical Society,’ vol. 23.

133

“Thus, as is commonly the case in the oval blood corpuscles of the
vertebrate animals, in these two examples the long diameter is not
equal to twice the short diameter, and it may therefore be concluded
that M. Mandl’s remarks on the blood corpuscles of the Crocodilide
are not applicable to the corpuscles of all the species of this family.
So far, however, from doubting the accuracy of this physiologist’s
observation on the blood of the Crocodilus Lucius, I am disposed to
regard the result of my observations, in connexion with the one which
he has made, as establishing a remarkable difference in the blood cor-
puscles of one family of Reptiles, similar to the peculiarity which I
have found in the red particles of the Linnean genus Strix, as well
as in those of the Columbide.”

A collection of Birds from Tangiers, presented to the Society by
G. W. H. Drummond Hay, Esq., was exhibited, and Mr. Hay fur-
nished the following list, accompanied with observations on the spe-
cies, which was read.

Vultur fulvus, Linn. Arabic name, Nezer.

“] shot this bird as he rose heavily from the top of a high rock,
near Cape Spartel, on the north coast of Africa, where he had been
gorging himself with the body of a dead kid. The species is rare in
these parts.”

Neophron Percnopterus, Sav. Arabic name, Erhama. ‘ Common.”

- Aquila Chrysaétos, Vigors. Arabic name, El Oukab.

“Very rare, but two specimens having been obtained for many
years past.”
Pernis apivorus. Arabic name, Bourreh.

«This species passes over the country about the beginning of the
spring in immense numbers, but is rare at other times.”
Falco subbuteo, Linn. Arabic name, Tier el Hor.

« A very daring little bird, used by the Sultan for hawking : it is
common in the high lands.”
Falco Tinnunculus, Linn. Arabic name, Bouamira. ‘‘ Very common.”
Circus rufus, Bechst. Arabic name, Hedia. “ Rare.”

Alcedo ispida, Linn. Arabic name, Tier Teberni. ‘* Common about
the rivers.”
Caprimulgus Europeus, Linn. Arabic name, Terref el Aiyal,

«Very common.”

Merops Apiaster, Linn. Arabic name, Liamon,

“In the grape season this bird is exceedingly abundant ; as many
as twenty or thirty have been shot at one time from a tree: it is
good eating, builds in holes in the ground, and sometimes uses rabbit-
burrows for the purpose: feeds upon bees, flying ants, wasps, &c. ;
has an undulating flight, and does not flap the wings much. Dis-
appears in the winter months.”

Coracias garrula, Linn. Arabic name, Characrac,—a name which
has reference to the noise which it makes.

134

“Tt is rather rare; comes generally in the spring, and remains
about three months.”

Lanius rufus, Linn. Arabic name, Raich el Rra. <‘‘ Rare.”
Oriolus Gaibula, Linn. Arabic name, Teir Sofar.

“Rare: makes its appearance in the beginning of the spring, and
leaves at the end of the spring.”

Ivos obscura. Arabic name, Chouchou.

““Very common, especially in the orange plantations; destroys
much of this fruit. Seen throughout the year.”
Curruca melanocephala. Arabic name, Chorrir. ‘‘ Rare.”
Curruca atricapilla, Bechst. Arabic name, Chorrir el Quebir. “‘ Rare.”
Phenicura Tithys, Jard. and Selby.
Phenicura ruticilla, ‘‘ Common.”
Sylvia cisticola, Savi. Arabic name, Boussiou.

« Rather uncommon : builds near hedges.”
Savicola Stapazina. ‘‘ Uncommon.”
Sazicola aurata, Temm. ‘‘ Common.”
Sazicola Rubicola, Bechst. ‘‘ Common.”
Anthus arboreus, Bechst. Arabic name, Koba. ‘ Common.”
Anthus pratensis, Bechst. Arabic name, Koba. ‘‘ Common.”
Emberiza Hortulana, Linn. ‘*‘ Common.”
Serinus flavescens, Gould. Arabic name, Chimerees. “ Rare.”
Sturnus unicolor, Temm. Arabic name, Garzor Quehal.

“Rather rare: generally settles in the mosques, where it probably
builds.”

Upupa Epops, Linn. Arabic name, Hadhud. ‘‘ Common: generally
seen about dunghills.”’
Glareola torquata, Briss. Arabic name, Harrak Diad.

«Lays on the ground in barren situations, and does not build a
regular nest, but-merely places a few straws, &c., loosely together.”
Cursorius isabellinus, Meyer. Arabic name, El-Gueta.

“‘Very rare: builds in the desert, in the sand. From the great
resemblance between the colour of this bird and that of the sand, it is
with difficulty seen, even when flying, since it then keeps very close
to the ground.”

Ciconia nigra, Ray. Arabic name, Geringa.

«Rare. The Moors believe evil spirits to exist in this bird, it being
black, whilst the good spirits are supposed to inhabit the white birds.”
Platalea Leucorodia, Linn. Arabic name, Boucarcaba. ‘ Rare.”
Ardea purpurea, Linn. Arabic name, Said el Meresh, or Hunter of

the Marsh. “ Rare.”

Botaurus stellaris, Linn. Arabic name, Seba el Meresh, the Lion
of the Marsh.

“Both the Ardea purpurea and the Botaurus stellaris are exceed-
ingly pugnacious in their habits, and will not allow any other bird

135

to approach them. Even the female dare not approach the male

excepting in the breeding-season.”’

Ardea Garzetia, Linn. Arabic name, Boubliga. “Very rare.”

Ardea Verany, Temm. Arabic name, Tier Abgar. ‘‘ Exceedingly
rare.”

Ardea Ralloides, Scops. Arabic name, Grnok el Serreh. ‘‘ Rather
uncommon.”

Ibis Falcinellus, Temm. Arabic name, Maiza del Wad. ‘‘ Very rare.”

Limosa melanura, Leisl. Arabic name, Chibib. ‘« Not uncommon.”
Squatarola cinerea, Gould. Arabic name, Dorreis. ‘‘ Common.”
Charadrias [fiaticula, Linn. Arabic name, Couba. ‘‘ Common.”
Strepsialis collaris, Temm. Arabic name, Charno. “Rare.”
Totanus fuscus, Leisl. ‘‘ Rare.”

Totanus hypoleucos,'Temm. ‘‘ Rare.”

Tringa variabilis, Mey. <‘ Rare.”

Tringa subarcuata, Temm. “Rare.”

Tringa minuta, Leisl. ‘‘ Very rare.”’

Tringa carunculata. Arabic name, Al Gor. ‘‘ Common.”

Undina leucocephala, Gould. Arabic name, Bugarein.
“Exceedingly rare. A very excellent diver; will remain under

water a long time.”

Anas leucophthalmus, Temm. Arabic name, Bourk el Serrer.
“Rare: a good diver.”

Anas marmorata, Temm. Arabic name, Bourk el Biad. ‘Rare: a
good diver.”

Podiceps cristatus, Lath. Arabic name, Bourk el Wad. ‘‘ Rare.”

Alca Torda, Linn. Arabic name, Bourk del Bahar. <‘‘ Rare.”

~ A paper, in which Mr. G. B. Sowerby continues the descriptions
of the shells collected by H. Cuming, Esq., in the Philippine Islands,
was next read.

Hevix annutata. Hel. testd obovatd, crassiusculd, levi, plerum-
que flavd, fusco-cinctd ; spird elevatiusculd, obtusd, anfractibus
quinque rotundatis, ultimo maximo ; aperiurd rotundato-subtrape-
zoidali ; peritremate lato, incrassato, albo roseo tincto ; labio co-
lumellari lato, crasso, planulato, postice subemarginato, antice
supra columellam expanso. Long. 1:0; lat. 0°8 poll.

Hab. in foliis Pandani prope Banqui, provincie Iloconis septen-

trionali ad insulam Lucon, Philippinarum.

This beautiful species bears considerable resemblance to H. Iloco-
nensis, but may be distinguished by the dark chocolate colour of the
back of the outer lip, which is also narrower, and much less reflected.
Five varieties have been found by Mr. Cuming, viz.

a. Bright yellow, with a blood-red antesutural band, which be-
comes darker, and nearly chocolate-brown on the last volution : back
of the lip and circumference of the columella dark chocolate-brown.

c

136

6. Bright yellow: antesutural band narrow, blood-red; circum-
ferential band blackish brown: in other respects similar to a., and
from the same locality.

c. Nearly similar to the last, but having a broader circumferential
brown band, and a very narrow brown line between it and the ante-
sutural band. From the same locality.

d. Pale yellow: antesutural band nearly obsolete: in all other re-
spects like b.

e. Shell white: no antesutural band; circumferential band broad,
and nearly black; last volution suffused with rose-red near the back
of the lip.

Hevix parreata. Hel. testd subglobosd, crassiusculd, levi, colo-
ribus vartis cinctd ; spird elevatiusculd, obtusd, anfractibus quin-
que, subplanulatis, ultimo maximo ; aperturd semilunari, iniis al-
bicante ; peritremate incrassato, angusto, leviter reflevo, extis
nigro ; labio columellari latiusculo, obliquo, planulato, crasso.
Long. 1-0; lat. 0°8 poll.

Hab. in foliis fruticum ad provinciam Ilocos septentrionalis insulz

Lugon, Philippinarum.

In general form and size and colouring this species somewhat re-
sembles our H. Orbitulus, from which it may be at once distinguished
by its narrow, scarcely reflected, dark-coloured lip. ‘The ground-
colour of this species is usually whitish, or lemon-yellow, and the
varieties are banded with dark green, gray, nearly black, and light
green, and the columellar lip is commonly purplish black, with a
crimson tinge. The following is an indication of the varieties :—

a. Apex dull red; ground-colour lemon-yellow ; antesutural band
dark green ; post-circumferential band light greenish gray ; columellar
lip purplish black, with rose-coloured edges ; columellar circumference
green. From Banqui, in the province of North Ilocos.

b. Apex dull red; ground-colour pale lemon-yellow ; antesutural
band dark green; post-circumferential band greenish gray close to
the broad circumferential band, which is reddish black; columella
purplish black, its circumference green. From Banqui.

e. Apex dull red; ground-colour pale lemon-yellow; antesutural
band green, darker in front ; post-circumferential band greenish gray,
also darker in front; columel/a and its immediate circumference pur-
plish black, around which is a rather broad green band. From Sinait.
Found on the leaves of trees.

d. Apex dull red; ground-colour lemon-yellow ; antesutural band
broad, dark green, composed of several narrow bands, next to which
is a broad, pale, greenish gray band ; circumferential band dark green,
nearly black ; columella purplish red, its circumference with a broad
green band. From Banqui.

e. Apex dull pale red; ground-colour pale lemon-yellow: ante-
sutural band broad, dark green ; post-circumferential band very broad,
greenish gray, with a very narrow nearly black band in front; then
comes a narrow band of the ground-colour, and the remainder is
green to the circumference of the columella, which is blackish ; the

137

columella itself is purplish black. From Piddig, in the province of
North Ilocos.

f. Apex pale dull red; ground-colour pale lemon-yellow ; antesu-
tural band very narrow, dark green; post-circumferential band very
broad, greenish gray, united in front to the blackish circumferential
band ; columella blackish, its circumference with a very narrow green
band. From Piddig.

g. Apex grayish white ; ground-colour bright lemon-yellow ; ante-
sutural band narrow, dark green; post-circumferential band grayish
green ; circumferential band nearly black ; columella crimson, its cir-
cumference green.

h. Apex and ground-colour white ; bands as in g. ; columella black-
ish; its immediate circumference black, around which is a dull green
band; the antesutural band in this variety is very narrow, and of a
dull colour, and two nearly black bands are distinctly seen within
the aperture. From Sinait.

Hexrix renestrata. Hel. testd subglobosd, crassiusculd, levi, cas-
taneo-nigrd, epidermide fusca albicante-bifasciatd ; anfractibus
quingue rotundatis, ultimo mazimo, postice prope suturas fenestra-
tis (attritione epidermidis) ; aperturd subrotundd ; peritremate
lato, albo, reflexo ; labio columellari lato, crasso, subplanulato.
Long. 1:0; lat. 0°85 poll.

Hab. supra foliis arborum ad montes Caravallo, provinciz Cagayan,

insule Luzon Philippinarum.

There are two varieties of this pretty species, which in general

form resemble H. Iloconensis and H. annulata: they are

a. Anterior intermediate band dark brown.

6. Anterior intermediate band light brown.

The next paper read was from Mr. G. B. Sowerby, Jun., and is
entitled ‘‘ Descriptions of some new species of Murez, principally
from the coilection of H. Cuming, Esq.”

Murex Occa, Conch. Illustr. f. 45. Mur. testd clavatd, ventri-
cosd, fulvo-glaucescente ; spird mediocri ; caudd longissimd, rectd,
ad terminum subexpansd, subrecurvd ; anfractibus angulatis trans-
verse leviter sulcatis ; varicibus tribus, spinis dorsalibus tribus
brevibus falcatis, tribusque minutissimis alternantibus, deindé ad
caudam tribus ad quatuor subrectis, interstitiis bituberculatis ;
aperturd ovatd, rotundatd, postice subangulatd ; labio crenulato,
dente unico magno lato marginali ; canali fere clauso.

Long. 3; lat. extra varicibus, 1 poll.

Hab. ad insulas Nicobaricas.

The comparative smoothness of the whorls, and the short, curved

character of the dorsal spines, are sufficient to distinguish this from
other clavate species.

Murex Messorivs, Conch. Illustr. f. 938. Mur. testd clavatd,
subventricosd, fulvo-rubescente, griseo, rubro, fuscoque maculaté ;
spird brevi; caudd elongata, recta, angustd, minime recurvd ; va-

c 2

138

ricibus tribus, crassis, costatis, ante crenulatis, pone foveolatis, ad
angulum posticum spind brevi rectd, ad caudam spind falcatd, sub-
elongata, deindé und breviore, rectd ; interstitiis duobus ad tribus
costis noduliferis ; aperturd ovali, postic? subcanaliferd ; labio in-
terno postict tumido, intis crenulato; labio externo denticulato,
antice paululum extante ; canali fer? clauso.

Long. 2°40; lat. ex. var. -90 poll.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming, Stainforth.

Distinguishable by the thickened varices, and the spine at the

base of the caudal canal, shaped like a reaper’s hook.

Murex rectrrosrris, Conch. Illustr. f. 95. Mur. testd clavatd,
subventricosd, transverse costatd, pallide fulvd, fusco-rubescente
bifasciatd ; spird mediocri, anfractibus octo, rotundatis ; suturis
excavatis: caudd elongata, angustd, rectd ; varicibus tribus, crassis,
ante crenulatis, poné excavatis, ad angulum posticum spind crassd,
brevi, prope caudam tribus minutis proclivis, ad caudam duabus seu
tribus tenuibus, rectis : interstitiis tricostatis ; aperturd ovali, peri-
tremate extanti, labio externo crenulato ; canali fere clauso.

Long. 2°80; lat. ex. var. 1 poll.

The spire is more elongated, the caudal canal is longer and more

straight than in M. recurvirostris, Brod.

Murex nicrescens, Conch. Illustr. f. 98. Mur. testd subclavatd,
subrhomboided, transverse leviter costatd, grised, nigro bifasciatd,
ad apicem fusco-rubescente : spird subproducta, anfractibus septem,
subangulatis, inter varices trifariim tuberculiferis ; suturis validis :
caudd elongatd, rectd, tenui; varicibus tribus, validis, rotundatis,
noduliferis, pone subexcavatis, ad angulum tuberculo subspinoso,
ad basin caude spinis duabus : apertura ovali, labio interno albo,
posticé tumido, antic? extante, crenulato, labio externo denticulato,
intis crenulato ; canali clauso.

Long. 2; lat. ex. var. *80 poll.

Hab. ad Xipixapi. H. Cuming legit.

More ventricose and less clavate than M. recurvirostris, Brod., with

a larger aperture, thinner varices, and straighter caudal canal. The
sutures of the spire are not excavated, and the varices are very
slightly so. Sandy mud, 11 fathoms.

Murex priicirerus, Conch. Illustr. f. 102. Mur. testd elongatd,
subfusiformi, subventricosd, atrd, albd, pallid fusco-subfasciatd ;
transverse lineis moniliformibus striata spird productd, anfractibus
novem, subangulatis, suturis validis, subexcavatis ; caudd subelon-
gatd, rectd, paulo exfoliatd, leviter recurvd : varicibus tribus, post
angulum trifaridm spinoso-fimbriatis, ad angulum posticum spind
crassd, subelongatd, rectd, deindé quinque, brevioribus apertis,
quarum primis duabus et ultimd brevissimis, ad caudam duabus
subelongatis, und brevi: aperturd magnd, ovali ; labio interno levi,
paululim extante ; labio externo leviter crenulato, canali recto,
aperto ; interstitiis varicum tuberculo valido, tum costd elongatd,
plicatd, deinde costa elongata angustiori subplicatd.

139

Long. 3°40; lat. ex. var. 1°50.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

‘There is no danger of confounding this fine species with any other.
It is intermediate between the clavate and the fusiform groups.

Morex pricatus, Conch. Illustr. f. 6. Mur. testd clavatd, ven-
tricosd, pallidé violaced, fulvo tinctd et lineatd: varicibus tribus,
costatis crassis, ad latus marginale crenatis, pone excavatis,
ad angulum anfractuum spind crassd brevi, deindé quinque alter-
natis, ad caudam tribus, subrectis, subelongatis ; interstitiis tribus
ad quatuor costis noduliferis ; spird breviusculd ; aperturd ovali,
postice canaliferd ; labio crenato ; caudd rectd, crassd, subelongatd ;
canali feré clauso.

Long. 3-0; lat. ex. var. 1°30.

Hab. ad sinus Nocoyo. H. Cuming legit.

Found in coarse sand, at twelve fathoms. Distinguished from other
species with elongated caudal canals by its width, and the thickness
of the varices, which are deeply excavated at the back, and armed
with short thick spines. M. recurvirostris, Brod., is the nearest ap-

proach, but is not so wide nor so spinose, and the caudal canal is
recurved.

Murex rormosvus, Conch. [lustr. f. 91. Mur. testd subclavatd,
transverse leviter costatd, scabrosd, fulvo purpurascente: spird
subproductd, aculeatd ; anfractibus novem rotundatis ; suturis va-
lidis ; caudd elongatd, obliqud, tenui, recurvd, validissime exfoliata :
varicibus tribus a tergo subexcavatis, spind fere elongata ad angu-
lum posticum, deind? tribus apertis subelongatis, cum parvis quin-
que ad sex proclivis alternantibus, ad caudam duabus mediocribus
Serentibus ; interstitiis trifaridam noduloso-costatis ; apertura ovali
posticé subcanaliferd, labio interno antic? vix minime extante ; labio
externo denticulato, antic? extante ; canali aperto.
Long. 3°15; lat. ex. var. 1:05 poll.
Hab. ad Loay, Ins. Bohol. Mus. Cuming, Sowerby, Stainforth.
This belongs to the group of which M. Motacilla forms the type.
It is an extremely elegant shell; the caudal canal is gracefully curved
and exfoliated. Sandy mud, 7 fathoms.

Murex minpANAEnsis, Conch. Illustr. f.92. Mur. testd subcla-
vatd, subventricosd, transverse sulcatd, pallid? fusco-rufescente ;
spird productd, anfractibus octo rotundatis, suturis validis ; caudd
elongatd, subrecurvd, exfoliatd : varicibus tribus, validis, rotunda-
tis, pon? subexcavatis ; ad angulum posticum spind unicd brevi ;
deindeé spinis quinque brevioribus, parvisque quingue proclivis al-
ternantibus : interstitiis tricostatis ; aperturd ovali ; labio externo
crenulato, margine dentato ; labio interno levi, paulo extante ; ca-
nali fere clauso.

Long. 3; lat. ex. var. 85; cauda, 1°5.

Hab. prope Cagayan, provincize Misamis ad insulam Mindanao

Philippinarum. H. Cuming legit.
This beautiful and very distinct species presents a medium between

140

the groups of which M. Motacilla and M, ternispina may be taken as
the types. It was dredged at Cagayan in sandy mud, at a depth of
25 fathoms.

Murex ELeGAns, Conch. Illustr. f. 84. Mur. testd clavatd, ven-
tricosd, rhomboided, levi, transverse costatd, albd, costis fusco-
lineatis ; varicibus tribus, crassis, rarissime subspinosis ; inter-
stitiis bituberculatis ; aperturd ovali, labio externo crenulato ; caudd
elongatd, recurvd, antice latd, angulatd.

Long. 2°15; lat. ex. var. 1 poll.

Hab. ? Mus. H. Cuming.

A much smoother shell than M. Motacilla, and having two large
tubercles between the varices, instead of three. It has been named
as above by Dr. Beck in collections, but we believe has never been
described.

Morex simiuis, Conch. Illustr. f. 69, 70. Mur. testd subfusifor-
mi, subventricosd, transverse interrupto-costatd, pallide fulvd,
transverse bifasciatd vel interrupto lineata: varicibus tribus, cos-
tatis ; ad angulum anfractuum und spind brevi, deinde quatuor ad
quingue anterioribus minimis, ad caudam und spind brevi ; inter-
stitiis trifaridm noduloso-costatis : caudd recurvd longiusculd pos-
tice latd, angulata exfoliatd ; aperturd ovali; labio extante, intis
leviter crenulato ; labro crenulato.

Long. 1°90; lat. -8.

Hab. >? Mus. Saul.

The spire is much more elongated, the varices more spinose and

less thickened, and the caudal canal less elevated than in M. Mota-
cilla, which, in general characters, it much resembles.

Murex scasrosus, Conch. Illustr. f. 73. Mur. testd subturbinatd,
ventricosd, crassd, corrugatd, transverse lineis elevatis, scabrosis,
distantibus, costatd, pallidé fulvd, fusco-maculatd ; spird brevi,
obtusd, anfractibus sex ventricosis, suturis validis ; caudd longi-
tudine aperturam equante, rectd, crassd, latd, exfoliatd, ad basin
sub-coarctatd ; varicibus tribus, validis, costatis, postice excavatis ;
costarum, und ad angulum posticum subspinosd, tribus ad partem
anticam anfractus antice fimbriatis, tribus ad caudam, validis,
subspinosis, subfimbriatis ; interstitiis tuberculis tribus corrugatis
antice ad basin caude leviusculis ; aperturd magnd, albd, rotun-
datd ; labio interno levi, decumbente, purpureo ; labio externo cre-
nulato ; canali aperto.

Long. 2°20; lat. ex. var. 1:10 (spira, 4; apertura, 4; cauda, 4).

Hab. ? Mus. Saul.

We have only seen one specimen of this shell, which resembles,
in some degree, the young of M. pomum; but the varices are nar-
rower, the tubercles smaller, and there is a smooth space just below
the ventricose part of the last whorl. ‘The caudal canal is larger
and straighter.

Murex Banxsr, Conch. Illustr. f. 82. Mur. testd fusiformi,

141

transverse scabroso-sulcatd, fulvd, fusco-maculatd, ad varices ni-
grescente ; spird productd, anfractibus septem, rotundatis, suturis
validis, subundatis ; caudd elongata, lata, nisi ad extremitatem
rectd, paululum recurvd : varicibus tribus, ramis breviusculis acuto-
Frondosis, subrectis, ad caudam quatuor compressis, quorum duobus
elongatiusculis: interstitits tuberculis tribus subpliciformibus : aper-
turd albd, ovali, postice canaliferd ; labio externo acutissime denti-
culato ; canali aperto.

Long. 2°80; lat. ex. var. 1°15 poll.

Hab. ad Mollucas.

The above name, although, we believe, never published, has been
applied to this species in several cabinets. ‘The compressed charac-
ter of the fronds on the caudal canal bring it near to azicornis, but
the other fronds are much shorter.

Murex Savi, Conch. Illustr. f. 77. Mur. testd fusiformi,
transverse lineis elevatis striatd, pallidé fulvd, fusco-rubescente
vel nigricante lineatd: spird elongatd ; anfractibus novem, rotun-
datis, gradatim crescentibus ; suturis validis : caudd subelongatd ad
basin pland, exfoliatd, recta ; extremitate obliqud, recurvd : varict-
bus tribus obliquiter continuis, crassis, rotundatis ad angulum posti-
cum ; ramo crassiusculo, ad basin subcomplicato, extremitate fron-
doso, recurvo, roseo ; deinde quatuor apertis, angustioribus, roseis,
Srondosis, cum quinis minoribus proclivibus alternantibus, tum tribus
ad caudam subcompressis, roseis, frondosis : interstitiis tuberculis
duobus, uno majore, uno minore : aperturd ovali, postice cunaliferd,
angulatd ; labio interno levi ; labio externo dentibus duodecim acu-
tis ; canali aperto, subsinuoso.

Long. 2°80; lat. ex. var. 1 poll.

Hab. ad insulam Capul, Philippinarum. H. Cuming legit. Mus.

Saul, Stainforth, Reeves.

It is somewhat surprising that this species should not have been
distinguished ere this from M. Palmarose, from which it differs in
having a smooth inner lip, and in having small projecting fronds on
the varices between the larger ones.

Morex torreractus, Conch. Illustr. f. 110, 111. Mur. testd
subfusiformi, subventricosd, transverse costis subscabrosis striatd :
spird elongata ; anfractibus novem, rotundatis, subgradatim cres-
centibus ; suturis subvalidis : caudd mediocri, latd, palmatd, exfo-
liatd, ad basin rectd, ad extremitatem obliqud, recurvd: varicibus
tribus, crassis ; ramis dorsalibus quinque,-frondosis, brevibus (uno
ad angulum posticum crassiusculo), cum parvis quingue proclivibus
alternantibus, ad caudam tribus subcompressis : interstitiis tuber-
culis duobus, uno majore: aperturd flavidd ovali, postice canali-
Ferd, subangulatd ; labio interno levi ; labio externo dentibus duo-
decim acutis ; canali aperto, subsinuoso.

Long. 3°70; lat. 1°60 poll.

Var. Testd pallid? fulvd, fusco-nigricante, lineatd ; frondibus fuscis.

Var. Testd fere adustd.

Var. Testd flavido-rufescente, fusco-lineatd.

142

Hab. ad insulam Ticao, Philippinarum. H. Cuming inter alios
legit.

Much more ventricose, with a wider caudal canal, and much shorter
fronds than M. Saulit. Found on coral reefs.

Murex pAutmirervs, Conch. Illustr. f. 99. Mur. testd subfusi-
formi, transverse scabroso-sulcatd, fulvo-roseo tinctd: spird
elongatiusculd, acutd ; anfractibus octo, subangulatis : caudd medi-
ocri, exfoliatd, obliqud, paululim recurvd : varicibus tribus ; fron-
dibus palmatis, ad angulum posticum duobus subelongatis, subcon-
nexis, tum duobus singularibus, deindé duobus connexis, ceteris par-
vis, proclivibus, ad caudam tribus singularibus, quarum ultimo bre-
vissimo ; interstitiis bituberculatis : aperturd ovali, posticé suban-
gulatd ; labio externo crenulato ; canali aperto.

Long. 1°70; lat. ex. var. *80 poll.

Hab. Red Sea.

Murex corrveatus, Conch. Ilustr. f. 72. Mur. testd subrhom-
boided, transverse costatd, corrugatd, scabrosd, albo-lutescente :
spird productd ; anfractibus septem, subangulatis : caudd mediocri,
exfoliatd, ad basin latd : varicibus tribus, tenuibus, costatis ; frondi-
bus sub-palmiferis, ad angulum duobus confertis, tum duobus sin-
gularibus, deinde tribus confertis, ad caudam duobus seu tribus
singularibus : interstitiis bituberculatis : aperturd magnd ; labio in-
terno levi ; labio externo maxime extante, crenulato ; canali aperto.

Long. 1°30; lat. ex. var. 60 poll.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming, Watson.

Morex taqueatus, Conch. Illustr. f. 78. Mur. testd rhomboided,
transverse costatd, crassd, albd: spird mediocri ; anfractibus sep-
tem, subangulatis : caudé breviusculd, rectd, crassa: varicibus tri-
bus obliquiter spiram decurrentibus, a tergo tumulosis, fimbrid la-
queatd carinatis, ad caudam subspinosis: interstitiis tuberculo
magno costatis: aperturd parvd, ovali; labio externo crenulato ;
canali aperto.

Hab. ? Mus. Saul.

A much thicker shell than M. tripterus, Born., and moreover having

the caudal canal spinose.

Morex canauirerus, Conch. I[llustr. f. 74. Mur. testd parvd,
crassd, subfusiformi, sublevi, albo-lutescente : spird productd ; an-
Sfractibus sex ad septem, subplanis: caudd breviusculd, subrectd,
ad terminum minimé recurvd : varicibus tribus, fimbriatis, ante in-
ciso-fimbriatis, poné levibus, costatis; ramis uncinatis, planis,
tubiformibus, ad angulum posticum uno valido, subelongato, ad me-
dium anfractds uno brevi, tum duobus minimis, obsoletis, ad caudam
duobus parvis : interstitiis obscure quadrifariam nodulosis : aper-
turd integrd, parvd, ovali; peritremate levi; canali nisi ad ex-
tremitatem clauso.

Long. 1; lat. ex. var. *35 poll.

Hab. ? Mus. Stainforth, Sowerby.

Differing from M. cancellatus, in bemg more fusiform, thin and

143

smooth, in the caudal canal being longer and straighter, and in the
sutures of the whorls being simple.

Murex cancertiatus, Conch. Ilustr. f. 75. Mur. testa parvd,
crassiusculd, fusiformi, cancellatd, albo-lutescente : spird subpro-
ductd; anfractibus quingue; suturis foveolatis: caudd brevit,
crassd, latd, ad terminum tortuosd, minimeé recurvd: varicibus
tribus, fimbriatis, crassis, costatis, utrinque foveolatis ; ramis tu-
bulatis, uno ad angulum crasso, valido, ad medium anfractts, uno
brevissimo, ceteris obsoletis: interstitiis trifariam noduloso-cos-
tatis: aperturd parvd, integrd, ovali; peritremate levi; canali
nisi ad extremitatem clauso.

Long. °75; lat. ex. var. °31 poll.

Hab. ? Mus. Stainforth.

A small white fimbriated shell, with the canal and a frond open

only at the extremities.

Morex Carenstis, Conch. Illustr. f. 76. Mur. testd parvd, sub-
Susiformi, levi, fulvo-rubescente : spird i productd, caudam equante :
varicibus tribus, digitato-alatis ; spinis quingue planis, subtubu-
latis, fimbrid membranaced connexis, und ad angulum anfractuum
falcatd : aperturd ovali, postice subangulatd ; canali nisi ad ex-
tremitatem clauso.

Long. 1; lat. °40 poll.

Hab. ad Bonz Spei promontorium. Mus. Cuming, Sowerby, &c.

A pretty little species, with nearly tubular digitations connected
by a fringe. The posterior digitation of each varix is hooked.

¥

Murex triaratvs, Conch. Illustr. f. 18. Mur. testd rhomboided,
levi, subventricosd, fulvd, fusco-nigrescente fasciatd: varicibus
tribus, alatis, ad marginem undatis, postice subelongatis, subacu-
leatis, ad latus marginale fimbriatis, subcanaliculatis, a tergo
levibus, ad terminum exfoliatis: apertura ovali; labio undato :
‘caudd brevi, latd: canali clauso: spird elongatd.

Hab. ? Mus. Saul.

Murex emareinatvus, Conch. Illustr. f. 64. Mur. testd rhom-
boided, sublevi, pallide fusco-rubescente: spird brevi ; anfractibus
quinque, prope suturas angulatis; suturis undatis: cauddé an-
gustd, obliquiter rectd, exfoliatd, leviter recurvd: varicibus tri-
bus, crassis, angulatis, antic dente unico subextanti, unico minore
a tergo undato-costatis, superné fimbrid anticé dilatatd, canaliferd,
subitd ad caudam truncata carinatis: interstitiis tuberculo magno :
aperturd magnd, ovali ; labio externo undato, extante, antice dente
unico armato ; canali nisi ad extremitatem clauso.

Long. 2; lat. ex. var. 1 poll.

This species presents a near approach to M. Monoceros, nobis, but
the canal is closed, and it is also longer and narrower. The varices
are fimbriated. The fringe near the canal is suddenly terminated,
being in a manner drawn in.

Murex monoceros, Conch. Illustr. f. 65. Mur. testd rhom-

144

boided, irregulari, transverse minute striatd, grised, lineis albis
inter fasciis fuscis cinctd: spird mediocri; anfractibus septem,
subangulatis : caudd brevi, latd, exfoliatd : varicibus quatuor ad
quingue subdecumbentibus, paululim rotundatis, ante quadrifariam
denticulatis, uno dente magno prope caudam subextante, uno mi-
nore: interstitiis tuberculo magno : aperturd magnd, posticé sub-
angulatd ; labio externo, dente magno prope canalem extante,
intis denticulato, canalifero ; canali aperto.
Long. 2°25; lat. ex. var. 1°20 poll.
Hab. ? Mus. Norris. -
A very remarkable shell in the collection of J. Norris, Esq., with
a large tooth on the anterior part of the outer lip, resembling that
in Monoceros.

M urex rascratus, Conch. Illustr. f. 86. Mur. testd rhomboided
crassd, transverse costatd, albd, vel pallide fulvd, fusco-bifasciatd :
spird breviusculd ; anfractibus sex, subrotundatis, paululim angu-
latis: caudd brevi, crassd, compressa, subumbilicatd : varicibus
tribus, rotundatis crassis, costatis: interstitiis tuberculo valido,
elongato : aperturd ovali, postice subcanaliferd ; labio interno levi;
labio externo crenulato, intis dentato ; canali nisi ad extremitatem
clauso.

Long. 1°20; lat. ex. var. °65 poll.

Hab. ad oras Africanas (River Gambia).

Morex varius, Conch. Illustr. f.57,104. Mur. testd crassd, sub-
rhomboided, ventricosd, subscabrosd, pallide fulvd, fusco-fasciatd; -
rubro-lineatd, lineis extantibus submoniliformibus transverse sul-
cata: spird mediocri ; anfractibus septem, primis angulatis, ultima
subrotundatd: caudd brevi,latd, crassd, exfoliatd : varicibus quinque
ad septem, decumbentibus, prope angulum posticum a tergo tumu-
losis ; tuberculis subspinosis, uno ad angulum brevi, crasso, sub-
crispato, tum aliquando tribus minutis, deinde tribus majusculis,
ad caudam uno subelongato: aperturd magnd, subrotundatd, pos-
tice subangulatd ; labio interno levi, crasso ; labio externo crenu-
lato ; canali aperto.

Long. 2°35; lat. ex. var. 1°50.

Hab. Gambia. Mus. Cuming.

Murex tumutosus, Conch. Illustr.f.71. Mur. testd clavatd, ven-
tricosd, pallide fulvd, fusco-bifasciatd, transversé scabroso-sulcatd :
spird brevi ; anfractuum suturis excavatis: varicibus septem, va-
lidis, crassis, costatis, anté crenulatis, poné excavatis, ad suturas
tumulosis ; ad medium anfractuum spinis duabus subelongatis,
rectis ; ad caudam spinis tribus : caudd elongata : aperturd magnd,
ovali, postice subangulatd ; antice margine sub-producto, intis
crenulato.

Long. 3°60 (caude, 2°3); lat. ex. var. 130.

Hab. ? Mus. Stainforth.

This species differs from M. cornutus, in the thickness of the va-

rices, which are excavated behind. The sutures of the spine are
also excavated.

145

Murex varicosus, Conch. Illustr. f. 49. Mur. testd subclavatd,
transverse sulcatd, albd, ad varices fusco-nigricante : varicibus
sex, tumidis, subfrondosis, anticé inciso-fimbriatis, pone frondes
levibus, integris, postice ad anfractum proximum dilatatis, ultimo
magis expansd, digitatd: spird breviusculd ; suturis anfractuum
excavatis: caudd subelongatd, latd: aperturd rotundatd, albd ;
canali fere clauso: caudd subelongatd, latd.

Long. 1°70; lat. ex. var. *80.

Hab. ? Mus. Stainforth.

This species differs from M. secundus, in being much less oblique,
in not having the labial varix so much larger than the rest, in ha-
ving a greater number of varices and a somewhat longer spire and
in attaining a larger size.

Movrex pieiratus, Conch. Illustr. f. 79. Mur. testa pyriformi,
transverse costata, roseo-fulvd : spird breviusculd ; anfractibus quin-
que, ventricosis, angulatis, superné complanatis ; suturis excavatis :
caudd longiusculd, ad basin latd, gradatim angustiore : varicibus
octo, costatis, digitatis, postice usque ad medium proximi anfractis
prolatis; digitis numerosis, nigrescentibus, subproclivibus, rugosis,
palmatis, minoribus alternantibus : aperturd ovali; labio externo
crenulato ; lamind canalis latd.

Long. 1°55; lat. ex. var. °80 poll.

Hab. ad insulam Messonam. Mus. Cuming.

In general form resembling M. Scorpio, M. secundus and M. va-
ricosus, but differmg from them in being much straighter, having
many more varices, the digitations being less connected, and in their
being continued across the body of the shell in the form of intersti-
tial ribs. y

Murex mecacerus, Conch. Illustr. f. 18. Mur. testd rhomboided,
subventricosd, fulvo-rufescente, intis alba, transverse scabroso-
sulcatd : varicibus quinque, ad caudam exfoliatis ; frondibus sub-
rectis, crassis, ad terminum foliatis, und ad angulum anfractuum
magna, deinde tribus mediocribus, cum quatuor parvis, proclivibus,
alternantibus ; ad caudam tribus mediocribus: interstitiis costd quin-
quefariam tuberculiferd : aperturd ovali, postice canaliferd, sub-
angulatd, margine dentato, undato ; canali aperto: caudd longitu-
dine spiram equante, latd, subrecurvd.

Long. 3°45; lat. ex. var. 1°90 poll.

Hab. ad mare Pacificum.

Distinguished by the thick, straight, prominent frond on each of

the five varices.

Murex Fraucatus, Conch. Illustr. f. 31. Mur. testd fusiformi,
tenui, albd, fulvo-fasciatd; anfractibus angulatis, apicem versus
cancellatis: varicibus quinque ad septem, alatis, levibus, posticé
elongatis, falcatis, ad marginem posticum plicd involutis, ad cau-
dam exfoliatis: interstitiis in medio uni-plicatis: caudd elongatd,
subrecurvd: aperturd ovali, postice angulatd ; margine externo per-
elevato, subcrenato ; canali clauso.

146

Long. 1°55; lat. ex. var. *65.

Hab. ad insulam Japan. Mus. H. Cuming.

A beautiful species with five to seven broad, smooth, foliated va-
rices in each whorl. Found in deep water.

Morex 1nermis, Conch. Illustr. f. 87. Mur. testd fusiformi,
transverse leviter costatd, albd: spird elongata, acutd; anfractibus
septem, rotundatis, ultimo pyriformi; suturis validis, foveolatis :
caudd elongatiusculd, tortuosd: varicibus sex, leviter noduliferis,
postice paululim prolatis, ultimo latiore, crassiore: aperturd
ovali; labio interno, extante, levi; labio externo crasso, intis levitér
crenulato ; ad basin canalis tuberculo valido; canali aperto.

Long. 1; lat. ex. var. *40 poll.

Hab. ad mare Japonicum. Dr. Sibbald legit.

This singular shell has some of the characters of Triton.

Moukex satreatus, Conch. Illustr. f. 83. Mur. testd parvd, crassd,
subrhomboided, albo-rubescente, ad varices fusco-nigricante: spird
subproductd ; anfractibus sex, angulatis : caudd breviusculd, exfo-
liatd, recurvd: varicibus sex, antic inciso-fimbriatis, a tergo
costatis ; spinis brevibus, paululiim crispatis, und ad angulum posti-
cum, deinde brevioribus quatuor, ad caudam duabus minutis, rectis :
apertura ovali; labio interno postice prolato, antic? valde extante ;
labio externo crenulato, extante ; canali feré clauso.

Long. *95; lat. ex. var. *47 poll.

Testd juniore : caudd elongatd, validé ascendente.

Var. Testa breviore : varicibus validioribus : aperturd rosea.

Hab. ad insulam Masbate, Philippinarum. H. Cuming legit.

The name given above has been applied to this shell by Dr. Beck,

who, however, has not described it. Found in coral reefs.

Murex cycrostoma, Conch. Illustr. f. 100. Mur. testd rhom-
boided, subventricosd, pallidé griseo-fulvd : spird longitudine aper-
turam et canalem equante; anfractibus quinque, exiguis, rotundatis,
transverse costatis ; suturis validis, excavatis : caudd brevi, lata,
recurvd, exfoliatd : varicibus sex, angulatis, crassis, magnis, utrin-
que costatis, antice inciso-fimbriatis, postice foveolatis, superne
subspinosis: aperturd ovali rotundatd, fere integra; labio interno
levi, extante ; labio externo extis crenulato ; canali fer clauso.

Variat caudd elongatd, valde recurvd: varicibus spinis crispis ar-
matis.

Long. *75; lat. ex. var. 40; lat. var. incl. 50.

Hab. ad insulam Bohol Philippinarum. H. Cuming legit.

The elongated, slender, elevated caudal canal, as well as the more
distinct spines of the smaller shell, must be considered as a variation
resulting partly from difference of age, partly from locality, and other
circumstances. Sandy mud, 7 fathoms. —Loay.

Murex srevicutvs, Conch. Illustr. f. 37. Mur. testd rhomboided,
brevi, ventricosd, albd, fulvo-fasciatd: varicibus quatuor, crassis,
nodulosis, inter nodulos utrinque foveolatis : spird brevi; anfrac-

147

tibus rotundatis: aperturd rotundatd, ad marginem crenatd: caudd
brevi, subitd recurvd ; canali feré clauso.
Long. *90; lat. ex, var. °55.
Hab. ? Mus. G. B. S. Sen., H. Cuming, Stainforth.
Differing from M. tetragonus, Brod., in the shortness of the shell,
and in the caudal canal, which is turned abruptly over the back of
the last whorl.

Murex Pervuvianvs, Conch. Illustr.f. 116. Mur. testd fusiformi,
subventricosd, pallidé fulvd, transverse costis fuscis, numerosis
cingulatd : varicibus novem ; spinis numerosis ad angulum posti-
cum crispatis, ad caudam duabus subelongatis, falcatis : spird
elongatd ; anfractibus septem, rotundatis, postice subplanatis: cau-
dd subelongatd, exfoliatd: aperturd magnd, postice subangulatd.

Long. 1°20; lat. °60.

Hab. ad Peruviam. Mus. H. Cuming.

Morex noputirervs, Conch. Illustr. f.101. Mur. testd subrhom-
boided, crassa, levi, albo-lutescente: spird elongata ; anfractibus
sex, subangulatis ; suturis inconspicuis, undatis : caudd brevi, subex-
foliatd: varicibus sex, crassis, striatis, postice obsoletis, levibus ;
tuberculis nigrescentibus, ad angulum posticum uno subfrondoso,
crasso, recurvo, crispato, minore anticé annexo, in medium an-
fractis uno angusto, angulato, minore antic? annexo, ad caudam
uno parvo: aperturd luted subquadratd ; labio interno vix ex-
tante, levi, antice subcrenulato ; labio externo angulato, intis denti-
culato ; canali late aperto.

Long. 1°10; lat. ex. var. 55 poll.

Hab. ad insulam Masbate. H. Cuming legit.

Found in coral reefs.

Mr. Gould commenced the exhibition of fifty new species of Birds
from his Australian collection, and proposed to bring forward the
remainder of them at the succeeding meetings of the Society ; those
now exhibited were three new species of small Grass Parrakeets
(Euphema of Wagler) ; for these he proposed respectively the names
Eu. splendida, aurantia, and petrophila.

EvurnHema sPLENDIDA. Luph. facie et plumis auricularibus intense
ceruleis: pectore rufescenti-aurantiaco: humeris et alarum tec-
tricibus lazulino-ceruleis.

Face and ear-coverts deep indigo-blue, becoming lighter on the
latter ; all the upper surface grass-green ; shoulders above, and wing-
coverts beautiful lazuline blue ; shoulders beneath deep indigo-blue ;
primaries and secondaries black, the former margined externally
with blue, the latter with green; two centre tail-feathers dark
brown; the remaining feathers black on the base of the internal
webs, green on the base of external webs, and largely tipped with
bright yellow; chest rich reddish orange ; under surface yellow, be-
coming green on the flanks.

Total length, 8 inches; wing, 43; tail, 43; tarsi, 2.

Hab. Western Australia.

148

EupHeMa aurantia. uph. vittd frontali lazulino-ceruled ; loris
viridibus : abdomine macula grandi splendidé aurantiacd ornato.

Male.—Frontal band blue, margined before and behind with a very
faint line of greenish blue ; crown of the head and all the upper sur-
face deep grass-green ; shoulders, many of the secondaries, and outer
edges of the primaries deep indigo-blue; lores, cheeks and breast
yellowish green, passing into greenish yellow on the abdomen and
under tail-coverts, the centre of the abdomen being ornamented
with a large spot of rich orange ; two centre tail-feathers green; the
next, on each side, blackish brown on the inner, and green on the
outer webs ; the remainder blackish brown on their inner, and green
on their outer webs, and largely tipped with bright yellow; irides
very dark brown, becoming lighter on the under side; legs and feet
dul! brown.

Female.—Possesses the orange spot, but in her it is neither so
extensive nor so brilliant.

Total length, 84 inches; wing, 41; tail, 44; tarsi, 4.

Hab. Van Diemen’s Land and the Actzon Islands in D’Entrecas-
teaux Channel.

Evrnema petropuita. LEuph. vittd frontali intense ceruled ; loris
et spatio circum oculos sordide viridibus.

Frontal band deep indigo-blue, bounded before and behind with a
very narrow line of dull verditer-blue ; lores and circle surrounding the
eye dull verditer-blue ; all the upper surface yellowish olive-green ;
under surface the same, but lighter, and passing into yellow, tinged
with orange on the lower part of the abdomen; under surface of the
shoulder indigo-blue ; a few of the wing-coverts greenish blue ; pri-
maries brownish black on their inner webs, and deep indigo-blue on
the outer; two centre tail-feathers bluish green; the remainder of
the feathers brown at the base on the inner webs, green at the base
on the outer webs, and largely tipped with bright yellow ; irides dark
brown; bill blackish brown; feet flesh-brown.

Total length, 8 inches; wing, 4}; tail, 42; tarsi, }.

Hab. Western Australia.

Two new and highly interesting species of Climacteris were cha-
racterized as Climacteris erythrops and C. rufa; and Mr. Gould ob-
served that four species of this genus now formed part of the Austra-
lian fauna.

CLIMACTERIS ERYTHROPS. Clim. Mas: loris et spatio circum oculos

rufescenti-castaneis ; guld albidd : pectore cinereo.

Foem. plumis pectoris ferrugineis, singulis lined albé centrali notatis,

distinguenda.

Male.—Crown of the head blackish-brown, each feather margined
with grayish brown; lores and a circle surrounding the eye reddish
chestnut ; back brown; sides of the neck, lower part of the back, and
upper tail-coverts, gray; primaries blackish brown at the base, and
light brown at the tip, all but the first crossed in the centre by a
broad band of buff, to which succeeds another broad band of black-

149

ish brown; two centre tail-feathers gray, the remainder blackish
brown, largely tipped with light gray; chin dull white, passing into
grayish brown on the chest; the remainder of the under surface
grayish brown, each feather having a broad stripe of dull white,
bounded on either side with black running down the centre; the
lines becoming blended, indistinct, and tinged with buff on the cen-
tre of the abdomen; under tail-coverts buffy white, crossed by irre-
gular bars of black ; irides brown; bill and feet black.

The female differs in having the chestnut marking round the eye
much richer, and in having, in place of the grayish brown on the
breast, a series of feathers of a rusty red colour, with a broad stripe
of dull white down their middles, the stripes appearing to radiate
from a common centre: in all other particulars her plumage resemt-
bles that of the male.

Total length, 5 inches ; bill, 3; wing, 33; tail, 23; tarsi, 2.

Hab. New South Wales.

Curmacteris RuFA. Clim. gutture plumis auricularibus, et ab-

domine ferrugineis.

Male.—Crown of the head and all the upper surface and wings,
dark brown, tinged with rufous on the rump and upper tail-coverts ;
primaries brown, all but the first crossed by a broad band of rufous,
to which succeeds a second broad band of dark brown ; two centre tail-
feathers brown, indistinctly barred with a darker hue; the remainder
pale rufous, crossed by a broad band of blackish brown, and tipped
with pale brown; line over the eye, lores, ear-coverts, throat, and
under surface of the shoulder rust-brown ; chest crossed by an indi-
stinct band of rufous brown, each feather with a stripe of buffy white,
bounded on each side with a line of black down the centre; the re-
mainder of the under surface deep rust-red, with a faint line of buffy
white down the centre of each feather, the white line being lost on
the flanks and vent; under tail-coverts light rufous, with a double
spot of blackish brown at intervals along the stem; irides dark red-
dish brown ; bill and feet blackish brown.

Female rather less in size; in colour the same as the male, but
much lighter, without the bounding line of black on each side of the
buff stripes on the breast, and having only an indication of the double
spots on the under tail-coverts.

Total length, 6 inches ; bill 3; wing, 34; ; tail, 25 ; ; tarsi, 2

Hab. Western Awusrolias

And a new and beautiful Ocypterus, by far the best-marked species
of the genus, as

Ocyprerus personatus. Ocypt. guld et plumis auricularibus ni-
gris : corpore subtis in toto cinereo.

Face, ear-coverts and throat jet black, bounded below with a nar-
row line of white ; crown of the head sooty black, gradually passing
into the deep gray which covers the whole of the upper surface, wings
and tail; the latter tipped with white; all the under surface very
delicate gray; thighs dark gray ; irides blackish brown; bill blue at

150

the base, becoming black at the tip ; legs and feet mealy bluish gray.
Total length, 63 inches; bill, 1; wing, 5; tail, 3; tarsi, 2. About
the size and having much the contour of Ocypt. superciliosus. It is
one of the finest and best-marked species of the genus, the jet black
colouring of the face and throat distinguishing it from every other.
The sexes are nearly alike in colour.

Hab. Southern and Western Australia.

Pritotis pLumuLus. Pil. loris nigris : plumis auricularibus fuscis,
infra has penicillis duobus, uno angustissimo et nigro, altero lato
et nitide flavo.

Crown of the head and all the upper surface olive-yellow, ap-
proaching to gray on the back; lores black; ear-coverts, throat and
under surface yellowish gray, faintly striated with a darker tint;
behind the ear two tufts, the upper of which is narrow and black,
the lower more spread over the sides of the neck, and of a beautiful
yellow ; primaries and tail-feathers brown, margined with bright
olive-yellow ; irides very dark reddish brown ; bill black; legs and
feet apple-green.

Total length, 43 inches ; bill, 2; wing, 34; tail, 22; tarsi, ?.

Hab. Western Australia.

Hemipopius veLox. Hem. gutture, pectore et lateribus pallid
arenaceo-fuscescentibus ; facie, vertice, et plumis auricularibus
castaneo-rufis.

Female.—Head, ear-coverts, and all the upper surface, chestnut-
red ; crown of the head with a longitudinal buff mark down the centre ;
feathers of the back, rump, scapularies, and sides of the chest, mar-
gined with buff, within which is a narrow line of black running in
the same direction; the feathers of the lower part of the back also
crossed by several narrow irregular bands of black; primaries light
brown, margined with buff on their internal edges ; throat, chest, and
flanks sandy buff, passing into white on the abdomen; bill horn-
colour ; irides straw-white ; legs and feet yellowish white.

Total length, 54 inches ; bill, 4; wing, 3; tarsi, 2.

Hab. Interior of New South Wales.

The males are much smaller.

HeEmIPopius PYRRHOTHORAX. Hem. gutture, pectore et lateribus
arenaceo-rufis, faciei plumis, nec non aurium tectricibus, albis,
nigro-marginatis.

Female.—Crown of the head dark brown, with a line of buff down
the centre; feathers surrounding the eye, ear-coverts, and sides of
the neck, white, edged with black; back and rump dark brown,
transversely rayed with bars and freckles of buff and black; wings
paler, edged with buff, within which is a line of black; primaries
brown, margined with buff; throat, chest, flanks, and under tail-
coverts sandy red, passing into white on the centre of the abdomen ;
bill horn-colour ; irides straw-yellow ; feet yellowish white.

Total length, 54 inches; bill, 753 Wing, 3; tarsi, 2.

151

Hab. Interior of New South Wales.
Males are much smaller.

Mr. Gould also exhibited at this Meeting certain specimens of
Dasyurus. The D. Maugei and D. viverrinus of authors, he stated,
were the same species, a fact which he ascertained by finding in the
same litter both the black and grey varieties: he then proceeded to
point out the characters of a new species of Dasywrus, which he pro-
posed to name

Dasyurus Grorrrou. Das. fuscus, flavo lavatus ; cauddé elongatd,

dimidio apicali nigro ; corpore subtis albescente, supra et ad latera
albo maculato ; pedibus posticis halluce parvo instructis.
unc. |

=

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 15 0
CENT OD EE AAS Eee oe eee te
— tarsi digitorumque.......-....-- 2 6
ab apice rostri ad basin auris.. .... EY)
TT eae (RON REM CO ACS OrrOr ae

Hab. Liverpool Plains.

Like the D. macroura, the present species possesses a small thumb
to the hind foot, a character which serves to distinguish these spe-
cies from the D. Maugei. The D. Geoffroii is intermediate in its
colouring between the D. Maugei of Geoffroy and the D. macroura ;
it resembles the latter in having a long and not very bushy tail, but
is distinguishable by there being no spots on this part: the white
spots on the head and body are smaller than in either of the species
mentioned.

_ Asmall Rodent, supposed to be identical with the Dipus Mitchellit,
was exhibited by Mr. Gould, as well as a skin and skeleton of the
Hapalotis albipes of Lichtenstein.

Mr. Ogilby, referring to his paper on these two animals in the
18th volume of the Transactions of the Linnzan Society, pointed out
the general conformity of reasoning there adduced in support of the
rank and affinities of the latter species with the characters of the
specimen exhibited by Mr. Gould. The dentition and structure of
the skull, indeed, approach more nearly to that of the typical Rats
(and closely agrees with Hapalotis) than the Jerboas ; but the animal
is a true Rodent, and from the conformation of the extremities and
other influential external organs, appears, as there stated, to repre-
sent in Australia the Jerboas and Gerbilles of the Old World.

The eyes are apparently rather large; the ears are very large,
broad at the base, and somewhat attenuated at the apex; the fore-
legs are proportionately small; the fore-feet are furnished with four
toes, and a rudimentary inner toe having a small rounded nail; the
hind-legs and tarsi are long ; there are five toes to the feet, of which
the three central ones are very long; the outer and inner toes are
small, especially the latter; the metatarsal bones are evidently not
consolidated, as in the Jerboas; the tail exceeds the head and body

D

152

in length (the latter being measured in a straight line), and exhibits
scales and minute interspersed hairs at the base, like the Rats ; but the
apical third is furnished with long hairs, averaging rather more than
half an inch in length; those which spring from the upper surface
are of a brown-black colour, but on the under surface they are white :
the fur of the animal is rather long, and very soft ; the general colour
of that of the upper surface of the head and body is brownish yellow,
freely pencilled with black ; on the sides of the body a yellowish hue
prevails ; the whole of the under parts, as well as the feet, are white ;
the hairs on both the upper and under parts of the body are of a
deep slate-grey at the base. The dimensions of this interesting little
animal are as follows :—
inches. lines.

From nose to root of tail ...... 5 6
etn ROUTE arts she ofc Cie 1 2
Lienet er tae fou 6 bee ast 5 7
Gals ANE caer cunehes sisadie). 10
CALSUSTS cheat eh aes 1 2

It was procured by Mr. Gould from Western Australia.

153

November 24, 1840.
William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

A Letter from Mr. Frembly, R.N., Corresponding Member Z.S.,
dated Gibraltar, November 13th, 1840, was read. In this letter
Mr. Frembly states that he had forwarded for the Society’s Museum
a species of Petrel, rarely met with at Gibraltar, and that he is in
expectation of a collection from Brazil, from which he will select
some specimens to present to the Society.

In a letter from Charles Clarke, Esq., dated Colwich Molesley,
November 2nd, 1840, which was read, that gentleman, at the request
of the Curator, furnishes an account of the habits of a bird recently
presented by him to the Society. The bird alluded to “is a native
of the mountain-forests of Cuba, never being seen nor heard in the
plains. It is named the ‘ Musician’ by the coffee-planters, who in-
variably, in the south-eastern parts of the island, select the moun-
tains for the site of their plantations, from the well-known fact, that
the higher the elevation, ceteris paribus, the better the coffee ; and
this rule may be said to hold good in Cuba, to the height of 3000
feet above the level of the sea.

“The presence of this bird, in land intended to be cleared, is always
hailed as highly satisfactory, as indicative of a cool temperature, and
therefore of a climate suited for the production of high-priced coffee.

“The specimen presented to the Society was shot in a mountain-
halt of forest named ‘ Brazos de Cauto,’ varying perhaps from 1500
to 2500 feet of elevation, and it is found in all parts of that range.
The thermometer rises in the lowest parts to 80° Fahrenheit in the
summer heats (whilst it will stand in Santiago de Cuba at the same
time at 90°); below this, and of course in a Bigper temperature, tle
bird is not known to exist.

“Tt confines itself exclusively to the ae and takes its name of
‘ Musician’ from its notes being very similar to those of the flute: it
possesses only a few notes, and repeats nearly an exact repetition of
its rather melancholy pipe at intervals, when in song, of two or three
minutes.

“‘It is very rarely seen, although not a rare bird in many spots;
repeatedly have I spent five to ten minutes along with my attendants,
fellows of the most piercing vision, in vain efforts to discover the
little dusky warbler piping above our heads, and that at no great
height; but securely hidden, perhaps designedly, in its tangled and
leafy covert.

“ T never shot any other specimen, and never have seen more than
one or two others during a residence in the Cuba woods of eighteen
months.

‘In conclusion I may observe, that I have always understood this

p2

154

bird to exist in the highest parts of the mountains of Cuba, estimated
to reach 3500 feet ; and when the thermometer falls in winter during
the northern, to a degree little elevated, I should imagine, above the
freezing-point. I have seen the thermometer, at an elevation of per-
haps 1800 or 1900 feet, fall to 47° during a heavy northern last Ja-
nuary.”

The following memoir, ‘‘ On the Blood-corpuscles of the common
Paradoxure (Paradoxurus Bondar*),” by G. Gulliver, Esq., was next
read.

“ Referring to my notes concerning the red particles of this animal,
I was rather surprised to find that they appeared to be quite peculiar
in size, when compared with the particles of the other species of the
order Fere. Hence I have been led to examine again the blood-
corpuscles of the common Paradoxure, and those of two other species
of the genus. The result confirms the general accuracy of my first
observations, and as the subject appears to me both novel and inter-
esting, I am induced to bring it briefly before the Society.

“The following measurements are expressed in fractional parts of
an English inch. The common-sized corpuscles are first noted, then
those of small and large size, and lastly the average deduced from a
computation of the whole.

**1, Common Paradoxure (Paradorurus Bondar).
1°5665
1-6000
1:7110
1°4570

Average ., 1°5693
“2, Two-spotted Paradoxure (Paradovurus binotatus, Temm.).
1°4572
14800
15052

1°6000
1°3555

Average . . 1:4660

«3. White-whiskered Paradoxure (Paradozrurus leucomystax, Gray).

1:4500
1°4365
1:4000
1-6000
1°3200

Average .. 1°4236

* The animal in question is marked at the Zoological Gardens 2. typus,
F, Cuv.; and by this name I have previously mentioned it. But I have
lately been informed that it is-the P. Bondar of authors.

155

‘«‘ From a comparison of these measurements with the notes of nu-

merous others, published in the Philosophical Magazine for January,

_ February, March and August, 1840, it will appear that, although the
corpuscles of the ‘'wo-spotted and of the White-whiskered Para-
doxure are not very remarkable for minuteness, yet the corpuscles of
the common Paradoxure are not only smaller than the red particles,
which have yet been examined, of any other carnivorous animal,
but so minute as to approach to those of the goat in size.

“The blood-corpuscles of the latter animal were the smallest
known to physiologists previously to my announcement in the Dub-
lin Medical Press for November, and in the Philosophical Magazine
for December 1839, of the singularly minute size of the corpuscles
of the Napu Musk Deer (Moschus Javanicus) ; and I may notice, that
another examination of the very remarkable blood-discs of this little
ruminant has fully confirmed the accuracy of my former observations.

“It has long since been observed, that the size of the blood-cor-
puscles does not seem to be influenced by that of the animal. ‘Thus
Hewson figures them of the same magnitude in the ox, cat, ass,
mouse, and bat. If, however, we compare a great number of mea-
surements, taken from the corpuscles of different animals of the same
order, it will appear generally that the larger species have compara-
tively large blood-corpuscles, and vice versd. For numerous confir-
mations of this rule, if it may be so called, it will be sufficient to
refer to my measurements in the Philosophical Magazine before
quoted. Compare, for example, among the Rodents, the blood-
corpuscles of the Capybara, the Coypu and Hoary Marmot, with
those of the Squirrels; and among the Ruminants the large corpuscles
of the Sambur, Wapiti, and Moose Deer, with the small corpuscles of
the Napu Musk Deer, Sheep, and Goat. Many exceptions, however,
will be found to the rule, particularly in the order Fere*; but as I
propose, on a future occasion, to treat more at length on the subject,
it is merely mentioned now with the view of suggesting what may
appear to be a curious and interesting inquiry.”

A paper by W. J. Broderip, Esq., was read, in which the author
proceeds with his descriptions of the new species of shells collected
in the Philippine islands by H. Cuming, Esq.

He ix (Cocutostyta) Ticaonica. Hel. testa subpyramidali, trun-
catd, anfractibus 5 ventricosis, ultimo longe maximo, apice sub-
complanato, lineis incrementi subobliquis, levissimé striato; aper-
turd modicd.

Var. a. Brunnea, strigis oblique longitudinalibus latis albis picta; apice
subpurpureo ; aperturd albidd; labii limbo subpurpureo.

Var. 6. Brunnea, strigis oblique longitudinalibus albis creberrimis fu-
cata; fascid basali latd obscurd; labii limbo subpurpureo.

In this variety the broad white stripes of the body-whorl are so

frequent, that they run into each other, leaving only brown inter-
stices here and there.

* Vide Proc. Zool. Soc., May 25, 1841.

156

Var. c. Brunneo-nigricans, strigis latis et maculis irregularibus albis
rarioribus ornatis; labit limbo subpurpureo.

In this variety, the stripes, so far as they go, are very distinct;
but on the last part of the body-whorl they are broken up and inter-
rupted so as to form spots. The ground-colour of the body-whorl
is very dark chestnut-brown, with a darker, but very obscure, broad
basal band.

Var. d. Flavescens strigis albis fucata, fascid latd basali brunneo-ni-
gricante ; labii limbo purpureo-nigricante.

Var. e. Ex albido flavescens seu subvirescens; anfractibus 2 ultimis
strigis latis albis ornata ; anfractu basali lineis transversis basa-
libus interruptis subobscuris vittato ; aperturd alba; labii limbo
ochraceo-rubro ; apice roseo.

Var. f. Ex albido flavescens seu virescens; anfractu ultimo strigis latis
albis interdum subangulatis ornato ; fascid basali brunneo-lineatd,
latd ; aperturd albd ; labii limbo viz ochraceo-rubescens.

In this variety hardly any stripes are visible, except upon the
body-whorl.

Var. g. Ex albido pallid? et obscure virescens, fascid basali lineata
lata ; aperturd albd ; columelld violaceo-subpurpured ; labii limbo
viz pallidissimé rubente.

Var. h. Sordid? virescens lineis transversis obscuris vittata; fascid
basali sordide brunned latd ; aperturd albd ; columella violascente ;
labit limbo pallide rubente.

Var. i. Cinerascens; fascia basali latd, lineata, brunned; aperturd sor-
dideé alba ; labii limbo brunneo-nigricante.

The ground-colour beneath the epidermis is rich brown, which is
exposed where the epidermis is abraded.

Habitant varietates a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, et i, in insula Ticao.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

Var. k. Grandior, ex albido cinerascens lineis transversis obscure brun-
neis cincta ; fascid basali lineato-vittatd brunned latd ; aperturd
albidd ; labii limbo purpurascente.

In this variety the ground-colour is brown: the riband-like,
broad basal band is dark brown.

Var. 1. Productior, e brunneo cinerascens, vittis brunneo-nigricantibus
cincta; fascid basali latd brunneo-nigricante; aperturd obscure
purpurascente ; labii limbo nigricante.

The ground-colour of this variety is brown, which becomes deeper
on the lower whorls, and is exposed where the epidermis is abraded.

Habitant varietates k, et l, in insula Masbate.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

In none of the varieties do the markings appear before the third
whorl, and in several only on the two last.

This species varies in size from about 23 inches long by 2 broad,

to 1% inch long by 14 inch broad. (W. J. B.)

Buuinus Guimarasensis.' Bul. testd obovatd, nitide glabrd, anfrac-

157

tibus 5 subventricosis ; lineis incrementi oblique longitudinalibus
striatd ; apertura et labii limbo albis.

Var. a. Hx-albido-subvirescens ; fascid basali obscuriore ; apice sub-
roseo.

Var. 6. Anfractibus superioribus, fascid suturali, ultimo fascid sub-
basali castaneo cinctis ; apice castaneo-roseo.

This species is nearly allied to Bulinus citrinus, but differs from it
in many points. 8B. Guimarasensis is without transverse strie, and
the whorls are comparatively ventricose. In B. citrinus all the
striped varieties which I have seen are marked longitudinally.

The var. 6. of Bul. Guimarasensis has a narrow chestnut trans-
verse line very near the suture of the body-whorl, the base of which
body-whorl, below the transverse band, becomes greenish. A brown
stripe adjoins and borders the columella.

Var. a. is 24 inches long by 14 inch broad.
Var. 3. is less.
Hab. in insula Guimaras.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis. (W. J. B.)

BuLinus CAMELOPARDALIS. Bul. testd productd, gracili, subpupi-
formi, subdiaphand, anfractibus 6 haud ventricosis, ultimo ceteris
longiore ; aperturd subovatd, mediocri ; lineis incrementi creber-
rime substriatd; ex albido flavescente, strigis fulvis, distinctis
sublongitudinalibus ornatd ; aperiurd albidd, labii limbo nigro-
castaneo.

Long. 2 poll. circiter; lat. % poll.

Hab. ad Sibonga in insula Zeba.

Legit H. Cuming dumis adherentes. (W. J. B.)

Buuinus Diana. Bul. testd valde productd, subdiaphand, anfracti-
bus 7 haud ventricosis, ultimo ceteros interdum haud equante,
pallid? flavd sirigis albidis creberrimis fucatd ; aperturd et apice
albis.

Var. a. long. 2%; lat. 1 poll.

Var. b. Flava haud strigata, aperturd et apice albis.

Legit H. Cuming.

The first variety was found by Mr. Cuming on the leaves of bushes

at Tanhay in the isle of Negros.

The second or unstriped variety was taken by him in the island
of Siquijor on leaves of trees. Among the latter, some faintly-
striped individuals show the transition from one variety to the other.
The young of the striped variety have stripes; but the young of
the unstriped variety are of a uniform pale yellow. (W. J.B.)

Buuinus Cauista. Bul. testd diaphand, anfractibus 7 subventri-
cosis pallide flavd albido strigatd; apice subroseo vel roseo-cas-
taneo ; labii limbo castaneo-purpurascente.

Var. a. long. 24; lat. 14 poll.

Intervals in the whitish epidermis leave the yellow ground-colour

in sufficiently well-defined longitudinal irregular stripes, which are
often zigzagged. Found on bushes.

158

Var. 6. Gracilior, nana. Long. 14; lat. 2 poll.

The shell of this variety is rather thicker. Among them some
occur with the lip barely tinged with ochraceous red and a white
apex. Found on the leaves of trees.

Var. c. Flava; apice roseo, labii limbo castaneo.

Long. 2; lat 14 poll.

Found on the leaves of bushes. Some have an obscure narrow
transverse band on the body-whorl.

Var. d. Subflava, epidermide albo-cinerascente; fascid basali nitide
flava ; apice et labii limbo albis.

Long 1; lat 14 poll.

Found on the leaves of bushes. Among these some occur which
still retain the coloured lip and tinged apex. In the very young
state the shell is perfectly transparent.

Hab. ad Tanhay in insula Negros.

Legit H. Cuming.

The last variety bears a strong resemblance to Bulinus Diana; nor
should I be at all surprised to see some intervening varieties that
would lead to the conclusion that Bulini Diana and Calista belong
to the same species. (W. J. B.)

Buxinus Catyrso. Bul. testd diaphand, subventricosd, subpyra-
midali, anfractibus 5, lineis incrementi levissimé striatis; co-
lumelld subangulatd, albidd, teniis virescentibus cinctd ; apice et
labii limbo roseo-purpurascentibus.

Long. 14; lat % poll.

Hab. ad Tanhay insule Negros.

Legit H. Cuming in sylvis.

A dark rosy-purplish stripe borders the columella, which is itself
tinged with red. I have seen but two specimens, one with an in-
jured lip, and in that the columella is not subangulated as it is in
the more perfect one. (W. J. B.)

Buuinus Dacrytus. Bul. testd valde productd, attenuatd, anfrac-
tibus 7, ultimo ceteros equante, brunned, epidermide cinerascente ;
aperturd ovatd, carned vel albidd; labit limbo castaneo-purpuras-
cente.

Long. 24; lat. 14 poll.

Hab. in montibus Tayabas insule Luzonie.

Legit H. Cuming foliis arborum adherentes.

Through the ashy epidermis the brown ground-colour appears in
most of the specimens in the shape of obscure longitudinal stripes:
in very old specimens scarcely any striping is apparent. The brown
ground-colour is well shown near the aperture, where the attrition
of the animal has exposed it. Very old shells are all but opake :
younger ones are subdiaphanous. There is in all that I have seen an
obscure brown fillet towards the base of the body-whorl. (W. J.B.)

Buuinus Bonouensis. Bul. testd elongata, graciliore, subdiaphand;
anfractibus 6, lineis incrementi oblique striatis ; ochraceo-cine-

rascente strigis longitudinalibus angulatis distinctis ornatd; labit
limbo castaneo-nigricante.

Var. a. Gracilis strigis valde distinctis anfractuum parte superiore su-
turam juata castaneo-nigricante punctatd.

Long. 13; lat. { poll.

Hab. ad Loon insule Bohol.

Var. b. Gracilior, strigis creberrimis valde angulatis.

Long. 14; lat. § poll.

Hab. cum precedente.

Var. c. Ventricosior, strigis valde distinctis, subangulatis.

Long. 18; lat. 1 poll.

Hab. ad Loboc insule Bohol.

Var. d. Strigis rarioribus obscurioribus.

Long. 14; lat. 3 poll.

Hab. ad Baclayon insule Bohol.

Legit H. Cuming arborum foliis adherentes.

The brown ground-colour appearing through the ochraceous-
cinerascent epidermis produces the stripes of this elegant shell. A
small portion only of the ground-colour is exposed by the attrition
of the animal near the mouth of the shell, which is whitish or bluish-
white, bordered with the dark chestnut of the lip. (W.J.B.)

Burinus Butivura. Bul. testd ovato-rotundatd, diaphand, albidd,
anfractibus 4 ventricosis, lineis incrementi oblique striatis ; aper-
turd magnd, subumbilicatd.

Long 14; lat. 1 poll.

Hab. in insula Mindoro.

Legit H. Cuming.

A milk-white line runs round the sutures. (W. J. B.)

Mr. Gould resumed the exhibition of his new species of Austra-
lian birds, and characterized the following species :—

ErutTuranura tricotor. Kphth. vertice, pectore, tectricibusque

caude coccineis ; gutture albo.

Male.—Crown of the head, upper tail-coverts, breast and abdo-
men bright scarlet; lores, line above and beneath the eye, ear-co-
verts, occiput and back dark brown; wings brown, each feather
margined with brownish white; tail dark brown, each feather having
a large spot of white on the inner web at the tip; chin, throat and
under tail-coverts white ; irides straw-white; bill and feet blackish
brown.

Female similar in colour, but having only a slight wash of the
scarlet colouring, except on the upper tail-coverts, where it is as
brilliant as in the male.

Total length, 3 inches; bill, ;%; wing, 22; tail, 13; tarsi, 2.

Hab. ?

Myzanrua osscura. Myz. fronte flavescente-olivaceo; gutture,
uropygio, et corpore subtis cinereis,—plumis pectoralibus lunuld
apicem versus notatis, et ad apicem pallidé cinereis.

160

Forehead yellowish olive; lores, line beneath the eye and ear-
coverts black; head and all the upper surface dull grey, with an
indistinct line of brown down the centre of each feather, giving the
whole a mottled appearance; wings and tail brown, margined at
the base of the external webs with wax-yellow, the tail terminating
in white; throat and under surface dull grey, becoming lighter on
the lower part of the abdomen and under tail-coverts; the feathers
of the breast with a crescent-shaped mark of light brown near the
extremity, and tipped with light grey; irides dark brown; bare
skin round the eye, bill, and bare patch on each side of the throat,
bright yellow; legs and feet dull reddish-yellow; claws dark brown.

Total length, 94 inches; bill, 14; wing, 54; tail, 43; tarsi, 1}.

Hab, Western Australia.

Pritotis sonorus. Pil. loris et strigd per oculos ductd, ad colli
latera, nigris plumis auricularibus flavis,—et pone has, notd sor-
did? alba ;—gutture et abdomine pallide fluvescenti-cinereis, fusco-
striatis.

Crown of the head and all the upper greyish olive; wings and
tail brown, margined on their external webs with greenish yellow ;
lores, space around the eye and broad line down the sides of the
neck black; ear-coverts pale yellow, behind which is an obscure
spot of greyish white; throat and under surface pale yellowish grey
striated with light brown; irides dark brown; bill black; legs and
feet greenish grey. The female like the male in colour, but smaller
in all her dimensions.

Total length, 74 inches; bill, 1; wing, 33; tail, 33; tarsi, 1.

Hab. South and Western Australia.

PriLotis cratitius. Pil. vertice cinereo,—loris, strigd superocu-
lari, et plumis auricularibus nigris,—infra et pone has, penicillo
angusto, et flavo; a rictu per gule latera ducta appendice nudo,
corneo, ad marginem inferiorem libero, et belle e gilvo cerulescente.

Crown of the head grey; all the upper surface olive-green; wings

and tail brown, margined with greenish yellow; lores, a large space
surrounding the eye and the ear-coverts black, below which is a
narrow line of bright yellow; from the gape, down each side of the
throat for five-eighths of an inch, a naked fleshy appendage, free at
the lower end, of a beautiful lilac colour and very conspicuous in
the living bird; anterior to this is a tuft of bright yellow feathers ;
throat and under surface olive-yellow; irides and eyelash black ;
bill black ; feet blackish brown tinged with olive.

The audel is similar to the male, but paalles

Total length, 7 inches; bill, £; wing, 24; tail, 34; tarsi, J.

Hab. Interior of South Australia and = et island.

GLYCIPHILA ALBIFRONS. Glyc. facie albd ; gutture nigro, albo mi-
nute adsperso; vertice nigro, plumis albo angusté marginatis.
Forehead, lores and a narrow ring round the eye, and a narrow
line running from the angle of the lower mandible white ; crown of
the head black, each feather slightly margined with white; ear-

161

coverts silvery blackish gray, behind which an irregular line of white;
all the upper surface brown, irregularly margined with white, pro-
ducing a mottled appearance; wings and tails brown, the primaries
margined externally with yellowish green; chin and throat brown-
ish black, the former minutely speckled with white; under surface
of the wing buff; chest and abdomen white, striped with blackish
brown on the flanks; irides dark brown; bill black; feet blackish
brown.

The female is like the male in plumage, but smaller in size.

Total length, 5% inches; bill, $; wing, 34; tail, 2%; tarsi, £.

Hab. Western Australia.

Metipnaca Mystacauis. Mel. vertice et gutture nigris; strigd
superocularit angustd, alba; plumis auricularibus densis, albis,
et penicillum posticé acutum efficientibus.

Head, chin and throat black; over the eye a narrow line of white;
ears covered by a conspicuous tuft of white feathers, which are
closely set and terminate in a point towards the back; upper surface
brownish black, the feathers edged with white; under surface white,
with a broad stripe of black down the centre of each feather; wings
and tail blackish brown, conspicuously margined with bright yellow;
irides brown; bill black; feet blackish brown.

Total length, 64 inches; bill, 1; wing, 3; tail, 23; tarsi,

Hab. Western Australia.

Nearly allied to Meliphaga sericea.

Puarycercus ApreLaipz%. Plat. vertice, pectore, abdomine medio,
crissoque coccineis ; lateribus viridescenti-flavis ; uropygio. sor-
dide olivaceo-flavo.

Fully adult male.—Crown of the head, lores, sides of the neck,
breast and all the under surface scarlet, passing into pale greenish
yellow on the flanks; cheeks and wing-coverts light lazuline blue ;
primaries deep blue, passing into black at the extremity; back of the
neck yellowish buff; back black, each feather broadly margined
with greenish yellow, some of these marginations tinged with blue,
others with scarlet; rump and upper tail-coverts dull greenish yel-
low, the latter tinged with scarlet; two centre tail-feathers greenish
blue; the remainder deep blue at the base, gradually becoming lighter
until almost white at the tip; irides brown; bill horn-colour; feet
grayish brown.

Total length, 13} inches ; wing, 7; tail, 8; tarsi, 3.

_ Hab. South Australia.

This species is subject to great change from youth to maturity ;
during the first few months it is almost wholly green, and this gra-
dually gives place to scarlet on the head, rump, under surface and the
margins of the back-feathers.

AQUILA MORPHNOIDES. Aq. capite cristd suboccipitali brevi, or-
nato ; facie nigrescente : corpore subtis rufo : plumis et pectoris et
abdominis strigd centrali nigrd notatis.

Face, crown and throat blackish brown, tinged with rufous, giving

162

it a striated appearance, bounded in front above the nostrils with
whitish; feathers at the back of the head, which are lengthened
into a short occipital crest, back of the head, back, and sides of the
neck, all the under surface, thighs and under tail-coverts rufous,
all but the thighs and under tail-coverts with a stripe of black down
the centre of each feather ; back, rump and wings brown, the centre
of the wing lighter; primaries brownish black, becoming darker at
the tip, and barred throughout with grayish buff, which is conspicu-
ous on the under surface, but scarcely perceptible on the upper, except
at the base of the inner webs; under surface of the wing mottled
with reddish brown and black ; tail mottled grayish brown, crossed by
seven or eight distinct bars of blackish brown, the tips being lighter ;
cere and bill lead-colour, passing into black at the tip; eye reddish
hazel, surrounded by a narrow blackish brown eyelash ; feet and toes
very light lead-colour.

Total length, 214 inches ; bill, 13; wing, 15; tail, 94; tarsi, 23.

This species is very robust, and although but a small bird, is in
every respect a true Aquila. It is nearly allied to, but much stouter
than Aquila pennata.

Hab. Yarrundi on the Upper Hunter, New South Wales.

BuTEo MELANOSTERNON. B. rostro grandi, et elongato : guld, pec-
tore et abdomine nigris ; primariis ad basin subtis albis ; caudd
cinered.,

Crown of the head, face, chin, chest and centre of the abdomen,
deep black, passing into chestnut-red on the flanks, thighs and un-
der tail-coverts ; back of the head chestnut-red, becoming black in
the centre of each feather; shoulders whitish buff; all the upper
surface deep brownish black, margined with chestnut-red ; primaries
white at the base, deep black for the remainder of their length ; cere
and base of the bill purplish flesh-colour, passing into black at the
tip ; irides wood-brown ; feet white tinged with lilac.

Total length, 22 inches; bill, 25; wing, 194; tail, 83; tarsi, 25.

This species is nearly allied to the Red-tailed Hawk of North
America, and the Buteo Jackal of South Africa, but from both of
these it may be distinguished by the jet-black colouring and by its
more lengthened bill. During flight the white at the base of the
primaries is very conspicuous, and is strikingly contrasted with the
black of the chest and the brown of the other part of the wings.

Hab. Interior of New South Wales.

Fatco nypoueucos. Fal. corpore superné cinereo-fusco : singulis
plumis margine dilutiore cinctis : corpore subtis albo; plumis strigd
Suscd apud apicem in maculam latam desinente, ornatis.

Head and all the upper surface grayish brown, the feathers of the
head having a fine stripe of black down the centre, the remainder
dark brown in the centre; chin and all the under surface white, with
a fine line of black down the centre, passing into a spatulate form
near the tip; outer webs and tips of the primaries brownish black,
the extreme ends being whitish; their inner webs whitish, crossed
by numerous narrow bars, fading into a pot as they approach the

’

163

edge; tail gray, obscurely barred with brown, and tipped with
buff.

Total length 17 inches; bill, 14; wing, 125; tail, 73; tarsi, 13.

Considerably smaller, but closely allied to the Jerfalcon, Falco
Islandicus.

Hab. Western Australia.

PoparRGUS BRACHYPTERUS Or MACRORHYNcHUS. Pod. rostro pre-
grandi (ad magnitudinem corporis ratione habitd) et producto ;
colore corporis obscuro, et minut? punctulato.

Crown of the head and all the upper surface finely freckled gray
and brown, with a stripe of black down the centre of each feather,
the light colour predominating on the scapularies ; feathers between
the eyes and the nostrils chestnut-brown, sprinkled with black and
tipped with white ; shoulders and lesser wing-coverts deep reddish
brown ; some of the feathers tipped with a white spot, freckled with
red in the centre; greater coverts and secondaries mingled gray and
reddish brown, the former tipped like the lesser coverts ; primaries
reddish brown, regularly barred with buffy-white on their outer webs,
and with interrupted tawny bands on their inner webs; tail light-
brown, freckled with black and gray, and crossed by numerous irre-
gular, narrow, dark-brown bands, freckled with gray; all the under
surface grayish white, each feather crossed by numerous fine and
irregular bars of tawny and with a stripe of brown down the centre,
the latter colour becoming chestnut and forming a semilunar mark
down each side of the neck; thighs black; irides light yellow; bill
and feet brown.

Total length 15 inches; bill, 25; wing, 9; tail, 7; tarsi, 12.

In its general appearance this bird closely resembles the Podargus
humeralis, but is even smaller in size than P. Cuvieri, while at the
same time the bill is fully equal in size to that of the former species ;
it also projects much farther from the face than in any other species
inhabiting Australia.

Hab. Swan River, Western Australia.

Maturus mMetanotus. Mal. vertice, guld, abdomine, humeris, cau-
deque tectricibus lazulino-ceruleis ; loris, nuchd, vittd pectorali
et dorso imo nigris.

Male.—Crown of the head, crescent-shaped mark on the back,
upper tail-coverts, throat and under surface rich metallic lazuline
blue ; ear-coverts metallic verditer-blue ; lores, collar round the back
of the neck, line from the base of the lower mandible down the sides
of the neck, band across the breast and lower part of the back jet-
black ; wings brown, margined with pale green ; tail greenish blue,
tipped with grayish white ; irides, bill and feet black.

Female.—Lores rufous; head and all the upper surface rufous
brown; all the under surface brownish white; tail bluish green,
tipped with grayish white; bill rufous; irides blackish brown; feet
brown.

Total length, 43 inches; bill, 3; wing, 2; tail, 23; tarsi, Z.

This beautiful species may be distinguished from the Malurus

164

pectoralis by its rather smaller size, and by the black band across
the back.
Hab. Western belts of the Murray in Western Australia.

CoLLURICINCLA BRUNNEA. Coll. corpore superné fusco ; sic et cor-
pore subtis, at colore multo dilutiore ; rostro nigro.

All the upper surface pale brown; primaries and tail the same,
but somewhat lighter; all the under surface brownish white, be-
coming almost pure white on the vent and under tail-coverts ; thighs
grayish brown; bill black ; feet blackish brown.

Total length, 93 inches; bill, 13; wing, 43; tail, 44; tarsi, 14.

The sexes are alike in plumage.

This species rather exceeds in size the Colluricincla cinerea, Vig.
and Horsf., and has a more curved, longer and stouter bill.

Hab. The north-west coast of Australia.

CoLLURICINCLA RUFIVENTRIS. Coll. corpore superné intense? cinereo,
olivaceo leviter tincto ; abdomine imo, crissoque rufis.

Lores grayish white ; crown of the head and all the upper surface
deep gray, slightly tinged with olive ; primaries and tail dark brown,
margined with brownish gray; throat and under surface darkish
gray, passing into buff on the vent and under tail-coverts ; all the
feathers of the under surface have a narrow dark line down the cen-
tre ; thighs gray ; irides dark brown; bill black ; feet dark brown.

Total length 84 inches; bill, 1; wing, 5; tail, 41; tarsi, 1}.

The sexes are alike in colour.

About the size of Colluricincla cinerea, Vig. and Horsf., from which
it may be distinguished by the uniform colouring of the back and
the buffy tint of the lower part of the abdomen and under tail-coverts.

Hab. Swan River, Western Australia.

PacHYCEPHALA RUFOGULARIS. Pach. mas : corpore superné fusces-
centi-cinereo ; guld et corpore subtis rufis ; pectore vittd fusces-
centi-cinered obscure notatd.

Fem. a mare differt corpore subtis albescenti-cinereo haud rufo.

Male.—Crown of the head and all the upper surface deep brown-
ish gray ; wings and tail dark brown, the feathers margined with
grayish brown; lores, chin, throat, under surface of the shoulder and
all the under surface reddish sandy brown, crossed on the breast by
a broad irregular band of grayish brown; irides reddish brown; bill
black; feet blackish brown.

Female.—Differs from the male in having the throat and under
surface grayish white, the chest being crossed by an obscure mark
of grayish brown and with a line down the centre of each feather.

Total length, 7 inches; bill, 3; wing, 44; tail, 34; tarsi, 1.

This species is somewhat allied to P. pectoralis, but may be di-
stinguished from it by the rufous colouring of the throat, and by the
band across the chest being grayish brown instead of black.

Hab. South Australia.

PacnycrerHata tnornaTA. Pach. olivaceo-fusca, abdomine palli-

165

diore; plumis corporis inferioris strigd fuscd centrali levitér no-
tatis.

All the upper surface grayish olive; wings and tail brown, the
feathers of the former broadly margined with lighter brown; all the
under surface brownish gray, becoming nearly white on the vent and
under tail-coverts, with a fine stripe of pale brown down each fea-
ther; irides dark brown; bill blackish brown, fleshy towards the
base; feet blackish brown.

Total length, 7 inches ; bill, $; wing, 3%; tail, 34; tarsi, 1.

This bird has somewhat the appearance of the young or female of
P. gutturalis, but its larger size and shorter and more robust bill
distinguish it from that species.

Hab. Belts of the Murray in South Australia.

ZostERoPS cHLoRoNoTus. Zos. dorso olivaceo-viridi ; gutture et

crisso virescenti-flavis.

Lores black; crown of the head and all the upper surface olive-
green ; primaries and tail feathers brown, margined with olive-green ;
throat and under tail-coverts light greenish yellow; breast and under
surface gray, tinged with brown on the abdomen and flanks; irides
wood-brown ; bill brown, lighter on the under mandible; legs and
feet dark-gray.

Tota! length, 41 inches; bill, 5%; wing, 22; tail, 12; tarsi, %.

Hab. Western Australia.

_ on

ae
arwk its. 2

“

oP me he
Aes JAR WE OG

a WO aac a> ie

isis eh? ae adap tw otis

December 8, 1840.
W. H. Lloyd, Esq., in the Chair.

A paper by G. B. Sowerby, Esq., was read, in which the author
continues his descriptions of the new Shells collected in the Philip-
pine Islands by H. Cuming, Esq.

Hexix Monticura. Hel. testa suborbiculari, subconicd, tenut, pal-
lescente, levi; spird brevi, subpyramidali, obtusd ; anfractibus
quatuor tenerrimé (lineis incrementi) striatis, depressiusculis, ulti-
mo magno, obtusissime angulato, anticé depressiusculo, viridi ; aper-
turd subtrapeziformi, ungulis posticis acutiusculis ; peritremate
angusto, tenuitér reflexo, albo ; columella alba.

Long. 0°9; lat. 0°9 poll.

Hab. supra foliis arborum apud Lallo, provinciz Cagayan insule

Luzon, Philippinarum.

All the varieties of this pretty species are green in frant, and the
apex appears to be always colourless. The following six varieties
occur :—

a. Yellow above; circumference orange-yellow; front green.
From Lallo.

6. Yellow above ; circumference orange-yellow, with a dark brown
slightly interrupted band; green in front. From St. Jaun, in the
province of Cagayan.

c. Yellowish white above, with a narrow dull yellowish green
circumferential band; green in front. From Gattarang, in the pro-
vince of Cagayan.

d. Volutions banded in the following order: band next to the su-
ture yellowish white ; then a pale green broader band; then a yel-
lowish white band; then a dark brown circumferential band, with
jagged edges ; then another yellowish white band, and then green in
front. From Lallo.

e. Small; pale yellowish, with a light band, consisting of short
dark brown lines near to the suture; a dark brown circumferential
band ; front dull yellowish green. From St. Jaun.

Jf. Antesutural band consisting of irregular dark brown lines ar-
ranged side by side; then a yellowish white band; then a broad,
dark brown, somewhat mottled and interrupted band; then another
yellowish white band, and then the green front. From Abulug, in
the province of Cagayan.

Hexrx Coccometos. Hel. testd subglobosd, tenuiusculd, levi, an-
Sractibus quatuor rotundatis, levigatis, striis incrementi solim in-
sculptis, ultimo maximo ; apertura suborbiculari, peritremate re-
flezo ; labio columellari albo, declivi, obtuso, depressiusculo.

No. XCV.—Procrepinés or THE ZooLoaicaL Society.

168

Long. 1°3 ; lat. 1°4 poll.

Hab. supra foliis arborum ad insulam Tablas dictam Philippinarum.

In general this species bears a great resemblance to a plum, for
which reason I have called it H. Coccomelos. Several varieties may
be distinguished.

a. Apex dark brownish red, softened off gradually to a pale yellow-
green, which becomes gradually darker, until the body of the last
volution is of a fine dark green : lip white.

b. Similar to a, only dark brown instead of green.

c. Of a uniform very dark chocolate-brown, except the second
and third volutions, which have a rather paler central band: lip
chocolate.

d. Apex dark chocolate-brown ; upper part of the spire of a pale
dull yellowish colour, becoming darker and greener toward the last
volution, where the ground-colour is olive-green; an antesutural
dark red-brown broad band ; a circumferential band of a rather darker
colour, but rather narrower, and the columellar lip surrounded by
a broad dark band, which is softened off into the dark olive-green
ground-colour.

e. Of an uniform pale yellow-brown, becoming very dark near the
back of the lip, where it is nearly black: lip chocolate. From Cal-
bayog, island of Samar : found on leaves of trees.

f. Similar to e, but having two narrow dark brown bands: lip
nearly black behind; white in front. From Calbayog.

Heuix intorta. Hel. testaé suborbiculari, subdepressd, tenui, levi,
anfractibus 44, ventricosis, tenuissimé striatis, plerumque palles-
cente-flavidis, fasciis tribus castaneis ornatis ; aperturd sublunari,
peritremate tenui, tenuiter reflexo; labio columellari rectiusculo,
extus inclinato, obtuso.

Long. 1; lat. 1°5 poll. ,

Hab. Supra foliis fruticum ad Loboc, insule Bohol, Philippinarum.

Several varieties of this beautiful species occur ; most of them are
marked with two brown bands, and have the circumference of the
columella of the same colour; one is of an uniform pale brownish
colour, and another is almost entirely of a very dark chocolate colour :
a white line may be observed close to the suture in most of the va-
rieties. The following are the most distinct varieties :—

a. Ground-colour pale yellowish; antesutural band very dark
chestnut-brown ; circumferential band of the same colour, and a
broad band of the same surrounding the columella. From Loboc.

b. Similar to a, but considerably larger, and having a broader
circumferential band. From Loboc.

c. Ground-colour of a pale brown hue; bands the same as ina.

d. Smaller than a.: ground-colour pale greenish brown; bands
nearly the same, but very dark and brilliant. From Loboc.

e. Ground-colour pale yellowish brown ; antesutural band softened
off in front ; in other respects like a.

f. Ground-colour pale yellowish; bands pale chestnut-brown.
From Loboc.

169

g. Ground-colour pale yellow; bands increasing in width toward
the back of the mouth, where they unite, and where the brown colour
extends from front to back of the shell: the peritreme is entirely
white, and the circumference of the columella also. Found on leaves
of trees on the island of Siquijor.

h. Ground-colour very pale yellowish ; antesutural band very nar-
row and indistinct; circumferential band broad, pale, and rather ir-
regular; lip and circumference of the columella white. From the
island of Siquijor.

z?, Shell entirely of a pale lemon-yellow, except only a narrow an-
tesutural dark brown band, which becomes broader towards the lip.
Found on leaves of bushes at T’anhay, in the Isle of Negros.

k. Ground-colour very pale yellow-brown ; a brown circumferential
band, which is only perceptible on the latter half of the last volution.
From Loboc.

Z. Shell of an uniform pale brownish colour. From Loboc.

m. Apex reddish-brown; upper part of the shell pale yellowish
brown, increasing rapidly in intensity, so that nearly the whole of
the last volution is of a dark chocolate-brown ; columella white ; lip
nearly black. From Loboc.

Mr, Gould completed the exhibition of his fifty new species of
Australian birds, and characterized the following new species :—

A new Entomyza interesting as being the second species of that form.
Mr. Gould received this bird from Port Essington, and believes that
it there supplies the place of #. cyanotis, which is common on the
eastern coast. Its distinguishing characteristics are its rather larger
size, the markings of its throat being more strongly defined and the
basal half of the primaries being white ; for which reason he proposes
to characterize it as

Enromyza atBipennis. Ent. corpore supra et alis e viridi au-
reo-olivaceis ; primariis fuscis; pogoniis internis per dimidium
basale niveis.

Crown of the head and back of the neck black ; lower part of the
face, chin and centre of the chest slaty black; a crescent-shaped
mark at the occiput, a line from the lower mandible passing down
each side of the neck and all the under surface pure white; upper
surface and wings greenish golden olive ; primaries brown, the basal
half of their inner webs snow-white; tail feathers brown, tinged with
golden olive, all but the two centre ones tipped with white ; bill,
bare space surrounding the eye and feet in all probability the same
as in #. cyanotis.

Total length, 12 inches; bill, 14; wing, 6; tail, 43; tarsi, 13.

Hab. Port Essington on the northern coast of Australia.

Nearly allied to Z. cyanotis, but always distinguishable from that
species by the white basal half of the primaries.

A new Myzomela differing from all the other members of the genus
in its pied colouring and the black band across the chest, which sug-
gests the specific name of

170

Myzomera PecToraLis. Myz. gutture et corpore sudtis albis,

pectore fascid angusta nigra transversim notato.

Forehead, crown of the head, the upper surface, wings, tail and a
narrow band across the chest, black ; throat, upper tail-coverts and
all the under surface white ; bill and feet black.

Total length, 43 inches; bill, 3; wing, 28; tail, 13; tarsi, 2.

Hab. North-west coast of Australia.

A second example of the genus Dasyornis, inhabiting Swan River,
which I propose to call

Dasyornis Lonetrostris. Das. colore ut in D. Australi; differt

autem staturd corporis minore, rostro grandiore.

All the upper surface brown; wings, tail-coverts and tail rufous
brown, the latter indistinctly barred with a darker tint; under sur-
face gray, gradually passing into the brown of the upper surface ;
irides bright reddish brown ; bill and feet dark horn-colour.

Total length, 7} inches; bill, £; wing, 28; tail, 4; tarsi, 7.

Hab. Western Australia.

This is a somewhat smaller bird, but has a longer bill than D.
Australis.

An entirely new form, belonging to the family Suzicoline, and
nearly allied to Petroica, 1 propose to make the type of a new genus,
Drymodes, signifying a lover of woodland places :—

- Genus Drymopes.

Characteres generict.—Rostrum rectum, ad latera apicem versus pauld
compressum, feré longitudine capitis, apice levitér denticulato,
basi vibrissis parcé instructé. Ale mediocres, rotundatz, re-

_ migum primo brevissimo, quinto longissimo. Cauda mediocritér
elongata, pauld rotundata. Tarsi longi, graciles, anticé superficie
integra. Digiti mediocres, externus horum quam internus pauld
longior, posticus cum ungue quam digitus intermedius cum ungue
brevior.

Drymoves BRUNNEOoPYGIA. Dry. fusca; primartis apud pogonia
interna albo transversim striatis ; uropygio tectricibusque caude
rufo-fuscis.

Head and all the upper surface brown, passing into rufous brown
on the upper’ tail-coverts; wings dark brown, the coverts and pri-
maries edged with dull white; primaries and secondaries crossed near
the base on their inner webs with pure white; tail rich brown, all
but the two middle feathers tipped with white ; under surface grayish
brown, passing into buff on the under tail-coverts; irides bill and
feet blackish brown.

Total length, 8 inches; bill, £; wing, 34; tail, 43; tarsi, 14.

Hab. Belts of the Murray in South Australia.

. This bird, although of a large size and so sombre in colouring, is
nearly allied to Petroica.

The next is an extraordinary form among the Muscicapide, differ-

171

ing from all the other known members of that group in having the
bill compressed laterally, for which reason I propose to constitute it
the type of a new genus, with the following name and characters.

‘Genus PiezoRHYNCHUS.

Characteres generici.—Rostrum quam caput longius, altius plusquam
latum, feré cylindraceum, lateralitér compressum, apicem versus den-
ticulatum. Nares parve, rotundatz, basales. Ale breves, remige
primo mediocri, quarto longissimo. Cauda aliquanto brevis et rotun-
data. Tuarsi mediocriter elongati et paulo debiles. Digitus ex-
ternus et medius inter se connexi usque ad articulum primum, ex-
ternus longissimus.

The only specimen I possess was forwarded to me by E. Dring, ,
Esq., surgeon of H.M.S. Beagle, by whom it was procured on the
north-west coast of Australia. From the glossy nature of its plu-
mage I propose to name it

PrezorHyNcuus nitTipus. Piez. fulgide viriscenti-niger.

All the plumage, including the wings and tail, rich deep glossy
greenish-black ; bill and feet black.

Total length, 74 inches; bill, 13; wing, 3}; tail, 33; tarsi, 2.

Hab. North-west coast of Australia.

This very curious bird belongs, I conceive, to the Muscicapide,
and is somewhat allied to Seisura.

A new Praticola, common on the plains round Adelaide, and form-
ing the second example of the genus, is

Praticoxa campestris. Prat. fronte et plumis auricularibus rujis ;
gutture albescente ; corpore subtis et lateribus ex arenaceo luteolis
Susco striatis.

Forehead rufous, passing into the reddish brown of the crown and
upper surface, with a stripe of blackish brown down the centre of
each feather; wings sandy brown; internal webs of the primaries
dark brown; two centre tail-feathers reddish brown, the remainder
reddish brown at the base, crossed towards the extremity with a broad
band of brownish black and broadly tipped with white ; over the eye
a line of white ; ear-coverts mingled rufous and white; throat white,
gradually passing into the buff of the under surface ; all the feathers
of the under surface with a stripe of brownish black down their
centre; bill blackish, lighter at the base of the under mandible ;
irides rufous brown; feet blackish brown.

Total length, 4} inches; bill, $; wing, 24; tail, 2; tarsi, 4.

Hab. South Australia.

Closely allied to but much smaller than Calamanthus striatus.

A new Acanthiza as

AcanTHIZA INORNATA. Acanth. corpore supra, alis cauddque oliva-
ceo-fuscis, hdc nigrescenti-fusco lat? fasciatd ; corpore subtis pal-
lidé luteolo.

172

All the upper surface, wings and tail olive brown; primaries dark
brown; tail crossed by a broad band of brownish black; all the
under surface light buff; irides greenish white ; bill and feet black.

Total length, 34 inches; bill, $; wing, 14; tail, 15; tarsi, 44.

Hab. Western Australia, particularly the neighbourhood of Swan
River.

A new species from Swan River, which, with the Muscicapa ma-
croptera of Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield, I propose to erect into a
new genus under the name of Micreca.

Genus Micreca.

Characteres generici.—Rostrum quam caput brevius, depressum, ad
basin latum, gonyide recto, apice incurvo et levitér denticulato.
Nares rotundatz, ad basin rostri vibrissis validis instructam
posite. Ale longe et fortes, remigum primo brevi, tertio lon-

- gissimo. Cauda aliquantd brevis, et feré quadrata. Tarsi medio-
cres, debiles. Digiti debiles; externus quam internus valde lon-
gior.

As the species now exhibited closely assimilates to the M. ma-
croptera, | propose to designate it as

Micre@ca assitmitis. Mic. supern?, caude rectricum externorum po-

goniis internis per partes tres longitudinis a basi fuscis.

All the upper surface brown; primaries dark brown; tail brown-
ish black, the tips and the terminal half of the external margins of
the two outer feathers white, the three next om each side are also
tipped with white, the extent of the white becoming less upon each
feather as they approach the centre of the tail; the four middle
feathers without the white tip; throat, centre of the abdomen and
under tail-coverts white, passing into pale brown on the sides of the
chest and flanks; irides reddish brown; bill and feet blackish brown.

Total length, 48 inches; bill, ;9; wing, 33; tail, 21; tarsi, =.

Hab, Western Australia.

Nearly allied to but much less in size than Muscicapa macroptera,
Vig. and Horsf., and from which it may also be distinguished by
the base of the outer tail-feather being brown.

Myracra tatirostris. Myi. corpore supra, alis cauddque intensé
ceruleo-cinereis ; capite et nuchd fulgidé virescentibus ; gutture
et pectore arenaceo-luteolis ; abdomine albo.

All the upper surface, wings and tail dark blueish gray, with a
shining greenish lustre on the head and back of the neck; throat
and chest sandy buff; under surface white; bill much dilated la-
terally and black; irides blackish brown; feet black.

Total length, 6 inches; bill, 3; wing, 22; tail, 23; tarsi, 3-

Hab. North-west coast of Australia.

From the collection of Mr. Dring.

Hirunpo Levcosternus. Air. dorso medio, gutture et pectore
albis ; abdomine, uropygio, alis cauddque nigris et chalybeio-ceru-
leo-nitenttbus.

173

Crown of the head brown, bounded with white ; back of the neck
brown; centre of the back, chin, throat and chest white; the re-
mainder of the plumage black, slightly glossed with steel-blue ; bill
black ; feet brown.

Total length, 71 inches; bill, 4,; wing, 33; tail, which is deeply
forked, 22; tarsi, a5:

Hab. Interior of Australia.

The only specimen of this bird that has ever come under my
notice, was given me by Mr. Charles Coxen, who informed me it
was shot by one of his men while flying in company with another
over a small pool on the banks of the Namoi.

A small bird inhabiting the scrubs of the River Murray. It isa
new form, nearly allied to Acanthiza. The generic term is suggested
by the ruddy colouring of the throat.

Genus PyrrHoLzMus.

Characteres generici.—Rostrum quam caput brevius, ad latera pauld
compressum, ad apicem denticulo vix notando, vibrissis parvulis
ad basin, naribus linearibus et operculo tectis. Al@ breves, rotun-
date, remigum primo perbrevi, tertio longissimo. Cauda brevis,
rotundata, concava. Tarsi mediocres; digitus externus quam in:
ternus longior.

PyrruoLamus BrunNEvs. Pyrrh. supern? brunneus; gutture rufo.

Lores greyish white; all the upper surface and wings brown;
tail brownish black, the three lateral feathers on each side largely
tipped with white ; centre of the throat rufous; the remainder of
the under surface brownish grey, passing into sandy buff on the
flanks and under tail-coverts; bill and feet blackish brown.
Total length, 4} inches; bill, ; wing, 23; tail, ; tarsi, 13.

Hab. Belts of the Murray in South Australia.

The female differs in having no red on the throat.

A highly interesting Pigeon from the north-west coast, which, as
it differs from all the other forms of its family, and is said to inhabit
the rocks, I propose to make the type of a new genus, with the
name of

Genus PETROPHASSA.

Characteres generici.—Feré ut in Peristera. Ale autem et rotun-
date sunt et admodim breviores; deest etiam color metallicé
zneus. Cauda magis rotundata.

PETROPHASSA ALBIPENNIS. Petr. superne fusea; gutture albo-

guttato; primariis ad dimidium basale albis.

Crown of the head and neck grayish brown, margined with sandy
brown; all the upper surface, chest and tail rufous brown, the
centre of each feather inclining to gray; lores black; abdomen and
under tail-coverts chocolate brown; throat clothed with small fea-
thers white at the tip, black at the base; primaries dark brown at

174

their tips, the basal half pure white ; bill and irides blackish brown ;
feet reddish brown.

Total length, 10} inches; bill, §3 wing, 52; tail, 5; tarsi, 2.

Hab. Western Australia.

Allied to the members of the genus Peristera.

Evpromius Avustrauis. Evdr. colore cervino vel luteolo; abdo-

mine medio castaneo ; parte inferiore nec non crisso albis.

Forehead and all the upper surface light sandy buff, the centres
of the feathers being brown; primaries brownish black with sandy
buff shafts, and all but the first four broadly margined with the
same; throat buffy white, below which a crescent-shaped mark of
blackish brown ; chest, flanks and under surface of the wing buff,
passing into reddish chestnut on the abdomen, beyond which the
vent and under tail-coverts are white; tail brownish black, the cen-
tre feather margined with buff, the outer ones with white; bill
dark olive brown ; feet yellowish brown.

Total length, 74 inches; bill, %; wing, 54; tail, 23; tarsi, 12.

Hab. Interior of South Australia.

This is a highly interesting species, since it is the only bird ap-
proaching the form of the British Dottrel found in any part of the
world. This rare species has been sent me by my friend Captain
Sturt, who procured it during his late expedition into the interior
of Australia, behind Adelaide.

Ruirrpura 1sura. Rhip. corpore supra sordid? fusco; caude rectri-
cum utringue externd albo extrinsecis marginatd et late termi-
natd, proximd albo ad apicem notatd, iterumque proximd apicem
versus lined albd tenuissimd.

All the upper surface dull brown; wings and tail darker brown,
the outer feather of the latter on each side margined externally and
largely tipped with white, the next having a large irregular spot of
white at the tip, and the next with a minute line of white near the
tip; chin and under surface buffy-white, with an indication of a
dark brown band across the chest; bill and feet black.

Total length, 8 inches; bill, 3; wing, 33; tail, 33; tarsi, ih.

Hab. North-west coast of Australia.

In the collection of his Excellency Captain Grey and Mr. Dring.

Rather a large species, and is distinguished from the other mem-
bers of the genus by the sombre hue of its plumage and the square
form of its tail.

Psi,opus cunicivorus. Psi. abdomine crissoque albis; rectricibus
caude, duabus iatermediis exceptis, albo ad basin late fasciatis.
All the upper surface olive-brown; wings brown margined with
olive; two centre tail-feathers brown; the remainder white, crossed
by an irregular band of black and tipped with brown, the band upon
all but the external feathers, so blending with the brown at the tip
that the white between merely forms a spot on the inner web ; lores
blackish-brown; line over the eye, throat and chest light gray, pass-
ing into buff on the flanks, and into white on the centre of the ab-

175

domen and under tail-coverts; irides light reddish yellow; bill and
feet black.

Total length, 43 inches; bill, 4; wing, 23; tail, 13; tarsi, 3.

Hab. Western Australia.

A new species and new form, which I first saw in the streets of
Adelaide, where it was hopping about and presenting the appearance
of the Sparrow in London. For this new bird I propose the generic
and specific terms Xerophila leucopsis.

Genus XEROPHILA.

Characteres generici.—Rostrum breve, semiconi instar, ad hasin ro-
bustum, ad apicem haud denticulatum, basi vibrissis anticé ductis
parcé instructa; naribus rotundatis et plumis minutis obtectis.
Ale mediocres, remigum primo brevi, tertio et quarto longissimis,
tertiarlis latis et pauld elongatis. Cauda mediocris, ad apicem
quadrata, et aliquantd concava. Tarsi robusti; digitus posticus
validus, digiti antici debiles, horum externus longissimus.

XeropuHita tEvcorsis. Xer. facie albd ; corpore superné fusco.

Forehead and lores white ; upper surface olive brown; wings and
tail brown, the latter passing into black near the extremity and
tipped with white; all the under surface pale buff; bill and feet
black.

Total length, 4 inches ; bill, 3; wing, 25; tail, 13; tarsi, 3.

Hab. South Australia.

Licmetis pasTinaTor. Lic. albus, loris coccineis ; remigum pogoniis
internis necnon caude rectricum sulphureis, colore quam in L.
nasico intensiore cui speciet magnitudine corporis L. pastinator
magnopere prestat.

Lores scarlet; general plumage white; the base of the feathers of
the head and front of the neck scarlet, showing through and giving
those parts a stained appearance ; the basal half of the inner webs of
the primaries, the inner webs of all the other feathers of the wing
and the inner webs of the tail-feathers beautiful brimstone yellow ;
naked space round the eye greenish blue; irides light brown; bill
white ; feet dull olive gray.

Total length, 17} inches; bill, 13; wing, 12; tail, 7 ; tarsi, 1.

Hab. Western Australia.

Nearly allied to Licmetis nasicus but of a much larger size.

Numenivus vropyeiauis. Num. vertice fusco, lined luteold angustd
et inequali per medium currenie; uropygio et tectricibus caude
Susco alboque fasciatis.

Crown of the head brown, with a narrow irregular stripe of buffy
white down the centre; lores and line behind the eye brown; line
over the eye, neck and breast buffy white, with a brown line down
the centre of each feather, the brown colour predominating ; centre
of the back and scapularies dark olive spotted on their margins with
light buff; wing-coverts the same, but lighter and presenting a mot-
tled appearance ; primaries blackish brown with white shafts; rump

176

and upper tail-coverts barred with brown and white; tail pale brown
barred with dark brown ; chin, lower part of the abdomen and under
tail-coverts white ; bill blackish horn-colour, fleshy at the base ; feet
grayish black.

Total length, 15 inches; bill, 3; wing, 94; tail, 3; tarsi, 21.

Hab. South coast of Australia.

Nearly allied to N. Pheopus but distinguished from that species
by the brown colouring of the rump.

NoumeEnivus minutus. Num. uropygio tectricibusque caude intense
Fuscis ; marginibus plumarum albo-guttatis ; corpore subtis luteolo.

Forehead dark brown mottled with buff; lores and line behind
the eye buff; back, sides and front of the neck buff, with a fine line
of brown down the centre of each feather; all the upper surface
blackish brown, with a series of triangular spots round the margins
of the feathers of a sandy buff; shoulders, primaries and secondaries
blackish brown, the latter with white shafts; rump and tail-coverts
dark brown spotted with white on the margins; tail grayish brown
barred with black ; chin white; under surface light buff; flanks and
under surface of the wing deep buff, regularly barred with arrow-
shaped marks of brown; irides black; bill fleshy at the base, olive
brown at the tip; feet blueish flesh-colour.
Total length, 12 inches; bill, 13; wing, 7; tail, 3; tarsi, 14.

Hab. New South Wales.

This is one of the smallest species of the genus. I never but
once saw a flock of this bird; out of which I killed two, on the race-
course at Maitland on the Upper Hunter.

PorPuyrio BELLUS. Porph. capite, collo et corpore subtis intensé
ceruleis; facie, gutture et pectore virescenti-ceruleis ; dorso, alis
cauddque e fusco nigris.

Head, neck and all the under surface deep blue; sides of the face,
front of the throat and chest greenish blue; back, wings and tail
brownish black; shoulder and edge of the wing and outer margins
of the primaries greenish blue; under tail-coverts white; irides
bright red; bill red; legs grass-green, except the knees, lower part
of the tarsi and inside of the feet, which are dark greenish gray.

Total length, 18 inches; bill, 12; wing 104; tail, 44; tarsi, 34.

Hab. Western Australia.

Oris AusTRALASIANUS. Of. vertice et occipite nigris ; capitis la-
teribus, collo et pectore e cinereo-albis fusco adspersis ; singulis
plumis crebre lineis transversis fuscis et tortuosis vel fractis stri-
atis ; pectore fascid nigrd haud equali ornato.

Crown of the head and occiput black ; sides of the head, the neck
and breast grayish white, each feather crossed by numerous fine zig-
zag bands of brown, giving those parts a freckled appearance ;
wing-coverts black largely tipped with white; all the upper surface,
wings and upper tail-coverts brown very minutely freckled with
reddish brown ; some of the feathers towards the hinder parts of the
body tinged with gray; tail gray, crossed near the centre by an in-

177

terrupted band of white, minutely freckled with white, margined
with brown and slightly tipped with white; chest crossed by an ir-
regular band of black, beyond which the under surface is white ;
under tail coverts grayish black tipped with white; irides brownish
buff, brown predominating near the pupil; eyelash pale olive yellow;
bill straw-white with olive and black culmen; legs and feet straw-
yellow.

Total length, 40 inches; bill, 4; wing, 25; tail, 10; tarsi, 73.

Hab. Plains of the interior of Australia generally.

Anas nzvosa. Anas intense fusca, plumis albo irroratis et longi-

tudinalitér notatis.

The whole of the plumage dark brown, minutely freckled and
spotted with irregular oblong marks of white in the direction of the
feathers; the under surface the same, but lighter and tinged with
buff ; wings without a speculum ; primaries plain brown; irides light
brown ; bill greenish gray, becoming much darker at the tip; legs
bluish green.

Total length, 17 inches; bill, 23; wing, 9; tail, 3; tarsi, 2.

Hab. Western Australia.

The above is the description and measurements of a female.

Sutra Austrauis. Sula primariis alarum et secondariis neenon
rectricibus caude duabus intermediis fuliginoso-fuscis ; tarsis antic?
digitisque viridi-flavis.

Crown of the head and back of the neck beautiful buff; the re-
mainder of the plumage white, with the exception of the primaries,
secondaries and four centre tail-feathers, which are fuliginous brown
with white shafts; irides olive white; bill brownish horn-colour
slightly tinged with blue; space round the eye leaden blue; bare
skin at the base of the beak and down the centre of the throat nearly
black; front of the tarsi and toes sickly greenish yellow; webs
brown.

Total length, 32 inches; bill, 54; wing, 19; tail, 10; tarsi, 2.

Hab. 'The Tasmanian Seas.

The specimen exhibited is from the River Derwent. Like the
other members of its family, this species will allow of its being taken

with the hand. Some of my specimens were so taken on a rock on
the Actzon Islands.

The circumstance of being enabled to bring an entirely new Al-
batros before the notice of the Society is a source of great gratifica-
tion to me, since the group to which it belongs had already been
paid much attention to by our early voyagers and later naturalists.
The present bird differs from all the other species in the extreme
caution with which it avoids rather than approaches the neighbour-
hood of vessels at sea. It is rather abundant in Bass’s Straits and
in all the seas off Van Diemen’s Land.

From its shyness, I propose to name this species

Diomepra cauta. Diom. vertice albo ; facici colore e margarita

178

cinereo ; dorso, alis cauddque cinereo-fuscis ; rostro pallidé vinaceo-
cinereo ; culmine, ad basin presertim, flavo.

Crown of the head, back of the neck, throat, all the under surface,
rump and upper tail-coverts pure white ; lores and line over the eye
grayish black, gradually passing into the delicate pearl-gray which
extends over the face; back, wings and tail grayish brown; irides
dark vinous orange; bill light vinous gray, or blueish horn-colour,
except on the culmen, where it is more yellow, particularly at the
base ; the upper mandible surrounded at the base by a narrow belt of
black, which also extends on each side the culmen to the nostrils ;
base of the lower mandible surrounded by a belt of rich orange,
which extends to the corners of the mouth ; feet blueish white.

Total length, 31 inches; bill, 43; wing, 213; tail, 9; tarsi, 3.

Hab. Bass’s Straits.

The above are the dimensions of a female ; the male is considerably
larger.

Nearly allied to, but larger than D. melanophrys.

TuaasstpRoMa Nereis. Thal. gutture pectoreque fuliginoso-
cinereis ; dorso, uropygio tectricibusque caude@ cinereis ; abdomine,
lateribus et crisso albis.

Head, neck and chest sooty gray ; lower part of the wing-coverts,
back, rump and upper tail-coverts gray, each feather very slightly
margined with white ; wings grayish black; tail gray, broadly tipped
with black ; under surface pure white ; irides, bill and feet black.

Total length, 63 inches ; bill,~% ; wing, 51; tail, 23; tarsi, 14.

Hab. Bass’s Straits, on the south coast of Australia.

This beautiful fairy-like Storm Petrel is about the size of Thal.
Wilsoni, and is remarkable as differing from most of the members
of the group in having no white on the rump and in the pure white
of the under surface.

Mr. Gould exhibited to the Meeting a new species of Hypsiprym-
nus, from Swan River, which he characterized under the name of

Hyrsiprymnus Grau. Hyps. fusco-cinereus ; corpore subtis al-
bescente ; caudd mediocri, fuscd, flavo lavatd, ad apicem albd ;
pedibus pallide fuscis ; auribus mediocribus rotundatis.

unc. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 18 0
COUME A. Viakaenits wet nt «ss see | UO

— tarsi digitorumque (sine unguibus).. 4 3
ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 2 4

CUTEST Ree meee eo aha tne ee asl

This species most nearly resembles the Hypsiprymnus rufescens of
Mr. Gray, but differs in being of an ashy brown colour above, and
in having the hairs which clothe the back of the ears of the same
general colour as those of the head, instead of black, as in the spe-
cies just mentioned. ‘The fur is long, and soft to the touch; the
hairs both on the upper and under parts of the body are of a palish grey

179

colour at the base ; those on the under parts are dirty white exter-
nally, and those on the back are dirty white (inclining to ash-colour)
near the apex, and tipped with brownish black: on the sides of the
head and body a very. faint yellowish hue is observable. The ears
are sparingly clothed within with small yellowish hairs; externally
they are clothed with fur, like that on the head. The feet are of a
very pale brown colour. The tail is brown, tinted with yellowish,

excepting the apical third, which is covered with longish white
hairs.

180

December 22nd, 1840.
William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

A letter from Mr. Frembly, R.N., Corresponding Member Z.S.,
was read, It is dated Gibraltar, November 28th, and refers to two
species of Shark which that gentleman had forwarded for the So-
ciety’s Museum.

The following paper, being a continuation of Mr. Broderip’s de-
scriptions of Mr. Cuming’s new shells, was read :—

Hewrx (Cocutosryia) Daprunis. Hel. testd ovato-pyramidali an-
Fractibus 5 ventricosis, ultimo ceteros conjunctos excedente ; labii
limbo castaneo-nigricante, aperturd albidd vel purpurascente.

Var. a. Ochraceo-albida, anfractibus 2 ultimis vittis angustis serie
duplice dispositis, nigricantibus, cinctis ; fascia sub-basali vittis
albido-ochraceis interruptd nigricante ; aperturé ceruleo-albida.

Var. b. Sordide albido-flava vittis fuscis creberrime cincta; apertura
albida.

Var. c. Sub-ochracea, vittis raris distantibus rubro-nigricantibus or-
nata, anfractu basali fascia latd centrali, rubro-castaned ochraceo
subinterrupta cincto ; apertura subceruleo-albida.

Habitant varietates a, b, c, ad Argao in insula Zebu.

Var. d. Sordidé ochracea lineis 3 fuscis, medio maximo clariore, cincta ;
apertura albidd.

Hab. ad Sibonga in insula Zebu.

Var. e. Albido-flava strigis obliquis fulvis creberrimis ornata, et fascia
basali latiore cincta ; apertura albidd.

Var. f. Albens strigis obliquis creberrimis nigris ornata et maculis
magnis nigris interdum fucata ; fascia basali angustd nigra ; aper-
turd ceruleo-albente.

Habitant varietates e, et f, in insula Siquijod.

Var. g. Sordide ochracea, strigis obliquis raris castaneo-nigricantibus
fucata ; basi nigricante ochraceo sordidé fucatd ; apertura purpu-
rascente.

Var. h. Anfractibus 2 primis albidis, tertio et quarto fuscis ; ultimo
sordide albido strigis rarissimis obliquis nigricantibus vie notato ;
aperturd rubro-purpurascente.

Habitant varietates g, et h, ad Argao in insula Zebu.

The general size of this fine species is about 24 inches long by 13
broad. All the varieties were found by Mr. Cuming in deep forests,
on the leaves of trees. In none of them hardly do the markings
commence before the fourth whorl.—W. J. B.

Hexix (Cocutostyia) Faunus. Hel. testd elongato-subpyrami-
dali, fuscd, anfractibus 6 subventricosis ; labii limbo nigricante ;
apertura ceruleo-albidd.

181

Var. a. Fusca, strigis obliquis e castaneo-nigricantibus creberrimis
subobscurioribus ornata, lineis nigricantibus obscurioribus cincta ;
fascia lata basali nigricante.

Var. 6. Fusca, lineis creberrimis obscuris cincta, strigis brevibus ra-
ris subobliquis juxta suturam notata.

Long. 2 ad 23; lat, 14 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctum Nicolam in insula Zebu.

The variety a. is the shortest. The third specimen is deprived of
its epidermis, or nearly so, and the ground-colour is exposed. The
first four whorls are chestnut, gradually deepening in colour, and the
last whorl is of a rich purple brown: the shell is obscurely banded,
especially on the last whorl.

Mr. Cuming found this species on the leaves of trees.—W. J. B.

Heurx (Cocutosryza) Satyrus. Hel. testa subpupiformi anfrac-
tibus 5 subventricosis, purpureo-castaned, epidermide fuscd ; aper-
turd ovatd, albidd ; labit limbo purpureo-castaneo.

Long. 2; lat. 1} poll.

Hab. in insula Tablas.

Obscure oblique stripes and bands occur in some of the individuals
of this species, which, though it approaches the last, differs from
it in many points, especially in the form of the aper and the shape
and structure of the aperture.

Found by Mr. Cuming on leaves of trees.— W. J. B.

Butinvus.

Buuinus Acre. Bul. testd fulvd ; anfractu ultimo juxta suturam
fascia angustd et juxta basin fascia latd medio pallidiore ornato ;
diaphand, lineis incrementi obliquis creberrime striatd ; labii limbo
castaneo-nigricante ; apertura albente.

Long. 13; lat. 14.

Hab. ad Casan in insula Mindanao.

The first four whorls are very pale, but the last is deep fulvous:

a white line runs round the suture of the body-whorl.

Mr. Cuming found this species in a dense forest, on the leaves of

trees.

Buxinus partuLoipes. Bul. testd pyramidali, nitidd, aperturd
ovatd, columelle basi subplicatd, labii limbo complanato, latissimo,
reflezo, albo.

Long. 14; lat. $ poll.

Var. a. Flava, castaneo-vittata.

In this pretty variety a single chestnut band borders the base of
each whorl, and on the body-whorl there is in addition a broad, sub-
central, chestnut band.

Var. b. Castanea, albo vittata.

In this variety the rich chestnut is relieved by a white band that
borders the upper part of the last two whorls, near the suture.
Var. c. Castanea, fusco vittata.

182

In this variety the upper part of each whorl near the suture is
banded with brown. ~
Hab. in insula Tablas.—W. J. B.

PLEKOCHEILUS.

PLEKOCHEILUS GRACcILIS. Pl, testdé elongatd, gracili, anfractibus 4,
ultimo longissime maximo, subdiaphand, anfractu basali trans-
versim corrugato, strigis angulatis irregularibus longitudinalibus
creberrimé fucato; anfractibus ceteris subroseis ; aperturd sub-
aureo-flava ; labii limbo lato, reflexo, albo.

Long. 1}; lat. ¢.

Hab_ in insulis Feejee dictis ?

Hitherto this form has only been discovered in the Western World.
Mr. Cuming received the specimen above described from a captain
of a ship, who said he had got it from a native of one of the Feejee
Islands. A glance at the western species will satisfy the observer
that the species above described is distinct.—W. J. B.

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited two new species of Birds from the So-
ciety’s collection, and pointed out their distinguishing characters.
The first is a small species of Picus, believed to be from the north-
west coast of South America, and is remarkable for the absence of
spots and markings, and the brilliant red colour of the upper parts
of its body and wings: this red colouring commences on the back of
the neck, and is continued to the tail, as well as over the whole of
the wings ; that is, over the visible portion of each feather, the inner
shafts being of a brown colour. The whole of the upper surface of
the head is of a brown-black colour; the sides are pale brown; the
throat is pure white; the chest and whole of the under parts of the
body are of a dirty white colour, indistinctly tinted with yellowish.
The tail is of an uniform blackish brown colour, with the exception
of the two outer feathers on each side, which are pale brown; on
the apical half of the external feather there is a very obscure indi-
cation of bands. The beak is of a very pale horn-colour.

The principal characters may be thus briefly expressed :—

Picus cattonotus. Pi. capite pallide fusco, supra fuliginoso ;
corpore supra alisque sanguineis ; guld, pectore abdomineque albes-
centibus ; caudd obscure fuscd ; rostro albescente.

In size and general form this species agrees very closely with the
Picus minor of Europe, but its beak is rather longer in proportion,
being nine lines in length.

The second new species is one of the Icterine group, and in most
of its characters agrees with that division to which the term Cassicus
is applied: it has the same stout conical bill, the upper surface of
which is broadly expanded at the base, and encroaches on to the
forehead : the apex is pointed. This bird, however, differs from any
other species of the group to which it belongs, in the great length of
its wings, which extend considerably beyond the tip of the tail, which
is of moderate length, broad, and slightly rounded. The colouring

183

of the plumage is also remarkable, and particularly the texture of
the feathers, those of the body having a velvet-like appearance, whilst
those of the wings have a distinct gloss, such as we see in the plu-
mage of the Crows. No doubt, according to the views of many or-
nithologists, this bird would be regarded as a new genus or sub-
genus; the sectional name Ocyalus is therefore proposed, from
QyvaXos, in allusion to the swiftness with which it is to be presumed
a bird with such wings would move.

Subgenus Ocyauvs.

Characteres ut in Cassico, ale autem longissime, et caude apicem
transeuntes.

Cassicus (Ocyatus) Popayanus. Oc. niger, corpore purpureo
relucente ; alis nitore viridi ; capite nuchdque supra castaneo tinc-
tis ; cauddé flavd, rectricibus quatuor intermediis in toto nigris, sic
et apicibus reliquorum ; rostro pallido.

Long. tot. 11 unc. ; rostri, 14; lat. ad basin, 62 lin. ; ale, 8Z unc. ;

caude, 4.
Hab. Popayan.

We erie oy
Hela die bene beeper ei ieee = ae ds rT fe
hepigels 6% Speier Pn plates. ui peiae th eve ae

Gy aan Pua ot of aatirwoow 1htol OV’ ~ emery idl
a rn leanne wou 6 5B te ek hes Meat y
a otume)..° oe !

hoi 4 dhiw wath Sasi

; san Chemagete meee et pyhy A aa Le 2)

i i ve cee es ies PIO ui fat a ow Wek
Ree > 2 art oresh =p

Or i alt cD te
Ween tse sho ror

is ro oy Sna irae Co
Sty + whined d Aton: tNED- Tie Set 1 Ray
Siea.4 OMemioR Red ois ait Sais, stharmayseh
f as ae fa ; ’ a Feta Sit polluows ay
% wai acaat 4 SY Sass Aniceics. galt os ivetran oee text pa aed
ay), ene i cat Svat FRDNS, et tlyé eile 08 een tas S80, wf, the! s oe coy
A Rate. Wud. tei eee Mais. oe oO Cubctit ray bess once A oe
“ie Torch, Krat 49. CHR Chr Bit * bint: al, ne ay ei colar Bids ed Sas »
Re ehingde! tiie etethe vei aha Tih wakes Sree due Seat
suet took a ease ‘cooler 4. UG io cher ~Pahgile

Pein hire Oe gi aehytigee
ie Spy Pes bt. Yay ated ws
We reo iets BEce hoe eases oo ol ef uel, ie)
phi Bahr ye Hh dette piles 9 Lk. it

bi Hans “aap Yrareds Ceo ane ;

INDEX.

The names of New Species and of Species newly characterized are printed in Roman
Characters : those of Species previously known, but respecting which novel informa-
tion is given, in J¢alics: those of Species respecting which Anatomical Observations

are made, in CapPITALs.

Acanthiza inornata, Gould .......0+...
Agama cornuta, Harlan
Agrilorhinus Bonapartei, Fraser......
humeralis, Fraser ......
olivaceus, Fraser .....0.

personatus, Fraser
Aleuteres Ayraud secceseerssseeecseees
maculosus, Richards. ......
paragandatus, Richards. ...
spilomelanurus
Alopecias superciliosus, Lowe
Amadina pectoralis, Gould ............
Anas nevosa, Gould
Antilope, Pallas ..............0 sade ss
Cervicapra s+... smaGistasac
Chitin wens eens Canpiveliunesanes
Cuvieri, Ogilby ....... eevee
DONORS sees «xteeeyadiin deen ss
SULLUTOSA voveeesseceee ooeeceee
LeUcorya .seceerereee teeeeenes
Aquila morphnoides, Gould
Asteroderma coryphenioides, Bon. ...
Balenoptera boops, Auct.

see e eee eee eenne

seeeee

seer eeeee

seeeeeeeeees

PYNICIOT wewsvsa'ea samaatnac eas ereen ers
MESO) cswesubndcdsdandanseye ces epomania ree
Bovinum, Ray ....... Baeee cs Caan ansassie
Bulinus Aigle, Brod. ....6....sceeeeeee
Boholensis, Brod. ...++....0++
Bullula, Brod. ........eseeees
Calista, Brod. ....sss00e aaa
Calypso, Brod. ....06....40+ *s

camelopardalis, Brod. ......
chrysalidiformis, Sowerby .

Dactylus, Brod. .....+......
Diana, Brod. .........+ Selseveut
Dryas, Brod........++ suis estes

fictilis; By Od> isescnesecsideacs
Fulgetrum, Brod. ......0..00+

Page

171

181
158
159
157

158

157

Bulinus Guimarasensis, Brod.
larvatus, 70d, ...a0daseachene
Mindoroensis, Brod. ........+
nimbosus, Brod.
ovoideus, Brug. ...... epecesave
partuloides, Brod. .s..+....
pictor, Brod. ......00++ panskean
Sylvanus, Brod.

Buteo melanosternon, Gould .........

Callorhynchus Tasmanius, Richards.

weeeee

Camelopardalis Giraffa ....+..++ cance
COPLGT iesccacdtwesdurses wasesccaccccosscn
Caprinum, Ray .sssecceee Sasensadeasn
Carcharias microps, Lowe .....++4+...
Cardium alternatum, Sow. Jun.......
Arcticum, Sow. Jun. ......
attenuatum, Sow. Jun.
australe, Sow. Jun. ......++.
Elenense, Sow. Jun. ......
Enode, Sow. Jun. .....000.

exasperatum, Sow. Jun. ...
fornicatum, Sow. Jun.

fragile, Sow. Jun. wee...
foveolatum, Sow. Jun......,
imbricatum, Sow. Jun.

impolitum, Sow. Jun. ......
lyratum, Sow. Jun. .......4.
multispinosum, Sow. Jun. .
oxygonum, Sow. Jun.......
parvum, Sow. Jun. ....000e.
paucicostatum, Sow. Jun. .
ringiculum, Sow. Jun.......
Siculum, Sow. Jun. .........
Sinense, Sow. Jun. ...eceeee
striatulum, Sow. Jun. ......
subelongatum, Sow. Jun. .
subretusum, Sow, Jun. ..,
subrugosum, Sow. Jun. ...

186 INDEX.
Page Page
Cardium unicolor, Sow. Jun. .......6. 107 | Goose, Canada ...scsccerseeeereee aeese OO
variegatum, Sow. Jun. ... 107 White-fronted .......0....sc000- 33
Cassicus (Ocyalus) Popayanus, Gymnopus Algyptiacus ..sceecsceeeees 57
Waterh.... 183 Euphraticus .....cceceerees 57
Cercopithecus Althiops ..eccccseeceees 1 | Halcyon pyrrhopygia, Gould .......+. 113
fuliginosus ....+. ceseo pel “J-sHelix-Albaiensis, Sow. <....+s.sanece? 100
Cervus Wallichii, Duvaucel .......++ 79 SnnUlatay SOWe ovaveccedsetseerce 135
Cinclosoma castanotus, Gould ...... 113 Auxata, SOW) cis.ecsscsneseaseepiee 100
Climacteris erythrops, Gould......... 148 balteata, Sow. ....+.ee000 seine 136
Tllidg COULA wassseccnersuns 149 coccomelos, Sow. .....seesse+s- 167
Colluricincla brunnea, Gould......... 164 Concinnus, Sow. ...seceeeseeees 98
rufiventris, Gould ...... 164 decipiens, Sow. ..-...csecesss- 96
Colobus Temminchkii, Kuhl ...... aaltes 20 fenestrata, Sow. ......eeseeeee. 137
COLUMBA MIGRATORIA .escoseseeee 43 Hlarfordil. ordi. cascceceusetes 123
BUREN AC sss scars adexs beats 43 Iloconensis, Sow. ........+...+++ 116
SEUICDURG leascotvepersase Seep ee incompta, Sow. .... eecatensesehes 103
Columba (Peristera) histrionica, intorta, Sow. ...cecresececes eseeee 168
Gould... 114 Monticula, Sow. .se..seeesseeee 167
Coptocercus, Hope, Nov. Gen. ...... 50 opalinus, Sow. ..........05-cse0 98
biguttatus, Hope... 51 Roissyana, De Fér. ............ 101
sexmaculatus, Hope ... 51 Stabilis, 80s. ceceecceneses ees « 104
unifasciatus, Hope ..... 51 turbinoides, Brod. ....... seacee
Coptopterus, Hope ........sesecesevees 55 (Cochlogena, De F.) collodes, Sow. 102
cretifer, Hope .......00-.. 55 florida, Sow. ...... 87
Cracticus argenteus, Gould....... Besce 126 hydrophana, Sow. 88
Cricetomys Gambianus, Waterh. ... 2 ignobilis, Sow. ... 102
EOCUDRELDIE, an asaspaascccasnucecoass 131 polychroa, Sow.... 87
Ctenolabrus iris, Cuv. & Val. ...... 37 pulcherrima, Sow. 90
Cypselurus pulchellus, Lowe ......... 38 tenera, Sow. .....- 102
SEU SLICER CUD teetnenges unas ees tensatppcs es 31 (Cochlostyla) Daphnis, Brod. 180
Dajaus Diemensis, Richards. .......+- 25 Faunus, Brod.... 180
Dasyornis longirostris, Gould .......+. 170 oomorpha, Sow. . 103
Dasyurus Geoffroii, Gould ........606. 151 orbitulus, Sow. . 103
Maugei, Geoff. ......064... 151 sarcinosa, Brod.. 121
viverrinus, Geoff. ......... 151 Satyrus, Brod. . 181
Dendrocolaptes ..........00. aado sn caveninl es Ticaonica, Brod. 155
Diodon Hystrix, Linn. .............-- 38 (Helicostyla? De F.) adusta,
nycthemerus, CUY. sessoveeeeee 30 Sow.... 89
Diomedea cauta, Gould ...ssscccsseeee 177 arata, Sow. ......... 89
Dipus Mitchellii, Ogilby ....+..+.4.. 151 brachyodon, Sow.. 89
DISTOMA HEPATICUM ....0.......0-- 30 (Helicostyla, De F.) cepoides,
Drymodes, n. g., Gould .....+.. “Barto Ay Sow.... 88
brunneopygia, Gould ... 170 | Hemipodius pyrrhothorax, Gould ... 150
Emberiza nivalis — ...cccecceese ca Oo velox, Gould .....s0000 « 150
Entomyza albipennis, Gould ......... 169 | Hirundo leucosternus, Gould ...... s- 172
DITUCIUS | wavcacsupcssastap ss seeeseeees 124 | Hylobates leucogenys, Ogilby ...... 20
Ephthianura tricolor, Gould ......... 159 | Ixalus Probaton, Ogilby ..........2+8 Ais:
Equus hemionus ..... enecencvecs eseeseee O38 | Julissunimaculata, Lowe ..:.......0. 37
CUTE, AUCs. Usasutedetersmics ox 83 | Labrus fucicola, Richards. ...... ates
Eudromius australis, Gould ......... 174 laticlavius, Richards. ......... 26
POM; SOWEIDA. sav cccesdacastsensccsea 39 psittaculus, Richards.......... 26
elegantissima, Risso ......... 41 tetricus, Richards. .......+++ « 25
Euphema aurantia, Gould ............ 148 | Leipoa, n. g., Gould ...........se000e- 126
petrophila, Gould ......... 148 ocellata, Gould ......c00+-e0e 126
splendida, Gould ......... 147 | Lepus timidus, Linn. ....... Sena geass Ci ||
Falco hypoleucos, Gould .......04... 162 | Licmetis pastinator, Gould .......+++0. 175
Felis marmorata, Martin. ............ 62 | Macropus frenatus, Gould ............ 92
Glyciphila albifrons, Gould ......... 160 leporides, Gould ......... 93
Grobiocephalus ....c..sceccecsncasces Saas wel! lunatus, Gould ...secceeeee 93
Goose, Bernitle oS, .costeiccasescc8 tke 33 unguifer, Govld .......0+4+ 93

INDEX. 187

Page Page

Macropus (Halmaturus) manicatus, Myzantha obscura, Gould .......2+02. 159
Gould ... 127 | Myzomela pectoralis, Gould ......... 170

(Petrogale) brachyotis,
Gould ... 128
robustus, Gould 92

Malurus melanotus, Gould ............ 163
WWelania, Latais\y ie. hivesses wae sees . 39
Campanella, Phil. Enum. . 41
pallida, Phil. Enum.......... 42

rufa, Phil. Enum....:........ 41
scalaris, Phil. Enum. ...... 42

MM cliphama yes ..teelaessteescsessseecee 125
mysticalis, Gould ......... 161

Merlucius ambiguus, Lowe............ 37
esculentus, RissO....+..0+s sae ois}

sinuatus, SWAINS. secceseee 38

DUVET ONS. acto voaetadsraeeeeses 37

Meropachys, Hope, Nov. Gen. ...... 52
MacLeaii, Hope......... 52

tristis, Hope .......... se roe

Microeca, n. g., Gould ..ccccseceesseeees 172
assimilis, Gould ...cccseceee 172
Monocanthus rudis, Richards. ...... 27
Moschus aquaticus, Ovilby ...00. sees 35
Murex balteatus, Sow. Jun. ......... 146
Banksii, Sow. Jun. .......... ». 140
breviculus, Sow. Jun. ......... 146

canaliferus, Sow. Jun.......... 142
cancellatus, Sow. Jun.......... 143
Capensis, Sow. Jun.......-26e6. 148
corrugatus, Sow. Jun. .....06 - 142
cyclostoma, Sow. Jun.......... 146
‘digitatus, Sow. Jun..sc.e.eeeee 145
elegans, Sow. Jun. .......02+. 140
emarginatus, Sow. Jun. ...... 143

falcatus, Sow. Jun. ........ fae iliae
fasciatus, Sow. Jun.....esee0ee . 144
formosus, Sow. Jun.....sse0.e0s 139
Inermis, Sow. JUN. .ssceseeseee 146
Mindanaensis, Sow. Jun. ... 139
megacerus, Sow. Jun.........+ 145

monoceros, Sow. Jun. ......... 143
Messoricus, Sow. Jun.......... 137

nigrescens, Sow. Jun. ......0+. 138
noduliferus, Sow. Jun...... ... 147
Occa, Sow. Jun. :.....3-+.0000.. 137
palmiferus, Sow. Jun.......... 142
Peruvianus, Sow. Jun. ...... 147
plicatus, Sow. Jun. .........06+ 139
pliciferus, Sow. Jun. ......... 138
rectirostris, Sow. Jun.......... 138
Saulii, Sow. Jum. ..........s0000 141
scabrosus, Sow. Jun. .......++ 140
similis, Sow. Juns...cecccecsesee 140
torrefactus, Sow. Jun........0. 141
trialatus, Sow. Jun. ...eccseeees 143
tumulosus, Sow. Jun. ....--... 144
varicosus, Sow. Jun. .......++ 145
varius, Sow. JUN. .e.ccceseseeess 144
Myiagra latirostris, Gould ....... aaa 172

Narcine Tasmaniensis, Richards. ... 29
Nauclerus abbreviatus, Cuv.and Val. 36
Numenius minutus, Gould ............ 176

uropygialis, Gould...... eee 175
Ocyalus, n. g., Waterh. ...... CRUE 183
Ocypterus personatus, Gould ......... 149
Odax algensis, Richards. ...+...ee+0+ 26
Odostoma, Flem.....cecceessssseees seedy

Oplegnathus, n. g., Richards.......... 27
Conwaii, Richards. ... 27

Ostracion auritus, Shaw ...ce0......008 27
flavigaster, Gray......... see). 2

ornatus, GYAY .....eceeeeeeee 27
spilogaster, Richards....... 27

Otis Australasianus, Gould ...secsesees 176
Ouinwin, Rays cvesnsvecsds btiiererace 4
TUES oo con OTE TA Aeon aa cote or cance deans 5
Ammon, Pallas ..........+. 12, 64, 77
Ammotragus, Blyth ....2.+4. ee. 13
Aries, Linn. ..<..000: coe 13, 74, 78
Burrhel, Blyth. ...0.s.s000 13, 67, 77
Californiana, Dougl....... 12, 65, 77
cylindricornis, Blyth..........0+ 68, 78
Gmelinii, Blyth ......sesee.ee. 69, 78
Hodgsonii, Blyth..........++ Yn i)
montand, Desm. ....0+ seserees 64, 77
Musimon, Linn. ........+... 13, 72, 78
Nahoor, Hodgs. ......+++-+. 18, 66, 77
nivicola, Esschsch. .......2..0005. 64, 77
Ophion, Blyth ...seses.eceeeeees 73, 78
ornata, Geoff. ....ee...eee evansite 13
Polii, Blyth cient
sculptorum, Blyth....0....0++... 12, 63
Tragelaphus, Pallas ...... 13, 75, 78
MigniipBugeeusvaisestss. ss 10, 78
Txalus Probaton, Ogilby ...... 78, 78
Pachycephala inornata, Gould ...... 164
rufogularis, Gould ... 164

Papio ochreatus, Ogilby ....2....60.... 56

PU AdISEG save ress sRaT etc eseet hess eos see liam
apoda, Linn. ..... Wenbowenes 13
PARADOXURUS BINOTATUS, Temm. 154
BONDARIMNGY.. 0.60000 154
LEUCOMYSTAX,Gray 154

Parthenia, n.ig., Lowes... ..i.i...0c0ees 39
bulinea, Lowe ............ 40
elegantissima, Lowe ...... 41

crenata, LOWE ..........06 41

pallida, Lowe............065 42

Scalaris, LOWE seccoscceees 42

Terebra, Lowe ......000.++ 41
Pedionomus, Gould, Nov. Gen. ...... 114
torquatus, Gould ...... 114

Petrophassa, n. g., Gould... .......0.00e 173
albipennis, Gould ...... 173
‘Phrynocephalus Bufonius .....000006 12
Phrynosoma Bufonium .essereeeeeeees 12
Picus callonotus, Waterh. ...... hapewe 182

188 INDEX.
Page Page
Picus elegans, Fase? .ecsecsseceecceeee 60 | SURNIA NYCTEA,..cccsscsceseecesaesece 42
Piesarthrus marginellus, Hope ...... 55 | SYRNIUM ALUCO .icccsscvssvsssescees 43
Piezorhynchus, n.g., Gould ......... 171 | Syngnathus Argus, Richards......000. 29
nitidus, Gould ...... 171 Talegalla Lathami .ercccsceceseree Py pe!
Platycerus Adelaide, Gould ......... 161 | TALEGALLA LATHAM ........006 sowe 112
Plekocheilus gracilis, Brod......... ++» 182 | Tetrapturus Georgii, Lowe........0. 36
Podargus macrorhynchus, Gould ... 163 | Thalassidroma Nereis, Gould ......... 178
Porphyrio bella, Gould ...... we vaneiose 176 | Thyrsites:altitelis: '. Gvvcvereeveraccos 29
Praticola campestris, Gould ......... 171 atun, Cuy. and Val. ...... 29
Pr OMETORE .dveonsoenssortuodaevtchoacees - 124 | Tornatella? clathrata, Phil. Enum. 41
Psilopus culicivorus, Gould............ 174 | Trachelorachys, Hope, Nov. Gen. ... 51
Psittacus chalcopterus, Fraser ...... 59 fumicolor, Hope...... 52
Pteroglossus Axara, Wagl.........+0.. 60 pustulatus, Hope ... 52
flavirostris, Fraser ...... 61 Trionyx Aigyptiacus ....0.+0. Perry 7
Ptilotis plumulus, Gould....... a 3o5ees 150 Euphraticus, Oliv. .....00.. 57
cratitius, Gould ...........0608 160 | Trochilus angustipennis, Fraser...... 18
sonorus, Gould ...........008 + 160 aurogaster, Loddiges’MSS. 16
Pyrrholemus, n. g., Gould............ 173 brachyrhynchus, Fraser... 16
brunneus, Gould ...... 173 corruscus, Fraser ....+.++- 15
Rhipidura albiscapa, Gould ......... 113 cupreo-ventris, Fraser ... 15
isura, Gould 6... ......00. 174 cyanopterus,Loddiges’ MSS. 17
Rhizomys Sinensis, Gray.e...eeee.s0e0 62 Derbianus, Fraser ....... + 16
RUMIinantia oe cccevecsecseees Dna sheccelaee 4 exortis, Fraser .secccoccosee 14
Sciurus dimidiatus, Waterh. ......... 21 flavicaudatus, Fraser ...... 18
Scolecobrotus Westwoodii, Hope...... 53 fuscicaudatus, Fraser ...... 17
Scorpena ustulata, Lowe ....... wat 36 Gibsoni, Loddiges’ MSS. 17
Semnopithecus obscurus, Reid....... « 62 melanogenys, Fraser .....- 18
SILURUs SINGIo, B. Hamilton ...... 34 parvirostris, Fraser.......+. 18
Stenochoride, Leach ..... Ae setts 46 tyrianthinus, Loddiges’
Stenochorus angustatus, DeJean ...... 48 MSS. 18
assimilis, Hope..........6 . 49 uropygialis, Fraser......... 15
biguttatus, Don. ........ 51 | Turbo crenatus, Mont ......000000ceeee 41
dorsalis, MacL. ......... 49 elegantissimus, Mont. .....0.0. 41
fumicolor, Hope ......... 51 UNIAENLALUS vereseacereee eee 40
Sigas, Hope .ccis.ceoecsees 46 simillimus, Laskey .......00. « 42
latus, Hope ......... seers 46 unicus, Mont....... Sewsedsebsede - 42
longipennis, Hope ...... 47 | Turbonella, Risso ....ecceceeeeee saecee 40
Mitchelli, Hope ......... 47 | Turbonilla Humboldti, Risso ......... 41
obscurus, Donovan ...... 47 | Turdus gigas, Fraser se... Sagenee owe «659
punctatus, Don. ss.sere. 47 | Turritella sccccccocssesscceccssssseecene 40
rhombifer, Hope ....... - 49 cancellata, Risso ....e.e000. 41
Roei, Hope ....... eonesees! 00 elegantissima, Flem. ...... 41
rubripes, Boisduval..... + 50 | Upupa, Linn. .........06 teteccdevcoecee 124
semipunctatus, Fab....... 48 | Uracanthus, Hope .....c0.cceecesees «we OD
trimaculatus, Hope ...... 47 marginellus, Hope ...... 54
tunicatus, MacL....... «. 50 pallens, Hope ......+e+00 53
undulatus, Hope ......... 48 | Ursus isabellinus ccccoccsesssececsecssee 46
uniguttatus, MacL....... 49 SYTIGCUSI, . Jscdtanensteeusdestehs seal
Strongylurus, HOpes......csseescseeeees 54 | Xerophila, n.g., Gould ....ssece00ee 175
scutellatus, Hope...... 54 leucopsis, Gould........ veo 175
varicornis, Hope ...... 54 Zosterops chloronotus, Gould......... 165
Sula Australis, Gould .......... enone it
CORRIGENDA. 4)

P. 30. Lines 19-20, for genera, read genus.
P. 163. Line 7, erase the words “ BRACHYPTERUS or”.

PRINTED BY RICHARD AND JOHN E. TAYLOR,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

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