it, uu H yg ths ibe YL % a nt Bapivaalansat Ti Telateresy i" ei, ’ YG) a 2 artes! tye Ah ; i \ Ones se ies 4 Kite 154 INDEX. Page Page Sarcoptilus, Gray, 0. g. ..........00005 45 | Turbo gemmatus, Reeve, n. sp. ...... 50 Sarcoptilus grandis, Gray, n.sp. ... 45 histrio, Reeve, n. sp. .....2....+. 52 WLU onan eee any esas pi susesxeecesets 119 | ——Japonicus, Reeve, n. sp. ......... 51 SAE Y EN eo aso esa aen cian cRseaeee 115 laminiferus, Reeve, n. sp. ...... 49 Scalp clin viii eciss seaesttneiwcwasless 44 lugubris, Reeve, n. sp. ......... 50 Scheeniclus magnus, Gould, n.sp.... 39 Natalensis, Reeve, n. sp. .....- 49 Sciurus dorsalis, Gray, n. sp........-- 138 | —— nivosus, Reeve, n. sp.......22.-.- 51 SIME AEDT pods ae vee caveuesea tetas 53 | —— militaris, Reeve, n. sp. ......... 51 SEPRID AO Peco, repre. ot sone Sod see 27 murreus, feeve, n. sp. ......... 49 Spheriodactylus ...10......02.ceeeeseeee 61 porcatus, Reeve, n. sp. ......... 51 SPA QUTUBID noes assasccsss-crsssna tte 65 | —— pustulatus, Reeve, n. sp.......... 50 Squilla multicarinata, White, n. sp... 144 | —— pyropus, Reeve, n. SPs iio de sete. STENORHYNCHUS, Owen .......0.00- 88 saxosus, Reeve, i. Sp.........0.-- 49 Streptaxis uberiformis, Pfr., n. sp... 108 trochoides, Reeve, n. sp. ...... 50 Strix passerina, Temm. ............... 37 | ——- tumidulus, Reeve, n. sp.......... 51 Strub hi Onde) |1 02] ...... 1 O3F};1 02/0 103)0 9% OMA! se-evssencteeceeaseece tenes Width of ditto between orbits ....0 72/0 7 |0 63/0 7 |0 62/0 63 Length of palate .......00.....s0eeeee 1 32/1 32]/1 04/1 12/011 |0 83 of nasal bones ............ 0 113/011 |0 82/0 9 |0 7 |0 42 Width of ditto in front ............ 0 13/0 12/0 13/0 13/0 1/0 13 —— of ditto behind............... 0 23/0 22/0 22/0 23)0 33/0 13 Length from anterior part of first premolar to hinder nat 0 93/0 92/0 9 |0 9 |0 73/0 6 gin of last true molar......... Length of lower jaw .........+00+++ 1 62/1 7 SE] wees 1 3 {0 10 Height of ditto, measured from 0. 96410; 63,0. 63 [recess 0 63|0 53 apex of coronoid process * I do not include the “* Tupai de Pégou,” because it is not yet determined that that animal is a distinct species from the Tupaias of the Indian Islands. + The occipital portion of the cranium is wanting in the specimen. 109 2. ON NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALIA AND BIRDS FROM Avusrratia. By J. Gouxp, F.R.S., F.Z.S8. erc. The Proceedings of the Zoological Society having been the means by which the many interesting novelties in Natural History obtained during the surveying voyages of Captains King, Beechey, Belcher, Fitzroy, Blackwood, &e., by the naturalists attached to their seve- ral ships, have been made known to the scientific world, a more appro- priate channel cannot, I presume, be selected for communicating the interesting results, so far as known, of the expedition now exploring the coasts of Northern and Eastern Australia, under the command of Capt. Owen Stanley ; and I therefore hasten to lay before the Society such novelties as have been received in the two branches of natural history to which I have devoted myself, viz. Mammalia and Birds. The collection recently sent home by Capt. Stanley and Mr. Mac- Gillivray, the able naturalist of H.M.S. ‘ Rattlesnake,’ is a very fine one; it has been procured on what may be considered hitherto un- trodden ground, I cannot therefore do better than give a list of the whole,—such lists, showing the geographical distribution of species, being in the highest degree valuable. I have said that the collection is a very fine one, and I must not omit observing that much credit is due to Capt. Stanley for affording the naturalist the requisite oppor- tunities for obtaining so many interesting species ; nor is a lesser meed of praise due to Mr. MacGillivray, for the very excellent manner in which the specimens are prepared, and the accuracy with which all the information connected with them that could be obtained has been noted down. The collection of Quadrupeds and Birds only has been placed in my hands for examination, with a view to my publishing such novelties as it may contain in my works on these subjects ; after which the specimens are to be sent to the British Museum. The pe- riod that has elapsed since the arrival of the collection has been far too short to admit of my investigating the subject as I could wish ; ‘I shall therefore, on the present occasion, exhibit some of the species that appear to me to be new, and defer my remarks upon the entire collection to the next or some future meeting of the Society. I shall now proceed to describe two species of mammalia and two species of birds from this collection, as follows :— PrEROPUS CONSPICILLATUS, Gould. Sp.Ch.—Crown of the head black, slightly grizzled with buff ; round each eye a large oval patch of deep brownish buff, which advances on the sides of the face and shows very conspicuously ; at the nape a broad crescent-shaped band of deep sandy buff, which extends down the sides of the neck and nearly meets on the breast ; centre of the back glossy black, slightly grizzled with grey ; cheeks, chin, all the under surface and rump, black, slightly grizzled with buff; ears and wing- membranes naked and of a deep purplish black ; claws black. Hab. Fitzroy Island. This species is about the size of Pteropus poliocephalus, but has a 110 somewhat larger head and much larger and more powerful teeth, and is moreover rendered conspicuously different from that species by the nuchal band being of a deep sandy buff instead of deep rust-red, and not continuous round the neck; by the crown of the head and back being almost jet-black ; and the eyes bemg conspicuously encircled with deep buff (whence the specific name) ; in which latter character it assimilates to P. funereus, but scarcely to any other. Respecting this species Mr. Macgillivray writes: “Is this not new to Australia? It is not funereus, of which see skull No. 7 and skin No. 8, nor is it poliocephalus. Of its habits I extract the following note from my journal: ‘On the wooded slope of a hill on Fitzroy Island [ one day fell in with this bat in prodigious numbers, looking while flying along the bright sunshine (so unusual for a nocturnal animal) like a large flock of rooks: on close approach a strong musky odour became ap- parent, and a loud incessant chattering was heard; many of the branches were bending under their load of bats, some in a state of inactivity suspended by their hind claws, others scrambling along among the boughs and taking to wing when disturbed. In a very short time I procured as many specimens as I wished, three and four at a shot, for they hung in clusters, but unless killed outright they remained suspended for some time: when wounded they are handled with difficulty, as they bite severely, and on such occasions their cry reminds one of the squalling of a child.’ ” PHALANGISTA (PSEUDOCHEIRUS) NUDICAUDATA, Gould. Sp. Ch.—Head, all the upper surface, the sides of the body, and the outer sides of the limbs, brownish grey ; the tips of the hairs with a silky appearance ; under surface of the neck and body and the inner sides of the limbs pale buff; the colouring of the upper and under sur- face distinctly defined on the sides of the body, but gradually blending on the limbs, the rump and root of the tail, which is thickly clothed on_its basal third and naked for the remainder of its length; hands, feet, and naked portion of the tail pinky flesh-colour. inches. Length from tip of nose to root of tail ............ 12 EOE hs ee tate Bp So a A ho ee 8 of fore-feet, including the nails............ 3 of hind-feet, including the nails .......... 33 Hab. Cape York, the most northern point of Australia. This species differs from all the other Australian members of the genus, in having the apical three-fourths of its tail entirely destitute of hair; in the light-coloured mark on the rump, somewhat re- sembling that on the same part of the Koala; and in its short dense fur and short ears. The above description and admeasurements are taken from a fe- male said to be about two-thirds grown. ~The ears are exceedingly short and rounded, and the fur is remarkable for its extreme density and for its resemblance to that of the Koala. Proc. Z.8. Aves. XII Richter del PRILORLS ViCrORTAL Gould Printed by Hullmandel & Walton 111 Pritoris Vicror1#, Gould. (Aves, Pl. XII.) Sp. Ch.—Male: general plumage rich deep velvety black, glossed on the upper surface, sides of the neck, chin and breast with plum- colour ; feathers of the head and throat small, scale-like, and of a shining, metallic bronzy green ; feathers of the abdomen very much developed, of the same hue as the upper surface, but each feather so broadly margined with rich deep olive-green, that the colouring of the basal portion of the feather is hidden, and the olive-green forms a broad abdominal band, which is sharply defined above, but irregular below ; two centre tail- feathers rich shining metallic green, the Pemniider deep black ; bill and feet black. Female: all the upper surface greyish brown, tinged with olive ; head and sides of the neck dark brown, striated with ereyish brown ; over each eye a superciliary stripe of buff; wing-feathers edged with ferruginous ; chin and throat pale buff; remainder of the under sur- face, under wing-coverts, and the base of the inner webs of the quills rich deep reddish buff, each feather with an irregular spot of brown near the tip, dilated on the flanks into the form of irregular bars ; bill and feet black. Total length, 10} inches; bill, 13; wing, 5; tail, 31; tarsi, 12. Hab. Barnard’s Isles. Remark.—This new species must be placed in the first rank of the many beautiful birds inhabiting Australia ; indeed there are few from any part of the world that can vie with it in the richness of its colour- ing; and I cannot possibly have a better opportunity than now pre- sents itself of paying a just tribute of respect to our most gracious Queen, by bestowing upon this lovely denizen of the Australian forests the specific appellation of Victorie ;—I say of the Australian forests, for although the specimen from which my description is taken is from the Barnard Isles, within the Barrier Reef and only a few miles from the north-eastern shore of Australia, I have evidence, in the notes of the late Mr. Gilbert, that it inhabits the mainland, since he states therein that the Rifle-bird inhabits the northern as well as the south- ern part of Australia; in which he was in error; the bird he saw in the northern part of the country being doubtless the one here de- scribed. It is very nearly allied to the Ptiloris paradiseus, but is a smaller bird, with a still more gorgeous colouring. It may be distinguished from that species by the purple of the breast presenting the ap- pearance of a broad pectoral band, bounded above by the scale-like feathers of the throat, and below by the abdominal band of deep oil- green, and also by the broad and lengthened flank-feathers, which show very conspicuously. SPHECOTHERES FLAVIVENTRIS, Gould. Sp. Ch.—Male : crown of the head and cheeks glossy black ; orbits, and a narrow space leading to the nostrils naked, and of a light buffy yellow, or flesh-colour ; all the upper surface, wing-coverts, outer webs of the secondaries, andl a patch on either side of the chest, olive-green ; chin, chest, abdomen and flanks beautiful yellow; vent and under 112 tail-coverts white; primaries and inner webs of secondaries black, edged with grey ; tail black, the external web and the apical half of the internal web of the outer feather on each side white; the apical half of the second feather on each side white; the next, or third, on each side with a large spot of white at the tip; bill black; feet flesh- colour. Female: striated on the head with brown and whitish; all the upper surface olive-brown ; all the wing-feathers narrowly edged with greenish grey; under surface white, with a conspicuous stripe of brown down the centre of each feather ; vent and under tail-coverts white, without striz. Total length, 103 inches; bill, 13; wing, 52; tail, 44; tarsi, 2. Hab. Cape York. Remark.—Of the same size as Sphecotheres Australis, but may be distinguished from that and every other species of the genus by the beautiful jonquil-yellow of its under surface. 3. DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN Brrps. By J. Gouup, F.R.S. erc. erc. 1. RutTicrLLa GRANDIs, Gould. Sp. Ch.—Crown of the head and the basal portion of the primaries and secondaries white; forehead, cheeks, chin, throat, back, wing- coverts, and the apical portion of the primaries and secondaries black ; abdomen, lower part of the back, upper and under tail-coverts and tail rich rufous; bill and feet black. Total length, 7 inches; bill, ?; wing, 41; tail, 3}; tarsi, 14. Hab. Afganhistaun and Thibet. Remark.—This, the largest and one of the best-marked species of the genus, is nearly allied to the aurorea of Pallas. 2. Yunx inpica, Gould. Sp. Ch.—Upper surface pale brown, finely freckled with grey, and blotched, particularly down the back of the neck, on the centre of the back, and on the wing-coverts, with brownish black ; primaries brown, crossed on their outer webs with regular bands of deep buff, and toothed on their inner webs with the same hue; remainder of the wing-feathers like the upper surface, but crossed by broad, irregular bands of brown ; tail like the upper surface, but crossed by narrow, irregular bands of brownish black ; sides of the throat and neck crossed by numerous narrow bars of blackish brown, the cheeks the same, but somewhat paler; on the centre of the throat a spatulate mark of chestnut-red ; centre of the abdomen and under tail-coverts pale buffy white, with a fine stripe of brownish black down the centre of each feather ; flanks crossed by irregular bars of brownish black ; bill pale horn-colour, deeper at the tip; legs apparently yellowish flesh-colour. Total length, 7} inches; bill, 2; wing, 32; tail, 31; tarsi, 7. Hab. Afganhistaun and Thibet. Remark.—Nearly allied to the Y. pectoralis of Southern Africa, 113 but differs from that species in being of a larger size, in the lighter hue of the centre of the abdomen, in the strize down the centres of the abdominal feathers being less strongly defined, and in the under tail-coverts being buff instead of rufous. 3. S1TTA LEUCopPsiIs, Gould. Sp. Ch.—Crown of the head and back of neck jet-black ; all the upper surface deep blue-grey; primaries black, edged with grey ; centre tail-feathers blue-grey ; lateral feathers black, tipped with blue- grey ; the two outer ones on each side with a small spot of white on the inner web near the tip; face, chin, throat, breast, and centre of the abdomen white, the latter slightly washed with buff; flanks and under tail-coverts bright chestnut ; bill black, with a blue-grey base ; legs grey. Total length, 5 inches; bill, 7; wing, 33; tail, 2; tarsi, 2. Hab. The Himalaya Mountains. Remark.—This is doubtless the species described by Mr. Blyth in his observations on the Sirrina as nearly allied to the S. cesia, without however assigning to it a specific name, an omission which I have now ventured to supply. 4. ON THE species oF ANoMIADS. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S. ETC. ETC. The European species of Anomiade have been much multiplied, while on the other hand the exotic species have been almost entirely neglected. The form, substance, surface and colour of the shell, which have been used to distinguish the species, were suspected by Montague to be dependent on the age of the specimens and the locality in which they happened to be found, and further researches have proved the accuracy of these observations. There being m the British Museum considerable series of speci- mens of this family from different localities, I have attentively exa- mined them, and believe that I have observed some characters by which they may be distinguished from each other, which are but little, if at all, modified by external circumstances or age. Mr. Cuming has kindly allowed me to examine the original spe- cimens of Placunanomia, described by Mr. Broderip, with some ad- ditional specimens which he has since received, and thus enabled me to identify the exotic species which have been described by that naturalist ; and also the collection of 4nomie contained in his ecabi- net, which has furnished me with several additional species. The species may be divided into two very distinct genera :— 1, ANomiA. Upper valve with three subcentral muscular scars ; the anterior upper lobe of the notch separated from the cardinal edge ; the plug entirely shelly, and quite free from the edge of the notch. 2. Pxracunanomra. Upper valve with two subcentral muscular sears ; the anterior upper lobe of the notch agglutinated to the car- dinal edge; plug shelly at the top and near the body to which it is attached, and with horny longitudinal lamine below and internally. No, CXCVIJ.—ProceEpineés or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. 114 I. Anomta. Upper valves with three subcentral muscular scars; byssal notch distinct ; the upper part of the anterior lobe of the notch separate from and often partially overlapping the front of the cardinal edge ; the plug thick, elongate, entirely shelly, and quite free from the edge of the notch. : Syn. Anomia, Miiller, 1776; Retzius, 1788; Lamk. 1801; Me- gerle, 1811; Schum. 1817. Anomia, pars, Linn. S. N. Anomia, A. Schumach. Essai, 1817. Echion and Echinoderma, sp. Poli, Mol. Sicil. Fenestrella, Bolten, 1798. Lampades, pars, Gevers, 1787. «« Enigma, Koch,” according to the cabinet of Mr. Cuming. I am by no means certain that all the species here indicated are distinct, or are to be distinguished by the characters here assigned to them, unassisted by the country which they inhabit ; but they seem distinct, and it appears to be desirable that they should be distin- guished until we have the means of more completely investigating them, and of examining and comparing the animals which form them. * The upper scar in dorsal valve large; two lower scars smaller, and nearly under the upper one. Shell suborbicular. ANOomtIA. + European. 1. ANOMIA EPHIPPIUM. Shell white, yellow, rosy or red-brown ; upper valve radiated ; in- ternally pearly. The upper scar large, oblong, the two others rather smaller, subequal, one above the other; the lowest of the two rather more behind. Plug large, broad, short ; the sinus in lower valve large. Anomia Ephippium, Linn. 8S. N. 1150; Chemn. viii. 82. t. 76. f. 692, 693; Mont. T. B.155; Lamk. Syst. 138 ; Dillw. R. S8.i. 286 ; Poli, Test. ii. 186. t. 20. f. 9, 10; Lamk. Hist. vi. 226, ed. 2. vii. 273. n. 1. Anomia Tunica Cepa, Dacosta, B. Conch. 165. t. 11. f. 3. Anomia cepa, Linn. S. N. 1151; Chemn. vii. 85. t. 76. f. 694, 695; Dillw. R. 8.1. 287 ; Poli, Test. ii. 182. t. 30. f.1-8 ; Lamk. H. v. 227, ed. 2. vil. 274. n. 3. ‘ Anomia violacea, Brug. Enc. Meth. 71. Anomia plicata, Brocch. Conch. 665. t. 16. f. 9. Anomia scabrella, Philippi, Sicil. i. 92. ii. 65. t. 18. f. 1. Anomia polymorpha, Philippi, Sicil. i. 92. u. 65. Anomia costata, Brocchi, 463. t. 10. f. 9. Anomia sulcata, Poli, Test. Sicil. t. 30. f.12; Brocch. t. 10. f. 2. Anomia radiata, Brocchi, t. 10. f. 10. Anomia pectiniformis, Poli, Sicil. t. 30. f. 13, on a Pecten ; Phi- lippi, Sicil. u. 63. t. 18. f. 3. Anomia margaritacea, Poli, Sicil. t. 30. f.11 ; Philippi, Sicil. ii. 63. Anomia electrica, Linn. S. N. 1151; Chemn. Conch. viii. t. 76. f.691; Lamk. Hist. vi. 227, ed. 2. vii. 274. n. 4. Proc. ZS. Mollusca P1.1V. 1. ANOMIA (PATROS) ELYROS. 2. ACHEUS. 115 Anomia squamula, Linn. 8. N. 1151; Chemn. Coneh. viii. 86. t. 76. f. 696; Lamk. Hist. vi. 228, ed. 2. vii. 275. n. 8. Anomia punctata, Chemn. Conch. viii. 88. t. 77. f. 698; Dillw. R. S. ii. 288. Anomia aculeata, Miller, Z. D. Prod. 249 ; Chemn. viii. 92. t. 77. f. 702; Mont. T. B. 157. t. 4. f.5; Dillw. R. S. i. 288. Anomia scabra, Solander MSS. fide Dillwyn. Anomia lens, Lamarck, Hist. vi. 228, ed. 2. vii. 276. n. 9. ? Anomia aspera, Philippi, Sicil. ii. 65. t. 18. f. 4. Anomia elegans, Philippi, Sicil. ii. 65. t. 18. f. 2. Anomia patelliformis, Chemn. C. viii. 89. t. 77. f. 700; Dillw. R.S. 1. 290. Anomia striatula, Bruguiére, Enc. Meth. 74. ? Anomia bifida, Chemn. Conch. viii. 79. t. 76. f. 689, 690 ; Dillw. R. S. 290. , Anomia cylindrica, Gmelin, S. N. 3349; Diliw. R. 8. i. 291. Anomia cymbiformis, Maton § Racket, Linn. Trans. viii. 104. t. 3. f. 6; Mont. Supp. 64. Anomia coronata, Bean, Mag. N. Hist. Anomia patellaris, Lamk. Hist. ed. 2. vii. 273. n. 2; Deles. Re- cueil, t. 17. f. 3. Anomia pyriformis, Lamk. Hist. vi. 227, ed. 2. vii. 275. n. 5; Deles. Rec. t. 17. f. 4. Anomia fornicata, Lamk. Hist. vi. 228, ed. 2. vii. 275.n.6 = Ene. M. t.170. f. 45. ? Anomia membranacea, Lamk. Hist. vi. 228, ed. 2. vii. 275. n. 7 = Enc. Meth. t.170. f. 1-3? ? Anomia cucullata, Bruguiére, H. M. 70. Hab. European Seas. Coast of Africa; Capt. Edward Owen. B. M. +t Asiatic. 2. ANOMIA AMABZUS. Flat, white, smooth ; internally pearly, with a very thin disk. Upper scar moderate ; lower scars 2, rather large (nearly as large as the upper one), confluent into a broad oblong scar. Hab. Philippines, Island Buraas (Jackass Island) ; on stones, sand, ten fathoms. 3. ANOMIA CYTZUM. Shell suborbicular, smooth ; internally reddish. ’ Upper muscular scar very large, subcordate ; lower 2, suborbicular, smaller, nearly equal-sized ; the upper in the notch of the upper one ; the lower hinder close to lower hinder edge of the upper one; sinus in lower valve large. Hab. China, River Zangtze Keang ; Fortune. Mus. Cuming ; two specimens. 4, ANOMIA DRYAS. 5 Suborbicular, flat, white ; upper valve internally and radiately lined. Upper scar large, oblong; lower scars 2, small, circular, nearly confluent, placed side by side nearly on the same line. 116 Hab. Singapore ; on dead shells, ten fathoms, in coarse sand and gravel. Mus. Cuming; one small specimen. 5. ANOMIA ACHEUS. Shell purplish, smooth ; umbo rather acute ; upper valve generally convex ; inside purplish white. Upper muscular scar large, lower edge slightly arched; lower scars 2, small, nearly equal-sized ; the hinder rather lower than the other. Hab. Indian Ocean, Kurachee, mouth of the Indus. Brit. Mus. and Mus. Cuming. Major Baker has kindly sent to the Museum a very large series of the dorsal valves of this species, collected at Kwrachee. They are ex- tremely variable in form, surface, colour and thickness, and they also offer considerable variety in the disposition of the muscular scar. In all the upper scar is largest, but variable in shape from round to broad cordate. In most the two lower scars are close together, but separate, and nearly on the same line. In others the lower scar is rather lower than the middle one, and in a few (four) specimens, which are mostly produced posteriorly, the lower scar is much lower; that is to say, in some the upper edge is parallel with the lower edge of the middle one. In one specimen the two lower scars are on the same line, and are confluent together, forming a scar about the same size as the upper scar, yet showing that the lower scar is formed by two muscles; so that this valve cannot be confounded with a Placu- nanomia. The examination of this series of specimens from the same locality I think shows, that though the comparative size and disposition of the scars may furnish good characters for the distinction of the species, yet they are not to be implicitly relied on. 6. AnomiA BELESIS. (Mollusca, pl. 4. fig. 3, 4.) White or red; the upper part of the centre of the dorsal valve white, externally radiately striated; apex acate, at some distance from the dorsal edge. Upper valve with three separate scars, the upper one very large oblong, and rather transverse; two lower ones very small, nearly equal- sized, and nearly on the same line. Hab. Indian Ocean’? General Hardwicke. Brit. Mus. ttt American. 7. ANOMIA ACONTES. Yellowish white, suborbicular, flat, smooth; disk pearly. Upper scar moderate, sttbcircular ; lower scars smaller, distant, circular, subequal, the lower one nearly on a line with the lower edge of the middle one. Hab. Jamaica; Gosse. Mus. Cuming; one small specimen. 8. ANOMIA FIDENAS. White, pearly, thin, flat, smooth externally, pearly within, with a thick white disk. 117 Upper scar large, elongate, arched below ; lower scars 2, small, cir- cular, far apart, the lower one considerably below the other. Hab. America, west coast. Panama; on Pinna at low water. Mus. Cuming, No. 2; three specimens. 9. ANOMIA ADAMAS. Red, thick, with numerous indistinct radiating ribs, most distinct on the edge of the lamina ; internally red, pearly, with a small white disk. Upper muscular scar oblong, arched below ; lower scars subequal, separate, but close together, and nearly on the same line. Hab. Galapagos; Lord Hood’s Island, attached to Avicula mar- garitifera at nine fathoms. Mus. Cuming, No. 5; three specimens. 10. ANOMIA PACILUS. Red, with distinct radiating ribs ; internally reddish pearly, with a thick white disk. Upper muscular scar oblong, broad, lower edge arched; lower scars 2, rather smaller, nearly similar in size, rather close together but separate, the hinder one rather lower than the other. Hab. Peru; Tambaz; dredged from five fathoms in soft mud. Mus. Cuming, No. 9. 11. ANOMIA LARBAS. Shell white, smooth, lower valve pale green. Upper muscular scar large; lower scars 2, nearly as large as, and close to, the upper one, nearly equal, and nearly in a line. Hab. Coast of Peru, Payta. Mus. Cuming. 12, ANOMIA ALECTUS. Irregular, upper valves convex, reddish, internally pearly ; lower valve green, internally green. Upper scar large, oblong ; lower scars 2, large, rather smaller than the upper one, close together, but not confluent ; the lowest one the largest. Hab. Peru, Bay of Guayaquil; Hinds. Mus. Brit., and Mus. Cu- ming, No. 7. 13. ANOMIA HAMILLUS. Reddish, thin, sinuous. Dorsal valve with a triangular, white, porcellanous disk. Upper scar large, roundish ; lower scars 2, separate, close together, nearly equal-sized, small, and nearly on the same line. Hab. West Columbia, Bay of Canes. Mus. Cuming, No. 6. 14. ANOMIA LAMPE. Shell yellowish green, radiately costated ; internally green. Upper muscular scar large, squareish ; lower two rather smaller, subequal, near together and to the upper scar, and nearly on the same line ; sinus in lower valve very large. Hab. California ; Lady Katherine Wigram, Mus. Brit. Mus. Cu- ming; three specimens. 118 15. ANOMIA TENUISTRIATA. Shell very variable in shape, regularly radiately striated ; sinus of lower valve very large, ovate. Dorsal valve with three nearly equal muscular scars very close to- gether; the two lower small, placed close together side by side, just on the lower margin of the upper scar, the hinder one being rather behind the hinder edge of the upper one. Ostrea anomialis, Lamk. Hist. A. s. V. vi. 220. Anomia Ephippium, Defrance, Dict. Sci. Nat. ii. Anomia striatula, Desh. Cog. Foss. Paris, t. 65. f. 7,11. Anomia tenuistriata, Desh. Cog. Foss. Paris, i. 377, in Lamk. Hist. vii. Fossil, Grignon. The very characteristic scars of the dorsal valve are well shown in M. Deshayes’ plate above referred to, but not mentioned in the de- scription. ** Upper scar of dorsal valves large; two lower scars smaller, far be- hind the upper one. Shell oblong, transverse. A&N1GMA, Koch. 16. ANOMIA NIGMATICA. Shell elongate, transverse, oblong, purple or yellowish, with a pur- plish disk ; apex acute, considerably within the dorsal edge. The upper scar large, suborbicular, subcentral ; lower scars 2, much more posterior, small, equal-sized, and nearly confluent. Tellina eenigmatica, Chemn. Conch. xi. t. 199. f. 1949, 1950. Anomia rosea, Gray, Ann. Philos. 1825, 5. Anomia znigmatica, Alton in Wiegmann Arch. 1837, Verz. 21; Reeve, Nomen. Conch. Hab. Indian Ocean. Var. 1. Elongate, purplish brown, smooth, flat. Chemn. I. c. f. 1949, 1950. Hab. Indian Ocean, on the surface of flat wooden piles, &e. Var. 2. Like former, but more elongated, and the sides folded together. Anomia naviformis, Jonas; fide Mus. Cuming. Mnigma, sp. Koch ; fide Mus. Cuming. fab. Manilla. Mus. Cuming. Var. 3. Flat, smooth ; like Var. 1, but yellow, with a dark purple- brown transverse ray. Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming. Var. 4. Flat, purple ; like Var. 1, but often more ovate, and with a few radiating ribs, ending in projections, making the edge sinuous. Hab. Singapore ; on piles of wood forming the wharves. Borneo. Mus. Cuming. *** Two upper scars small; lower one large. Shell suborbicular ; sinus small. Parro. 17. Anom1a ELyRos. (Mollusca, pl. 4. fig. 1, 2.) White, lamellar, closely radiately striated. 119 The disk of the upper valve with three separate subcircular scars ; the two upper scars small, subequal, one under the other; the lower one large, nearly circular, subcentral. Notch in lower valve very small. Plug small, elongate, subcylindrical ; the notch small, with reflexed edges. Hab. Port Essington ; Earl of Derby. Depuch Island ; Capt. Sir Everard Home, Bart. British Museum. Var. 1.? Shell very thin. Mus. Cuming. Var. 2. Very thick; disk white, very thick. Mus. Cuming. The small size of the upper scars in this species probably depends on the small size and elongated form of the plug. The other species, which have the upper scar the largest, have at the same time a larger notch and a broader plug. II. PLacunanomia. Upper or dorsal valve with two subcentral muscular scars; the upper scar radiately veined. Byssal notch distinct, converted into a hole by the upper part of the anterior lobe of the notch being sol- dered to and forming part of the cardinal edge: the plug triangular, gradually enlarging in size; the apex and outer surface next to the body to which it is attached, calcareous, longitudinally striated ; the inner surface covered with horny, longitudinal, parallel laminz, and more or less agglutinated to the edge of the notch. Syn. Placunanomia, Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, 29 ; Miller, Syn. 176; Desh. in Lamk. Hist. vii. 269. Anomia, 3, Schumacher, Essai, 1817. Anomia, pars, Blainv. Man. Moll. ; Montague ; Forbes § Hanley. Ostrea, sp. Da Costa; Montague. Placunonomia, D’ Orb. Amér. Mérid. Placunomia, Swains. Malac. 39, 1840. Pododesmus, Philippi, Wiegmann Arch. i. 385, 1837. Mr. Broderip, who established this genus, does not observe the _. character furnished by the muscular impressions, or the lobe of the notch: he merely says, “ Impressio muscularis in utraque valva sub- centralis. In valva superiore organi adhesionis impressio superad- dita.” And further, that “the organ of adhesion, which in its bony character (for it is more bone than shell) resembles that of Anomia, does not perforate the lower valve directly, but is inserted between the Jaminz of the internal surface of the lower valve, above the mus- cular impression and below the hinge, and passes out into an ex- ternal, irregular, somewhat longitudinal, superficial fissure or cica- triz, which is narrowest at the hinge margin, and which it entirely fills to a level with the surrounding surface.” This form is produced by the gradual increase of the size of the plug and the simultaneous increase of the size of the shell. Some have considered the “plug”’ or ‘‘stopper” of Anomia to be a third valve, which is evidently a mistake. Philippi (Moll/. Sicil. i. 92) considers it as the ossification of the tendon of the adductor muscle. Mr. Broderip, in the passage quoted, regards it as a done. In Dr. Dieffenbach’s Travels I have remarked: ‘“ The plug is evidently only 120 a modification of the kind of laminar beard formed by the end of the foot of the Ares (Arce) ; for, like it, it is formed-of numerous parallel, erect, longitudinal horny laminze, placed side by side, extending from the apex to the margin, and it is on these plates that the calcareous matter is deposited when the attachment assumes its shelly substance. The same structure is to be observed in the plug of the European Anomia Ephippium (striata).”’—Voy. New Zealand, ii. 261. Messrs. Forbes and Hanley compare it to the byssus of Pecten, and venture to predict that when the very young Anomiz have been observed, they will be found to be attached by threads like that genus (Brit. Moll.). T have examined a very small specimen of the genus, and found it laminar, like that of the adult shell. M. Philippi, when describing Pododesmus, appears to have ob- served only the upper of the two muscular scars, for he gives as the generic character, “‘ Impressio muscularis unica, ovata,’ and he only figures the larger upper one on the plate. The upper scar, which is usually of a larger size, and has its surface covered with radiating veins, while the lower is generally punctated, appears to be the one which gives rise to the muscle that is attached to the imner surface of the plug. * Shell plicately folded. Perforation of lower valve small, firml ~p | y embracing the plug. PLACUNANOMIA. 1, Puacunanomia Cuminait. Shell depressed ; edge of the valves with three or four large angular folds. Placunanomia Cumingii, Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, 29; Sow. Genera, t. ; Manual, t. A Hab. Central America; Gulf of Dulce, Province of Costa Rico. ** Shell ovate, radiately ribbed ; edge not plicated. Perforation of lower valve moderate, firmly embracing and inclosing the plug. PopopvEsmus. + American. 2. PLACUNANOMIA RUDIS. White ; disk brown ; smooth lamine. Upper valve with two rounded separate scars of nearly equal size, the hinder one rather more transverse. Placunanomia rudis, Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, 2. Pododesmus decipiens, Philippi, Wiegmann Arch. i. 1837, 387. t. 9. f. 1 (one scar left out). Hab. Kast Indies? Broderip. Havana; Philippi. West Indies ; Brit. Mus. 3. PLACUNANOMIA FOLIATA. White, smooth lamine, with very slight, distant, radiated ribs ; disk purple brown. Upper valve with two nearly united scars; the upper largest, and rather elongated ; lower small, rounded. 121 Placunanomia foliata, Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, 2. P. echinata, Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, 2. *P. pectinata, Brod.’ in Mus. Cuming. Hab. Eastern Columbia, Bay of Guayaquil. Isle of Muerte ; Bro- derip. Martinique, n. 6, and Brazils, n. 7; Mus. Cuming. Jamaica (upper valve of young only) ; Rev. L. Guilding ; Brit. Mus. The specimen of Placunanomia echinata, from the island of Nevis, in Mr. Cuming’s collection, appears to be only an imperfect specimen of this species. Mr. Broderip doubted if this might not be the case, when he described it. 4. PLACUNANOMIA ABNORMALIS. White, radiated, ribbed. Upper valve with two scars, confluent on the lower hinder edge ; the upper one rather the largest. « Placunomia abnormalis, Sow.’ in Brit. Mus. Hab. West Indies. These three species are very nearly related to each other, and if it were not for the difference in the position of the scars, might be taken for one. The first is white, and the two last have a brown blotch on the internal surface of the dorsal valve. *** Shell ovate, not plicated; radiately ribbed. Perforation of lower valve large, only slightly embracing the large thin plug. Monta. 5. PLACUNANOMIA MACROCHISMA. Upper valve with two scars, partly confluent on the lower hinder edge ; the upper scar largest. Lower valve with an oval oblique scar, narrowed behind, rather in front of the plug. Anomia macrochisma, Deshayes, Rev. Soc. Cuvier. 1839, 359 ; Mag. de Zool. 1841, t. 34. Placunanomia Broderipii, Gray, B. M. 1842, and Mus. Cuming. Hab. Kamtschatka ; Deshayes. “Onalaski,” Mus. Cuming. ‘ Ca- gayan, Lucon,” fide “ G. B. Sowerby,” in Brit. Mus. M. Deshayes observes: “On sait que dans le plus grand nombre des Anomies la perforation se reduit ordinairement en un simple échancrure, parce que les deux parties du bord supérieur ne se rejoi- gnent jamais. Ici au contraire le trou est complete, et la valve est réellement perforée.” This character is common to all the species of Placunanomia. M. Deshayes does not figure nor describe the plug. I think the habitat assigned to this species by Mr. G. B. Sowerby must be a mistake. It is the specimen referred to by Mr. Broderip in the observations on the genus in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society. 6. PLACUNANOMIA CEPIO. Scars 2, far apart; upper very large, ovate, longitudinal, central; & lower smaller, oblong, oblique, rather behind the upper. Plug large, flat, broad. Notch large, wide. Hab, Calitornia ; Lady Katherine Wigram; Brit. Mus. 122 7. PLACUNANOMIA ALOPE. Upper valve flat, smooth, radiately striated. Scars two, well sepa- rated, rounded, equal-sized. Hab. California; Lady Katherine Wigram. Two upper valves in British Museum. ++ European. 8. PLACUNANOMIA PATELLIFORMIS. Shell suborbicular, convex or quite flat, radiately striated ; inner disk greenish. Apex rather within the dorsal margin. The upper muscular scar of the dorsal valve very large, oblong ; the lower one small, roundish, on the lower part of the hinder margin of the upper one. The peduncle of the cartilage with a triangular cavity in front, under the tip, and continued in an oblong rib-like ridge towards the centre of the shell. Anomia patelliformis, Linn. 8. N. 1152; Nov. Act. Upsal. 1773, i. 42. t. 5. f.6, 7; Retzius, Nov. Gen. Test. ii. ; Sars, fide Mus. Cu- ming ; Loven, Moll. Scand. 30; Forbes § Hanley, Brit. Moll. 334. t.56; Wood, Index Test. t. 10. f. 10, not Chemn. Squama Magna, Chemn. Conch. vii. 87. t. 77. f. 697. Anomia Squama, Gmelin, S. N.; Schumacher, Essai. Ostreum striatum, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 162. t. 11. f. 4. Anomia undulatim striata, &c., Chemn. Conch. viii. 8. t. 77. f. 699. Anomia undulata, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. 3346; Mont. Test. Brit. 157. t. 4. f.6; Maton § Racket, Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 103 ; Turton, Conch. Dict. 4. Bivalves, 230. t. 18. f. 8,9; Dillw. R. 8. i. 289; Wood, Index Test. t. 11. f. 9. Ostrea striata, Pulteney in Hist. Dorset, 36 ; Donovan, B. Shells, il. t. 45; Mont. T. B. 153, 580. Anomia striata, Loven, Index Moll. Scand. 29 ; Forbes § Hanley, Brit. Moll.:336. t..55. f. 1,6. t: 53. £26. Hab. Coast of Europe. British Seas, Lister. North Sea, Sars, fide Mus. Cuming, n. 51. This species is easily known from the other European species by being generally thicker and regularly radiately ribbed, and greenish ; but the number and position of the muscular scars at once separate it from all the multiform varieties of that species. Some authors, over- looking the latter character, have been inclined to regard it as a mere variety. I may remark, that the large series of this species which I have examined has shown that the position of the two muscles is liable to a slight variation ; in by far the larger number of specimens the small lower muscle is quite close to and confluent with the scar of the upper larger muscle, but in a few specimens it is separated from the upper larger one by a small interval or space. This has induced me to be- lieve that probably the three West Indian species of the genus may prove, when a larger series of specimens have been collected and com- pared, only varieties of the same species. 123 ttt Australian. 9. PLACUNANOMIA ZEALANDICA. Suborbicular, white, smooth; upper valve with distant radiating grooves ; internally dark green. Upper valve with two confluent scars ; upper oblong, longitudinal, lower rather small and more transverse. Anomia Zealandica, Gray, in Dieffenbach’s New Zealand, ii. 261, 1843. Hab. New Zealand ; on the inside of mussel shells. 10. PLACUNANOMIA IONE. Shell white, laminar ; edge of the laminz with small, slender, elon- gated processes ; internally green. Lower muscular scars small, round, on the lower hinder edge of the larger one ; sinus or perforations large. . = Hab. Australia, Sydney; on rocks, Mr. Strange. lyvr Mus. Cuming; three specimens. ? Van Diemen’s Land. — Dr. Sinclair, Brit. Mus., a single dorsal valve. 11. PLacuNANOMIA COLON. Shell (upper valve) flat, with rather irregular, flat, radiating ribs ; white, lower spotted ; upper valve with two separate scars ; the upper one oblong, longitudinal, the lower much smaller, circular. Hab. ? Mr. Cuming’s Collection (no. 10). Mr. Humphrey’s Collection ; a single upper valve of a rather young shell. Here may be added the description of a new genus, intermediate between this family and Placunide. III. Hemreracuna. Shell free ; valves orbicular, flat, external surface minutely laminar and radiately striated, especially on the edge of the plates; muscular scar in each valve single, nearly central, circular ; the right valve flat, with a large oblong, elevated transverse process for the cartilage, having a very small concavity in the inner surface in front of the car- tilaged process representing the sinus in Anomia ; the left valve rather more convex, with an oblong transverse pit for the internal cartilage under the umbo. Hemiplacuna, G. B. Sowerby, MSS. This shell has all the external characters of the flat species of Pla- cuna, and has the same muscular impression ; but instead of having the two linear diverging ridges and grooves to give attachment to the cardinal cartilage, it has an oblong elevated process in the right valve, and an oblong cavity in the left, exactly similar to those found in the genus Anomia; and on the inner surface of the right valve, just in front of the base of the process which supports the cartilages, there is a small shallow roundish pit with a short furrow towards the centre of the shell, which is evidently a rudimentary representation of the sinus found in the genus dAnomia. This sinus is not visible on the outer surface of the shell. 22, 124 , This shell forms a most excellent passage between the genus Ano- mia, or rather Placunanomia, and Placuna. It shows the gradual change which takes place between the three genera. In Anomia there are two muscles for the purpose of attaching itself to ma- rine bodies, which form a plug which is free from the sinus of the shell. In Placunanomia there is only a single muscle to perform the same office, but in the more typical species of this genus the plug itself is affixed into the surface of the shell, forming, as it were, part of its substance. In Hemiplacuna and Placuna there is no muscle or plug for attachment, and the shells are free; but in Hemiplacuna there is a rudimentary development of the sinus through which the plug is emitted, and the ligament which connects the shell is of the same form as that found in the genera Anomia and Placuna- nomia. Mr. George B. Sowerby kindly showed me this shell, which he purchased with a number of other fossil shells brought from the Red Sea. He informed me that he intends to describe it at length, and give it the name which I have with his permission here used. The specimen now forms part of the British Museum collection. I imme- diately recognized in it the species of Placuna figured by M. Rozitre in his plates of the fossils of the Red Sea, engraved in Napoleon’s large work on Egypt. The name for the genus is not consistent with the Linnean canon ; but I use it rather than attempt to form a less objectionable one, and thus burthen the genus with two names. Hemrevacuna Roziert. Placuna, sp., Roziére, Description d Egypte, Minéralogie, t.11. f.6. Hemiplacuna Rozieri, G. B. Sow. MSS. Anomia? or Placuna? Desh. in Lamk. Hist. vii. 270, note. Fossil. Shore of the Red Sea; Vallée de Egarement. 5. On THE Hasirat or CypR#A UMBILICATA, SOWERBY. By Ronaup Gunn, Ese. In a LETTER TO J. E. Gray, Ese. Mr. Gunn, the enthusiastic and intelligent naturalist in Launces- ton, Van Diemen’s Land, from whom we have received so many pro- ductions of that island, has most kindly sent to the British Museum a fine specimen of the above shell, which was described by Mr. Sow- erby in the Appendix to the Tankerville Catalogue. Mr. Gunn in his letter observes :— ‘* Cowries, found upon the east shore of Barren Island, one of Hun- ter’s islands, N.W. of Van Diemen’s Land. Considerable numbers of the dead shell of this species were to be seen lying upon a deep bed of the dead shells of a species of Pectunculus. **T will send you a Cowry which is new: it is most closely allied to Cyprea eximia of Strzelecki, ‘Physical Description of New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land ;’ at all events it is not figured in Reeve’s monograph of the genus. It is larger than C. eximia. Iam not perfectly clear that it will prove to be the same; if so, it will 125 corroborate an opinion which I have some time held, that the C. ewi- mia was not a fossil, but carried inland by the aborigines, and fell from near the surface to the position in which it was said to be found. Vide pp. 296, 297.” 6. On Cypr#A UMBILICATA AND C. EXIMIA OF SOWERBY. By J. E. Gray, Ese. Cyprea umbilicata was described from a single specimen which was formerly in the Tankerville Collection and is now in the British Museum. From its external resemblance to some specimens of Cy- prea Pantherina, some peculiarities in its formation, and especially from certain apparent irregularities in its teeth, it has been thought that it might be a monstrosity or irregular growth of that species. The discovery of the habitat by Mr. Gunn, who has kindly sent two specimens of the species to Europe, has removed this impression, and shown that it is a distinct species; and that what was regarded as the irregularities in the plaits of the front of the pillar, is in fact the normal form of the species. Such being the case shows that the species should be removed from the genus Cyprwa, as restricted in my monograph in the Zoo- logical Journal, and placed in the genus Cyprovula, first described in that work. The shell, instead of having the single large plait in front of the inner lip separated from other plaits by a wide space, has the front of the inner lip covered with several oblique plaits, nearly up to the front edge of the notch. It also agrees with Cyprovula in the spire being concave or sunken, forming a deep umbilicus. Cyprea eximia, figured in Strzelecki’s ‘New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land,’ is a very nearly allied species, and equally a Cyprovula (evimia). It differs in the body being more globular and the canal longer. Both these species are to be distinguished from the other Cyprovule by the canal at each end of the mouths being more developed and produced: they also both have a somewhat an- gular depression across the upper part of the anterior canal, at the an- terior extremity of the dorsal line, evidently formed by the junction of the two expansions of the mantle in this part. The elongation of the canals, and the depression above referred to, are more developed in Cyprovula eximia than in Cyprovula umbilicata. They are, especially the latter, the giants of the genus. The original specimen of C. eximia is in the cabinet of Mr. John Morris of Ken- sington. To give some idea of the extraordinary price which is now some- times required for shells, I may state that the second specimen of this Cowry, sent home by Mr. Gunn to a London collector, was offered by him to Miss Saul for £30, and eventually realised that price. 126 7. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CYTHEREA. By Lovey Reeve, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ere. CyTHereA NosILis. Cyth. testd orbiculari-cordatd, crassd, trans- versim concentrice liratd, liris rudibus, obtusis, subplanulatis, numerosis, crebris, valdé irregularibus, hic illic intermissis, non parallelis ; lacted, epidermide tenui corned, translucidd, indutd. Long. 41 in.; lat. 23 in. ; alt. 4 in. Hab. 2 This fine species, from the collection of A. L. Gubba, Esq., is di- stinguished by a peculiarity in the form and arrangement of the con- centric ribs with which it is sculptured. They are very numerous, flattened, close-set, and extremely irregular, now narrow, now broad, each one varying irregularly in width and now and then suddenly in- termitted. It is of a pure cream-colour, covered with a thin, horny, transparent epidermis. Mr. Gubba obtained it from a vessel in Havre-de-grace, but could not ascertain its locality. 8. DESCRIPTIONS OF TWENTY-FOUR NEW SPECIES OF HELICEA, FROM THE COLLECTION or H. Cumine, Esa. By Dr. L. Preirrer. 1, Srrepraxis GLABRA, Pfr. Str. testd umbilicatd, depresse ovatd, tenui, pellucida, virescenti-albidd, omnino glabrd ; spird laterali, acutiusculd ; suturd albo-marginatd ; anfractibus 6 conveaxtusculis, penultimo inflato, ultimo antrorsum deviante ; umbilica angusto, non pervio; aperturd perobliqud, semicircu- lari, dente minuto parietis aperturalis munitd ; peristomate albo, subincrassato, breviter reflexo. Diam. maj. 8, min. 6, alt. 5 mill. Hab. Demerara. 2. Srrepraxis Cuminerana, Pfr. Str. testd perforatd, de- presso-globosd, soliduld, glabrd, virenti-albidd ; spird sublate- rali, conoided ; anfractibus 7 angustissimis, subplanis, penul- timo prominulo, ultimo antrorsum deviante ; aperturd perobli- qud, auriformi, lamella intrante parietis aperturalis coarctatd; peristomate simplice, breviter expanso, marginibus callo tenui junctis, dextro arcuato, inferne dente 1 acuto munito, basali stricto, dente | transverse elongato instructo, columellari bre- vissimo, ad perforationem non perviam subreflexo. Diam. maj. 62, min, 51, alt. 4 mill. Locality unknown. 3. Hetrx Monssont, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, turbinatd, tenui, levi, carinatd, striis incrementi et lineis confertissimis impres- sis, oblique antrorsum descendentibus subtilissime decussatd, diaphand, albidd, rubro-unicingulatd ; spird conoided, apice obtusiusculd ; suturd submarginatd; anfractibus 6 subplanu- latis, ultimo magno, infra cingulum carinato (carind anticé ob- § 127 soletd), basi convexiusculo ; aperturd obliqud, subangulato-lu- nari; peristomate simplice, recto, margine columellari supra perforationem breviter reflexo. Diam. maj. 38, min. 33, alt. 23 mill. Locality unknown. 4. Hewix ausicans, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, depressd, stria- tuld, sublevigatd, nitidd, hyalino-albidd ; spird via elevatd ; suturd impressd, marginatd ; anfractibus 5 planiusculis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo non descendente, subrotundato, circa per- Sorationem impresso ; aperturd verticali, late lunari ; peristo- mate simplice, acuto, margine columellari brevissimé reflexo. Diam. maj. 8, min. 7, alt. 4 mill. Hab. in insula Jamaica. 5. Hexrx puHLocopuora, Pfr. H. testd subperforatd, depres- suld, tenuissimd, striatuld, pellucidd, nitidd, fulvo-luted, flam- mulis angulatis et serrulatis rufis confertis pictd ; spird parum elevatd, apice subpapillatd ; anfractibus 34 convexis, rapide accrescentibus, ultimo depresso, basi planiusculo ; aperturd per- obliqud, rotundato-lunari ; peristomate simplice, recto, margine columellari subreflexo. Diam. maj. 61, min. 54, alt. 3 mill. Locality unknown. 6. Hexrx sericaTuta, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, depressd, dis- coided, subtiliter et confertim costulatd, striatd, subsericd, gri- seo-corned, liners brunneis irregularibus radiatd ; spird pland ; anfractibus 4% vix convexiusculis, ultimo subrotundato, juxta perforationem subimpresso ; aperturd subverticali, late lunari; peristomate simplice, recto, obtusiusculo, margine basali declivi, superné reflexo, perforationem feré occultante. Diam. maj. 43, min. 4, alt. 22 mill. Hab. ad Port Jackson (Mr. Strange). 7. Hewrx nosiuis, Pfr. H. testd anguste umbilicatd, subturbi- nato-depressd, solidd; striatd, lineis impressis concentricis et abliquis subtiliter decussatd, fulvd ; spird parum elevatd, sub- turbinatd ; anfractibus 6 parum convexis, ultimo medio circulo elevato, obtuso cincto, infra eum fascid saturate castaned, deor- sum dilutd, ornato, circa umbilicum pallido ; aperturd ampld, parum obliqud, late lunari, intus margaritaced ; peristomate simplice, recto, margine columellari ad umbilicum in laminam brevem, triangularem reflexo. Diam. maj. 53, min. 45, alt. 30 mill. Hab. in insula Borneo, var. pallida in insulis Philippinis. 8. Herrx porneensis, Pfr. H. testd oblique perforata, de- pressd, tenuiusculd, striis incrementi distinctis et lineis obli- quis, impressis, crebris decussatd, saturate fulvd ; spird vie ele- vatd, obtusd ; anfractibus 4 parum convexis, celeriter accrescen- 128 re tibus, ultimo medio zond nigricante, deorsum dilutd, ornato ; suturd lined impressd marginatd ; aperturd obliqud, ampld, transverse lunari-ovali, intus margaritaced, fascid pellucente ; peristomate simplice, acuto, margine columellari in laminam brevem, triangularem, umbilicum semitegentem, reflexo. Diam. maj. 52, min. 42, alt. 25 mill. Hab. in insula Borneo. 9. Heurx arricana, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, depressd, tenui, nitidd, minutissimé striatuld, lineis confertis, concentricis, im- pressis sub lente minutissime decussatd, rufo-fuscd vel pallide corned ; spird brevissimé conoided, apice subelevato ; suturd submarginatd ; anfractibus 7 vix convexiusculis, sensim accres- centibus, ultimo carinato (carind antice obsoletd), non descen- dente, basi paulo convexiore ; aperturd depressd, latd, lunari ; peristomate simplice, recto, acuto, margine columellari supra perforationem brevissime reflexo. Diam. maj. 26, min. 23, alt. 13 mill. Hab. ad Axim in littore oecidentali Africee. 10. Hexrx sanpvicensis, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, discoided, striatd, nitiduld, luteo-corned ; spird pland ; suturd impressd ; anfractibus 5-6 lenté accrescentibus, ultimo depresso, basi vix convexiore ; umbilico lato, dimidium ferée diametri oceupante ; aperturd parum obliqud, lunari-rotundatd ; peristomate sim- plice, recto, tenui, marginibus conniventibus. Diam. maj. 18, min. 15, alt. 5 mill. Hab. in insulis Sandwich. 11. Hexix Jacaurinoti, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, fornicato- conoided, soliduld, acute carinatd, confertim arcuato-costatd, albo et fusco variegatd ; spird conoided, obtusd ; anfractibus 8 angustis, omnibus carinatis (carind exsertd, compressd, costis decurrentibus denticulatd), ultimo basi vie convexiusculo, radia- tim striato ; umbilico extus lamind horizontali coarctato, intus lato; aperturd depressd, securiformi, lamellis 6 intrantibus munitd : 2 in pariete aperturali elongatis, 1 columellari et 3 in margine basali profundis, vix conspicuis ; peristomate simplice, recto, acuto, margine basali in lamellam umbilici introitum cir- cumclaudentem continuato. Diam. maj. 9, min. 84, alt. 5 mill. Had. in insula Tahiti, et in insulis Marquesas. 12. Herxix coarctata, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, depressd, distanter arcuato-costatd et sub lente minutissimée spiraliter striatd, fusculd, brunneo-tessellatd ; spird fornicatd, superné depressd ; anfractibus 8} angustis, carinatis, ultimo infra pe- nultimum recedente, tertiam pagine infere penultimi partem liberam relinquente, basi vie convexiusculo, obsolete radiatim costato, distinctius concentricée striato; umbilico lato, extus lamind horizontali coarctato; aperturd depressd, securiformi, 129 lamellis 6 intrantibus munitd: 2 in pariete aperturalh, 2 in margine basali, 1 in supero, | dentiformi in columelld ; peri- stomate simplice, recto, acuto, margine basali retrorsum in la- minam, umbilicum coarctantem, continuatd. Diam. 64, alt. 34 mill. Hab. in insula Tahiti. 13. Heuix nympua, Pfr. H. testd imperforatd, globoso-de- pressd, tenui, oblique striatuld, nitidd, diaphand, virenti-albidd ; spird brevissimd, apice obtusd ; suturd albo-filosd ; anfractibus 4 subplanis, rapide accrescentibus, ultimo subdepresso, basi con- vexo ; columelld intrante, subverticali, compressd, albd; aper- turd obliqud, late lunari ; peristomate simplice, tenui, castaneo- limbato, margine supero recto, basali breviter reflexo, cum colu- melld angulum obtusum formante. Diam. maj. 32, min. 26, alt. 18 mill. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. 14. Hexrx rricotor, Pfr. HH. testd lenticulari-convided, tenui, carinatd, undique confertim concentrice striatd, hyalind, su- perne lineis albis et ad suturam fascid albd, castaneo-punctatd ornatd; spird brevi, conoided, apice obtusd; anfractibus 4 pla- niusculis, ultimo carind albd, lineis castaneis marginatd et arti- culatd munito, superne et ad carinam subitod deflexo, basi juxta columellam subgibbo ; aperturd angustd, perobliqud, subqua- drangulari ; peristomate simplice, castaneo-limbato, margine dextro recto, basali breviter reflexo, columellari perdeclivi, in- trorsum dilatato, excavato, saturate castaneo. Diam. maj. 34, min. 29, alt. 17 mill. Hab. St. Christovyal, ins. Salomonis. 15. Hexrx recepens, Pfr. H. testd imperforatd, subsemiglo- bosd, solidd, carinatd, superné confertim costulato-striatd, pal- lide carned ; spird fornicatd ; suturd vie impressd ; anfracti- bus 6 planiusculis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo a medio infra penultimum recedente, basi planiusculo, striato; carind rufo- lineatd ; aperturd obliqud, angulato-lunari; peristomate sub- simplice, margine dextro recto, basali subincrassato, columellari brevissime reflexo. Diam. 12, alt. 7 mill. Locality unknown. 16. Hexix Sauurana, Pfr. H. testd imperforatd, conied, tenui- usculd, striatuld et impressionibus obsoletis rugosuld, parum nitidd, diaphand, cinereo-lutescente, ad peripheriam fasciis 2 fusco-viridibus, punctisque castaneis ornatd ; spird conied, acu- tiusculd; anfractibus 5 convexiusculis, ultimo lineis concentricis impressis notato, subangulato, basi parum convexo ; aperturd parum obliqud, lunari-ovali, intus nitidd, concolore, fasciis nigri- cantibus ; peristomate tenui, rectangule expanso et reflexiusculo, albo, margine columellari superneé diiatato, calloso. No. CXCVIII.—ProcrepinGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 130 Diam. maj. 30, min. 24, alt. 24 mill. Hab. in ripis fluvii St. Johan. Guatemalz (Sallé). 17. Hewix puarystyua, Pfr. H. testd imperforatd, conicd, so- lidd, costulato-striatd, albidd, lined rufd ad suturam ornatd ; spird conicd, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 6 convexiusculis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo obsolete angulato, basi subplano ; aper- turd obliqud, late lunari ; peristomate simplice, marginibus sub- parallelis, dextro breviter expanso, columellari superne perdi- latato, calloso. Diam. maj. 22, min. 19, alt. 19 mill. Hab. in insulis Moluccis ? 18. Hetrx previrria, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, globoso-de- pressd, pilis brevissimis, rigidis, quincuncialiter dispositis asperd, haud nitidd, saturate brunned ; spird parum elevatd, obtusd ; anfractibus vie 5 convexiusculis, ultimo rotundato, antice subdeflexo, circa umbilicum angustum subcompresso ; aperturd obliqud, rotundato-lunari, intus nitidd ; peristomate tenui, brunneo-carneo, breviter expanso, marginibus conniventi- bus, columellart subdilatato-reflexo. Diam. maj. 12, min. 10, alt. 64 mill. Hab. in ora orientali Novee Hollandize (Mr. Strange). 19. ‘Hevix Baskervityet, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, globoso- depressd, solidd, striis incrementi rugulosis, lineisque spiralibus impressis subgranulatd, olivaceo-fuscd, parum nitidd ; spird subconoideo-elevatd, apice obtusiusculd ; suturd impressd, cre- nulatd ; anfractibus 64 angustis, convexiusculis, ultimo rotun- dato, antice vix descendente ; aperturd parum obliqud, lunari, dente lingueformi albo parietis aperturalis, oblique intrante, coarctatd ; peristomate validé carneo-labiato, margine dextro arcuato et basali subhorizontali, laté subdentato late expansis et reflexis, columellari brevi, perdilatato, umbilicum angustum semitegente. Diam. maj. 24, min. 19, alt. 14 mill. Hab. Vancouver's Island (Lieut. Baskerville). 20. Heiix connivens, Pfr. H. testd angusté umbilicatd, de- pressd, solidd, striis incrementi distinctis, lineisque subtilibus concentricis sub lente decussatd, corneo-stramined, nitiduld ; spird parum elevatd ; suturd impressd; anfractibus 6 parum convexis, ultimo antice non descendente, peripherid subangu- lato, basi convexiore; aperturd obliqud, late lunari, intus al- bidd ; peristomate intus valide albo-labiato, marginibus conni- ventibus, dextro acuto, parum expanso, basali breviter reflexo, columellari superne dilatato, patente. Diam. maj. 26, min. 22, alt. 14 mill. Hab. Liew-Kiew. 21. Hexrx Gataerostoma, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, convexo- 131 orbiculatd, solidd, striatd, sub lente granulatd, fulvd ; spird brevi, fornicatd, obtusd ; anfractibus 4} convexiusculis, sensim accrescentibus, penultimo angulato, ultimo subdepresso, anticé deflexo, basi subangulatim in umbilicum, mediocrem, pervium, 4 diametri vix superantem descendente ; aperturd perobliqua, lunari-ovali, intus lacted; peristomate simplice, fusculo-lim- bato, marginibus conniventibus, callo junctis, dextro brevissime expanso, basali subreflexo, columellari albo, supra umbilicum dilatato-reflexo. Diam. maj. 36, min. 31, alt. 18 mill. Had. in insula Madagascar. 22. Hexix rosarivm, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, depressd, tenui, superne subtilissimé granulatd, diaphand, pallide fulvd, flam- mis a suturd exeuntibus, cingulisque 3 interruptis, moniliformi- bus rufis ornatd; spird pland; anfractibus vix 5 convevis, ultimo subdepresso, antice non descendente, basi radiatim stria- tulo et lineis impressis spiralibus distantibus notato, circa um- bilicum mediocrem, infundibuliformem subcompresso ; apertura parum obliqud, lunato-subtriangulari ; peristomate albo-labiato, breviter reflero, margine supero ab insertione primum ascen- dente, tum sinuato, basali strictiusculo, repando, columellari brevi, triangulatim patente. Diam. maj. 21, min. 17, alt. 9 mill. : Locality unknown. 23. Buxtimus (PartuLa) pecussatuLus, Pfr. B. testd perfo- ratd, ovato-conicd, tenui, striis incrementi lineisque spiralibus minutissime decussatuld, vie nitiduld, fulvescenti-albidd, dia- phand; spird brevi, conicd, obtusiusculd ; suturd mediocri ; anfractibus 44 convexis, ultimo % longitudinis equante, rotun- datd; columelld subplicatd, recedente; aperturd angulato- ovali; peristomate simplice, tenui, marginibus conniventibus, dextro campanulatim expanso, columellari super perforationem reflexo. Long. 15, diam. 82 mill.; ap. 9 mill. longa, 64 lata. Hab. in insula Navigatorum. 24. Bunimus (Partuta) NAvicaTorivs, Pfr. B. testd dex- trorsd, perforata, oblongo-ovatd, solidd, obsolete granulato- striatd, nitiduld, fulvd, lineis confertis saturatioribus signatd ; spird conicd, acutiusculd ; suturd levi, albo-marginatd ; an- fractibus 5 planiusculis, ultimo spiram superante; aperturd oblongd, angustd, intus albidd, dente calloso parvulo profundo in ventre anfractis penultimi munitd ; peristomate subincras- sato, intus valide albo-labiato, marginibus parallelis, dextro breviter expanso, medio subdentato, columellari dilatato, plano, reflexo. Long. 23, diam. 11 mill.; ap. (ec. perist.) 13 mill. longa, 8 lata. Hab. in insula Nayigatorum. 132 9. DESCRIPTIONS OF TWELVE NEW SPECIES OF VITRINA AND SuccINEA, FROM THE CoLLecTIon or H. Cuming, Esa. By Dr. L. PFEIFFER. 1. Virrina Luzonica, Pfr. V. testd depressd, tenui, levigatd, nitidd, pellucidd, aured; spird planiusculd ; suturd simplice, viz impressd ; anfractibus 3 sensim accrescentibus, ultimo sub- depresso, peripherid rotundato, basi lato; aperturd obliqud, lunari-ovali ; peristomate tenui, margine supero antrorsum sub- arcuato, columellari tenuissimo, declivi. Diam. maj. 74, min. 52, alt. 4 mill. Hab. Sorsogon, insulee Luzon (H. Cuming). 2. Virrina VerREAUXI, Pfr. V. testd depressd, striatuld, tenui, diaphand, parum nitente, olivaceo-fulvd ; spird subpla- nulatd; suturd impressd, marginatd; anfractibus 34 rapide accrescentibus, ultimo depresso, basi angusto, planiusculo ; aperturd perobliqud, ampld, lunari-ovali ; peristomate simplice, acuto, marginibus approximatis, dextro antrorsum arcuato, columellari breviter recedente, leviter arcuato. Diam. maj. 13, min. 10, alt. 6 mill. Hab. in Australia (Verreaux). 3. Virrina STRANGE, Pfr. V. testd depressd, tenuissimd, la- vigatd, nitidd, fusco- vel virenti-corned ; spird parvd, vie con- vextusculd, vertice subtil, laterali ; suturd impressd, submargi- natd ; anfractibus 3 vie convexiusculis, rapide accrescentibus, ultimo superné depresso, peripherid rotundato, basi convewxiore ; apertura obliqud, ampld, lunari-subcirculari ; peristomate sim- plice, obtusulo, marginibus approaimatis, dextro antrorsum di- latato, columellari recedente, perarcuato, angustissimée membra- naceo-marginato. Diam. maj. 10, min. 73, alt. 5 mill. Hab. Brisbane, in ora orientali Novee Hollandiz (Strange). 4. Succinea acuta, Pfr. S. testd oblongd, subfusiformi, tenui, distincté striatd et minute malleatd, nitidissimd, pellucidd, rosed, epidermide decidud fulvé munitd ; spird subelongatd, co- nicd, acutd; suturd profundd ; anfractibus 4 convexis, ultimo 3 longitudinis vix equante, basi attenuato; columella subcal- losd, substrictée recedente ; aperturd axi fere paralleld, oblongo- ovali, superne angulatd ; peristomate simplice, tenui, margine dextro leviter arcuato. Long. 20, diam. 94, alt. 7 mill.; ap. 12 mill. longa, medio 7 lata. Hab. in Britannia, prope Scarborough. It is impossible to join this beautiful shell to any of the varieties of 8. putris, from which it differs by its colour, by the elongated and sharply-pointed spire, whorls more convex, nearly straight columella, and oblong-ovate aperture. 5. SuccineEa suBGRANOSA, Pfr. SS. testd elliptico-ovatd, tenui, 133 subgranulato-striatd, diaphand, parum nitidd, pallide corned ; spird brevi, obtusiusculd; anfractibus vix 3 convexis, ultimo basi attenuato ; columella substricté recedente, superné leviter callosd ; aperturd parum obliqud, subangulato-ovali, intus niti- dissimd ; peristomate simplice, acuto, margine dextro mediocri- ter arcuato. Long. 81, diam. 5, alt. feré 4 mill.; ap. 6 mill. longa, 4 lata. Hab. Kurmant, Indie, varietas ventrosior, albida prope Caleutta. 6. Succinea 1npica, Pfr. 8. testd depressée oblongd, tenuissimd, longitudinaliter plicatuld, pellucidd, pallide corned ; spird brevi, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus vix 3, penultimo convexiusculo, ulti- mo 2 longitudinis equante ; columella substricté fere ad basin recedente, superné calloso-marginatd ; aperturd axi feré paral- leld, basi recedente, ovali-oblongd, angulatd, intus nitidissimd ; peristomate acuto, margine dextro leviter arcuato. Long. 17, diam. 74, alt. 6 mill.; ap. 12 mill. longa, infra medium 7 lata. Hab. Bleensal, Indie. 7. Succtnea Bensont, Pfr. 8S. testd ovato-conicd, tenui, re- gulariter confertim striatd, pellucidd, sericind, luteo-cornea ; spird conicd, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 3, penultimo convexius- culo, ultimo 2 longitudinis equante ; columella callo tenui in- dutd, vix arcuatd, recedente; aperturd ovali; peristomate tenui, margine dextro mediocriter arcuato. Long. 8, diam. 5, alt. 34 mill.; ap. 5 mill. longa, 3 lata. Hab. Moradabad, Indie (Mr. Benson). 8. Succinea prcTa, Pfr. SS. testd semiovatd, tenuissimd, longi- tudinaliter striatuld et irregulariter plicatd, pellucidd, nitidis- simd, rubenti-fulvd, roseo-albido strigatd; spird minimd, papil- latd ; suturd levi; anfractibus 23, ultimo inflato, anticé lineis impressis spiralibus notato ; columella superné subcallosd, rece- dente, leviter arcuatd ; aperturd ampld, parum obliqud, angu- - lato-ovali, intus rubenti-fulvd ; peristomate simplice, ad inser- tionem subinflexo. Long. 17, diam. 11, alt. 7 mill.; ap. 15 mill. longa, medio 9 lata. Hab. Diana Peak, insulee St. Helenze. (On the leaves of cabbage- trees.) 9. Succinea SALLEANA, Pfr. S. testd depressé ovatd, tenuis- simd, striatuld, lineis spiralibus impressis irregulariter notatd, pellucidd, nitidd, corneo-albidd ; spird brevissimd, subpapillatd ; anfractibus 21, penultimo convexo, ultimo + longitudinis supe- rante; columella subcallosd, stricte recedente; aperturd axi sub- paralleld, angulato-ovali; peristomate submarginato, margine dextro vie arcuato. Long. 19, diam. 10, alt. 7 mill.; ap. 16 mill. longa, infra medium 9 lata. Hab. New Orleans (Mr. Sallé). 134 10. Succingea pustiua, Pfr. S. testd ovatd, tenui, striatuld, sub lente obsoleté decussatd, diaphand, parum nitidd, pallide corned ; spird brevi, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 24, penultimo convexo, ultimo % longitudinis equante ; columelld vix arcuatd, recedente ; aperturd obliqud, ovali; peristomate simplice, mar- gine dextro superné subincurvato, tum strictiusculo. Long. 42, diam. 3 mill.; ap. 31 mill. longa, 2 lata. Hab. Ceara, in America meridionali. 11. Succinea RupicuNDA, Pfr. S. testd ovatd, tenui, striatuld, sub lente obsolete granulosd, diaphand, parum nitidd, luteo- rubescente ; spird brevi, sanguined, subpapillatd ; anfractibus 21 convexis, ultimo inflato ; columelld callosd, substriecté re- cedente; aperturd parum obliqud, angulato-ovali, intus niti- dissimd ; peristomate simplice, margine dextro regulariter ar- cuato. Long. 14, diam. 8, alt. 5 mill.; ap. 104 mill. longa, medio 6 lata. Hab. in insula Masafuera (Cuming). 12. SuccINEA SOLIDULA, Pfr. SS. testd depressé ovatd, soliduld, longitudinaliter subplicatd, sub lente minutissime granulatd, via diaphand, parum nitiduld, fulvd ; spird brevi, scalari, apice pa- pillatd, rubicundd ; anfractibus 24 convewxis, ultimo inflato, 3 longitudinis equante ; columelld substricté descendente, callosd ; aperturd oblonga, intus submargaritaced ; peristomate submar- ginato, marginibus callo tenui junctis, dextro superné arcuato, tum strictiore. Long. 12, diam. 7, alt. 55 mill.; ap. 83 mill. longa, 5 lata. Locality unknown. The form of this shell is most nearly approaching to Succinea cam- pestris. 10. DescRIPTIONS OF THIRTY NEW SPECIES OF TORNATELLINA, CYLINDRELLA, AND CLAUSILIA, FROM THE COLLECTION OF H. Cumine, Esa. By Dr. L. Preirrer. — . TORNATELLINA CuminaiaAna, Pfr. TT. testd ovato-oblongd, solidd, striatuld, epidermide olivaceo-lutescente indutd; spird elongato-conicd, apice acutd ; anfractibus 54 vix convexiusculis, ultimo 4 longitudinis subequante; columelld subarcuatd, di- stineté et oblique truncatd; pariete aperturali lamelld magné, horizontaliter intrante munito; aperturd semiovali, intus callosd ; peristomate simplice, acuto. Long. 8, diam. 32 mill. ; ap. 32 mill. longa, medio 12 lata. Hab. in Real Llejos (H. Cuming). 2. CYLINDRELLA sERicEA, Pfr. C. testd profundé rimatd, sub- cylindraced, truncatd, soliduld, subtilissime striatuld, diaphand, hyalino-albidd, superné fuscescente ; suturd albo-filosd ; anfrac- tibus 9 angustis, subequalibus, viv convexiusculis, ultimo non protracto, basi carind funiformi munito ; aperturd subobliqud, 135 Sere circulari, basi canaliculatd ; peristomate albo, expanso, re flexiusculo, superné affixo. Long. 26, diam. 82 mill. ; ap. c. perist. 64 mill. longa, 7 lata. Hab. in insula Haiti. 3. Ciausiiia CycLostoma, Pfr. Cl. testd non rimatd, fusiform, gracili, solidd, sub lente subtilissime et confertissimé undulato- striatd, non nitente, purpurascenti-nigricante ; spird regulariter attenuatd, sursum pallidiore, apice obtusiusculd, purpured, ni- tidd ; suturd filari, superne papilliferd ; anfractibus 9 planius- culis, ultimo deorsum soluto, basi bicristato ; aperturd circulari, intus nigrd ; lamellis approximatis, superd compressd, acutd, in- Serd minore ; lunelld nulld ; plicis palatalibus 2-3 profundis, via conspicuis, subcolumellari immersd ; peristomate continuo, superne subemarginato, albo, laté expanso. Long. 21, diam. medio 5 mill.; ap. 42 mill. longa, 42 lata. Hab. in Archipelago Koreano (Sir Edw. Belcher). 4. CLAUSILIA CLAvIFORMIS, Pfr.. Cl. testd viv rimatd, subclavi- formi, tenui, levigatd, nitidd, luteo-corned, albo-variegatd ; spird turritd, apice acutd; anfractibus 9 convewiusculis, ultimo basi rotundato ; aperturd elliptico- -pyriformi ; lamellis tenuibus, in- Serd profundd, subtransversd; lunelld nulld ; plicis palatalibus 2, superd suture paralleld, breviusculd, inferd brevissimd, ieeohu- mellari usque ad marginem porrectd ; peristomate continuo, vix soluto, tenui, breviter expanso. Long. 12, diam. 35 mill.; ap. 3 mill. longa, 2+ lata. Hab. in Archipelago Koreano (Belcher). 5. Cuausiuia Bevtcuert, Pfr. Cl. testd subrimatd, fusiformi- subulatd, soliduld, levigatd, pellucidd, luteo-corned, albo-varie- gatd; spird gracillimd, apice acuta; anfractibus 13 convexis, ultimo basi tumidulo ; aperturd pyriformi ; lamellis mediocri- bus, conniventibus ; lunelld nulld ; plicis palatalibus 2 suture parallelis, superd longiore, alterd brevi, subcolumellari incon- spicud ; peristomate continuo, breviter soluto, labiato, breviter reflexo. Long. 12-13; diam. 3 mill. ; ap. 3 mill. longa, 2 lata. Hab. in Archipelago Koreano (Sir Edward Belcher). 6. Cuausit1a TuRRITA, Pfr. Cl. testd subrimatd, fusiformi- turritd, solidd, longitudinaliter subarcuatim striatd, albd, punc- tis cinereis conspersd, nitiduld ; spird elongatd, gracili, apice corned, acutd ; anfractibus 14 planis, ultimo anticé corrugato, basi subcompresso ; apertura obliqud, pyriformi-ovali, intus fusca ; lamellis parvulis, superd fere obsoletd, inferd profundd, obliquad ; lunelld inconspicud ; plicd palatali 1 superd, subcolumellari im- mersd ; peristomate continuo, soluto, tenui, expanso. Long. 214, diam. 43 mill. ; ap. 43 mill. longa, 3} lata. Hab. in insulis Candia et Siphanto (Spratt). 7. CuaustLia CANDIDA, Pfr. Cl. testd rimatd, cylindraceo-fusi- 136 formi, solidd, medio sublevigatd, candida, punctis corneis irre- gulariter aspersd, haud nitente ; spird sensim attenuatd, apice corned ; anfractibus 10--11 planulis, summis et ultimis costu- lato-striatis, ultimo antice rugoso, juxta periomphalum latius- culum arcuato-cristato ; aperturd ampld, pyriformi-rotundatd, intus fusculd ; lamellis conniventibus, inferd subfurcatd ; lunelld indistinctd ; plicd palatali 1 superd, subcolumellari immersd ; peristomate continuo, soluto, tenui, undique expanso. Long. 21, diam. 42 mill. ; ap. 5 mill. longa, 4 lata. Hab. in insula Candia (Spratt). 8. CLausILiA PUELLA, Pfr. Cl. testd rimatd, fusiformi, solidéd, levigatd, nitidd, candidd; spirad gracili, apice corned, acutius- culd ; suturd mediocri ; anfractibus11, primis 8 convexis (quarto ad sextum costulato-striatis), 2 penultimis planioribus, ultimo costulato, basi arcuato-cristato ; aperturd angustd, oblongd ; lamellis tenuibus, subparallelis ; lunelld inconspicud ; plicis pa- latalibus 2 profundis, brevibus, subcolumellari inconspicud ; pe- ristomate continuo, libero, breviter expanso. Long. 134, diam. 3 mill. ; ap. 3 mill. longa, 2 lata. Hab. in Greecia (Spratt). 9. Cuaustt1a Mituert, Pfr. Cl. testd non rimatd, fusiformi, gracili, soliduli, longitudinaliter confertissime et subarcuatim costulatd, albidd, punetis raris corneis adspersd; spird regu- lariter turritd, apice nigricante, nitidd; anfractibus 11-12 planiusculis, ultimo anticé ramoso-rugato, basi arcuato-cristato ; apertura oblongo-pyriformi, intus fusculd ; lamelld superd tenui, marginali, inferd profundd, obliqud ; lunelld indistinetd ; plied palatali | superd ; subcolumellari inconspicud ; peristomate so- luto, continuo, breviter expanso. Long. 18-19, diam. 43 mill. ; ap. 4 mill. longa, 23 lata. Hab. in insula Paros (Miller). 10. Crausizia strieata, Pfr. Cl. testd non rimatd, fusiformi, ventrosuld, soliduld, longitudinaliter confertim costulato-striatd, albd ; spird superne attenuatd, nigricanti-striatd, apice acuto, nigro; suturd marginatd ; anfractibus 11 planiusculis, ultimo antice vie validius costulato, basi obtuse bicristato ; aperturd oblongo-pyriformi, intus pallide fusculd ; lamellis mediocribus, inferd introrsum furcatd ; lunelld vie conspicud ; plicd palatali 1 superd, subcolumellari immersd ; peristomate continuo, soluto, tenui, undique expanso. Long. 18, diam. 42 mill. ; ap. 4 mill. longa, 3 lata. Zab. m insula Candia (Spratt). (1. Ciausiit1a compressa, Pfr. Cl. testd subrimatd, Susiformi, soliduld, confertim costulato-striatd, cerulescenti-albd, punctis et strigis corneis marmoratd, parum nitidd ; spird gracili, apice corned, acutiusculd ; suturd impressd, submarginatd ; anfracti- bus 12 planiusculis, ultimo latere compresso, basi bicristato ; eristis conniventibus, basi contiguis, alterd juxta periomphalum 137 subarcuatd, compressd, alterd breviore; aperturd pyriformi- oblonga, intus fusculd ; lamellis conniventibus, minutis, inferd sursum furcatd ; lunelld inconspicud ; plicd palatali | superd, subcolumellari immersd; peristomate continuo, soluto, tenut, expanso, albo. Long. 17, diam. 4 mill. ; ap. 4 mill. longa, 23 lata. Hab. in insula Cerigo (Spratt). 12. Cuausttia Grea, Pfr. Cl. testd rimatd, fusiformi, solidd, confertissime costulatd, cinereo-albidd, non nitente ; spird regu- lariter attenuata, apice corned, acutiusculd ; suturd subcrenu- latd; anfractibus 10 conveviusculis, ultimo infra suturam com- presso, antice rugoso-costulato, basi breviter cristato ; aperturd oblongd, intus albd; lamellis parvulis, conniventibus ; lunelld inconspicud ; plied palatali 1 superd, subcolumellart immersd ; peristomate continuo, soluto, tenui, breviter expanso. Long. 13, diam. 3} mill. ; ap. 3 mill. longa, 2 lata. Hab. in Morea (Spratt). 13. Cuausiiia scALARis, Pfr. Cl. testd vix rimatd, ventroso- JSusiformi, truncata, confertim et acute lamellatd, haud nitente, fuscescenti-albidd ; suturd profundd, lamellis prominentibus den- ticulatd ; anfractibus (spec. trune.) 7 scalaribus (margine su- pero ampliato, supra suturam prominente), ultimo latere im- presso, basi subbicristato: cristd rimali obsoletd, alterd di- stinctd ; aperturd ampld, pyriformi ; lamellis exiguis, approxt- matis ; lunelld inconspicud ; plicd palatali 1, subcolumellari emersd ; peristomate continuo, soluto, tenui, campanulato-ex- panso. Long. 13, diam. 43 mill. ; ap. 4 mill. longa, 34 lata. Hab. in insula Melita (Spratt). 14. Cuaust“ia CANALICULATA, Pfr. Cl. testd subrimatd, fusi- formi, soliduld, striatuld, purpureo-brunned, viv nitiduld ; spird gracili, apice acutd ; suturd subalbofilosd ; anfractibus 10 pla- nulatis, ultimo costulato, latere impresso, basi equaliter bicris- tato; aperturd rotundato-pyriformi, basi canaliculatd, intus fusculd ; lamellis approximatis, superd marginali, pared, inferd altd, flecuosd ; lunelld imperfecta, interruptd ; plicd palatal: 1, suture paralleld, lunellam utrinque transgrediente, subcolumel- lari inconspicud ; peristomate continuo, soluto, tenui, expanso, basi regulariter rotundato. Long. 13, diam. 3 mill. ; ap. 3} mill. longa, 3 lata. 3. Clavato-fusiformis, anfractibus 9, peristomate carneo-labiato. Hab. in Eubeed. Var. 8. in Monte Delphi, 6500 ped. supra mare. 15. CLAUSILIA HOMALORHAPHE, Pfr. Cl. testd rimatd, eylin- draceo-fusiformi, solidd, longitudinaliter striatd, cerulescenti- albd, vix nitiduld ; spird sursum attenuatd, apice corned, tum saturate ceruled ; suturd pland, marginatd ; anfractibus 11 planis, ultimo subcompresso, antic rugoso-striato, basi obtuse 138 bigibboso ; aperturd ovali, intus carned ; lamellis conniventibus, inferd fere transversd ; lunelld distinetd ; plicis palatalibus 2, alterd superd, alterd inferd, juxta subcolumellarem emersd ; pe- ristomate continuo, breviter soluto, refleaiusculo-expanso. Long. 20, diam. 4 mill. ; ap. 5 mill. longa, 33 lata. Hab. in insula Candia (Spratt). 16. Cuausit1a Hepensoret, Pfr. Cl. testd subrimatd, fusiformi, turritd, soliduld, longitudinaliter subremote plicatd, interstitiis striatd, parum nitidd, cinereo-albidd ; spird gracili, apice lutes- cente, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 12 planiuseulis, ultimo basi va- lide cristato ; periomphalo latiusculo ; aperturd ovali, intus albd; lamellis tenuibus, inferd subtransversd ; lunelld vix di- stinctd ; plicd palatali | superd, subcolumellari immersd ; peri- stomate continuo, soluto, tenui, breviter expanso. Long. 18, diam. 4 mill. ; ap. 4 mill. longa, 3 lata. Hab. in Syria, inter Nahr et Kelb. (Road of Antoninus : Heden- borg.) 17. Cuausiuia stRiaTA, Pfr. Cl. testd non rimatd, fusiformi, confertissime striata, opacd, albidd, punctis corneis conspersa ; spird turritd, apice acutiusculd, corned, nitidd ; suturd levi, mar- ginatd ; anfractibus 11 planis, ultimo anticé undulato-costulato, basi obtuse cristato; aperturd ovali, intus fusculd ; lamellis tenuibus, conniventibus, interstitio biplicatulo ; linelld parum conspicud ; plicd palatali 1 superd, 1 inferd, juxta subcolumel- larem emersd ; peristomate continuo, soluto, tenui, undique me- diocriter expanso. Long. 19, diam. 43 mill.; ap. 43 mill. longa, 34 lata. Hab. in insula Candia (Spratt). 18. CLaustLiA FLAMMULATA, Pfr. Cl. testd profundé areuato- rimatd, fusiformi, soliduld, levigatd, nitiduld, cretaced, flam- mulis longitudinalibus corneis pictd ; spird sursum attenuata, apice pallidé corned, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 10, superis cos- tulato-striatis, sequentibus subplanis, penultimo infra crenulato, ultimo anticé costulato-striato, juata periomphalum compressé eristato ; aperturd oblongo-ovali ; lamelld superd medioert, in- Serd profundd, subramosd; lunelld valida; plicd palatali 1 superd, elongatd, subcolumellari immersd ; peristomate continuo, soluto, albo, expanso, margine extero repando. Long. 16, diam. 4 mill.; ap. 4 mill. longa, 3 lata. Hab. im Morea (Spratt). 19. CLAUSILIA TETRAGONOSTOMA, Pfr. Cl. testd subrimatd, clavato-fusiformi, tenui, leviusculd, castaned, pellucida, sericind ; spird sursum attenuata, apice nigrd, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 11, mediis viv convexiusculis, ultimo anticé capillaceo-striato, latere valdé compresso, basi bicristato ; cristis parallelis, alterd periomphalum cingente brevi, alterd valdé elatd, compressd, cre- nulatd; aperturd subtetragond, intus fused; lamellis approxi- 139 matis, superd tenui, marginali, inferd validd, transversd ; lunelld angustd, arcuatd, cum plicd palatali unicd crucis formam exhi- bente ; plicd subcolumellari inconspicud ; peristomate continuo, soluto, tenwi, expanso. Long. 15, diam. 4 mill. ; ap. 4 mill. longa, 3 lata. Hab. in Eubcea (Spratt). 20. CLAUSILIA LUNELLARIS, Pfr. Cl. testd subrimatd, fusiformi, soliduld, striatuld, corneo-fuscd, sursum deorsumque pallidiore, nitiduld ; spird apice acutiusculd ; suturd anfractibus superiorum lined impressd marginatd, inferiorum subpapillatd ; anfractibus 9 vie convexiusculis, ultimo paulo distinctius striato, basi leviter bigibboso ; aperturd ovali-rotundatd ; lamellis conniventibus, su- perd exigud, inferd flecuosd ; lunelld magnd, suturam attingente ; plicis palatalibus 2, alterd superd, breviusculd, alterd brevissimd, subcolumellari emersd ; peristomate continuo, superné appresso, sublabiato, breviter expanso. Long. 14, diam. 4 mill. ; ap. 32 mill. longa, 3 lata. Hab. in Kubcea (Spratt). 21. CLAUSILIA NEGROPONTINA, Pfr. Cl. testd subrimatd, ven- troso-fusiformi, solidd, longitudinaliter confertim striatd, pur- pureo-brunned, haud nitente ; spird apice corned, obtusd ; suturd subcrenulatd, papillis albis strieformibus ornatd ; anfractibus 8 subplanis, ultimo basi tumido, sulco levi bigibboso; aperturd subrotundd, superné subangulatd ; lamella superd minutissimd, inferd alta, transversd ; lunelld magnd, callosd, a suturd ad basin elongata ; plicd palatali | superd, subcolumellari inconspicud ; peristomate continuo, superné appresso, reflexiusculo, margine externo subdentato, fusculo. Long. 13, diam. vix 4 mill. ; ap. 32 mill. longa, 3 lata. Hab. in Eubcea (Spratt). 22. Cuausin1aA Hanxteyana, Pfr. Cl. testd viv rimatd, subcla- vatd, longitudinaliter striatuld, tenui, vix nitiduld, corneo-fusces- cente; spird subcylindricd, sursum attenuatd, pallidiore, apice obtusd ; suturd marginatd, irregulariter papilliferd ; anfractibus 84 viv convexiusculis, ultimo basi tumido, juxta rimam obsolete gibboso; aperturd amplié, subcirculari; lamellis approximatis, superd parvuld, inferd magnd, compressd, transversd, basi ra- mosd ; lunelld parum arcuatd ; plied palatali | superd, subcolu- mellari immersd ; peristomate continuo, vix soluto, albo, expanso. Long. 13, diam. 3 mill.; ap. 34 mill. longa, 3 lata. Hab. in Eubcea (Spratt). 23. Cuaustn1a THeRMOPYLARuUM, Pfr. Cl. testd subrimatd, cy- lindraceo-fusiformi, soliduld, subtiliter striatuld, griseo-carned, parum nitente ; spird superne attenuatd, apice corned, obtusius- culd; suturd marginatd ; anfractibus 9-10 viv convexiusculis, ultimo distinctius striato, basi breviter et obsolete bieristato ; apertura ovali-pyriformi ; lamellis mediocribus, conniventibus ; 140 lunelld validd ; plicd palatali | superd, subcolumellari emersd ; peristomate continuo, breviter soluto, albo-labiato, reflewiusculo- eapanso. Long. 17, diam. 4 mill. ; ap. 4 mill. longa, 3} lata. Hab. prope Thermopylas (Spratt). 24. CuausriiaA seRIcATA, Pfr. Cl. testd subrimatd, fusiformi, tenui, confertim costulatd, sericind, fused; spird apice pallide corned, obtusiusculd ; suturd albo-marginatd ; anfractibus 10 convexiusculis, ultimo basi breviter cristato; aperturd ampld, subrotundd, superné angulatd, intus hepaticd ; lamelld superd parvuld, inferd flecuosd ; lunelld validd, arcuatd ; plicis palata- libus 2 elongatis, superis, 1 inferd emersd, medianis pluribus irregularibus, callosis, subcolumellart immersd; peristomate continuo, breviter soluto, tenui, expanso. Long. 19, diam. 43 mill. ; ap. 45 mill. longa, 4} lata. Hab. in Eubcea (Spratt). 25. CuausttiA CHARPENTIER], Pfr. Cl. testd via rimatd, cylin- draceo-fusiformi, tenui, longitudinaliter confertissimé costulato- striatd, pallidée fused, diaphand, vix nitiduld; spird superné attenuatd, apice glabrd, luted, obtusd; suturd submarginatd, costulis crenulatd; anfractibus 9, prioribus 6 convexis, sequen- tibus 2 planulatis, ultimo basi tumido, obsoletissimée bigibboso ; aperturd laté ovali; lamelld superd exigud, inferd magnd, com- pressd, transversd, basi ramosd ; lunelld leviter arcuatd ; plicd palatali | superd, subcolumellari inconspicud ; peristomate con- tinuo, superne appresso, albo-labiato, expanso, margine externo subdentato. Long. 14, diam. 4 mill. ; ap. 4 mill. longa, 33 lata. Hab. in Kubcea (Spratt). 26. Cuausitia Reeveana, Pfr. Cl. testd viv rimatd, fusiformi, tenut, longitudinaliter confertissimé costulato-striatd ; vix seri- cind, cinerascenti-fused ; spird apice corned, obtusuld; suturd submarginatd, crenulatd ; anfractibus 9, summis convexis, reli- quis vix convexiusculis, ultimo latere impresso, basi subcristato ; aperturd pyriformi-ovali, intus fusculd ; lamellis tenuibus, ap- proxmatis ; lunelld filari, leviter arcuatd ; plicd palatali | su- perd (nonnullisque obsoletis supra eam), subcolumellart immersd ; peristomate continuo, breviter soluto, tenui, expanso. Long. 133, diam. 4 mill. ; ap. 32 mill. longa, 3 lata. Hab. im Grecia (Spratt). 27. CLAuSILIA 1p#A, Pfr. Cl. testd breviter arcuato-rimatd, Susiformi, soliduld, haud nitente, saturate cinered, costis fili- Sormibus, rectis, albis, confertis munitd ; spird sensim attenuatd, apice acutd ; suturd vie impressd, albo-filosd; anfractibus 13 planis, ultimo fortius rugato, basi cristd brevi, arcuatd juxta periomphalum latiusculum, et gibbere obtuso munito ; apertura ovali, intus fusculd ; lamelld superd parvd, inferd obliqud, pro- 141 Sunde furcatd ; lunelld extus conspicud ; plicd palatali | superd, subcolumellari immersd ; peristomate continuo, soluto, carneo, labiato, expanso. Long. 22, diam. 5 mill.; ap. 5 mill. longa, 4 lata. Hab. in Monte Ida, 5500 ped. supra mare (Spratt). 28. CxuausitiA DunKeErt, Pfr. Cl. testd rimatd, ventroso-fusi- Sformi, tenui, confertim costulatd, diaphand, fuscescenti-albidd ; spird & medio attenuatd, apice obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 103 via convexiusculis, ultimo latere compresso, basi valide bicris- tato; carinis conniventibus, equalibus; aperturd pyriform- ovali, intus albd; lamella superd parva, inferd transversd ; lu- nelld distinctd inter cristarum originem ; plicd palatali | superd, subcolumellari immersd ; peristomate continuo, soluto, albo- sublabiato, undique laté expanso. Long. 19, diam. 42 mill. ; ap. 42 mill. longa, 4 lata. Hab. ad “ Caunus,” Asiz Minoris. 29. CuausitiA SowERBYANA, Pfr. Cl. testd breviter rimatd, ventroso-fusiformi, truncatd, longitudinaliter costulato-striatd, diaphand, fuscd ; suturd albo-marginatd ; anfractibus (super- stit.) 63 planiusculis, ultimo latere excavato, basi valide bicris- tato; cristis parallelis, alterd arcuatd, periomphalum latius- culum cingente, alterd sursum furcatd; aperturd subrhombed, basi leviter canaliculatd; lamellis mediocribus, conniventibus, inferd profundd, vix flecuosd ; lunelld validd ; plicis palatalibus 2 brevibus supra lunellam, subcolumellari vie emersd ; peristo- mate continuo, breviter soluto, albo, refleciusculo-expanso. Long. (trunc.) 16, diam. 5 mill. ; ap. 42 mill. longa, 4} lata. Hab. in Pamphylia (Spratt). 30. CLAUSILIA SEMIDENTICULATA, Pfr. Cl. testd rimatd, fusi- formi, soliduld, longitudinaliter confertim costatd, brunned, albido-striolatd ; spird superné attenuatd, obtusiusculd ; anfrac- tibus 13 angustis, convexiusculis, ultimo rugoso-costato, basi tumido, jucta rimum compresso-cristato ; aperturd pyriformi- ovali, basi canaliculatd ; lamelld superd marginali, inferd utrin- que ramosd; lunelld parvuld; plicis palatalibus 2, superd 1, alterd inferd, breviter emersd, subcolumellari suboccultd ; peri- stomate continuo, soluto,intus albo-labiato, reflewiusculo,margine sinistro extrorsum confertim denticulato. Long. 15, diam. 33 mill. ; ap. 33 mill. longa, 22 lata. Hab. prope Bujukderé ad Bosporum. 142 November 27, 1849. R. H. Solly, Esq., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. On tHe Lorine GENUS oF Parrots, ECLECTUS, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES, EcLEcTuS CorNELIA. By Cuarztes Lucian, Prince Bonaparte, F.M.L., F.Z.S. ETC. ETC. ETC. The richness, good scientific order and proper management of the well-kept Zoological Garden of Amsterdam, as well as the courtesy and liberality of its able director, Mr. Westerman, will strike every naturalist, even though coming, as I did myself, from England. The establishment has been lately illustrated by the pen of H. Schlegel, equally superior when it removes the boundaries of science for pro- fessed zoologists, or renders it useful and popular to ladies and chil- dren. With or without his valuable book, a visit to this attractive spot would be fully repaid by the inspection alone of the gigantic Sala- mander, Sieboldia maxima, Bonap., which has grown more than a foot in length since I gave it that generic name ; not to speak of the beau- tiful collection of living Fringillide and Parrots. Among the rarest and most splendid species of these latter birds, collected from every quarter of the globe, I will only mention, from America, a magnificent Macrocercus hyacinthinus, Vieill., with the bill still larger than usual ; from Africa, the Congo Jack, Pionus gulielmi, established a few weeks ago by Sir William Jardine; and from Malasia the Lorine, which I now introduce to the Zoological Society, sure of their receiving with forbearance my compendions account of its relations. The genus Eelectus of Wagler holds a conspicuous place in the family of Lorine Parrots, and is eminently natural if kept within the proper boundaries assigned to it by its founder, including his two only species, and, as a third, my new one, all from the Moluccan islands, and similar in form, having a large stature, the plumage loose, red, with more or less blue, a powerful black bill with scarcely a cere, a smooth simple tongue, and a shortish square tail. 1. Eciectus punicevs. Z£. coccineus, dorso, alis, cauddque pur- pureo-fuscescentibus ; margine alarum, tectricibus inferioribus, remigibus, annulo ophthalmico, fascid abdominali et torque in-. terscapulari, pulchré cyaneis ; crisso, et caude apice, rubris. Synonyms. Psittacus puniceus, Gm. (exclus. specimin. rostro rubro.) Lorius amboinensis? Briss. Orn. iv. p. 231. sp. 19. Psittacus cardinalis? Bodd. ex Lory d Amboine, Buff. Pl. Enl.518. Domicella! punicea? Wagl. Mon. Psitt. in Act. Monac. p. 569. gen. xill. sp. 3. = > cl Proc. 2.5 a ethth CORME i IA. Pr: Bonap rated by Hallaninde 143 Eclectus Linnei, Wagl. Mon. Ps. p. 571. gen. xiv. sp.1; Gray, Gen. tab. 103. f. 1. Lorius cardinalis? G. Gray, nee Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrolabe et Zélée. Hab. New Guinea, where it has been killed often on the west coast near Lobo, by M. Sal. Muller. The iris in this species is black. Misled by Wagler, and judging by the plate of Buffon, which cer- tainly gives the idea of a true Lorius, Mr. G. R. Gray has, by double employment, considered the puniceus as one of these birds in his ‘ Ge- nera.”’ Should he have seen the Parrot, he would have perceived it to be identical with his Lelectus Linnei, and consequently that puniceus, which Kuhl only went a little too far in confounding with B. grandis, far from being generically distinct, is, even as a species, very nearly allied to it. 2. EcLtectus Granpts. LZ. coccineus, dorso, alis, cauddque, pur- pureo-fuscescentibus ; margine alarum, tectricibus inferioribus, remigibusque, apice cyaneis ; abdomine, et torque interscapulari, subviolaceis ; crisso, et caude apice, duteis. Synonyms. Psittacus grandis, Gm. Lath. Kuhl (who unites the preceding with it). Psittacus ceylonensis, Bodd. ex Lory de la Nouvelle Guinée, Buff. Pl. Enl. 683; Brown, Ill. tab. 6; Levaillant, Perr. tab. 126 adult, 127 junior, 128 juv. Eclectus grandis, Wagl. Mon. Psitt. in Act. Monae. 1832, p. 573. gen. xiv. sp. 2. Eclectus ceylonensis, G. Gray, Genera of Birds. Hab. In Insulis Moluccis. Often brought from Amboina, but the native place is not well as- certained. Doctor Forsten (too often confounded with Forster), one of the scientific victims of climate, sent it to Holland from the island of Gilolo. The iris in this species is golden yellow. 3. Eciectus Corne.ia. EL. coccineus, dorso, alis, cauddque, pur- pureo-fuscescentibus ; margine alarum remigibusque apice cya- neis ; tectricibus inferioribus rubro cyaneoque variis ; abdomine, crisso, et caude apice, rubris concoloribus. (Aves, Pl. X., reduced to half the natural size precisely.) I have named this beautiful bird after H. Sehlegel’s virtuous and talented wife, whose quick eye detected the species before professed ornithologists themselves, who relied on their possessing it among the unnumbered treasures of the as yet uncatalogued Leyden Mu- seum *; and I dedicate it to that lady with additional pleasure, as a * The superiority of the Leyden Museum over any other is unquestionable, not perhaps so much on account of its containing a greater number of species than those of London, Paris, Philadelphia and Berlin, but for the freshness and perfec- 144 small testimony of gratitude for the happy hours spent, and the use- ful information collected, under the hospitable roof of the zoologist, tion of the specimens, for the quantity of skeletons, and above all for the never- sufficiently-praised series of individuals of the various species of both sexes, in dif- ferent ages, and from different localities and countries, which facilitate one’s judgement, and show at once in most cases, especially with Mammalia, what is or is not a good species. For this and many other reasons, a detailed Catalogue of this splendid collection is a necessity of our days. We can hardly conceive how the many treasures accumulated in that National establishment by the indefati- gable zeal of its so well-known director, Temminck, seconded by M. Schlegel and their subordinates (whose industry may be appreciated in England by those ac- quainted with M. Frank the Amsterdam merchant, so useful to science and naturalists of every country), are still allowed to remain unknown and undescribed ; the Museum itself, with its numerous new species, being left wncatalogued, and that in the year 1850! The discoveries made by Dutchmen in far-distant lands, to the peril of their lives, and with their own or their government’s capital, are thus daily exposed to be anticipated by other nations, and monopolized by the ever-increasing struggles of English industry; whilst a scientific Catalogue pub- lished on the plan long since advocated by Professor Is. Geoffroy St. Hilaire for the mouseum of the great French Nation, that is, with descriptions and figures of all new or not sufficiently-known species, would be an imperishable monument for science and for the Dutch Nation. And the greater benefit have we the right to expect for science from the execution of this noble enterprise, inasmuch as M. Schlegel, who would certainly be the head and arm of the publication, combines the knowledge for which he has long been celebrated all over the world, with the skill of a firstrate draftsman. His paper on Iconography applied to Natural History (Mem. Taylerian Soc. Haarlem), in which beautiful drawings of his own are produced as examples, after he has critically reviewed the standard works of every nation, and while giving sound precepts to artists devoted to our science, ought to be known everywhere, and at least translated into the English language. Under such circumstances, no book on Natural History, we shall never enough repeat it, would prove more effectual to the progress of science, more creditable to the nation, to the government, and to the able individuals willing to accom- plish the labour, than the Catalogue of the Leyden Museum on the enlightened plan above-mentioned, which such a naturalist as Schlegel certainly could not fail to improve in the course of elaboration. In order to prove our assertion, it is enough to remark, how much by the de- sired publication would be improved our knowledge of the Malasian fauna, since, of the productions of the island of Gilolo alone, all those collected at the mere landing of the Dutch naturalists, upon a surface of a square mile, proved to be new, and many of them very important additions to science ; to indicate the number of undescribed objects received from Ashantee; and to point out the advantages arising from the facility of placing henceforth beyond the possibility of doubt the existence of remarkable species unaccountably rejected or misplaced, as Gavialis Schlegeli and Testudo emys. But to justify fully our insisting on these facts, I will select a few animals which I shall have perhaps the honour thus first to introduce to the English naturalist, and these examples I shall take out of each of the different classes, saying of the animals just as much as is necessary to excite, not to satisfy scientific curiosity. Among the new Mammalia, some of which will constitute new genera, I shall choose a third living species of Elephant. ELEPHAS SUMATRANUS, Temm., based upon four skeletons which I admired in company with my learned friend and colleague, Prof. Is. Geoffroy St. Hilaire of Paris. This species is perfectly intermediate between the Indian and African, especially in the shape of the skull, and will certainly put an end to the distine- tion between Elephas and Loxodon with those who admit that anatomical genus; since although the crowns of the teeth of £. swmatranus are more like the Asiatic animal, still the less numerous undulated ribbons of enamel are nearly quite as wide as those forming the losanges of the African. The number of pairs of false ribs (which alone vary, the true ones being always 6) is 14, one less than in the africanus, one more than in the indicus; and so it is with the dorsal vertebra, 145 who possesses the deepest knowledge of each and every class of ver- tebrate animals, and whose literary and truly philosophical attain- ments are only equaled by his practical and thorough acquaintance with species, the only solid base of our science. Hab. Yn Insulis Moluccis ; most probably from Ceram. The total length of this Parrot is 1 English foot 2 inches, the wings measuring 83 inches, and its tail 5} inches. The bill is black, as in the other Noble-Lories (He/ecti), and the small portion of the cere that remains uncovered by the red feathers of the front is greyish ; the red colour on the head is brighter than on the rest of the plumage, and somewhat lighter than in the other species ; the naked ring around the eye is very narrow and grey, without the small blue feathers that surround it in Eelectus puniceus only ; the iris is stramimeous and ex- teriorly of a reddish colour; the pupil, excessively dilatable, is blue- black. The feet are grey, with the granular little scales blackish ; the nails black. The quills are greenish internally, reddish externally, but with their point of a shining blue; on the under surface they are entirely blackish; the under wing-coverts are red, intermixed with blue. The tail-feathers are of a dull red, with black shafts, and im- ternally somewhat greenish. The bottom of the whole plumage is lead-colour. The absence of blue on the back and abdomen at once distinguishes our new Parrot from both its congeneric species, the red colour pre- vailing so much on its plumage that even the under wing-coverts are variegated with that colour, and not pure blue as in the others. Our which are 20 (21 and 19 in the others), whilst the new species agrees with afri- canus in the number of sacral vertebre (4), and with indicus in that of the caudal ones (34). Of the Birds I shall only mention Agelastes meleagrides, Temm., a lesser Tale- galla, furnished with a strong spur, very rounded wings, and a flat tail. The head and neck are naked; avery broad white collar; all the rest of the plumage black, finely undulated with white. In the Reptiles a new Viperine may be spoken of with great interest, consti- tuting certainly an independent genus (Chlorcechis, Schlegel), and showing that Nature takes pleasure in hiding under the similarity of tints the snares of a de- testable animal, as the innocence of the females of showy birds affords them pro- tection against the tyrants of the air. The green colour of this poisonous Ser- pent from Ashantee, as well as its forms, recall the Dendrophidine, and make it, though a true Viperine, lead an arboreal life, and conceal its perfidious power among the foliage of the trees. From the Amphibians a dozen of undescribed Hyladine will prove Africa not so deficient of these elegant Frogs as it has been supposed to be; whilst another small Batrachian from New Holland (Myiobatrachus paradoxus, Schlegel) has the general appearance of a Bombinator, but with the body rounded and the legs and toes shortish, somewhat connected or at least entangled by the marginal skin of the flanks. It is rendered remarkable in the whole class of Amphibia by two long curved canine teeth situated towards the end of the superior jaw, and much re- sembling fangs. Among the Fishes I have particularly admired a Percine from the Cape, allied to the Anthias buphthalmos of my ‘ Fauna Italica,’ and called by Schlegel Anthias gibbiceps .. .. But what, if hundreds of new species of that class (and I am still dazzled by the sight of many and many even of my favourite Plewronectide) would by their being well known greatly benefit our science, and alone give convincing proof of the propriety, nay, I may add, of the urgent necessity, of the publication ? No. CXCIX.—ProcrepinGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 146 Eel. Cornelia stands therefore with puniceus and grandis precisely in the same relation that Lorius unicolor, Bechst. (Levaill. pl. 125) does to Lorius tricolor, Steph. (Ps. lory, L., figured in Levaillant’s plates 123 and 124), both being almost entirely red, and wanting the blue tinges on the so-called scapular. From that analogous variety of a red-billed species, however, the black bill will tell it at once, even to those superficial observers who only look to colours; and:as to another cardinalis (besides the puniceus, so called by Gray, through reverence to the heterodox Boddaert), that of the Astrolabe and Zé- lée’s voyage, the generic difference is still more strongly declared in that species of French naturalists, since it has a greater nudity round the eye, a wedge-shaped tail, and more slender and elegant forms. This is not the place to enter into a discussion about geographical species, local races, or varieties. Our Zclectus Cornelia, notwithstand- ing its identity of forms and similarity of colours with HZ. puniceus and grandis, which might induce a philosophical mind to consider the three as forming but one and the same species, differs more from either of the two than they do from each other, although they have been placed in different genera. It is impossible at all events that the three should not be kept distinct by those naturalists who wish to represent Nature as it is, not as they would have it; and consist- ency forbids to consider them otherwise than species as long as we admit as such the Lagopus scoticus, and the different kinds of Sparrows of Europe ; and they certainly deserve that title more than the in- constant geographical modifications of Falco peregrinus, admitted as species by those who slight over the much more important and at least constant differences of the Vulturines. Habent sua sidera... species! That is all we have to say on so important a subject for the present. It is impossible to imagine a bird of milder and more gentle dispo- sition than our Zelectus. The specimen figured allowed itself not only to be handled in every manner, but placed free, out of its cage, would allow every measurement to be taken, its wings pulled, its tail spread, and every feather to be counted and described. Even when its patience was at an end, and it resorted to its bill, it was gently ; and it would only use the powerful weapon in seizing the intruding finger without inflicting any kind of injury. It uttered a low note, resembling that of the coot (Fwlica atra, L.) when heard at a distance. 2. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF GORGONIA FROM Ausrrauia. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S. PRIMNOA AUSTRALASIZ. (Radiata, Pl. II. f. 8, 9, nat. size.) Coral elongate, unbranched, rather tapering; cells numerous, re- gular, placed in close regular circles round the stem, each formed of two series of imbricate calcareous scales. Inhab. Australasian seas, on oyster-shell and stones. Several specimens of this very interesting coral were sent to the British Museum by the Royal Society of Van Diemen’s Land. This coral is often covered with various species of smaller Corad- 147 lines and Alge. It varies from two to three feet in height. The axis is known from the unbranched species of Gorgonia by being more calcareous, and of a pale greyish colour. Joseph Millingin, Esq., F.L.S., the Secretary of the Royal Society of Van Diemen’s Land, has kindly sent me the following particulars of this coral :— “It was fished up from a depth of some fathoms in D’Entrecas- teaux Channel, between the mainland of Tasmania and Bruce’s Island. It is found, as you will see, affixed to rocks and stones, and to dead, broken and half-decayed oyster and scallop-shells, &c. It usually ex- ists In groups, groves or families, varying from three to four to a great many. The long delicate stem, which is horny-looking and highly elas- tic when dry, varies from the thickness of a knitting-wire to that of a crow-quill, and from its mineralized and root-like attachment, tapers gradually and gracefully to the beautiful acicular point, attaining not unfrequently a length of two or three feet, and having its entire sur- face covered with a calcareous coat of a cream-yellow colour, deli- cately annulated, so as much to resemble the fine string of wooden beads worn as a necklace by the poorer natives of Bengal, but with this difference,—that in the coralline the beads form a connected or rather continuous chain, independently of the delicate elastic centre upon which the mineral structure is deposited. I am informed that in one or two instances, when these corallines were procured, they were enveloped throughout with a mucilaginous or jelly-like substance, which when they become dry is exsiccated and shriveled to such a degree as to be scarcely if at all traceable. You will be able to say whether you consider it likely that there exists, in the recent and living state of the zoophyte, such an external and soft organization.” This jelly-like substance was doubtless the polypes. 3. ON THE EVIDENCES OF AFFINITY AFFORDED BY THE SKULL IN THE UneguLATE Mammatia. By H. N. Turner, Jun. I had occasion in the introductory part of my communication on the arrangement of the Carnivora, to make allusion to certain details of structure in the crania of the Pachydermatous and Ruminant Mam- malia; and I there pointed out a few peculiarities, which clearly di- stinguished the Perissodactyla of Professor Owen, both from the Ru- minant and Non-ruminant Artiodactyla, and also the two latter divi- sions from each other. It is to our eminent Comparative Anatomist that we are indebted, by the discovery of some new characters, and the correction of certain former errors of observation, for the establish- ment of that mode of subdividing the Ungulata which first suggested itself to Cuvier ; but there can be no doubt, that when the entire anatomy of the order is investigated with this view, many constant distinctions will yet be made apparent, and our appreciation of the comparative degrees of affinity among its members will become clearer as we proceed. In taking up the subject as it has thus been left, I have first di- rected my attention to the skull, as being that part in which the 148 greatest number of characters are presented at one view, and for the study of which I have had the most ready opportunities ; and I now propose to offer such results of my observations as I have been able sufficiently to mature. In pointing out the characters of the skull which distinguish these two grand divisions of the Ungulata, the differences will appear more striking if I consider the Perissodactyla as they are restricted by Prof. Owen, namely exclusive of the Pro- boscidian and other aberrant forms, which, though they agree with them in the most essential characters, differ in many points of confor- mation. The nasal bones in the Perissodactyla are gradually widened behind, so that their posterior angles approach the anterior margins of the orbits, between which the suture which separates them from the frontals runs more or less directly across the skull; we may naturally expect such a character to be masked by the singular modification which these bones undergo in the Tapir; but in the Artiodactyle di- vision, even though the extreme points of the nasal bones occasionally extend very high, or as in the Llama, and in the genus Cephalophorus among the Antelopes, a sudden extension from their outer edge de- scends a little on each side of the face, this decided character is never manifested. The intermaxillary bones in the Perissodactyla, if there be teeth developed in their median portion to a functional size, are always deep enough to allow them to be vertically implanted, while in the Artiodactyla, the teeth when existing in this bone always incline towards each other, their roots being divaricated to allow the nasal opening to extend down between them. In this group, with the singular exception of the genus Hippopotamus, we find a distinct fo- ramen above the orbit for the passage of the supraorbital nerve, with a groove extending from it down the face ; while in the Perissodactyla, it would appear as though this nerve would issue at a point more towards the outside, since the foramen only exists in the Horse, in which it is placed quite at the commencement of the postorbital pro- cess, and has no groove continued from it. In the interior of the orbit, there is always, in the Artiodactyla, an increased concavity of surface upon the antericr side about the junction of the lacrymal and frontal bones; and in the middle of this fossa, upon the edge of the lacrymal somewhere between the ductus ad nasum and the entrance of the infraorbital canal, a pit, most strongly marked im the Hogs, which serves, as I have found in the Sheep, for the origin of the obliquus inferior muscle of the eye, the remainder of the fossa being filled up with adipose matter. In the Perissodac- tyla no such fossa exists, and there is never more than a very slight depression marking the origin of the muscle, in most cases not per- ceptible at all. The shortening of the bony palate in the latter group, the small difference of level between it and the base of the cranium, together with the longitudinal extension of the posterior nasal orifice, the lateral spreading-out of its walls and the constant existence of the alisphenoid canal, which I pointed out in my former communication, may be again adverted to. 149 The pterygoid ridge in this group is not very strongly marked, and gradually dies away upon the lamina enclosing the alisphenoid canal ; the pterygoid processes have considerable antero-posterior extent, and the true pterygoid bones are reduced to mere ribands. On the other hand, in the Artiodactyla, the pterygoid ridge, continued from the in- ferior root of the zygoma, terminates abruptly, with a free process in the Ruminants ; while in the Hogs and other allied forms, it is from this process that a laterally projecting plate extends down on the outer side of the pterygoid process, forming a pterygoid fossa in a manner different from all other mammalia, and very characteristic of these Non-ruminant Artiodactyles. The temporal bone in the Perissodactyla also furnishes characters in the back of the zygoma, which gently slopes away to its origin, and in the association of a distinctly marked eminentia articularis with a rather large and more or less thickened and mammilliform post-articular process. The principal differences in the occipital bone I pointed out in my former paper, and notwith- standing the marked difference between the Hog and the Ruminant, I must observe that they agree in the flatness and squareness of the basal portion, while in the Perissodactyla it is transversely convex, being rounded off on each side into the great foramen lacerum. I mentioned in a note appended to my former communication, an idea which occurred to me just before that paper went to press, that a further distinction between the two groups might be found in the structure of the premolar teeth. I have found, on investigation, that the character will not always admit of being rigidly applied, since in some genera of Perissodactyla, as the Lophiodon to which I there alluded, the posterior lobes of the premolars are not so completely developed as they are in the true molars; and on the other hand, in some of the Artiodactyla, as the Peccary, they advance a little beyond the rudimentary condition in which they are usually found, though never attaining an equal development with the others. The character will however in most cases enable us to distinguish ; and in the course of the observations I was thus led to make, I have discovered another more important one, which I will next proceed to explain. If we consider as an entire molar tooth that which has four prin- cipal tubercles, the molars of the lower jaw must be said to be placed each in advance of its homologue in the upper jaw to the extent of a quarter of a tooth, so that the premolars, which in most cases repre- sent but half molars, alternate with their opposing teeth above. It is in accordance with this universal law, that the last lower milk molar in the Artiodactyle division of the Ungulata has three pair of lobes ; not, as has been imagined, that it may pretypify the last true molar, which in the same group is usually also six-lobed. The last lower true molar, being placed like the rest, a quarter of a tooth in advance of its four-lobed opponent, the pair of tubercles that are added to it behind play against the posterior surface of the hindmost pair of lobes of the upper tooth; but in the last lower milk molar it is the anterior pair of cusps that are supernumerary, since they close between the two pair of principal tubercles of the penultimate upper milk tooth, which like the last one has-the form of a true molar; while 150 the penultimate lower milk molar, which in this as in most groups represents but the half of a true molar, furnishes opposition to its most anterior surface. Although it is not always literally true, that in the Artiodactyla the premolars represent each but the half of a true molar, and in the Perissodactyla an entire one, it is certain that in the exceptional cases among the former group, the parts re- presenting the posterior division of the tooth are small, or merely rudimental ; and that in the latter group, it is only in the most an- terior of the series that the posterior portion of the tooth is ever altogether wanting. It is also certain, that all those genera of which the milk dentition has been seen, conform in that particular to the general character, the distinction being well-marked in the Artio- dactyla between the ¢wo /as¢ upper milk teeth, whose characters are those of true molars, and those which precede them and represent but half ones, the same difference also prevailing between the last and those which precede i¢ in the lower jaw ; always necessitating the ex- istence of a third pair of tubercles in the last lower milk molar to work in the interval of the two pairs in the penultimate above ; while in the Perissodactyla, the constant existence of a well-developed pos- terior pair of lobes in the penultimate lower milk tooth abrogates the necessity of a third pair in the last one, and consequently we need not expect to find it, even in those genera, such as Lophiodon and Paleotherium, of which the additional lobe to the last true molar is characteristic. Of the first-named genus, the milk dentition, so far as I am at present aware, is as yet unknown; but among the plates in the ‘Ossemens Fossiles’ examples may be seen of the lower jaws of young Palzeotheria, exhibiting the milk teeth, of which the last has but two lobes*. Therefore the tripartite condition of this tooth becomes a constant and important character of the Artiodactyle division. Most of the characters which separate the Ruminant and Non-ru- minant divisions of the Artiodactyla have been pointed out in my former paper, as well as those which distinguish the two subdivisions of the Hog-tribe, which by the analogy of the amount of difference in those of other groups, I think must be looked upon as families,— Suide and Hippopotamide. The striking character derived from the sudden termination of the pterygoid ridge in the Ruminant, and the formation of the pterygoid fossa im the other division, has been alluded to abovet. The considerable upward extension of the masseteric ridge upon the os malz beneath the orbit seems also characteristic of the Ruminants, as well as the bifurcation of the orbital ala of the sphenoid, * Pl. 4. fig. 1 (alluded to by Professor Owen), and pl. 56. fig. 2. + In the Hippopotamus the pterygoid ridge runs inwards and even a little back- wards, and then forms a slight angle at the point of junction with the pterygoid process, which then runs downwards and forwards, so that the outer wall of the fossa exists as in the allied forms, while, as I have before observed, it is the inner one which is wanting. I must again refer to the remarkable osseous bulla within the orbit of this animal, since I find that the same thing exists, though of much smaller size, in most ruminants; in many skulls it is broken away, and when re- maining it so lies upon the “tuberosity” or posterior termination of the alveolar process of the maxillary bone as to appear at first like a part of it. It opens into the nose and antrum maxillare, and has no connection with the lacrymal apparatus. 151 which sends a branch forwards for a considerable distance, often so far as to articulate with the lacrymal bone. They also differ from the Hog-tribe in having, like the Perissodactyla, a distinct styloid pro- cess, emanating from the mastoid bone, partly enclosed by a portion of the tympanic, and with a truncated extremity, to which one of the angles terminating the “lesser cornw’ or stylo-hyal bone is attached ; while in the Hog-tribe this process is so completely pressed between the paroccipital process and the auditory bulla, that in most cases it does not seem to exist. It will perhaps be most convenient to assign the rank of “ family” to the four generally received subdivisions of this ancient order, although the osteological differences which they present are very slight ; such few as I could find in the skull I will now point out. In the Camels and Llamas, the articulation of the lower jaw differs from that of Ruminants in general, in having a distinct eminentia ar- ticularis, separated by a fossa not having the character of an articula- ting surface from the post-articular process, upon which is another facet ; the condyle of the jaw having likewise two articulating surfaces placed at right angles with each other. There is also a marked pe- culiarity in the auditory bulla, since the outer wall of the vaginal process forms a deep, thickened, vertical plate, burying the styloid process between it and the opposite part of the bulla. On looking at the casts of the skull of the Anoplotherium existing in owr museums, I perceive, immediately under the meatus auditorius, a strong vertical process, apparently the outer edge of this lamelliform expansion, the remainder being concealed in the matrix. I fully concur in Professor Owen’s reasons for considering the Anoplotherium as a ruminant, and this indication of character, im addition to the many resemblances which authors have pointed out, renders it probable that this early representative of the Artiodactyla belonged to the family Camelide. The existing members of this family also most approach the Anoplo- therium in the form of the ascending ramus of the lower jaw, and the strongly-marked notch which bounds the angular process above. I am glad to find that I have the sanction of Professor Owen’s opinion in referring the Merycopotamus to the ruminant division, since on examining the specimens in our National Museum, I find that in addition to the form of the teeth, which if taken alone are not always to be depended on, all the essential characters of the skull are in accordance with that type. The masseteric ridge reaches to within half an inch of the orbit, and above the zygoma is a distinct indication of the foramen usually existing there in Ruminants. The glenoid surface is slightly convex anteriorly, and terminated behind by a di- stinct post-articular process, on to which the articulating surface is continued without intermission, thus indicating the animal to be ru- minant, but removing it from the Camelide. The pterygoid ridge terminates in an angle, which, however, is not prolonged into a pro- cess ; from this angle there is xo transverse lamina extending down to join the pterygoid process, and consequently no pterygoid fossa. The articulating surfaces of the occipital condyles seem to extend on to the processes anterior to them; the auditory bulla is rounded, but 152 as the state of the specimens will not permit any definite character to be drawn from it, I will not venture an opinion as to which family of Ruminants should claim this remarkable form. Among the remaining families, I have noticed that in the Moschide and Cervide the styloid process becomes free almost immediately at the base of the auditory process, while in the Bovide or Cavicorn Ruminants, it is enclosed more or less completely for some distance in the downward and forward direction. The Cervide may also be distinguished from the latter by the form of the infraorbital depression, which has its most sudden sinkage on the upper side, or that which is next the infraorbital fissure. The Giraffe, although it has neither the depression nor the fissure, resembles the Cervide in the character of the auditory bulla, and in having the molar teeth ex- panded at the base of the crown, and compressed towards the summits of the lobes. The Moschide must, of course, be distinguished from the Cervide by their trilocular stomach, and by the presence of the gall-bladder*, and it is probable that further differences in their in- ternal anatomy may yet be found; I must however revert to the subject of dentition to point out some characters in which they differ from all other Ruminants, and agree with the non-ruminant Artiodac- tyla. In these, as well as in some of the Musk-deer, the premolars, and those that represent them among the milk series, assume a trenchant form, and have a more or less developed additional cusp both before and behind ; this little cusp also shows itself upon the anterior extremity of the penultimate upper milk tooth, which, as well as the last one, has the bipartite form of a true molar, and therefore by this combi- nation of characters may be recognised if found alone. In most Ru- minants the cusp is very small, and when worn down shows itself merely as a thickening of the anterior border of the crown. This tooth, however, also presents us occasionally with a zoological cha- racter in the development or non-development of the internal tubercle of the anterior pair; it is absent in the Hog; in the Peccary (who seems loath to relinquish any of the full number of cusps that nature can allow him) it is present; the Moschide are the only true Rumi- nants in which I have found it wanting ; this seems to characterize the family, and together with the trenchant character of the premolars in the Meminna and Hyeomoschus, seems to associate with them the genera Dichobune, Dichodon, and Cainotherium+. * The singular variety in this respect noticed by Prof. Owen in the Giraffe, must detract somewhat from the value of the character ; but as the absence of the gall- bladder seems to be the rule in this animal, it strengthens, so far as it can avail, the idea of Cervine affinity. + In the true Moschus the premolars have much the same form as in the gene- rality of Ruminants; the incisors are uniform and nearly equal in size, and the au- ditory bulla is small: in the Meminna, and in those to which the generic name Tragulus has been applied (which I can see no reason for separating from it), the last upper premolar alone is bicuspid, the other two and all the lower ones being trenchant ; the two median incisors are expanded, the others narrowed and curved outwards to make room for them, and the auditory bulla swollen : Hyeomoschus only differs from these in the penultimate upper premolar, which though trenchant is short, and when worn down has the appearance of being simply conical. 153 This characteristic form of the penultimate upper milk tooth, namely the want of the inner crescent of the anterior pair, with the presence of the additional cusp in front, plainly marks as this tooth, that which Prof. Owen has indicated as the penultimate premolar in his recently discovered genus Hyopotamus, and as the last premolar in his also newly-described genus Dichodon; the tooth behind it in each case being the last milk tooth, which always agrees exactly with the true molars, but is distinguishable from them by its suddenly diminished size. The series of upper molars of the latter animal have been placed, in the published figure, to the extent of one tooth too far back; were they brought forward to their true position, the tripartite tooth below, which, according to all laws of form and suc- cession, can be no other than the last milk molar, (of which the suc- cessor has not begun to appear,) would antagonize by its anterior pair of crescents with the space in front of the posterior pair in the penultimate milk tooth above. Of the Hyopotamus Vectianus, the figure represents a series of the crowns of five upper molars, of which the first is, as I have before observed, manifestly a penultimate milk tooth. These being represented without any appended portion of jaw, and no mention being made in the text as to whether they were found connected, it seems rather probable that such was not the case, and in the side view roots are added in outline to certain of the teeth and not to others, which makes that matter still more doubtful. At all events, this condition of things could not possibly have co-existed with that represented in the lower jaw attributed to the same species ; since in the upper series of teeth we may count ten principal trans- verse eminences, while in the lower series of five molars, which ought to fit them, there are only eight depressions: besides which, it is im- possible that the elevated summits presented by the trenchant lower premolars, with the correspondingly deep notch which their interval affords, could ever fit the comparatively diminutive elevations and depressions presented by the foremost teeth above. The lower true molars, however, show a much more worn condition than the upper ones ; but even if it should be possible that the series of upper molars represented were in place and in use at the same time, it is evident that the foremost of them cannot be premolars *. * I do not claim to be the sole discoverer of these incongruities (apparently the results of a too hasty determination), since I am aware that the true nature of the tripartite inferior tooth in the Dichodon has been perceived by some emi- nent comparative anatomists and naturalists; but I am here compelled to attempt their refutation, since, were Prof. Owen’s determinations in these instances cor- rect, insuperable objections would be presented to my generalizations on the cha- racter of the premolars as distinguishing the two groups of Ungulate Mammalia, and on that of the penultimate upper milk tooth as indicative both of its position in the series, and of the affinities of certain genera. That the character of the penultimate upper milk tooth was appreciated by Cu- vier, will appear from a passage in the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles,’ although it is rather vaguely and not quite correctly described. In speaking of a fragment of the upper jaw of a deer from the breccia at Nice, he observes: ‘On reconnait ais¢ément la seconde de lait pour ce qu’elle est, 4 sa forme allongée, a ses trois paires de crois- sans, et 4 son appendice transverse placé avant les croissans.”— Deus “ paires de eroissans ” would have been more correct. The possibility of an error in relation 154 Having now summed up as much of my series of observations with regard to the Artiodactyle division as I think it at present expedient to offer, I proceed to consider the Perissodactyle group. 1 observe that Prof. Owen separates the Proboscidia as a third group, to which he seems to assign a rank equivalent to that of the other two, and passes the Deinotherium and the Toxodon, as well as the ‘‘ Sirenoid ”’ forms, with some remarks which do not assign to them any very defi- nite location. There will always be room for difference of opinion as to the rank that should be assigned to a group, even when its limits are fully recognised ; since, as I have elsewhere endeavoured to show*, “ oranting affinities and even groups to be natural, the limits assigned to those degrees of difference and similarity which we are wont to in- dicate by definite terms are not ;” but it seems to me, that although these more aberrant groups of Ungulata possess several peculiarities which are entirely their own, they do not differ from the Perisso- dactyla in essential characters to the same degree as the latter do from the Artiodactyla, while in certain respects they agree among themselves, as though they would constitute a second subdivision of the Perissodactyla again divisible into strongly marked families. Among the characters which I have brought forward, we find that the Proboscidia, the Sirenia, and the singular fossil genus Towodon, agree with the more typical Perissodactyla in the depth of the inter- maxillary bone and the vertical implantation of the incisors, in the absence of the supraorbital foramen, of the fossa and pit within the orbit, and of a strongly marked pterygoid ridge, in the character of the zygoma, except that in the Proboscidia there is no descending post-articular process ; in the narrowing anteriorly, and rounded sides of the basioccipital bone, and in the resemblance between the anterior and posterior molares. They differ from the typical Perissodactyla and agree among themselves, in the upward direction of the nasal opening, the large size of the infraorbital foramen, the lengthening of the bony palate, with the comparative narrowing of the posterior nares, in the short antero-posterior extent and the transverse thicken- ing of the pterygoid processes, and in the considerable angle formed between the basioccipital and basisphenoid bones (least marked in the Manatee), the latter being inclined upwards, of course with refer- ence to the upward direction of the nasal canal. Points of resem- to the upper molars of the Dichodon seems to have crossed the mind of Prof. De Blainville, for in a recent number of the ‘ Ostéographie,’ after describing the dentition of the lower jaw in that animal, he proceeds: ‘“ D’apres ce qui vient d’étre dit du systéme dentaire de cette mandibule, on voit qu’il est incomplet par Vabsence de la derniére molaire non encore sortie; mais ne doit-il pas en étre de méme pour la série d’en haut, si les deux piéces proviennent du méme individu? Alors il faudrait admettre qu’au lieu de deux, il ne manquerait qu’une seule avant- molaire, ce qui parait peu probable.” With regard to the Hyopotamus Vectianus, M. De Blainville seems to doubt a littie that the upper and lower jaw really belong to each other, but refrains from a decided judgement, not yet being acquainted, as he observes, with any principle that can direct the mind in the question of the relation of two parts of the dental system to each other. He inadvertently calls this species “‘ annectens,”’ the name given by Prof. Owen to his Paloplotherium. * Essay on Classification, ‘ Zoologist’ for December 1847. 155 blance and of difference no doubt may be traced through the entire structure ; as, for instance, the femur of the Proboscidia, although it wants the third trochanter, so characteristic of the more typical Peris- sodactyla, resembles the corresponding bone in that group in the cha- racters of the posterior side of its upper part. If it be admitted that this assemblage of singularly modified forms have sufficient resemblance to form a group which shall, with the more typical Perissodactyla, constitute two divisions, about equal in rank to the two divisions of the Artiodactyla, there cannot be much difference in opinion as to the manner in which this group should be subdivided into families. The Proboscidia stand forth as one (Z/e- phantide), and the Sirenia as another (Manatide) ; while the Toxo- don, which in its most essential characters seems to agree with both, and in some points with each, has so many peculiarities of its own, that it appears entitled to rank as a distinct family of itself, which should be placed between the other two, not as a “ comecting link,” which its marked differences from either must forbid, and which if it were, it would but annihilate the distinction that exists. It seems time that naturalists should have decided what it is that constitutes an affinity ; whether a form can really be allied to several widely-different groups. We may naturally expect to find, that amidst the varied forms each part assumes, a character which is the rule among the members of one group may be the exception in an- other, without of necessity supposing that a species presenting such a character can truly belong to both, and thus tend to destroy the difference of the original models on which the two groups are or- ganized. In the present case, notwithstanding the peculiarities of structure mentioned as connecting the Toxodon with the Rodentia, its renowned describer, even while strengthening the idea of that affi- nity by adverting to Cuvier’s assertion that the Elephants approach the same order, yet places it, apparently without a doubt, among the Ungulata, to which it obviously belongs. Although Cuvier affirms, that if all the parts of the head of the Elephant be compared succes- sively with those of other animals, it is almost always among the Ro- dentia that their analogies will be found, he alludes only to three parts as indicating any such affinity. The relative size of the incisors and their alveoli can signify but little when their widely different structure is considered ; and he correctly tells us why the infraorbital foramen is large in both: the character of the os mal is common to the Bats and Insectivora as well as the Rodentia, and seems to be a frequent concomitant of a degree of organization comparatively low. The direction of the incisors in the Towxodon differs very little from that which we find in many of the typical Perissodactyla, and the absence of roots is simply a physiological adaptation, and an indu- bitable proof that the detrition to which they were subjected was considerable; while on the other hand, the whole structure of the cranium is on the ungulate type, especially different from the Capy- bara and the forms allied to it, whose skulls present so many striking characters, that if any resemblance really did exist, an anatomist to whom they were familiar would certainly perceive it at a glance. 156 It is a matter of considerable regret to me, that before concluding my notice of the Perissodactyla, I am again compelled to differ from that high authority to whom we owe so much, and in whose footsteps I may here be said, as it were, to follow. Although I am prepared to show that the evidence of the teeth, on which Prof. Owen decided the place of his genus Hyracotherium, is not so strong as it may appear; yet, on the other hand, their resemblance to those of the group to which I must transfer it is not so striking as to have caused me in the least to doubt the correctness of the place assigned to it, until I was well satisfied of the value of the cranial characters which I have pointed out. Although the true molars resemble those of the Cheropotamus and other non-ruminant Artiodactyla in the tuber- cular form of the four principal eminences, and in having the ridge surrounding the base more complete than is usual in the Perisso- dactyla, yet to make the resemblance good, they should have, in addition to the two smaller tubercles, the one in the front, the other in the middle of the tooth, a third one behind; and the fact is well worthy of attention, that each of these secondary tubercles is placed upon the angle of a bent ridge which connects the pair of larger ones immediately behind it, and which in the smaller species (Hyracothe- rium Cuniculus) exists, while the little tubercle itself is wanting ; thus showing that the ridge is a more essential part of the tooth than the tubercle developed upon it; and this ridge just marks out in a rudi- mental way the bent transverse ridges in the Rhinoceros, Tapir, Pa- leotherium, and other allied genera. The two last premolars differ from the true molars only in the non-development of the inner tubercle of the posterior pair, but of which a slight rudiment is still traceable ; and the sudden change of form between these teeth and the two first is met with in no other genus, either of the Artiodactyle or Perisso- dactyle group. This would be perfectly in accordance with law, if the third and fourth molars belonged to the milk series, and the ani- mal were Artiodactyle; but the whole series has the appearance of adult completeness, and neither the form nor the degree of wear of these teeth at all indicates such to be their nature ;—indeed Prof. Owen himself never once hints at such an idea. To whichever group, then, this little animal be referred, the teeth will present marked ex- ceptional characters, and therefore it becomes more necessary to seek for further evidence. I was first led to suspect a Perissodactyle affi- nity, through observing, by the figures and description published in Prof. Owen’s very useful work on the British Fossil Mammalia, that the nasal bones exhibit the character of this group in a very decided manner, and that the supraorbital foramen and groove are entirely wanting. This induced me to examine with care the unique speci- men in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, and I thus con- firmed these characters, and also found that the mark indicating the origin of the obliquus inferior oculi is but a slight depression, not more marked than I have seen it in some skulls of Rhinoceros and Hyrax, and not placed in a fossa, but simply upon the general uni- form concavity. Although the posterior portion of the skull is en- tirely lost, yet enough remains to show that there was but a slight 157 difference of level between the base of the cranium and the palate ; and to the inner side of the posterior molars there is just sufficient of the matrix removed to show a slightly raised curved line whose place is about that which the edge of the posterior nasal opening should occupy, if the animal be organized upon the true Perissodactyle type. A further confirmation is afforded by the distinct appear- ance of a groove, whose broken edges testify the loss of the little piece with which the alisphenoid canal should be enclosed ; so in the only fragment we possess every character that remains agrees, . to help us through the difficulty in which the ambiguous dentition leaves us. May I be permitted to express the hope, that before forming a de- cided judgement on these matters, naturalists will carefully investigate for themselves ; recollecting, that so long as man is not infallible, the continued progress of research must with new discoveries find some- thing to be corrected in that which has been done before? but what- ever be the judgement on these points of difference, I trust that doubts will cease as to the truth of the original idea, which nought but error hindered from being sooner developed ; and that one important step may thus be gained towards that correct appreciation of the compa- rative value of groups, which we must attain throughout organic na- ture, before further generalizations can safely be attempted. I will conclude by giving a list of genera arranged as I should now propose; the characters of the groups, although many remain to be discovered, are already too numerous to be again repeated, and I only include such genera of which I have been able to examine skulls ; or in the case of fossils, of which actual specimens, casts, or well-authen- ticated figures of some characteristic portion of the skeleton have come within my observation. ARTIODACTYLA. RuMINANTIA. NON-RUMINANTIA. Merycopotamus. Hippopotamide. Chalicotherium *. Hippopotamina. Bovide. Hippopotamus. Sivatherium. Hyopotamus. Anthracotherium. Bos. Cheeropotamus. Ovis. Adapis. Capra. Dicotylina. Antilope, and several of Dicotyles. the genera into which these have been dis- membered. * Of these two genera I have not yet sufficient evidence to determine the family. RuMINANTIA. Cervide. Cervina. Cervus, and various sub- genera. Camelopardalina. Camelopardalis. Moschide. Moschina. Moschus. Meminna. Hyeomoschus. Dorcatherium. Dichobunina. Cainotherium. Dichodon. Dichobune. Xiphodon. Camelide. Anoplotheriana. Anoplotherium. Camelina. Llama. Camelus. NON-RUMINANTIA. Suide. Sus. Hippohyus. Babirussa. Phascochcerus. PERISSODACTYLA. Typica. Rhinocerotide. Equina. Equus. Rhinocerotina. Macrauchenia. Nesodon. Rhinoceros. Acerotherium. Elasmotherium. Hyrax. Paleeotherium. Paloplotherium. Tapirus. Lophiodon. Coryphodon. Hyracotherium. ABERRANTIA. Elephantide. Deinotherium. Mastodon. Elephas. Toxodontide. Toxodon. Manatide. Halicore. Manatus. 159 4. MoNoGRAPH OF THE RECENT SPECIES OF TRIGONIA, IN- CLUDING THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES FROM THE Cotuection or H. Cumine, Ese. By Artruur ADAms, R.N., F.L.S. ere. (Mollusea, Pl. III.) TricontA, Bruguitre. Testa equivalvis, inequilateralis, transversa, trigona, interdum suborbicularis ; dentes cardinales oblongi, lateraliter com- pressi, divaricati; duo in valvd alterd, utroque latere trans- versim sulcati ; quatuor in alterd, uno tantum latere sulcati ; ligamentum externum, crassum, marginale ; impressiones muscu- lares due. Shell equivalve, mostly inequilateral, transverse, rather triangular, sometimes suborbicular ; cardinal teeth oblong, laterally compressed, divaricated, two in one valve transversely grooved on both sides, four in the other grooved on one side only ; ligament external, thick, rather short, marginal; muscular impressions two, distinct, lateral ; palleal impression very nearly entire. TRIGONIA MARGARITACEA, Lamarck. JT. testd suborbiculatd, radiatim costatd, intus margaritaced, costis elevatis, verrucosis, subasperis ; margine plicato. Shell rather compressed, with 20 or 23 rather narrow, nodulose, radiating ribs; the hinder ribs very compressed, all excepting the front ribs wide apart. Hab. Van Diemen’s Land; Ronald Gunn, Esq. (Mus. Cum.) Trigonia margaritacea, Lamarck, Ann. du Mus. tom. iv. p. 355. pl. 67. fig. 2. T. pectinata, Lamk. TricontA Lamarckxu, Gray. T. testd subventricosd, solidd, costis 20-26 angustatis planiusculis nodulosis radiantibus, costis aree postice confertis angustatis, costis omnibus confer- tis nodulosis. Hab. in Nova Hollandia. Shell rather ventricose, solid, with 20 to 26 narrow, flat-topped, nodulose radiating ribs; the ribs of the hinder slope narrow, rather crowded ; ribs convex, all close together and nodulose. Hab. New Holland, Port Jackson; Mr. Stutchbury. (Mus. Cum.) Varies, with the inside white, salmon-coloured, yellow, or purple bronze. Trigonia Lamarckii, Gray, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1838, p. 482. Triconia Juxesn, A. Adams, n. sp. TT. testd ovato-trigond, postice truncatd, margine sinuato, radiatim costatd, costis circa 20-24, elevatis, tuberculato-nodosis, tuberculis rotundatis, ob- tusis, margine ventrali valde pectinato. (Mollusea, Pl. III. figs. 4, 5, 6.) Shell oyately trigonal, posteriorly truncated, the margin sinuated, 160 radiately ribbed; ribs about 20-24, elevated, tubercularly nodose ; tubercles rounded, obtuse, ventral margin strongly pectinated. Hab. Cape York, 6 fathoms; J. Jukes, Esq. (Mus. Cuming.) 5. ON A NEW GENUS OF PHOLADID, WITH NOTICES OF SEVERAL NEW SPECIES AND OF A REMARKABLE SPECIMEN OF PHOLAS CALVA IN Mr. Cumine’s Cotuection. By G. B. Sowersy, Jun., F.L.S. (Mollusca, Pl. V.) Among the species of Pholades there are various modifications of structure, particularly with regard to the form, position and number of the accessory valves, and the test enclosmg the anterior hiatus of the shell in some species, which are very interesting and important, and have given rise to various proposals for the division of the species into distinct genera. The propriety or otherwise of such divisions it is scarcely worth while to argue about, as it is after all a mere question of convenience, whether such modifications should be expressed by arranging the species in so many genera of a family, or so many sub- divisions of a genus. It will be sufficient for my present purpose to remark, that there is one character in which the Pholades, whether open or closed, with or without accessory valves, cup-bearing or tube- forming, all agree, and that is, in the curved processes commencing under the hinges inside the shell. In the genus now to be described these are wanting, and this fact removes the hesitation which might have been felt in attempting to establish a generic distinction from the other characters, however well-marked and interesting. Genus TRIOMPHALIA“*. Char.Gen.—Molluscum acephalum terebrans. Testa bivalvis, zetate juniore hians, zetate matura clausa. Valvee ineequales ; utraque an- ticé lamina testacea inflata ad marginem ventralem affix4, interné cardine unidentato, sine processu subcardinali. Valva dextra posticé alteram longitudine superans. Valva sinistra alteram involvens, ad dorsum nucleo quasi-umbonali incipiens. The shells of this genus, when mature, have the ventral hiatus closed by an expanded test fixed to the edge of each valve; that of the left valve commences at the back, in a nucleus resembling an extra umbo, and in front overwrapping that of the other. The right valve, on the other hand, materially exceeds in length, at the posterior extre- mity, the other valve, which terminates very abruptly.. The hinge is without sub-umbonal processes, but has an obtuse tooth on the hinge in each valve. The name is taken from the nucleus of the covering-test in the right valve, which forms, as it were, a third umbo. The typical spe- cies is the Pholas globosa of Quoy. TRIOMPHALIA GLOBOSA, Pl. V. f. 1. (Pholas globosa, Quoy.) Tr. testd subovali, postice subattenuatd, anticé globosd ; valvis transverse dimidiatis, parte posticd concentricé lyratd ; in medio * Tpets, tres; dudadds, umbo. 7 = ee ee Proc. Z.5. Mollusca V. G@B.Sowerby Fon? del et Lith Reeve Berlham & Reeve imp. 3a. TR.CUMINGII, 4.PHOLAS CALVA, tnsztw, witha stony tube; 5, PHOLAS TUBIFER, zz széz, with shelly tube. | L.TRIOMPHALIA GLOBOSA, 2.2a,2b.TR.PULCHERRIMA, 2c.2a inside of valves of the same ; 3. 161 costd imbricatd unicd, parte anticd lyratd, radiatim costis acute imbricatis ornatd: valvd dextrd productd sublinguiformi, den- tibus acutis recurvis serratd: nucleo lamine terminalis valve sinistre triangulari, striatd, subcomplanatd. Found in soft stone, at half-tide. Island of Leyte ; Cuming. TRIOMPHALIA PULCHERRIMA, Pl. V. f. 2, 2a, 6,c,d. Tr. testd subovali ventricosd, antice globosd, corrugatd, anticé subatte- nuatd ; valvis transverse dimidiatis, parte posticd costis distan- tibus concentricé lyratd, parte anticd lineis lyratd, margine den- tibus acutis crispatis serratd : nucleo lamine terminalis valve sinistre subtriangulari, rotundo, lineis elevatis lyrato. This species is much larger than 7’. globosa, the ventral covering much more rough and inflated, the concentric ribs on the posterior part of the valves more strongly defined, and not crossed by the oblique row of raised points which is seen in the former species. Found in soft stone at low water at West Colombia; Cuming. TriomeHaLiA Cumineu, Pl. V. f. 3,3a. Tr. testd rotunda, crassd ; valvis posticé canali divisis, concentricé lineis elevatis lyratis, anticé costis minutis serratis radiatis ; parte posticd concentrice laminatd ; valud dextrd postice in lingulam triangu- larem margine triplicatam productd ; valvd sinistrd posticé bre- vissimd margine terminali circulari. This shell would be completely spherical but for the linguiform ex- tension of the right valve. The left valve terminates in a circular mar- gin, where the rounded part of the right valve meets it. Found in coral rock at low water. Isle of Zebu, Philippines ; Cu- ming. The following new species of Pholas will be figured and described in the forthcoming number of my ‘Thesaurus Conchyliorum ’:— 1. Paowas raqueata, Thes. Conch. Pl. CIII. f. 19, 20. 2. Pu. Manitua. Thes. Conch. Pl. CIII. f. 17, 18. 3: Pu. rracruis, Thes. Conch. Pl. CVIII. f. 92, 93. 4. P. consrricra, Thes. Conch. Pl. CIV. f. 27, 28. 5. Pu. rerepinirormis. Ph. testd globosd, apertd, in medio divisd; anticé margine ventrali subangulatd, costis laqueatis concentricis ornatd ; postice brevi, levigatd ; lamind dorsali und subquadratd super marginem reflecam teste positd. Although short, and with an angular opening, like the species of the genus Xylophaga, this species and the following have the curved subcardinal processes which are characteristic of the true Pholades, and are not found in Xylophage. Found in cakes of floating wax on the coast of Cuba. 6. Pa. aperta, Thes. Conch. Pl. CVIII. f. 99, 100. 7. Pu. Incr, Thes. Conch. Pl. CV. f. 45, 46. This differs from the great Californian species in the characters of No. CC.—Proceepincs or THE ZooLoGicaL Society. 162 the dorsal side of the anterior part, which is finely striated in both directions ; in the epidermidal lamine, which are beautifully serrated ; and in the integumental covering of the dorsal edge, which is divided into four parts. Collected by Capt. Ince, R.N., in coral rocks at Rain Island, Torres Straits. 8. Pu. mutristRiaTA, Thes. Conch. Pl. CIV. f. 35, 36. 9. Pu. vatissima. Ph. testd subquadratd, subcompressd, aperta, antice angulatd posticée truncatd ; costis moniliferis radiatis et lineis concentricis cancellaté ; umbonibus subcentralibus mar- gine dorsali refiexo. A wide, rather flat shell, widely gaping in front, and truncated at the posterior extremity, with radiating ribs fornting knots on the raised lines of growth. It appears to be without accessory valves. Taken in Manilla Bay ; Cuming. 10. Pu. spatuunata. Ph. testd elongatd, clausd, oblique divisd ; parte anticd radiatim costatd subangulatd ; parte posticd con- centricé leviter striata, subtruncatd, ad margines integumente protectd, ad terminus in cyatho-corneo, luteribus spathuliformi- bus, productd : ad umbones laminis duabus equalibus posticé bilobatis, antice elongatis. From New Zealand. Puotas Cava (Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834), Pl. V. f. 4. I wish to call the attention of the Meeting to a remarkable speci- men of Ph. calva in situ, which may be considered as bearing, in some degree, upon the boring question in a manner somewhat un- favourable to the ‘rasping’ theory. In this specimen the animal has lined the anterior narrow end of its hole with a thick laminated tube, formed not of shelly matter, as in the case of Pholas tubifer, of which I figure a specimen ia situ, but of the same material as the stone in which it has burrowed, and bearing every appearance of a reformation of its substance by precipitation, after having been dis- solved by a chemical agent. The structure is far too fine to have been formed from any débris which could be the result of merely me- chanical action. The specimen of Ph. tubifer, Pl. V. fig. 5, in my father’s collec- tion, shows in a remarkable manner the fitting of the hole to the shape of the shell, which is not symmetrical, and could not turn in the slightest degree. December 11, 184(). R. C. Griffith, Esq., in the Chair. The Secretary stated that he had the pleasure of announcing the probability of the Society’s success in an object to which he had de- voted a considerable share of his attention, which the Council had frequently considered, and towards which all previous efforts had been rendered fruitless by the magnitude of the difficulties by which it is surrounded. He then proceeded to read the following extracts from a letter addressed to him by the Hon. C. A. Murray, dated Cairo, Noy. 16, 1849 :— “Tt is with the greatest satisfaction that I communicate to you the intelligence that I have succeeded in obtaiming for the Society a live Hippopotamus! It is now in a yard at the back of my house, and apparently in perfect health ; you cannot be more anxious than Tam that I may be able to keep it through the winter and send it to you safe in spring. It is only five or six months old *, and still lives entirely on milk; I think a fresh importation of cows will be neces- sary in Cairo, as our little monster takes about thirty quarts of milk daily for his share already. HH. H. Abbas Pasha has been most liberal in having the animal brought here at his own expense from the White Nile. A lieutenant and a party of ten Nubian soldiers formed his escort ; a boat was built on purpose for him ; and the vice- roy sent him to my house in charge of the chief officer of bis palace. I may also mention that by H. H. orders, another officer with a party of soldiers is still out on the White Nile, charged with the duty of securing a young female for us, so that I am not without hope of sending you the pair together.”’ Five days afterwards, on the 21st of November, Mr. Murray writes :-— “The Hippopotamus is quite well, and the delight of every one who sees him. He is as tame and playful as a Newfoundland puppy ; knows his keepers, and follows them all over the courtyard ; in short, if he continues gentle and intelligent as he promises to be, he will be the most attractive object ever seen in our Garden, and may be taught all the tricks usually performed by the elephant.” In addition to the preceding correspondence, the Secretary stated that he had received a most interesting letter from Mr. Dunean, the well-known African traveller, now bearing the appointment of H. M. Vice-Consul at Whydah. The letter was dated from the British fort, and dated Sept. 14, 1849 :— **T have the honour to inform you that I started from Whydah on the 24th of August, and arrived at Abamey, the capital of the king- dom of Dahomey, on the 30th, when I and my friends met with a very cordial reception. I was allowed two days to prepare the pre- sents sent by the British government to the king of this country. * Mammalia, Pl. XIV. te 164 On the 2nd of September we delivered these presents, and also the pea-fowls sent by the Zoological Society. On the following day I was honoured by an interview with the king, who received me in the same cordial manner as before. I read to him your letter, which was interpreted as I read: he is much pleased with the birds, which were turned out and fed in his presence. I explained to him the reason of their being without tails, and showed him a picture of the bird in full plumage. He asked a great many questions respecting the So- ciety, and requested me to read over a number of members’ names from the list with which you furnished me. As soon as I mentioned Lord Palmerston’s name, the king readily recognised it. “In reply to your letter, the king promises to catch you elephants, and he suggested to me that it is always necessary to kill the old one to secure the young. He says that his female soldiers have caught many, but never kept them alive. If they are bound with ropes they surely die: the king thinks the only way to secure one is to have a large cage made, of great strength, and carried to the imme- diate vicinity of the elephants’ track, so that the young elephant may be placed in it as soon as captured, and at once conveyed to Whydah. **T have asked for several other animals, which have also been pro- mised to me. I am, thank God, in excellent health, as well as my companions.” The following papers were read :— 1. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SEVERAL NEW SPECIES OF TERRESTRIAL, FLUVIATILE AND MARINE Mo.uuuscous AnI- MALS INHABITING New ZEALAND. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S., PresipenT oF THE BoTANICAL SOCIETY, ETC. Major Greenwood has most kindly transmitted to me, for the Mu- seum Collection, a number of small species of terrestrial and fluviatile Mollusea which he had collected near Auckland in New Zealand. I hasten to lay before the Society a description of those which were not noticed in the Faunula attached to Dr. Dieffenbach’s Travels. 1. Ard¢onips. 1. Nanrina? Kivi, Gray, Fauna N. Z. 262. n. 220. Hab. Auckland; Major Greenwood. 2. Nanina Maria, Gray, Fauna N. Z. 262. n. 221. Hab. Auckland; Major Greenwood. These species were each described from a single specimen; Major Greenwood has sent one of the former and several of the latter, of different ages, and they prove very distinct and well-marked species. 3. Nanina? CELINDE. Shell rather depressed, pale brown; spire subconic ; whorls five, rather closely adpressed, with transverse membranaceous ridges, the last slightly keeled, convex in front ; axis with a narrow deep perfo- 165 ration ; peristome with a very slightly thickened internal submarginal rib. Diam. 2 lines. Hab. Auckland. 4. Nanrina ERIGONE. Shell trochiform, pellucid, brown-spotted ; spire conical, as high as broad, apex blunt ; whorls rather convex, very slightly concentrically wrinkled, brown, cross-banded, last rounded, evenly convex in front, axis with a narrow deep perforation; peristome rather reflexed near the axis. Diam. ;4,th of an inch. Hab, Auckland, New Zealand; Major Greenwood. 5. Nanina TuLiia. Shell depressed, pellucid, whitish ; spire scarcely raised, with close- pressed, rather convex, transversely-grooved whorls, crossed with pale brown streaks; the last whorl rounded, convex in front, and crossed with brown lines and distinct cross-grooves ; axis imperforated. Diam. 3th of an inch. Hab. Auckland, New Zealand. 2. Limacip. 1. Hextrx Dunnia, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. v. 317, 1841; Fau- nula N. Z. 247. n. 143. Named in honour of Mrs. Dunn, a relative of Mr. Joshua Alder, from whom I received the first land-shell from New Zealand. 2. Herrx GreEnwoonil. Shell rather depressed, largely umbilicated, pale brown, thin, pel- lucid, rugose ; spire slightly raised, outer whorl rounded, with three or four rather oblique ridges directed towards the front; umbilicus very large, conical, wide, deep, the pillar side of the outer lip straight and high. Hab. Auckland, New Zealand; Major Greenwood. This species is very like Helix Dunnie in size, colour and form, but the outer whorl is rounded, and with some very peculiar oblique ridges on the outer periphery ; the umbilicus is much larger; the pillar-lip, as high as the confines of the umbilicus, is straight, and not arched, as in that species. I have great pleasure in dedicating it to Major Greenwood, who has so kindly enabled me to add the above genus, and this and the follow- ing species, to the New Zealand Fauna. 3. Hextrx (Carocotia) ZeLanpix, Gray, Faun. N. Z. 247. n. 144 and 262. Hab. Auckland. 4. Hewix Portia. Shell rather depressed ; spire convex, rounded, pale brown ; whorls five or six, rather close-pressed, rather convex, crossed with close con- centric laminal ridges, edged with elongated hairs, and marked with rather dark brown cross-bands ; last whorl rounded, convex in front ; 166 axis with a rather narrow deep umbilicus ; mouth rather wide, peri- stome thin, slightly reflexed near the axis, and rather smuous near the suture of the spire. Diam. 3rd of an inch. Hab. Auckland; Major Greenwood and Dr. Sinclair. 5. Hewrx Ive. Shell depressed, pellucid, whitish, brown rayed ; spire flat or rather sunk in the middle whorl, close-pressed, convex, with rather distant very slight spiral membranaceous ridges, and larger and more distinct membranaceous cross-ridges, fringed on the edge with hair-like elonga- tions; last whorl rounded externally in front, slightly flattened near the axis; axis large, umbilicated, showing the volutions. Diam. 3 of an inch. Hab. Auckland. 6. Hexrx (Zonites) coma, Gray, Fauna N. Z. 263. n. 224. Hab. Auckland (abundant) ; Major Greenwood. 7. Hewrx Eersta. Shell depressed, dark brown ; spire scarcely raised, at length irre- gular and rather distorted ; whorls subcylindrical, regularly and closely spirally grooved, with rather distant, thick, broad, membranous cross- ridges ; last whorl subcylindrical, often twisted rather in front of the regular course, rounded externally and in front, and closely spirally grooved in front; axis widely umbilicated, showing all the whorls. Diam. 2th of an inch. Hab. Auckland; Dr. Sinclair and Major Greenwood. 8. Zonrres CH1Ron. Shell depressed, dark olive-green, covered with a thick, polished periostraca, and crossed with rather sinuous, concentric, membranous ridges; spire rather convex, rounded; whorls rather convex, last spread out, rounded on the edge and convex in front; axis widely umbilicated, showing the lower whorls; mouth roundish, sublunate ; peristome thin, outer lip rather expanded behind, and separated from the penultimate whorl by a slight notch. Diam. + of an inch. Hab. Auckland ; Major Greenwood. The upper surface resembles a miniature Helix Busbyi, but the under surface is very different. 9. ZonrrEs? Coresta. Shell depressed, dark olive-green, with brown cross-bands covered with a thick, smooth, polished periostraca; spire scarcely raised, rather convex; whorls convex, last expanded, rounded on the edge and in front ; axis broadly umbilicated, showing all the whorls ; mouth roundish, sublunate ; peristome thin, with the periostraca inflexed when dry. Diam. 2th of an inch. Hab. Auckland, New Zealand. This shell is exactly like a very minute specimen of Helix Busby. It differs from the former, Z. Chiron, in being smaller, more depressed, and in the umbilicus bemg much wider, showing the front side of the upper whorls, which appear rather transverse. 167 10. Butimus? (Laoma) Lermonias. Shell trochiform, polished, brown-spotted ; spire conical, rather higher than broad, apex obtuse ; whorls very slightly convex, polished, with one or two slightly sunk lines on the front half; last whorl with a distinet rib-like keel on the front edge ; two spiral grooves on front half outer side ; the side flattened with several small concentric grooves ; axis minutely and deeply perforated ; mouth square; peristome simple, slightly reflexed near the axis; the throat with three equal, well- marked spiral ridges, one on the outer side of the posterior, and an- other opposite to it on the outer side of the front lip, and one on the middle of the right side or outer edge of the last whorl. Diam. #,th of an inch. Hab. Auckland; Major Greenwood. I am inclined to regard this shell as the type of a particular sub- genus of shell which may be characterized by the simple peristome, the perforated axis, the square mouth, and the spiral ridges in the throat ; but I have only seen a single specimen, and it may be, though I regard it as very improbable, the young state of a Pupa or Vertigo. If it prove distinct, it may be called Laoma. AURICULID2 ? EvASMATINA RecuusiAna, Petit, Proc. Zool. Soc. 184 . Hab. Auckland, New Zealand; Major Greenwood. M. Petit described this specimen from the island of Opara in the South Seas. CyCLosTOMID. Reavis Ecora. Shell ovate, pale brown, covered with a dull brown periostraca marked with elevated, transverse, membranaceous ridges rather fringed on the edge ; apex rounded ; whorls convex, rounded in front, and with a deep brown band round the axis ; axis scarcely perforated ; mouth ovate; peristome reflexed, sharp-edged, with a thin, sharp- edged, slightly-raised internal peristome. Length 23 lines. Hab. Auckland, New Zealand. Cycioruorus Cyrora. 2% /¢° 9% - Shell minute, trochiform, brown, closely and uniformly spirally striated and slightly concentrically wrmkled; apex subacute; spire conical, nearly as high as broad; whorls convex, the last rounded and convex in front ; axis perforated; mouth subcireular ; peristome scareely reflexed, thickened internally ; ? operculum horny, of a few rapidly enlarging whorls. Diam. ;th of an inch. Hab. Auckland, New Zealand; Major Greenwood. LyMNEAD. PLANORBIS CORINNA. Shell depressed, white, above flat, beneath rather concave ; whorls convex, rounded. Hab. Auckland, New Zealand. 168 This species is very like the European P. albus, but not spirally striated. The most interesting of these shells is a new genus, which appears to belong to the family Lymneade, and allied to the genus Ancylus, but to be immediately distinguished from it by the shell possessing a thin lamina on the hinder edge of the cavity, most probably extended between the upper part of the body and the upper edge of the foot, as is the case in Crepidula. It is easily to be distinguished from the latter genus by the posterior plate having its edge bent suddenly down towards the base of the aperture and enlarged at the front part of the right side, and produced into a lobe having a groove between it and the inner surface of the right side of the shell. This character also separates it from Navicella. The genus may be thus characterized :— Latia. Shell half ovate, spiral, of one or two very rapidly enlarging whorls ; spire very short, placed nearly in the centre rather on the left of the hinder edge ; aperture very large, nearly occupying the whole of the shell, oblong, rather oblique ; cavity simple, hinder edge with a thin, narrow, flat, horizontal lamina occupying the hinder and nearly half the length of the left side of the cavity; the left and hinder edge suddenly bent down towards the base of the shell, and produced into a rather broad expansion at the right side, leaving a rather broad space between it and the inner part of the right side of the aperture ; periostraca thin, pale brown, spirally striated. Animal.—Head with a short broad snout, rounded in front; ten- tacula two, short, triangular, the eyes on the outer side of their base ; body subspiral; mantle submarginal, continued all round ; edge simple; aperture of the respiratory cavity on the hinder part of the right side, protected on the imer side by the process of the lamina; upper part of the body subspiral, separate from the back of the foot and fitting imto the upper cavity of the shell above the posterior plate ; abductor muscle submarginal, horse-shoe-shaped?; foot oblong, rounded at each end. The description of the animal is imperfect, being taken from a dried specimen softened by being soaked in a weak solution of caustic pot- ash, and then placed in weak spirits. This genus is evidently allied to Ancylus, but differs‘in the shell being more Nerite-like, and in the aperture of respiration being placed on the right side. LATIA NERITOIDES. Pale brown, spirally striated, internal lamina white, transparent. Hab. Auckland, New Zealand. Dr. Sinclair sent some specimens of this shell to the British Mu- seum, with animals dried in them, in 1847, and Major Greenwood has kindly sent two additional specimens. 2) aed J « Lp? Tse PUPS BSE re bite wale: bi Qos! 1 Pet | re es sipctielt ot davon at ” wig mid’ et Kar £ oh ps = 3 re £3" 1 & vi va he By ae 7 avast Aa a4 m “ba oa bribery ’ wee Bes et . bt “hl a rit a eh .¥ ane aaa ayy na ew Sersigie ee. Sita ste knot 3 ait herds 3 aca aly oh pai Se 4 arava aa: Peahidod’, ea j ca ai or 5 oats sid To naprureaa nin: 2 somes rik Gels “in4 master bag 44 cho gee wl F y Sowerby, del erlith. ze : Reeve Beriham & Ree? 1, TELLINA SQUAMULOSA. 2.3.& 4. GEOMELANIA JAMAICENSIS. SPANOPAA JAPONICA . 6. SANCUINOLARIA TELLINOIDES. 7. THRACIA MAGNIFICA. Jonas. 169 LITTORINID. Amnicola? antipodarum, Gray, Fauna New Zeal. 241. n. 101. Auckland, New Zealand; Major Greenwood. Amnicola? Zelandiz, Gray, Fauna New Zeal. 241. n. 102. Auckland, New Zealand; Major Greenwood. Amnicola? n. sp. A single specimen, not in a good state. Auckland, New Zealand ; Major Greenwood. Major Greenwood also sent two specimens of a marine shell. He observes, that it was ‘entirely enveloped by the animal when alive.” It proved a new species of Lamellaria. LAMELLARIA OPHIONE. Shell oblong, elongate, pellucid, white ; spire very short, conical ; whorls convex, last whorl very large, convex, rather iridescent ; aper- ture ovate ; pillar-lip curved, slightly reflexed. Auckland, New Zealand. 2. On THE ANIMAL OF GEOMELANIA. By ArTHUR ADAMs, R.N., F.L.S. ete. (Mollusca, Pl. VI. figs. 2, 3, 4.) An examination of the animal of Geomelania Jamaicensis, Pfeiffer (which the kindness of Mr. Cuming has allowed me to make), shows it to belong to the family of Looping-Snails, Truncatellide of Gray ; in fact, it differs in no respect from the animal of Truncatella. The tentacles are short, conical and depressed, with the eyes large, black, and sessile on the middle of the upper surface of their base ; the head terminates anteriorly in a broad, flattened bilobate proboscis, as long as the tentacles ; and the foot is short, depressed, and divided by a deep groove from the head, bearing on its upper hind surface a horny, simple, thin, oval operculum, with the apex slightly spiral, and the nucleus subterminal. The order, which consists of the genera Truncatella, Skenea, Geomelania, and possibly Acicula and Assimi- nea, differs from the Cyclostomide in the position of the eyes and the short depressed tentacles; and would seem to be placed most naturally between duriculide and Cyclostomide. By means of Ris- soa and Hydrobia it has also relations with Littorinide ; Truncatella resembling the former and 4ssiminea the latter genus. In habits they are amphibious. 3. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS FROM THE Cvu- MINGIAN CoLLecTion. By ArtrHuur Apams, F.L.S. 1. TeLLina squamutosa. (Mollusca, Pl. VI. fig. 1.) T. testd transversd, equilaterali, alba, concentricé in medio plicatd, plicis -angulatis subdistantibus, interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis ; regionibus lateralibus squamulis spinosis, regione ventrali 170 squamulis verrucosis obsitd ; latere antico rotundato, postico subflexuoso rostrato ; ared sulco impressd ; margine ventrali con- vexo, postice subflexuoso. Hab. in littoribus Australie. Shell transverse, equilateral, white, transversely concentrically pli- cated in the middle; plicee rather wide apart and angulated ; inter- stices longitudinally striated; ventral region and both extremities covered with scales, spinose at each end and wart-like in the middle. Hab. Cape York, North Australia ; collected by J. B. Jukes, Esq. 2. SANGUINOLARIA TELLINOIDES. (Mollusca, Pl. VI. fig. 6.) S. testd transversd, inequilaterd, utrinque hiante, rubiginosd, tenui, levi, striis transversis concentricis radiatim lineolatd; latere antico latiore, rotundato; postico angustiore, rotundato, subrostrato ; ared laterali lined latd impressd ; margine ven- trali convexo, postice valde sinuato. Hab. in Sinu Californize. Shell inequilateral, gaping at both ends, rubiginose, thin, smooth, with transverse concentric striee and longitudinal fine radiating lines ; anterior side the widest and rounded, posterior side narrowest, round and somewhat beaked ; lateral area with a depression extending from the umbo to the ventral margin; ventral margin convex, strongly sinuated posteriorly. Hab. Gulf of California. 3. Panopaa Japonica, A. Adams. (Mollusca, Pl. VI. fig. 5.) Pan. testd equivalvi, transversd, lateribus inequaliter hiante, inequilaterd, utrinque rotundatd, albd, tenui, fragili, trans- versim concentrice plicatd, plicis subdistantibus rotundatis ; latere antico breviore, postico duplo feré anticum superante ; margine ventrali arcuato, integro. Hab. Japoniam. 4, DescRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS THRACIA. By Dr. Jonas. Communicatep By H. Cuming, Esa. TuraciA MAGNiIFICA, Jonas. (Mollusca, Pl. VI. fig. 7.) Th. testd ovato-oblongd, transversd, inequivalvi, lacted ; utrinque rotundatd ; lateribus hiante ; valvd dextrd ventricosiore et ma- jore quam sinistrd; latere antico fleruoso, posteriore brevi, oblique carinato, transversim corrugato-plicatd, plicis subdi- stantibus concentricis longitudinaliter radiatim granulato-stri- atd, margine neutrali arcuato anticée subsinuato. Hab. 2 5. Norice or a Hysprip CROWNED-PIGEON, HATCHED IN THE Mewnacerise. By D. W. Mircue tt, Setc.Z.S. etc. ETC. The habits of so singular a form as the Crowned-Pigeon possess an interest, which will, [ believe, be a sufficient apology for my desire to make some record of the first instance of its successful nidification in 171] confinement. And I make the record of this particular instance with greater confidence, because the previous experience of the So- ciety’s Menagerie affords proof that the bird discovered by M. Steurs in Gillolo, and described in the Proceedings of 1844 under the name of Goura Victoria, by Mr. L. Fraser, is not the female of Goura coronata, as has been suggested, but a true and distinct species. The number of Crowned-Pigeons in possession of the Society having been reduced to a single female of Goura Victoria, and a male of Goura coronata, they were placed, by my direction, in the same divi- sion of the old Aviary. In the beginning of June last it was observed that they had paired. About two months afterwards they began to make attempts at the construction of a nest. In the open part of the Aviary there was a large branch of a tree fixed transversely, as a perch, about six feet from the ground. They commenced their work by carrying up twigs and pieces of stick which had been purposely placed within their reach, to the extremity of the perch, and vainly endea- voured to fabricate a platform on this slippery and insufficient foun- dation. The careful keeper watched their difficulty, and supplied them with the necessary support by fixing there a flat piece of basket- work. They now began in earnest, and on the 15th of August they ceased from their labor, during which the male had generally carried up the materials and the female disposed of them. On this eventful day it is supposed the single egg was laid, but it was so constantly covered by one or other of the birds, that the keeper did not get sight of it for some time afterwards. The nest was within a few feet of the front of the Aviary, which during the period of incubation was passed by many thousands of visitors: still so adroitly did the birds watch their oppor- tunity, that I heard of no instance, except that in which the keeper saw the egg, in which they were discovered in the act of relieving each other. The exposed situation of the nest, which was very slightly protected by the thin foliage of a climbing rose, rendered me apprehensive of the effects of the weather on the young bird, which was hatched on the 13th of September. It was covered with con- stant assiduity by one or other of the parents, who fed it while be- neath them. Whether from excess of care or from accident I know not, but it was found dead in the nest on the morning of the 17th, the mother still sitting there with unmoved constancy, and over- shadowing the dead corpse with her warm breast, as if incredulous of her bereavement. Knowing the interest with which I regarded this Malasian child, my accomplished friend Mr. Wolf was kind enough to preserve its aspect in the characteristic sketch which forms the sub- ject of the annexed engraving (Aves, Pl. XIII.). On the 24th of October another egg was produced, but, having been dropped from a perch in the house, was found broken on the ground. These birds are still in admirable health, and I have hope that if they breed at an earlier period in the approaching season, they will have better fortune, and succeed in bringing their produce to maturity. While upon this subject, I may perhaps not inappropriately advert 172 to another Columbine hybrid, of which two specimens exist in the Collection, the produce of Ectopistes migratorius @ and Turtur ri- sorius?. They have neither the tail of Hctopistes nor the collar of risorius, and to any one who was ignorant of their origin, would pre- sent indubitable indications of at least specific distinction. And I may also notice in this place a hybrid of an entirely dif- ferent kind, which was deposited during the earlier part of this year in the Society’s Menagerie, and has become the property of the Earl of Derby. The pencil of Mr. Wolf has again afforded me the means of recording the characteristic features of this singular Bovine (Mam- malia, Pl. XV.); and it is only necessary for me to add to the in- formation conveyed by his figure, that this animal was imported from India some four years ago, and appears to be the produce of a Zebu mother and a Yak sire, although I have been altogether unable to trace its actual history. ) Yled NUM INVA Sen 4h) rox LA a we | on aS Ge Gua ‘ 5 a Las Bette’ Lilie 36 aN we ts i iat e ry “4 a irae Pere a i pifiorict ie ne were h, PAYG Ne aa ok OTe DMS weet (1 “ereat BOE ee bE ve nse er tote Sco \h Cs ha SS ee a INDEX. The names of New Species, and Species newly characterized, are printed in Roman Characters : those of Species previously known, but respecting which novel informa- tion is given, in /¢alics: those of Species respecting which Anatomical Observations are made, in Capirats. Page Acanthocyathus Grayii, M.-Edw. et RALIN ej rak yet exeecth-paisaoused ane sa dG PACOPOLRETIUNE: < Fie Joven aosia en devensewaees 158 Acheus torquatus, Geoff. .......+.+. aged Metias Vieachy .s...2cescesse0iece 36, 47, 48 PUSHIN, LAD: css yiiccssesvenceen cote 36 CIOPIR Sos 2 iste pmatacticavasaccsecnosh 157 Agelastes meleagrides, Temm., n. sp. 145 PLLUT ETS CN) A Ree 34 WMlaclaga \. acisasctine' hitdiaaswadeeee ee 27 Amnicola, Gray, 0. Sp. .........eee ee 169 Amunicola? antipodarum, Gray ...... 169 ? zelandia, Gray .......0.6 aeenea 169 Anomia acheus, Gray, 0. Sp.....0e 116 acontes, Gray, N. SP....+0.eeee+ 116 — aculeata, Miiller...........++++... 115 —— adamas, Gray, 0. sp......-...+ aol? ——— alectis; (Graz, SPs c.c0aen.cers 117 — enigmatica, Alton..... sidgnenesee wtlS —— amabeus, Gray, n. sp. .....- axed 5 aspera, Philippi.....+....++s0008- 115 ja= UT MCLESIN AGT ayant. |S Dalicaxwulseuwatis 116 =a ———= SRG, OUEIN,. 16 uexedeseeven eves LLo CCNA DACOStA sein vccconans>< ssc cbeas ceecaeeseeweeoeee ewe 13] | —— Dunkeri, Pfr., n. sp. .......000 141 preetextus, Reeve, n. Sp.......+-- 98 | —— greca, Pfr., n. Sp. .........00 we 137 —— primularis, Reeve, n. sp. ...... 100 | —— Hanleyana, Pfr., 0. sp.......++ 139 INDEX. 175 Page Page Clausilia homalorhaphe, P/fr., n. sp. 137 | DicHODON .........006.e.cceeee eee 152, 153 =— jdma, .Pfr.,. DSPs. .waleve.tseebs- BAO! |) ADICKOAOW ose eels FHEMIONUS, sonsccccvesectosvcnssces 29 Cyathina Smithii, M.-Edw. et Haime 74 RAGMNIONUR scnnno'cinewt ee ddewsiceea 64 Cyclophorus cytora, Gray, n. sp. ... 167 | —— KIANG o...seeessseeteeesuneeens 29 Cyclostoma aplustre, Sow., n. sp. ... 15 WEBRAS cxcoctes bb odeaventiyetecs 30 ——$._ CUVICTIANUM 2... ..seeecceereeeeees 15 | Hriopus cupreoventris .......ersee.cceee 96 —— formosum, Sow., n. sp. ..-.e.... 15 simplex, Gould, n. sp. ......++- 96 ALAN, Techie ya dsl aisle ee a8 yeeseancee 16 | Estheria, gen., Bravais ......... oe 85 Cyclura Collet, Gray ......4-0+04+ ..... 106 | Estheria Boysii, Baird, n.sp. ...... 89 PGNUSUFERUS) jor: (ch dese dean ters kwes 28 brasiliensis, Baird, n. sp. ...... 89 Cylindrella sericea, Pfr., n. sp. ...... 134 cycladoides, Lucas ....... cadets 87 Cynocephalus hamadryas ++... .. 94 | —— dahalacensis, Straus Durckh. 86, 89 Cyprea cribellum, Gask., n. sp....... 22 | —— donaciformis, Baird, n.sp. ... 89 cribraria, Linn. ....... erp cee 23 | —— gigas ...... ee ee 85, 87 eximia, Strzelecki ........- 124, 125 melitensis, Baird, n. sp. ..... 2 ABS —— pulex, VAP. -...ee....cceeeeeeeeeeee 23 | —— polita, Baird, n. sp. «.-....0+.4- 88 —— umbilicata, Sowerby ...... 124,125 | —— similis, Baird, n. sp. ............ 90 Cyprovula ewimia, Gray .......60...00 125 | —— fetracera ..ccercsssceereseeers 86, 90 umbilicata, Gray ....eereseeeees 125 | Eudemonia, Hibn. ...........++ yee 36 Cystophora antillarum, Gray, n. sp. 93 | Eudemonia Semiramis, Cram. ...... 49 PRORLG Lens ekde ds «tidak ces See 1-93 uroarge, Hiibn. ........0+.0+ss.0 49 Cytherea nobilis, Reeve, n. sp. «+++ 126 | Eunectes murinus, Wagl. ....++...++ 106 Cyzicus, Straus Durckh. ...........- 85 | Buster ociseneservasecsoncassace oe 36 Cyzicus Bravaisii, Aud. ............ 85,87 | Eustera argus (Fabr.) — ..-sessee...0es 36 Dandridgia dysderoides, White, n.sp. 5 | Falco peregrinus, Le ......+000.se0eee- 146 Daphnia gigas, Hermann ...... 84, 87, 88 | Felis jubata .....cccerssssseecrsecseeeeess 94 Dasyprocta AZAr@ ...1eeccecvecscverees 64 LeDixcemanens stage ee eo 94 DWINODEPRIOM, 52: onesie ercennncr cones 5 Ae a saat neea (OU tens oewacteaseusnask- 94 DINO ErIUNN ssn 8 ss ie sicaed.deecseae 158 viverrind, Benn.......+0+.--008..- 1 Delphinus eutropia, Gray, n.sp. .. 1 Flabellum aculeatum, M.-Edw. et Desmophyllum Stokesii, M.-Edw. et Haime vaswsse sae. cbs) tpamwasiatacads. 76 PBI else cethes doaretisvores atexicabiechis.< 74 affine, M.-Edw. et Haime ...... 75 (PRRGHOR WN sees diesels dab Oenteceven se 152 | —— Bairdi, M.-Edw. et Haime ... 76 —— Candeanum, M.-Edw.et Haime 76 176 INDEX. Page Page Flabellum compressum, M.-Edw. et Helix phlogophora, Pfr., n. sp. ....... 127 Haltiejesssc eee ates eH. AS 76 | —— platystyla, Pfr., n.sp. ......... 130 crassum, M.-Edw. et Haime . 76 Portia, Gray, n. Sp. ....20600... 165 crenulatum, M.-Edw.et Haime 76 recedens, Pfr... Spsia-scbesshe - 129 Cumingii, M.-Edw. et Haime. 76 rosarium, Pfr., 0. Sp...-.. a ae 131 debile, M.-Edw. et Haime...... 76 Salleana, Pfr., n.sp........ we eo distinctum, M.-Edw. et Haime 76 | —— sandvicensis, Pfr., n.sp. ...... 128 elegans, M.-Edw. et Haime ... 76 sericatula, Pfr., D. Sp. ....+++» 127 elongatum, M.-Edw. et Haime 76 | —— tricolor, Pfr, n.sp. ......... Sep k2D i, Gray, 0. Sp. «+00 75 (Zonites) coma, Gray............ 166 —— Owenii, M.-Edw. et Haime ... 76 | Hemiplacuna Rozieri, Sow. MS.,n.sp. 124 PAVONINUM wo0c0e...-.seeerereeeene 75 | Henucha? Delegorguei, Boisd. ...... 59 —— profundum, M.-Edw. et Haime 76 grimmia, Hibner ............... 59 — spinosum, M.-Edw. et Haime . 76 ? smilax, Westw.,n.spi ...... 59 — Stokesii, M.-Edw. et Haime... 76 | Hepialus ..........0.cccceceecsccceceeeeee 36 Sumatrense, M,-Edw.et Haime 76 | Herpestes badius, A. Smith ......... 11 Thouarsii,.M.-Edw. et Haime. 76 fasciatus, Desm:,| :. ee teeeees 28 Pulica aira, Lintiec) eeeiie xs 146 | —— Muigigella, .......0%sciet De ll Fungia compressa, Lamk. ............ 76 | —— punctulatus, Gray, n. sp. ...... 11 Gallus eneus, Temm. .........00200000- 63 | Heterocyathus, M.-Edw. et Haime . 76 Temminckii, G. R. Gray, n.sp. 62 | —— equicostatus,M.-Edw.etHaime 77 GastrOpache@ ins. ..<00 ssa Rats S36 cochlea: (Giz) ). scenester 77 Gavialis Schlegeli .....c.ce.seceeveeee . 144 eupsammides, Gray, nu. sp. 77 Gazella Cuvieri, Ogilby .+.++++00..-+++ 62 | —— hemispherica, Gray, n. sp. .... 77 Geomelania jamaicensis, Pfr. .......+. 169 Rousseanus, M.-Edw.et Haime 77 Glareola nuchalis, G. R. Gray,n. sp. 63 | Hippohyus ...... seen taate ees PSL naee 158 Gongylus ocellatus ...s0c.ccceeeecneeeee 95)'|, (HipPoPORAMUS 3.2.8. seceseiees 272 --- 148 Goura coronata, Gm. ........ osdeeeowe LIL” | Ailippopatamus) 3 sveectesssencsseteudees 157 Victoria, Fraser ...s.etses.icsses. 171 | Hippopotamus amphibius, Linn. ... 163 WEP US ANLGONE 000.20: .:) ace S.sieeeats 152 Banker, Valier’ 81, 82,83 | Hyeomoschus ..........000.208 swaas as 158 Gryllii, Lindr. ....... eet PBL B2 |] \elyonatamus...j2;.15.0ssese.as eee 157 Hawkenii ......... Ssavilvsense 79, 80 | HyorporaAMUs VECTIANUS ...... 153, 154 Hawkensii, Bloch ............ were a9 «| CHU racothersum... ....ccckeb ”. sess sadeheda-Decasene 91 contaminata, Gask., n. sp...... 20 tragelaphus......ses0es0. Score 1 corned, Lam. .........+0+6 ad aoe 20\\| (RALAOTHER TUM... .....Jwesetedecatese 150 RPG) MI OTUE See SS ERIS 6 21 | (Paleotherium?. Wovtecsres waecerecnaeteee 158 —— lineato-labrum, Gask., n.sp.... 20 | Paloplotheriwm .......0....s.ceeneeeees 158 — pudica, Gash., n. sp. .......- 0. 18 | Palparia Lambertella, Wing, n. sp. . 105 pulcherrima, Gask.,n.sp. ... 21 — quadrilineata, Gask., n. sp...... 17 sagittata, Hinds)............c0.00. 22 serrata, Gask., 0. Sp. .....2.s.0.: 19 tessellata, Lam. ............00000. 19 triplicata, Gask., 0. Sp. .....0006 19 triticea, Lam. . 00:0. ailera oardeatNs 20 Mastodon .......2+......0 odeseuctccssneee 158 MEMINNA o0e......00000 Meat Doo 152 Meminna .........00ce008 SAG saccedcucaos 158 MERYCOPOTAMUS. ..........eseeeeeeeee 151 Merycopotamus ...ccceccececcececeseees 157 PCDAS i. csvavenwuvisey soc cdtetce eet: 10 Monoculus lenticularis, Linn. 84, 85, 87 MUMASENUS vs scebencSuisceretaceeswebeteeots 158 ROR UWHLU Siciasienismaicivs « otedeutocsdoneas ete 152 Murena anguilla ...... ccc cccee ec eec eens 84 Mus pilorides, Desm. .........008...... 105 Myceres....... matasklncnids chiens sceveeettc 10 WU GCHOTUANA, «ove aces rinse sited BCs Nee 10 Mygale antipodum, White, n.sp. ... 3 hexops, White, n. sp. ............ 3 Myiobatrachus paradoxus, Schlegel 145 VY TAR sw enews se civics see SRA ORR 31 INOUE UGG ocwnnte cxcusesoteewvans eetb ents 95 Nanina celinde, Gray, n. sp. ATI: 164 Erigone, Gray, n. sp..........6 +» 165 —? Kivi, Gray ............c000.05 -. 164 Maria Guay. se cossts. ss Nee 164 Tullia, Gray, n. sp. ...... eee. 165 INeS0d OR: ~ 5x ddde ade oct O Oe ue of 158 Nucifraga caryocatactes ............ 23 hemispilas) ise nte2a0K: Ss. 23 —— multipunctata, Gould, n.sp.... 23 Panopza japonica, 4. Addams, nu. sp. 170 PARADOXURUS TYPUS ......e00005 24-28 PELCCONUS CFISPUS Warcecercev-sececoses 94 Penthophor@ .......2cceecssee wie esses 36 IPCLOSIG.nc.xseacke A On PRR 35 PRGCOCKCTUS Me cacsasne tes me teeenee ans 158 Phalena Attacus Epimethea, Drury 50 alinda, Drury .......2+... 51 — — lucina, Drury ............ 57 —. phedusa, Drury ......... 51 a AGAR: 00s cscnstteses tones diese brachyura, Cram. ...........0666 49 capensis, Cram. ........++ peseeee 44 —— guineensis, Pet. ..........cseeeeee 46 —— —— flava perelegans, Pet. ... 45 GE anima. eaKe. atekneons ses Pera ct Map hid, MANNS. <.ac. 5.00 vests 45, 46 tyrrhed, Oram, cecsostwascuceases 44 Phalangistanudicaudata, Gould,n.sp. 110 Phalangium Listeri, White, n.sp.... 6 Phoca barbata y.as.s tes 10 Pithecid, Sprxias. adedetacsadassoce argus,, Baby. ...uecies «ptemaneeee- 49 —— belina, Westw., n. sp. .ss..+... 41 CECIGEN Ds. cupaap errs aa0Breeee eee 33 CGffTra, BOA. ...00+« ose deebeees 47 semiramis, Cram. ......-+..++..- 49 SPITE os 20k «gas as omeains «teceee nc 33 —— tyrrhea (Cram.)....c.ceceeeeeeee 43 tyrrhena, Westw., n. sp...+.....+ 51 —— vacuna, Westw., n. sp. .-+...++- 39 —— (Urota) sinope, Westw.,n. sp. 60 —— Wahlbergit, Boisd..........06+.4- 46 CTA LY INDEX. Lie Page Page Simia chiropotes, Humboldt ......... S| Domrgeraes Spikes. scdestsase-2ache ses 14 —— melanocephalus, Humboldt 9 | Tornatellina Cumingiana, Pfr., n. sp. 134 —— sagulata, Trail ......... Foner oC SB } MORPEDON i sss cecateecarseanesecen vets = 29 NEEM GIG US a achi-scahasauvessseneassbiv..6e Q5) | MOKOUONwess2rasorcesemecseaass) Pe epesee 154 Sitta leucopsis, Gould, n. sp. ........- LVS) |) Dowodon*<2:.<2de.-seee-s CORRE eo Corer 158 PERU AMIETISR TUNE sackigclacstisaJcceskossurves 157 | Trichomaplata vittata, Wing, n. sp. 105 Solea lingula... ... tcemenee ities se anes ses 83 | Trigonia Jukesii, 4. 4dams, n.sp.... 159 Sphasus gracilipes, White, n.sp. ... 5 Lamarckii, Gray ...ceeee+...00 159 Sphecotheres australis............0.0+0 112 margaritacea, Lam. .....-....+. 159 flaviventris, Gould, n. sp. ...... 111 | TRIGONTA (PECTINATA) ....+0++6+ teste het Sphenops capistratus .....0...secceees 95 | Trigonia pectinata, Lam. ............ 159 Squama magna, Chemn. ..........+++++ 122 | Triomphalia Cumingii, G. B. Sow., RENIN EC eomaet ccasenscrescevatassecces 36 ML Spat \evsecsssdallas sotreeatansaccestrs 161 LeMIO WULG AIG. =... .<...060.-ve0eceeceeess 95 globosa (Quoy), G. B. Sow. ... 160 Streptaxis Cumingiana, Pfr.,n. sp. 126 pulcherrima, G. B. Sow., n. sp. 161 glabra, P7775 Ds SP.sr-.-+ces+-sse- 126 | Trochilus Leadbeateri............+++... 96 SErUthiO CAMELUS......25ar0serescsneeess 4) roped Hubn: .s:iescesesos=ostsesseen 36 Succinea acuta, Pfr., n. sp. ......... 132 | Tupaia Ellioti, Waterh., n. sp....107, 108 —— Bensoni, Pfr., 0. sp. .....2...0+ 133 IF ENTUGINED sc Toney ss ce aeer eae 107, 108 WNGICH VE7r., Mist SDeecensecvces<> = 133 | —— javanica ....... ase descestehansens 108 — picta, Pfr., n. Sp. ....20...-220ss ESS |, —— FONG ss See evecare 107, 108 —— pusilla, Pfr., n. sp........22..2008 134 | Turtur risorius (Linn.) ..........++... 172 rubicunda, Pfr., n. sp. ...-..++- 134 | Uromastia spinipes .. .........+-0ee000 95 Salleana, Pfr., n. sp............. 133 | Urota sinope, Westw., n. sp. ...... 60 — solidula, Pfr., n. sp. ..........55 USS. ||) Ursus tt 0etlintis\..c..ccccsene: decatast. 105 — subgranosa, Pfr., n. sp.......... 132 | Vitrina luzonica, Pfr., n. sp.......... 132 3.05 Sot SCE EE DES SCCORE EE DEEES Sooariaaes 158 Strangei, Pfr., 0. Sp............. 132 TET ETC ger Sag COREE ELEEDEEBCE CELE 158 | —— Verreauxii, Pfr., n. sp. ......... 132 Tarentola egyptiacd ........2..0..000 95 | Voluta catenata, Mont. .........+++... 22 Tegenaria antipodiana, White, n.sp. 5 | Xiphodon........ Fes eR ge aey 158 Tellina enigmatica, Chemn. ........- WSS |) Wared Wessore . . } ? e_3 2 ' - BI 3 a mt ent i Af er eel ey a : Abe ¢ E satel or ae: teen | " pica lathes 4 O1 . , 4 -_ > ' cpesgere es Leg Aah op a ae A 4p. au PRR ee etek ® wr 3 or ait Micy fh pepated 2 haC7 : ne wa iy, SEE: OE? ke ee, : ' : é ¢ ¥ ’ rer stots Rares, et RT St Pe i O08 SoM « eninge apa ¢ dep bag teWnpa : j ’ See)... Ar ee cet) : =~? bn > iaied wr ; : js ohn Bey 4 , wee : : ‘ ina eter Fs 7 — > x . o ‘ nae © Tye 4 uM ) 2 Abe's € ¥ ' ae a tate Peri: & ? cee ss saect thd Wun Ar ~— [ . Penny a i, ee Pe ‘ st YH, BD gid). onetahede TT... > qr ie ie yo Sit on sl ct i) Bi ems \ ees a Pe te ae ae a Aba bye Pf an n aie rier ea aN ay Bk ses ‘ Wwe, >a a nis 4 ie yh ie te me oe tt it . et ORE SSSR aS SEERISi na AR MISS : ALLE ait yy Wea Scab fa Sa Perereehet Heche aa Ne re) petarat Hein ads a Shh Lat Ay