; NS: i ? 5 Yi jeahres tite fs b cay aiat ty a yi Hey SES eae tn A Ets DS 7 =< \ rae wt ‘ a j PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON FOR THE YEAR PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, AND SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE. LONDON : MESSRS. LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMAN, ROBERTS, AND GREEN, PATERNOSTER ROW. PARIS: LEIPZIG: M. J. ROTHSCHILD, M. J. ROTHSCHILD, 43, RUE SAINT ANDRE DES ARTS. 34, QUERSTRASSE. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. LIST CF THE CONTRIBUTORS, With References to the several Articles contributed by each. Apams, Arruur, R.N., F.L.S., &c., and ANnGas, GEoRGE Frencu, C.M.Z.S. Descriptions of New Species of Shells, chiefly from Au- stralia, in the Collection of Mr. Angas Apams, Henry, F.L.S., and Aneas, Georce FReEncu, C.M.Z.S. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Chitonide from the Australian Seas, in the Collection of George French Oa rier Aneas, Georce Frencu, C.M.Z.S. Observations on the Geographical Distribution of the Species of Voluta and Cymbium in the Australian Seas .. .. Anoas, Georce Frencu, C.M.Z.S., and Apams, ARTHUR, R.N., F.L.S., &e. Descriptions of New Species of Shells, chiefly from Au- stralia, in the Collection of Mr. Angas Page 192 Iv Aneas, GrorGe Frencu, C.M.Z.S., and Apams, Henry, F.L.S. Descriptions of New Species of Chitonide from the Austra- lian Seas, in the Collection of George French Angas Antuony, Harry, M.D. Extract of a letter, dated Brass River, Bight of Biafra, ad- dressed to Mr. Louis Fraser, respecting the intended trans- portation of what was supposed to be a species of Clarias.. ARCHER, S., Ass. Surg. 98th Foot. Extract from a letter addressed to S. P. Woodward, Esq., dated Rawal Pindee, respecting some shells from Cashmere Barrp, W., M.D., F.L.S. Remarks on a Species of Shell belonging to the Family Dentaliide. With Notes on their use by the Natives of Van- couver’s Island and British Columbia, by J. K. Lorn, F.Z.S. Bartuett, A. D. Exhibition of a curious variety of the Common Partridge Bare, C. Spence, F.R.S. Characters of New Species of Crustaceans discovered by J. K. Lord on the Coast of Vancouver Island............ Bravan, Lieut. R. C., of the Bengal Revenue Survey Depart- ment. Exhibition, by the Secretary, of a series of specimens of birds’ eggs, collected in the vicinity of Barrackpore, and pre- sented to the Society, with notes on their nesting-habits, by Brppome, Captain R. H., Officiating Conservator of Forests, Madras. Description of a New Species of laps from Malabar... . Bennett, Dr. Grorer, F.Z.S. Notes on the Didunculus strigirostris, or Tooth-billed Pi- BOOM ise -tarnene « Page 192 69 136 649 661 379 139 ———e ee Page Buytu, Epwarp, C.M.Z.S. Notes on Sandry Mammalsisaq% 08 so od aren! 482 Bocages, J. V. Barsoza pv, Directeur du Muséum @’ Histoire Naturelle de Lisbonne, etc. Notice sur un Batrachien nouveau du Portugal ........ 264 Note sur la Découverte d’un Zoophyte de la Famille Hyalo- chetides sur la Cote du Portugal...................... 265 Bocage, J. V. Barsoza, vu, Directeur du Muséum a’ Histoire Naturelle de Lisbonne, ete.; et F. pz Briro CAPELLo, Aide-Naturaliste au dit Muséum. Sur quelques Espéces inédites de Squalide de la Tribu Acanthiana, Gray, qui fréquentent les Cotes du Portugal... 260 Buckuanp, Franx T., M.A., F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks on, some Oysters from Prince MARASLESIATIONS cr..cp¥eheses arts oo. oe.9 Sea ee en 1 Observations on the habits of Spawning Trout, and on the results obtained in the course of experiments made with eggs amen: from dead fishein ss tae een cathe tae ee te 8°) 68 Carre.1o, F. pr Briro, et Bocacez, J. V. Barsoza pv. Sur quelques Espéces inédites de Squalide de la Tribu Acanthiana, Gray, qui fréquentent les Cotes du Portugal .. 260 CarpENTER, Puiip P., B.A., Ph.D. Contributions towards a Monograph of the Pandoride .. 596 Carter, Henry. Description of the New Lizard (Spatalura carteri, Gray), arent Wifes oe SR ag 3 Hb, -pe ss Deed to ale lt yatta oe 135 Cox, Jamss C., M.D., F.R.C.S. Edinb., Secretary to the Ento- mological Society of New South Wales. On a supposed New Species of the Genus Helix from ivercn-eustern Anstialia J... 6... eee amdiene a eelsecs ) 40 vi Page Descriptions of Two New Species of Australian Land Shells 486 Descriptions of Four New Species of Australian Land Shells 594 Crisp, Epwarps, M.D., F.Z.S. On the Visceral Anatomy of the Screamer (Chauna cha- PUP) tile We cscs, Taka Stks we Wiese AG selene & singe Ae On Filaria gracilisin a Monkey ......-..----++eee > 16 On some parts of the Anatomy of the Porpoise ......-. 17 Contributions to the Anatomy of the Giraffe, with an Ac- count of the Length of the Alimentary Canal of many of the Ruminants, as measured by the Author ............+... 68 Exhibition of some drawings representing the eggs and young of the Anaconda (Hunectes murinus) ......-.++-: 68 Contributions to the Anatomy of the Eland............ 98 Exhibition of a wax cast of the tongue, larynx, trachea, heart, lungs, and thyroid gland of a young Lion at birth .. 158 Exhibition of an ear of barley ...........-+---+++--- 159 On the Change of Colour in the Common Trout (Salmo Vita) eee SS OL em ee ee 166 Further Contributions to the Anatomy of the Giraffe and the Nylehaa’ Sei 25. af SR. as ese ne ne aie ee 269 Doury, Dr. H. List of the Shells collected by Capt. Speke during his Secoud Journey through Central Africa ....... niente asa meee 116 Fiower, W. H., F.R.S., F.R.C.S., F.Z.S., Conservator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. On the Optic Lobes of the Brain of the Echidna........ 18 On a Lesser Fin- Whale (Balenoptera rostrata, Fabr.) re- cently stranded on the Norfolk Coast .................. 252 On the Brain of the Red ase ce re seni- culite, MAE ss ee hapa eal © oun ?e eS Gee Meee Se Vil Page Notes on the Skeletons of Whales in the principal Mu- seums of Holland and Belgium, with Descriptions of Two Species apparently new to Science .......... 002... 000 384 On a New Species of Grampus (Orca meridionalis) from PAPI OS ie cd AO) cpuia eh oy telethon th ap Sa’ w heastecccary 420 Fraser, Louts, C.M.Z.S. List of specialities observed in several Zoological Gardens 159 Exhibition of the Horns of Budorcas tazicolor, Hodgs... 168 Exhibition of a specimen of Euplocamus prelatus, from Bip OW BEC CCHIOH Tay, sahti. 52 nine Wios e Salocs Wege are oe an 377 Exhibition of a second pair of Horns of Budorcas taxicolor, also from his own collection............ Rea as ca areus OUT Gouxp, Joun, F.R.S., F.Z.S. Description of a New Species of Gull from Tibet ...... 54 Description of a New Species of Chrysococcyx ........ 73 Description of a New Species of the Genus Mergus .... 184 Exhibition of a specimen of Emberiza pusilla, Pall., and Anthus campestris, captured near Brighton.............. 377 Description of the Egg of Parra gallinacea............ 661 Gray, GrorGEe Rosert, F.L.S., F.Z.S. Notice of a New Species of Goliathus................ 34 On a New Species of Megapode .................... 41 Notice of a New Species of Turacus from Eastern Africa 44 On a New Species of Prionops ............ a Gees ree ea On a New Species of Smithornis ......-..46.... 020205 143 On a New Species of Pucrasia from China............ 258 Gray, JoHn Epwarp, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., Keeper of the Zoological Collections in the Bri- tish Museum. Notes on certain Species of Tortoises from the Asiatic Islands, transmitted to the British Museum by Dr. Bleeker. 11 viii Notice of a New Squirrel (Sciwrus ornatus) from Natal. . Notes on Seals (Phocide), including the Description of a New Seal (Halicyon richardi) from the West Coast of North JA ETICa |e RAF TIN SD ROLL Re SES tS Description of a New Mustela from Quito .......... 3 Notes on some Mammalia, with the Description of a New Golunda, from ‘Western Aiea... 2.0.0. 2 weiss ws one eiste es Notes on some Lizards from South-eastern Africa, with the Descriptions of several New Species ...........-.--- Notice of a New Species of Zorilla .........0++--+ 00: Revision of the Species of Trionychide found in Asia and Africa, with the Descriptions of some New Species........ Notes on the Species of Sand-Moles (Georychus) Additional Observations on Dermatemys, a Genus of Emy- dide from Central America .........-. 0 Description of a New Species of Stawrotypus (S. salvinit) from Guatemala ho. 2 boos Sas tir spies tiny Se age oe On the Genera of Chelydide and the Characters furnished by the, Study ‘of their Skulls. . 00.0... 20. -s ea ea des eee Notice of a Portion of a New Form of Animal (Myriosteon higginsii) ,probably indicating a New Group of Echinodermata Note on the Bonnet of the Right Whale.............. On the Cetacea which have been observed in the Seas sur- rounding the British Islands............. On Urocyclus, a New Genus of Gasteropodous Mollusca mona ATCA tis. x0!5 = 6 jos Mig daiR eile: ats = okays <1 amend ee Notice of a New Variety of Rhodona punctata from the Weill RIVET sc shee age yere pe ocean ries terete Note on Sternotherus adansonii from West Africa...... Notice of a New Variety of Galago from Quillimane (Oto- gale crassicaudata, var. kirkii). ..... 20.50. 00es cece ees Note on the Clawed Toads (Dactylethra) of Africa .... Revision of the Genera and Species of Chamaleonide, with the Description of some New Species .............. eit Page 13 27 195 250 ix A Revision of the Genera and Species of Viverrine Animals (Viverride), founded on the Collection in the British Museum Notice of the Atlas and Cervical Vertebree of a Right Whale in the Museum of Sydney, New South Wales ....... .. A Revision of the Genera and Species of Ursine Animals (Urside), founded on the Collection in the British Museum GinTuer, ALBert, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.Z.S. Description of a New Species of Mormyrus.. . On some New Species of Central-American Fishes .... .. Third Contribution to our Knowledge of Batrachians from Australia Bae ier aivacns aim emo sas Dew ates lacie On the Reptiles and Fishes obtained by Capt. Speke during the Hast-African Expedition .... «06. . seus 0A de ele, ne ee LEADBEATER, BENJAMIN, F.L.S., F.Z.S. Exhibition of a young Apteryx owenit............+.5. 1 Exhibition of Horns of the Cariboo (Tarandus rangifer). 1 Exhibition of a remarkable pair of tusks of the Indian Elephant ° 3.2.7.5 ss'ee seta e's wise on 2 eae Oe oe Lorp, J. K., F.Z.S. Notes on the use of a species of Shell of the Family Denta- liide by the Natives of Vancouver’s Island and British Columbia 137 Notes on the Urotrichus’: 00. oR ee ee SO Mivart, St. Georee, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Lecturer on Compara- tive Anatomy at St. Mary’s Hospital. Notes on the Crania and Dentition of the Lemuride .... 611 xi Page Monrerro, Mr. Exhibition of a living Pigeon (Columéa arquatrizx) trom Benoni Ate oe or BD. COREE DOR om athe hee a 18 Newton, ALFreD, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. Notes on the Zoology of Spitsbergen ................ 494 Owen, Professor RicnArp, D.C.L., F.Z.S., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., Superintendent of the Natural History Collec- tions, British Museum. Memoir on the Skeleton of the Great Auk (Alea impennis) 258 Memoir on Dinornis, being the ninth of a series of Contri- butions to the Society’s ‘ Transactions’ on this subject.... 648 Parker, W. K., F.Z.S. On the Osteology of the Kagu (Rhinochetus jubatus) .. 70 On the Sternal Apparatus of Birds and other Vertebrata 339 Pease, W. Harper. Descriptions of New Species of Land Shells from the Islands of the Central Pacific, communicated by Dr. P. P. Carpenter 668 Remarks on the Species of Succinea inhabiting the Tahi- tian Archipelago, with Description of a New Species ...... 676 Prrters, Dr. W., F.M.Z.S., Director of the Royal Zoological Museum, Berlin. extract ola letter from! -)s2s rs cs Case hs Gas ebe 62 cs 377 Preirrer, Dr. L. Descriptions of Seven New Species of Land Shells, from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. /: ..2...520......... 603 SALVIN, OsBert, F.Z.S. Descriptions of Seventeen New Species of Birds from Cp ebo Fie espe ae op ete a ain ld din 0) Sa cedars os See 579 xii Savin, Ossert, F.Z.S., and Scuater, Parnie Luruey. Notes on a collection of Birds from the Isthmus of Panama Scuater, Puinie Lutrtey, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.LS., Secretary to the Society. List of Birds from Huaheine, Society Islands.......... On some Additions to the List of the Birds of the Falkland Islands .. On the Species of the Genus Chauna ...... On the Mammals collected and observed by eee J. H. Speke during the East-African patent ; with Notes bs Capt. J. H. Speke ...... On the Birds collected by cae J. H. Speke di during the East-African Expedition ; with Notes by Capt. J. H. Speke On the Species of the American Genus Coccyzus ...... @ On some important additions to the Menagerie ........ Announcement of the arrival of a living Didunculus and of other additions to the Society’s Menagerie .... On Two New Species of Birds from New Granada...... Announcement of Mr. James Thompson (the Society’s Head Keeper)’s safe arrival at Calcutta ................ Exhibition of a series of bird-skins collected by the Rev. H. B. Tristram’s Expedition in Palestine .............. List of a Collection of Birds procured by Mr. George H. White in the vicinity of the City of Mexico .. On a New Species of White Cockatoo living in the So- ciety’s Gardens (Cacatua ophthalmica) .... Notes on the Species of Tadorna living in the Society’s Menagerie .. ... Characters of a New Species of Falcon discovered by the late Dr. Dickinson, of the Central African Mission, on the River, ShinG-gas gs sue ae ee Ea ee ee Note on the Species of Cuckoos of the Genus Neomorphus Page 342 106 119 138 158 166 168 169 172 187 veg 248 249 xill Remarks on the breeding of Bennett’s Cassowary in the mee Societys (VMenatente ols wig aial ad Sis SAM SN wie Bee walla oo ZF Exhibition of a skeleton of Bennett’s Cassowary........ 271 Characters of Three New American Parrots ........... 297 Note on the Geographical Distribution of the Ducks of the Brent IPRAFOCUONE (oo S15 et ay ich in wea ne es as ieee, BOO Announcement of Mr. Thompson’s return from Calcutta . with a valuable collection of animals ................6-. 373 Notice of additions to the Menagerie ........... .... 374 Exhibition of a series of specimens of birds’ eggs, collected in the vicinity of Barrackpore, and preseuted to the Society, by Lieut. R. C. Beavan, with notes on their nesting-habits.. 375 Description of a New Species of Duck from Madagascar... 487 On some additions to the Menagerie ................ 587 Descriptions of Seven New Species of Birds discovered by the late Dr. John Natterer in Brazil .............. ... 605 Note on the Quadrumana living in the Society’s Menagerie 7 bo SCLATER, Puinip Lutyiey, and Satvin, OsBerr. Notes on a Collection of Birds from the Isthmus of Panama 342 Semper, OrrTo. Descriptions of New Species of Mollusks of the Genera URINATE AE AUTRE Nc cicicie ose os i ca he nated 29.45 ed SmiTH, FREDERICK. List of Insects collected ss vl ea during the East- SPIE MAPIOSPECIENON cc. teers adie «vs areese yes moe Sach oe NEO Swinuog, Rosert, F.Z.S., H. B. M.’s V.-Consul at Formosa. Extracts from a letter from, respecting animals intended fertne: society 5) Wenamerie <4... odes au « <'san ety ok 2 « 168 Onta New Ratfrom Formosa: ... 64. 5. dsc.0n sce aat 189 Amendments to his ‘“‘ Catalogue of the Birds of China”’.. 271 Extracts from letters from, addressed to Dr. J. E.Gray.. 378 X1V Page TEGETMEIER, Mr. Exhibition of experiments in a new mode of pinioning wild Tristram, Rev. H. B., C.M.Z.S. Descriptions of New Birds from Palestine ............ 169 Exhibition of a pair of Sanderlings (Calidris arenaria) from Grimsey Island, Iceland, and three eggs, supposed to be Phase we think Gym eee RNC wars tae aves, iecocep e's srk a aes Se Report on the Birds of Palestine .................... 426 Wauace, Atrrep R., F.Z.S. On the Parrots of the Malayan Region, with Remarks on their Habits, Distribution, and Affinities, and the Descriptions of Two. New, Species * -s.s:0 cu cimctt- adens onebice sauce oar ERRATA ET ADDENDA. In Dr. Gray’s paper on the Chelydide (p. 129), the characters of the Section Hydraspidina should have been divided into two. The section-paragraph should commence with the words, “The auri- occipital arch, &c.,’’ and gives the characters that are contrasted with those of Section C, p. 131. > In Mr. Flower’s paper on a new species of Grampus (Orca meri- dionalis), the drawing of the upper surface of the skull (page 421 ) should have been reversed by the artist. As it stands now, the nasal apertures appear distorted towards the right side, instead of the left, as they are in nature. Dr. Gray wishes to state with reference to Chameleo teniabron- chus, Smith, referred to at p. 476, that Sir Andrew Smith has, since the publication of Dr. Gray’s paper, presented the type specimen of this species to the British Museum. LIST OF PLATES. Plate Page BS RS CLUTUS ONROLU Ste ata si a'a: saraiain air sKat Ante ING +s ab eek 13 I. { Fig. 1. Mormyrus tamandud.. +... sss see eee eves } 29 Fig. 2. DALES, . <, PASSA AD OED «Dale UL Bigs 1, Pristipomaldouat piSasanrawiet. of cab! heya 2 Fig. .2.. Microdesmus dipusy iste coe sls sate wees ss ; i 23 iv. { Be: L., Heros labiatiiaesvai2chi. sh oakiteelen s 3d5 Fig. 2, 2a. Eleotris seminudus........000.0e0005 Vit Golsothas) kirkianus) ic.cinic.. bio etagaeny -ebmetNen 0 ckaessers 34 Vil: Megapodiusinriichardit. «. .« cractryys a eieiiae 6 s.cle bees 4] Big. 1. Mirophyes fasciolatus os... 0.0. once sees ns VIL Fig. 2. Pterophrynus affinis Hedi nithca co Ryo OO Ons 46 Fig. 3. ——== fasmantensigas occa ceed eschews secs RS he eM 6s minicar He idisih ecole blades Miele wd VIII. Mustela aureoventris .............: ip Apo CEC ONLOD o 55 IX. { ig ee OT OBES WAKE |-\ers.c 7s [e\c}e ars ereiale! sistas « ais eins \ 58 Fig. 2. Homodactylus turnerit ..........000e 000s X= LOMA GIOINUCNE SNS eee es Whi d es oe emcee oee 69 IE OVATE Ten IOS GEibGins scape Saou oe od sc aon at 74 PENS, TRH Gehphus SOK aio gice pian oF ap do shoe ee nay em } 98 UNE OIMILE PULEREN OD a pa. nin fc'ehe a: 8 cad wscieias 9 Vala wal ee' se ANY.» Psclidoprocne Gtbicepe s i..0 ho 3566 sn tse oaian on o's seins 106 BN eis CoATERIIS. OREM ERLUR osa. Cyete ata sk ji any diehavg sole niB «0a op one “one 115 RVD SIL OPNTS Tt] OLALET. GIES -\o, «isi g7a,cieie.c"ars so. ain.6.0 sieve ee 4 143 Beilin Cacaiua ducorpsit ood avo cies cv wiatuv welds ose sed oh 187 Poy Uh.” “Padorna tadoraotdesi cc 505 Seale vce ive wile Sos \ 189 XIX. DAIBCTLLD Wtiarelserecoster es Te ct auatelenere the petiote orate tee RE MERASEA DUREROSPALL 1 ine ds Pits Henge wudles 258 EXON CHILO GLOSSATUSELANLCE). 5) arcs + os «eng au: es) lees ae eee ae 264 XXII. Hyalonema lusitantcwm ... 2.00. cc eek cece ee eees 265 XXIII. Sternotherus adansonii.......... 0. cc cee cee eaes 296 KONUVE MConunus TROMONUSLET wos coe tat ey eos he tee ee 297 MoV “Melanocetus johnsone 25 «0.6 wee sce vs cteeisie a sie oltre 301 Xvi Plate Page Fig. 1. Coronella nototania ..........eeee eevee sa { Fig. 2. Chametortus aulicus,..i..s.sesececesees | Fig. 1. Hyperolius flavomaculatus ..........+.+- > 303 XXVII. Fig. 2. —— Citrinus......0sccccvccervecsuscecs ] Fig. 3. —— Microps....cecccrcsccesccccescens XXVIII. Arctocebus calabarensis.... 0. cccceescccvececcsene 314 XXIX. Brain of Mycetes seniculus.........0secceesscreces 335 XXX. LEucometis cassinit ......... eee eens DODO Owe 342 XXXI. Chameleon monachus........000ssecececceesees xxx { Fig. 1. Ensirostris melleri .... +. 00+ eevee evens 465 \ Fig. 2. Sauroceras rhinoceratum .......40.0ee00s Fig. 1. Pywicephalus rugosus .....)-++0eeeeeees Fig. 2. Cystignathus bocagii........0+0.eeeeees aaa Fig. 3. Hyperolinus nasutus ........sccceenseece ak Fig. 4. MCCACTUCLUSs woloie ciiviele (ieee) otal eelna sine KRXIV a Anas, miellertic rie nadaasy sant tee emt tes okies 487 KX Vi. < -Mayiadestes:melanaps ores tdeiniets Seria ss doe ude eis KEXVI -Carpodecies nitidis,.,. Cs visiv.. Mosh see } 579 XXXVIL { Fig. Ie Granatellus MELZELNTWE eaves bie sie lao miele oes Fig. 2. SOLUCEM cr otee eee tere ke, alah cs Eat eae centers | 605 XXXVIIL. .Péeroptochus thoracicus ) 2... 0005s ioe ee ee eects \ RINGING. 5 Pept MAL LEPENs Baas ive tel ovetc\ evs ob vite ote Ko/olphet tio eiela\ oi EXT ay pI CLAY OG OMIRCLLE ein ue ne s)he Rata akrerate ete hele) ete taetn RLM PECHECHDSALONUS xi a1a or.ta Aehiiene ene tele enetet aletere) areal } 1” 4 v PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. January 12, 1864. Dr. J. E. Gray in the Chair. Mr. Buckland exhibited and made remarks on some specimens of Oysters from Prince Edward’s Island, alluding especially to the pro- bable advantages of introducing the American species Ostrea virgi- nica into this country. Mr. Leadbeater exhibited a young specimen of Owen’s Apteryx (Apteryx owenii) from New Zealand. Mr. Henry J. B. Hancock gave notice of his intention to try some experiments on the supposed electricity of Octopus in the Society’s Gardens. The following papers were read :— 1. A List or Brrps coLLecTreD In DAMARA LAND BY Mr. C.J. AnprerRsson. By J. H. Gurney, M.P., F.Z.S. In drawing up this list of birds, which I have received from my friend Mr. Andersson, and which bears full testimony to his well- known scientific assiduity as an ornithological collector, I have omitted those species which have already been enumerated, by Messrs. Strick- land and Sclater in the ‘ Contributions to Ornithology’ for 1852, as haying been collected by Mr. Andersson in his first journey to Da- mara Land, and confine myself to the enumeration of species not mentioned in the above-named list, but which have been all collected by Mr. Andersson in that country. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1864, No. I. 2 MR. J. H. GURNEY ON BIRDS [Jan. 12, 1. Fatco srarmicus, Temm. 2, TINNUNCULUS RUPICOLOIDES (Smith). 3. TINNUNCULUS CENCHRIS (Frisch). 4, ErRyTHROPUS VESPERTINUS (Linn.). This is the first instance which has come to my knowledge of the occurrence of this species south of the equator. The specimens sent me are marked as having been obtained at Omatolo, January 2nd, 1860; they consist of two adult and one immature males, and one adult female. 5. Metizrax MonoGRAMmicus (Temm.). 6. MeLierax poLyzonus (Riipp.). 7. AccrpPiTeR TAcHIRO (Daud.). 8. ACCIPITER MINULLUS (Daud.). 9. ACCIPITER POLYZONOIDES, Smith. 10. Crrcus crnerArius (Mont.). 11. Circus swarnsont, Smith. 12. Buso tacrevus (Temm.). 13. Coractras prLosus, Lath. 14, Hirunpo monrerrt, Hartl. 15. IrR1soR SENEGALENSIS (Vieill. }. 16. DryMa@ca RUFICAPILLA, Smith. 17. DryMa@CA CHINIANA, Smith. 18. DryMG@CA SUBRUFICAPILLA, Smith. 19. EREMOMELA FLAVIDA, Strickland. 20. EREMOMELA FLAVIVENTRIS (Burch.). 21. CAMAROPTERA OLIVACEA, Sundey. 22. PHYLLOPNEUSTE TROCHILUs (Linn.). Dr. Hartlaub agrees with me in referring the specimen sent to this species, though the dimensions barely equal the average size of European specimens. 23. AEDON LEuUcoPHRYS (Vieill.). 24, BRADYORNIS MARIQUENSIS, Smith. 25. Parus NIGER, Vieill. 26. Or1oLUS AURATUS, Vieill. 1864.] COLLECTED BY MR. ANDERSSON IN DAMARA LAND. 3 27. Muscicapa Grisoxa, Linn. 28. CAMPEPHAGA NIGRA, Vieill. 29. ENNEoctToNnus coLiurio (Linn.). 30. TeLEPHONUS TRIVIRGATUS (Smith). 31. Basanistes crssorpEs (Smith). 32. Prionops rerzit, Wahlberg. 33. PRionoprs TALACOMA, Smith. 34. PHOLIDAUGES LEUCOGASTER (Gmel.). 35. PLoceus MARIQUENSIS, Smith. 36. EsrreLpA Bpencuata (Linn.). 37. Passer pirrusus, Smith. 38. XANTHODIRA FLAVIGULA (Sundev.). 39. CRITHAGRA HARTLAUBII, Bolle. 40. FPRINGILLARIA FLAVIVENTRIS (Vieill.). 41. OxyLopnus GLanparrvus (Linn.). 42. Cucuxuus cLamosvus, Lath. 43. Gina capensis (Linn.). 44. FrancoLinus sustrorauatus, Smith. 45. Currrusta LaTeRALts (Smith). 46. Terexia cinerea (Temm.). 47. ParRA AFRICANA, Gmel. 48. Rauuus aquaricus, Linn. 49. ORTYGOMETRA BAILLONI (Vieill.). 50. CorETHRURA DimrD1IATA (Temm.). 51, GaLuiInuLa cHLoropus (Linn.). 52. GALLINULA PUMILA, Sclater, Ibis, 1859, pl. 7, p. 249. Mr. Andersson has also, at my request, put together the following notes on the habits of some of the birds enumerated in this list and in that of Messrs. Strickland and Sclater above referred to, as ob- served by him in Damara Land and Namaqua Land. _ Fatco siarmicus, Temm. Not uncommon, but very wary and difficult of approach. Ob- 4 MR. J. H. GURNEY ON BIRDS [Jan. 12, served both north and south of the Orange River (I always speak of the south-west coast). Found most abundant in the neighbour- hood of the Okavango River. Flight very rapid and powerful. ACCIPITER GABAR. The commonest Sparrow-Hawk in Damara Land, especially abun- dant in some rainy seasons. Feeds on mice, lizards, locusts, moths, white ants, &c. Anterior part of bill and legs bright reddish orange ; nails of a dark horn-black ; iris brilliant purple. Extreme length of a full-grown female* about 1 foot 1 inch 8 lines, the male being only 12 inches long. MELIERAX POLYZONUS (Riipp.). Not uncommon in Damara and Great Namaqua Land, but not so numerous as Accipiter gabar. Food nearly similar to that of the preceding species. Iris dark brown; legs yellow, brightest beneath the toes; bill bluish black, approaching to the latter colour towards the extremities. PoLIOHIERAX SEMITORQUATUS (Smith). Very rare in all parts from the Orange River on the south to the Okavango River to the north, and Lake Ngami to the east. I never personally observed above seven or eight specimens. Their flight appears short when disturbed ; they just remove from one tree or bush to another. Usually found in pairs. Ata distance they have scarcely the appearance of Hawks, and may easily be mistaken for some large species of Shrike. ACCIPITER POLYZONOIDES, Smith. T am inclined to think this Hawk a scarce bird; at all events, I have only obtained three or four specimens, and, to the best of my recollection, have seen but few more; however, from its great re- semblance at a distance to one or two other species, it is probable I may have overlooked or confounded him with such. Iris bright orange; legs yellow; base of upper mandible yellow, remainder (except near the base, where it is bluish black) darkish. ACCIPITER MINULLUS (Daud.). Very rare; I do not remember to have met with it in Great Na- maqua Land. CIRCUS SWAINSONI, Smith. Migratory. In favourably rainy seasons met with pretty nume- rously. Their haunts are the sides and banks of marshes and rivers and other humid places. I have observed very few old or mature * All measurements given in these “ notes ” are taken from birds immediately after death. I divide my inch into 12 lines. 1864.] COLLECTED BY MR. ANDERSSON IN DAMARA LAND. 5 birds either in Damara or Great Namaqua Land. Food—lizards; mice, white ants, &c. PrRIONOPS TALACOMA, Smith. I did not observe this elegant and interesting bird until I had passed the latitude of Omanboudi. To the northward of this it is not un- common, being usually found in secluded spots, where it restlessly hops about from branch to branch amongst the brushwood ( in flocks often consisting of numerous individuals). At times these fly slowly from tree to tree (or bush, as the case may be), and generally close to the ground. The moment they have reached their temporary destination, the first-arrived fix their gaze intently below them on the ground; and if any prey is within sight, down these alight as quick as thought. Thus some of the flock are always at once on the ground, perching or moving onwards. Prionors retTz11, Wahlberg. I never but once observed this bird, and that was a few days south of the Okavango River. There were six individuals in a flock, all of which I secured—a rather fortunate event, since they were exceed- ingly wary and watchful, always perching on the loftiest and most exposed situations. These six individuals appeared to me to be all of one hatching, since I think I only obtamed two adults (male and female), the remainder being evidently young birds of both cin They exactly resemble P. talacoma in their manners and abits. TELEPHONUS TRIVIRGATUS (Smith), TELEPHONUS SENEGALENSIS. I have two specimens of these Laniade greatly resembling each other, as well as the one depicted in the ‘ Nat. Library’ as T. tri- virgatus. They differ from each other a trifle in size, and the bill of one is of a darker horn-colour, whilst that of the other is reddish brown (this is the colour of Dr. Smith’s specimen). The two centre tail-feathers of mine are of a brownish grey, with numerous dark bars particularly conspicuous on the upper or outer surface. In Dr. Smith’s, again, all the tail-feathers are broadly tipped with white, whilst in my specimens several of the centre feathers are without this edging. I never observed this bird till after I passed the northern frontier of Damara Land proper. BRADYORNIS MARIQUENSIS, Smith. Very common throughout Damara and Great Namaqua Land, and as far as the River Okavango to the northward. My experience of this bird differs considerably from that gained by Dr. Smith, who thinks it very similar in habits to the short-legged Thrushes. To me it is more of a Fly-catcher or even of a Shrike; for, like either of these, it watches for its prey from some elevated spot, from which it pounces with great rapidity on anything coming within reach, It 6 MR. J. H. GURNEY ON BIRDS (Jan. 12, is very partial to burnt ground and localities singed by fire. Dr. Smith has given a good illustration of the young. Orrouvs auratus (Vieill.). I have only once or twice observed this splendid Oriole in the southern parts of Damara Land—that is, the mature bird. The young (at least I believe it to be the same bird) is pretty common, but only during the rainy season; for it is migratory. The old bird is extremely shy and wary, and always keeps to the thickest part of the jungle. On and in the neighbourhood of the Okavango River it is, however, more abundant, but still retains its shy habits. In the young bird the iris is brown, legs lead-colour, bill reddish brown. - Parus nicer (Vieill.). Never observed in Great Namaqua Land, and very rare in Da- mara Land. It is only as one approaches the Okavango River that it becomes of more frequent occurrence. Resembles the great Euro- pean Titmouse in its habits. PARUS CINERESCENS. Found sparingly from the confines of the Okavango River to the Orange River on the south—that is, as regards the west coast. Iris dark brown. PHOLIDAUGES LEUCOGASTER (Gmel.). Common throughout Damara Land and parts adjacent (north- ward), but almost entirely as a migratory bird. A few isolated indi- viduals probably remain all the year round, for I have observed such Icng after the general migration is over. Shy and wary. CAMPEPHAGA NIGRA, Vieill. First observed in the neighbourhood (and there very sparingly) of the Okavango River, and never in Damara or Great Namaqua Land. Its real home must be considerably north of the river in question, for I merely noticed it as a migratory bird. Exceedingly shy and difficult of approach ; generally observed moving about in the upper parts of large trees. PLOCEUS MARIQUENSIS, Smith. Abundant in Damara and Great Namaqua Land. Most of the old birds appear to me to migrate. Builds its nest amongst reeds, or in small trees immediately overhanging water. Iris orange ; legs, toes and claws, and lower mandible nearly flesh-red ; upper man- dible brownish red. Gregarious. FRANCOLINUS SUBTORQUATUS, Smith. I first observed this plain but pretty Francolin as I approached the Okavango River; indeed the few specimens obtained by myself 1864.] COLLECTED BY MR. ANDERSSON IN DAMARA LAND. 7 were secured within a few days’ journey of it. It has a true Par- tridge’s call. Dr. Smith describes its strongholds as rocky places, whereas I found it on grassy plains interspersed with large trees and a little brushwood. ORTYGOMETRA BAILLONTI (Vieill.). Found sparingly (necessarily on account of the scarcity of suitable localities) in Damara Land, also on the River Okavango. At Oman- boudi I found it plentiful, where it also bred. I found the nest re- peatedly. It usually contained as many as seven eggs of a dull olive- brown colour, or rather a yellowish brown, indistinctly marked with a confusion of brownish freckles. The size of the eggs is enormous —if anything, larger than those of European Starlings. This spe- cies will take the wing for a short distance when hard pressed and when beyond the immediate refuge of reeds and rushes, its usual stronghold. GALLINULA CHLOROPUS. Common in Damara and Great Namaqua Land—that is, wherever there is a swampy spot. PARRA CAPENSIS, Smith. Never but once saw this bird in Damara Land, and that was at Omanboudi; but it is common in the lake regions, and on the River Okavango, where it also breeds. LAMPROCOLIUS PH@NICOPTERUS, Sw. This is to Damara Land and parts adjacent what the Starling is to many parts of Europe. In manner, habits, mode of life, &., it is precisely similar. Eggs of a similar colour, though scarcely of so deep a blue. Irides bright orange. My friend Layard thinks there may be two species; but this I think doubtful. Entire length 9 inches 8 or 9 lines. CRATEROPUS BICOLOR. Pretty common throughout Damara Land. I fancy there may be two distinct species. Irides light reddish brown ; legs bluish brown ; bill black. Is, like others of the species, very uoisy but, as a rule, shy. A full-grown specimen measures 10 inches. DRYMGCA CAPENSIS. Pretty common in the southern parts of Great Namaqua Land ; not observed in Damara Land; abundant in the Cape Colony. AMADINA ERYTHROCEPHALA. I had been several years in this country (Damara Land) before I knew of the existence of this pretty Finch, or rather Sparrow. Could I possibly have overlooked it? I scarcely think so. A few 8 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM HUAHEINE. [Jan. 12, isolated specimens may have escaped me. Lately, at all events, I have discovered it in considerable numbers, particularly this year (1863). Numerous families were reared at my residence at Otjim- bingue. They build a nest like that of the common European House- Sparrow ; indeed, like that bird, they are partial to the eaves and corners of dwelling-houses and out-houses. In Great Namaqua Land I have found it more numerous, and I have reason to think it is not uncommon in some of the northern parts of the Cape Colony and the Orange River Free States ; but of this latter Nate am not positive. In specimens supposed to have come from the Colony side, the red on the head is clearer, and the colours throughout consider- ably darker. There is also, in particular, a strong rusty-brown tint about the breast, wings, &c., not so perceptible in my Damara Land specimens. CURSORIUS BICINCTUS. Sparingly scattered over Damara and Great Namaqua Land. This year (1863), I have found it particularly abundant in the south of Damara Land. Entire length probably about 84 inches. LANIUS SUBCORONATUS. Common in Damara and Great Namaqua Land, but I am not sure that it is found as far south as the Orange River. I think not. Where it ceases, Lanius collurio takes its place. It resembles the rest of the true Shrikes in its habits. Pounces upon its prey from some elevated situation. CorETHRURA DIMIDIATA (Temm.). I found this pretty little Rail first and only at Omanboudi (Cen- tral Damara Land), where it was not uncommon, but very shy and retired in its habits. It bred at Omanboudi; but I did not succeed in procuring the nest. 2. List or A COLLECTION OF BrirDs FROM HUAHEINE, Society’s Isuanps. By P. L. Scuatrer, M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., Secre- TARY TO THE SOCIETY. Mr. J. H. Gurney having received a small collection of birds from Mr. James H. Wodehouse, H. B. M.’s Consul at Raiatea, Society Islands, has requested me to look them through and to determine the species, which I have had great pleasure in doing. The series only embraces ten species, but some among them are of much interest. Our best information on the Pacific avifauna is derived from Mr. Cassin’s volume on the ‘ Mammalogy and Ornitho- logy of the U.S. Exploring Expedition under Commodore Wilkes,’ to which I have given references in most cases. 1864.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM HUAHEINE. 9 1. Tarare orairrensis, Less.: Cassin, U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 159. A single specimen of this characteristic Pacific form. 2. Topirampuus TuTUS (Gm.): Cassin, J. ¢. p. 206. Two examples of this species, one of which is not quite mature, the blue on the head and back being tinged with greenish, and the white below with yellowish. 3. EupyNamis Tairensis (Sparrm.): Cassin, J. ¢. p. 248. One example of this Cuckoo. 4. Pritonopus CHRYSOGASTER, G. R. Gray, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 48, pl. 54. It is very satisfactory to have an ascertained locality for this beau- tiful little Fruit-Pigeon, which is closely allied to P. purpuratus (Gm.), of the neighbouring island of Tahiti. Other species of the same form are P. fasciatus of the Samoan Islands, and P. coralensis of the Paumotu group. Indeed every island-group of the South Pacific appears to have one or more representatives of this genus of Fruit-Pigeons. 5. Heropias suGuaris (Forster): Gould, B. Austr. vi. pl. 60. One specimen in the bluish-grey plumage of this widely spread species. 6. Toranus rncAnus (Gm.).—T" oceanicus, Less. et Cass. 1. ¢. p. 318. One example of this widely distributed Pacific species. 7. ANAS SUPERCILIOSA, Gm.: Gould, B. Austr. vii. pl. 9. One example of this Australian Duck, which has a wide range in the Southern Pacific. 8. SreRNA POLIOCcERCA, Gould, B. Austr. vii. pl. 24. 9. Anous stotipus (Linn.): Gould, B. Austr. vii. pl. 34. A very widely distributed species. 10. TacHYPETES PALMERSTONI (Gm.): Cassin, U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 359. One example of the Pacific Frigate-bird, if really distinct from T. aquila, as maintained by Cassin, J. ¢. The following extracts from Mr. Wodehouse’s letter to Mr. Gurney (dated Raiatea, September 3rd, 1863) give some particulars concern- ing these birds. I have inserted the scientific name after the native name in each case :— ‘ 1864.] COLLECTED BY CAPT, SPEKE IN EAST AFRICA. 99 It will be observed that the only order in which Capt. Speke’s specimens form anything like a series is among the Ruminants, where sixteen species of Antelopes appear determinable specifically, and two others are uncertain. By comparing these with what Rippell obtained in Abyssinia, and Dr. Peters in Mozambique, it will be seen that the country traversed by Capt. Speke has much more resemblance zoologically, as far as its Antelopes go, to the latter. This will be seen by the following table, in which Capt. Speke’s Antelopes and those that also occur in the other districts are placed side by side. ABYSSINIA. MozaAMBIQUvuE. (Riippell.) (Speke.) (Peters.) Antilope melampus_ ....| Antilope melampus. Calotragus melanotis ....| Calotragus melanotis. Scopophorus montanus ..| Scopophorus montanus. | Nesotragus moschatus ..| Nesotragus moschatus. Heleotragus bohor (?)....| Heleotragus reduncus. | Kobus ellipsiprymnus.. ..| Kobus ellipsiprymnus. sing-sing. leucotis. Agoceros leucophzeus. AMIPEL Wetaisterd sedate ota Agoceros niger. Catoblepas gorgon ......| Catoblepas gorgon. Boselaphus, sp. -.-...+-| Boselaphus lichtensteinii. Tragelaphus spekii. —— sylvaticus ........ Tragelaphus sylvaticus. Oreas livingstonii ...... Oreas canna (?). Strepsiceros kudu ......| Strepsiceros kudu. Ordo I. QUADRUMANA. 1. CERCOPITHECUS, sp. An imperfect skin of a species of Cercopithecus, indeterminable. “ Tumberi’’? Monkey. Numerous in the forests near the coast, in Uzaramo.—J. H. S. Ordo II. CHIROPTERA. 2. ScoTOPHILUS, sp. One example in spirits of a Bat, which Dr. Gray identifies as a species of Scotophilus. 3. MEGADERMA FRONS, Geoffr.; Wagn. Suppl. v. p. 643. One dried specimen. This Bat was shot flying at Meninga. They were numerous, but rose singly from the ground, and alighted sometimes in the bushes, sometimes again in the grass.—J. H. S. Ordo III. CARNIVORA. 4. Frevis cuaAus, Gild. An imperfect skin in Capt. Speke’s collection is probably refer- able to this species. Found near Meninga, concealed in a rut on the road.—J. H. S. 100 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE MAMMALS [ Mar. 8, 5. Fewvis reo, Linn. Lions were abundant all along the route we traversed, though not often met with. In Uganda, in particular, there were many com- plaints made of their ravages.—J. H 6. FELIS SERVAL. An imperfect skin of a young kitten obtained in Unyoro is pro- bably referable to this species. The princes of Uganda wear the skin of this animal as a royal badge. This kitten was given to me alive by a native in Unyoro, under the condition that, if it died, the carcase was to be given back to him for his dinner.—J. H. 8. 7. Herrvestes Bapivs, Smith, Ill. 8. Afr. Zool. pl. 4. Mgunda Mkali. Seen singly in the wilderness of Mgunda Mkali, on the ground.— J. H.S. 8. Orocyon LaLaNpi!I (Smith). Shot in Ugogo, whilst foraging alone in the jungle.—J. H. S. 9. Hya#na crocuta, Zimm. Capt. Speke speaks of this (P. Z. S. 1863, p. 4) as the common scavenger of the country. It appears to be abundant all over East- ern Africa. Ordo IV. RODENTIA. 10. Sciurus ornatus, J. E. Gray, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 13, Pl. I. Dr. Gray has identified a portion of skin of a Squirrel obtained by Capt. Speke as belonging to his newly discovered species, de- scribed and figured anted, p. 13. 11. GEORYCHUS ALBIFRONS, Gray, sp. nov. 12. GEoRYCHUS PALLIDUS, Gray, sp. nov. Two skins of a Georychus are in the collection, of which Capt. Speke does not know the exact locality. Dr. Gray has kindly un- dertaken the examination of them, and his remarks on them will shortly be read to the Meeting. 13. GOLUNDA PULCHELLA, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p.57. (PI. XIII.) Unyamuezi. Capt. Speke only procured a very imperfect skin of this beautiful Mouse. Dr. Gray, having subsequently received a more perfect specimen (stated to have been obtained on the west coast), has lately described it as new. Mr. Wolf’s figure is taken from the latter specimen. This Grass-Rat is common in the grasses in Unyamuezi.—J. H.S. 1864.] | COLLECTED BY CAPT. SPEKE IN EAST AFRICA. 101 14, Euryortis, sp. Imperfect skin. Unyamuezi. Lives in houses, like the common House-Rat in this country. 15. AULACODUS SWINDERNIANUS. A head of this Rodent, from Uganda. This animal was given to me alive by the King of Uganda. I never met with it in a wild state, though they are commonly caught by his hunters for the royal table.—J. H. S. Ordo V. RUMINANTIA. 16. ApycEeRos MELAMPUS, Licht. Uzaramo. Two heads of males. Native name, “ Pallah.”’ One of the commonest Antelopes in Uzaramo and along our route up to Unyamuezi. They roam about in large herds, frequenting open parts of the forest.—J. H. S. 17. CALOTRAGUS, sp. Usui; S. of Karagweh. Imperfect head of a male ; not sufficient for the determination of the species. Capt. Speke thinks it is the Grysbok (C. melanotis, Thunb.). 18. ScopopHoRuUS MONTANUS (Riipp.). Karagweh. Imperfect head of male. Shot on the mountains in Karagweh, where it is not very common, moving about in small herds.—J. H. S. 19. NesorTrRaGus MoscHatus, Von Duben. Specimens of this little Antelope were obtained by Capt. Speke in the island of Zanzibar ; these are now in the British Museum. _ 20. HeLzorracus REpuNCcUuS (Pall.). Capt. Grant shot the only example of this Antelope we obtained, in Usagara.—J. H. S. 21. Konus ELLIPSIPRYMNUS (Ogilby). “Uzaramo.” Heads of three males and three females of this Antelope. This fine Antelope is very numerous in Uzaramo, frequenting the jungle along the banks of the Kingani river. The lunate mark on the rump is very distinct in the living animal. The does and young are met with in considerable herds; the old bucks singly, or in twos and threes. After crossing the hill-range we saw no more of this species.—J. H. S. 22. Kosus s1ne-sine (Bennett) ? From Uganda. Capt. Speke has brought home two heads of 102 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE MAMMALS [Mar. 8, males of a large species of Antelope, which is apparently not differ- ent from the Sing-Sing of the western coast. Sing-Sing? The general aspect of the head resembles that of K. ellipsiprymnus, but the face is blacker, and the top of the head between the horns dark rufous. “The Nsumma Antelope was only met with in Uganda and Madi, where it lies concealed in the high grasses in the daytime, and comes out to feed in the evenings. The males are often found singly, but the females in herds. It does not possess the lunate mark on the rump of the Waterbuck, and does not stand so high, but is rather more stoutly built.”—J. H. S. 1864.] | COLLECTED BY CAPT. SPEKE IN EAST AFRICA. 103 23. Konus, sp.? Uganda. Imperfect head of female, probably of a Species of Kobus. Native name, “ Ndjezza.” The “ Ndjezza” is found among the grasses near water in Uganda. I never obtained the male of this Antelope.—J. H. S. 24. Kosus tevcoris (Licht. & TEES): Antilope leucotis, Licht. et Peters, Monatsh. Akad. Berl. 1853, . 164, Pp Uganda. Two heads. This Antelope, of which the native name is ““Nsunnu,” is found in Uganda, Ungoro, and Madi, but never south of those countries. They roam about in large herds in thick bush and grassy plains, but never go far from water.—J. H. S. 25. AigocEROs LEUCOPHaUS (Pallas). Found in swampy ground near Kazeh in considerable numbers. The specimen, of which I brought home the head, after being wounded by my rifle, was pulled down at night by lions; so that I got it in the morning.—J. H. S. 26. AEGOCEROS NIGER (Harris). Once seen near Kazeh, and distinctly recognized, as Capt. Speke informs me. Capt. Speke has also brought home the head of a young (male ?) Antelope, which he shot at Ukhutu, under the east-coast range. Dr. Gray has kindly examined this for me, and determined it as re- ferable to this species. 27. CaToBLePaAs GorGon, H. Smith. Heads of a male and female Gnu, which I cannot distinguish from this species. This Gnu is found in large herds in Khutu, on the western borders of Uzaramo, close to the Kingani river. It inhabits the park-like lands adjoining the river. It was not seen after crossing the hill- range.—J. H. S. 28. BosELAPHUS be Capt. Speke’s “ Hartebeest ” (see P. Z. S. 1863, p. 3), which he found all along his route from the coast to Gondokoro, can hardly have been B. caama. It was probably B. lichtensteini (Peters). 29. TRAGELAPHUS SPEKII, sp. nov. (Pl. XII.) T. obscure badius, Sere unicolor, stria dorsali pallidiore vix con- spicua: auribus intus, macula nasali utrinque, duabus alteris subocularibus, et mento albidis: cauda elongata tenuiuscula, supra brunnea, subtus alba: ungulis valde elongatis : cornibus quoad formam T. euryceroti similibus, sed longioribus et graci- lioribus, nigris, ad apicem albis. 104 DR. P, L. SCLATER ON THE MAMMALS [Mar. 8, Capt. Speke has obtained in Karagweh the horns of an adult and the imperfect skin and skull of a young male Antelope of the genus Tragelaphus, apparently belonging to a new species, which I pro- pose to name provisionally after its discoverer. The horns are hardly different, apparently, from those of Tragela- phus euryceros. The fur is very long and coarse, as in 7. angasii. The skin is of a uniform mouse-colour; front of head reddish ; narrow dorsal streak Tragelaphus spekii. paler, with some whitish hairs; below lighter; tail darker; under- side and terminal tuft white; knees white; side of the cheek, chin, and front of upper lip white ; horns diverging backwards at the tip. 1864.] COLLECTED BY CAPT. SPEKE IN EAST AFRICA. 105 The hoofs are excessively elongated ; evidently specially adapted for traversing the reedy swamps which it inhabits. This Antelope frequents the beds of Papyrus in the borders of the lakes of Karagweh. King Rumanika, of Karagweh, ordered his boatmen to catch me a specimen. They procured me a young male alive, the skin of which I brought home. I kept him some days alive, feeding him on Papyrus-tops, the only thing he would eat. He was very awkward on the hard ground, his long toes being evidently only adapted to carry him among the swamps. The king also gave me the horns of an adult of this Antelope. The skins of this animal are highly prized in Karagweh, Uganda, and Ungoro, and are worn by the kings and their officers.—J. H. S. 30. TRAGELAPHUS SYLVATICUS (Sparm.). The head of a young male Antelope of this species. The Bush-bok frequents the thick bushes in the countries we tra- versed, from Unyamuezi to Madi. It is usually found singly, and makes a bark when suddenly disturbed.—J. H. S. 31. OREAS LIVINGSTONH, sp. nov. (?). Capt. Speke met with a small herd of about a dozen Elands at Inenge, in Usagara. He describes them as “‘ head and horns like the common Eland, but more rufous on the forehead, with black points and a broad black band strongly marked on the hinder part of the fore legs, just above the bend of the knee.” His figure re- presents the animal as having a very distinct black dorsal band, and seven or eight white cross stripes across the flanks. I have no doubt this is the same northern species of the Eland (Oreas) as that de- scribed in Dr. Livingstone’s Travels. Dr. Kirk informs me that he met with this Eland on the left bank of the Zambesi, in the neighbourhood of the Kafue, a large tributary of the former stream, and that it is readily distinguishable at first sight from the Common Eland (Oreas canna) by its striped flanks. I think there can be no doubt, therefore, as to its being a distinct animal; and I propose to name it after its discoverer, Oreas living- stonit. 32. STREPSICEROS KUDU, Gray. The Koodoo was met with in Ugogo, at Ustuke, though no speci- mens were obtained ; but I am certain of the species.—J. H. S. 33. Bos CAFFER. Met with everywhere, where the grass is sufficiently heavy.— do HS: 34. CAMELOPARDALIS GIRAFFA. The Giraffe is abundant everywhere in the countries we traversed, from the coast to Gondokoro, wherever the country affords it suit- able haunts.—J. H. S. —— 106 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE BIRDS [ Mar. 8, Ordo VI. PACH YDERMATA. 35. PHACOCH@RUS ZLIANI. Skulls of both sexes of this Wart-Hog. Found in herds in Uzaramo and Mgunda Mkali; generally near water.—J. H. S. 36. HirproroTAMUS AMPHIBIUS, Linn. Abundant m the Kingani river and on the adjoining sea-coast, also in Lake Nyanza and the Nile.—J. H. 8. 37. RHINOCEROS BICORNIS, Linn. | 38. RHINOCEROS SIMUS, Burchell. | The Black Rhinoceros is very common throughout the whole country we traversed, down to Gondokoro. The White 'Two-horned Rhinoceros is found in Karagweh, where several specimens were shot. It is rather larger than the black animal.—J. H. S Ordo VII. PROBOSCIDEA. 39. ELEPHAS AFRICANUS. Met with throughout the country, from the coast to Gondokoro, 2. On THE BIRDS COLLECTED BY Capt. J. H. Speke DURING THE Hast-Arrican ExprepiTion. By P. L. Scuater; with Nores py Capt. J. H. Speke. (Plate XIV.) Capt. Speke having submitted to my examination all the bird- skins obtained during his recent successful expedition through Eastern Africa, I have had great pleasure in undertaking the task of the de- termination of the species. This, I may remark, has been rendered less easy by the imperfect state of many of the specimens, naturally resulting from the difficulties of collecting them in and transporting them through a hazardous and previously unknown country. The specimens brought home by Capt. Speke, altogether about seventy in number, were all obtained between Bogamogo, opposite Zanzibar (6° 30! S. lat.), and Gondokoro on the Nile (5° N. lat.), and with very few exceptions before reaching Usui, in the countries of Uzaramo, Usagara, Ugogo, Unyamuezi, and Uzinza; so that on the whole they may be taken as characteristic of the East-African avifauna immediately south of the Equator. The species represented in Capt. Speke’s collection are sixty-two, namely :— Accipitres.<...... 3 Columbee ..05 6. Js a Passeres ........ 27 Gallinees 222 250. 2 4 Fissirostres ...... 10 Gralle so)... SE 8 Scansores........ ime £ Anseres.......... 5 WOLF, del et, ith PSALIDOPROCNE Dp 1 MA&N Hanhart Imp 1864.] COLLECTED BY CAPT. SPEKE IN EAST AFRICA. 107 This is of course a very small proportion of an avifauna which probably contains from 500 to 600 species*, if not more. “But the collection is of value as being from a country of which we had pre- viously no ornithological knowledge whatever, though hardly suffi- ciently extensive to allow even of deductions from it as to the general character of the fauna. The following species in Capt. Speke’s collection seem to be with- out doubt new :-— Bradyornis spekit. Dryoscopus hamatus. Psalidoprocne albiceps. Vidua eques. Dryoscopus funebris. Of these, Bradyornis spekii, the two species of Dryoscopus, and Vidua eques have been already described by Dr. Hartlaub in the Zoological Society’s ‘ Proceedings’+. I now proceed to give a syste- matic catalogue of the entire collection, with a description of the undescribed species. Capt. Speke has added such particulars as his note-book or his memory could supply concerning each of them. It will be observed that the greater part of the species in Capt. Speke’s collection are such as have already been noticed as belonging to the East-African Fauna. There are, however, a certain number of southern species (such as Colius striatus, Numida mitrata, &c.) intermixed. Capt. Speke’s remarks on each species are added, and indicated by his initials. FaLconip&. 1. Fatco TANYPTERUvS, Licht. Unyamuezi. One example: irides yellow. Shot at Kazeh by my- self.—J. H. 8. 2. HyporriorRcHIs SEMITORQUATUS (Smith). Polyhierax semitorquatus, Smith, Ill. S. Afr. Zool. pl. 1. Hypotriorchis castanonotus, Heuglin, Ibis, 1861, pl. 12. One example, with the back slate-coloured, thus showing that Heuglin (Ibis, 1860, p. 407) is wrong in stating that all the northern examples are red-backed. See also ‘ Ibis,’ 1861, p. 346. Shot in Bogue, whilst sitting on a tree.—J. H. S. 3. MELIERAX MONOGRAMMICUS (Temm.). M. musicus, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 105 (nec Daudin). This species was wrongly determined by me, and placed in Dr. Hartlaub’s list of the birds collected by Capt. Speke at Kazeh, as M. musicus. Irides yellow. Shot at Kazeh by myself, after it had just devoured a small lizard.—J. H. S. * Riippell’s ‘ Systematische Uebersicht’ gives 532 species as occurring in N.E. Africa, from Egypt to Abyssinia. Heuglin’s Synopsis (in the Sitzungsberichte Akad. Wien for 1856) enumerates no less than 754 species. tT See P. Z.S. 1863, pp. 105, 106. 108 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE BIRDS [ Mar. 8, MoraciLuip2. 4. MoraciLtLa LuGuBRIS, Pallas. Unyamuezi. Identified for me by Mr. Swinhoe, who has paid special attention to this group. See his remarks, ‘ P. Z.S.’ 1863, p- 275. 5. Bupyres riava (Linn.). A bad skin, referable to this species or one of its varieties. Unyamuezi. TURDIDZ. 6. Brapyornis sPEKEI, Hartlaub, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 105. Kazeh. The ‘“ Morning Warbler,” as I named this species, was met with at Meninga, in Unyamuezi. It came about our tents in the morning, and delighted us with its cheerful song, being the sweetest singing-bird we met with.—J. H.S. 7. CRATEROPUS JARDINII, Sw. Shot at Bogue, in Uzinza, where I saw it flying about in flocks of from ten to twenty, which frequent the forests. Rather pugnacious in disposition.—J. H. S. PyYCNONOTID. 8. PycnonoTus NIGRICANS (Vieill.) : Bp. Consp. p. 267. The Bulbul of Unyamuezi: found all over the country, and well known as a songster.—J. H.S. OrIOLIDz. 9. Or1oLUS MOLOoxiTA, Riipp. Common in Uzinza, where [ brought home one example. _ Irides red.—J. H. S. HiruNDINIDZ. 10. PSALIDOPROCNE ALBICEPS, sp. nov. (Pl. XIV.) P. nigra, pileo et gula summa albis. Long. tota 5:5, alee 4°2, caudze rectr. ext. 3°1, rectr. med. 2°2 poll. Capt. Speke has brought home in spirits from Uzinza a single example of this apparently new Swallow of the section Psalidoprocne. It seems to form a third of this little African group, which is distin- guished from true Hirundo by its long cleft tail, short tarsi, small feet, and the saw-like margination of the outer edge of the first pri- mary. The two previously known species of the group are— 1. P. holomelena (Sund.): Hirundo holomelas, Sund. Vet. Ac. Foérh. 1850, p. 108: Atticora hamigera, Cassin, Proc. Acad, Phil. 1864.] COLLECTED BY CAPT. SPEKE IN EAST AFRICA. 109 1850, p. 57: P. eypselina, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 48, ex Afr. occ. et merid.-orient. 2. P. pristoptera (Ripp.): Hirundo pristoptera, Riipp. Faun. Abyss. pl. 39. f. 2, ex Afr. orient. This present species is easily known by its white head and throat. MuscicaPiID&. 11. Tcuirrea, sp.? Observed in Unyamuezi, Uzinza, and Uganda. 12. Buratts, sp. ? Uzaramo. A single specimen of an obscure species of this genus. LANIID2. 13. BAsANISTEs cisso1pDes (Licht.): Hartl. P.Z.S. 1863, p. 105. Shot in Bogue. Seen in small flocks. The present specimen shot while sitting on a village palisade.—J. H. S. 14. Laniarius tcTERUvS (Cuv.). Uzaramo. Shot by Capt. Grant. Irides reddish yellow. Found singly in the bush ; has a single note with a hollow sound.—J. H.S. 15. PRIONOPS POLIOCEPHALUS (Stanley). Usui, in Uzinza. Found in the small detached bushes.—J. H.S. 16. Dryoscopus runeprRis, Hartl. P. Z.S. 1863, p. 105. Two examples. Shot at Meninga. 17. Dryoscorpus Hamatus, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 106. Unyamuezi. Found in detached bushes.—J. H. S. 18. Dicrurus, sp.? Kingcrows were rather common all over the Unyamuezi and Uza- ramo countries, resembling in their habits the well-known Kingcrow of India (D. macrocercus).—J. H. S. FRINGILLID. 19, ALECTO DINEMELLI (Horsf.): Bp. Consp. p. 638. Shot at Tura, in Unyamuezi, where it goes about in small flocks. —J.H.S. 20. EUPLECTES FLAMMICEPS, Sw. Meninga. Flies about in large flocks, feeding in the corn-fields, and roosting at night in the rushes in the swamps.—J. H. S 21. EUPLECTES IGNICOLOR (Vieill.): Bp. Consp. p. 446. ak Found in large flocks in the corn-fields (Holcus sorghum). —J.H.S. 110 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE BIRDS [Mar. 8 22. STEGANURA VERREAUXI, Cassin, Pr. Acad. Phil. 1851, p. 56. —S. sphenura, Bp. Consp. p. 449. Meninga and Unyamuezi. Flies about on the tops of the Mi- mosas.—J. H. 8. 23. Vipva Equxs, Hartl. P. Z.S. 1863, p. 106, pl. 15. Shot at Meninga. Seen in twos and threes among the corn and long grass.—J. H. S 24. Vipva macrurRa (Gm.): Bp. Consp. p. 448. Found in the same locality as the last, and has the same habits.— J.H.S 25. HyPHANTORNIS LARVATUS, Riipp. Textor larvatus, Bp. Consp. p. 440. Uzaramo. 26. Hypocwera NITENS (Gm.): Bp. Consp. p. 510. Unyamuezi. Common in the villages, feeding like Sparrows about the rows and heaps of dirt.—J. H. S. 27. EsTRELDA MINIMA (Vieill.). Unyamuezi. Found in flocks in company with the last species in the villages.—J. H. S. 28. EsTRELDA PHENICOTIS, Sw. Unyamuezi. Found in small flocks in the milk-bushes (Zuphor- bia) that in some places form the village fences ; generally distri- buted in Unyamuezi.—J. H. 8. 29. SPERMESTES CUCULLATA, Sw. Unyamuezi. Found in the Euphorbias, like the previous species. —J.H.S. 30. PassER SWAINSONI, Riipp. Unyamuezi and Karagweh. Frequents the villages like our House- Sparrow.—J. H. S Upupip2&. 31. Inr1sor CyANOMELAS (Vieill.). Uzaramo. CoRACIID&. 32. Coractas caupaTa, Vieill.: Sclater, P. Z.S. 1562, p. 12. Bogue, in Uzinza. 33. Eurystomus Arer (Lath.): Hartl. Orn. W. Afr. p. 28. Uzaramo. Shot, on October 7th, 1860, a female with eggs par- tially developed in the ovary. Irides dark brown.—J. H. S. 1864.] COLLECTED BY CAPT, SPEKE IN EAST AFRICA. Il MeERopip&. 34. Mrrors ERYTHROPTERUS, Gm. Shot at Meninga.—J. H. S. ALCEDINIDA. _ 85. Hatcyon sENEGALENSIs (Linn.): Hartl. P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 105. Meninga. Shot sitting on a tree over a brook.—J. H. 8, 36. HaLcyon CHELICUTI (Stanley). This Halcyon seems to be the little H. chelicuti, not H. variegata (as entered in Dr. Hartlaub’s list, P. Z.S. 1863, p. 105), from which, however, it only differs in its smaller size. Bogue. Found in the forest.—J. H. S. BuceRorip2&. 37. Bucorvus AByssINicus (Gm.). Unyoro. This Hornbill is found in flocks of four or five, feeding on the ground. When disturbed, they fly up into the trees. I saw them also in Madi.—J. H. S. 38. Bucrros cristatus (Ripp.): Bp. Consp. p. 89. A head, apparently of this species. Only seen in Uganda, where it flies about in small flocks from tree to tree, and makes a very loud and harsh noise. 39. Toccus MELANOLEUCUS (Licht.). Calao couronné, Levaill, Ois. d’ Afr. p. 234. Buceros coronatus, Shaw. Two examples, young and adult. Dr. Kirk’s collection from the Zambesi likewise contains examples of this species. In the young bird the bill is yellowish, and in two rather immature specimens shows a yellowish band towards the base. CAPRIMULGID2. 40. CosMETORNIS VEXILLARIUS (Gould). Semiophorus veaillarius, Gould, Icon. Av. pl. in No. 2. At first I was inclined to consider a single specimen of this species brought home by Capt. Speke different from the true 8. vexillarius of Gould, and had intended to call it, after its discoverer, S. spekiz, under which name it is figured in a woodcut in Capt. Speke’s nar- rative of his expedition; I have, however, subsequently modified my opinion on this point. The only noticeable difference between the present specimen and Mr. Gould’s figure is in the colour of the elongated ninth primary, which in Capt. Speke’s bird has the inner 112 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE BIRDS [ Mar. 8, web brown like the outer, but in Mr. Gould’s figure is represented as wholly white. Dr. Kirk informs me this Goatsucker is very abundant on Lake Nyassa, and on the Zambesi at Tét¢é. A specimen in his collection has the ninth elongated primary white on both webs at the base, but gradually passing into brown, showing that this is not a specific character. This specimen was shot flying, after dark, in Uganda, at Urondo- gani. Others were often seen lighting on the bare ground in the clear patches near the villages, whence they flew off when disturbed. This bird was well known to my servant “‘ Bombay,” who said they were very common in Uhiyou, which is in 8° S. lat.—J. H. 8. MusopHaGip&. 41. ScuizoRHIs PERSONATA, Riipp. This Touraco is rather common in the hilly country of Usagara. As in Somali-land, where I met with the same species*, it is found amongst the thorny Acacias in flocks of from four to five-—J. H.S. CucuLip&. 42, ZANCLOSTOMUS ZREUS (Vieill.). Uzaramo. CAPIroNID&. 43. PogoNoRHYNCHUS TORQUATUS (Dumont). Bucco torquatus, Dumont, ex Levaill. Barbus, pl. 28. Apparently undistinguishable from the South-African species, of which there is an example in the British Museum, collected by Mr. Livingstone at Tété. Uzaramo. Found among the upper branches of the highest trees. —J.H.S. CoLiip&. 44, Couius striatus, Gm.: Bp. Consp. p. 86. Uzaramo. Also seen and shot higher up, in Usui. This bird is found in small flocks, frequenting the thickest bushes.—J. H. 8. PsITTACID. 45. Pa@ocePHALUS FUSCICAPILLUS (Peters). Pionus fuscicapillus, Verr. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 58. Ps. cryptoxanthus, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1854, p. 371. Uzaramo. Very common in flocks in Uzaramo and on the inte- ‘rior plateau. The example preserved was a female. ‘‘ Irides dirty yellow.” * See Ibis, 1860, p. 245. 1864.] COLLECTED BY CAPT. SPEKE IN EAST AFRICA. 113 CoLuMBID. 46. TRERON DELALANDI, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 6. Uzaramo ; and seen all along the route to Madi, in large flocks ; affording very good food.—J. H. S. 47. CoLtuMBA GUINEA, Linn. Shot at Kazeh and Meninga; but not observed elsewhere during the journey. Seen in flocks; resorting to roost in the “ ginger- bread’ palms. ‘ae CHALCOPELIA CHALCOSPILOS (Sw.): Riipp. Syst. Ueb. pl. 38. Obtained at Duthumi.—J. H. S. 49. CHALCOPELIA AFRA (Linn.). Uzaramo. 50. TuRTUR SEMITORQUATUS, Sw. Very common all along the route from the coast to Kazeh, and thence north to Gondokoro.—J. H. 8. PTEROCLID. 51. PrEROCLEs, sp. ? A bad specimen. Species uncertain. Sandgrouse were seen in Unyamuezi and Ugogo, where this spe- cimen was obtained.—J. H. 8S. TETRAONIDZ. 52. PrERNISTES CRANCHII (Leach). Perdix cranchii, Leach, App. Tuckey’s Voy. A single skin of what seems most likely to be the male of this scarce species, which is at present only known by the typical example in the British Museum. Native name, Quali, from its call. This bird is found in pairs, and breeding in covies from the coast up to Usui; and is abundant in many places. The throat is yellow ; naked space round the eyes bright red.— J. H. 8. 53. FRANCOLINUS ? One example of a small Francolin, more like F. gutturalis of Riippell than any other known species, but probably distinct. I do not venture to describe the specimen, it being imperfect and not very decided in its characters. This Francolin is found in the forests all over Unyamuezi. I found. young birds on the 20th February, near Kazeh, in company with the mother.—J. H. 8. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1864, No. VIII. 114 ON BIRDS COLLECTED BY CAPT. SPEKE. (Mar. 8, PHASIANID&. 54. NumIpA MITRATA, Pallas. Uzaramo. This Guinea-fowl was common in flocks near the vil- lages, and also in the jungle, from the coast as far as Bari. In Ugogo I also met with a second species, with a tufted head, and small spots on the feathers*. Guinea-fowl afforded us a constant supply of food throughout our journey, when other meat was scarce.—J. H. 8. OTD. 55. Oris MELANOGASTER, Riipp. This Floriken was seen occasionally in Unyamuezi, and. on the heights of Karagweh. It haunts the grassy spots in twos or threes, and is rather shy. The example brought home was shot at Uron- dogani, in Uganda. The irides are yellow.—J. H. S. ARDEIDZ. 56. Scopus umBRETTA, Linn. The Umbrette is very common from the coast to Kazeh, frequent- ing the pools of water and ravines. It stands watching the water like a Heron, and on being disturbed flies up into a tree.—J. H. 8, RALLiD&. 57. LimNocorax FLAvrRosTRis, Sw.: Hartl. Orn. W. Afr. p- 244. Uzaramo. Frequents the rice-fields, where the present specimen was shot.—J. H. 8 ANATIDZ. 58. SARCIDIORNIS AFRICANA, Eyton: Hartl. Orn. West Afr. p- 247. This Duck is very common all over Unyamuezi in the rainy season, frequenting the pools and lakes in considerable flocks.—J. H. 8 59. PLECTROPTERUS RUEPPELLI, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1859, p. 132, pl. 153. Unyamuezi. Found on the lakes, whence it resorts to the rice- fields to feed.—J. H. S. 60. CarrinA MoscHaTs, Linn. This is the only tame Duck of Meninga and Unyamuezi generally. It has been introduced by the Arabs.—J. H. 8. 61. Denprocyena vipvaTa (Linn.). Meninga. Shot flying, out of a large flock.—J. H. S. * Probably Numida pucheranii, Hartl.—P. L. 8, PZ S. 1864 PL XV. WWest. imp LISTS ee OGitT ots. fa Wa 1864.] ON REPTILES OBTAINED BY CAPT. SPEKE. 115 62. PELECANUS, sp. Head, perhaps, of P. minor, Riipp. Uganda; and common all the way down the Nile to Gondokoro. —J.H.S. 3. On THE REPTILES AND FISHES OBTAINED BY Capt. SPEXE DURING THE East-Arrican Exprepirion. By Dr. A. GUNTHER. (Plate XV.) The Reptiles brought home by Capt. Speke consist of four speci- mens of Tortoises, belonging to the genera Testudo, Kinixys, and Pelomedusa. One of the species is new, and has been named by Dr. Gray Pelomedusa spekii. The Lizards consist of two specimens of Agama, two of Eremias, one Phelsuma, and one Tiliqua. The Snakes consist of one specimen of Python sebe, one of Ooro- nella, two of Psammophis, one of Bucephalus (capensis), three of Ahetulla (A. irregularis and A. natalensis), two of Echidna (arie- tans), one of the black African Cobra (Naja haje), and one of a new and interesting species of Causus, which I have described* as new, with the following characters :— *‘Causus (HETEROPHIS) RosTRATUS. (Pl. XV.) ** Rostral shield turned upwards, forming a prominent, sharpish transverse ridge above ; scales in seventeen rows ; a series of large spots along the back. “ of the lower jaw longer than high, with a slightly rounded outline be- neath. (Fig. 6. Hab. Cape of Good Hope. _ 2. GEORYCHUS ALBIFRONS, 0. 8. Fur ashy grey, with a large white spot on the forehead. Hab. EK. Africa (Capt. Speke). This species is very like G. capensis, both in the colouring of the fur and in the form of the grinders, but is not more than one-third the size, and it has a large white spot on the forehead, and no white on the cheeks. There is the same difference in the size of the skull; and the teeth are more worn, showing that it is as old. The brain- box of the skull is much more ventricose. The teeth have a distinct 124 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS GEoRYCHUS. [Mar. 8, fold on the inner side, but scarcely so on the outer; but then they are much worn. The expansion on the hinder part of the lower jaw is nearly of the same form as that of G. capensis. Dr. Peters, in his ‘ Nat. Reise nach Mossambique,’ t. 35. f. 3, gives a figure of the top of what he believes to be a young specimen of Bathyergus cecutiens. It is something like the skull of this spe- cies; but it may be the skull of the species to which Dr. Peters refers it, for unfortunately the teeth, which would determine the question, are not figured. B. Grinders =: Crown of the front upper small, oblong, trans- verse, simple; of second, third, and fourth subtrigonal, with a distinct fold or groove on the broader inner side ; the second tooth the smallest: the first lower oblong, small; the second square; the third trigonal; the hinder side the smallest, with a subtrifoliate crown. The hinder wing of the lower jaw broad, nearly as high as wide, with a strongly arched outline below. HexiopnHosivs, Peters. (Figs. 2 & 7.) 3. Grorycuus PALLIDUS. (Teeth, fig. 2; jaw, fig. 7.) Rufous grey ; side of face, chin, and beneath paler yellow-grey. Hab. E. Africa (Capt. Speke). I have very little doubt that this is the animal figured by Dr. Peters (Reise nach Mossambique, t. 31) under the name Bathyergus argenteo-cinereus, and of which the skull is the skull figured as Heliophobius argenteo-cinereus (t. 35. f. 2), and described under the latter name in the ‘Bericht,’ 1846, p. 159; but he specially de- scribes it as having six grinders in each jaw, where we have only four. I think that must have been an anomaly in his specimen; indeed the figure does not show six well-formed teeth. Dr. Peters describes, and his figure represents, the fur as of a uni- form colour. Our specimen is paler on the cheeks and underpart of the body. C. Grinders =, all nearly similar and of nearly equal size, the hinder being only slightly the smallest. The crown of the upper ones is oblong, rounded, and with a central fold on the outer side. The crown of the lower with a fold in the middle of each side, the outer fold of the last one being almost, if not quite, obsolete on the outer side. The wing of the hinder part of the lower jaw longer than high, with a nearly straight lower edge. Crypromys. (Figs. 3 & 6.) 4. GeoRYCHUS HOLOSERICEUS, Wagner. Hab. S. Africa. D. Grinders =. The upper grinders oblong, transverse, wider than long, the front the largest ; the hinder very small, nearly 1864.] | DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS DERMATEMYS. 125 circular. The lower grinders oblong, much wider than long ; the three front subequal ; the hinder smaller, nearly circular. The posterior wing of the lower jaw longer than high, with a nearly straight lower margin. Caromys. (Figs. 4 & 6.) 5. GEoRYCHUS C&/CUTIENS, Gray, Cat. Mam. B.M. 149. (Teeth, fig. 4.) Bathyergus cecutiens, Licht. ? B. hotentottus, Lesson. ? B. ludwigii, A. Smith. Fur short, close, uniform grey-brown ; the perforation on the side of the nose in the front of the orbit large, oblong, erect. Hab. Natal. 6. GroRyYcHUS DAMARENSIS, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 149. (Teeth, fig. 5.) Bathyergus damarensis, Ogilby, P. Z. 8. Fur short, uniform grey-brown, with a large white spot on the back of the head. Hab. Damara-land. This animal greatly resembles the preceding, but is larger, and has the white spot on the back of the head. The imperfect skull (with part of the teeth) in the Museum resembles the skull of the preceding in most particulars, but is rather larger in size, and the perforatian in the side of the nose, at the front edge of the orbit, is smaller and not so oblong, being only a little higher than wide. 8. AppiTIoNAL Oxgservations oN DeRMATEMYs, A GENUS OF Emypip# From CenTrRAL America. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., erc. In the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1847, p. 53, I described a new genus of Emydide, under the name of Dermatemys mawii; and in the ‘Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the British Museum’ I figured the shell of the animal in detail. This genus was only established on a single shell, without any part of the animal attached to it, which was then in the Museum of this Society, having been presented by Lieut. Mawe, R.N. This specimen has since been transferred to the collection of the British Museum. Some doubts have been expressed as to the position of the genus in the family Emydide; and one naturalist has even gone so far as to doubt the propriety of establishing a genus from the examination of the single specimen, which he was inclined to believe was only an abnormal form of a typical Hmys. This I could not admit; for, even if it were an accidental monstrosity, we did not know an Emys to which it could be referred. 126 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS DERMATEMYs. [Mar. 8, M. Bibron, when in England, named the specimen in the MS. Catalogue of the Zoological Society Emys mawii, a name which I adopted when I originally described it. More lately the Museum at Paris appears to have received a spe- cimen with the animal, for I find it shortly noticed in M. A. Du- méril’s ‘ Catalogue of the Paris Museum’ under the name of Emys berrardi, with the following account of the animal :—‘‘ Head uni- form brown, flat, broad, rather large ; jaws toothed; toes broadly webbed ; tail strong, rather long.’ It was sent from M. Berrard from Vera Cruz. mys berrardi is also described and figured by A. Duméril in the sixth volume of the ‘Archives du Muséum,’ p. 231, t. 15. It is to be observed that in the short notice of the species in the ‘Catalogue of the Paris Museum’ the series of large shields on the external symphysis, which is a peculiarity of Dermatemys mawit, is not mentioned ; and they are to be looked for in vain in the longer description in the ‘ Archives du Muséum,’ or in the plate which ac- companies that paper. Yet there can be no doubt that both the descriptions and figure are intended for the animal under discussion, as M. Duméril admits that they received one specimen from Lieut. Mawe, or “‘ Maw,” as it is printed, which no doubt they obtained from the Zoological Society when M. Bibron was in London. How- ever, the figure is more beautiful as a work of art than accurate as a natural-history drawing ; but then herpetologists must by this time have become accustomed to M. Auguste Duméril’s want of attention to such details. Professor Agassiz, probably deceived by these inaccuracies, ob- served :—‘‘ F. berrardi seems to belong to the genus Ptychemys, judging from the description and figure of the jaws.” (Contrib. p- 432.) In Mr. Salvin’s collection there is a specimen of this Tortoise, with the animal ; but, unfortunately, the specimen is not well preserved : it seems to have been allowed to get dry from evaporation of the spirit, and then to have been placed in spirit again. However, it is in a sufficiently good condition to allow of a description of the more prominent characters of the animal; and it shows that the peculiar disposition of the sternal plate, on which the genus was described (though overlooked by M. Duméril), belongs to the normal characters of the animal. The head is rather large, flat above, and covered with a soft, thin, continuous skin; the nose shelving upward, conical; nostril terminal ; mouth inferior, considerably behnd the end of the nose; beak horny, rather sinuated at the sides; chin not bearded ; the limbs strong, well developed ; the legs covered with small scales ; the front of the fore legs with numerous, unequal, very slender, band-like cross shields; feet large, broad ; the toes very long, rather slender, with a wide web to the base of the claws ; the outer edge of the fore leg and foot, and the hinder edge of the hind leg and foot, with a broad thin fringe, covered with large smooth plates; the claws 4—5, elongated, acute; tail short, thick, angular, the upper surface flat, granular, with a ridge on each side of the base con- 1864, ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW STAUROTYPUS, 127 verging towards the centre, where the ridges unite and form a single central ridge of granules to the horny tip of the tail. This genus has all the characters of the more typical aquatic Ter- rapins. The feet are broad, the toes elongated and well webbed; and the alveolar edges of the jaws, according to the figure of M. A. Duméril (J. c. t. 15), have distinct dentated ridges, like the genera Pseudemys and Batagur. M. Duméril’s figure seems to have been taken from a badly preserved stuffed specimen. There is a second specimen of this very interesting Terrapin now alive in the Zoolo- gical Gardens. In my description of the genus I have described the axillary and inguinal plates as absent. In Mr. Salvin’s specimen they are very small, but yet distinctly present, but are more developed on one side than on the other, showing that they are variable in this animal. 9. Description or a New Species or Sraurotyrvs (S. saL- _VINIT) FROM GuaTEMALA. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., etc. Among the interesting series of Tortoises brought by Mr. Salvin from Haumanchal, Guatemala, and deposited in the British Museum, are two specimens of a Tortoise of the genus Staurotypus, but dif- fering from the normal form of that genus in the sternum being narrowed and acute in front, like the sternum of Chelydra, which genus it resembles in having a crested though short tail. I would propose to divide the genus thus :— - A. Sternum broad and truncated in front. StTAUROTYPUS. 1, STAUROTYPUS TRIPORCATUS, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. B. M. 47, t. 20 6. Hab. Mexico (Wiegmann) ; Vera Cruz (Sallé). B. Sternum narrow, tapering, acute in front. STAUREMYS. This subgenus has the form of the sternum and the crested tail of Chelydra, with the sternal shields of Staurotypus. 2. Sraurotypus (STAUREMYS) SALVINII. Hab, Haumanchal, Guatemala (Salvin). Head very large, swollen, crown covered with a thin soft skin; face conical, rather produced; nose terminal; mouth inferior; beak large, dentated on the edge; chin with two beards; throat warty ; skin of body and limbs granular; the fore legs have several slender, very broad, arched, band-like shields across the imner side, the middle one being the broadest ; toes well developed, strong; upper surface covered with a single series of band-like shields, united to the claws by a wide, well-developed web; claws 4—5, strong, elongate, acute; tail short, conical, angular above, with a central 128 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CHELYDIDZ. [Mar. 8, and a lateral series of tubercles, forming three short crests; the thorax oblong, covered with three short, continuous keels; marginal shields rather narrow, elongate ; sternum cross-like, small compared with the dorsal disk, narrow, slightly rounded before, acute behind, united to the dorsal disk by a narrow lateral process ; sternal plates seven, thin, four pairs and a single odd one behind; the first pair elongate, longer than broad (probably the two first pair of other Emyde united) ; the second pair broad, produced on the side, so as to cover the greater part of the cross-like sternum; the third pair elongate, narrow; the hinder plate rhombic, rather longer than broad, acute in front and behind; the axillary and inguinal plate large, covering the space between the outer lateral edge of the second pair of shields and the marginal plates. The front lobe of the sternum is very moveable at the suture between the first and second pairs of sternal plates, in the young specimen, and has a consider- able amount of mobility in the adult specimen. The shell is brown; the head is dark olive; the temple and the side of the neck pale-marbled; underside of the limbs whitish. Wagler represents the anal shields of S. triporcatus as divided. In the large specimen in the British Museum they are united into a single rhombic shield, as in S. salvinii. 10. On tHE GENERA OF CHELYDID£ AND THE CHARACTERS FURNISHED BY THE STUDY OF THEIR SKULLS. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., erc. It has been very generally observed that the characters which separate the genera of the family Chelydide are very slight. This only arises from the genera having been hitherto characterized by some easily seen external peculiarities, which are often, as in this case, mere superficial indications of very different internal organiza- tions. This apparent slightness disappears when the skulls and other parts of the skeletons of the different genera are examined, as may be proved by consulting the figures of the skulls and skeletons given in the Atlas of Plates to Wagler’s ‘System of Amphibia,’ published in 1830, which has been too much neglected by more recent writers on the subject. Unfortunately we have the bones cf only a few examples of the family in the collection of the British Museum, and there are only two skeletons in the Museum of the College of Surgeons ; nor do I know of any other osteological collections which have more. These, however, and the figures of Cuvier and Wagler before referred to, are sufficient to show the outlines of an improved arrangement of the genera, and to afford more important characters for them. I refer to my ‘Catalogue of the Shield Reptiles in the British Museum’ for the description of the species and more lengthened generic characters, and to the articles by me in the ‘ Proceedings of 1864. | DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CHELYDIDS. 129 the Zoological Society’ for some additional observations on certain genera. The typical Chelydide form the first section. A. Head depressed, covered with a soft skin, which is sometimes more or less divided on the surface into numerous polygonal plates. The skull depressed, without any or only a very ru- dimentary zygomatic arch. Temporal depression large, with a more or less wide bony arch at the back, from the ear-bones to the middle of the occiput ; the temporal muscles only covered with a skin. Lower jaw weak, slender. The alveolar surface of the jaws thin, with a more or less distinct submarginal ridge. Typical CoeLyp1p#. a. The head very much depressed ; beak covered with flesh ; lips bearded. Skull very depressed, abnormal; temporal muscles very large, only covered with skin, without any central bony crown to the head; auri-occipital arch very slender, small ; lower jaw very slender, weak. CHELYDINA. 1. Cuexys, Daud.; Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. 60. Matamata, Merrem. CueELys MATaMArtA, Gray, J. c. 60. Skeleton in Mus. Coll. Surg. no. 960, described by Owen, Cat. p- 187. Figured in Wagler’s N. S. Amph. t. 3. f. 5,15. Skull figured in Cuvier’s Oss. Foss. v. 2, t. 1]. f. 21-25, t. 12. f. 41. b. Head rather depressed, not fringed; beak naked; chin some- times bearded ; skull rather depressed, of normal form, with a distinct central bony crown, and a more or less strong auri- occipital arch; the auri-occipital arch very slender, weak; the temporal depression very large, covered with skin, separated by avery narrow ridge-like crown; shell very depressed, thin. Hypraspipina. (Fig. 1.) 2. Hypraspis, Gray, J. c. 54. Intergular and nuchal plate on the margin. Chin two-bearded. Auri-occipital arch distinct. Hab. Tropical America. * Head very large, depressed, with small tessera. 1. Hypraspis RANICEPS, Gray, /.c.55.t. 23. (Skull, figs. 1, 2.) Hab. Brazil. Skeleton in British Museum. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1864, No. IX. 130 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CHELYDID2. { Mar. &, Fig.l. Skull of Hydraspis raniceps. ** Head moderate; crown subshielded. RutNEMYS. 2. Hypraspis Gipsa, Gray, /.c.55; Dum. et Bib. Erp. Gén. t020 8h zs HI. nasuta, Gray, l. c. 55. *** Head moderate ; occipital and superciliary shields enlarged. Phrynops. 3. HypraspPis GEOFFROYANA, Gray, J. ¢. 57. Phrynops geoffroyana, Wagler, N. S. Amph. t. 5. f. 47-51. The species of this genus are very imperfectly known, owing to the want of more specimens of the animals in different states of growth, some having been established from adult, but the chief from only young examples. Iam convinced that they cannot be deter- _ n ty 1864.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CHELYDID. 131 mined with accuracy until the osteology of the different species has been compared in the different states of growth. I believe that the three species above named are types of distinct forms. 3: CuEetopina, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. 58. Intergular plate within the margin of the sternum. Chin not bearded. Hab. Australia. * Shields of disk very thin, veined. 1. CHELODINA LoNGICOLLIs, Gray, /. ¢. 58. Skeleton in Mus. Coll. Surg. (no. 961). Shortly noticed by Owen (Cat. Osteol. Col. p. 187). Hab. New Holland. 2. CHELODINA oBLONGA, Gray, J. c. 58, t. 24. Hab. North and West Australia. 3. CHELODINA COLLIEI, Gray, l. c. 59. Hab. Swan River. ** Shields of thorax hard, horny. 4. CHELODINA SULCIFERA, Gray, 7. ¢. 59, t. 25, f. 2. Hab. Australia. 4. Hypromepusa, Wagler; Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. 59. Nuchal plate long, like a vertebral, and within the margin of the thorax. Intergular marginal. Chin not bearded. Hab. Tropical America. 1. HyDROMEDUSA MAXIMILIANI, Gray, J. ¢. 59. Skeleton figured in Wagler’s ‘N. S. Amph.’ t. 3. f. 2-42. 2. HyDROMEDUSA FLAVILABRIS, Gray, 1. c. 59. e. The auri-occipital arch broad; skull solid; the temporal de- pression moderate, covered with skin, separated by a broad, flat, bony crown. 5. Puatemys, Wagler; Gray, Cat. J. ¢. 53. Thorax depressed, light ; cavity wide. Crown of head with a con- tinuous skin ; temple scaly. Skull rather slight. Chin two-bearded. Legs with large scales. Hab. Tropical America. PLATEMYS PLANICEPS, Gray, l. c. 54. Skeleton figured in Wagler’s N. S. Amph. t. 4. f.1, 2, 3. 6. Curtymys, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. 57. Thorax convex, solid; cavity contracted and strengthened by two 132 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CHELYDID#. [Mar. 8, erect bony folds in front. Crown of head with numerous polygonal tesseree. Skull solid. Chin not bearded. Legs with small scales. Hab. Australia. * Nuchal shield broad and well developed ; hinder margin of shell entire. 1. CHeLymys macauartiA, Gray, J. c. 57; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1863, xii. 98. (Head, fig. 3.) Fig. 3. Chelymys macquaria. ** Nuchal shield none ; hinder margin of the young shell dentated ; vertebral plate nodulose. 2. CueLyMys DeNTATA, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N.H.ser.3. xii. p. 98. C. elseyi, Gray. Hab. North Australia (Mr. Elsey). B. Head covered with hard, symmetrical horny plates. The skull with a largely developed zygomatic arch, which is often dilated posteriorly, so as to cover the upper hinder part of the temporal muscle with a bony case. Lower jaw strong. Beak naked. Nuchal and gular plate marginal. , a. Head depressed, witha deep longitudinal frontal groove. The skull depressed. Zygomatic arch moderately developed. Tem- poral muscles covered with hard dermal shields. Alveolar sur- Jace of the jaws thin, with a small submarginal ridge. Claws 5—5. Africa. Emydoid Chelydide. 7. SrERNOTHERUS, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. 51; P.Z.S.1863,p.192. Front lobe of sternum mobile, with an internal process on each side. Hab. Africa and Madagascar. * Crown-shield on a line with the back of the tympanum. 'Tanoa. 1. STERNOTH#RUS sINvATUs, Gray, P. Z. 8.1863, p. 193 (figure of head). 1864. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CHELYDID2. 133 2. STERNOTHERUS DERBIANUS, Gray, /. c. 52, t. 22; P.Z.S. 1863, p. 194. Pentonyx gabonensis, A. Dum. Arch. d. Mus. x. p. 164. ** Crown with oblong shields, and small scales behind over the tympanum. Notoa. 3. STERNOTHZRUS SUBNIGER, Gray, J. c. 52; P. Z. S. 1863, p- 195. Var. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1863, xii. 405. S. castaneus, Dum. et Bib. Erp. Gén. t. 20. f. 1. *** Crown with three shields. Head elongate. 4. STERNOTHERUS NIGER, Gray, J. c.51; P. Z.S. 1863, p. 196. Hab. Madagascar. 8. PeLomepvusa, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. 52. Lobes of sternum solid, immoveable. Had. Africa. * Pectoral shields small, short, triangular ; humeral large ; occipital with small shields. Pentonyx. 1, PELOMEDUSA GEHAFIA, Gray, J. c. 53. ** Pectoral and humeral shields equal, oblong, four-sided ; occipital largely shielded. Pelomedusa. 2. PELOMEDUSA SUBRUFA, Gray, /. c. 53. 3. PeELomEpusA NIGRA, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1863, xii. 99. Pentonyx du cap, A. Duméril, Arch. du Mus. xiii. t. . f. 3. b. Head swollen. Skull very solid. Zygomatie arch much dilated posteriorly, so as to cover the temporal muscles with a bony case to the occiput. Alveolar surface of the jaws wide, callous, with several ridges. Claws 5—4. America. Chelonoid Chelydride. 9. Popocnemis, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. 61. Head subdepressed. Nose with a central groove. Temporal muscle partially covered with skin. Skull figured and described in Owen’s Cat. Osteol. Mus. Col. Surg. p. 203, no. 1056. * Alveolar surface of the upper jaw with three ridges: the hinder broad, low, margining the edge of the inner nos‘rils ; the two Sront sharp-edged, diverging to the end of the maxillary edge ; the first one short. Head broad, short. Podocnemis. 1. Popocnemts ExPANSA, Wagler, N. Syst. Amph. t. 4; Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. 61, t. 27 (shell), t. 37. f. 1 (skull). 134 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CHELYDID. [Mar. 8, ** Head elongate, narrow. Alveolar surface of the upper jaw with two sharp edges; ridges parallel to the edge of the jaw and the opening of the inner nostrils; the hinder ridge thinnest, and nearly on the margin of the opening of the inner nostrils. Chelonemys. 2. PopocNEMIS DUMERILIANA, Wagler, N. Syst. Amph. 135; Gray, Cat. 62, t. 28. Emys expansa, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. pt. 2, t. 11. f. 9-12 (skull), not Dum. et Bib. The two species of Podocnemis are well distinguished by the shape of the dorsal disk, and by the smaller size and more elongated shape of the head of the animal; but I am not aware that the distinction which exists between the two species in the structure of the skull has been before recorded. In the British Museum there are two skulls of each species, re- ceived from Mr. Bates, from Ega. And it is important to observe that the skull figured by Cuvier (Oss. Foss. vol. v. part 2, t. 11. f. 9-12) as Emys expansa is one species, and that figured by Wagler (N. Syst. Amph. t. 4) as Podocnemis expansa and by me in the ‘Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the British Museum’ (t. 37. f. 1) is the other. They are very similar externally ; but the skulls of P. expansa are much larger and much broader, compared with their length, than those of P. dumeriliana. The frontal plate of the latter species is much larger compared with the size of the head, and it is also longer and narrower, than the same plate in P. expansa. The ridges on the alveolar surface of the upper jaws of the two species are very distinct ; and this distinction seems permanent, as it has been ob- served on three specimens of the skull of P. expansa. In P. expansa there are three ridges; the two front ones are nearly parallel, and they diverge from the centre towards the hinder end of the maxillary edge, so that they are at an angle both with the maxillary edge and with the edge of the internal nostrils; the front of these two ridges only half the length of the hinder one. The third ridge is scarcely raised, broad, rugose on the edge of the concave cavity for the internal nostril. In P. dumeriliana there are only two ridges, both of which are parallel to the edge of the jaw and the edge of the palatine cavity, which are nearly parallel to each other. The front of the two ridges is much the strongest and largest; the hinder one is shorter, nar- rower, but well developed and very near the edge of the palate-open- ing, as is well represented in Cuvier’s figure of the skull of Emys expansa (Oss. Foss. t. 11. f. 9-12). In the skull of the older P. eapansa the two front ridges become higher, more tubercular, and do not increase in length with the size of the skull; so they appear shorter in proportion, and the tubercular ridge on the margin of the opening to the internal nostril is less distinct. The skull of a very young specimen of this species is 1864.] MR. H. CARTER ON SPATALURA CARTERI. 135 figured by Wagler in his Atlas to his N. Syst. Amph. (t. 4. f. 5-9) as Podocnemis expansa, and the skull of a full-grown but not adult specimen in plate 27. f. 1, in my ‘ Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the British Museum ;’ but, unfortunately, in the latter figure the artist, in the otherwise very accurate figure, has scarcely made the two front ridges at a sufficient angle with the edge of the jaws and the opening of the internal nostrils. In the ‘Archives du Muséum’ (vol. vi. p. 242), M. Auguste Du- méril describes a third species of Podoenemis, under the name of P. lewyana, which was received from Bogota and Venezuela, which ap- pears by the figure (that is to say, if it is correct) to have an oblong, broad, transverse instead of a long frontal plate ; but, unfortunately, there are no details of the skull given. 10. PeLrocerHa.us, Dum. et Bib. ; Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. 61. Head high, subeompressed. Nose produced, on a level with the forehead, rounded above, without any groove; nostril apical. Tem- poral muscles entirely covered with bone. Hab. Tropical America. PELTOCEPHALUS TRACAXA, Gray, /. c. 61 ; Spix, Test. Bras. t. 4,5. The skull of this genus bears some resemblance to that of the Cheloniade, in having a vaulted bony arch covering the temporal depressions, which is entirely formed of the parietal bones. It differs from the skull of the Marine Turtle in the vomer not being ossified, and hence the internal nostrils are not divided by a septum (see Owen, Cat. Osteol. p. 203). Both in Emydide and Chelydide there is a large-headed group ; and both the large-headed Terrapins are, at the same time, provided with a bony case for the temporal muscle. This may be to protect the head, which is too large to be contracted within the thorax ; but this is not usually the case, as the true small-headed genera of Chelydide have the temporal muscle more naked than any genus of Emydide, yet the animals never withdraw their head, and only shelter it by placing it when at rest under the sides of the shell. 11. Description or THE New Lizarp (SPATALURA CARTERI, Gray), FRoM Lire*, By Henry Carter, Esq. “‘ Noticing that, in your specific description of Spatalura carteri (P. Z. S. 1863, p. 236), you have inserted in a parenthesis the words ‘dry from spirits,’ I am inclined to think that you would be glad of more information on the colour-markings of this Lizard when fresh, which the following extract from my MS. Journal, written when the animal was caught, will, I hope, afford :— *** Ground cinereous, six pairs of white spots between the back of * Extracted from a letter to Dr. J. E. Gray. 136 DR. W. BAIRD AND MR. J. K. LORD (Mar. 8, the head and root of the tail, symmetrically placed; six to eight lines of red spots on each side, broken and terminating in small points towards the belly ; buff-coloured irregular spots on the sides among the red lines; belly bright yellow, passing into cinereous to- wards the roots of the posterior and anterior extremities; legs and tail spotted with red towards their proximal ends, with white spots towards their extremities; head irregularly marked with red and white spots having a transverse direction. Iris light cinereous, tympanum sunken and covered with loose skin.’ «This is a homely description, but I give it to you verbatim as it is in my Journal, and am sorry that I had not the latter to refer to in London when I left you the specimen. “Lastly, I notice, p. 237, in the fifth paragraph from the top, l. c., that an error has crept into my statement, in the word ‘ An- thropophagi,’ which ought to have been ‘ Chelonophagi’ (Turtle- eaters)... It will not do to make mistakes of this kind; and these poor people, degraded as they are, I trust will never come to this.” 12. ReMARKS ON A SPECIES OF SHELL BELONGING TO THE Famity Dentauiips. By W. Bairp, M.D., F.L.S.; with Nores oN THEIR Use By THE NATIVES OF VANCOUVER’S IsLAND AND BririsH CotumsiA, BY J. K. Lorp, F.Z.S. Amongst the objects of natural history and ethnology brought from Vancouver’s Island and British Columbia by Mr. Lord is a belt composed of numerous specimens of a species of Dentalium strung together. The species bears an exceedingly close resemblance to that described by Linneeus as Dentalium entalis (Entalis vulgaris of Risso and of Dr. Gray’s ‘ Guide to Mollusca’ ), and appears to me, notwithstanding the difference of habitat, to be undistinguishable from that European species. It has, however, been described by the late Mr. Nuttall as Dentalium pretiosum ; and a figure has been given of it by Mr. Sowerby in one of his late Numbers of the ‘ The- saurus Conchyliorum.’ From a careful comparison of the typical specimens of D. pretio- sum in Mr. Cuming’s collection, there can be no doubt of the iden- tity of that species with the specimens brought by Mr. Lord from Vancouver’s Island ; those in Mr. Cuming’s collection are said to be from California. In examining the old graves on the banks of the Columbia River, along with numerous other articles, such as human bones, flint instruments, &c., Mr. Lord found a number of specimens of a species of Dentalium considerably eroded and worn, which I have compared with some in Mr, Cuming’s collection, and find iden- tical with the Dentalium striolatum of Stimpson, from Newfound- land. I strongly suspect that both this species (D. striolatum) and D. pretiosum are only very slight varieties of the old Linnean spe- cies Dentalium entalis (Entalis vulgaris). The habitats of all three (species?) are very different from each other; but, notwithstanding 1864.] ON A SPECIES OF DENTALIUM. 137 this, in the absence of distinct specific characters, I should hesitate very much making distinct species of them. However that may be, the history of the specimens brought by Mr. Lord is very interest- ing; and these few observations must be considered only as intro- ductory to the very instructive notes drawn up by that gentleman, a perusal of which will prove the best apology for these brief prelimi- nary remarks. Notes on the above, by Mr. J. K. Lord. It is somewhat curious that these shells (Entalis pretiosus, Nut- tall, sp.; Entalis vulgaris?) should have been employed as money by the Indians of North-West America—that is, by the native tribes inhabiting Vancouver’s Island, Queen Charlotte’s Island, and the mainland coast from the Straits of Fuca to Sitka. Since the intro- duction of blankets by the Hudson’s Bay Company, the use of these shells as a medium of purchase has to a great extent died out, the blankets having become the money, as it were, or the means by which everything is now reckoned and paid for by the savage. A slave, a canoe, or a squaw is worth in these days so many blankets; but it used to be so many strings of Dentalia, In the interior, east of the Cascade Mountains, the Beaver-skin is the article by which every- thing is reckoned—in fact, the money of the inland Indian. The value of the Dentalium depends upon its length: those re- presenting the greater value are called, when strung together end to end, a “ Hi-qua;” but the standard by which the Dentalium is cal- culated to be fit for a ‘“ Hi-qua” is, that twenty-five shells placed end to end must make a fathom, or six feet, in length. At one time a ‘‘Hi-qua”’’ would purchase a male slave, equal in value to fifty blankets, or about £50 sterling. The shorter and defective shells are strung together in various lengths, and are called “‘ Kop-kops.” About forty ‘ Kop-kops” equal a “ Hi-qua”’ in value. These strings of Dentalia are usually the stakes gambled for. The shells are generally procured from the west side of Vancou- ver’s Island, and towards its northern end ; they live in the soft sand, in the snug bays and harbours that abound along the west coast of the island, in water from three to five fathoms in depth. The habit of the Dentalium is to bury itself in the sand, the small end of the shell being invariably downwards, and the large end close to the surface, thus allowing the fish to protrude its feeding- and breathing- organs. This position the wily savage has turned to good account, and has adopted a most ingenious mode of capturing the much-prized shell. He arms himself with a loug spear, the haft made of light deal, to the end of which is fastened a strip of wood placed trans- versely, but driven full of teeth made of bone, resembling exactly a long comb with the teeth very wide apart. A squaw sits in the stern of the canoe and paddles it slowly along, whilst the Indian with the spear stands in the bow. He now stabs this comb-like affair into the sand at the bottom of the water, and after giving two or three stabs draws it up to look at it; if he has been successful, per- 138 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [ Mar. 22, haps four or five Dentalia have been impaled on the teeth of the spear. It is a very ingenious mode of procuring them, for it would be quite impracticable either to dredge or net them out; and they are never, as far as I know, found between tide-marks. At one period, perhaps a remote one, in the history of the inland Indians these Denéalia were worn as ornaments. I have often found them mixed with stone beads and small bits of the nacre of the Ha- liotis, of an irregular shape, but with a small hole drilled through each piece, in the old graves about Walla-walla and Colville. In all probability, these ornaments were traded from the coast Indians ; but, as these graves were quite a thousand miles from the sea, it is pretty clear the inland and coast Indians must have had some means of communication. March 22, 1864. Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. The Secretary called the attention of the Meeting to some recent important additions to the Society’s Menagerie. These consisted, first, of a selection from a large importation of living animals lately received by a London dealer from Para, amongst which were the following species :— A female Monkey of the genus Pithecia, probably referable to Pithecia satanas, Hoffm. This rather scarce Monkey from the Upper Amazon had not been previously represented in the Society’s living collection for many years. The present specimen was nearly black, but with a decided brownish tinge on the back. . A Red-throated Falcon (Hypotriorchis rufigularis). . Two Blue-bearded Crows (Cyanocorax eyanopogon). . Four Ground-Cuckoos ( Guira piririgua). . One Green Trumpeter (Psophia viridis, Spix). . One Green Bittern (Butorides virescens). . Crimson-billed Teal (Querquedula ipecutiri, Vieill.). . Two Red-billed Whistling-Ducks (Dendrocygna autumnalis). . An immature specimen of the American Jabiru (Mycteria americana). 10. Two young Maguari Storks (Ciconia maguart). 11. Two Cassiques (Cassicus persicus), together with several other birds of less interest. Conn u Ss & b> A second important arrival had taken place on the 17th ultimo, in the shape of a new present from the Society’s Corresponding 1864. ] DR. G. BENNETT ON THE DIDUNCULUS. 139 Member the Babu Rajendra Mullick, of Calcutta, of the following living animals :— Eleven Shawl-Goats of the diminutive Cashmere breed, which was believed not to have been previously introduced into this country. - Four Rufous-tailed Pheasants (Luplocamus erythrophthalmus), one male and two females. One pair of Crowned Pigeons (Goura coronata). Three Nicobar Pigeons (Calenas nicobarica). Ten Green-winged Doves (Chalcophaps indica). Five Barred Turtledoves (Geopelia striata). Six Dwarf Turtledoves (Turtur humilis). Two Indian Turtledoves (Turtur gelastes). Four Porphyrios (Porphyrio smaragnotus). Five Bengal Chikor Partridges (Perdix gularis). Four Francolins (Francolinus vulgaris). Two Indian Grey Partridges (Perdix ponticeriana). These birds had been safely transmitted to this country by the Overland Mail, under arrangements concluded by the Council with J. J. Stone, Esq. Mr. Leadbeater exhibited a series of antlers of the Cariboo Rein- deer of North America (Tarandus rangifer), which had been pre- sented to H. R. H. the Prince of Wales during his travels in Canada. The following papers were read :— 1. Notes on THE DIDUNCULUS STRIGIROSTRIS, OR ToOOTH- BILLED Pigeon. By Dr. Greorce BENNETT. Having fortunately obtained by purchase a living pair of those singular and rare birds, the Tooth-billed Pigeon (Didunculus strigi- rostris), which had been brought from the Samoan or Navigators’ Islands to Sydney, New South Wales, an opportunity has been af- forded to me of attentively watching their habits in captivity. To guard against the event also of these valuable birds dying, I availed myself of the services of Mr. C. Thomas, who made an accurate draw- ing of them from life in their most natural attitudes ; and his drawing conveys an excellent idea of the peculiar expression of these remark- able birds when alive. I have sent a tracing of this drawing for in- sertion in the ‘ Illustrated London News ;’ and should the bird now on its way to England die, I shall be able to send the Society an ac- curate coloured representation of the living birds. The Didunculus, like the Dodo, has a very limited range, having only been found in- habiting the Samoan or Navigators’ Islands. In the contour of the bill, the form and position of the nostrils, and several other charac- ters, the Didunculus differs from any other living species at present known; and, although a smaller bird in size, it approximates the nearest in all its characters to the extinct Dodo, and, like it, combines the character of a rapacious bird with that of the harmless Pigeon. 140 DR. G. BENNETT ON THE DIDUNCULUS, [ Mar. 22, The Dodo also inhabited a very limited space of land, as the remains of that bird and allied genera have only been found on the small islands of the Mauritius, Bourbon, and Rodriguez. The Didunculus may therefore be regarded as the nearest living ally of the extinct Dodo. Although the mandibles of the Didunculus are powerful in structure, yet the beak is never used as an offensive weapon ; for when the hand is placed in the cage, or the bird is seized for removal from one cage to another, it never attempts to bite the agressor, but, on the con- trary, is so timid, that after fluttering about or running into a dark corner of the cage in its efforts to escape, it soon becomes subdued and is easily taken. In all the families of Pigeons a diversity in the form of the beak is found. In the Fruit-eating Pigeon the beak is stronger, stouter, and the corneous portion is strongly arched and compressed, bearing a great resemblance to the structure in certain rapacious birds; and this form of beak is carried to the greatest extent in the Didunculus, yet the living birds in captivity were never observed to crush hard seeds or nuts. They would nibble into minute bits the seeds of lo- quats, almonds, and hemp-seed, with the same action as observed in the Parrot tribe when feeding. When I first had the birds, boiled potatoes and stale bread formed their diet. The boiled potatoes were torn and swallowed in large pieces at a time, being soft; but the stale bread they would place their feet upon and tear with the hooked beak into small bits. A piece of apple was also eaten ; but the bananas placed in the cage were never touched, although it is said that in a wild state they live on berries, and are very fond of the mountain-plantain. Both the birds were regularly fed twice daily— early in the morning and about four in the afternoon. It was sup- posed at one time that these birds did not drink water ; but I soon found that this assertion was incorrect. It was early in June 1863 that the first Didunculus arrived at Sydney; and on the 15th of that month and following days I exa- mined the bird, which I found in good health, very timid, and a young bird in immature plumage, and the teeth of the lower man- dibles not yet developed. It was about the size of the Nicobar Pi- geon, but rounder and more plump in form. It kept steadily looking at me during the time I was examining it, uttering occasionally a plaintive coo, coo, coo, or goo, goo, goo. This bird had been cap- tured on the island of Upolu, not more than five miles from the set- tlement of Apia, by a native. It has now been in captivity for some time, and is considered to be at this time (January 1864) two years old. It has attained the full plumage of the adult bird, and the teeth of the lower mandibles are also fully developed. When any one approaches the cage, it will sometimes retire to an obscure corner, and at other times will remain quiet on the perch, watching atten- tively every movement of the spectator, and occasionally changing its position. It invariably feeds in the light, but will not do so if any one is present; the only opportunity we had of observing its mode of feeding was through the window, when the bird was placed in the verandah of the house, when we could watch its actions with- 1864. | DR. G. BENNETT ON THE DIDUNCULUS. 141 out being seen by the bird. Jt usually kept on the low perch, but when disturbed would sometimes jump on the ground, run rapidly about, and then take refuge in the darkest part of the cage. In its physiognomy it is a stupid-looking bird, with, at the same time, a remarkable peculiarity of expression, which the artist has succeeded in obtaining. The bird has nothing particular in its plumage to attract the attention of the common observer ; but the head of a rapacious bird on the body of a Pigeon would excite the attention of the most ordinary spectator. The plumage of this bird is of a chocolate-red colour, deeper on the back, tail, and the primaries and secondaries of the wings, and barred over the breast, throat, and wing-coverts with light brown. The upper part of the head is rather bare of feathers, but those remaining are of a dark slate-colour. The base of the beak is of an orange-red, and the rest of the mandibles yel- lowish. The legs and feet are of a bright orange-red. The cere round the eyes is of a flesh-colour. The irides are of a dark reddish brown. The form of the beak and the bright eyes impart to the bird very much the character of a rapacious bird. The above is the state of the plumage in the young bird. On the 24th of July another Didunculus was brought to Sydney from the Island of Savaii (one of the largest and most mountainous of the Navigators’ group). I found it was a full-grown bird in adult plumage, with the teeth of the lower mandibles well developed ; the head, neck, breast, and upper part of the back was of a green- ish black ; back, wings, tail, and under tail-coverts of a chocolate- red. The legs and feet were of a bright scarlet. The mandibles are of a bright orange-red, shaded off near the tip with very light yellow. The cere around the eyes is also of a bright orange-red colour; the irides brownish black. Iwas informed that these birds are nearly extinct, from having been formerly eaten by the natives in great numbers, and of late years from being destroyed by wild cats ; and it is said that most of the Ground-Pigeons are following the fate of the Didunculus from the same causes. Indeed, from my observa- tion of the living birds, they are very timid and stupid. On the fol- lowing day I examined the birds together. They are both moulting ; and the young bird has grown very much since I last saw it, and is now larger in size than the adult specimen recently arrived. As there is no sexual distinction in the plumage, it is probable that size may be a distinguishing mark of the sexes ; and if so, these birds may prove to be male and female. On the 21st of August I completed my purchase of these birds for a very high price. I must thank the Council of the Acclimatization Societies of Sydney and Mel- bourne for the liberal resolutions passed by them to unite with me in the purchase of these rare birds, on account of the very high sum demanded for them, and to join with me in presenting them to the Zoological Society of London; but, on mature reflection, considering the casualties to which they would be liable, I considered it would be more satisfactory to take upon myself the sole responsibility and expense. The adult bird often runs wildly about the cage, flapping its wings, and, when the door is open to receive food, makes every 142 DR. G. BENNETT ON THE DIDUNCULUS. _[Mar. 22, effort to escape. These birds run with great rapidity, elongating the body and depressing the head, and in the action of running resemble the Grouse. On the 12th of September the older bird refused food, which continued to the morning of the 14th of September, when several fits carried it off in the course of the day. I placed the bird entire in spirits, to enable a complete anatomical description of this bird to be given by my distinguished friend Professor Owen. The young bird seems tamer and more lively since the death of its com- panion ; it is probable the old bird being so wild terrified it. I ob- served a quantity of white powder (epithelium) about the cage lately, and also discolouring the water; it resembled the same kind of powder often observed from the White Cockatoos. On the 4th of October the bird did not feed well ; so we gave it some loquats (Hrio- botrya japonica), a fruit naturalized and abundant in New South Wales. The bird enjoyed the change ; it did not devour the pulp, but picked out the seeds, and cracked them into minute bits ; what por- tion was eaten I could not ascertain, but a pint of loquats was used daily in this way, as well as occasionally a little boiled potato. On the 7th of October the Didunculus was in excellent health, and the plumage is very much changed, as the head, neck, and breast is now of aslate-colour tinged with dark bottle-green. The bill has be- come of a bright orange-red, and the legs are nearly a bright scarlet colour: the bird has evidently assumed the adult plumage. When the bird is seen, and does not perceive the observer, it leaps from the perch, runs about the cage, and then commences feeding; but on a visitor approaching, it again takes to the perch, and remains watching the intruder, giving deep guttural growls, followed afterwards by a vibration of the whole body from the head to the tail, uttering at the same time its plaintive notes of goo, goo, goo, repeated in quick suc- cession. On the 23rd of October, the bird looks well; it has not eaten for the last two days, but has taken a large quantity of gravel. We find the bird requires a large supply of that material for the purpose of aiding digestion. As it was considered the loquat-seeds might have disagreed with the bird, they were discontinued. On the 25th it appeared worse ; and fearing it might die, I placed it in a Par- rot-cage to enable the artist to fimish the drawing from life, as in a cage of that description he could have a good view of the plumage, &c., over every part of the bird; when, to our great surprise, it jumped from the perch to the bottom of the cage and commenced eating what, on examination, was found to be hemp-seed ; and from that time it has been fed on that kind of food. It soon regained its usual health, the diet of hemp-seed being occasionally diversified by some bleached almonds ; stale bread is also placed in the cage, but it eats but very little, if any, of it. This circumstance points out the difficulty of arranging a diet for a bird with whose habits we are un- acquainted, as at one time it thrives well upon a certain diet, on a sudden appears to be dying, and then becomes in good health from a change of food accidentally discovered, as in this instance. Since then, the Didunculus has continued in most excellent health; and has now just been placed on board the ship ‘La Hogue,’ Captain J Wolf, delet ath SMITHORNIS RUFO-LATHRALIS M&N Hanhart a 1864.] MR. G. R. GRAY ON A NEW SMITHORNIS. 143 Williams, under the care of Mr. Broughton, the steward, from whose experience in the management of birds there is every chance of this rare bird arriving safe at its destination in the Gardens of the Zoolo- gical Society in the Regent’s Park. The ‘La Hogue’ sailed from Sydney early on the morning of the 12th of January, 1864. The whole of the time the bird was in my possession it never be- came domesticated, nor evinced the slightest attachment to the lady who daily fed it: it was the same to her as to strangers; and I do not consider the Didunculus a bird that will be readily domesticated or reconciled to captivity. For some period of time this bird would be very tame comparatively, and then, without any apparent cause to account for the change, would become very wild. At that time the cleaning of the cage was attended with some difficulty, from its violent fluttering on any one approaching for the purpose, in which it evinced no little power of wing. 2. On a New Species or Smiruornis. By GeorGE ROBERT Gray, F.L.S., erc. (Plate XVI.) I beg to call the attention of the Society to a new species of bird belonging to the interesting genus Smithornis, which was established by the late Prince Bonaparte on the Platyrhynchus capensis of Siv A. Smith. It is characterized as follows, under the name of SMITHORNIS RUFOLATERALIS, sp. nov. (Pl. XVI.) Head and occiput deep black ; lores white ; nape with a narrow collar of orange-brown ; back black, varied with white and orange- brown ; scapulars and upper tail-coverts orange-brown ; wing-coverts black, tipped with white; beneath the body white, but with the breast and sides of abdomen more or less streaked with narrow stripes of black along the shaft of each feather; each side of the breast with a patch of pale rusty colour. Upper mandible black, lower one yellow; feet pale horn-colour. Length 4" 6"; wings 2" 4'", This bird differs from the typical and only hitherto known species Smithornis capensis (Smith) in being of a smaller size, and in pos- sessing a greater variety of colours. The British Museum possesses, through Mr. Gould, a single spe- cimen of S. rufolateralis, which was stated to have been brought from West Africa; but the exact locality is unknown. 144 DR. A. GUNTHER ON GUATEMALAN FisHEs. [Mar. 22, 3. Report or A COLLECTION oF Fishes MADE BY Messrs. Dow, Gopman, AND SALVIN 1N GUATEMALA. By ALBERT Gintruer, M.A., M.D., Pu.D., F.Z.S. Part First. The following paper contains a report on a collection of fishes made by Messrs. Salvin and Godman during their travels in Guate- mala and in adjacent countries, in which they were assisted by Capt. Dow, a gentleman whose name is already familiar to all interested in ichthyology. I give at present diagnoses of those new species which are not included in the third, fourth, and fifth volumes of the ‘ Catalogue of Fishes.’ Full descriptions, with notes on the localities where the collections have been made, and with a complete list of the species collected, will be published in the ‘Transactions’ of this Society. CENTROPOMUS MEDIUS. A. 3/7. L. lat. 57. Eight longitudinal series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal fin and the lateral line. The height of the body is contained thrice and three-fourths in the total length (without caudal); the length of the head twice and four-fifths. Przeorbital finely serrated ; subopercnlum produced into a flap, which does not extend to the vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin. The intermaxillary extends somewhat beyond the anterior margin of the orbit. Dorsal spines strong ; the third is longer than the fourth, and half as long as the head. The second anal spine long, but a little shorter than the third, and equal in length to the distance be- tween the extremity of the upper jaw and the preeopercular margin. The length of the ventral fin is much more than one-half of its dis- tance from the anal fin. Lateral line black. Two specimens, 13 inches long, from Chiapam. CrNTROPOMUS NIGRESCENS. A. 3/6. L. lat. 70. Ten longitudinal séries of scales between the origin of the second dorsal fin and the lateral line. The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the total length (without caudal); the length of the head twice and four-fifths. Preorbital not serrated; suboperculum produced into a short flap, which does not extend to the vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin. The intermaxillary extends a little beyond the middle of the orbit. Dorsal spines rather feeble; the third and fourth are equal in length, two-fifths of the length of the head; the second and third anal spines also are equal in length, and not longer than the dorsal spines mentioned. The length of the ventral fin is scarcely more than one-half of the distance of its base from the anal. Air-bladder without appendages anteriorly. Silvery ; upper parts and fins black- ish; lateral line black. One specimen, 14 inches long, from Chiapam. This species is allied to C. appendiculatus, Poey, but differs ex- ternally in its considerably more feeble and shorter fin-spines. 1864.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON GUATEMALAN FISHES. 145 We take here the opportunity of describing another species of this genus, the typical specimen of which is in the British Museum. CENTROPOMUS BREVIS. A. 3/6. L. lat. 50. Eight longitudinal series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal fin and the lateral line. The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length (without caudal) ; the length of the head two-fifths. Preeorbital strongly serrated; sub- operculum produced into a long flap, which extends beyond the ver- tical from the origin of the dorsal fin. The intermaxillary extends to below the middle of the orbit. Dorsal spines strong ; the third is scarcely longer than the fourth, its length being equal to the distance between the hinder margin of the orbit and the extremity of the lower jaw. The second anal spine is very long, considerably longer than the third, and two-thirds of the length of the head; if laid backwards, it extends beyond the root of the caudal. The length of the ventral fin is two-thirds of the distance of its base from the origin of the anal. Vent much nearer to the anal than to the ven- tral. Lateral line greyish. We have only one specimen, 6 inches long, of this species ; we do not know from what part of Tropical America it comes. CENTROPRISTIS MACROPOMA. D. ue A. > L. lat. 52. IL. transv. 6/16. Closely allied to C. radialis, Q. & G.; but whilst that species has a notch above the spiniferous angle, the present has its preeopercular margin not interrupted, the long spines of the angle gradually pass- ing into the finer serrature. There are six series of scales between the eye and the angle of the preeoperculum. The maxillary extends nearly to the vertical from the posterior margin of the orbit. Dorsal fin with a notch, the ninth spine being considerably shorter than the tenth. A series of rather small brownish spots above and below the lateral line. Three specimens were collected by Messrs. Dow and Salvin on the Pacific coast of Panama. MESOPRION ARATUS. D. > AS .. L. lat. 45. LL. transv. 4/12. The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con- tained thrice and two-fifths in the total (without caudal). The maxillary does not extend backwards to the vertical from the centre of the eye. Preeoperculum finely serrated, with scarcely a trace of a posterior notch. Dorsal spines of moderate strength; the third and fourth are the longest, two-fifths of the length of the head ; the eleventh is scarcely longer than the tenth, which is rather more than half as long as the fourth. Caudal fin emarginate, two-thirds scaly ; anal spines short, rather feeble, the third longer than the second, and equal in length to the last dorsal spine. Upper and lateral parts Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1864, No. X. 146 DR. A. GUNTHER ON GUATEMALAN FISHES. [Mar. 22, brownish olive, each scale with a pearl-coloured spot, the spots forming together very distinct longitudinal stripes; no black lateral spot; hind part of the root of the pectoral brown. Lower parts salmon-coloured. We have four examples: two, 15 inches long, were collected by Mr. Salvin at Chiapam ; and two young ones were sent by Capt. Dow from the Pacific coast of Panama. PRisTIPOMA CHALCEUM. D. . A. =. L. lat. 56. L. transv. 11/19. The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal); the length of the head thrice and a third. The diameter of the eye is nearly equal to the width of the interorbital space, and two-thirds of the extent of the snout. The maxillary does not extend backwards to the vertical from the ante rior margin of the orbit. Preeoperculum minutely serrated behind, with the angle rounded, but not produced. There is no notch be- tween the spinous and soft portions of the dorsal fin, the hinder spines being ozly a little shorter than the anterior rays ; dorsal spies of moderate strength, the fourth being the longest, not quite half as long as the head; anal spines short, the second being only a little longer than the third, two-sevenths of the length of the head. Caudal fin subtruncated, scarcely emarginate. Dorsal and anal per- fectly scaleless. The pectoral fin extends to the vertical from the vent. Bronze-coloured, shining silvery, perfectly immaculate ; ver- tical fins blackish, with an indistinct light band along the base. One specimen, 8 inches long, was discovered by Messrs. Dow and Salvin on the Pacific coast of Panama. PRISTIPOMA MACRACANTHUM. D. 11/5. A. 3/8. L, lat. 47. L. transv. 6/13. The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one- third of the total (without caudal). The diameter of the eye equals the width of the interorbital space, and is two-thirds, or somewhat less than two-thirds, of the extent of the snout. Hind margin of the anterior nostril with a broad flap. Snout somewhat produced ; the maxillary does not extend to below the anterior margin of the eye. Preoperculum with the hind margin rather concave, and with stronger teeth at the angle, which is rounded. The spinous and soft portions of the dorsal fin are separated by a deep notch, the spine of the soft portion being much longer than the preceding, which is somewhat longer than the second. Dorsal and anal spines exceed- ingly strong; the fourth dorsal spine is the longest, its length being contained twice and a third in that of the head. The second anal spine much longer and stronger than the third, and even than the fourth dorsal spine. Caudal fin truncated. Each soft ray of the vertical fins is accompanied by a series of minute scales. The pec- toral fin extends to the vent. Scales smooth. Silvery, with several — 1864.) DR. A. GUNTHER ON GUATEMALAN FISHES. 147 very indistinct dark cross bands on the back, which appear to be arranged as in P. leuciscus. Two specimens, 11 and 14 inches long, were collected by Mr. Salvin at Chiapam. PRISTIPOMA LEUCISCUS. D. 11/5. A. 3/7-8. L. lat. 51. L. transv. =. 10 The height of the body is contained thrice or thrice and a third in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and a fourth. The diameter of the eye is equal to, or more than, the width of the interorbital space, but less than the extent of the snout. The maxillary does not quite extend backwards to the ver- tical from the anterior margin of the orbit. Praeoperculum finely serrated behind, with the angle rounded, and with the hind margin slightly curved. The spinous and soft portions of the dorsal fin are separated by a deep notch, the spine of the soft portion being nearly twice as long as the preceding. Dorsal spines long, of moderate strength: the third is the longest, and one-half, or more than one- half, as long as the head. Anal spines rather strong: the third is a little longer than the second, equal to the seventh dorsal spine, and more than one-third of the length of the head. Caudal fin emarginate. Each soft ray of the vertical fins is accompanied by a series of minute scales. ‘The pectoral fin extends to the vertical from the origin of the anal in the younger example, but is shorter in adult ones. Scales smooth, bright silvery ; young specimens with several very indistinct dark cross bands on the back, the first from the nape of the neck to the gill-opening, the second below the seventh dorsal spine, the third below the last dorsal spine; old specimens with the marginal membrane of the operculum black. One specimen, 74 inches long, was found by Mr. Salvin at San José. Three others, from 11 to 12 inches long, are from Chiapam. CoNODON PACIFICI. D.1ij5. A.3. L. lat. 47. L. transv. 7/13. The spinous teeth at the angle of the preeoperculum are not much stronger than the others. The height of the body is contained twice and two-fifths in the total length (without caudal). One specimen, 124 inches long, was collected by Mr. Salvin at Chiapam. H2MULON MARGARITIFERUM. 12 3 py D.5 A.y. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 6/15. The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths. The diameter of the eye is two-sevenths of the latter, and equal to the extent of the snout and to the width of the interorbital space, which is very convex. The maxillary extends beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Praeoperculum emarginate behind. Dorsal fin scarcely 148 DR. A. GUNTHER ON GUATEMALAN FISHES. [Mar. 22, notched, with the soft portion very low; its spines are moderately strong, the fourth is the longest, not quite half as long as the head. Anal spines strong ; the second is longer and stronger than the third, and equal to the eighth of the dorsal. The soft vertical fins enve- loped in scales; caudal forked, with the upper lobe longest. The pectoral fin does not extend to the vent. Greenish olive above, each seale with a pearl-coloured centre; sides silvery; a blackish spot above in the axil. One specimen, 12 inches long, was obtained by Messrs. Dow and Salvin on the Pacific coast of Panama. UpENEUS TETRASPILUS, D. 8|9. A. 7. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 2/6. The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con- tained thrice and two-fifths in the total (without caudal) ; the width of the interorbital space is two-thirds of the length of the snout. Teeth in both jaws in two series, the outer series of the upper jaw being formed by very obtuse and partly confluent teeth. The max- illary is dilated and rounded behind, and bent upwards into a sort of hook ; the barbels extend to the vertical from the root of the pec- toral. The third and fourth dorsal spines are subequal in length, longer than the second, and nearly three-fourths of the length of the head. Greenish olive above, each scale above and below the lateral line with a large pearl-coloured spot ; sides yellow; a rose-coloured band on each side of the belly. A large blackish blotch on the lateral line, behind the hind part of the spinous dorsal fin. A second smaller blackish spot behind the orbit ; the latter is sometimes very indistinct. Two specimens, 81 inches long, were collected by Messrs. Dow and Salvin on the Pacific coast of Panama. This species would belong to the division which has been called Mulloides. PoLYNEMUS MELANOPOMA. Dye AL oe ola lab. oe Nine free pectoral appendages, the longest of which extends to the vent. Preeoperculum finely serrated, with a small spine above the angle. The vomerine teeth form a rounded patch; the band of palatine teeth is as broad anteriorly as the front part of the inter- maxillary band. Operculum black. A single specimen, 15 inches long, was obtained by Mr. Salvin at San José. UMBRINA ELONGATA. Dy: 10|55- A. 1/7. L. lat. 70. L. transv. 7/22. The height of the body is contained four times and a third in the total length without caudal, and five times if the caudal is included ; the length of the head is two-sevenths of the total, or one-fourth if 1864. ] DR. A. GUNTHER ON GUATEMALAN FISHES. 149 the caudal is included. The depth of the head is contained once and three-fourths in its length. Snout long; the diameter of the eye is two-fifths of the length of the snout, and one-fourth of the _postorbital part of the head. Symphysial barbel very short, as long as the posterior nostril. Preeoperculum without distinct serrature. The length of the second dorsal spine is one-half of that of the head. Posterior margin of the caudal fshaped, the upper lobe being pointed, the lower rounded ; anal spine very feeble. The maxillary extends to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. Upper parts blackish, shining silvery, the lower white. One specimen, 17 inches long, was found by Mr. Salvin at Chia- pam. MICROPOGON ALTIPINNIS. D. 10/5. A. 2/7. L, lat. 48-50. L. transy. 7/15. The height of the body is contained thrice and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal) ; the length of the head thrice and a half. The maxillary extends scarcely beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. A series of five minute barbels along each side of the mental groove. Two short, strong, divergent spines at the angle of the preoperculum. The third and fourth dorsal spines are long, their length being three-fifths of that of the head ; anal spine of moderate strength, not quite one-fourth of the length of the head. Nearly uniform silvery. Two specimens were procured by Mr. Salvin—one, 17 inches long, at Chiapam, and another, 14 inches long, at San José. OTOLITHUS ALBUS. D. 10/5. A. 2/9. Scales rather irregularly arranged ; there are seven series between the origin of the dorsal fin and the lateral line. The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths. The extent of the snout is one-fourth of the length of the head; the maxillary extends somewhat beyond the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye. Preeopercular angle not produced behind. The spinous dorsal is much longer than high ; its spines are feeble, the length of the fourth being two-fifths of that of the head. Caudal fin rounded, with the middle rays produced. The second anal spine is truly spinous, not flexible, two-fifths of the length of the first soft ray. The pectoral fin extends as far back- wards as the ventral, being more than half as long as the head. Immaculate, silvery, back greenish. (Pseudobranchize present. ) One specimen, 143 inches long, was obtained by Mr. Salvin at Chiapam. OTOLITAUS RETICULATUS. D. 10|5-5. A. 11(2/9). Closely allied to O. carolinensis. Scales rather irregularly ar- 150 DR. A. GUNTHER ON GUATEMALAN FISHES. [Mar. 22, ranged; there are nine series between the origin of the dorsal fin and the lateral line. The height of the body is contained four times and a third in the total length (without caudal) ; the length of the head thrice and a third. The extent of the snout is two-sevenths of the length of the head; the maxillary does not extend backwards to the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye; przopercular angle somewhat produced behind, membranaceous, striated; the posterior margin of the przoperculum obliquely descending back- wards. The spinous dorsal is much longer than high; its spines are feeble, the fourth being the longest, two-fifths of the length of the head. Caudal fin subtruncated, the middle rays somewhat pro- duced. The first anal ray is quite rudimentary ; the second as long as the eye, flexible, scarcely spinous. The pectoral fin extends as far backwards as the ventral, being more than half as long as the head. Back and sides with an irregular network of brown undu- lated streaks; fins immaculate. Two specimens were collected by Mr. Salvin—one, 15 inches long, at San José, the other, 13 inches long, at Chiapam. TRACHYNOTUS GLAUCOIDES. D. 6(5. A. 2|3. Closely allied to 7. glaucus, but with the body more elevated. The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without cau- dal); the length of the head two-sevenths. The maxillary extends to below the middle of the eye. Anterior dorsal and anterior anal rays, and the caudal lobes, much prolonged, the length of the latter being two-sevenths of the total. The ventral fin does not extend to the vent. Five narrow blackish vertical bars across the lateral line. One specimen, 7 inches long, was obtained by Mr. Salvin at San José, Mr. Gill (Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Philad. 1863, p. 86) describes a Trachynotus fasciatus, which he distinguishes by its colours. ‘The second vertical band between the fourth and fifth (spines), and the third under the fourth and fifth rays.” If the distribution of the bands is a specific character, that species cannot be identical with ours, which has the second band under the third spine, and the third immediately in front of the spine of the soft dorsal fin. THALASSOPHRYNE RETICULATA. D394) Al gal Sry. 1/20 RP 16: The length of the head is two-sevenths of the total length (without caudal). The teeth on the palate are in a single series, very short, obtuse, incisor-like. Pectoral very large, extending backwards to the sixth anal ray. Head, body, and fins brown, with a network of yellowish lines ; vertical and pectoral fins with a white margin. In other respects this species agrees with 7’. maculosa; so that we may refer to the description of that species given in ‘ Catal. Fish.’ iii. p: 175. One specimen has been found by Messrs. Dow and Sal- vin on the Pacifie coast of Panama; it is 10} inches long. 1864. | DR. A. GUNTHER ON GUATEMALAN FISHES. 151 ANTENNARIUS LEOPARDINUS. eS |ko- fs ANZ.) Polk: Skin very rough, covered with minute spines; anterior dorsal spine (tentacle) not longer than the second, terminating in a small, flat disk; the third is separate from the soft dorsal. Brownish grey, marbled with rose-colour, and with brown dots on the sides; a black ocellus edged with rosy in the middle of the side, another larger one on the base of the ninth and tenth dorsal rays, and one or two small ones on the side of the tail. Belly covered with round brown spots ; caudal with ovate black spots, arranged in three transverse series ; all the other fins with similar spots. One specimen, 24 inches long, was found by Capt. Dow on the Pacific coast of Panama, and presented to Mr. Salvin. ELEOTRIS LONGICEPS. D.6|5. A.i. L. lat. 66. 10° Vomerine teeth in a broad subcrescentic band, which is more than half as broad as that of the intermaxillaries. Thirty-six series of scales between the occiput and the anterior dorsal fin ; twenty between the origin of the posterior and the anal. The height of the body is nearly one-half of the length of the head, which is more than one- third of the total (without caudal). The maxillary extends to below the middle of the eye; teeth cardiform. Caudal fin obtusely rounded, one-sixth of the total length. Brownish black, marbled with brown and black ; fins with roundish blackish spots. This species differs from the others, which have been referred to the division of Philypnus, in having a comparatively longer head. One specimen, 8 inches long, was given to Mr. Salvin by Capt. Dow, who found it in the Lake of Nicaragua. AMBLYOPUS BREVIS. D. 21. A.15. The height of the body is one-eighth of the total length (without caudal) ; the length of the head two-ninths. Eyes minute. Lower jaw with a series of longish, widely set teeth. Caudal fin black. One specimen, 3 inches long, was found on the Pacific coast of Panama by Messrs. Dow and Salvin. ATHERINICHTHYS GUATEMALENSIS, D. 4 i A. =. L. lat. 36. L. transv. 7. Anterior dorsal fin very small, inserted behind the vertical from the commencement of the anal fin. The height of the body is con- tained five times in the total length (without caudal) ; the length of the head four times and a fourth. The silvery band occupies the third upper series of scales. The lower caudal lobe rather longer than the upper. Several examples, from 2 to 2} inches long, were collected by Mr, Salvin in the Lakes of Huamuchal. 152 DR. A. GUNTHER ON GUATEMALAN FISHES. [Mar. 22, GERRES AXILLARIS. D. 9|10. A. 3/8. L. lat. 34. L. transv. 5/10. Allied to G. plumieri, but with considerably shorter fin-spines. The height of the body is contained twice and a fourth in the total length (without caudal). Preorbital finely serrated. Snout as long as the eye; the groove for the intermaxillary processes is very broad, scaleless, extending backwards to the vertical from the centre of the eye. Dorsal fin notched, the last spine being not much longer than the eye; dorsal spines strong, the second as long as the head without snout ; the second anal spine stronger, but scarcely longer than the second of the dorsal fin. The pectoral extends to the ver- tical from the third anal spine. Caudal deeply forked, with the lobes equal in length to each other and to the pectoral. A blackish streak along each series of scales; the hinder side of the axil, and sometimes the anterior, blackish. Three specimens, from 8 to 9 inches long, were collected by Mr. Salvin at Chiapam. GERRES BREVIMANUS. D. 910. A. 3/8. L. lat. 39. Lz. transy. 6/11. Preorbital minutely serrated. The height of the body is contained twice and two-fifths in the total length (without caudal) ; the length of the head twice and a half. Snout as long as the eye; the groove for the intermaxillary processes is broad, scaleless, not extending backwards to the vertical from the centre of the eye. Dorsal fin notched, the last spine being longer than the eye; dorsal spines strong, the length of the second equals the distance between the end of the operculum and the anterior nostril; the second anal spine stronger, but much shorter, than the second of the dorsal fin. The scaly sheath of the anal fin leaves the outer half of the last ray un- covered. The pectoral extends scarcely to the vertical from the vent. Caudal scaly, deeply forked, with the lobes equal in length, each being one-fourth of the total. Three or four blackish streaks along the series of scales below the lateral line ; the spinous dorsal fin black. One specimen, 10 inches long, was found by Mr. Salvin at Chiapam. HEROS GUTTULATUS. D. iw. A. 3 L. lat. 33. L. transv. = The fold of the lower lip is interrupted in the middle. The height of the body is contained twice and three-fifths in the total length (without caudal) ; the length of the head thrice and a fifth. The upper profile of the head descending in a gentle curve. Scales on the cheek in four series. The first dorsal spine is inserted behind the vertical from the upper end of the gill-opening. Dorsal spines rather feeble, the length of the twelfth being two-sevenths of that of the head. Pectoral two-thirds as long as the head. Upper parts blackish, each scale with a black base; lower parts reddish, with a 1864. ] DR. A. GUNTHER ON GUATEMALAN FISHES. 153 broad blackish band from behind the pectoral to the base of the caudal; many scales within or below the band with a black spot in the upper or lower angle; each scale on the side of the head with a black spot ; chin and throat violet. The spinous dorsal black, with yellowish margin ; the soft parts of the vertical fins with blackish spots. Pine specimen, 6 inches long, was collected by Mr. Salvin on the Pacific coast of Guatemala. HEROS MACRACANTHUS, 14—15 5 52 D. Ss «(As aL Jat. 31. L. transv. 2. The lower lip is interrupted in the middle. The height of the body is two-thirds of the total length (without caudal) in adult spe- cimens, but only one-half in immature; the length of the head is one-third of the total. Upper profile of the head very steep, not concave. Scales on the cheek in five series. The first dorsal spine is a little before the vertical from the upper end of the gill-opening. Dorsal and anal spines strong, the tenth of the dorsal fin being two- fifths of the length of the head. Pectoral as long as the head. Dark greenish, many scales with a pearl-coloured spot in the upper or lower angle. Vertical and ventral fins black. Immature speci- mens with six very indistinct dark cross bands, the third of which has a blackish blotch below the lateral line ; an indistinct blackish spot at the root of the caudal fin. About a dozen specimens, from 3 to 9 inches long, were collected by Mr. Salvin at Chiapam and Huamuchal. HEROS CiITRINELLUS. D. “3%, A. =o. LL. lat. 30. L. transv. 6/13. The fold of the lower lip is continuous in the middle. The height of the body is contained twice and a fifth in the total length (without caudal); the length of the head twice and seven-eighths ; nape of the neck very convex ; interorbital space broad, its width being two- fifths of the length of the head. Snout not obtuse; scales on the cheek in four series. The first dorsal spine is inserted above the upper end of the gill-opening. Dorsal and anal spines slender, the tenth of the dorsal fin being two-fifths of the length of the head. Pectoral nearly as long as the head. Lemon-coloured, either nearly uniform or with the back black, which colour sometimes forms irre- gular blotches on the vertical fins. Three specimens, from 7 to 8 inches long, were collected by Capt. Dow in the Lake of Nicaragua. HEROS NICARAGUENSIS. Df. AZ L. lat. 35. L. transy. 5/13. The fold of the lower lip is interrupted in the middle. The height of the body is contained twice and two-fifths in the total length 154 DR. A. GUNTHER ON GUATEMALAN FISHES. [Mar. 22, (without caudal); the length of the head twice and one-fifth. Head much higher than long, in consequence of an adipose swelling above the eye, which renders the shape of the head Coryphena-like. Scales on the cheek in six series, rather irregularly arranged. The first dorsal spine is inserted above the upper end of the gill-opening. Dorsal and anal spines slender, the sixteenth of the dorsal fin being one-half of the length of the head. Pectoral not quite as long as the head. Brownish olive above, yellowish below; back with five black cross bands, not extending downwards to beyond the middle of the side; many scales with a brown vertical marginal streak. The soft vertical fins with brown spots. One specimen, 64 inches long, was collected by Capt. Dow in the Lake of Nicaragna. HEROs DovIil. D. Sy. A. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 2. The fold of the lower lip is continuous in the middle. The height of the body is contained thrice in the total length (without caudal) ; the length of the head twice and three-fifths. Snout pointed, with the lower jaw very prominent. Both jaws with a pair of fangs, those of the upper pair being close together in the middle of the jaw, whilst the lower are separate. Scales on the cheek small, rather irregularly arranged, in about eight series. The first dorsal spine is inserted behind the vertical from the upper end of the gill-opening. Dorsal and anal spines slender, the length of the twelfth of the dor- sal fin being one-fourth of that of the head. Pectoral three-fifths as long as the head. Brown, irregularly marbled with darker ; fins black ; an indistinct black band along the operculum and the side of the trunk; an oblique blackish band descends from the eye to- wards the root of the pectoral; a black spot behind the angle of the mouth. This species is allied to H. friedrichsthalii, H. salvini, &e. Two specimens, 6 inches long, were collected by Capt. Dow in the Lake of Nicaragua. HEMIRHOMBUS OVALIS. D. 86. A. 69. L. lat. 58. The height of the body is scarcely less than one-half of the total length (without caudal). Interorbital space concave, its width being one-third of the vertical diameter of the eye. Body nearly uniform reddish olive. One specimen, 7 inches long, was collected by Messrs. Dow and Salvin on the Pacific coast of Panama. 1864. ] DR. A. GUNTHER ON A POISONOUS FISH. 155 4. On a Porson-orGAN IN A Genus or Batracuorp Fisues. By Dr. ALzert Ginruer. Many fishes are known which, provided with long, bony, and Sometimes serrated spines, are justly feared on account of the dangerous wounds they inflict. The Sting-Rays, many Siluroids, and some scaly fishes, like the Weevers, are thus armed, Although the effects ascribed to such wounds have doubtless been exaggerated in many cases, natives and fishermen, as well as travellers, agree in the belief that some poison must be communicated. However, with the exception of a single instance, viz. that of the Weevers*, compara- tive anatomists have never pointed out a trace of an organ secreting or conducting a poisonous substance ; and consequently the poisonous nature of the wound has been doubted, the worst cases being ex- plained by the mechanical effect of a serrated spine, by the influence of the climate, or by the peculiarity of the constitution. Thus in all the hand-books of comparative anatomy the presence of a poison- organ in the class of fishes is denied, and even Bleeker + (than whom no naturalist has had better opportunities of observing such fishes during life) expressly says that they were unjustly reputed poisonous. On the other hand, I have heard of so many positive facts from highly educated travellers and excellent observers (some of whom, being medical men, had treated cases of this nature), that it appeared to me necessary to give every attention to this subject. Especially it seemed probable that a sac with a more or less wide opening in the axil of the pectoral fin of many Siluroid and of some other fishes would contain a fluid which might be introduced into a wound by means of the pectoral spine, which would be covered with it, like the barbed arrow-head of a bushman. Whether this secretion is equally poisonous in all the Species which are provided with that axillary sac is a question which can only be decided by experiments made in the tropics ; but I can hardly doubt its poisonous nature, after discovering in a genus of fish a poison-organ which structurally is the same as in the venomous * Dr. J. E. Gray has directed my attention to a paper by Mr. Byerley, con- tained in the Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, No. 5, 1849, p. 156. In this paper Mr. Byerley demonstrates, in the most convincing manner, that the double-grooved opercular and dorsal spines of the Weevers are poison-organs. Although the structure of the spines, with their external grooves, were known to previous writers, it is Mr. Byerley’s merit to have shown the presence of a cavity within the substance of the spines which is the proper depository of the poison before its ejection. But, at present, I cannot agree with him that the body found in the cavity and in the groove is a gland ; it appears to me that what he considered to be a gland was the poisonous fluid itself, coagulated and hardened by the action of the spirits in which the speci- mens had been immersed in order to render “ the gland more opaque and denser.” I formed this opinion from examinations of specimens of Z'rachinus draco as well as of TZ. vipera, which, however, had been in spirits for a considerable period. Nevertheless there is no doubt that the poison-apparatus of Tyachinus is homologous with that of Thalassophryne, only in the latter it is developed to as great a perfection as in the fang of a viper. Tt Atl. Ichthyol. Silur. p. 21. 156 DR. A. GUNTHER ON A POISONOUS FISH. _ | Mar. 22, snakes. This genus, belonging to the family of Batrachide, was described by me in the Catal. Fish. iii. p. 174, with a single species, Thalassophryne maculosa. The typical specimen being small and having been in spirits for a long time, I did not observe the openings in the venom-spines, although I now perceive them to be present, as in the second species found by Messrs. Dow and Salvin, which I have described above (p. 150) as Thalassophryne reticulata. The specimen is 10} inches long. Fig. 1. Hinder half of the head, with the venom-sac of the opercular apparatus in situ. * Place where the small opening in the sac has been observed. a. La- teral line and its branches. 4%. Gill-opening. c. Ventral fin. d. Base of pectoral fin. e. Base of dorsal fin. Fig. 2. Operculum, with the perforated spine. e The structure of the poison-organ is as follows :— 1. The opercular part.—The operculum is very narrow, vertically styliform, and very mobile; it is armed behind with a spine, eight lines long, and of the same form as the venom-fang of a snake; it is, how- ever, somewhat less curved, being only slightly bent upwards; it has a longish slit at the outer side of its extremity, which leads into a canal perfectly closed, and running along the whole length of its interior; a bristle introduced into the canal reappears through an- other opening at the base of the spine, entering into a sac situated on the opercle and along the basal half of the spine ; the sac is of an oblong-ovate shape, and about double the size of an oat-grain. Though the specimen had been preserved in spirits for about nine months, it 1864.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON A POISONOUS FISH. 157 still contained a whitish substance of the consistency of thick cream, which on the slightest pressure freely flowed from the opening in the extremity of the spine. On the other hand, the sac could be easily filled with air or fluid from the foramen of the spine. No gland could be discovered in the immediate neighbourhood of the sac; but on a more careful inspection I found a minute tube floating free in the sac, whilst on the left-hand side there is only a small opening instead of the tube. The attempts to introduce a bristle into this opening for any distance failed, as it appears to lead into the interior of the basal portion of the operculum, to which the sac firmly adheres at this spot. 2. The dorsal part is composed of the two dorsal spines, each of which is 10 lines long. The whole arrangement is the same as in .the opercular spines ; their slit is at the front side of the point; each has a separate sac, which occupies the front of the basal portion ; _the contents were the same as in the opercular sacs, but in somewhat greater quantity. A strong branch of the lateral line ascends to the immediate neighbourhood of their base. Thus we have four poison-spines, each with a sac at its base; the walls of the sacs are thin, composed of a fibrous membrane, the inte- rior of which is coated over with mucosa. There are no secretory glands imbedded between these membranes, and these sacs are merely the reservoirs in which the fluid secreted accumulates. The absence of a secretory organ in the immediate neighbourhood of the reservoirs (an organ the size of which would be in accordance with the quan- tity of the fluid secreted), the diversity of the osseous spines which have been modified into poison-organs, and the actual communica- tion indicated by the foramen in the sac, lead me to the opinion that _ the organ of secretion is either that system of muciferous channels which is found in nearly the whole class of fishes, and the secretion of which has poisonous qualities in a few of them, or at least an in- dependent portion of it*. The sacs are without an external muscular layer, and situated imme- diately below the loose thick skin which envelopes the spines to their extremity ; the ejection of the poison into a living animal, therefore, can only be effected by the pressure to which the sac is subjected the moment the spine enters another body. Nobody will suppose that a complicated apparatus like the one described can be intended for conveying an innocuous substance, and therefore I have not hesitated to designate it as poisonous; and the greatest importance must be attached to it, inasmuch as it assists us in our inquiries into the nature of the functions of the muciferous system, the idea of its being a secretory organ having lately been superseded by the notion that it serves merely as a stratum for the distribution of peripheric nerves. Also the objection that the Sting- Rays and many Siluroid fishes are not poisonous, because they have no poison-organ, cannot be maintained, although the organs con- * This, of course, must be demonstrated by further preparations; for I would not sacrifice the single (typical) specimen, the less as we may confidently hope that Capt. Dow will furnish us with ample materials before long. 158 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [Apr.12, veying their poison are neither so well adapted for this purpose nor in such a perfect connexion with the secretory mucous system as In Thalassophryne. ’ Finally, I have to add that neither Batrachus nor Porichthys has the spines perforated, and that also in Thalassophryne the poison- organ serves merely as a weapon of defence. All the Batrachoids with obtuse teeth on the palate and in the lower jaw feed on Mollusca and Crustaceans. April 12, 1864. E. W. H. Holdsworth, Esq., in the Chair. The Secretary announced the safe arrival by the ship ‘ La Hogue,’ on the previous day, of the living specimen of Diduneulus strigi- rostris, presented to the Society by Dr. George Bennett of Sydney, as announced in previous communications of that gentleman to the Society. By the same vessel several other species of interest had been re- ceived, amongst which were an Australian Pelican (Pelecanus con- spicillatus) and a Top-knot Pigeon (Lopholemus antarcticus), the latter having been presented to the Society by the Acclimatization Society of New South Wales. In the same vessel had been shipped from Syduey a living example of arare Parrot from the Feejee Islands—the Pyrrhulopsis splendens (Aprosmictus splendens, Peale, Cassin, U.S. Expl. Exp. i. p. 237, pl. 20), which had unfortunately died on the passage home. Mr. Sclater observed that four species of this peculiar greup of Parrots had been distinguished by Mr. Cassin, but that he was only acquainted with three of them, namely— 1. P. personata, G. R. Gray, which had been twice alive in the Society’s Menagerie (see P. Z. S. 1862, p. 141, et P. Z.S. 1848, p. 21, pl. u11.). A specimen of this bird in the British Museum had been obtained by Mr. Rayner, the Naturalist of H. M.S. ‘ Herald,’ in the island of Viti Levu, Feejees. 2. P. splendens, Cassin, l.c.; also, as stated by Mr. Peale, from Viti Levu, or Great Feejee Island. 3. P. atrigularis, Peale, easily distinguishable from the last by its black throat ; and obtained by Mr. Rayner at Ngau Island, Feejees. The P. tabuensis, Gm., from the island of Tongataboo or Eooa, might probably be different from the two preceding, as also possibly the P. anna of authors. Dr. Crisp exhibited a wax cast of the tongue, larynx, trachea, heart, lungs, and thyroid gland of a young Lion at birth. This ani- 1864.] ON THE CONTINENTAL ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. 159 mal, with two others, was born dead at the Gardens about a month since. The cubs were all well-formed, and healthy apparently in every part except the thyroid gland, which was about twenty times its natural size; and Dr. Crisp believed that death was occasioned by pressure upon the recurrent laryngeal nerves at the time of birth. The most singular and remarkable circumstance connected with this enlargement of the thyroid gland was the fact that two lionesses whelped on the same day : one had two cubs, and the other one, and the thyroid in all these cubs was equally enlarged ; and the same lesion had occurred before, although formerly the most common de- fect was a malformed palate. Dr. Crisp said that up to the present time no Lion had been reared at the Gardens, although at Wombwell’s and other private menageries a great number attained the adult state. He thought that after the lioness had access to the male she should be entirely secluded from the public gaze, and placed in a suitable den which did not communicate directly with the external air. Dr. Crisp likewise exhibited an ear of barley, which, with many others, was produced by cutting down oats three times just before they came into ear. The experiment was performed by Mr. Kersy Cooper, of Euston, Suffolk. Although not a zoological specimen, Dr. Crisp thought that it had a most important bearing upon zoo- logy, and especially upon the origin of species; and on this account he brought the matter before the Society. Mr. Fraser, having visited several Zoological Gardens within the last month, read the following list of specialities which he had ob- served in them. Tue JARDIN DES PLANTES, Paris. Elephas africanus, Cuv. Two | Vultur occipitalis, Burch. very small. Ramphocelus brasilius (Linn.). Gazella subgutturosa, Gild. Cassicus persicus (Linn.). White-faced. Garrulus cervicalis. From Al- arabica, Kemp. geria. Gypaétus barbatus (Linn.). Siredon humboldtii. Vultur auricularis (Daud.). JarpDIN ZoOLOGIQUE D’ACCLIMATATION, Paris. Ovis tragelaphus, Linn. Euplocamus prelatus, Bonap. Ovis Yemen Sheep. Francolinus perlatus (Gmel.). Damalis albifrons (Burch.). Siam. - Catoblepas gnu (Gmel.). Coturnix coromandelica (Gmel.). Macropus major, Shaw. Crax albertii, Fraser. Cacatue ducorpsii, Homb. et | Casarca rutila (Pall.). Jacq. tadornoides, Jard. et Selb. Phasianus semmeringii, Temm. | Siredon pisciformis. Mexico. Ceriornis temminchit (Gray). 160 ON THE CONTINENTAL ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. [Apr. 12, Tur Emperor’s GARDEN AT SCHONBRUNN, NEAR VIENNA. Felis chaus, Gild. catus, Linn. vonia. Cervus tarandus, Linn. alces, Linn. European. Camelopardalis giraffa (Linn.). Ovis musimon, Schreb. Capra beden, Forsk. From Scla- nubiana, Arabian Ibex. Oryx leucory« (Pall.). Gazella White-faced. Gazella arabica, Hempr. Bos brachyceros? (called Bos caffer, Sparrm.). Asinus teniopus, Heugl. Conurus cyanolyseos (Mol.). Ardea comata, Pall. garzetta, Linn. alba, Linn. Ibis falcinellus, Temm. Carbo pygmeus, Temm. Little Cormorant. _ Tur New ZooiocicaL GARDEN, VIENNA. Oreas canna (Pall.). Bos grunniens, Linn. Asinus teniopus, Heug}. Spermophilus citillus. Vultur cinereus, Gmel. Falco lanarius, Linn. Cacatua triton (Temm.). Caccabis saxatilis, Meyen. Tur ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, RoTTERDAM. Paradozurus leucomystaz, Gray. | From Borneo. Felis temmincki, V. & H. Su- matra. Very fine. Felis viverrina, Benn. Java. Ursus japonicus, Schleg. Male and female, very fine. Cervus equinus, Cuv. tarandus, Linn. Anoa depressicornis. Bos taurus, Linn., var. Spanish Ox, very fine. Sus pliciceps, Gray. Dendrolagus inustus, Mill. ursinus, Temm. Grys rueppellit. Amadina erythrocephala, A. Smith. Psittacus erithacus, Linn. Some twenty in very fine condition : these have been kept without artificial heat for two years, their only protection being shutters at night. Cacatua citrinocristata, Fraser. Goura coronata (Linn.). victoria, Fraser. Euplocamus lineatus (Vig.)- Gallus domesticus, Linn. Dyed yellow, green, and blue. Phasianus semmeringii, Temm. Crocodilus frontatus, Murray. About 4 feet long. Chameleo From Java. Tur Roya ZooLtoGicaL GARDENS, DUBLIN. Cebus Black, white whis- kers. Felis leo, Linn. Seven cubs, born April 2, 1864. These gardens have been very suc- cessful in breeding and rear- ing these animals. Vultur cinereus, Gmel. Athene passerina (Linn.). Cacatua White crest ; blue cere; red eyes. Tetrapteryx virgo, Vieill. Chelydra serpentina. Very large. 1864. ] MR. J. K. LORD ON UROTRICHUS. . 161 The following papers were read :— 1. Nores on THE Urotricuus. By J. K. Lorp, F.Z:S. Urorricuvus Gissit, Baird. Hab. Western side of Cascade Mountains, Sumass Prairie, near Fraser River. This singular little animal, which appears to be an intermediate link between the Shrew and the Mole, is at present only known as an inhabitant of two parts of the world, widely removed from each other —the one spot being the western slope of the Cascade Mountains in North-west America, the other Japan. There are, as far as I know, but two specimens extant from the Cascade Mountains,—one in the Smithsonian Museum at Washington; the other, a very fine speci- men, that I have recently brought home, and which is now in the British Museum. I have carefully compared the Japanese Urotri- chus with his brother from the western wilds, and can find no differ- ence whatever, either generically or specifically ; in shape, size, and colour they are exactly alike. The Urotrichus is of a bluish black when fresh, but in the dried specimens sooty brown. The hair is lustrous and where it reflects the light has a hoary appearance, and, like that of the Mole, can be smoothed in either direction. This is a wise and admirable arrange- ment, as it enables him to back through his underground roads, as well as to go through them head first. His nose or snout is very cu- rious, and much like that of a pig, only that it is lengthened out into a cylindrical tube covered with short thick hairs, and terminating in a naked fleshy kind of bulb or gland; this gland is pierced by two minute holes, which are the nostrils. Each nostril has a little fold of membrane hanging down over it like a shutter, effectually pre- venting sand and small particles of dust from getting into his nose whilst digging. This curious nasal appendage is to him not only an organ of smell, but also serves the purpose of hands and eyes. His fore feet, as I shall by-and-by show you, are wholly digging- implements, and, from their peculiar horny character, not in any way adapted to convey the sense of touch. Eyes he has none, and but a very rudimentary form of ear; so that his highly sensitive, moveable nose serves him admirably in the dark tunnels in which his time is passed to feel his way and scent out the lower forms of insect-life on which he principally feeds. Had he eyes, he could not see, for the sunlight never peeps in to cheer his subterranean home ; and sound reaches not down to him; but his nose in every way compensates for all apparent deficiencies. His fore feet are, like the Mole’s, converted into diggers; the strong scoop-shaped nail, like a small garden-trowel, at the end of each toe enables him to dig with wonderful ease and celerity. The hind feet are shaped into a kind of scraper, by the toe being curiously bent. The length of the hind foot is about two-thirds more than that of the fore or digging liand. When I come to speak of his habits as differing from the Mole, I shall be able to demonstrate the use of this strange scraper-like form Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1864, No. XI. 162 MR. J. K. LORD ON UROTRICHUS. [Apr. 12, of hind foot. So far, I have endeavoured to give an outline of his general personal appearance, differing from the Shrew in the peculiar arrangement of his feet, and from the Mole in having a long hairy tail. His nearest relative is the Condylura (Star-nosed Mole), whose nose has a fringe of star-shaped processes round its outer edge, about twenty-two in number. The first and only place I ever met with this strange little fellow was on the Chilukweyuk Prairies. These large grassy openings or prairies are situated near the Fraser river, on the western side of the Cascade Mountains. In the sandy banks on the edge of the Chilukweyuk River and the various little streams winding through the prairie-grass, lives the Urotrichus ; his subterranean home is a large space or hole excavated like a small cave, and lined with bits of dry grass and leaves. From the central residence roads are tun- nelled away, radiating from it like the spokes of a wheel. His tun- nels are not like those of the Mole; he never throws up heaps or mounds of earth in order to get rid of the surplus material ; he digs as the Mole, but makes open cuttings at short intervals, about four or five inches long. And now we shall see the use of those curiously formed scraper- like hind feet. As he digs out the tunnel with his trowel-hands, he throws back the earth towards his hind feet. These, from their pe- culiar shape, enable him to back the dirt out of the hole, using them like two scrapers, only that he pusfes the dirt instead of pulling it towards him. Having backed the dirt clear of the mouth of the hole, he throws it over the edge of the open cutting. After having dug-in some distance, and finding, I dare say, the labour of backing out rather irksome, he digs up through the ground to the surface, makes another open cutting, and then begins a new hole or tunnel, and disappears into the earth again. When he has gone as far from his dormitory as he deems wise, he again digs up through and clears away the rubbish. This road is now complete ; so he goes back again to his central mansion, to begin others at his leisure. It is very difficult to watch the movements and discover the feeding-time and food of an animal that lives almost wholly under- ground in the daytime; but I am pretty sure these turnels are made for and used as roadways, or underground trails, for the pur- pose of hunting. He is a night feeder, and exposed to terrible perils from the various small Carnivora that prowl about like bandits in the dark—Stoats, Weasels, Martins, and Skunks. So to avoid and escape these enemies, he comes quietly along the subterranean roadways, and cautiously emerging at the open cutting, feels about with his wonderful nose, and, I doubt not, guided by an acute sense of smell, pounces upon larve, slugs, beetles, or any nocturnal creep- ing things he can catch, and so, traversing his different hunting-trails during the night, manages in this way to fare sumptuously, safe from danger. It is scarcely possible to imagine a more skilfully contrived hunt- ing-system, to avoid danger and to facilitate escape, than are these tunnel-trails with open cuttings ; for the sly little hunter has, on the slightest alarm, two modes of flight at his disposal, one before and 1864. ]} DR. J. E. GRAY ON MYRIOSTEON HIGGINSII. 163 the other behind; and the fur, as I have already mentioned, lying as smoothly when stroked from tail to head as it does when turned in the natural direction, enables him to retreat tail first into his hole as easily as he could go adopting his usual mode of progression. 2. Notice or A Portion or A New Form or Animat (Myrt- OSTEON HIGGINSII), PROBABLY INDICATING A New Group or EcuinoperMaTA. By Dr. Joun Enwarp Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., ETC. Four or five years ago the Rev. H. H. Higgins, of Liverpool, pur- chased in London a specimen which was shown at the time to seve- ral naturalists, and was pronounced by some to be the tail of a Ray (perhaps of Urogymnus africanus) ; and this determination seems to have been so far satisfactory that up to this period it has not been further described. During a recent visit to the Free Museum at Liverpool the spe- cimen attracted my attention, and Mr. Moore, the intelligent Curator of that institution, placed it in my hands for examination and deter- mination ; and the trustees of that institution have most kindly pre- sented it to the British Museum. I was soon satisfied that it could not be the tail of a Ray, nor, indeed, a part of any vertebrated animal. The outer surface (and, indeed, the whole substance) is made up of a number of calcareous concretions, united together by anastomosing processes placed on the outside of an internal rather thick coat formed of longitudinal fibres, which is rather hard and firm when dry. The interior of the tapering tube is quite empty, without any septa or other divisions. It is very unlike the skin of a cartilaginous fish, which is always a good firm skin, more or less studded with hard, imbedded, bony seales or processes, or the case of an Ostracion, which is formed of cartilaginous or horny tesseree. The rounded surface, which has been regarded as the upper surface of the tail, is pierced with two series of small, rather unequal-sized, oblong holes, which look very like irregular ambulacra for the passage of the feet or tentacles of the animal which formed the body, as in the case of the Star-fishes ; and yet, at the same time, these holes are very different from the ambulacral pores of those animals, which are always in pairs and surrounded by some special ossicles. Besides the holes on the rounded or upper edge, there are a few similar perforations, but smaller in size, on the sides of the thicker part of the tube. The entire surface of the external skeleton is cribellated with small pores between the ossicles, as is the case with many Asteriade and Echinide. This porousness of the surface induced one of the na- turalists to whom it was shown to suggest that it might be the shell of a gigantic Foraminifer, or the coral of one of the Polyzoa; but this opinion cannot be entertained, as the pores are very unlike the pores of those animals, and the large continuous internal cavity, which has been evidently occupied by some part of a larger animal, is totally opposed to such a theory. 164 DR. J. E. GRAY ON MYRIOSTEON HIGGINSII. (Apr. 12, I therefoie propose to give it a name, in hopes that it may lead to a more perfect knowledge of the animal, and to characterize it thus:— MyRIosTEON, gen. nov. Body, entire form unknown. The part alone known (fig. 1) is elongate, tapering, straight, rather compressed, rounded above, and flattened beneath; the sides and upper surface formed of convex tetragonal ossicles, united by short radiating branches; with four or five round pores round each ossicle; ossicles of nearly equal size in all parts of the surface. The lower surface flat (figs. 2, 3, & 5), formed of smooth flat-topped tesseree, which are very close together, forming a nearly continuous surface, with circles of six triangular radiating pores near the margin of each ossicle—the ossicles near the thickest part of the body being the largest, and very gradually diminishing in size towards the top. The ossicles are all placed on a rather solid, thick, hard internal layer, which is formed of closely intertwined short longitudinal fibres, or opaque bone-like spicula, which seem to give considerable rigidity to the body. The convex upper edge has two longitudinal series of oblong pores, rather unequal in size, and sometimes placed so close together as to run nearly into one another, and at others separated from each other by a considerable interval. The larger pores are surrounded by a slightly raised edge, showing that some tentacle or other body is emitted through them. There are also a few smaller circular pores scattered on the sides of the tube. Fig. 1. The entire specimen, greatly reduced. 2. Cross section of the specimen, natural size. 3. Side view, showing the flat under surface. 4, Figure of the surface, natural size. MYRIOSTEON HIGGINSII, sp. nov. (Figs. 1-5.) Hab. 2 The fragment of this animal, which alone is known, is 264 inches long and 3 inches in circumference at the base, tapering to a rather blunt end, which is pervious; but it is evidently imperfect, and may be closed in the perfect state. The flattened part of the base is rather more than half an inch wide at its widest part. I have named the specimen after the Rev. H. H. Higgins, one of 1864.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON MYRIOSTEON HIGGINSII. 165 the trustees of the Derby Museum at Liverpool, well known for his attachment to science. I was soon convinced that the specimen was not the tail of a Ray, nor indeed any part of a vertebrated, annulose, or molluscous animal, so that it must belong to the radiated groups; and the question is to which part of the group it is most nearly allied. The formation of the external skeleton and the general form of the parts which alone have as yet been examined lead me to believe that it is the part of an Echinoderm, being probably the single ray of a radiated body. The structure of the external skeleton resembles more closely that of one of the more tessellated forms of the cylindrical- rayed Starfish than that of any other animal that has occurred to me ; but it differs from the arms of these animals in not being provided with regular ambulacra, which is the essential character of the Starfish. I am therefore induced to believe that the specimen may indicate a new group of radiated animals, nearly allied to Asterias. It appears to be much more rigid than the Starfish are in general ; and it will at any rate form a new family, for which the name of Myrio- steide may be given. I do not recollect to have seen any fossil that has any resemblance to the specimen, or to the separate parts of it. The ossicles differ also from those of Asterias in not being covered with granules, and from the Asteriade and Echinide in not being provided with spines on moveable joints. The lateral edges of the flat portion of the specimen are more or less distinctly marked, and in some places, especially near the small end, are raised up into an irregular margin, formed by irregularities on the surface of the ossicles, which at these places are more or less confused together. The centre of the upper part of the smaller end of the specimen is marked with scattered concavities, which appear as if formed by its having been attached to some shell or other more or less convex surface. These concavities are produced by the flattening of the surface of the ossicles of the part. They may have been produced by parasites which have affixed themselves to the surface of the speci- men, or by the specimen itself having been attached by the end of this part of the body to some fixed body. The pores on the back are more symmetrical and equal near the end of the arm, and those Magnified figure of the under surface, showing the large pores placed in hexagons. 166 DR. P, L. SCLATER ON NEW AMERICAN BIRDS. [Apr. 12, in each series are generally opposite to each other; but there are many exceptions to this arrangement and symmetry. The Myriosteon can have no affinity to the Polyzoa, for there are no cells for the reception of the animal. The celebrated French zoologist who suggested that it might possibly belong to that order compared it with Eschara, the cells of which are obliterated by age ; but then the cells are always well developed in the younger part of the coral. : The specimen under examination is clearly not a coral gradually increasing in size by the development of new cells, but a definitely- shaped part of some regularly formed body ; so that the idea of its being a Polyzoon is scarcely worthy of as much consideration as I have given to it. 3. ON THE CHANGE OF CoLoUR IN THE Common Trout (SaLmo FARIO), By Epwarps Crisp, M.D., F.Z.S., erc. During a walking tour over Dartmoor in July last, I was surprised to find that out of a large number of Trout caught many were of a very dark colour, and others of the usual hue, as shown by the draw- ings which I place before the Society. The dark-coloured Trout were all taken from dark and deep por- tions of the stream, whilst those of the normal appearance were in clear water. But a more interesting circumstance connected with these Trout was the nature of their food. Iopened the stomach and intestines of more than a hundred, and in a great many I found the Ephemera and its larva, caterpillars of moths that had fallen from the bushes that overhung the stream, and a great many click or skip-jack beetles (Hlateride), which, as is well known, are the parents of the wire-worm, one of the most destructive insects to our grain and root crops. In the stomachs of some of the Trout as many as six or seven of these beetles were present (as shown in the draw- ing). Iam not aware that this fact has been before noticed, and it serves to show that some fishes, like many members of the feathered creation, play an important part in the destruction of noxious insects. 4. On Two New Species or Birps rromM New GrRAnavDA. By P. L. Scuater, M.A., Puo.D., F.R.S., SecReTARY TO THE Society. In a small series of bird-skins lately received by M. Verreaux, of Paris, from Bogota, and submitted to my examination, are two speci- mens which I consider to belong to species not hitherto characterized. These are 1. BASILEUTERUS CINEREICOLLIS, Sp. nov. B. olivaceus, pileo nigricante, crista media aurea: subtus flavus, gutture toto et pectore cinereis ; lateribus olivaceo-virescenti- bus: rostro corneo, pedibus pallide brunneis. 1864. ] LETTER FROM MR. G. LATIMER. 167 Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°7, caudee 2°5 poll. Angl. Hab. In Nova Granada interiore. ; Obs. Similis B. coronato Tschudii, sed crista flava nec castanea et gula cinerea nec albicante distinguendus. This Basileuterus makes the eighteenth species of this pretty group of Mniotiltide now in my collection, seventeen having been already registered in my ‘ Catalogue of American Birds.’ I may take this opportunity of remarking that the locality therein attributed to B. uropygialis (as also in these ‘Proceedings,’ 1861, p. 128) is, no doubt, erroneous. Relying on the correctness of M. Verreaux’s labels, I have hitherto considered this to be a Brazilian species ; but Mr. QO. Salvin has recently received specimens of the same bird from Pa- aama, and I have no doubt that that is its correct patria, 2. THRIPOPHAGA GUTTULIGERA, Sp. NOv. Brunnescenti-olivacea, pileo nigricante, dorsi plumis striis me- dialibus ochraceis, quasi celatis: alis nigris, rufo limbatis : cauda unicolore castanea: subtus brunnescenti-olivacea, ochra- ceo crebre guttulata, plumis ochracets, fusco circumeinctis ; gula omnino ochracea : rostro superiore corneo, inferiore flavo ; pedibus clare brunneis : subalaribus rufescenti-ochraceis. Long. tota 5:5, alee 2°5, caudee 2°5, tarsi *75. Hab. In Nova Granada interiore. Obs. Aff. T. striolate ex Brasilia, sed crassitie multo minore et colore capitis obscuriore. This little Dendrocolaptine might be arranged either as a Thri- pophaga or as a Heliobletus, and serves to connect these not very strongly distinguished forms. Its general structure is exactly that of Thripophaga striolata, but it is not much larger than the diminutive Heliobletus superciliosus. In the latter bird, however, the bill is proportionately rather shorter and straighter. April 26, 1864. John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair. The Secretary read the following extract from a letter addressed by George Latimer, Esq., Austrian Consul at Porto Rico, to Lieut.- Col. C. P. Cavan, F.Z.S., and stated in relation thereto that he had obtained the necessary permit from the R. M. Steam Company for the conveyance of a tank from St. Thomas’s to Southampton :— “St. John’s, Porto Rico. «« As you are a Fellow of the Zoological Society, in whose collec- tion, in their Gardens in the Regent’s Park, I know you take great interest, I write to inquire if the Society would like to have a speci- men or specimens of the Manatus or Manatee, commonly called the ‘Sea Cow;’ and if so, then for it to obtain a standing order from 168 LETTER FROM MR. R. SWINHOE. [Apr. 26, the Directors of the Royal Mail Steam Company to the commanders of their ships which may call here, to receive the same on board in a tank which I would have prepared for their conveyance to England. These animals eat grass, and there will be no great trouble in carry- ing them safely : the most would be in changing the water every day ; but on board a steamer, with pumps and hose, that would be next to nothing. I have at present two specimens of the Manatee (a male and a female), which I keep in a large tank with holes in the sides and bottom (open at top), soas to admit the flow of water. Thus I have no trouble in keeping them. They are curious creatures, and respectively 83 and 6} feet long by 34 and 3 feet broad, and 43 feet and 33 feet in diameter at the broadest part, weighing about 500 and 350 Ibs. Those I now have I have offered to the Commissioners of the Central Park in New York ; but if your Society would like speci- mens, I shall have great pleasure in trying to procure them. I have a second tank now ready, and have told all the fishermen, should any more be taken, not to kill them, but to bring them to me, and that I will pay them their full value. They are usually killed; and the meat, which resembles beef or rather veal, is much sought after by the lower class of people; the skin also has many (supposed) virtues. They are caught in the ‘ corals’ made for catching fish, at the mouths of the rivers emptying into this harbour.” The Secretary announced that Mr. James Thompson, the Society’s Head Keeper, had reached Calcutta by the ‘ Hydaspes’ in safety, and that he had been singularly successful in taking out the birds presented by the Society to the Baboo Rajendra Mullick, having delivered them all alive and in firstrate condition, with the exception of a single Curassow. Mr. Fraser exhibited two pairs of Horns, male and female (be- longing to Capt. Stewart, now in India, but lent by Mr. Lillicrapp), of that extremely rare and extraordinary Ruminant, the Budorecas taxicolor, Hodgson, described in the ‘Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal’ (vol. xix. p. 65, pls. 1, 2, 3, 1850). The Secretary read the following extracts from a letter addressed to him by Mr. R, Swinhoe, F.Z.S., dated Formosa, February 9th, 1864 :— oh ** As I passed through Amoy, I was so fortunate as to secure for the Society a pair of Dampier Straits Pigs (wild species), a Suma- tran Jungle-Cock (Gallus furcatus), and a Mantchurian Deer, ap- parently of a new species, intermediate between Cervus sika of Japan and the Cervus taivanus. It was procured at Newchwang. These four animals I transmit to Hong Kong for transmission to England, and I hope they may eventually reach the Society all safe. At Hong Kong I saw a pair of the large Summer-Palace Deer, heads of which were exhibited to the Society by Mr. Leadbeater, and which Dr. J. E. Gray pronounced to be identical with Cervus elaphus of Europe. The pair in Hong Kong were two years old, and an inspection of them convinced me, from their similarity to the older and larger 1864.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM PALESTINE. 169 specimens procured by Col. Sarel in the Summer Palace Grounds, that the large form is quite distinct from the small one, which last Dr. Gray identified as the C. pseudaxis of certain French authors. At the time I fully believed that the smaller one with indistinct spots was merely the miniature of the larger animal. I now agree with Dr. Gray in considering it distinct, but cannot believe that it is to be referred to the C. pseudaxis. C. pseudawis is from the Malayan archipelago, whence I have frequently heard of spotted Avis-like Deer. ‘The three skins of two bucks and one doe that I sent home are now in the British Museum, and the oldest buck has been figured in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society for 1861. I should think C. hor- tulorum would be an appropriate name. In the gardens of Messrs. Jardine, Matheson, and Co. in Hong Kong I saw several bucks and does of C. sika and C. taivanus, as also of C. axis in winter dress. The bucks of the two former had manes about the neck ; C. sika was spotless, C. taivanus with indistinct spots, while C. axis was of a rich yellowish-brown colour, with distinct white spots. The latter had long, thin, reddish tails, and, I think, are identical with the true C. axis. They are from Hankow, interior China. The bucks of C. sika, otherwise similar, differed a good deal in size; they were, I believe, from different islands of J apan, the smaller from Nippon, the larger from Yesso. “The Deer from China may therefore thus be enumerated, as follows :— “‘ Cervus dama, L. In gardens at Canton. “C. axis, L. From Hankow, Central China. “C. elaphus, L. Summer Palace Gardens. “C. wallichii. Tartary, beyond the Great Wall (horns seen by me at Peking). “°C. swinhoii, Sclater. Island of Formosa. “C. hortulorum, Swinhoe (“ C. pseudaxis?”, Gray). Gardens of Summer Palace. “C. taivanus, Blyth. Island of Formosa. *C. sika. Island of Japan. ““C. mantchuricus. Mantchuria. Size larger than C. taivanus, with horns short in the stem, and more resembling those of C. ska. Colouring very similar (in winter coat) to that of C. taivanus. Red patch on occiput, on each shoulder, and on side of neck. Black line down back somewhat indistinct ; mane from side and back of neck rather. long, thick, shaggy, and dark-coloured. Belly pale reddish white, Thighs light reddish brown.” Dr. Sclater exhibited a series of bird-skins, being a selection from the collection made by the Rev. H. B. Tristram’s expedition in Pa- lestine ; and called particular attention to the following species, con- sidered by Mr. Tristram to be new to science :— (1.) Passer moasiticus, Tristram. Ex cinereo isabellinus, tectricibus alarum lete castaneis : super- 170 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE BONNET OF THE WHALE. [Apr. 26, ciliis et dorso medio cum remigum et rectricum marginibus rufescenti-isabellinis: dorso medio nigro striato : gutture medio cum cervice nigris ; macula suboculari et gutturis vitta utrinque laterali albis: macula cervicali utrinque flava: ventre albo, crisso rufescente : rostro superiore plumbeo, inferiore cum pedi- bus flavis. Long. tota 3°8, alee 2°3, caudz 1°8 poll. Angl. (2.) Caprimuteus TAmaricis, Tristram. Cinerascenti-isabellinus, nigro minute vermiculatus: fascia col- lari postica et maculis humeralibus rufescenti-isabellinis : mento et fascia gulari albis : alarum primariis nigris, vitta lata alba; secundariis rufis, nigro transfasciatis: alis intus et tectricibus subalaribus pallide rufis: caude rectricibus duabus utrinque externis pallide rufis, nigro frequenter et irregulariter trans- fasciatis, apicibus late albis ; ceteris dorso concoloribus. Long. tota 90, alee 5°6, caudze 4°2. The following papers were read :— 1. Notre on THE Bonnet or THE RiGHT WHALE. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S. Mr. Holdsworth has presented to the British Museum a specimen which had been received from an American whaler, as “the Bonnet of Balena mysticetus, obtained at the Sandwich Islands.” I have shown the specimen to Professor Owen. He states that a similar specimen is in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, and that he considers it as ‘‘a diseased action or tumour of the outer layers of integument.” The specimen is oblong, 11 inches long, and 8 inches wide, very irregular in the outline, with a very rough pitted surface, four of the pits being much larger than the rest, and dividing the surface into six prominences. The whole substance seems to be formed of irregular horny layers placed one under the other, the lowest layer being the one last formed, and each of these layers is more or less crumpled and plicated on the surface, giving the irregular appearance to the mass. 1864.) pr. J. ©. GRAY ON THE BONNET OF THE WHALE. 171 The lower layer is attached to the skin of the whale, a part of the skin being attached to the inner surface of the mass or bonnet, as it is called. On showing the specimen to a foreign zoologist, he stated that it was an excrescence on the skin of a whale, formed by the adhesion of the barnacles called Coronula, and that the irregularities on the surface of the bonnet were caused by the attachment and wearing- action of these animals. This is quite a mistake, the Coronule sink themselves into the epi- dermis of the whale, as is also the case with the genus Tudicinella. I have seen numerous specimens of both these animals in situ, and the skin round the cirhipedes is scarcely altered in structure, and offers no resemblance to the horny excrescence called the bonnet. Any one who examines the bonnet will find that the plate of horn of which it is formed is plicated and folded when deposited ; and this was first procured from the whaler ; but this may be only because the hollow on the surface forms a good hiding for them; and I think the supposition that they are the origin of the wart or horn requires Mr. Holdsworth has since sent to the Museum a much smaller Specimen, also obtained at the Sandwich Islands, which is oblong, elongate, and more symmetrical ; but the upper surface is not so evenly channelled. It is 6 inches long and 24 wide. It is spoken of by the whalers as a wart on the tip of the nose, and is commonly called the “ Whale’s bonnet.” I do not recollect observing any account of this “ donnet,” or giant corn, or rudimentary frontal horn, as it may be regarded in any ac- count of the “ Right Whale,” nor in that of the « Spermaceti Whale.” I have specially searched for it again in the works by persons who have seen these Whales alive, but without success. It has been suggested by Mr. Holdsworth that the bonnet may be a natural development, and possibly characteristic of the Species ; he thinks that the « pale prominence” on the nose of Balena ant- arctica, as figured in ‘ Fauna Japonica,’ pls. 28 & 29, may be intended to represent it. In the description this part is only described as “une forte proéminence teinte de blanc.’ In the excellent drawing of the male Whale from the coast of New Zealand, which I figured under the name of Balena antipo- darum, in Dieffenbach’s ‘New Zealand,’ vol. ii. t. 1, there is a rough roundish prominence on the front of the lower jaw, as well as on the front of the upper one. I believe that a prominence of the kind is to be observed in all the species of the genus Balena, although I have never seen them de- scribed as hard and horny ; but that is no reason why this may not be the case. 172 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM MEXICO. [Apr. 26, 2. List or A CoLLECTION OF BIRDS PROCURED BY Mr. GEORGE H. WHITE IN THE VICINITY OF THE CiTy or Mexico. By P. L. Scuarer, M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., SecrRETARY TO THE Society. Mr. George H. White has lately placed in my hands for examina- tion a series of bird-skins which were obtained during his recent resi- dence in the city of Mexico by several collectors in the vicinity of the capital. The majority of them are from the valley of Mexico and the neighbouring hills in the immediate vicinity of the city, but some probably are from the tierra caliente. As this is the first collection of birds from this locality that has come under my notice, I have had great pleasure in examining it with care, and drawing up the following list of the species which it con- tains. These amount to 156 in number, and amongst them are several additions to the Mexican avifauna, concerning which I have added a few remarks. The nomenclature employed for the Passeres, Fissirostres, and Scansores is that of my ‘Catalogue of American Birds;’ in the other orders I have mostly followed ‘Baird’s Birds of North America.’ Fam. TurpIpz&. . CATHARUS MEXICANUS (Bp.). . TuRDUS ASSIMILIs, Cab. . T. Gray, Bp. T. micRatTorivs, Linn. . T. PINICOLA, Sclater. a oO fF Ww N= . HarrorHYNCHUS LONGIROSTRIS (Lafr.). Fam. SyLv11p. 7. REGULUS CALENDULA (Linn.). Fam. Parip&. 8. PsaALTRIPARUS MELANOTIS (Hartl.). Fam. TROGLODYTIDz. 9. CATHERPES MEXICANUS (Sw.). 10. CisrorHorRvus PALUSTRIS (Wils.). Fam. MNniIorTiLTip2. 11. DeNpRa@ca AupvuBoNI (Townsh.). 12. D. xstiva (Gm.). 13. Mnioriita varia (Linn.). 14. SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA (Linn.). 1864. | DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM MEXICO. 173 15. S. minrata, Sw. 16. CARDELLINA RUBRA, Sw. Fam. HirunDINID&. 17. HikuNDo HORREORUM, Barton. 18. PeETROCHELIDON THALASSINA (Sw.). Fam. VIREONID. 19. IcreRta virip1s (Gm.). 20. CycLORHIS FLAVIVENTRIS, Lafr. Fam. LANIIDz. 21. Lanrus ExcuBITOROIDES, Sw.: Baird, B. N. A. p. 327. Having now a North-American specimen of the true L. ludovicia- nus, I am enabled to state that the Mexican bird, which in my cata- logue (p. 46) I have called mezxicanus, is L. excubitoroides, as distin- guished by Prof. Baird from L. ludovicianus. men agrees with mine. Fam. AMPELID4. 22. AMPELIS CEDRORUM (Vieill.). 23. PHAINOPEPLA NITENS (Sw.). 24. PriLoGonys CINEREUS, Sw. Fam. CzReBID#. 25. DiGLossa BaRITULA, Wagler. 26. CH REBA CARNEIPES, Sclater. Fam. TANAGRID&. 27. CHLOROPHONIA OccIPITALIS (Du Bus). 28. EvPHONIA ELEGANTISSIMA (Bp.). 29. TANAGRA ABBas, Licht. 30. T. praconus, Less. 31. PyRANGA HEPATICA, Sw. 32. P. ERYTHROCEPHALA, Sw. 33. P. ERYTHROMELAENA (Licht.). Mr. White’s speci- 34. PHa@NIcoTHRAUPIS RUBICOIDES (Lafr.). 35. BUARREMON ALBINUCHUS (D’Orb. et Lafr.). 174 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM MEXICO. [Apr. 25, 36. B. BRUNNEINUCHUS (Lafr.). 37. SALTATOR ATRICEPS, Less. 38. S. maGnorves, Lafr. 39. S. Grannis (Licht.). 40. PrryLus cELzNo (Licht.). Fam. FRINGILLID. 41. HepyMELEs LupovicrANus (Linn.). 42, H. MELANOCEPHALUS (Svw.). 43. GuIRACA CZRULEA (Linn.). 44, Vouatrnta sAcARINA (Linn.). 45. PHONIPARA PUSILLA (Sw.). 46. Cyanospiza CYANEA (Linn.). 47. JUNCO CINEREUS (Sw.). 48. Sp1zeLua sociALis (Wils.). 49, ZonoTRIcHIA LEUCOPHRYS (Forst.). 50. Metospiza FALLAX, Baird. This specimen agrees with a Californian specimen in my col- lection (no. 684 a), which I believe must be referred to M. fallaz ; but I have not yet had the advantage of comparing it with authen- tically determined specimens of Prof. Baird’s species. 51. CHONDESTES GRAMMACA (Say). 52. PLECTROPHANES MELANOMUS, Baird. 53. Loxta AMERICANA (Wils.). This is the second specimen I have examined of a Crossbill from Mexico. In this example the bill is scarcely larger than in a speci- men of L. americana trom Nova Scotia, and I see little reason for keeping the so-called Loxia mexicana distinct, although in the Mexican bird the coloration is certainly rather brighter, and general size rather larger, than that of northern specimens. 54. Curysomitris NotaTa (Du Bus). 55. C. prnus (Wils.). Fam. ALAUDID. 56. EREMOPHILA CHRYSOL&MA (Wagl.). Fam. IcrERID&. 57. CassicuLus PREVosTI (Less. ). 1864.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM MEXICO. 175 58. IcrERUS BALTIMORE (Linn.). . ABEILLII (Less.). . AFFINIS (Lawr.). . CUCULLATUS (Sw.). . PARISORUM, Bp. nr _ Ln A ce A cee | . AUDUBON], Giraud. 64. AGELZUS GUBERNATOR (Wagl.). 65. XANTHOCEPHALUS ICTEROCEPHALUS (Bp.). 66. SruRNELLA MEXICANA, Sclater. 67. QUISCALUS MACRURUS, Sw. . 68, Q. sumicarasti, De Sauss. Fam. Corvipz. 69. CyANOCITTA DIADEMATA, Bp. This species agrees with one in my collection which I have called diademata, as apparently the bird indicated by Prince Bonaparte in his ‘ Conspectus’ (p. 377) under that name. But I am not without suspicion that Bonaparte has misplaced the two names, and that his diademata is the true coronata of Swainson, being the bird of the tableland, while C. coronata (as described by Bonaparte) inhabits the tierra caliente and descends to Guatemala. 70. CyANOCITTA UNICOLOR (Du Bus). 71. C. ornata (Less.). 72. CyANocoRAX Luxvosus (Less.). Fam. DENDROCOLAPTIDS. 73. SCLERURUS MEXICANUS, Sclater. 74. AUTOMOLUS CERVINIGULARIS, Sclater. 75. SITTASOMUS SYLVIOIDES, Lafr. 76. Prco“arres AFFINIs (Lafr.). Fam. ForMICARIID&. 77. GRALLARIA MEXICANA, Sclater. Fam. TyRANNID. 78. SAYORNIS NIGRICANS (Sw.). 79. LEGATUS VARIEGATUS, Sclater. 176 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM MEXICO. [Apr. 26, 80. My1ozEeTETES TEXENSIS (Giraud). 81. Piraneus DERBIANUS (Kaup). 82. My1opyNASTES LUTEIVENTRIS (Bp.). 83. PyRocePHALUS MEXICANUS, Sclater. 84. P. opscurus, Gould. I think it probable that this very curious bird (which is of a uni- form chocolate-colour, with one or two scattered scarlet points and a rosy tinge on the vent) may be an abnormal form of Pyrocephalus mexicanus; for I have never seen it in any other plumage, and it seems evidently not in adult dress. This is the first example of it I have seen from Mexico. 85. TyRANNUS VOCIFERANS, Sw. Fam. CoTINGID&. 86. TrryrA PERSONATA, Jard. & Selb. 87. Haprosromus AGLAI# (Lafr.). 88. PachyRHAMPHUS MAJOR (Cab.). Fam. MomorTip2. 89. Momorus CHRULEICEPS, Gould. Fam. ALCEDINIDE. 90. CHLoROCcERYLE CABANIsI (Tsch.). 91. C. supercriiosa (Linn.). Fam. TROGONID. 92. TroGon cALicatus, Gould. 93. T. puELLA, Gould. Fam. CaAPpRIMULGID. 94. NycTIDROMUS GUIANENSIS (Gm.). Fam. TROCHILID. 95. CAMPYLOPTERUS HEMILEUCURUS (Licht.). 96. EuGENES FULGENS (Sw.). 97. LAMPROLZMA RHAMI (Less.). 98. HeLiop£pica MELANOTIs (Sw.). 99. TrocHiLus coLusRis, Linn. 1864.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM MEXICO. 177 100. T. ALEXANDRI, Boure. & Muls. 101. SrLaspHorus RuFUus (Gm.). 102. S. prarycercus (Sw.). 103. S. HELoIs& (Less. & Delattr.). 104. CaLoTHORAX LUCIFER (Sw.). 105. PETASOPHORA THALASSINA (Sw.). 106. AmMAziLIA BERYLLINA (Licht.). _ Mr. White informs me that this species is very abundant in the gardens in the city of Mexico. 107. Crrce Latrrostreis (Sw.). Fam. CucuLip@. 108. Praya MEHLERI, Bp. 109. Coccyzus AMERICANUS (Linn.). 110. Grococcyx MExIcANus (Gm ). Fam. RAMPHASTIDZ. 111. AuLacorHAMPHUs PRASINUs (Licht.). Fam. Picip2. 112. CAMPEPHILUS GUATEMALENSIS (Hartl.). 113. Prcus parrot, Sclater. 114. P. sArpini1, Malh. 115. Sepsyroricus varius (Linn.). 116. CHLORONERPES OLEAGINEUS (Licht.). 117. C. zruernosus (Licht.). 118. MELANERPES FORMICIVORUS (Sw.). 119. Cenrurus sANTACRUZI, Bp. 120. C. extrcans (Sw.). 121. Cotaprrs MEXICANUs (Sw.). Fam. Psirracip. 122. ConuRUS HOLOCHLORUS, Sclater. 123. C. tinEOLA, Cassin. Psittacula lineola, Cassin, Pr. Acad. Philad. vi. p. 372. Myjiops catharina, Bp. C. R. xliv. p. 538. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1864, No. XII. 178 DR. P. L, SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM MEXICO. [Apr. 26, There can be no doubt that Prince Bonaparte’s Myiops catharina is identical with Mr. Cassin’s Psittacula lineola, the type of the latter having been obtained at Puente Nacional in Mexico. Whether the Venezuelan Myiopsitta tigrina, Sonancé (Rev. de Zool. 1856, p- 144), is distinct I am not able to say, never having seen Vene- zuelan examples of this form. Order AccrpiTREs. 124, TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIUS (Linn.). 125. AsTURINA MAGNIROSTRIS (Gm.). 126. A. nrr1pa (Lath.). 127. AcciP1IrER Fuscus (Gm.). 128. Circus nupsonicus (Linn.). 129. Scops FLAMMEOLA, Kaup. Order CotumB2. 130. CotumBa FLAviRostRis, Wag]. 131. LeproprTiLa ALBIFRONS, Bp. 132. MELOPELIA LEUCOPTERA. 133. PERISTERA CINEREA. 134. SCARDAFELLA INCA, Bp. 135. CHAMAZOPELIA PASSERINA. Order GALLIN&. 136. PuiLortyx FASCIATUS. 137. DENDRORTYX MACRURUS. Order GRALLZ. 138. SQUuATAROLA HELVETICA (Linn.): Baird, B. N. Am. p. 697. I have not previously seen Mexican examples of this widely dif- fused species. 139. ASGIALITES vociIFrERvUS (Linn.). 140. HimanToprus NIGRICOLLIS (Vieill.). 141. RuyacopHiLus soLitTarivs (Wils.). 142. TrincGorpEs MacuLarivs (Linn.). 143. TrincGa witsoni (Nutt.): Baird, B. N. Am. p. 721. 144, GaLLINAGO wILsonlt, Bp. 145, Numentus tonerrostris (Wils.). ke 1864.] CAPT. R. H. BEDDOME ON A NEW ELAPS. 179 146. PHALAROPUS WILSON], Sabine. A specimen of this beautiful bird in full summer plumage. 147. GARZETTA CANDIDISSIMA (Gm.). 148. Isis orp, Bp. 149. Rattus Lonerrostris (Bodd.). 150. Porzana CAROLINA (Linn.). 151. GaLuinuta MARTINICA (Linn.). 152. Funica AMERICANA, Gm. Order ANSERES. 153. CHROICOCEPHALUS ATRICILLA (Linn.). 154. HyprocHELIDON pLuMBEA (Wils.). 155. Ruyncuors niGRa, Linn. 156. Popicrers CALIFoRNICUS, Heerm. Proc. Acad. Phil. 1854, p- 179; Coues, zb¢d. 1862, p. 231. This bird is very closely allied to the European P. nigricollis— commonly but erroneously called P. auritus. Mr, Coues has pointed out, J. c., the slender differences that distinguish the two birds. Mr. White’s collection contains one example of this Grebe in full summer plumage. I have not before seen it from Mexico. 3. DescripTion oF A New Species or Exvars rrom MALABAR, By Carr. R. H. Beppome, OrriciIATING CONSERVATOR OF Forests, Mapras. ELAPS CERASINUS. Rostral slightly produced back between the anterior frontals ; an- terior frontals only half the size of the posterior ones, the latter {ouch the orbit ; no anteocular and no loreal nostril between two nasals ; seven upper labials; third, fourth, and fifth very high ; third and fourth enter the oat ; one small postocular, vertical, six-sided, elongated, pointed behind ; superciliaries small ; occipitals large, elon- gated, pointed behind, with a pair of large temporals on the side of each; anal entire. Back purplish brown, with a shining nacreous lustre, with transverse, broad, irregular-shaped, black bands extend- ing to the tip of the tail (about forty) at nearly equal distances, and which are continued, though not so broad, underneath the belly and tail, but never quite meet. Sides (two or two and a half of the lowest row of scales) and belly of a brilliant cherry-colour ; head black in front ; neck with the fifth, sixth, and seventh labials and a portion of the occipitals cherry-coloured. Total length 213 inches ; girth 180 MR. G. KREFFT ON NEW AUSTRALIAN SNAKES. [Apr. 26, 11 inch ; length of tail 2 inches. Abdominals 228 ; subcaudals 31 ; rows of scales 13. Hab. Manantoddy (Malabar), Rare. This species differs from all others of the genus in the absence of an anteocular shield. 4, DrescripTion OF THREE NEw SPECIES OF AUSTRALIAN SNAKES. By Gerarp KRrerrt. SIMOTES AUSTRALIS, sp. nov. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 160 to 163. Anal bifid. Sub- caudals 18/18. Total length 113"; tail 1’. Av Ki cn Sanne Body cylindrical, rounded; head short, conical, not distinct from neck ; tail short, ending in a blunt point. Rostral shield much pro- duced, flat in front, pointed behind, reaching backwards to between the anterior frontals, slightly grooved at its base. Two nasals, nostrils between, one anterior, two posterior oculars ; two temporals (in one specimen a third smaller one behind). Eye small; pupil subelliptical, erect; no loreal, replaced by the posterior nasal and anterior ocular; six upper labials, the third and fourth coming into the orbit ; occipitals short, not much rounded behind, and but slightly forked. The general colour is red, very bright on the posterior part of the body and tail; all the scales are slightly margined, some, much darker than others, have a whitish (in spirits) spot in the middle, and form into a series of half rings, of which there are about fifty- six upon the body and tail. The head is covered by a black band across the occiput, leaving the snout free, commencing from below the eye, and marking the fourth and fifth upper labials, the vertical, and nearly the whole of the occipitals; this black band is divided from a second band covering the neck by a whitish space. I believe the present species is the first Simotes discovered in Australia; and I am much indebted to Dr. James C. Cox, who found it in the neighbourhood of Port Curtis. A second specimen, taken on the banks of the Clarence River, was given to me a few days ago by Judge Francis. HoPpLocerHaLvs RAMSAY], sp. nov. Seales in 15 rows, Anal bifid. Ventrals 164. Subcaudals 51. ~ Total length 103”; tail 2". 1864.] | MR. G. KREFFT ON NEW AUSTRALIAN SNAKES. 181 Body rather elongate and rounded ; head scarcely distinct from neck, rather high and elongate, with obtuse muzzle; rostral just reaching to the surface of crown ; anterior frontals moderate, rounded in front ; posterior ones larger, bent down on the sides; one ante- rior, two posterior oculars, the lower forming about one-fourth of the orbit; vertical narrow, six-sided, much longer than broad ; superciliaries nearly the same size as the vertical ; occipitals mode- rate, not forked behind; six upper labials, the third and fourth forming the lower part of the orbit ; no loreal, replaced by the elon- gate nasal, second and third upper labial, anterior ocular, and bent down anterior frontal. One nasal, pierced by the nostril; scales moderate, rhomboid, in fifteen rows; tail rather short, scarcely di- stinct from trunk, tapering; eye moderate, pupil rounded ; grooved fang in front, some smaller smooth teeth behind. Dark olive-green above, each scale tipped with reddish, in parti- cular those on the sides; crown and a narrow vertebral line, one scale wide, somewhat darker than the other parts; this line extends to the root of the tail ; upper labials and chin-shields whitish, marked with olive-brown in the upper corners. Beneath yellow, each ventral seale with a blackish margin; subcaudals nearly black. Mr. E. P. Ramsay discovered this new Snake in the neighbour- hood of Braidwood, N. S. Wales ; it is apparently a young specimen, its total length not exceeding 103 inches. HopLocrPHALUS NIGRO-STRIATUS, Sp. Nov. Scales in 15 rows. Anal entire. Ventrals 180. Subcaudals 62. Total length 11"; tail 24". Body and tail as in HZ. nigrescens ; belly flat; tail moderate, not distinct from trunk; head not distinct from neck, depressed, rounded ; rostral moderate; anterior frontals broad, hinder edges just touching the nostril ; posterior frontals much larger, rounded behind ; vertical moderate, six-sided, very broad; occipitals rather narrow, elongate, much forked and pointed behind ; one anterior, two posterior ocu- lars ; superciliaries and eyes small; pupil elliptical, erect ; six upper labials, third and fourth touching the eye. Upper part of posterior half of tail covered with large hexagonal scales ; sides and beneath 182 MR. G. KREFFT ON NEW AUSTRALIAN FISHES. [Apr. 26, yellowish white; crown and a vertebral line running from the neck to the tip of the tail black. Hab. North-east Australia, neighbourhood of Rockhampton. 5. Notes on AUSTRALIAN FRESHWATER FISHES, AND DescrIP- TIONS OF Four New Species. By Grerarp KRerFrtT. The scanty knowledge which we possess of the fishes inhabiting our freshwater streams has induced me to pay some attention to this subject ; and I now furnish a list of species of the several rivers | from which I have received specimens. To begin with our imme- diate neighbourhood, I find that up to the present time not more than four species have been captured in the streams emptying into Port Jackson and Botany Bay :—unamely, Eleotris australis, sp. nov. ; Mugil dobula, Gthr.; Anguilla australis, Rich.; and Galaxias scriba. These four species we find in almost every stream, swamp, and lagoon, Galaxias scriba even in old wells or other water-holes on the top of hills, which have no connexion with any of the running streams. Anguilla australis is also frequently found in detached pools of water ; whilst Eleotris australis frequents the clearer stream- lets. I have never had an opportunity of examining the creeks which are situated upon the north shore of Port Jackson, nor have I ever received specimens captured there ; but I have reason to believe that, besides the four kinds of fish mentioned, there exists a larger fresh- water species, commonly called ‘ Perch,” probably a Therapon, which is not found in the salt water of the harbour. With regard to the fishes of the Nepean or Hawkesbury, its tri- butaries, and the swamps and lagoons with which this river is occa- sionaily connected during high floods, I am enabled to give a better account. I have drawn the seine in the Hawkesbury between Windsor and Richmond, about fifty miles from its mouth, where the water is as fresh as that of any mountain-stream ; and the result was, at a haul, about 200 so-called “‘ Mullets’’ (two species, Mugil dobula, Gthr., and Mugil compressus, Gthr.), two ‘“ Eels” (Anguilla aus- tralis, Rich.), a ‘‘ Perch”? (Lates colonorum, Gthr., Ann. N. H. 1863, xi. p. 114), and a ‘Rock Cod” (Dertropogon robustus, Gthr.). How this last fish managed to go so far up a freshwater river I could not understand. It has all the appearance of a true sea-fish; and yet I took it subsequently much further up the river, between the mountains, whilst I have also received two specimens captured with hook and line in Mr. Pitt’s lagoon near Bronte—a lagoon which, Mr. Pitt informs me, has not been flooded during the last four years. There is another fish, called a ‘‘ Bream”? by the settlers, which we did not succeed in capturing (this is probably Beryx affinis), and a second species of Perch, which may prove to be new. Ata second haul a true Flat-head (Platycephalus tasmanius, Rich.) was secured, besides the usual amount of ‘ Mullet’? and “ Perch.” The smaller fry, as Galaxias scriba, Rich., and the so-called Sprat 1864.] MR. G. KREFFT ON NEW AUSTRALIAN FISHES. 183 (Megalops setipinnis, Rich.), were taken with hook and line. The last-mentioned species affords a good deal of sport, as it will rise to a fly. I mention this fact, as some authors have denied that fly-fishing existed in Australia. ' The genus Eleotris I found well represented in this river; and I give a short description of four new species. ELEOTRIS COXII, sp. nov. D.C. >. A. 1/9. L. lat. 36 to 38. Twelve series of scales between the origin of the posterior dorsal and the anal. Head scaly ; snout obtuse, with the lower jaw promi- nent. The height of the body is contained five times and a quarter in the total length; the length of the head more than four times; the horizontal diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head, and equal to the width of the interorbital space. Coloration bright yellow; upper part and sides finely punctured with black, forming a broad, sometimes indistiuct streak upon the sides. Dorsals and pectorals bright yellow at the base, the first punctured with black; belly whitish. Teeth villiform, in broad bands. Anal papilla large, somewhat longer than broad. Total length 5+ inches. Hab. Lagoon near Bronte, Upper Hawkesbury River. ELEorTRIS oh ciate oe nov. Dong) An. ge Ma: Lats 332s Eight series of scales between the origin of the posterior dorsal fin and the anal. Head scaly, as far as the snout, obtuse; lower jaw prominent; teeth in villiform bands. The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the total length, and the head four times and a quarter; the horizontal diameter of the eye is one- half the width of the interorbital space. General coloration yel- lowish brown, covered with minute black spots, which form five or six longitudinal lines upon the sides; base of pectorals with a nar- row bright yellow band; all the rays of the caudal spotted with black ; second dorsal with three or four narrow, sometimes indistinct bands. Anal papilla as long as the horizontal diameter of the eye, and nearly as broad. Total length 5 inches. Hab. Creeks near Sydney, Hawkesbury River and its tributaries, Hunter River, and Clarence River. ELEOTRIS GRANDICEPS, sp. nov. D.71/9. A. 3. L. lat. 38 to 40. Twelve series of scales between the origin of the posterior dorsal fin and the anal. - Head very large, broad, depressed, without any apparent scales ; lower jaw prominent ; teeth villiform. The height of the body is contained five times in the total length, and that of the head three times and a half. The diameter of the eye is one- fifth of the length of the head, and nearly one-half of the interorbital 184 MR. J. GOULD ON A NEW MERGUS. [Apr. 26, space ; the pectorals reach to the origin of the anal fin. General coloration yellowish, punctured with black in particular on the upper _ part and sides ; snout blackish ; lower jaw sometimes punctured with black also ; beneath whitish. Anal papilla very small. Total length 3% inches. Hab. Upper Hawkesbury River; freshwater lagoons near Bronte and Richmond, Eastern Creek, and other tributaries of the Hawkes- bury. There are just twelve species of fishes from the Nepean and Hawkesbury ; but I am assured by Mr. George M. Pitt, jun., to whom I am chiefly indebted for my specimens, that the river con- tains more than twenty different kinds of fish: the remaining spe- cies I hope to capture during the course of this summer, and I shall furnish an account of them in due time. Of our northern rivers, the Hastings, the Richmond, and the Clarence, I know but little ; that they team with fish there is no doubt, and that many new genera and species will be found amongst them is certain. Many of the settlers upon the banks of these streams have promised their co- operation ; and Mr. James F. Wilcox, who resides on the Clarence River, has supplied me already with many interesting specimens. I received from him Oligorus macquariensis, Cuv. & Val., Therapon unicolor (?), Galaxias scriba, Rich., Eleotris mogunda, Rich., and E. compressus, sp. nov., which may be described as follows :— ELEOTRIS COMPRESSUS, Sp. nov. D.C. ito10. A... L. lat. 28/30. 10" Eight series of scales between the origin of the posterior dorsal fin and the anal. Body cyprinoid, compressed ; the height of the body is contained three times and three-quarters in the total length, and the head four times ; the horizontal diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head, and is contained once and a half in the interorbital space; the snout is short, lower jaw longest; mouth rather small; head scaly. Coloration reddish brown, with five or six indistinct cross bands, formed of the close-dotted black spots with which the scales are covered. The second dorsal and the anal are rather long, and more or less marked with black at the base and top; besides this, the hinder part of the second dorsal is speckled with white. Anal papilla of moderate size and forked. Total length 33 inches. Hab. Clarence River, and creeks near Port Denison. Discovered by Mr. James F. Wilcox. 6. Descriprion oF A NEw SPECIES OF THE GENUS MeERGuUS. By Joun Goutp, F.R.S., Etc. Mereus squamatus, Gould. Crown of the head, lengthened crest, and neck rusty brown ; upper surface brownish grey ; tuft of feathers at the insertion of the wing 1864.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON A NEW RAT FROM FORMOSA. 185 grey, passing into white near the tip, and broadly margined with black ; lesser wing-coverts grey; greater coverts grey at the base, passing into black about the middle of the feathers, beyond which they are creamy white; primaries very dark or blackish brown ; lower part of the throat and all the under surface pale buff; sides of the breast and the whole of the flanks down to the tail deep rich buff, with two narrow irregular crescentic bands of blackish brown on each feather, one within the other, the outer one near the edge, the inner one near the middle ; a similar style of marking pervades the space behind the legs, the lower part of the back, and the upper tail-coverts, but the markings in those parts are wider, of a greyer tint, and intermingled with each other; tail greyish brown, the central feathers freckled on their margins with greyish white. Total length 23 inches ; bill 22; wing 10; tail 44; tarsi 2. Hab. China. Remark.—The above description was taken from an example which I consider to be either immature or in its winter livery. In size it is intermediate between Mergus castor and M. merganser. When- ever a specimen is procured in its nuptial dress, it will doubtless prove to be a bird of great beauty. This new species is at once distin- guished from the other members of its genus by the squamate form of the markings on the flanks, which has suggested the specific name assigned to it. May 10, 1864. Dr. E. Hamilton in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. On a New Rat From Formosa. By Rosert Swinuor, F.Z.S. MUs CONINGA, 0. sp. M. corpore supra rufo, setis nigris spinosis sparso, subtus abrupte albo: auribus rotundis, fuscis : cauda longa, sqguamosa, setosa : pedibus albis. Corp. long. 8 poll., caud. 9 poll. Upper parts reddish brown, sprinkled with stiff black bristles, more especially on the back, where the fur is also often a little dark ; ears and fore part of legs deep brown; tail composed of short rings of seales set with short stiff bristles, deep brown on its upper parts, whitish on the lower and for about 12 inch of tip ; a ring of black runs round the lids of the eye; whiskers on sides of muzzle and a few hairs on sides of the forehead very long and glossy black; fore teeth rufous sienna, those on lower jaw long; chin, breast, under 186 MR. R. SWINHOE ON A NEW RAT FROM FORMOSA. [May 10, fore paws, belly, and under thighs pure white; paws white, the hinder ones large. In a young animal, measuring 6} inches in trunk, the tail mea- sured 6 inches; head to fore root of ear 14 inch; between ears ‘7 inch; length of ear ‘8 inch; greatest breadth of ear 4 inch; hind foot, from tibial joint to end of nails, 1-4 inch. As the animal attains its full size, the tail exceeds the trunk in length. I have examined about thirty-five specimens of different ages; the younger the animal, the fewer spinous bristles : of these the males carry most ; they are sharp and very stiff. Amongst these specimens there is, as usual, an amount of variation; but in proportions it is not very appreciable, except in so far as to be accounted for by age. In colour, on the contrary, varieties abound: the most strongly marked are the following :— 1. Sides strongly freckled with olive-yellow. 2. Brown, with more or less reddish ; fur softer, with few bristles. 3. Similar to 1, but with brown instead of white fur. 4. Similar to 1, with white and brown feet and white-patched tail. 5. Characters of nos. 2 and 1 united. These five varieties are so linked together by intermediate forms that there is no drawing a line between them. When I received the first soft-furred brown Rat, I thought I had got a distinct creature ; but I soon procured others combining the characters of both. The colour and softness of its fur led me to conjecture that it might be a race of which the ancestors had hybridized with Mus decumanus, be- cause I received a specimen of this last animal from the same locality. But the acquisition of further specimens showed me that, from the ~ unsullied whiteness of its belly and the intermediate tinges of the upper parts of many others, the difference only consisted in a slight variation in the colour and appearance of the fur, the other charac- teristics of the species remaining unaltered. This Rat is not now found in the vicinity of towns, whence, like the indigenous Rats of most countries, it has fallen back before the usurpation of the stronger hordes of the commercial Rat (Mus decumanus) ; and it is now only found in the isolated hamlets of the interior, whither its enemy ap- pears gradually to be extending its sway. It is difficult to under- stand how so large and strong a Rat has been ousted out of its rights by a not much stronger usurper. This species must have occurred formerly in towns in pretty considerable numbers, as it still does in country places. The imported hortles of Mus decumanus could not have been in larger numbers, but I should fancy must have employed a superior cunning to deprive these of their territory—much the same sort of advantage, probably, that civilization gives the China- man in this country, and the whites in Australia, which enables them to drive into the mountains and bush the rightful but less expert possessors of the land of their fathers. This Rat is allied to the aboriginal Rat of Southern China (Mus flavescens, Gray), and doubt- less of the same stock; but it attains a larger size, is robuster, has larger hind feet, larger ears, and is otherwise distinguished by its 1864. ] . DR. P. L. SCLATER ON A NEW COCKATOO. 187 feet being white, and by the pure abrupt white of its under parts. The bristles of its upper parts are also more numerous and more spinous. It was, perhaps, originally brought over by Chinese junks, and drove before it some other species, of which some few may yet be found lin- gering about the huts of the savages of the interior. For, in former days, before the accession of western commerce, M. flavescens was doubtless the chief Rat of the towns of Southern China; and special circumstances may have caused it to vary ; or its pedigree may perhaps be carried further back to the time when there must have been more territorial connexion between this island and the main, when Lepus sinensis, Cervulus reevesii, and others managed to get across and remain to this day in either country identical and unchanged in form. These, however, are merely conjectures ; but the facts remain that Mus coninga is allied to M. flavescens, and that both have been banished from their accustomed haunts by the cosmopolite usurper, M. decumanus. The Formosan Rat is distinguished by the Chinese colonists from M. decumanus, which they call Laou chee, by the name Pay-ba, or white belly. The country-people attribute medicinal properties to its flesh, and value its carcase at fourpence a piece. I propose to name the animal after the powerful pirate chief who seized the island from the Dutch, and whose nightly rest this indigenous species must have as greatly disturbed as do its commercial successors those of the present trading community. 2. On a New Species or Waite CocKAToo LIVING IN THE Society's Garpens. By P. L. Scrater, M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., SecRETARY TO THE SOCIETY. (Plate XVII.) In April of the year before last the Society obtained from the ship ‘La Hogue’ (as recorded in the ‘ Proceedings’ for May 13, 1862) * a pair of a fine large species of White Cockatoo, new to the collection. Somewhat influenced, I must confess, by the information that they had been brought to Sydney from the Salomon Islands, I was induced to refer these birds to the Cacatua ducorpsii, obtained by MM. Hombron and Jacquinot in that group of islands, and described b those naturalists in the Zoology of the ‘ Voyage au Péle Sud,’ although they did not quite agree with the characters and figure there given of that species. On its returu voyage this year the same ship has brought over a pair of smaller White Cockatoos, received at Sydney from the island of Guadalcanar, of the Salomon group. As soon as I saw them, I was at once convinced that I had made a mistake in referring the former pair of birds to Cacatua ducorpsii, and that the latter pair were rightfully entitled to that designation. It thus becomes neces- * See P. Z. S. 1862, p. 141. 188 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON A NEW COCKATOO. [May 10, sary to give a new name to the Cockatoo which I have heretofore erroneously called ducorpsii, and figured under that name in the ‘Proceedings’ for 1862. I propose, therefore, to call it Cacatua ophthalmica, as its most distinguishing characteristic when living is the blue naked skin which surrounds the eye, and renders it at first sight distinguishable from every other bird of the genus. Before giving the specific characters of this new species, I may remark that the White Cockatoos, of the genus Cacatwa, may be divided into two very easily distinguished sections. The first em- braces those species which have a narrow medial head-crest, with the slender point recurved at the extremity, and appearing above the surface of the adjoining feathers when the crest is in a state of repose. The second contains those species which have the crest broadened and comprising the greater part of the head-feathers, rising when erect into a sphere more or less pyramidal in shape, but showing when in a state of repose no recurved point. The following diagnoses may assist in determining the species :— Sect. A. Crista angustata ad apicem recurva. 1. galerita, ex Australia. Majores candidz, crista flava ......... 2. triton, ex Nov. Guinea et Moluce. Minores candide, crista aurantiaca... 3. citrinocristata, ex Timor. 4. sulphurea, ex Timor, Flores, Lombock crista flava ......... et Celebes. 5. e@quatorialis, ex Noy. Guin. et Moluce. Major, crista tricolore ............0e+008 6. leadbeateri, ex Australia. Sect. B. Crista lata incumbente. Candida major; crista alba ............ 7. cristata, ex Ternate. eristarubral ccce-S-S- Turton, | Fleming,| Jenyns, | Bell. 1807. | 1828. | 1835. | 1837. 9. Catodon macrocephalus ...... 53-59 59 71 10 10. Physeter tursio .........00...0068 5 11, Steno rostratus .........s00000... 12. Delphinus delphis Euphrosyne .e..ee..seeeeee DUUSIOL eset cocusvecstsct cess 15. Lagenorhynchus leucopleurus.|............|-.e.seecccee|eceeeeeeeees 10 1G $————“val DIROSUTIS Jc 04 st cane lanes] soarven steel Sedmedsedee dives adbetebcleecdanees | ACULUS PE sespanceseneseaesna\n«| ce dAesisinde|eencsenaiess|sepacaruees| scceaslecs 18. Hyperodon batskopf ............ 61 55 70 7 PQs Uarenocetusdatirons 4 .s.s00); |.) 2eiccuee-|toostncciceelpeesersenecelcecesnene 20. Ziphius sowerbiensis ............ BS iivi? lessdeteck oss 70, part| 8 21. Globiocephalus svineval ......)............ 51 67 5 TINISLY Sae-tewen ceave sie s seks IncrassatUsS ...ceeseee..00e «Orca gladiator .21.s.-. a 1864.] DR. J. E, GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. 217 Fig. 9. ) \ \ x Atlas Vertebra of Physalus antiguorum, from Devonshire. Extreme width 26 inches ; height 13 inches. Extreme width 43 inches; height 134 inches. Width of articular surface 10 inches; height 8 inches. Fifth Cervical Vertebra of Physalus antiquorum, from Devonshire. Extreme width 353 inches; height 104 inches. Width of articular surface 12 inches; height 74 inches. 218 DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. [May 24, Tympanic Bones of Physalus antiguorum, from Devonshire. at Zoological Gardens, Edinburgh. Coast of Hampshire, 1842; ske- leton at Black Gang Chine. Plymouth, 1831; skeleton in British Museum. The Hope Reach, near Gravesend, 1858 or 1859 ?; ske- leton at Rosherville Gardens, 1864. Alloa, Frith of Forth (Nez/), male. Burnt Island, 10th June, 1862 (Walker). Plymouth, 1863 (Gerrard) ; skeleton in Alexandra Park. Skeleton in Zoological Gardens, Antwerp (see Bull. Acad. Roy. Brux. xxiv. 3). Skeleton not mounted, Museum Paris. Skeleton, Museum Louvain, 1836, 60 feet long. Holland, 1836. In the normal state of the cervical vertebrze of this species, both the upper and lower lateral processes of all of them are developed and united into rings. This is the case in the skeleton in the British Museum, and in that, from the Thames, in Rosherville Gardens. But this is subject to some variation: in the specimen from Ply- mouth, prepared by Messrs. Gerrard, now in Alexandra Park, the lower processes of the sixth and seventh cervical vertebree are abor- tive, in the sixth they are reduced to small tubercles, and are en- tirely wanting in the seventh. The different English skeletons of this Whale which I have ex- amined and which are adult, or at least nearly of the same size (that is, from 70 to 80 feet long), show considerable variation in the form and in the size of the perforation, and in the development of the rings of the lateral processes of the hinder cervical vertebree, show- ing that there are several species, or, what is more probable, that their bones are liable to a considerable amount of variation. The skeleton which is now in the British Museum is said to 1864. | DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. 219 have been found dead, floating in the sea, at Plymouth on the 2nd of October 1831, and to have been 102 feet long and 75 in circum- ference. The cervical vertebree are all free and separate; the second with a broad lateral expansion, pierced at the base ; the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth with rings, the ring of the third being the broadest ; the seventh with only a superior lateral process, without a small tu- bercular rudiment of a lower process; the lateral processes of the second and third cervical bent backwards, of the fourth straight, and of the fifth and sixth bent forwards. The hinder vertebre large and heavy. Caudal vertebrze without chevrons 7, with chevrons 10, lumbar 17, dorsal 13, and cervical 7=54. The sternum is sinuous; but the front edge is truncated, on a line with the widest part, with- out the subtrifoliate front edge; it is 18 inches wide and 142 inches long. The skeleton at Black Gang Chine is said to be 75 feet long. Ribs 14/14. Vertebree: caudal 18, lumbar 15, dorsal 14, cervical 7 =54. Baleen blue-grey, white-streaked on the narrow inner side. The second cervical vertebra with a broad lateral expansion, pierced with an oblong hole; the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical with ring-like lateral expansions. In the skeleton from Plymouth, prepared by Mr. Gerrard, now in the Alexandra Park, the lateral processes of the second cervical are large, produced, obliquely truncated, with a moderate-sized oblong perforation, not half the length of the process, on a line with it, and not more than one-third the length of the lower edge ; of the third, fourth, and fifth vertebrze ring-like, not quite so long as those of the second vertebra, slender, thin, and weak; the processes of the fifth vertebra are the thickest and strongest, especially below; the sixth has upper processes only, which are very thin and slight; in the seventh they are like the sixth, but much thicker and larger, and bent back so that the two processes are close together at the upper edge: the sixth vertebra has small short tubercles in the place of the lower lateral process; none are present in the seventh vertebra. The sternal bone is subtrifoliate, much broader than high, with an elongated strap-like process below, and without any central perfora- tion. The bodies of the second and third cervical vertebre are ob- long transverse, much broader than high. The skeleton at Rosherville is said to be 70 feet long, and was taken in the Hope Reach in 1858 or 1859. The lateral process of the second cervical is large, elongate, produced, obliquely truncated at the upper edge; the perforation is moderate, not half the length of the process, on a line with the lower edge of the opening. The lateral processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrze are narrow, ring-like, thin, with a large central cavity; the seventh, like the dorsal, has only an upper lateral process. Lower jaw 13 feet ; paddle 14 feet. The young male, 42 feet long, caught near the mouth of the Somme, on the coast of France, described and figured by Ravin, Ann. Sci. . Nat. x. 266, t. 11, xv. 337, t. 9, under the name of Balenoptera rostrata, from the form of the skull, seems to be a species of the 220 DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. [May 24, genus Physalus, probably P. antiquorum ; but the details of the ske- leton have not been given. The tympanic bones are drawn of a very small size (l.c.t.9. f. 27, 3r). Lacépétde (Cétac. t. 5, 7) describes and figures a whale stranded near the Isle of Marguerite in 1797. It is described as 61 feet long; distance from nose to pectoral 143, thence to dorsal 102, and from dorsal to caudal 82. But there must be some mistake, as this ac- counts for only 34 feet. The pectorals are 5 feet long (that is, only one-twelfth of the total length), and all black. Cuvier figured the skull of this whale (Oss. Foss. t. 26. f. 5), and founded on it his Rorqual de la Méditerranée. M. F. Cuvier (Cétac. 334) regarded this as the type of his Balena musculus. M. Campango notices a whale cast ashore near St. Cyprien. The entire length was 82 feet, of the head 16 feet ; and the pectoral was 13 feet long. Vertebre 61, viz. cervical 7, dorsal 14, lumbar 15, caudal about 25. It was dark grey, with the throat and sides of the pectoral white; the belly blue, white-banded ; the pectoral greyish. M. F. Cuvier refers this to the B. musculus, or Mediterranean Ror- qual. The skeleton was at Lyons in 1835. M. Van Beneden (Ann. Sci. Nat. n. s. vi. 159) says the tympanic bones brought from Iceland by M. Quoy belonged to the B. muscu- lus of Cuvier. ** The upper and lower lateral processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebre elongate, slender, free at the ends ; the upper one bent down; the lateral process of the secontl cervical large, truncated. Body of the cervical vertebre oblong, ovate, not much broader than high; the upper edge concave ; the lower very slightly convex. 2 t SY ‘a Atlas of Physalus duguidii. Extreme width 21 inches ; height 123 inches. 1864. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. 221 Fig. 14. Second Cervical Vertebra of Physalus duguidit. Extreme length, measured by a cord, 253 inches; height 12 inches. Articulating surface: height 7 inches; width 11 inches. Fig. 15. ify : Wy Kilt} \\ \\y ae nt POTASH babe Fifth Cervical Vertebra of Physalus dugucdit. PuHyYSALUS DUGUIDI. (Figs. 13, 14, 15.) The Orkney Whale (Physalus duguidii), Heddle, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, 187, Mamm. t. 44 & t. 45, anat. 6 & Q. a Hab. Orkney (Heddle) ; cervical and part of dorsal vertebree and } the baleen in the British Museum. Length 50 feet. ? The upper lateral processes of the third, fourth, and fifth cervical vertebrze are very slender and bent down, with two slight angular ridges on the outer edge ; the lower processes are much thicker and bent up at the end, with a broad flat lower edge near the base, which forms an angle at the end. The bodies of the cervical vertebrae are roundish oblong, rather wider below than above, about one-fourth the width wider than they are high. The form of the body and the slenderness and form of the lateral processes of the cervical vertebree seem to separate this species from P. antiquorum, as well as the sepa- 222 DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. [May 24, rate form of the lateral processes. In the Plymouth specimen of the latter in the Museum, the bodies of the cervical vertebrae are oblong, transverse, being one-third the width broader than high. The short baleen forms the front part of the series, in which the layer in the middle is dark slate-coloured, and the intermediate- sized blades are more or less slate-coloured on the outer and white on the inner side. The breast-bone is lozenge-shaped, with a large central perforation. Mr. Heddle gives a long account of this species in his paper in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ above referred to. *** The upper and lower lateral processes of the third, fourth, and Jifth cervical vertebre short, strong, separate, directed laterally; the lateral process of the second cervical short, truncated. Puysaus sippaLpit. (Fig. 15a.) Physalus (Rorqualus) sibbaldii, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, 92; Cat. Cetac. 42. Hab. North Sea, ascending rivers; in the Humber, Yorkshire ; skeleton in Museum of the Hull Royal Institution and Literary and Philosophical Society. Length 50 feet. The skeleton in the Hull Philosophical Society’s Museum is 47 feet long, and evidently of a young animal ; the arm or paddle is rather more than 6 feet long. The baleen is all black. The cervical vertebrze are all separate ; the second cervical vertebra has a broad lateral ex- pansion, and is oblong, obliquely truncated from the wide upper to the narrow lower edge, and with a small oblong subcentral perfora- tion near the base; the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh cer- vical vertebre have a straight, rather elongate lateral process, which projects straight out from the body of the vertebra, and the upper and lower ones are of nearly equal length. The end of the first rib, near the vertebra, has a single head; and the second rib has a com- pressed internal process. a \ are Second and Fifth Cervical Vertebre of Physalus sibbaldit. (From a sketch by Mr. Harrison, of Hull.) : : Fig. 15 a. 4, SIBBALDUS. The pectoral fins moderate. The second cervical vertebra with 1864. | DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. 223 a broad elongated process, perforated at the base. The front ribs double-headed. Balenoptera, sp., Gray. Pterobalena, sp., Eschricht, Van Beneden. Pectoral fin one-eighth the entire length; and the dorsal fin, “opposite the opening of the vent;’’ nearly three-fourths the entire length from the nose. Skull very broad. Maxillary bones very broad, gradually tapering, with nearly straight outer edges. The intermaxillaries moderate, linear. The frontal bones broad, band- like, with a wide sinuous edge over the orbits. Nasal bones small. The lower jaw slightly arched, compressed, with a conical ramus near the condyle. The lateral process of the second cervical verte- bra expanded, with a basal perforation (Rudolphi, Berl. Trans. 1822, t.1.f.2). Tympanic bone oblong, ventricose (see Dubar, t. 4. f. 1; Rudolphi, t. 3. f. 6). The lateral processes of the second to the sixth cervical vertebrae separate, elongate. The scapula broad, with a large, well-developed coracoid process in front. The hand with four rather short fingers; the second and third equal and longest ; the inner or fourth rather shorter than the first. Vertebree fifty-four. Ribs thirteen or fourteen. The first rib slender, with a process on the side near the condyle, as if the rib was divided into two some- what similar lobes above (Rudolphi, t. 5. f. 6). According to Dubar, the first rib is articulated to the first and second dorsal vertebra. The under jaw less curved ; but the great character is that the front rib is split into two separate parts near the condyle, or double- headed, as Dubar calls it. The tympanic bones are short, oblong, swollen (figured én situ in the skull, Rudolphi, J. ¢. t. 3. f. 6). SipBaLpus LaTicers. (Figs. 16, 17.) Ribs 13/13. Balena rostrata, Rudolphi, Berl. Abhand. 1820, t.1 (not Hunter). Rorqual du Nord, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 564, t. 26. f. 6 (cop. from Rudolphi). Balenoptera laticeps, Gray, Zool. E. & T., from Rudolphi. Balena borealis, Fischer, Syn. 524, from Cuvier. Hab. North Sea; Holstein, 1819 (Rudolphi) ; skeleton in Mus. Berlin, 31 feet long. Zuyderzee, 1816, skeleton in Mus. Leyden. There is also the first rib of a whale of this genus in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, which seems to indicate a fourth species. The origin of the specimen is unknown. M. Van Beneden, who regarded this as the young of the follow- ing, observes that the skeleton in the Berlin Museum from Holstein is not quite adult; and also states that there is a skeleton, not quite adult, in the Leyden Museum from the Zuyderzee. SIBBALDUS BOREALIS. (Fig. 18.) Ribs 14/14. Baleine d’ Ostende, Van Breda, 1827, 341; Dubar, Ostéographie, Bruxelles, 8vo, 1828, t. 1-10. 224 DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. [May 24, Fig. 16. First Rib of Sibdaldus laticeys. (From Rudolphi.) Pig. -li74 First Rib of a Stbbaldus laticeps?, in Mus. Coll. Surgeons. Fig. 18. First Rib of Sibbaldus borealis. (From Dubar.) Baleinoptére d Ostende, Van der Linden, 1828, Bruxelles, 8vo. The Ostend Whale, Guide to the Exhibition at Charing Cross, with drawings by Scharff; Bernaert, ‘ Notice sur la Baleine échoude prés d’Ostend,’ Paris, 1829. Great Northern Rorqual, “ R. borealis, Lesson,” Jardine, Nat. Lib. 125, t. 5, from Scharff. Balena borealis, part, Fischer, Syn. 524, from Dubar. Balenoptera rorqual, Dewhurst, London Mag. N. H. 1832, v. 214. Balenoptera gigas, Eschr.& Reinh. Nat. Bidrag, af Groenland, 1857. 1864.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. 225 Pterobalena gigas, Van Beneden, Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Brux. 1861, xxxii. 37. Balenoptera boops, Yarrell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 11. Balenoptera tenuirostris, Sweeting, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, p. 342. Hab. North Sea. «A Whale was observed floating dead in the North Sea between Belgium and England,’ and towed into the harbour of Ostend on the 4th of November, 1827. The skeleton was exhibited at Charing Cross, and is now, I believe, in the United States. The specimen was 102 feet long, the lower jaw 21} feet long, and the fins 134 feet long. Vertebree 54. Ribs 14/14. The atlas (Dubar, t. 6. f.1): the second cervical vertebra with large lateral processes, pierced with a large hole; the third, fourth, and fifth with two lateral processes on each side, which are not formed into a complete ring as in the second; the fifth offers a rudiment of a spinal apophysis. The first rib double-headed, articulated to the first and second dorsal vertebree. Bones of the ears (Dubar, t. 5. f. 1); os hyoides (t. 5. f. 2); breast-bone (t. 6. f. 4) not pierced, short and broad, with a broad hinder portion. The vertebral column 37. Dubar’s figures represent the second, third, and fourth cervical ver- tebree as with a ring, and the fifth, sixth, and seventh with deflexed upper and straight lower separate lateral processes. Ribs, first (t. 8. f. 1) with two heads, very broad at lower end; second (f. 2) with rather elongate internal process; fourteenth (f. 3) quite simple. Pelvic bones (t. 9. f. 1, 2). Shoulderblade short and very broad on the external edge, with a large lobe for the ridge (t. 10). Pectoral fin and bones (t.11). Fingers four; the second and third nearly of equal length, and longest; the fourth or outer shorter, longer than the first or inner. Mr. Yarrell (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 11) notices a female of this genus under the name of “ Balenoptera boops.” It was stranded at Charmouth, Dorsetshire, on Feb. 5, 1840. It had no warts about the lips; back black ; underside white ; pupil oval, with- out any eyelashes. Length 41 feet. Pectoral fin 5} feet long, base 102 from tip of nose, and 13 foot wide. Dorsal small, conical, 11 feet in advance of the tail. Skeleton 40 feet long, head 10 feet. Vertebrze 60, viz. 7 cervical, 15 dorsal, 16 lumbar, 15 caudal, and with 7 caudal bones. Ribs 14/14; the first double-headed, and at- tached to the first two vertebree ; each of the other ribs is attached to a single vertebra, and hasa single head. The dorsal vertebra ex- ceed the ribs by one. ‘* The subcutaneous layers of fat varied in thickness from 3 to 5 inches.” In other details the skeleton agreed with Dewhurst’s description of the ‘Ostend Whale.” ** Head, back, tail, and outside of the pectoral fins black ; inside of the pectoral fins, throat, breast, and belly beautiful white; inside of the under jaw black; tongue, palate, and the spaces intervening between the reefs on the belly pink. The under jaw the widest, and projecting 9 inches beyond the upper one ; end of both jaws rounded. The muzzle longer and more attenuated than in Balena. The spi- racles longitudinal, like slits or fissures, nearly meeting in front, and Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1864, No. XV. 226 DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. [May 24, gradually diverging behind to a distance of about 3 inches. Baleen bluish black and yellowish white. Female 42 feet long, weighing 25 tons. Blubber varied in thickness from 3 to 5 inches ; yielded three hogsheads of oil.” —Sweeting, Mag. N. Hist. 1840, p. 342. The accounts in the ‘ Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ and in the ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1840, p. 11, are evidently from the same animal, but there are some discrepancies between them. Mr. Sweeting says, breadth 21 feet; Mr. Yarrell says, girth 21 feet. Mr. Sweeting, total weight 25 tons; Mr. Yarrell, probable weight between 20 and 25 tons. Mr. Sweeting, length of skeleton 41, and head 11 feet; Mr. Yarrell, 40, and head i0 feet. Mr. Sweeting says, for the discrepancy, ‘‘ As to the number of vertebra, &c., I am of opinion that this species has not been described before, and I have proposed for it the name Balenoptera tenuirostris.”’ (Mag. N. Hist., 24th March, 1840.) The skeleton here described was sold, about sixteen years ago, for five pounds, to Mr. Freane, and it was stated to have been sent to London as a present to the British Museum, but it has never been received, and I cannot find any further account of it; probably it was sold for manure. One of the true Whales, Balena australis (Temm. Fauna Japo- nica, t. 28, 29), has the first rib with a double head (fig. 19, a sketch by Gerrard from the skeleton in Mus. Leyden.). Fig. 19. First Rib of Balena australis. b. Dorsal fin two-thirds of the entire length from the nose ; cervical vertebre sometimes united. 5. BAL NOPTERA. Pectoral fin moderate. Dorsal fin falcate, two-thirds of the entire length from nose. Vertebree 50; last very small. The first pair of ribs undivided near the condyle. The lateral process of the second cervical vertebra elongate, pierced at the base ; of the third, fourth, and fifth cervical elongate, slender, separate ; the lower with an angular bend below. The front ribs simple, thick, with only a slight swelling on the inner edge near the condyle. Tympanic bones obovate, short, veutricose. The lateral process of the second cervical vertebra expanded, broad,, with a large ovate perforation in the middle of its base; the upper and lower margins being broad and of nearly equal width, the upper 1864. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. 227 being, if anything, rather the broadest of the two, very unlike the lateral process of the same bone in Physalus. The neural arch high, acute, with a rather high subcircular canal for the spinal marrow. The body of the atlas vertebra oblong, transverse, with a subcylin- drical lateral process produced from the middle of the side. Balenoptera, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 89. Balenoptera, § 1, Gray, Zool. Er. & T. 50. Pterobalena, part, Eschricht. Rorqualus, part, F, Cuvier. The lateral processes of the cervical vertebra are generally free and tapering at the tip; but some of them are sometimes united, forming a ring. Eschricht described those of the fifth and sixth vertebrae as sometimes united. In the specimen in the College of Surgeons the lateral processes of the sixth cervical vertebra are united on one side and free on the other. In all these cases the form of the processes are not altered; the end is only elongated and united. The cervical vertebre are some- times quite free, as is the case with Hunter’s specimen in the Mu- seum of the College of Surgeons. The second and third vertebrae are often united by more or less of the surface of the neural arches ; and this seems to be the normal state. In the specimens from Cro- mer, lately acquired by the College of Surgeons, the third and fourth cervical vertebree are united by the neural arches; and the second and third free. The elongated processes on the end of the front ribs have two muscles attached to them, one arising from each of the two neighbouring vertebrze, Eschricht, in his essay above cited, figured the foetus and a new-born specimen, which was 34 inches long, and gave the ana- tomy of it, with details of its skeleton (see Eschr. K. D. Vid. Selsk. 1846, fig. p. 309). They have a single series of bristles parallel with the lips (see K. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. xi. t. 1. & 2). Tympanic bones oblong, swollen, rounded above and below and at each end. They are figured in situ in the skull by Eschricht in the ‘ Danish Trans- actions,’ vol. xii. t. 11. f. 2g in the feetus, t. 9. f. 2& 4g, & t. 10. f. 2g, in the more adult state. In the ‘ Royal Danish Transactions’ for 1846, Eschricht gives a detailed comparison of the bones of the head of a feetal specimen, and one 6 and one 34 feet long (see t. 9-11), and the details of the skeleton of a foetus 9 inches long (t. 14). It may be observed that the form of the cervical and other ver- tebree of the skeleton seems to be nearly identical with that of those of the adult animal. The lateral processes of the second cervical process, for example, are united into a broad expanded blade, with a perforation near the body of the vertebra, which is so characteristic of the genus. Batanoprera rostrata. The Pike-Whale. (Figs. 20-24.) Balena rostrata, O. Fab.? ; Hunter, Phil. Trans. lxxvii. t. 20-23; Turton, B. Fauna, 16; Nilsson, Scand. Fauna, 632. 228 DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. [May 24, B. musculus, part, et B. hoops, part, Fleming, B. A. 30, 31. B. musculus, part, Jenyns, Man. 47. B. boops, Giesecke, Edin. Encyl.; Newman, Zool. i. 33, fig. ; ‘Turner, Cat. Ost. Mus. Col. Surg. n. 1194 (Hunter’s spec.?). North Sea. B. minimus borealis, Knox, Cat. Whale, 1. Rorqualus minor, Knox, Jard. Nat. Lib. 142. 7; Gaimard, Voy. Iceland, Mam. t. 13 (skeleton) ; t. 14 (skull). Balenoptera boops, part, Fleming, B. A. 31; Bell, B. Quad. 520, fig. p. 521 (from Hunter). Hab. Ascending the mouth of rivers; Thames at Deptford (Hunter), skeleton in Mus. Coll. Surg.; Frith of Forth, near Queensferry, 1834 (Knox); Cromer (Gurney), skeleton in Mus. Coll. Surg.; Thames opposite Deptford Creek, Oct. 23, 1842 (Illustrated London News, i. 388; Zoologist, 1842), skeleton in British Museum; Jutland, 1837, skeleton in Mus. Louvain; ske- leton Mus. Bremen, head figured by P. Camper ; Bergens, skeleton Mus. Paris, Charante. The student must not run away with the idea that, because the characters of the genera here given are taken from a few parts of the skeleton, they are the only differences that exist between the skele- tons of the different genera and species. The form of the head and the peculiarities of the cervical vertebree of the ribs and of the bladebone have been selected after a long and careful comparison of the skeletons, as the parts which afford the most striking characters, that can be most easily conveyed to the mind of the student in a few words, and therefore best adapted for the distinction of the genera and species. Fig. 20. Atlas Vertebra of Balenoptera rostrata. Extreme width 9 inches; height 94 inches. 1864. | DR. J. &. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. 229 Second and Third Cervical Vertebre of Balenoptera rostrata, united by the , crural arch. Extreme width 12 inches; height 6 inches. Articular suface: width 4 inches. Fig. 22. Fifth Cervical Vertebra of Balenoptera rostrata. The careful examination of many skeletons has proved to me that almost every bone of each genus is peculiar—that is to say, that no bone is exactly alike in any two genera; but the difference be- tween them is often very slight, so slight that it would be almost im- possible to convey an accurate conception of it to the reader by words alone, yet it is permanent and characteristic. Though the same bones of the different skeletons of the same species of Megaptera or Physalus, which I have examined, offer a certain amount of variation in minor particulars, yet almost every bone of each species has a character of its own; so that a person conversant with the subject, and fresh from the study and comparison, can say at once to which 230 DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. [May 24, Fig. 23. qeRn A \ Cor \ \\ MSS Tympanic Bones of Balenoptera rostrata. Fig. 24. 1 3 a ea Sela Ae ss re. ie We 3 ws hae ye | “ ts y y- a = / ih f ae / / I Top of First and Second Ribs of Balenoptera rostrata. genus or species any bone that might be shown to him belongs, even if it were only a phalange or a rib. The ear-bones of each genus, as far as I have been able to examine, seem to afford very good characters; but, unfortunately, they are often sent to the Museum separate from the skull and other bones of the animal to which they belong. Skeletons of whales are shown in museums and gardens, without any large and expensive building; indeed slight special buildings are best, permitting more ventilation. In Paris, the whale’s skeleton is exhibited under a glass roof in the quadrangle of the Museum ; at Antwerp, it is shown in a building formed of galvanized iron ; and Rasp « 1864. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. 231 they are shown in a similar manner at Edinburgh, at the Isle of Wight, and in other localities. Sect. II. Denticete. Teeth in one or both jaws, rarely deciduous. Palate lined with a hard membrane, without any baleen. Gullet large. Head more or less compressed. Tympanic bones small ; lachrymal bone distinct. I. Nostrils longitudinal, parallel or diverging, covered with a valve, one often larger and more developed. Pectoral broad, trun- cate. Fam. 3. CATODONTID. Head large, subcylindrical, blunt. Lower jaw narrow. Teeth large, in the lower jaw only, fitting into pits in the gums of the upper one. Nostrils separate, one often abortive. The hinder edge of the maxillary elevated, forming a concavity on the forehead of the skull. Pectoral broad, truncated. * Head compressed, truncated ; nostril in front of the truncated head ; dorsal hump rounded. 1. Caropon. . Spermaceti Whale. Head very large, one-third of the entire length of the animal. Catodon, Artedi; Gray, Zool. E. & T.; Cat. Cetac. 45. Physeter, Wagler. Physalus, Lacép. CaTODON MACROCEPHALUS. Northern Sperm Whale. Trumpo, Phil. Trans. i. 132. De Balena macrocephala, &c., Sibbald, Bal. 12. Balena macrocephala bipennis, Raii Pisce. 15. Catodon macrocephalus, Lacép. Cét. t. 10. f. 1; Fleming, B. A. 39. Sperm Whale, Anderson, Cambridge Phil. Trans. ii. 250, t. 12-14. Spermaceti Whale, Dudley, Phil. Trans. xxxii. 258; Gent. Mag. 1794, p. 33, t. 1. Blunt-headed Cachalot, Robertson, Phil. Trans. Ix. t. Physeter trumpo, Bonnat. Cét. t. 8. f. 1, cop. Robertson. Physeter macrocephalus, Turton, Fauna, 16; Jenyns, Man. 44; Bell, B. Quad. 506. fig., 511. fig. Hab. North Sea; Teignmouth (Gesner, 1532) ; Whitstable Bay, 1794; Scotland (Sibbald; Robertson); Orkney (Lowe) ; mouth of the Thames, coast of Essex and Kent, Feb. 1788, twelve males ; Holderness, Yorkshire, 1825 (Beale) ; skeleton of adult at Burton Constable Castle, near Hull, described by Beale ; Sandy Side Bay, Thirso, 1863, skeleton in the British Museum, supposed to have been brought by the Gulf-stream—was decayed when discovered. Coast of Yorkshire (Dr. Anderson), described in Cambridge Phil. Soe. Trans. 1825; 583 feet long; teeth 24/24. 232 DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. [May 24, The Spermaceti Whale frequently comes ashore in Orkney; one was caught at Hoy, 50 feet long (‘‘ Lowe,” Flem. B. A. 29). A male, 52 feet long, with a dorsal fin, was found at Limekilns, in the Forth, in Feb. 1689, and described by Sibbald (Bal. 33, t. 1). After a hard gale of wind northerly, no less than twelve male whales, which undoubtedly came out of the Northern Ocean, were towed and driven on shore, all dead and in a high state of putrefac- tion, excepting one ; six were found upon the coast of Kent, two on the coast of Holland. One at the Hope Point, in the River Thames, was the only one seen alive; he ran aground and smothered himself in the mud, and was afterwards made a show of in the Greenland Docks. (Letter from Walderwick, on the coast of Suffolk, 7 March 1788, in Sir Joseph Banks’s copy of Phil. Trans. in B. M. library.) Whitstable, Kent, Feb. 16, 1829 (P. Hunter & H. Wood, Mag. N. Hist. 1.197). A male, 62 feet long and 16 feet high. The skeleton of this animal, which had been prepared by Mr. J. Gould, was presented by Messrs. Enderby and Sturge to the Zoological Society ; but being claimed as a “royal fish,” it was left on the shore (H. Wood, J. c.). “The head is very thick and blunt in front, and is about one-third of the whole length of the animal; at its junction with the body is a large protuberance on the back, called the ‘ hunch of the neck ;’ immediately behind this, or the shoulders, is the thickest part of the body, which from this point gradually tapers off to the tail; but it does not become much smaller for about another third of the whole length, when the ‘small’ or tail commences; and at this point on the back is a large prominence of a pyramidal form, called the hump, from which a series of small processes run halfway down the small or tail, constituting what is called the ridge ; the body then contracts so much as to become not thicker than a man’s body, and terminates in the flukes or tail. The two flukes constitute a large triangular fin. The chest and belly are narrower than the broadest part of the back, and taper off evenly and beautifully towards the tail, giving a clear run. The depth of the head and body is in all parts, except the tail, greater than the width ; the head, viewed in front, presents a broad, somewhat flattened surface, rounded and contracted above, considerably expanded on the sides, and gradually contracted below, so as in some degree to attain a resemblance to the cutwater of a ship. At the angle formed by the anterior and superior surface on the left side is placed the single blow-hole or nostril, which in the dead animal is a slit or fissure in the form of an S, extending horizon- tally. In the right side of the nose and upper surface of the head is a large, almost triangular-shaped cavity, called the case, which is lined with a beautiful glistening membrane, and covered by a thick layer of muscular fibres and small tendons running in various di- rections, finally united by common integuments. This cavity is for the purpose of secreting and containing an oily fluid, which is, after death, converted into a granulated substance of a yellowish colour— the spermaceti. * Beneath the case and nostril, and projecting beyond the lower 1864. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. 233 jaw, is a thick mass of elastic substance—the junk, which is formed of a dense cellular tissue, strengthened by numerous strong tendinous fibres, and permeated with very fine oil and spermaceti. “The mouth extends nearly the whole length of the head; both jaws, but especially the lower, are in front contracted to a very narrow point ; and when the mouth is closed, the lower jaw is received within a sort of cartilaginous lip or projection of the upper one—but prin- cipally in front ; for further back at the sides and towards the angles of the mouth both jaws are furnished with well-developed lips. In the lower jaw are forty-two large conical teeth; in the upper are no teeth, but depressions corresponding to and for the reception of the ends of the teeth in the lower jaw. Sometimes a few rudimentary teeth may be found in the upper jaw, never projecting beyond the gum, and upon which those in the lower jaw strike when the mouth is closed. The tongue is small, white; the throat capacious, very unlike the contracted gullet of the Right Whale. Mouth lined with a pearly-white membrane, continuous at the lip, which is bordered with the black external skin. Eyes small, with eyelids, the lower one most moveable, placed a little behind and above the angle of the gape, at the widest part of the head. Ears very small, without any external appendage, a short distance behind the eyes. The swim- ming-paws or fins are placed behind, not far from the angle of the mouth; they are not much used as organs of progression, but as giving direction and balancing the body in sinking suddenly, and oc- casionally in supporting their young.” The full-grown male of the largest size is about as follows :— entire length 84 feet ; depth of head 8 or 9 feet ; breadth 5 or 6 feet ; depth of body seldom exceeds 12 or 14 feet, so that the circumfer- ence rarely exceeds 36 feet; the fins about 6 feet long, and 3 feet broad ; the tail or flukes 12 or 14 feet wide. The atlas is distinct ; the rest of the cervical vertebre are anchy- losed into one piece (Cuy. Oss. Foss. v. 346, t. 24. f. 12,13). Ribs 14/14. Vertebra 60 (see Cuv. Oss. Foss. J. c. t. 24. f. 15-18). Bladebone higher than wide, with a large coracoid (J. c. t. 24. f. 11). Humerus and cubitus anchylosed, short and thick (t. 24. f.14). Os hyoides very wide (Cuv. t. 25. f. 157). Skeleton of adult male 56 feet long, at Burton Constable (Turn- stall in Holderness, Yorkshire, 1825), was articulated by Mr. Wallis (see Beale, 73). The skeleton is 49 feet 7 inches long; cranium 18 ft. Lin.; lower jaw 16 ft. 10in. Teeth 24/24. Ribs 10/10, nearly circular; the first with one, the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth with two articulating surfaces, each arti- culated to two vertebrae. Cervical vertebree 2—that is, atlas and another united; dorsal vertebree 10; lumbar and caudal 32: =44, Pelvis two flat bones; sternum of three bones; clavicles none; bladebone flat, without any spine; but with two projecting coracoid processes near the articulation ; bones of pectoral fins 4 ft. 4 in. long ; carpus of seven loose square bones; the phalanges five, the three middle ones each of four and the two outer each of three bones. The os hyoides 24 feet long (Beale). 234 DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. [May 24, The tympanic bone is small, scroll-like, oblong, anchylosed to a somewhat similar-shaped tegmen tympani and pars mastoidea (see Owen, Hist. Brit. Fossil Mam., fig. of natural size (not half the na- tural size, as marked on the plate). When the young Cachalot has attained the length of 34 feet, its teeth are perfectly formed, though not visible until it exceeds 28 (Bennett, P. Z. S. 1836). Mr. Bennett found eight rudimentary teeth on each side of the upper jaw in two instances, which, ‘ though not visible externally in the young Cachalot, may be seen upon the removal of the soft parts from the interior of the jaw” (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836). Professor Huxley has figured the skull of a fcetal specimen that is in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, at fig. 118, on page 275 of his ‘ Elem. Comp. Anat.’ 1864. In the fceetal skull the right preemaxilla is much larger than the left, extending far back upon the right frontal, while the left does not reach the left frontal; the left nostril, on the other hand, is much more spacious than the right (see Huxley, Elem. Comp. Anat. 276. f. 1104). ** Head depressed, rounded in front ; nostrils in the forehead ; dorsal fin falcate. 2. PHysreTEerR. Head very large, one-third of the entire length of the animal, rounded, convex above. Teeth conical, compressed. Skull elongate. Physeter, sp., Linn. 8. N. ; Illiger, Prodr. 143; Gray, Z. E. & T.; Cat. Cet. 53. Tursio, Fleming, Phil. Zool. 211. Cetus, Oken. Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. 328, 338) erroneously regards Sibbald’s ac- count as a bad description of a Sperm Whale. This error is impor- tant, as it vitiates many of his subsequent observations. PHyYSETER TURSIO. The Blackfish. Physeter tursio, Gray, Cat. Cetac. 56. 1. Balena macrocephala que tertiam, &c., Sibbald, Bal. t. 1. f. A, B, C. Balena major, Se., Raii Pisces, 15. Physeter microps, Artedi, Syst.; Turton, B. F. 17; Fleming B. A. 38; Jenyns, Man. 46. Physeter macrocephalus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 331, 334. Tursio microps, Fleming, Phil. Zool. 21. 2. Balena macrocephala tripinna, &c., Sibbald, Bal. t. 2. f. 1, 2, 4, 5, teeth; Raii Pisces, 16. Physeter tursio, Artedi, Syst.; Linn. S. N. i. 107. Physeter ?, Schlegel, Dieren, 96. t. 19; Turton, B. F. 17; Fleming, B. A. 38; Jenyns, Man. 45; Bell, Brit. Quad. 512. Delphinus globiceps or D. grampus?, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 331. fab. North Sea, Scotland (Sibbald, Barclay). 1864.) DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. 235 A female came ashore in Orkney in 1687, which was described by Sibbald (Bal. 43) :—*‘ The dorsal fin was erect, like a mizen mast.” Mr. Barclay, of Zetland, states that ‘‘ the Physeter tursio, or High-finned Cachalot, is frequently seen on these coasts in summer, and is easily distinguished by the long perpendicular fin on its back ”’ (Bell, Brit. Quad. 513). Coast of Cornwall?, May 1850 (Mr. Couch) ; Ireland, Coast of Wexford (Thompson); West Coast, Ire- land (Templeton). The greatest desideratum of zoology is the power of examining some specimens of the genus Physeter, or Blackfish, as it is called by the whalers. There is not a bone, nor even a fragment of a bone, nor any part that can be proved to have belonged to a specimen of this gigantic animal to be seen in any museum in Europe. This is the more remarkable as the animal grows to the length of more than 50 feet, is mentioned under the name of the Blackfish in almost all the Whaling Voyages ; and two specimens of it were examined by Sibbald, having occurred on the coast of Scotland. The only account which we have of the animal, on which zoologists can place any reliance, is that furnished by Sibbald in his little tractate on Scotch Whales. Otho Fabricius describes the Ardluk, under the name of Physeter microps, as being rather abundant in the seas of Greenland. He calls it ‘one of the smaller Whales ;”’ and it is very doubtful if he has not described the Killer (Delphinus orca) under this name— though he states the skin is black, and says nothing of the very dis- tinctive white marks on the under side of the Killer. IIL. Nostrils united into a single transverse or crescent-shaped blower. Head moderate, more or less beaked. Teeth in both jaws, one or both sets often deciduous. The pectoral fin lanceolate, ta- pering. ; Fam. 4. DELPHINID#. Head more or less beaked, smooth. Teeth simple, cylindrical, conical, smooth. Back rounded. Dorsal fin distinct, falcate, rarely wanting. A. Head more or less beaked ; beak of the skull as lony or longer than the brain-cavity. Bottlenoses. a. Pectoral fins moderate, lanceolate, far apart on the sides of the chest ; teeth in both the jaws permanent. Delphinina. 1. STENo. Beak of the skull rather compressed, higher than broad. Sym- physis of the lower jaw rather elongate. Dorsal fin medial. Steno, Gray, Zool. E. & T. 43; Cat. Cet. 127. Steno rostratus. The Beaked Dolphin. Dauphin de Breda, Cuv. Oss. Foss. i. 278, 296.v. 400, t. 21. f.7,8. 236 DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. May 24, Delphinus rostratus, Cuvier, Ann. Mus. xix. 9; Cuv. Mam. Li- thog. t.; Schlegel, Dieren van Nederland. 85, t. 11. Delphinus bredanensis, Fischer, Syn. 505, from Cuvier. Delphinus oxyrhynchus, Jardine, Nat. Lib. t. 27, from Cuvier. D. planiceps, Breda, Verh. Nederl. Hist. 1829, p. 263, t. 1, 2; Schlegel, Abh. 27, t. 4. f. 8. Steno’ rostratus, Gray, Zool. E. & T. 43; Cat. Cetac. 131. Hab. North Sea, Holland (Breda) ; Brest (D’Orbigny) ; England (Sowerby). I have not been able to find the skull of this animal, which was in Mr. Sowerby’s Museum in Mead Place, Lambeth. The figures of the skull in Cuvier and Schlegel show it is a Steno. The skull in Paris is very like Steno frontatus of India. 2. DELPHINUS. Beak of the skull rather depressed, convex above. Dorsal fin medial. Delphinus, Gray, Spic. Zool. & Zool. E. & T. 36; Cat. Cetac. 105; P. Z.S. 1863. a. Head longly beaked; nose of skull slender, light, rather de- pressed, especially in front, much larger than the brain-cavity. Teeth 2 to ae Delphinus. * Skull roundish ; triangle just to the tooth-line; palate with a deep groove on each side, and a high central ridge behind. Delphis. DeLpuHInus DELPHIS. Dolphin. Beak once and a half the length of brain-cavity. Teeth = toe. Dolphin, Borlase, Cornwall, 264, t. 27. f. 1; Hunter, Phil. Trans. 1787. ps 37G;tels: Delphinus delphinus, Pliny, Belon. Delphinus antiquorum, Ray, Pisc. 28, t. a1. f. 1. Delphinus delphis, Linn. S. N.; Schlegel, Dieren, 82, t. 10; Turton, B. F. 17; Flem. B. A. 35; Jenyns, Man. 40; Bell, Brit. Quad. 463, fig.; Nilsson, Scand. Faun. 591. Delphinus vulgaris, Lacép. Cét. 250, t. 14. Hab. North Sea; coast of England, procured at Billingsgate Market; three specimens in the British Museum, presented by Messrs. J. & C. Grove. According to O. Fabricius, it is not uncommon as far north as Greenland. «They come on the Cornish coast in considerable numbers, more especially when the Pilchards and Mackerel abound ; and not unfre- quently are taken in the drift-nets, in the meshes of which they be- come entangled by the teeth. In the month of September 1845, eight or ten in a day were brought on shore in Mount’s Bay for many days in succession.’ — Couch, Cornish Whales, p. 39. 1864.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. 237 Prof. Rapp (Cetac. t. 4) has described and figured the skeleton. The scapula with a broad dilated coracoid process, and a broad di- lation on the front edge of the condyle. Fingers five, short ; the fourth longest ; the third rather short; the fifth shorter; the first very short, shorter than the second. The spinal processes of the dorsal vertebree with a distinct subbasal anterior process; the caudal vertebree with a similar process on the hinder part of the spinal pro- cess; but the greater part of the lumbar vertebrz are without them ; the lateral process of the lumbar vertebre slender. ** Skull flattened behind; triangle to the tooth-line; palate flat, not grooved on the side. Clymene. DELPHINUS EUPHROSYNE. The Euphrosyne. Delphinus euphrosyne, Gray, Cat. Osteol. Spec. B.M. 147; Zool. E. & T. 40, t. 22 (skull); Cat. Cetac. 117. Delphinus holbéllii, Eschr. Nat. Mol. Kopenh. 1847, from Nilsson. Delphinus delphis, Cat. Mus. Coll. Surg. 161. n. 1117. Hab. North Sea; coast of England. Skull in Norwich Museum. Skull in Mus. Coll. Surg. b. Beak short ; nose of skull thick, conical, convex above, half as long as the brain-cavity. Tursio, Gray, Zool. E. & T, 37 ; Cat. Cetac. 109. DeLpPuHinus TuRSIO. Bottlenose Dolphin. DL’ orque (Orca), Belon, Aquat. f. 6. Bottle-nose, Hunter, Phil. Trans. Ixxxvii. t. 18. Delphinus tursio, O. Fab.; Wright, Mag. N. H. 1838, ii. 609 ; Gray, Zool. E. & T. 37, t. 10; Cat. Cetac. 109 ; Schlegel, de Dieren, 86, t. 12 (var. obtusus, t. 13); Fleming, B. A. 35; Jenyns, Man. 41; Bell, Brit. Quad. 469. fig., 472. fig.; Nilsson, Scand. Fauna, 602. Delphinus nesarnak, Lacép. Tursio truncatus, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 104. Delphinus truncatus, Montagu, Wern. Trans. iii. t. 5. f. 3 (aged). Hab. Mediterranean and North Sea. Coast of South of Ireland, Nov. 1828 (R. Templeton). Mouth of the Thames, Nore, June 1828 (Howslip) ; skull, Mus. Coll. Surg. no. 1125. Orwell, May 10, 1849. Devonshire, River Dart (Montagu): skull Brit. Mus. Frith of Forth: skeleton, Mus. University, Edinburgh, beak flat ; skeleton in Surgeons’ Hall, Edinburgh, teeth acute. Holland ; ske- leton, Leyden. North Coast of France ; skeleton at Paris. Belgium ; skeleton, Ghent. Denmark ; skeleton, Mus. Copenhagen. 3. LAGENORHYNCAUS. Beak of the skull depressed, expanded. Head shelving in front. Dorsal fin rather posterior. 238 DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. [May 24, Lagenorhynchus, Gray, Zool. E. & T. 34; Cat. Cetac. 94; P.Z.S. 1863. 7 * Beak short ; beak of skull only as long as the brain-cavity ; teeth nearly to the notch. LAGENORHYNCHUS LEUCOPLEURUS. White-sided Bottlenose. Delphinus tursio, Knox, Cat. Prepar. Whales, 29; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1864, xiv. t. 3. Delphinus leucopleurus, Rasch, Nyt Mag. for Naturv. iv. 97; Mag. Zool. 1843, p. 363; Nilsson, Scand. Fauna, 598. Lagenorhynchus leucopleurus, Gray, Zool. E. & T. 34, t. 3, t. 12, t. 26. f.3; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1864. Hab. North Sea. Orkney, May 1835 (Knor); skeleton, Mus. University of Edinburgh. Lagenorhynchus? nilssonii. Nilsson, in the ‘ Scandinavian Fauna,’ records a species under the name of Delphinus obscurus, and refers it with doubt to the description and figure of the skull, and the spe- cies under that name, in the ‘ Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,’ and equally with doubt to D. superciliosus of Schlegel. Both these species are described from the same specimens, which were procured at the Cape of Good Hope, and therefore very unlikely to be of a species found also in the North Sea. Nilsson’s species may very likely be found in the British Seas ; so I have referred to it to draw zoolo- gists’ attention to the description. It is the only Swedish species that has not hitherto been observed here. ** Beak moderate; beak of skull only as long as the brain-cavity ; teeth not quite to the notch in the beak. LAGENORHYNCHUS ALBIROSTRIS. White-beaked Bottlenose. Delphinus tursio, Brightwell, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1846, p. 21, t. 1, 9. Delphinus albirostris, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846; M. Clau- sius, Dissertat. de Lagenorhynchis, Kiliz, 1853. Delphinus ibsenii, ‘‘ Eschricht, 1847;” Nilsson, Scand. Fauna, 600. Lagenorhynchus aibirostris, Gray, Zool. E. & T. t. 10. Delphinus pseudotursio, Reichb. Cetac. t. 24. f. 7, from Bright- well. Delphinus (Lagenorhynchus) albirostris, Van Beneden, Nouv. Mém. Acad. R. Brux. xxxii. t. 1, 2 (animal, skeleton, and viscera). Hab. North Sea, Faroe Islands. Yarmouth, 1846 (Brightwell) ; skeleton in British Museum; skull figured in Zool. E. & T. 11. Ostend, July 1851, female. Winter 1852, female (Van Beneden, l. ce. p. 20). Bladebone broader than high, with long acromion and a promi- nent articulation (t. 2. f.9). Arm-bones very short; fingers four, short, outer longest, second rather shorter, third and fourth very short. Ear-bones large (see Van Beneden, /. c. t. 1. f. 7 & 8). Pir 1864.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. 239 Vertebrze 90 or 94. The atlas and axis only anchylosed; the rest of the cervical vertebree free. Scapula large. Thumb without a phalange. Skeleton, Mus. Bruxelles; Louvain ; at Mus. Copenhagen, Kiel, and Berlin. *** Beak moderate ; beak of the skull longer than the length of the brain-cavity ; teeth not reaching the notch. LAGENORHYNCHUS AcuTus. Eschricht’s Dolphin. Delphinus (Grampus) acutus, Gray, Spice. Zool. 2 (1828). Lagenorhynchus acutus, Gray, Zool. E. & T. 36, t.; Cat. Cetac. 101. Phocena acutus, Gray in Brook’s Cat. 39, 1828. D. leucopleurus, var., Nilsson, Scand. Fauna, 598. Hab. North Sea. Delphinus (Lagenorhynchus) eschrichtii, Van Beneden, Nouv. Mém. Acad. R. Brux. xxxii. 31. Delphinus eschrichtui, Schlegel, Abhand. 122, t. 1, t. 2. f. 4, t. 4. f.5; M. Claudius, Dissert. de Lagenorhynchis, 4to, Kiliz, 1853; Eschricht, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 1852, 12 July. Hab. North Sea; skeleton, Mus. Louvain. Faroe Islands (Schlegel) ; skeleton, Mus. Copenhagen, Leyden, Frankfort. Orkney (Brooks) ; skull in Mus. Leyden. The peculiar character of this species is, that there are 82 or 83 vertebre ; the muzzle is narrower, the shoulder-blade narrower, a phalange to the thumb, the atlas and axis are anchylosed to the third and fourth cervical vertebrze by the spinous apophysis, and the sixth cervical alone has an inferior transverse process. Teeth i (Van Beneden, J. c. 31). Nilsson thinks my L. acutus may be only a variety of L. leuco- pleurus: the skulls are very unlike. b. Pectoral fins small, low down, and rather close together on the middle of the chest ; upper jaw toothless ; lower jaw with few teeth, sometimes deciduous. * Maxillary bones elevated into a crest on the sides behind ; teeth two or four, anterior conical ; eyes close to the gape. Uype- rodontina. 4. Hypreropon. Forehead convex. Gape short, only as long as the short beak. The eyes near and the ears far behind the gape. The crest of the maxillary bone thin and wide apart above. The beak of the skull descending downwards. The hinder edge of the skull as high as the crest. Lower jaw rather curved. Bladebone triangular, with a long acromion and a posterior mar- 240 DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. [May 24, ginal prominence (Cuvier, Oss. Foss. 318, t. 24. f. 23). The bones of the arm short ; fingers short (Cuv. 318). The opening of the blower is transverse, linear, slightly convex, forward in the middle, and slightly bent back at the ends; and this explains, I suspect, the dif- ferent accounts that authors have given of this part, some looking at the middle and the others at the ends only. It is curious that both O. Fab. and Turton should have reversed the head, or, by misprint, that each should state, in two places in the text, the teeth to be in the upper jaw; and Illiger’s genus is founded on this error of the press. Hypreropon BurzKorr. The Bottlehead. The Bottle-head or Flounder Whale, Dale, Hist. Harwich, 411, t. 149. Beaked Whale, Penn. Brit. Zool. t. Delphinus bidens, Turton, B. Fauna, 17. Hyperoodon bidens, Flem. B. A. 36 ; Jenyns, Man. 44; Thomp- son, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1854, xiv. 347. Bottle-nose Whale of Dale, Hunter, Phil. Trans. Ixxvii. t. 19. Delphinus hunteri, Desm. Mamm. 520. Cetodiodon hunteri, Jacob, Dublin Phil. Journ. 1825. Hyperoodon, Thompson, Mag. N. H. 1838, 221. H. butzkopf,W.Thompson, Ann. & Mag. N.H.1846, p.150, t.4 3, iv. 375; Gray, P. Z. S. 1862; Bell, B. Quad. 492. fig., 493. fig., 496. fig. ieee hyperoodon, Schlegel, de Dieren, 94, t. 18. Hyperodon borealis, Nilsson, Scand. Fauna, 622. Hyperoodon butzkopf et H. rostratum, Gray, Cat. Cetac. 63, 64. Whale, Mlustrated London News, 18 Nov. 1860. Nebhvalen, Eschricht, K. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. xi. 327, 328. fig., with details of anatomy. Hyperodon hunteri, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. Hyperoodon rostratum, Wesmael, Nouv. Mém. Acad. Roy. Brux- elles, xiii. t. 1, 2 (very good). Hab. British Seas, ascending rivers. Harwich (Dale). Mouth of the Thames, above London Bridge, 1783 (Hunter) ; skeleton, Mus. Coll. Surgeons. Whitstable (Beardsworth) ; skull and bones in British Museum. The Humber, near Hull, 1837 (Thompson) ; skeleton in Mus. Hull Phil. Soc. Mouth of the Dee; skeleton, Mus. Royal Institution, Liverpool. Dublin (Jacod) ; skeleton, Mus. Coll. Surg. Skull, Royal Dublin Society and Museum School of Anatomy. Bel- fast Lough, 29 Oct. 1845; skeleton, in Belfast Museum, of male 20 feet long (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, xvii. 151), with four teeth in lower. Frith of Forth, 29 Oct. 1839 ; skeleton in Edinb. Uni- versity Museum: female 283 feet long, in company with young suc- kling female 9 feet long. Coast of Holland (Wesmael, 1. c.). I formerly thought there might be more than one British species of this genus, the figures and the description being so different ; but T have not been able to find any specimen to establish this idea. 1864. | DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. 241 5. LAGENOCETUS. The crests of the maxillary bones very thick and close together, especially above, where they are flat-topped. The beak of the skull horizontal. The hinder edge of the skull lower than the top of the crest. Lower jaw straight. Lagenocetus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1863. Hyperoodon, Gray, Cat. Cetac. 69. This animal has been considered by Eschricht as the male of the preceding genus ; but in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society ’ for 1860, p. 425, I have shown that both sexes have been observed of each genus. LAGENOCETUS LATIFRONS. Hyperoodon latifrons, Gray, Zool. E. & T. 27, t. 4; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 424. Hyperoodon butzkopf (male), Eschricht, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1852. Hab. British seas. Moreton Bay; skull in good condition. Orkney (Warwick) ; skull in British Museum. Frith of Forth ; skeleton and skull in Mus. Coll. Surgeons, Edinburgh ; female accompanied by a young male (Thompson, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, p. 153). ** Mazillary bones simple; teeth, on the sides of the lower jaw, compressed. Ziphiina. 6. ZipHtivus. Lower jaw gradually tapering. Teeth on the sides of the jaw of the males large, compressed ; and female small, conical. Ziphius, Gray, Cat. Cetac. 70. 9? Delphinorhynchus, Gray, Cat. Cetac. 72. Tympanic bones large, very thick, free edge open, and much twisted (see Van Beneden, Mém. Acad. Brux. &vo, xvi. fig. at p. 41 ; and Dumortier, Mém.). ZIPHIUS SOWERBIENSIS. Male. Physeter bidens, Sowerby, Brit. Misc. t. 1, 1805, male ; Turton, B. Fauna, 17. Diodon bidens, Bell, Brit. Quad. 497. fig. (cop. fr. Sowerby). Delphinus sowerbii, Desm. Mam.; Jardine, Nat. Lib. t.12 (cop. fr. Sow.). Delphinus sowerbiensis, Blainv. in Desm.; Eschricht, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1852. Delphinorhynchus bidens, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1840. Heterodon sowerbyi, Lesson, Man. Mam. 419. Ziphius sowerbiensis, Gray, Zool. E. & T. t. 5. f. 3,4, skull; Cat. Cetac. 71. Mesodiodon sowerbyi, Duvernoy, Ann. d. Sci. Nat. xv. 55, t. 2. f. 2. Diplodon sowerbyi, Gervais. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1864, No. XVI. 242 DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA, [May 24, Diodon sowerbai, Bell, Brit. Quad. 497. fig. Diodon sowerbi, Jardine, Whales, 192. f. 13. Female. Mesoplodon sowerbiensis, Gervais, Zool. et Paléont. Franc. t. 40. f.1; Van Beneden, Mém. Acad. Brux. xvi. t. 4. Dauphin de Dale, Blainy. N. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1825, p.139; F. Cuv. Mam. Lithog. t. Mesiodon micropterus, Duvernoy, l. c. 55, t. 2. f. 3. Nodus dalei, Wagler, N. S. Amph. 34. Delphinorhynchus micropterus, Dumortier, Mém. Acad. Brux. 1839, xii. t.. 13; F. Guy. Cétac. 114, t. 9. f. 1,4. 73) Gray, Cat. Cetac. 73. Delphinus micropterus, Cuv. Régn. Anim. i. 288; Schlegel, De Dieren, 93, t. 17. Heterodon dalei, Lesson, Man. Mam. 419. Anodon dalei, Lesson, Ouvr. Buffon, i. 155, t. 3. f. 1. Hab. Male, Elginshire (Brodie, 1800); skull in Museum at Ox- ford; castsin many museums. Female, Havre, 9 Sept. 1825 (Blainv.) ; mouth of the Orne, Calvados, 1828 ; head, Mus. Faculty of Sciences, Caen. Ostend, 1835 (Dumortier) ; skeleton in Museum at Ostend ; and head, Mus. Paris. In my paper ‘On the British Cetacea,”’ in the ‘ Annals of Nat. Hist.’ xvii. 82, 1846, I proposed to unite Physeter bidens of Sowerby with Delphinus micropterus of Cuvier. The French naturalists have since almost universally come to the same conclusion. ‘The differ- ence in the size of the teeth, which they believe to be sexual, at one time made me revise my first opinion. I now think it probable that they are the same; at any rate it is a subject that wants further examination, for at present only one male and two females of the two presumed species have been observed by naturalists. The male was found near Brodie House, Elginshire, by James Brodie, who sent a figure and the skull to Mr. Sowerby, who figured it in the ‘ British Miscellany’ under the above name. It was 16 feet long. Dr. Fleming and Mr. Jenyns have most oddly confounded it with the Bottlehead of Dale (Hyperoodon bidens) (see Brit. Anim. p. 36, and Manual B. V. A. p. 44). In the Mediterranean there is a species belonging to this tribe, which has been noticed under several names. It forms a genus, which may be named Atrama. The head is conical, tapering ; upper jaw toothless; the lower jaw rather the largest, bent up at the top, with two large conical teeth in front, and sometimes a few small ones on the side just behind them. Dorsal fin falcate, three-fourths the entire length from the nose. ALIAMA DESMARESTII. | Delphinus desmarestii, Risso, Eur. Mérid. iii. 24, t. 2. f. 3; F. Cuv. Cétac. 19. Epiodon desmarestii, Bonap. Diodon desmarestii, Lesson. Orca desmarestii, Wagler. 1864.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. 243 Hyperodon doumetii et H. desmarestii, Gray, Cat. Cet. 68, 69. Hyperodon, sp., Doumet, Bull. Soc. Cuvier. 1842, p: 207, t.1.f. 2-0 Delphinus philippii, Cocco, Erichson, Arch. 1846, p- 204, t. 4. f. 6. , Ziphius cavirostris, Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. xixwe~ Hyperoodon gervaisii, Duvernoy, Ann. Sci. Nat. xv. 49, 1851. = Hab. Mediterranean ; Corsica (Dowmet) ; Nice (Risso). : Grey, white streaked. Length 15 feet. B. Head rounded in front, not beaked ; beak of the skull scarcely as long as the brain-cavity. a. Pectoral fins falcate, elongate, low down, near together on the chest ; head very swollen; intermavillary bones very wide, co- vering the maxilla above ; teeth conical; side of maxilla ex- panded horizontally. Globiocephalina. 7. GLOBIOCEPHALUS. Globiocephalus, Lesson ; Gray, Zool. E.& T. 32; Cat. Cetac. 86. * Palate of skull flat, or rather concave in the middle. Globiocephalus. GLOBIOCEPHALUS SVINEVAL. The Pilot Whale. Petit cachalot, Daub. Acad. Sci. 1782, t. 1. Cachdlot svineval, Lacép. Cétac. 216. Narwal edente, Camper, Cétac. t. 33, 34. Delphinus melas, Trail, Nichol. Journ. xxii. 21. t., 1809; Flem- ing, B. Anim. 341; Jenyns, Man. 42; Schlegel, Dieren, 92, t. 16. Ca’ing Whale, Neil, Orkney and Shetland, 221, 1836. Delphinus globiceps, Cuvier, Aun. Mus. xix. t. 1. f. 2 2 (1812); Nilsson, Scand. Fauna, 608. D. deductor, Trail, Scoresby, Arct. Reg. i. 496, t. 13. f. 1, 1820. Grampus globiceps, Gray, Spic. Zool. 2, 1828. Delphinus grampus, Owen, Cat. Osteol. Mus. Coll. Surg. n. 1137. Globiocephalus svineval, Gray, Zool. E. & T. 32 (fig. skull) ; Cat. Cetac. 87. Phocena melas, Couch, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ix. 371, t. 6 ; Bell, B. Quad. 483. fig. Large Grampus, Hunter, Cat. Mus. Coll. Surg. n. 1137. Black Whale, Howling Whale, Social Whale, Bottlehead. Hab. North Sea. Orkney (Traz/) ; skull in Brit. Mus. Huyst, Belgium, Noy. 1859, female 20 feet long, with feetus 5 feet long (Van Beneden) (N. Mém. Acad. Brux. xxxii. 5). Van Beneden notes, the foetus was coloured exactly like the adult ; and Eschricht observes that a foetus only a foot long has the pectoral fins of the shape so characteristic of the genus. The teeth were pre- sent, but had not cut the gums; they were 10/10, and they are evi- dently permanent, and not replaced. Very common at the Faroe Islands, and called Grindewal. Very 244 DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. [May 24, many are taken annually on their passage from the Polar Seas to the Atlantic. —Eschricht. GLOBIOCEPHALUS AFFINIS. Delphinus grampus, Cat. Mus. Col. Surg. 169. n. 1138; Hun- terian Coll. n. 686. Delphinus melas, Owen, Cat. Osteol. Col. Surg. n. 2518 ; British Fossil Mammalia. Globiocephalus affinis, Gray, Zool. E. & T, 32; Cat. Cetac. 89. Hab. North Sea. Skull Mus, Coll. Surg. ** The palate convex, shelving on the sides. Sphzrocephalus. GLoBIOCEPHALUS INCRASSATUS. Thick-palated Pilot Whale. Globiocephalus incrassatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861 (skull, fig. 3). a British Channel, Bridport, Dorsetshire (Beecham), 1853 ; skull in British Museum. b. Pectoral fins ovate, wide apart, lateral ; intermawillary bones moderate. Phoczenina. + The lateral wing of the maxilla horizontally produced over the orbit ; dorsal fin distinct ; teeth conical. 8. Orca. Teeth large, conical, acute, permanent. Intermaxillaries mode- rately wide. Orca, Rondel. ; Gray, Zool. E. & T. 33; Cat. Cetac. 92. Orca GLADIATOR. The Killer. De Balenis minoribus, &c., Sibbald, Bal. 6, t. 2. f. 3, tooth. Orca, Rondel. 483. fig. Delphinus orca, Linn. 8. N.; Mag. N. Hist. iv. 329. f. 2; Schle- gel, De Dieren, 87, t.14 (good) ; Turton, B. F. 17; Fleming, B. A. 34; Jenyns, Man. 42; Bell, B. Quad. 477. fig. (bad); Nilsson, Scand. Fauna, 603. Grampus, Hunter, Phil. Trans. 1787, t. 16. Delphinus grampus, Desm. Mam. 517, from Hunter ; Owen, Cat. Osteol. Coll. Surg. n. 1136. Cachalot d Anderson, Duhamel. Delphinus duhamelii, Lacép. Pisce. 314, t. 9. f. 1. Delphinus gladiator, Lacép. Hab. North Sea. Greenwich (Hunter); skull Mus. Coll. Surg. n. 2515. Coast of Essex; skullin British Museum. Weymouth (R. Pearce); skeleton in British Museum. Lynn Harbour, Nov. 1830; skull in Mr. Bell’s Museum (see Loudon’s Mag. N. Hist. iv. 329). A school of ten in the Parrett, near Bridgewater, 24 March, 1864 (J. Clark), varying from 11 to 22 feet long. Young specimen in 1864.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. 245 the Thames at Greenwich, 1793 (Banks in Pennant), length 31 feet ; skeleton in British Museum and Museum of the College of Surgeons. Ostend, adult male and female and two years’ adult skeleton; Mus. Louvain. Holland, 1841, 16 feet long; skeleton, Mus. Leyden. ORCA CRASSIDENS. Lincolnshire Killer. Phocena crassidens, Owen, Brit. Fossil Mam. 516, f. 213, 214, 216, skull and united cervical vertebree. Orca crassidens, Gray, Zool. E. & T. 33; Cat. Cetac. 94. Pseudorca crassidens, Reinhardt, Danish Transactions, fig. Hab. North Sea, in schools. Lincolnshire (Owen) ; cervical ver- tebree anchylosed (Owen, f. 214). 9. GRAMPUS. Teeth conical, early deciduous. Intermaxillaries broad. Grampus, Gray, Spic. Zool. 2; Zool. E.& T. 30; Cat. Cetac. 82. GRAMPUS CUVIERI. Cuvier’s Grampus. ? Grampus, Hunter, Phil. Trans. 1787, t. 17. ? Delphinus ventricosus, Lacép. Cét. 311, t.15. f. 3 (from Hunter). Delphinus griseus, Cuv. R. A. i. 290; Ann. Mus. xix. t. 1. f. 1. Grampus griseus, Gray, Spic. Zool. 2. Grampus cuvieri, Gray, Ann. N. H. 1846 ; Zool. E. & T. 31 ; Cat. Cetac. 83. Delphinus globiceps, var.?, Nilsson, Scand. Fauna, 608. Hab. North Sea. Isle of Wight (Rev. C. Bury), 1845; skull in British Museum. The animal is black, and not grey; hence the inappropriateness of the name of Cuvier. +t The lateral wings of the maxilla shelving down over the orbit. * Teeth permanent, compressed, sharp-edged,. 10. PHocana. Teeth compressed. Dorsal triangular, central. Phocena, Rondel. Pisce. 474; Gray, Spic. Zool. 2; Zool. E. & T. 30; Cat. Cetac. 81. Pxoc2#na communis. Common Porpoise. Phocena, Rondel. Pisce. 473. Phocena rondeletii, Willughby, Pisce. 31. t. A 1. f. 2. Ph. communis, Lesson ; Gray, Spic. Zool. 2; Zool. E, & T. 30; Cat. Cetac. 81; Bell, Brit. Quad. 473. fig., 476. fig. Delphinus phocena, Linn. S. N.; Schlegel, Dieren, 89. t. 15; Turton, B. Fauna, 17; Fleming, B. A. 33; Phil. Zool. ii. 209, t. 1. f. 4; Jenyns, Man. 41; Nilsson, Scand. Fauna, 616. Porpess, Borlase, Cornw. 264, t. 27. f.2; Monro, Phys. Fishes, 45, too. 246 DR. J. E, GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. [May 24, Hab. North Sea. Near the shore in all seasons, and ascends rivers. “* A season seldom passes without their appearance at Greenwich and Deptford, and they occasionally pass much higher up ’’ (C. Col- lingwood, 1858); Battersea, Gray, 1815. i ‘‘The Porpoise enters the Baltic by the Sound in large numbers in the spring, in pursuit of the Herrings, and leaves it by the Little Belt in December and January ”’ (Eschricht). Professor Rapp (Cetac. t. 5) figures the skeleton of Delphinus pho- cena. ‘The scapula with a broad, dilated coracoid process. Fin- gers five, short ; the first longest; the third scarcely shorter ; the second shorter; the fourth and fifth very short ; the fifth slender. Spinous processes of the dorsal and lumbar vertebree with a distinct subcentral anterior process on each side. The lateral processes of the lumbar vertebrze short and broad”’ (Rapp, J. c.). ** Teeth early deciduous, conical; dorsal fin none. 11. BeLvuea. Teeth in both jaws early deciduous. Beluga, Gray, Spice. Zool. 2; Zool. E. & T. t. 29. f. 3; Cat. Cetac. 7 M. Van Beneden observes that he has seen skulls varying from 8— 0— . : . . — t —, and all intermediate combinations ; 9/8 seem the most frequent (Nouv. Mém. Acad. Brux. xxxii. 16). BeLuGa caTopoNn. Beluga or White Whale. Balena minor in inferiore, &c., Sibbald, Bal. 9; Ray, Syn. Pie. 1D. Physeter catodon, Linn. 8. N. (from Sibbald) ; Turton, B. Fauna, 16; Jenyns, Man. 45. Delphinus leucas, Pallas, Mem. Wern. Soc. iui. 17, t., d; Bell, Brit. Quad. 491; Nilsson, Scand. Fauna, 614. Catodon sibbaldi, Fleming, B. A. 39. Beluga leucas, Gray, Spic. Zool. 2; Bell, B. Quad. 488. fig., 491. fig. Beluga catodon, Gray, Zool. E. & T. 29. Delphinus albicans, O. Fab. F. G. 50; Jenyns, Man. 43. Delphinapterus albicans, Fleming, B. A. 36. Hab. North Sea. Scotland (Sibbald). Two males were cast ashore on the beach of the PentlandFrith, some miles east of Thurso, in August 1793 (Colonel Murie). A specimen was killed near Sterling in June 1815, and described by Dr. Barclay and Mr. Neil in ‘ Wern. Mem.’ iii. 371. t. 27. It is gregarious, entering large rivers. 12, Monopon. Teeth very early deciduous. Male with a projecting spiral tusk in the upper jaw. 1864. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON BRITISH CETACEA. 247 Monodon, Artedi; Linn. S. N. i. 17; Gray, Zool. E. & T. 29; Cat. Cetac. 75. Monoceros, Charlet; Gray, P. Z. $8. 1863 (misprint). Ceratodon, Brisson ; Illiger. Diodon or Diodonta, Storr. Oryx, Oken. Monopon monoceros. ‘The Narwhal. Monodon monoceros, Linn. 8S. N.; Fleming, Mem. Wern. Soc. i. 146; Gray, Zool. E. & T. 29; Cat. Cetac. 75; Turton, B. Fauna, 15; Fleming, B. A. 37; Jenyns, Man. 43; Bell, B. Quad. 500. fig., 505. fig. ; Nilsson, Scand. Fauna, 619. Sea Unicorn, Sow. Brit. Mise. t. 9. fab. North Sea; skeleton in Museum of Hull Phil. Soe. First recorded as found in Britain by Vulpius (Obs. Med. 376, t. 18) near the Island of May (insulam Mayam) in June 1648. One was observed on the 15th of February, 1800, near Boston, Lin- eolnshire (see Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Cét. 159, t. 5. f. 2, and Mem. Wern. Soc. i. 147 ; Fleming, B. A. 37). A young male was found, on the 27th of Sept. 1808, at the Sound of Weesdale, Zetland, and described by Fleming, Wern. Mem. i. 131, t. 6. «The tooth is characteristic of the male. Instances, however, occur, though seldom, in which the female has a tooth; one is mentioned in Linn. Trans. xiii. 620” (Flem. B. A. 28). Suborder II. SIRENIA. Body rather hairy. Muzzle bristly. Nostrils two, separate, api- cal, lunate, valvular. Fore limbs arm-like, clawed ; hinder depressed, expanded, tail-like. eats two, pectoral. Teeth of two kinds, cut- ting and grinders (see Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 138). Fam. 1. MANATID. Manatide, Gray, Cat. Cetac. 138. 1. Mawnarus. Tail rounded. Grinders tubercular. ? MANATUS AUSTRALIS. Manatee. Manatus, Rondel. Pise. 490. Trichecus manatus, Linn. 8. N.1. 49. Manatus australis, Tilesius, Jahrb. i. 23. M. americanus, Desm. Mam. 517. M. borealis, Flem. B. Anim. 29. Mermaid of the Shetland Seas, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. vi. 57, 1829 ; Steward, Elem. Nat. Hist. i. 125. Hab. Estuaries of Tropical America; Shetland (Steward and Fleming). The animal mentioned by Steward and Fleming is most probably the American Manatee, which may, under extraordinary circum- 248 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON A NEW FALCON. [May 24, stances, be brought by the Gulf-stream to the coast of Shetland. I have seen no specimens ; but the size precludes it being the Rhytina, to which Fleming refers it. “‘The carcase of one of these animals was, in 1785, thrown ashore near Leith : it was much disfigured ; and the fishermen extracted its liver and other parts, from which a considerable quantity of oil was obtained ’’ (Stewart, Elem. N. H. i. 125), ‘Zetland Mermaid. Animal 3 feet long; upper part resembling a Monkey with short arms, and distinct, not webbed, fingers ; lower part like a fish; skin smooth, grey, without hairs or scales ; breast pectoral ! !’>—Laurence Edmondstone in Edinb. Magaz. Sept. 1823, p- 343, copied in Fleming, Brit. Anim, 30, 2. CHARACTERS or A New Species or FALCON, DISCOVERED BY THE LATE Dr. DicKINSON, OF THE CENTRAL AFRICAN Mis- SION, ON THE RiveR Surré. By P. L. Scuater, M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY. The collections of the late Dr. Dickinson, who was Surgeon to the Central African Mission until his death at Chibisa’s, on the River Shiré, on the 17th March 1863, have been kindly submitted to my inspection by his brother, Mr. R. Dickinson, of Jarrow-on-Tyne. Amongst them are three examples of a I'alcon allied to Falco ardesiacus, Vieill., which appears to be new to science, and which I propose to name after its discoverer. FALCO DICKINSONI, sp. nov. 3. Cineraceo-niger ; capite undique pallide cinereo, hujus plumis medialiter nigro striolatis: uropygio albicante, cinereo tincto : cauda albicanti-cinerea nigro frequenter transvittata, fascia subterminali lata nigra, rectricum apicibus ipsis cinereo-albi- cantibus ; ventre nigricante, brunneo tincto; tibtis et crisso cinerascentibus: alarum pogoniis internis albis, nigro fre- quenter transvittatis : rostro nigro, cera et pedibus flavis : re- migibus 2" et 3'° equal. et longissimis, cauda rotundata. Long. tota 13:5, alee 8°2, caudee 5:2, tarsi 1°4 poll. Angl. 2. Mari similis, sed major, et abdomine brunnescentiore. Long. tota 14:5, alee 9°1, caude 6:0, tarsi 1°5. Hab. In ripis fl. Shiré in Africa orientali. Obs. The general form of this bird is completely that of Falco ardesiacus (Vieill.) of Western Africa. Together with that bird and Falco zoniventris, Peters, of Madagascar, it evidently forms a distinct section among the Hobbies (Hypotriorchis), for which I suggest the subgeneric name Dissodectes*, indicating thereby the peculiarity of their doubly-toothed mandible—a feature in which they resemble the Harpagi of South America. * dioods, duplex, et dyxrns, mordicator 1864.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS NEOMORPHUS. 249 3. Notre on THE Species oF Cuckoos OF THE GeNuS NEOMOR- pous. By P. L. Scuatrer, M.A., Pa.D., F.R.S., erc. In a series of bird-skins from Demerara, which Mr. J. R. Army- tage has kindly allowed me to examine, is an example of a species of Cuckoo, of the genus Neomorphus of Gloger* (subsequently termed Cultrides+ by Pucheran), which has much interested me. It is the only specimen I have yet seen, besides the type in the British Museum, of the bird described and figured in these ‘ Proceedings,’ by Mr. George Gray, as Cultrides rufipennist. Mr. Gray supposed the loca- lity of his specimen to be ‘‘ Mexico;” but Mr. Armytage’s speci- men having been obtained by his late brother, Mr. James Armytage, on the Lower Demerara River, in British Guiana, leaves no doubt of the latter patria being correct§. Moreover the same species was met with upon the Ucayali by MM. Castelnau and Deville during their voyage, and is described by the latter in the ‘ Revue Zoologi- que’ under the name Cultrides pucherani\|. At least I have very little doubt that the species is the same, although I can say but little in praise of the figures of Cultrides pucherani given in the Zoology of Castelnau’s Voyage§. I may observe, however, that M. O. Des Murs’s supposition there expressed, that this species is the young of Neomorphus geoffroyii, appears to have very little foundation. On _ the contrary, the two species are very readily distinguishable by marked characters, as will be seen by the following diagnoses :— 1. NEOMORPHUS GEOFFROYII. Supra lete virescens, cupreo nitens ; occipite cristato chalybeo, cyaneo micante ; sincipite, genis, collo, gutture et pectore fusco- brunneis, pallide cineraceo-brunnescente squamulatis ; subtus vitta infrapectorali angusta nigra; epigastrio ventreque supe- riore pallescentibus ; hypochondriis, tibiis, ventre inferiore cris- soque rufo-ferruginescentibus ; rectricum splendide virescentium illis que summe ceteras plerumque obtegunt pulchre viola- scenti-cupreo nitentibus; rostro flavido, basi pallide cerule- scente ; pedibus plumbeo-corneis**. Hab. In Brasil. merid.-or. in vic. urbis Bahia et in ripis fl. Bel- monte. 2. NEOMORPHUS RUFIPENNIS. Supra lete virescens, occipite cristato et dorso summo purpura- scentibus ; alis extus lete rufis; tectricibus minoribus dorso concoloribus : subtus ochracescenti-cinereus ; torque collari lato bipollicart purpurascenti-nigro; gule plumis cinereis, illo colore * Froriep’s Not. 1827, p. 278. T Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 51. t P. Z. S. 1849, p. 63, pl. 10. § I have never seen any Cuckoo of this form in the many collections of Mexican birds that have passed through my hands. || Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 211. {| ‘ Expédition de Castelnau,’ Zoologie, Ois. p. 18, pls. 6, 7. ** Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. iv. p. 92. 250 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS UROCYCLUS. [May 24, marginatis : rostro nigro, apice utriusque mandibule distincte pallide cornea ; pedibus corneis. Long. tota 19°5, alee 6°5, caudee 10°8, tarsi 3°8. Hab. In Guiana et Amazonia sup. Obs. Sp. a prec. alis rufis, torque lato, et rostro bicolore primo visu distinguenda ! 4. On Urocycuus, 4 New Genus or TERRESTRIAL GASTERO- popous Mo.uuusca FROM AFRICA. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., erc. Dr. John Kirk has kindly sent to the British Museum, with some other Mollusca in spirits, a specimen of a Slug from the Zambesi. Naked Terrestrial Mollusca seem rare in that country, for Dr. Kirk says it is the only species of Slug that he observed during his journey: he thinks that the country is probably too dry for them. It was found on some floating weed near the mouth of the River Zambesi. It was not uncommon. This Slug forms a new genus, which may be thus named and described :— URocycuvs. Body elongate, attached its whole length to the upper surface of the foot. Mantle shield-like, uniformly granular ; a small and round deep pit in the middle of the hinder margin. Shell ? Sub- caudal gland very large, deep, circular, surrounded by a broad trans- versely grooved edge. The respiratory aperture on the middle of the right side of the mantle; orifice of generation at the base of the right tentacles. Tentacles four, retractile ; lower small. This genus is exactly like a Limaz or an Arion in external form ; but is immediately to be distinguished from either of them by the large size of the deep glandular pit, which is situated on the upper surface of the tip of the tail, and is surrounded by a broad, smooth, raised edge, marked with numerous transverse grooves. The genus Mila is said to have two small pores near the hinder edge of the mantle, which may be analogous to the single pores in the mantle of this genus. The genus Milaz is certainly destitute of any subcaudal gland or pore, and is referred to the family Limacide ; while the genus here described is peculiar for the large size and general development of the subcaudal pore.’ In the pores on the hinder edge of the mantle it may be allied to the Limax noctilucus of D’Orbigny and the Phosphorax noctilucus of Webb and Berthelot, of Teneriffe ; but this animal is so very im- perfectly described and badly figured that it is not easy to under- standit. Férussac, in the ‘Bulletin d. Sci. Nat.’ 1821, x. 300, in which it is first noticed under the name of Limaw noctilucus, only observes, ‘it is furnished with a similar aperture in the mantle as that in Arion extraneus, from which escapes a phosphorescent matter.” Now Arion extraneus is evidently a Drusia; and the hole in the mantle is the space left between the reflexed edges of that organ, 1864. ] MR, 0. SEMPER ON NEW MOLLUSKS. 251 exhibiting part of the shell. The figure given by D’Orbigny, in Fé- russac’s ‘ Mollusca,’ 76, t. 2. f. 8, exhibits the body contracted, and the hinder part produced into a marginal disk, which is said to be lucid green and phosphorescent in the dark. The tail is described as rounded, and no mention is made of any subcaudal gland of any kind ; so that it can scarcely be the genus here described; for the large, deep subcaudal circular pit, with its large, thick, prominent rim, could not have been overlooked on the most casual examination. I have not considered it right to cut into the single specimen which we possess of this interesting genus, either to examine the existence or form of the shell, or to describe the form, structure, and disposition of the teeth—all most important particulars, which I hope the receipt of other specimens will enable me before long to supply. The pore near the hinder margin of the shield is deep and lined with membrane, which is swollen up and bladder-like at the base in the specimen in spirits, not showing any indication of a shell; and therefore it cannot be (as has been suggested by one zoologist, to whom I had showed the specimen) compared to the open space which is left on the upper surface of the shell by the edge of the mantle being only partially reflected over its outer surface as in the genera Drusia, Girasia, Merialla, and Parmacellus in the Arionide, and Peitella in the Limacidz. It is probably more properly to be com- pared with the luminous gland which is said to be found, but so imperfectly and differently described as existing in the genus Pho- sphoraxz. The mantle is rather produced and free in front and on the front part of the sides, but does not appear to be so free as in the Eu- ropean species of the genus Limaz. URocyYcLuvs KIRKII. Pale brown, with minute square black spots on the sides, with a black streak on each side of the back; middle of the back with two darker brown streaks. The sides of the body with diverging sunken lines. The margin of the foot with a series of small black specks. Hab. Central Africa. 5. Descriprions or New Species or Mouuusks, oF THE Genera Recistoma AND Puprna. By Orro Semper. ReEGIsTOMA AMBIGUUM, O, Semper. T. imperforata, ovato-elongata, glabra, nitida, subpellucida, fla- vido-grisea, aperturam versus aurantiaca ; spira subacuminata, mamillata; anfract. 53, convexiusculi, superiores regulariter crescentes, mediani inflatult, ultimus spira breviore, descendens ; sutura impressa, filomarginata, callosa; columella parva, in adultis angulum obtusum cum peristomate formans, in ado- 252 MR. W. H. FLOWER ON A LESSER FIN-WHALE [May 24, lescentibus incisura obliqua a peristomate disjuncta ; apertura subascendens, subcircularis, verticalis, basi non protracta ; peristoma incrassatum, aurantiacum. Operculum tenue, corneum, arctispirum, suturis leviter elevatis, intus medio papillatum. Long. 8 mm., diam. 4°25 mm., apert. intus 2°50 mm. longa. Hab. Ad Cabayah et Paucian in parte septentrionali insule Luzon; detexit Dr. Carolus Semper. This interesting species is not nearly allied to any of the known Philippine Registoma species ; but in form it somewhat approaches R. simile, Sow. Its most striking peculiarity is the obliteration of the basal fissure in adult specimens, so characteristic of the genus Registoma, in this way forming a decided link between the two genera Callia and Registoma. The operculum also is extremely similar to that of Callia luérica in size as well as in construction. Pupina DIFFICILIS, O. Semper. T. pupeformis, ovato-cylindrica, nitidissima, glabra, corneo-ru- bella; spira obtusula; sutura levis, callosa, submarginata ; anfr. 5, planati, ultimus spiram subequans, valde descendens, ad aperturam brevissime ascendens ; apertura circularis, sub- verticalis, basi protracta; lamella parietalis minuta, acuta, intrans, callo subcireumscripto, anfractu ultimo affixo ad basin columelle decurrens, cum peristomio canalem angustum formans ; columella subverticaliter dissecta; peristoma albescens, incras- satum, margine dextro intus superne subtuberculato. Operculum tenue, corneum, arctispirum, suturis subelevatis. Long. 7 mm., diam. 3°50 mm., apertura intus 1°50 mm. longa. Var. 3. Minor, long. 5°50 mm. Hab. In “ Palaos” insulis ad ‘ Pelelin, Aibukut ;’’ detextt Dr. Carolus Semper. Varietas formee typice ad Aibukut lecta multo seepius, differt statura, peristomio minus incrassato, apertura basi minime protracta. This small, lively-coloured species appears to stand near P. bica- naliculata and P. keraudreni ; but I think it is different from either. 6. On a Lesser Fin-Wuate (BALZNOPTERA ROSTRATA, Far.) RECENTLY STRANDED ON THE Norrouxk Coast. By W. H. Frower, F.R.S. erc., ConSERVATOR OF THE MUSEUM OF THE RoyaL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS. We have at present so little definite information upon the specific characters and geographical distribution of the Cetacea, that it is dé- sirable that no opportunity should be lost of putting on record any facts which may contribute to the better knowledge of the natural history of even the most common species of this interesting group of the Mammalia. No further apology will therefore be necessary for placing before the Society some observations upon a specimen which has recently been added to the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons through the kindness of Mr. J. H. Gurney, M.P. 1864.] STRANDED ON THE NORFOLK COAST. 253 In the month of November 1860 that gentleman received infor- mation from his gamekeeper at Northrepps that a Whalebone Whale, about 25 feet long, had been washed ashore in the adjoining parish of Overstrand, about a mile and a half 8.E. of Cromer. — It had evi- dently been dead some time, as decomposition was considerably ad- vanced. Mr. Gurney ordered the baleen to be removed from the mouth and preserved, and the carcase to be carefully buried in an accessible place, with the intention of disinterring the bones at some future time. Mr. Gurney having presented the skeleton to the Col- lege of Surgeons, I succeeded in March last in digging it up, and removing it to London. The operation was conducted with great care ; none of the bones were lost or injured; and such observations were made upon their relations to each other, while still undisturbed, as might be useful in articulating the skeleton. For instance, the different parts of the vertebral column were measured as they lay in situ, so as to preserve the exact thickness of the intervertebral substance in the various regions. Unfortunately, in removing some of the flesh before the carcase was buried, those most interesting bones which form the rudimentary pelvis, so rarely to be found at- tached even to our best-preserved museum specimens of Cetacea, had been thrown away. Some of the phalanges of both fins were also wanting ; but otherwise the skeleton is perfect. One of the greatest problems to be solved by future cetologists re- lates to the specific distinctions of the Fin- Whales (Balenoptera, La- cépéde, Physalus and Balenoptera, Gray). The confusion in which the history and nomenclature of these, the largest of known animals, are involved appears inextricable. Chiefly by the invaluable labours of Eschricht, one species, however, has been definitely separated from all the larger members of the group by numerous well-marked ana- tomical as well as external characters. This is the Zwergwall of the Germans, the Vaagequal of the Norwegians, Balena rostrata of Fa- bricius and J. Hunter, and Pterobalena minor of Eschricht*. Dr. J. E. Gray+ goes further, and separates the species generically from the other Fin-Whales, limiting to it Lacépéde’s designation of Bale- noptera, and assigning that of Physalus to its gigantic allies. That the specimen under consideration belongs to the genus, subgenus, or section Balenoptera thus limited there can be no doubt ; but whether this section contains but a single species, and the osteological differ- ences which I shall have to point out between the Cromer specimen and those previously described are merely individual characters, though highly probable, may still be held as an open question—one which can only be determined by the examination and comparison of a larger number of skeletons than are at present available for the purpose ft. * Opera, passim. See especially ‘ Untersuchungen iiber die nordischen Wall- thiere,’ Leipzig, 1849. t Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847 ; Cat. Cetacea, Brit. Mus. t Dr. Gray’s comprehensive and valuable paper on the British Whales (see ante, p. 195), containing his most recent views on the subject referred to above, being read to the Society on the same evening as the present communication was of course unknown to the author when this was written. 254 MR. W. H. FLOWER ON A LESSER FIN-WHALE [May 24, The animal was a male. Its stomach contained the remains of numerous fish of considerable size; my informant thinks, cod-fish. Of its external appearance or visceral anatomy I could learn nothing satisfactory. It must have been nearly adult, as the epiphyses of the humerus and proximal end of the radius and ulna were firmly united. Those of the bodies of the vertebrze were stili mostly sepa- rable. This accords well with the current statement that 30 feet is the maximum length any of the species has been known to attain. The total length of the skeleton as it lay in situ was 24! 4", of which the head occupied 5! 5", the seven cervical vertebre with their intervertebral spaces 1’, the eleven dorsal 3! 11", the twelve lumbar 6! 6", and the twenty caudal (commencing with the first vertebra which bears a chevron bone) 7! 6". In the entire number of the vertebrze, as well as in their distribu- tion into different regions, the skeleton agrees with those described by Eschricht, with the exception that there are two additional ver- tebre in the tail, making the whole number fifty instead of forty- eight. Eschricht remarks that the terminal caudal vertebre are rarely preserved in the skeletons of whales in museums; and he gives a careful description and figure of these bones, from a young specimen at Christiania which he thought was complete. Allowing for difference of age, the vertebrze described, the forty-seventh and forty-eighth from the head (regarded by Eschricht as penultimate and terminal), correspond in characters with the forty-seventh and forty-eighth of the present skeleton. I am therefore disposed to consider that the vertebral elements corresponding to the rudimen- tary and ankylosed forty-ninth and fiftieth vertebree of the latter were either not ossified or had been lost in the Christiania specimen, and that fifty must be regarded as the normal number of vertebrze in the species. The last three vertebre in the present skeleton are broad and depressed. The forty-eighth measures at its anterior end, from above downwards, 1!"1, from side to side 1"°6. Its length is 1/2. It diminishes greatly posteriorly, especially in width. The epiphyses are distinctly marked, though firmly united to the body of the bone. The hinder surface has a bony union, occupying about one-fourth of its area, on the upper and left-hand corner, with the contiguous sur- face of the succeeding bone. This is 1''"1 in length, 08 in height, and 13 in width at its anterior part. It is of unsymmetrical form, the length of the left lateral margin being nearly double that of the right. This causes an obliquity of the posterior surface, and the consequent tilting to the right side of the last vertebra—a mere rounded tubercle about the size of a pea, firmly ankylosed to the penultimate. The cervical vertebree of the Whales are generally considered to furnish important characters, both for their generic and specific di- stinction, and therefore deserve close attention. Dr. Gray gives, among the generic characters of Balenoptera, ‘The second and third cervical vertebrae united by the spinous process.’ Under the heading of specific characters a more detailed description is given, 1864.] STRANDED ON THE NORFOLK COAST. 255 _ differing in some particulars from what is seen in the present speci- men. Eschricht mentions the union of the second and third vertebree ~ as an exceptional occurrence, being seen in two only out of many spe- cimens examined ; and the union of the upper and lower transverse processes into a ring (not found in the specimen described by Dr. Gray) he observed in three young specimens from Greenland, but never in any, even quite adult, examples from the European coasts. In the Hunterian skeleton of an immature female, taken on the Dogger bank, and now in the Museum of the Royal College of Sur- geons, all the transverse processes are separate, even those of the axis are not quite united at their extremities, and all the vertebre are free. The present skeleton differs from any other previously described, in having the ¢hird and fourth cervical vertebrz firmly united together by the contiguous edges of their neural arches, all the others being separate. The general direction of the largely developed transverse processes in the cervical region present in a marked degree the peculiarities seen in the other Fin-Whales. While that of the atlas stands out and turns slightly forwards, those of the remaining cervical and first dorsal converge and almost meet together at a point on a level with the body of the fifth vertebra, the anterior ones being directed back- wards, and the posterior forwards. The processes of the second cer- vical and first dorsal considerably exceed all the intermediate ones in length and strength. The atlas is a strong, massive bone, measuring 123" between the extremities of the transverse processes, 73" from the inferior edge of the body to the tip of the spine, and 2+" in the thickness of the lower edge of its body. The two concave, oval, articular surfaces for the condyles are-almost continuous below, though separated bya wide interval above. The neural canal forms an irregular triangle with the base turned upwards. The posterior surface presents two somewhat kidney-shaped irregularly convex surfaces for articulation with the axis. The lamine are broad and tolerably strong, with sharp edges, and terminated above by a short, compressed, and rounded spine, directed backwards. At its junction with the body, immediately behind the condylar articular surfaces, the arch is per- forated on each side near its anterior edge by a circular foramen 0!-3 in diameter, running from without inwards and upwards. The trans- verse processes, arising from the sides of the body, are broad and stout, of moderate length, truncated at their extremities, directed slightly forwards, and obliquely flattened, so that one surface looks upwards and backwards and the other downwards and forwards. The body of the axis is about 1} in thickness, elongated from side to side, with two concave kidney-shaped articular surfaces in front, between which is a roughened surface, the posterior and broader half of which rises into a low tuberosity, the only representative of an odontoid process. On the summit of this tuberosity is a small deep oval fossa 0'-3 long. The hinder surface of the body presents a single concave transversely elongated articular surface for the suc- ceeding vertebra. The neural arch is strong, and roughened by 256 MR. W. H. FLOWER ON A LESSER FIN-WHALE [May 24, bony ridges and tubercles on its outer surface ; it presents on each side near its junction with the body an articular surface, which over- laps that on the arch of the succeeding vertebra, and it terminates posteriorly in a short compressed ridge, the posterior angle of which is prolonged into a rounded spine. The chief peculiarity of this vertebra, however, is the enormous development of the transverse processes, which stand out like great wings, inclined backwards and slightly downwards, and are perforated at their base by a large oval foramen, half the length of the process. The neural canal is of transitional form, somewhat circular in front, and assuming behind the characteristic triangular shape with the base below, seen in the remaining vertebre of the neck. The breadth of the body of the axis is 6", from tip to tip of transverse processes 17", from inferior edge of body to end of neural spine 72". The third and fourth vertebree, though quite free and standing 0-2 inch apart at their bodies, are firmly united by the coalescence of the whole of the lamine of their neural arches, which terminate above in a continuous very thin low ridge in place of a spine. The bodies of the vertebree closely resemble each other; they are 53" broad, 33! deep, and 1-2 in thickness. They bear on each side a superior and an inferior transverse process, both directed downwards and slightly converging, but not meeting at their extremities. The superior pro- cess (diapophysis, Owen) springs from the pedicle of the neural arch; it is somewhat longer and much more slender than the inferior (para- pophysis, Owen), which arises directly from the centrum. Both are much compressed from before backwards. The fifth vertebra has a body of the same thickness as the last, a spinous process slightly longer, and transverse processes similar, but longer and approaching more nearly to each other at the ends. In the sixth vertebra there is a slight increase in the thickness of the body; the spine is still longer ; the inferior transverse processes are more strongly developed, especially the tuberosity near the base, which is prolonged into a blunt spine directed backwards. On the right side the ends of the upper and lower processes unite so as to form a complete ring ; on the left side they approach within half an inch of each other. This want of symmetry in the two sides is a caution against laying too great stress upon minor characters derived from these processes. In the seventh vertebra the body presents a similar increase of thickness: the spinous process is still a little longer ; there is no trace of inferior process; but the superior is long and strong. The first dorsal resembles the last in its general characters ; but the single transverse process is much more strongly developed, and bears at its extremity a roughened surface, to which the first rib is connected. There are eleven pairs of ribs. All articulate, by the part corre- sponding to the tuberosity in other mammals, directly with the ends of the transverse processes of the dorsal vertebree ; and, beyond a minute tubercle on the first and second, none have any trace of a capitular process. They differ in this respect from those of the Large Fin-Whale (Physalus antiquorum, Gray), of which the anterior ribs have considerably developed heads, extending towards, though gene- 1864. ] STRANDED ON THE NORFOLK COAST. 257 rally not articulating with, the bodies of the vertebree. The first rib is the shortest, and widens at the sternal end, where it terminates obliquely, the outer edge being produced downwards, and the inner edge forming a projection inwards. All the others are narrow at their inferior termination. The vertebral end of the first is very flat, and the angle not very distinct. The second differs from all the others in having a prominent, broad, flattened, slightly curved-backwards, and rough-edged process at the angle, which is situated close to the articular end. This process gradually subsides and recedes from the extremity of the base in the succeeding ribs. The length of the are of the first rib is 253", of the second 343", of the third 392", of the fourth and fifth 40"; after this they slowly and gradually diminish to the eleventh, which is 35" long. The chevron bones are nine in number. The first is attached to the hinder part of the thirty-first vertebra; this is very small, and pointed posteriorly. The second is much larger and of very different shape, having a long narrow spine ; the third is the largest, being as long as the last, and much broader ; the succeeding ones rapidly di- minish in size. The characters of the skull agree with those of the specimens figured in the ‘ Voyage of the Erebus and Terror’ and in Eschricht’s work. Its principal dimensions are as follows :— Entire length of cranium, from tip of premaxillaries to occi- BAUER CONAVICS. < Bei teraabe ty Sstoacieh Sd. «eign mapeees by 65 Length from tip of premaxillaries to anterior end of maxillaries 3 Length from tip of premaxillaries to anterior end of vomer .. 114 Length from tip of premaxillaries to anterior end of nasals.... 41 Pine. Gt maxillary WONG Leics 25s. sacs .ce es wise aoa w whee GRY 464 Greatest breadth of cranium (at squamosals behind the orbit). 35 Breadth at antorbital processes of maxillary .............. 31 Breadth of rostrum, 36 inches from tip ............-..... 20 Length of ramus of lower jaw (in straight line) ............ 62 A superficial portion of the inner side of the left ramus, near the coronoid process, has suffered necrosis, and the adjoining bone bears evidence of recent and extensive inflammatory action. The sternum has the cross-like form characteristic of the species, the posterior being more than double the length of the anterior limb ; its greatest length is 143", its breadth 10". The scapula is 26” in breadth, and 15" in length. The humerus 102", and the radius 16! long. Although the upper ends of the radius. and ulna show no trace of epiphysis, and present a smooth surface for articulation with the humerus, the rough condition of the distal extremities indicate that they terminated in cartilage; and close to them were lying two small, transversely elongated, detached bones or epiphyses, though not large enough to cover more than half of the surfaces in contact with which they were placed. The ossifications in the carpus were five in number, three in the first and two in the second row. The metacarpals were four ; the phalanges too imperfect to afford any definite information. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1864, No. XVII. 258 MR. G. R. GRAY ON A NEW PUCRASIA. [June 14, The baleen of the right side of the mouth has been preserved in a nearly complete state. Of the larger or external row of plates 285 are present; but, as some are wanting at the posterior extremity of the series, their whole number may be estimated at about 300. The largest of these plates measure 83" in length, and 2" in breadth at the base. Their colour is a yellowish white ; when fresh, they are said to have had a pinkish tinge. Some scattered longitudinal fine black streaks, collected chiefly at two points, one a short distance from the base and the other about 3 inches higher, give rise to two darker transverse bands, visible on each individual plate, and more distinctly along the whole series. The general light colour of the whole of the baleen appears to be a distinctive character of this species ; in all the larger Fin-Whales it is wholly or partially black or brown. June 14, 1864. George Busk, Esq., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. Professor R. Owen read a Memoir on the skeleton of the Great - Awk (Alcea impennis). Prof. Owen’s observations were principally founded on a specimen of the body of this bird disinterred from some guano-deposits on Funk or Penguin Island, on the coast of New- foundland, as related by Mr. Newton at a previous meeting of this Society *. This communication will be printed entire in the Society’s ‘ Trans- actions,’ with appropriate illustrations. The following papers were read :— 1. On a New Species or PucrasiA FROM Cuina. By GEorGE Rospert Gray, F.L.S., etc. (Plate XX.) The British Museum has just received, through the kindness of the Hon. Sir Fred. W. A. Bruce, K.C.B., two specimens, male and female, of a species of Pucrasia. This bird, though noticed by Dr. Lamprey in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1862, p- 221, as “ another kind of Pheasant found in the Tien Tsin market,”’ which bears out the description of the Huplocamus pucrasia of the Naturalist’s Library,” was not inserted by Mr. Swinhoe in his “ Cata- logue of the Birds of China,” published in the ‘ Proceedings of the . Zoological Society’ for 1863. It is thought, therefore, that the de- scription of the present examples may be acceptable to the Society, * See P. Z. S, 1863, p. 435. J Wolf del.et lath Al a | 3 1 4 1864.] MR. G. R. GRAY ON A NEW PUCRASIA. 259 as adding an interesting species to the catalogue of Chinese birds previously printed in their publications. PUCRASIA XANTHOSPILA, sp. nov. (Pl. XX.) Forehead, cheeks, throat, and the lower or lengthened part of the crest black, glossed with green; this latter is less prominent on the throat ; top of head and upper or shorter part of the crest of an obscure sandy buff, which is brighter at the ends of the longer fea- thers; sides of the neck with a pure-white space, that is surrounded on three sides by the glossy green-black colour ; behind the white space there is another space of pale sandy buff, with white down the shaft of each feather; the former colour extends round the neck so as to meet the similar space on the other side; some of the feathers have a black line along their margins ; the nape, sides of the breast, back, and wings black, with a grey space down the middle of each feather, in which there is a very narrow black line down on each side of the shaft, while the outer margin of each feather is broadly bordered with grey; the feathers under the body are similarly marked, but the grey becomes more of a white colour; the castaneous colour along the middle of the breast and abdomen is not of so rich a colour as in the known species ; wing-coverts black, with white down the shafts and with brownish-grey edges; primaries brownish black on their inner webs, and buff on their outer ones and at the tip of both webs; tertiaries black, with the shafts and outer margins greyish white, the black in some feathers varied with rufous ; central tail- feathers grey along the black shafts, then a line of black, which is bordered outwardly by a broad greyish-castaneous colour, and this is margined very narrowly with black and then with grey; outer tail-feathers broad, of a grey colour, banded obliquely near the middle and tip with black ; the first band is sometimes interrupted, while the second one is entire and broad, and each feather ends with a pure white tip; under tail-coverts black, with a prominent tip of pure white ; and the vent-feathers are similar, but have a castaneous spot on each side. The general tint of the female is of a pale brown, blotched and freckled with black, the blotches being more prominent on the back of the neck, upper part of back, and wings ; lower part of back and rump pale greyish brown, varied with grey and freckled with black, and with some small blotches of black on the tail-coverts ; central tail-feathers greyish brown, with interrupted bands of brownish white and black; outer tail-feathers grey, banded with black, which is varied slightly with castaneous, and each feather is tipped with pure white ; throat buffy white, irregularly spotted beneath the lower mandible with black: the feathers on the sides of the buffy white margined with black spots; breast pale rufous brown, with the tip of each feather white, and the base and outer side black, not distinctly seen unless the feathers are moved ; feathers on the thighs black, down the shafts and at the tips white, some of them are varied with pale rufous; under tail-coverts black, marked on their sides with castaneous, and prominently tipped with pure white. 260 J. Vv. BARBOZA DU BOCAGE AND F. DE BRITO CAPELLO [June 14, Mr. Gould has figured three species of the genus Pucrasia in the sixth number of the ‘ Birds of Asia.’ From these species, however, the present bird is easily distinguished by the sandy-buff space on the sides of the neck, by the distinct markings and colours of the feathers of the upper parts of the body, and, especially, of those of the tail. The same box contained two examples, male and female, of the Crossoptilon mantchuricum. The sexes are exactly alike in size and colour, and therefore entirely dispell the probability of the first ex- ample, which was that of a female, being that sex of the Crossoptilon auritum. It may therefore now be considered that the genus Cros- soptilon is constituted of three species, viz.— Crossoptilon auritum (Pall.). mantchuricum, Swinhoe. —— tibetanum, Hodgs. The last two species are contained in the collection of the British Museum, the last one being, we believe, the only specimen at pre- sent in Europe. 2. Sur quEeLaques Espikcrs INEDITES DE SQUALIDZ DE LA TRIBU ACANTHIANA, GRAY, QUI FREQUENTENT LES COTES pu Portucau. ParJ. V. Barsoza vu BocacGs, DirecreuR pu Musrum p’Hisrorre NATURELLE DE LISBONNE, MEm- BRE ETRANGER DE LA Soc. Zoou. DE LONDRES, ETC.; ET F. DE Brito CareLLo, AIDE-NATURALISTE AU DIT Muséum. Les recherches que nous avons entrepris depuis quelque temps sur la faune ichthyologique du Portugal nous ont amenés & recon- naitre l’existence de plusieurs espéces dont il nous a été impossible de trouver aucune indication antérieure. C’est de quelques unes de ces espéces que nous allons donner une esquisse rapide afin d’appeler sur elles attention des ichthyologistes. Pour le moment c’est d’une petite division de la famille des Squa- lide, nommée par Mr. Gray Acanthiana, que nous allons nous oc- cuper. Nous avons 4 y inscrire cing espéces nouvelles. Trois de ces espéces appartiennent au genre Centrophorus, Mill. & Henl.; ce qui porte a cing le nombre des espéces du Portugal comprises dans ce genre; a savoir :— 1. CenrrorHorvus squamosus, Mill. & Henl. Connus de nos pécheurs sous le nom de “‘Arreganhada.’’ Commun. 2. CENTROPHORUS GRANULOSUS, Mill. & Henl. Appelé vulgairement “ Barroso.”” Egalement commun. 3. CENTROPHORUS LUSITANICUS, nob. (Fig. 1.) C. granuloso valde affinis, sed diversus : violaceo-nigricans, rostro breviore, pinnis pectoralibus ad apicem rostri propioribus, pinna dorsali anteriore latiore atque magis retrorsum producta, spinis pinnarum dorsalium brevioribus ac gracilioribus. 1864.] ON NEW SHARKS OF THE COASTS OF PORTUGAL. 261 262 J.V. BARBOZA DU BOCAGE AND F. DE BRITO CAPELLO [June 14, Nous avions d’abord pris cette espéce pour le C. granulosus ; mais ayant pu les comparer & |’état frais, nous leur avons trouvés des dif- férences qui nous semblent assez tranchées pour qu’on doive les séparer. Ils se distinguent par leur coloration, qui chez le C. gra- nulosus est d’un grisatre pur sur le dos, légérement carminé sur les flancs, et d’un noiratre violacé chez le C. lusitanicus, et encore par d’autres caractéres dont nous avons résumé les principaux dans notre caractéristique. Ainsi le C. lusttanicus a, par rapport au C. gra- nulosus, le museau plus court, les nageoires pectorales plus concaves i leur bord postérieur et placées 4 moindre distance de l’extrémité du rostrum, la dorsale antérieure plus large 4 la base et se prolongeant davantage en arriére par sa pointe, les épines des nageoires dorsales plus courtes et plus faibles, &e. La taille du C. lusitanicus semble étre plus forte que celle du C. granulosus. Nos pécheurs distinguent parfaitement ces deux espéces, et ils ont un nom particulier pour chacune: ils appellent le CO. granulosus “Barroso,” et le C. lusitanicus “ Lixa-de-lei.” 4, CENTROPHORUS CREPIDALBUS, nob. (Fig. 2.) C. cinerascens, corpore subtriangulari, fusiformi; rostro valde producto, depressissimo, spatulato ; capite postice brevi ; pinnis dorsalibus magnis, latis, fortiter lobatis, spinis longis validis- simis instructis ; squamis magnis, rudibus, erectis. Par les caractéres que nous venons d’indiquer, cette espéce nous semble établie de maniére 4 éviter toute confusion. Elle n’est pas rare dans nos mers, et nos pécheurs la connaissent trés-bien sous le nom de “‘ Sapata-branca,”’ que nous avons taché de rendre par les mots latins erepidalbus (crepida, alba). An Acanthidium calceus, Lowe? 5. CENTROPHORUS CREPIDATER, nob. (Fig. 3.) C. rufo-fuscus; corpore rotundato; capite brevi, rostro elon- gatulo, depresso ; pinnis dorsalibus brevibus, truncatis, spinis mediocribus munitis ; squamis horizontalibus, juxtapositis, fere imbricatis. C’est encore un nouveau type spécifique qui nous parait trés-dis- tinct de ses congénéres. Son nom vulgaire est ‘‘ Sapata-preta,” que nous avons littéralement traduit par crepidater (crepida, ater). A toutes ces espéces conviennent essentiellement les caractéres sur lesquels on a établi le genre Centrophorus; 4 savoir: téte peu dis- tincte du corps; museau plus ou moins déprimé ; narines situées des deux cétés du museau en dessous, 4 moitié de la distance entre le bout du museau et l’ceil ; pli de l’angle de la bouche a découvert, assez marqué et profond, présentant deux cartilages; évents situés derriére les yeux et munis d’une valve interne ; dents de la machoire d’en haut en nombre impair, 4 portion libre triangulaire tranchante sur les bords, dent médiane symmétrique et équilatérale, les autres dents s’inclinant 4 droite et 4 gauche; dents de la machoire infé- 1864.] ON NEW SHARKS OF THE COASTS OF PORTUGAL. 263 rieure en nombre pair, triangulaires et distinctement dentelées sur les bords, s’inclinant des deux cétés 4 partir de la ligne médiane. I] nous reste encore a parler de deux autres espéces inddites ap- partenant 4 ce méme groupe de poissons, mais que nous n’avons pu faire rentrer dans aucun des genres admis. Elles semblent par leurs caractéres établir la transition entre les genres Centrophorus et Scymnus, et lier les deux tribus Acanthiana et Scymnina. Nous avons cru suivre le bon chemin en créant pour elles deux genres nouveaux, que nous proposons d’appeler Centroscymnus et Seymnodon. Voici maintenant le résumé des caractéres génériques et spécifiques de nos deux poissons. Genre CENTROSCYMNUS. Cuar. GEN.—Dentes mazille superioris dentibus Scymnorum valde similes. Dentes maxille inferioris Centrophorum denti- bus non discrepantes. Pinne dorsales angustae, breves, spinis Sere inconspicuis instructe. CENTROSCYMNUS C@LOLEPIS, nob. (Fig. 4.) C. castaneo-brunneus ; corpore subtriangulari ; capite brevissimo; rostro brevi, parum depresso, marginibus cingulatis ; squamis pedunculatis, horizontalibus, imbricatis, antice fortiter exca- vatis. La forme particuliére des écailles de ce poisson suffit pour le bien caractériser: par la forme des dents et la disposition du systéme dentaire il est intermédiaire aux genres Centrophorus et Scymnus. Sans étre fort commun, ce poisson ne nous parait pas rare. Nos pécheurs l’appellent “ Pailona.” Genre ScyMNODON. Cuar. GEN.—Dentes maxille superioris ut in genere Scymno ; maxilla inferiore dens medianus impar, post eum dentes primum erecti, deinde versus angulum oris magis ac magis decumbentes. Pinne dorsales anguste, breves, spinis minutis. ScyMNODON RINGENS, nob. (Fig. 5.) S. rufo-fuscus, corpore subcylindrico elongato ; capite a trunco distincto, semiprismatico ; ore amplo, hiante, rictu fere hori- zontali ; pinnis pectoralibus angustis, rotundatis. La coloration de ce poisson rappelle tout-a-fait celle du Centro- phorus crepidater; et par son écaillure il ressemble tellement au Centrophorus squamosus, que nos pécheurs les confondent sous le méme nom de “ Arreganhada.” 264 J.V.BARBOZA DU BOCAGE ON A NEW BATRACHIAN. [June 14, 3. Notice suR UN BATRACHIEN NOUVEAU DU PorTUGAL (CHIO- GLOSSA LUSITANICA, NoB.). Par J. V. Barsoza pu BocaGe, Directeur pu Muséum p’Historre NAtTurELLE DE Lis- BONNE, MEMBRE ETRANGER DE LA Soc. Zoou. DE LONDRES, ETC. (Plate XXI.) CHIOGLOSSA LUSITANICA, sp. nov. (Pl. XXI.) Caractéres génériques :—Langue grande, oblongue, attachée anté- rieurement 4 la machoire inférieure, libre des deux cétés et en arriére, soutenue par un long pédicule qui vient se fixer au milieu de sa face inférieure. Deux rangées longitudinales de dents palatines, trés- convergentes en avant, ou elles arrivent presque 4 se toucher, trés- divergentes en arriére, paralléles au milieu. Membres antérieurs tétradactyles, postérieurs pentadactyles; pollex antérieur et posté- rieur trés-courts. Pas de parotides apparentes. Peau trés-finement chagrinée, presque lisse. Pas d’arcade osseuse temporo-frontale. Caractéres spécifiques :—Corps allongé, arrondi, étroit; queue trés-longue, mesurant un peu plus des 2 de la longueur totale, ar- rondie 4 la base, un peu comprimée dans sa derniére moitié. Téte courte; museau trés-court et arrondi; yeux gros et proéminents. Narines placées prés du bout du museau, presque en dessus et assez écartées. Membres courts et gréles, les postérieurs plus longs; les doigts, ainsi que les orteils, un peu déprimés et légérement bordés, a face palmaire lisse, mais avec les articulations des phalanges nette- ment accusées en dessus et en dessous par de fortes dépressions de la peau; le second doigt plus grand que le quatriéme, le troisitme le plus grand de tous; le troisiéme et le quatriéme orteils égaux et les plus longs, le cinquiéme aprés le pollex le plus court. Coloration.—En dessus, sur un fond noir-foncé ponctué de blanc, deux larges raies dorsales d’un beau rouge de cuivre doré se prolon- gent sur la queue en une seule raie, et vers la téte avancent en di- vergeant jusqu’aux yeux. Flancs, région du ventre et le dessous de la queue de la méme couleur noire du dos, sur laquelle de nombreux points blancs, inégalement repartis et plus confluents par places, dessinent de taches irréguliéres laiteuses peu apparentes. La face inférieure de la téte et le cou, jusqu’a l’insertion des membres anté- rieurs, d’un brun clair uniforme. La face dorsale des membres de la couleur des flanes; la face inférieure brunatre. J’ai dit que les raies dorsales et caudales sont d’un beau rouge de cuivre doré; mais j’ai besoin d’ajouter qu’elles semblent peintes avec du cuivre en poussiére fine mélangée avec un peu de poudre d’or. La nuance dorée est d’autant plus prononcée que les individus sont plus adultes. L’alcool a la facheuse propriété d’attaquer prompte- ment cette couleur, et de la faire disparaitre au bout de peu de temps. Dimensions prises sur un individu adulte:— —_snimatres. WOOHR MONE GOUAIE 6. oo uh ofe veda meicbon «agin, Lae PG URCLG 75 Accum eee ame LN GOAN NCHS. 525. cumiagesecche. 90 du membre antérieur ........ 11 du membre postérieur ........ 13 py VOINVLISAT YVSSOTOO pe ee! =) 4 TTL Asay, adv099 PY%.§.1864 PL XX eee MX&N,Hanhart mp © George West .lith . HYALONEMA LUCITANICUM. 1864.] 3. Vv. BARBOZA DU BOCAGE ON A NEW ZOOPHYTE. 265 Habitat.—Les premiers individus que j’aie vu de cette curieuse espéce m’ont été adressés de Coimbra en Mai de 1863, par mon ami M. Rosa. Ils ont été rencontrés aux environs de cette ville, dans le voisinage d’un bois de pins, et non loin d’une riviére; its étaient cachés sous un amas de bruyéres séches. J’ai recu cette année, en Janvier, un nouvel envoi de ces animaux; mais ceux-ci ont été pris sur la montagne de Bussaco, 4 cing lieues de Coimbra: ils sont ar- rivés pour la plupart vivants, mais au bout de quelques jours ils étaient tous morts. La singuli¢re conformation de la langue de cet animal me semble un caractére générique assez important. Le pédicule osseux qui le supporte est assez long, il a bien 4 millimétres, et sur les cdtés de son extrémité antérieure s’articulent deux branches cartilagineuses destinées 4 soutenir la portion libre de la langue. Chacune de ses branches, aprés avoir atteint, en se courbant en dehors et en arriére, le bord latéral de cette partie de la langue, suit exactement la di- rection de ce bord, et va finir sur le bord postérieur en le contournant. La langue n’est retenue le long de la ligne médiane, entre son attache antérieure et son pédicule central, que par du tissu cellulaire (v. figs. 3 & 4). Par cette disposition de la langue, le genre Chioglossa me semble se rapprocher beaucoup des genres Bolitoglossa, Heredia, Geotriton ; sa place dans un catalogue méthodique de l’erpétologie européenne doit étre dans le voisinage des genres Triton, Euproctus et Geotriton, peut-étre entre les deux derniers. EXPLICATION DE LA PLANCHE XXI. Fig. 1. Chioglossa lusitanica ; grandeur naturelle. 2. La téte, grossie deux fois. 3. La téte avec la bouche ouverte, pour laisser voir la langue avec ses attaches et le long pédoncle qui la soutient. 4. Os hyoide. a, pédoncle de la langue; 2, branches cartilagineuses qui s’articulent sur les cétés de l’extrémité du pédoncle, d’ouw elles se di- rigent vers l’extrémité libre de la langue en contournant les bords; e, cornes postérieurs de l’hyoide. Deux fois de la grandeur naturelle. 5. Disposition des dents palatines. 4, Nore sur LA DECOUVERTE D’UN ZOOPHYTE DE LA FAMILLE HyYALOCHZTIDES SUR LA COTE DU PorRTUGAL. Par J. V. Barsoza pu Bocacs, Directeur pu Muséum pv’His- ToTRE NATURELLE DE LISBONNE, MEMBRE ETRANGER DE LA SOCIETE ZOOLOGIQUE DE LONDRES, ETC. (Plate XXII.) Les curieux zoophytes que M. le docteur Gray a fait connaitre sous les noms Hyalonema mirabile et H. sieboldii, et dont M. Brandt a, plus récemment, formé la famille Hyalochetides, paraissaient appartenir exclusivement 4 la faune maritime du Japon ; car c’est de ce pays lointain qu’ont été rapportés tous les individus qui se trou- 266 J. V. BARBOZA DU BOCAGE ON A {June 14, vent, 4 ma connaissance, dans quelques musées d’Europe. La dé- couverte dans nos mers d’un individu de cette famille me semble donc un fait de quelque importance, digne d’étre porté a la connais- sance de ceux qui s intéressent aux progrés de la zoologie géogra- hique. i Tanaivide qui fait le sujet de cette note m’a été adressé, en Juin de l’année derniére, de Setubal, ville maritime du Portugal, située a Yembouchure de la rivitre Sado. Des pécheurs qui se livrent a la péche de quelques espéces de Squalide, fort abondantes dans ces parages, l’ont retiré d’une considérable profondeur, a quelques milles de la céte; et, fort heureusement, au leu de le rejeter a la mer, comme ils pratiquent d’ordinaire pour tous les objets dont ils ne peuvent comprendre l’utilité, ils ont apporté 4 un amateur de mes amis, M. Gamito, employé a la douane de cette ville, qui me I’a fait parvenir quelques jours aprés. Au moment ot je l’ai recu, cet spécimen conservait encore une odeur forte de poisson, et quoique un peu desséché, il présentait tous. les indices de sa récente capture. Du reste, méme en l’absence de ces preuves, la parfaite honorabilité de la personne qui me I’a si gé- néreusement cédé ne me permettrait pas le moindre doute quant 4 Vauthenticité de ses renseignements. Ce n’est pas faute d’avoir compris tout l’intérét scientifique de cette découverte que j’ai tant tarde 4 la rendre publique. Ce retard a son excuse dans la nécessité ot je me trouvais de consulter l’ouvrage de M. Brandt, ‘Symbole ad Polypos Hyalochetides spectantes,’ ouvrage que je ne possédais pas a cette époque-la, et qu'il m’a fallu faire venir de Paris. Pour ne pas donner trop d’étendue 4 cette note, j’ai di me re- streindre & la description concise de mon spécimen, de maniére & rendre possible la confrontation de ses principaux caractéres avec ceux des trois espéces du Japon décrites par M. Brandt (op. cit.). La planche qui accompagne mon travail, dans laquelle le zoophyte et ses principaux détails sont assez exactement rendus, pourra suppléer a4 Pinsuffisance du texte. Comme tous les Hyalochetides connus, le spécimen du Portugal (Pl. XXII. fig. 1) est composé d’un axis formé de longs fils hyalins, semblables 4 des fils de verre, et d’un corium polypigerum qui re- couvre l’axis en partie. Sa longueur totale est de 63 centimétres: il dépasse done de quelques centimétres les plus grands individus du Japon observés par M. Brandt. La couche polypigére (corium polypigerum) s’étend depuis l'une de ses extrémités, qu’elle recouvre entiérement, jusqu’aux 2 de sa longueur totale. Elle occupe @ peu prés un espace long de 16 cen- timétres, et son diamétre ne va pas au-dela de 11 4 12 millimétres. Elle ne présente aucune solution de continuité (sauf a sa partie ter- minale, comme je le dirai plus tard) ni aucune vestige d’éponge ou @ autre production parasitique. Les polypes, un peu alongés ou elliptiques, au lieu d’étre irrégu- ligrement placés sur le coriwm et de garder entre eux des distances souvent considérables, comme c’est le cas de tous les Hyalochetides — » 1864. | NEW ZOOPHYTE FROM PORTUGAL. 267 décrits et figurés par M. Brandt, se trouvent au contraire agglomérés partout, juxtaposés, et formant des séries longitudinales et spirales trés-régulitres (vide Pl. XXII. fig. 1 et fig. 2). A Vexception de ceux placés 4 lextrémité de la tige (fig. 1 @), lesquels sont plus petits et quelques-uns méme rudimentaires, ces polypes varient peu en di- mensions; ils ont en général 6 millimétres de longueur et 4 milli- “métres de largeur. Quant a leur élévation au-dessus de la couche qui les soutient, elle me semble peu considérable, ne dépassant pas 2 a 3 millimétres. La couche polypigére et les polypes sont d’une couleur brunatre foncée, et d’un aspect granuleux. Chaque polype présente, 4 partir de son orifice central, un certain nombre de plis ou de sillons ra- diants peu prononcés ; mais je ne leur ai pas trouvé l’apparence fram- boisée, qui, d’aprés M. Brandt, est trés-nettement accusée chez les individus du Japon. Aprés avoir fait ramollir quelques polypes dans une solution aqueuse d’acide acétique, il m’a été facile d’examiner au microscope leurs tentacules, rentrés dans la cavité du corps. Le résultat de mon examen est loin de s’accorder avec les observations de M. Brandt sur les individus du Japon. J’ai, comme M. Brandt, vu trés-dis- tinctement une couronne de 20 tentacules, disposés en cercle 4 une certaine distance de l’orifice de la bouche; mais j’ai découvert en dedans de ceux-ci un deuxiéme cercle de tentacules bien développés, en nombre égal, et placés dans les intervalles des premiers; et dans Pespace compris entre ce second rang de tentacules et la bouche j’ai encore remarqué un grand nombre de petites élévations coniques qu’on serait tenté de prendre pour des tentacules rudimentaires (Pl. XXII. fig. 3). Les tentacules sont de forme triangulaire, comprimés des deux eétés, 4 bords parfaitement lisses, et 4 pointe mousse et arrondie. Ceux du premier rang sont plus larges 4 la base; et leur bord anté- rieur est plus convexe, et en forme de bourrelet arrondi. L’axis est 4 découvert dans les 2 de sa iongueur. Cependant je remarque sur mon spécimen a l’endroit ot l’axis commence A se montrer 4 découvert, une perte de substance du corium polypigerum dans une étendue de 15 4 16 millimetres (v. Pl. XXII. fig. 1, Pespace compris entre les deux lignes 4 et c). Cette perte de substance, qui me semble dater du moment ou le zoophyte a été retiré du fond de la mer, doit-on la regarder simplement comme le résultat de la mal- adresse des pécheurs qui l’ont pris, ou doit-on y voir plutét la preuve de ce que l’animal était attaché, médiatement ou immédiatement, par cet endroit 4 quelque corps sous-marin ? En absence de données positives, je n’ose pas me prononcer sur cette question. Les filaments transparents qui constituent l’axis varient beaucoup en longueur et en é€paisseur: leur disposition en spirale varie égale- ment. Ils sont formés de plusieurs couches concentriques (Pl. XXII. fig. 4). Leur surface, lisse chez la plupart, présente quelquefois une striation transversale qui leur donne l’aspect de fibres articulées. En les observant au microscope, sous un grossissement convenable, on 268 J.V.BARBOZA DU BOCAGE ON A NEW ZOOPHYTE. [June 14, reconnait qu’ils ont une espéce d’enveloppe formée par l’assemblage d’anneaux étroits, emboités les uns dans les autres, de la base a la pointe, et dont les bords, qui restent 4 découvert, sont un peu déchi- quetés. Le frottement prolongé fait tomber cet involucre, et rend les fibres lisses (P]. XXII. fig. 5). Ces fibres se composent presque exclusivement de silice. D’aprés la description que je viens de présenter de mon spécimen, personne u’hésitera a admettre quwil s’agit d’un individu de la famille Hyalochetides, Brandt. Il reste maintenant a décider si on doit le regarder comme une espéce nouvelle, ou le rapporter, malgré son habitat, 4 quelqu’une de celles décrites par M. Brandt sous les noms de Hyalonema sieboldii, Hyalonema affine, et Hyalocheta passieti. J’avouerai d’abord que je partage la répugnance de M. Gray a admettre les deux genres créés par M. Brandt. Quant aux trois espéces admises par cet auteur, je ne vois pas de distinction possible entre le H. sieboldii et le H. affine; mais sa troisitme espéce me semble devoir prendre rang 4 cété de la premiére dans le méme genre Hyalonema. Cependant, quoiqu’il en soit, je pense que le zoophyte du Portugal n’est pas identique a aucun des types du Japon. Je n’appuyerai pas cette distinction spécifique sur la différence trés- remarquable dans le nombre des tentacules (40 chez le premier, 20 chez les autres), car j’ai la conviction que cette différence ne doit pas exister en réalité, et qu’elle est le résultat du mauvais état, et surtout de la mauvaise préparation des exemplaires que M. Brandt a examinés. D’autres caractéres, sur lesquels j’ai déja insisté dans le cours de ma description, me semblent suffisants pour séparer spé- cifiquement le zoophyte du Portugal de tous les Hyalochetides connus; ce sont la forme et les dimensions des polypes, leur mode d’agerégation ou plutot leur juxtaposition intime, enfin leur arrange- ment en séries réguliéres longitudinales et spirales. Dans le cas ot ces raisons seraient admises par des zoologistes plus compétents que moi, je proposerais de l’appeler Hyalonema lusita- nica, dont la caractéristique différentielle pourrait se résumer ainsi : Hyal. polypario elongato, fibris setaceis, hyalinis, spiraliter tortis, corio polypigero ab apice usque ad 2 longitudinis tote invo- lutis; polypis dilatatis, ellipticis, valde aggregatis, parum elevatis, per series longitudinales ac spirales regulariter digestis. EXPLICATION DE LA PLANCHE XXII. Fig. 1. Hyalonema lusitanica, un quart de grandeur naturelle. a, extrémité en- tiérement recouverte par le corium polypigerum; 6 ac, espace couvert primitivement par le corium, mais quia été mis a nu probablement au moment ou le zoophyte a été retiré de la mer. 2. Portion du corium polypigerum grossie quatre fois pour bien laisser voir la forme, l’aggrégation et la disposition réguliére des polypes. 3. Un polype ouvert et grossi. On y voit les deux rangs de tentacules, com- posé chacun de 20. Les tentacules du second rang occupent les inter- valles de ceux du premier. 3 a, tentacule du premier rang, vu de cote; 3 4, le méme vu de face, et montrant son bord externe convexe et ar- rondi. 1864.] DR. &. CRISP ON THE ANATOMY OF THE GIRAFFE. 269 4, Portion d’une fibre, cassée en deux, laissant voir les diverses couches concentriques dont elle est formée. 5. Extrémité d’une fibre. On y voit les anneaux emboités de son involucre, qui la font paraitre articulée. De cet emboitement la superposition a lieu de la pointe vers la base, et non de la base vers la pointe, comme, par erreur, le fait croire les figs. 14 et 15 de la Pl. II. de l’ouvrage de M. Brandt (Symbole ad Polypos, &c.). 5. FurtTHER ConTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANATOMY OF THE GIRAFFE AND THE NyteHavu. By Epwarps Crisp, M.D., F.Z.S., ETC. It will be remembered that, in a paper on the visceral anatomy of the Giraffe and on the anatomy of the Eland (Oreas canna), lately read (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 63), I stated that I had found a re- markable appearance in the rectum of the young Giraffe, that I had mislaid the parts, and that I spoke only from recollection. The death of the young male Giraffe at the Gardens, that occurred in April last, has, however, enabled me to place the rectum and intestinal glands of this animal before the Society. I have taken sketches and wax casts of all the parts, so that the appearances will readily be under- stood. The animal in question, aged seven months, for some time after birth was strong and healthy ; but of late it has showed signs of indisposition, and died very suddenly—its tongue, as the keeper informs me, “ being at the time of death curled round in its mouth,” so that it probably died from some cerebral lesion, as I failed to discover any disease in the thoracic and abdominal viscera: and it it satisfactory to know that in these parts there was no evidence of a tuberculous taint. The animal weighed about 3 cwt. The intestinal canal measured 123 feet 6 inches in length, including the large intestines (33 feet) ; that of the one before described, which was two months old, 107 feet 11 inches; so that we may form some notion of the rate of growth of this tube. The tracheal rings in this specimen amounted to one hundred ; but in the old Giraffe I stated that they numbered more than two hundred ; it is possible, however, that I may have made a mistake in my notes. The examination of an old animal, however, will clear up this doubt, as it will the interesting point in relation to the size of the intestinal glands. I need not again describe the viscera that are now so well known ; but I will mention a fact in relation to the heart that has not before been noticed. As mentioned in my former paper, the apex is more pointed than in any of the Antelopes. In this young specimen the heart weighed 1 lb. 14 ozs.; the columnee carnez were very indistinct ; the chordee tendineze amounted to thirteen; the parietes of the left ventricle, at their thickest part, measured 17 inch, those of the right ventricle only ? inch, the septum ventriculorum 1 inch. The length, from the root, of the aorta 7 inches ; greatest width 5 inches. The most remarkable circumstance was the absence of the heart-bone; and it-will be curious hereafter to trace the development of this bone in 270 DR. E. CRISP ON THE ANATOMY OF THE GIRAFFE. [June 14, such animals as possess it. In the old Giraffe its length was nearly an inch. I inspected carefully the whole length of the intestinal tube. The glandular crypts at the origin of the duodenum, first described by MM. Joly and Lavocat, as mentioned in my last paper, were well marked; they consist of about thirty small sacculated crypts, their mouths varying in diameter from 3 line to 13 line. They partake much of the character of those found near to the cecal valve; and I think the term “crypt,” used by MM. Jolly and Lavocat in 1846, is more applicable than that of “sacculated pouch,” employed by Dr. Cobbold. . In the small intestines I found three agminated patches ; it will be remembered that in the Giraffe two months old there was only one, and that of very small size. The longest of the patches in the present specimen was about 23 inches, and 4 an inch in width ; it consists of eight divisions, formed by the mucous mem- brane, and these are subdivided into smaller folds; they are all, however, superficial: the other patches are 1? inch and 1 inch in length, and present the same character. The glandular patch (so called) near to the cecum consists of about twenty-one crypts, of a larger size and deeper than those in the duodenum ; but none of them project externally when the intestine is distended with air. These occupy a space of about 2 square inches ; but in Dr. Cobbold’s specimen from a Giraffe as shown in the drawing (article “ Rumi- nantia,’’ Todd’s Cyclopzedia, and in the New Philosophical Journal of Edinburgh, 1856), the surface of the patch is about 5 square inches, and the crypts of a much larger size. So I infer that in the old animal they will be found of larger dimensions; but this future investigation must determine. The rectum of this animal presents a very remarkable appearance. The lower part of the gut, to the extent of about 8 inches, is in large, elevated, irregular-shaped quadrangular folds ; above these, to the extent of 18 inches, the lining membrane is folded longitudinally in a regular manner, the elevations amounting to about fifteen in num- ber. I have examined the intestines of a great many ruminants during the last eighteen months since my attention was first directed to this matter, and I have not seen any similar appearance. As re- gards the agminated patch near to the cecum, I have recently met with one in the same situation in the Nylghau (Antilope picta), that covers a much larger surface, as seen in the drawing. This patch of agminated crypts occupies a surface of about 4 square inches ; the crypts are small, and number from three to four hundred. This was seen in the old male Nylghau that recently broke its neck at the Gardens when butting at the fence. The intestinal tube of this Antelope measured 140 feet 9 inches; that of an old female that I examined some years since, 148 feet 18 inches. In the male the valves in the left renal vein (as shown in the drawing) amounted to ten, a larger number than I have yet seen. In conclusion I may state that I purpose placing the histology of these glands in the Giraffe and Nylghau before the Society on a future occasion. In the Eland, as I stated in my paper on the anatomy of 1864.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BENNETT'S CASSOWARY. 271 this animal lately read, I did not find them. In the Leucoryx that recently died at the Gardens after parturition * they were not present, but there was a small agminated gland in the cecum (as seen in the drawing). In the Sondaic Ox (Bos sondaicus) I found no glands of this description ; but, strange to say, in the cecum of the Jaguar (Felis onca) I have recently discovered a great number of agminated crypts that occupy as large a space as those described in the young Giraffe, and bear a greater resemblance to the glands named in this animal than in any I have yet seen. The subject of intestinal glands in the lower animals is one at present but little understood, and affords a wide and interesting field of inquiry for future investigators. June 28, 1864. Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. Dr. P. L. Sclater called the attention of the Meeting to the two young Bennett’s Cassowaries recently hatched in the Society’s Gar- dens. In some notes on the method of incubation amongst the Stru- thious birds, read before the Society last year+, Dr. Sclater had already recorded the facts relative to the breeding of this bird in former years. In this year copulation commenced in the beginning of March, and continued almost daily until the 26th of April, the two birds being put together for that purpose every morning by the keeper. Six eggs were laid in all, at intervals of from ten to twelve days, the last being laid two days after the male had commenced to sit. This event took place on the 28th of April. One young bird was hatched on the 20th of June, and another on the 22nd. These may be now seen thriving in company with the male, who has the sole care of them, the female having been removed entirely away from them. Dr. Sclater also exhibited and made some remarks on the skeleton of the original typical example of Bennett’s Cassowary (Casuarius bennettii), received by the Society in 1857, which was about to be deposited in the British Museum. The Secretary read the following note from Mr. R. Swinhoe, F.Z.S., referring to the article upon the Birds of China, published in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings,’ 1863, p. 259 :— “I may as well here make two required amendments to my “ Ca- talogue of the Birds of China,” published in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1863. The first mistake was pointed out to * It was lately stated before the Society by Dr. Gray, that wild South-African Antelopes had no fat upon them. The man who skinned this animal obtained 36 lbs. of fat from it; and probably, if the flesh had been boiled, nearly double the quantity might have been procured. t See P. Z. S. 1863, p. 233 et p. 518. 272 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE [June 28, me by Mr. A. Newton; it consists in my having inserted into the list Zurinorhynchus pygmeus on the authority of the Limicola pyg- mea of Middendorff. Mr. Newton has rightly pointed out to me that Limicola pygmea is only another name for T'ringa platyrhyncha, Temm., which has already found place in the same list. There ap- pears consequently to be no evidence of Eurinorhynchus pygmeus having ever been noted in this part of the world. The other mistake has occurred in the difficult family of Laride, where (no. 405) I have identified wrongly Larus canus, var. major, Midd., our Eastern, somewhat larger representative of L. canus, L., with Pallas’s L. ni- veus. The latter is described by Pallas (Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, tom. ii. p. 320) as ‘LZ. totus albus, dorso cano, rostro virescenti- flavo immaculato, pedibus fuscis ; magnitudo Corvi coracis.’ It would, from this description, appear to be more nearly allied to L. oc- cidentalis, Audubon (no. 410 of my list); but this last has a red spot on the bill. We must therefore, I suppose, regard our type of L. canus as L. major, Middendorff, and insert doubtfully into the list as a separate species L. niveus, Pallas, ‘ procured from Kam- tschatka and the Northern Seas.’ ” The following papers were read :— 1. On THE Parrots oF THE MALAYAN REGION, WITH REMARKS ON THEIR Hasits, DisrRIBUTION, AND AFFINITIES, AND THE DescripTions oF Two New Species. By Aurrep R. WALLACE. (With a Map of the Malay Archipelago.) The Psittaci or Parrots are an extensive and very isolated group of birds ranging over the tropics of the whole world, but, with the exception of those lands of anomalies, Australia and New Zealand, rarely found in the temperate and cooler regions. As nearly as I can estimate, the number of species of these birds known at present amounts to 365, grouped in about thirty-six genera and five families. The manner, however, in which these species and group are distri- buted over the globe is very remarkable. Taking the zoological re- gions established by Dr. Sclater, we find the following approximate numbers— Regions. Species. Genera. Families. Palearctic.... 0 0 0 Nearctic .... 1 1 1 Neotropical .. 150 9 1 >14 genera, all of one family, Ethiopian.... 25 4 1 Tadian’ Say ss 25 3 ] Australian.... 165 25 5 25 genera of 5 families,— showing a remarkable poverty in the Indian and Ethiopian regions, both in species and groups ; abundance of species in the Neotropical (S. American) region, with comparatively few genera; while the Australian region not only contains more species than the American, if i es Las Guguan ®, . Marianne or; Ladrone I* ts 2 Seypan # Rota or Sarpan Guam Brown? Escholtz ** Providence If Je Maghir: au Wilson If. Ss € Faas J sie Hogolu Ff +...” , Tanthe Oualan Indiana * EQUATOR Be ougainville r obriand in e on, \Woodlark z seo be S Pierson ee Ree . s ° > Guadaleane® ‘ (ate gCDeliverance Slruge winds 4 Sot Earl Malicolo® oo aS Pandora Sh cele OTTeS Let Esp™ Santo \% New Hebrides Mallicolle®? ¥ Sandwich > Port cur, | ) | TF Tao } Morton B. ~ JArrowsmith. ee 2) (Sere cre a ees % F.C Bogane =a =a — =] OE t . jl. aN .s t Guguaney we Dovitaou Marianne or? Ladrone It | PRIELIP PINE 2 Span - 4 achodia | Biers ea c ee mo Movrbeennie RE f ; : = fio) S hi > Toy" Caroline ywy EL s La n a 8 “Prvidelt et S$ Palew 3r Milipt Moki” = anxtiaxao 4 ‘s ~- a oe Babel heuay Wiloa Ih 7-5 *, Suniavin 7? RE San eee ee ne er fo L x \ -Tanthe - Stnlrew : Oualan "(Manns Pr A Cc Ty ts Ae I © iim Sorc 1. Talia i ; [ D e« e/p Si. eo #x fi EQuaTon lier ~ Oe Beak f° fe | re aa anes C 2 | fi NIMP ABU A owe ft | = ( E i NEW ' 1 2, De VA 4 sae A. Carpentaria Scraeey i) te iB 4 4 Pallee If a Sorina YDie wp Se a 7 The ; x MALAY ARCHIPELAGO, f by f Alfred Hassell Wallace. Bag? “4 een 5 | 126s. : “ Fi sandr € L 0 | = f — 2 no OT Rae 2 T [mio feta ead Tom i Ta i hr te al ol ek Compra St by Ly oe en, taterraaD — a ‘ J J} - 1864. ] PARROTS OF THE MALAYAN REGION. 273 but possesses nearly three times as many genera, and nearly twice as many as all the other regions combined. More remarkable still, the whole of the Indian, Ethiopian, and American Parrots belong to one great family group, the Psittacide, indicating a general uniformity of organization ; while those of the Australian region mostly belong to three other distinct families—the Brushtongues or Lories (Trichoglosside), the Cockatoos (Plyctolophide), and the Broadtails or Ground-Parrots (Platycercide)—together with a few of the Psittacide, which last, however, are confined to the Malayan portion of the region. These facts are of the highest interest in their bearing on the pro- bable origin of the whole Psittacine group ; for it is natural to sup- pose that in that portion of the earth’s surface where the species are now most numerous, the forms most varied, where the most sin- gular modifications of structure occur, and where both the highest and the lowest developments of the group are to be found, would be its true metropolis and original birthplace. I believe, therefore, that the Parrot type originated in the Australian region—a region now consisting almost entirely of broken land and scattered islands, but which, there is every reason to think, was once a continental area. Confining our attention now to the Australian region only, we may divide it into three subregions—Australia, the Pacific Islands, and the Austro-Malayan group—each of which has a distinctive character. The Platycerci and the Cockatoos are more particularly the features of Australia and Tasmania, which have also a few Trichoglossi, but no Psittacide. The Coriphili, Nestors, and Strigopide are con- fined to the Pacific Islands, which have also Platycerci, but no Cockatoos. The crimson Lories are entirely restricted to the Ma- layan district, which has also abundance of Cockatoos, but few Pla- tycerci, and several peculiar genera of Psittacide. Thus four out of the five families into which the order is divided are found in the Austro-Malayan district ; they all extend into every part of it, and they are all represented by abundance of species, and three of them by numerous peculiar genera and even subfamilies. The Australian subregion possesses three of the families only, and has a smaller number both of genera and species; but it has a large proportion of pecular genera, and is preeminent in its numerous forms of Platycercide and Plyctolophide. Only three families and four genera extend to the Pacific Islands, but three of the genera are quite peculiar to them. The following table shows these proportionate numbers at one view :— Families. Genera. Species. Austro-Malayan Islands .... 4 16 86 EE ee ee eee 3 10 60 Pace Islands. ....... 6 esi +60) 0 4 30 . We thus see that the preeminence both in species, genera, and families is with the Austro-Malayan region, and we have therefore an @ priori reason for considering it to be the most ancient, and to Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1864, No. XVIII. 274 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE [June 28, suspect that it may contain within its limits a portion of the country to which the Psittacine order was at one period restricted. Let us therefore examine its productions a little more carefully. Undoubtedly the most highly organized form of Parrot is the Tri- choglossine or Brushtongue family, i in which the whole structure is modified to enable these birds to derive a considerable portion of their subsistence from the nectar of flowers. The bill is unusually small, elongated, and compressed, so that it may readily enter the corolla ; the tongue is large, long, and very extensible, and can be thrust down to the very bottom ‘of the nectary ; and the papillee of the ter- minal portion of the upper surface are developed into erectile fibres, forming a double brush, which rapidly gathers up all the honeyed secretions of the blossom. In correlation with this structure the species are mostly of small size, of graceful forms, and have power- fully grasping feet—qualities that enable them to climb actively among the twigs and branches, and to cling in any position to the waving sprays of blossom. They have also elongated wings and a powerful flight, which give them the means to traverse the whole area of their range, and discover at the right moment the flowering trees which are so attractive to them, the period of blossoming in tropical regions being very limited for each species. These ex- tremely interesting birds are spread over the whole Australian region, while not one of them has been found beyond its limits; but it is in the Austro-Malayan district only that they are very abundant and of the most varied forms ; for it is here that four out of the six genera are exclusively found. Three of these genera form a natural sub- division of the family, which may be called the Loriine, and comprise all those beautiful birds the ground-colour of whose plumage is vivid crimson, and which are commonly known as Lories. Of these the genus Hos may be considered the most typical, since the species have completely lost the green colouring which is so characteristic of Par- rots generally, and by their activity, elegance, and more powerful flight show that they are the most highly developed in the Tricho- glossine series. The vivid red colour which is so characteristic of the Lories here reaches its maximum in such species as HZ. rubra and £. cardinalis. This fine group, consisting of three genera and at least eighteen distinct species, has a singularly restricted range, being confined to an elongated tract comprising New Guinea and the islands east and west of it, from the Moluccas to the Solomon Islands. If we look at this area marked out upon a map*, we must be at once impressed with the idea that we have here roughly indi- cated the much greater extent at a recent period of the large island of New Guinea, the north-western portion of which seems even now to be undergoing a still further segmentation. This idea receives confirmation from the fact that almost every bird found in this area has its closest allies in New Guinea; and as we approach the central mass, the variety of forms becomes greater. The genera Monarcha and Mimeta here have their maximum development; and Tanysi- * The red line on the accompanying map encloses the area to which the crim- son Lories are restricted. 1864. ] PARROTS OF THE MALAYAN REGION. 275 ptera, as abnormal among Kingfishers as Lories are among Parrots, has almost exactly the same limits of distribution as thev have. Within these limits are found some of the most curious forms of Parrots, the giant black Cockatoo (Microglossus) and the dwarf-of the whole order (Nasiterna), the bare-headed Dasyptilus and the ele- gant little Charmosyna. Tanygnathus has the range of Los, but extends north-westwards to Celebes and the Philippines ; Geoffroyus south-westwards to Timor and Flores ; while the remarkable genus Eclectus has exactly the same range as the Lories, whose attire it seems to mimic, for in it alone are found Parrots whose only colours are red with a portion of blue and black. This coincidence of the range of the red Psittactde with that of the red Trichoglosside is a very curious fact, and clearly intimates that these gay tints are not mere sports of nature, or designed for the delectation of man, but have a close connexion with the life-history of the creatures which they adorn, and probably subserve an important though hidden ob- ject in the economy of these groups. The whole number of Parrots known to inhabit this Loriine region is fifty-four, belonging to no less than fifteen genera, of which eight genera are altogether peculiar to it. This is very remarkable when we compare it with Australia, which, though many times more ex- tensive and also exceptionally rich in this family, possesses, with a rather larger number of species, about ten genera, of which six or seven only are peculiar to it. But Australia has been comparatively well explored in every part of its great extent, and, though a few more species may be discovered, we cannot expect it to produce any new forms of Parrots. New Guinea, on the other hand, the centre and primary mass to which the surrounding islands are but satellites, is a terra incognita. Few persons are aware that every New Guinea bird, beast, or insect we are acquainted with, has been ob- tained in the northern peninsulas of that country, which, as I before remarked, seem just about to be converted into islands ; while the true island itself, a vast tract of forest and mountain, 800 miles long and 500 wide, is absolutely and entirely unknown. The whole of the other islands in this region which have been visited by any natu- ralist will not make up a tenth of this vast area; and as the mere outskirts of this unexplored land have yielded a number of remarkable genera and hosts of species which do not extend to the surrounding islands, we may be sure that the remarkable concentration of peculiar forms of Parrots which the Loriine region exhibits, even with our present imperfect knowledge of it, is very far below the reality. I believe, therefore, that we have every reason to consider New Guinea as being that still existing portion of what was once the great tropical Pacific continent to which I have alluded ; and in the crimson Lories, the black Microglossum, the Birds of Paradise, and the great Crowned Pigeons, we have but a remnant and a sample of the strange and beautiful forms of life that once inhabited it, and many of which may still remain to be discovered in the untrodden Papuan forests. The genus Trichoglossus ranges over the whole of Australia and nearly the whole of the Austro-Malayan Islands, the most remark- 276 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE [June 28, able exception being the northern Moluccas (Gilolo, Batchian, and Morty), which do not seem to possess it. The small species in which the sexes differ, and which are best placed with Charmosyna, are, however, found in these islands. Celebes, Sumatra, Timor, and Aru have each species of J'’richoglossus peculiar to them. The Platycerci are but poorly represented in the Austro-Malayan Islands, and seem to be hardly at home in the damp tropical forests. They have the same range as the Lories, but extend also to the Sulla Islands ; and a species of an Australian form inhabits Timor. We now come to the Cockatoos, another most characteristic Au- stralian form which ranges over the whole Australian region, except the Pacific Islands, marking out the limits of that region in the Malay archipelago by reaching Celebes and Lombock, and sending one species into the Philippine Islands, which are considered to be- long to the Indian region. We must first remark that the genus Cacatua has a wider range in the Australian region than any other, occupying every island in the Australian and Austro-Malayan sub- regions, and always existing in considerable abundance. This indi- cates a dominant group, which has great capacities for increase and self-preservation and great powers of diffusion. It is therefore not wonderful that one species should be found to have penetrated be- yond its true home. That this was due to greater facilities for emi- gration at a comparatively recent epoch in the existence of the genus, is indicated by the fact that, whereas throughout the rest of the ar- chipelago the species of Cacatua are much restricted, each island or small group of islands possessing its peculiar form, in the Philip- pines one species ranges over the whole of that extensive region. One of the most interesting genera of Parrots in the archipelago and in the world is undoubtedly Prioniturus, which exhibits the only instance in the whole order of a spatulate or racket-shaped tail like that of the Motmot; but in this case the perfectly bare and smooth shaft is produced by a natural process of growth, as in the King Bird of Paradise. The four species of this remarkable genus are equally divided between Celebes and the Philippines, and present a most curious case of the restricted range of a well-marked group. An exactly analogous case among Mammalia is the genus Cynopi- thecus, atorm of baboon completely unlike anything else in the East, and confined te the Philippines, Celebes, and the small adjacent island of Batchian, into which it was probably introduced. While these two groups of islands have thus evidently had once a closer connexion than at present, they both possess a striking individuality which separates them from the primary regions to which they re- spectively belong. The Philippines stand alone in the Indian region by the absence of all large carnivora and pachyderms, as well as of Apes and Monkeys, (in birds) by the absence of Phasianide (which are preeminently Indian) and by the presence of Megapodius (which is as preeminently Australian), by having no Trogons, Paleornis or Eurylemide, and by possessing Cacatua, Tanygnathus, and Cyclo- psitta. Just in a parallel manner is Celebes distinguished by the presence of peculiar forms of Antelope and Baboon, and by species 1864.) PARROTS OF THE MALAYAN REGION. 277 of Sciurus, and, in birds, by having Woodpeckers, Hornbills, and several isolated genera of Passeres, while forms so characteristic of the Austro-Malayan islands as Monarcha, Pachycephala, Tropido- rhynchus, and Eos are quite absent. Celebes and the Philippines will therefore form together a little intermediate region between those of Australia and India. The real cause of their distinctive peculiari- ties I believe to lie in their never having been immediately connected with these regions, though they have probably at some time been in closer proximity than at present—and, in the case of Celebes at least, to their representing the remains of some ancient land extending to the westward, at an epoch probably anterior to that at which Borneo and Sumatra were raised above the ocean. The great islands which form the western half of the archipelago, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and the Malay peninsula, present a most sur- prising poverty of Psittacine birds. Only four species are found over this immense region ; and these belong to three genera, of which only one is found on both sides of the boundary-line. This fact forms one of the strongest proofs of the division of the archipelago between the Indian and Australian regions; for on the one side we have fifteen genera, of which ten are quite peculiar, on the other three genera, of which one is Indian, one Indo-Australian, and one some- what isolated species only peculiar. The distribution of the genus Loriculus, which is the only one really common to the Indian and Australian regions, is very interesting. The southern island of the Philippines seems to be its metropolis, since no less than four species are found there ; one inhabits Celebes, one Sulla, and one Gilolo ; the rest are found in Flores, Java, Sumatra, and Malacca, Ceylon, India, China, and Manilla, The range of the genus is therefore very ex- tensive ; yet one-half of the species will be found concentrated in a limited tract, including Mindanao, N. Celebes, Sulla, and Gilolo. This district is upon the confines of the Australian and the Indian regions ; and it is very interesting to remark that this, the only genus which is common to the two, is of doubtful affinities, and serves to connect the preeminently Australian Trichoglosside with the Psit- tacide of the rest of the world. The classification and natural arrangement of the Pstttaci has been the subject of much difference of opinion. For a long time they were placed as a simple family of Scansores along with Woodpeckers, Toucans, and Cuckoos, birds with which it is difficult to see that they have the remotest affinity, and to which they have no resem- blance, except in the one character of the >-toed feet. The skull of a Parrot is remarkable for its large size, for the nearly complete orbits, for the broad and powerful lower mandible, for the large and complicated lingual and hyoid bones, and for the perfect articulation of theuppermandibleto the cranium—peculiarities which, in their combination, separate it most widely from every other form of bird. The sternum has a characteristic form unlike that of any bird; the furcula is small and attached low down on the anterior margin of the keel, and in some genera is liable to be totally wanting 278 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE [June 28, in certain species. When present, however, it is of a semioval form, the two branches being connected in an unbroken curve without angle or projecting processes. The prehensile feet of Parrots are used in a manner altogether peculiar ; for though other birds may secure their food with their foot while eating, no others in the whole class use it systematically as a hand to grasp and convey food to the mouth. We may fairly say that they are the only birds that have hands and use them as such ; and this will serve to confirm the superiority which their large brain and highly organized cranium confers upon them. The pre- sence of a crop, their uniformly fruit-eating habits, their wide distri- bution, their numerous modifications of form, and their utter dis- similarity to all other birds, added to the differences already pointed out in structure and habits, induce me to adopt without any hesita- tion the views of Bonaparte and Blyth, and to consider the Parrots as one of the primary divisions or orders in the class of birds. In dividing this order into families I follow generally Bonaparte and Blainville, with a few modifications for simplicity. The great central mass of the order are the Psittacide or true Parrots, com- prising all the American and more than half the Old-World species. These must be divided into several subfamilies, the Palgzornithine, the Psittacine, and the Eclectine, containing the Indian and Ma- layan species. The next family, the Platycercide (the Broadtails and Ground- Parrots), are somewhat allied to the last group through the Paleornithine. They have different habits from most other Parrots, being often terrestrial and seed-eaters ; their whole structure is weak, their flight slow and Cuckoo-like ; the keel of the sternum is lower and more rounded anteriorly than in the other families ; the pelvis is short, broad, and flat ; ‘the skull is small; the bill short ; the lower mandible broad and swollen; the legs rather long and slender ; and the plumage lax and abundant. The Plyctolophide, or Cockatoos, are distinguished by their power- ful bills, crested heads, heavy forms, and lax powdery plumage. They have a general resemblance to the last family and also to the true Psittacide. The Trichoglosside are the best-marked and most specialized group of all. The whole head, as well as the bill, is elon- gated and compressed; the wings long and powerful; the feet strongly grasping ; and the tongue always furnished with brush-like papillz. They are connected with the Psittacide by means of Lo- riculus, which agrees with them in general structure, but has the ordinary smooth tongue. In order to bring these families into a natural sequence, I arrange them in the following order :—1. Plycto- lophide ; 2. Platycercide; 3. Psittacide; 4. Trichoglosside. The fifth family, Strigopide, containing the New Zealand Owl Parrots, seems allied to the Platycercide, and should follow them in a general arrangement of the order. I may here remark that the limits which I place to the Malayan subregion, as distinguished from the Pacific Islands—namely, to in- clude the Solomon Islands, while the New Hebrides and New Cale- donia begin the Pacific subregion—is well established by the Pstttaci; 1864.] PARROTS OF THE MALAYAN REGION. 279 since both the subfamily Loriine and the family Plyctolophide reach this point only, as well as the truly Malayan genus Geof‘royus. I have endeavoured to make the following list of the Malayan Psittaci as complete and accurate as possible. The localities have been determined from personal observation and inquiry*, as those usually given are very erroneous, owing to so many of the species being domesticated and carried to every part of the archipelago. Several species, which appear to have been founded on immature birds or accidental variations, are sunk altogether, as well as some which seem to have been described from made-up specimens. elo' ollie eee Pec fel eretnea led POTN, BD saie'facieie, 33 eis 2 |oy> |1a'| > Ala mit! eyanogrammus, Wagl.... iets Sch eS an 4 Oe 1 coccineifrons, G. R. G. millet BS ait! OUR Es Spa a ees (Oo act a8 3 flavoviridis, Wail. Saya | euteles, Temm........ aiiisret ste lev forse id [ak iris, Temm. eal (it massena, Bp. Slleaile 1 Charmosyna papuensis, Gm. . alas ‘Igallcallealed|iae|loollocleal le Aplisallaq}icel|e 1 pulchella, G. R. G. . ae erate ol los leva ay [alls oleate pos eel hoe bse pS 1 placentis, Zemm.......|..|.- *SleallyolSallaa|eal cll! IMU oah rubronotata, Wall. .... lise pea ates| ave tlaail are [hereto ae a 1 | Species in each island ....|3|3/4|2/|12)8)4|2|)2)|4|6|7/|10/4| 2/811) 2 /10)12)11)/2)6|18) 6 | Sp. peculiar to each island|0/0|0}1/}.-|5)1)0)1)1|4/0/2/0/2)/0|3)1)2/)0/1/2)1/4 Genera in each island....}3}3/3/2/5/5/4/2|)2)4/4/6/9]..|..}..|9]..]../10)..|..]..|14 | fess maa =O nip oat lem ee | ae r= = Ve —| Be ele fe pas | Moluccas group. Papuan group. | Sp. in groups of islands. . 5 12) 10 9 23 35 Peculiar species ........ 5 12} 8 tf | 18 31 -TLERIT Since Olntce Ire een 3 5] 6 4 10 14 Peculiar genera ........ 1 0'| 0 0 0 4 _—_—_—— 1 genus _——_ | $$ — One genus 10 genera peculiar to the Austro-Malayan region ! ute peeritiay: 18 genera in the Archipelago (13 peculiar). | oO ee 6 eg eer re ar = SRT a st « 296 DR. J. E. GRAY ON STERNOTHERUS ADANSONII. [June 28, 2. Notice or A New VARIETY OF RHODONA PUNCTATA FROM THE Swan River. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., ere. Mr. Edward Gerrard has brought to me a Lizard from the Swan River, which differs considerably from the common form of Rho- dona punctata*, indeed so much so that I was at first inclined to re- gard it as a new species of that interesting genus ; but on reconsider- ation, as it only differs in the distribution of the colours, I think that it is better to regard it as a variety. It may be named after its dis- coverer, Rhodona punctata, var. gerrardii. The body white, with three broad black streaks, which are continued from the head to rather beyond the base of the tail; each of the streaks is as wide as, or rather wider than, two-thirds of two series of scales. The two outer streaks commence on the side of the nose, and are continued across and along the eye and down the side of the body ; the central vertebral streak commences at the back of the head. The three streaks are continued on the tail; but they become wider, and are broken up into spots, which have some more or less distinct white streaks acrossthem. The upper surface of the hind thighs are black- spotted, the spots forming a kind of streak; the chin, belly, and under part of the tail are white. Hab. Swan River. 3. Nore on STERNOTH-ERUS ADANSONII FROM West AFRICA. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., erc. (Plate XXIII.) On the 26th of May last year I read a paper before this Society on the species of Sternotheri then in the British Museum, and I divided them into sections or subgenera. In that paper I took no notice of Sternotherus adansonii, as that species was only described from a shell in the Paris Museum, said to have come from the Cape de Verd Islands, which had been noticed by Schweiger under the name of Emys adansonii. We have just received, through Mr. Dalton, two specimens of a species of the genus from the west coast of Africa, which is very distinet from any of the others, and, I have little doubt, is identical with the shell in the Paris Museum. As it is in a perfect state and well preserved, I think it well to give a new description of it. It belongs to the subgenus Notoa, the head being short, and the temples covered with a large triangular space of small polygonal shields. The hinder part of the sternum of the animal is narrower, and more like that of the genus Pelomedusa than any of the other species of the genus Sternotherus ; but the front lobe is distinctly moveable, and united by a straight suture. * Cat. of Lizards in B. M. (1845), p. 89. ee IINOSNVCV SOUHHIONYALS PHO HD TTT ete eA OT: Cnr ar - ~ SS SS LE ov) 4 1 ag x a ae. ent ¥v- ¥ iy ee P.Z.S. 1864, PL. XXIV. J.Wolf.del.et Ath M.&NHanhazxt bmp CONURUS RHODOGASTER 1364.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON NEW PARROTS. 297 STERNOTHARUS ADANSONII. Shell oblong ovate, depressed, rather wider behind than in front ; dark olive, with very close, regular, uniform radiating black lines, sometimes broken up into small dark spots; sternum and under- sides of the margin yellow; the areola of the sternal plate square, blackish. The head depressed, with very close, nearly uniform, unequal black lines; the frontal plate very large, with a triangular patch of small scales on the temple, reaching to over the front edge of the ears ; the lips white; the throat pale; the feet olive above, pale beneath ; claws 5/5, olive, with a yellow streak in the middle of the upper surface. The first vertebral plate much longer than wide, narrow behind, with a blunt keel ending in a rounded tubercle behind. The second, third, and fourth vertebree about as wide as long, with a sharp keel, ending in an acute tubercle near the hinder edge of each shield ; the fifth vertebra like the first, but only very slightly keeled. The front marginal plate wide, those over the hinder legs rather wider, and those on the sides of the shell very narrow. The gular plate small, triangular; the intergular one lozenge-shaped, narrowed in front ; the pectoral plates narrowed and truncated at the inner edges. Hab. West coast of Africa (Dalton). The species of this genus seem to have a confined range. Thus, there are two species of the first subgenus (Tanoa)—one from S. Africa and Natal, and the other from Western Africa; in the same manner there are two species of the second subgenus (Notoa)—one from Madagascar and the other from the West African coast. Thus 1. Tanoa. 2. Notoa. S. sinuatus ...... S. and E. Africa........ S. subniger. S. derbianus...... West Africa............ S. adansonit. 4. CHARACTERS OF TuoRrE New AMERICAN Parrots. By P. L. ScuatTer, M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., SecRETARY TO THE SOCIETY. (Plate XXIV.) Mr. Otto Finsch, the lately appointed Curator of the Zoological Museum of Bremen, who has recently visited this country in order to obtain materials for the preparation of his work on the Psitta- cide, has furnished me with notes on three new American species of this interesting group of birds. Two of these are discoveries made many years ago by the late Johann Natterer in Brazil, although they have not yet been published, and I shall describe them under Nat- terer’s MS. names. To the third species I propose to attach the name of Mr. Finsch, whose monograph of the Parrots, to which he has devoted much time and toil, will shortly be published. 298 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON NEW PARROTS. [June 28, 1. Conurus ruopogasterR, Natt. MS. (Pl. XXIV.) Dorso, humeris et alarum tectricibus viridibus ; primaris intense ceruleis ; secundariis, crisso et tectricibus caude superioribus cum fronte et macula cervicali utringue virescenti-ceruleis : capite et collo sordide brunneis, plumis ad margines pallidis ; gutture et cervice antica dilutioribus; facie ad basin rostri inferioris utrinque viridi : ventre coccineo: cauda nigricante, supra cupreo tincto: rostro et pedibus sordide fuscis, oculo- rum ambitu late nudo. Long. tota 8, ale 5, caudz 4 poll. Angl. Hab. In vicin. urbis Borba in imp. Brasiliensi. Obs. Affinis C. lepido, sed-ab hac et aliis sp. ventre coccineo facile dignoscendus. Mr. Finsch informs me thathe first became acquainted with this fine species in Prince Max. of Wied’s collection. Subsequently he received information that several examples were in the Vienna Mu- seum, collected by the late J. Natterer in the vicinity of Borba. Through the obliging kindness of Herr August von Pelzeln I have obtained in exchange one of these specimens (which I now exhibit) for my own collection. 2. BROTOGERYS CHRYSOSEMA, Natt. MS. Aff. B. notato, Bodd., sed colore viridi clariore et flavidiore : pri- mariarum tectricibus aureis nec aurantiacis, fronte flavescente, margine ad rostrum aurantiaco : macula gulari majore et pileo summo cerulescentiore differt. Long. tota 6°75, ale 4°7, caudze 2°5. Hab. In Brasilia (Natt.). This species is also one of Natterer’s discoveries, and was com- municated to Mr. Finsch by Herr von Pelzeln. I have to thank the latter gentleman for the typical specimen which I exhibit. 3. CHRYSOTIS FINSCHI, Sp. nov. Similis C. viridigenali, sed paulo major ; plumis corporis inferioris nigro distinctius marginatis: fronte angusta, purpurascenti- rubra: pilei plumis elongatiusculis, viridibus, ceruleo margi- natis: rostro albo. Hab. In Mexico. Mus. Brit. The British Museum contains a single example of this fine species of Chrysotis, purchased from a dealer, and stated to be from Mexico. It was marked by Mr. Finsch, during his recent visit to this country, as being distinct from C. viridigenalis (to which it is nearly allied), and such is evidently the case. I therefore propose to call it by Mr. Finsch’s name. I have recently obtained examples of the true C. viridigenalis (C. coccineifrons, Souancé) from the Isthmus of Panama. 1864.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS DENDROCYGNA. 299 5. Nore on THE GEOGRAPHICAL DisTRIBUTION OF THE Ducks or THE GENUS DenprRocyGNA. By P. L. Scuater, M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY. The presence in the Society’s collection of a fine series of living representatives of the genus Dendrocygna has necessitated some in- vestigation into the history of these birds, with the view of ascer- taining their correct specific names. In doing this I have drawn up some notes upon their geographical distribution, concerning which I have several new facts to record. I am acquainted, from personal observation of specimens, with eight distinct species of this group, only five being enumerated in Eyton’s ‘Monograph of the Anatide.’ These are— 1. DENDROCYGNA AUTUMNALIS. Anas autumnalis, Linn. Dendrocygna autumnalis, Eyt. Anat. p. 109; Schomb. Reis. iii. p- 762; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 770. Hab. Brit. Guiana (Schomd.) ; Para (received living from) ; Lake of Yojoa, Honduras (Taylor) ; Guatemala, lagoons on Pacific coast, tolerably abundant (Salvin) ; Valley of Rio Grande, Texas (Baird). Mus. Brit. We have specimens of this well-known bird received alive from Para, whence it seems to be distributed northwards through Guiana and up the Central-American isthmus to Texas. Lately we have received four Mexican examples of this species from Paris. These differ from the South-American examples, in having the breast grey instead of brown like the belly, but not sufficientiy to merit separa- tion. 2. DENDROCYGNA VIDUATA. Anas viduata, Linn. S. N. i. 205; Licht. Doubl. p. 84; Max. Beitr. iv. 921. Dendrocygna viduata, Tsch. F. P. Orn. p. 54 ; Schomb. Reise, iii. 762; D’Orb. Voy. p. 448; Hartl. Orn. W. Afr. p. 248 ; Eyton, Anat. p. 109. Hab. British Guiana (Schomburgk) ; Brazil, generally distributed over the inland waters (Burmeister); Paraguay (Azara); West Africa, Senegambia and Guinea (Harti.) ; Sennaar and Abyssinia, Meninga (Speke); Mozambique (Peters); Natal (Gurney). Mus. Brit. «Repeatedly compared, by Hartlaub, Cabanis, and others, with South-American examples, and no constant difference discovered ” (Hartl. Orn. W. Afr. p. 248). The only suggestion I can make, with regard to the singular fact of this species being found in Africa and South America alike, is that it may have been an introduction into America of the early slavers, these birds being very tame and domestic, and often carried about on board ship. 300 DR. P. L.SCLATER ON THE GENUS DENDROCYGNA. [June 28, 3. DENDROCYGNA ARBOREA. Anas arborea, Linn. Dendrocygna arborea, Eyton, Anat. p. 110; Gosse, B. Jam. p- 395 ; Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 366. Hab. Jamaica (Gosse) ; Ste. Croix (Newton). Mus. Brit. We have lately received living specimens of this fine species from the West Indies. 4, DENDROCYGNA GUTTULATA. “ Dendrocygna guttulata, Mill.” MS. Hab. Celebes (Menado), Bouru, and Gilolo (Wallace). Mus. Brit. et dom. Wallace. I have not been able to find any reference to Miller’s description of this very distinct species. 5. DENDROCYGNA ARCUATA. Anas areuata et javanica, Horsf. Zool. Res. et Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 199. Mareca awsuree, Sykes. Hab. Java (Horsf.); Sumatra (Wallace); India, common (Blyth); Nepal (Hedgs.); Int. of Africa (Brit. Mus. ex Denham and Clapperton); Kordofan (Heuglin). ’ This species is readily known from the two following (which are’ nearly allied to it) by its ferruginous upper tail-coverts. 6. DENDROCYGNA MAJOR. Dendrocygna major, Jerdon, Ill. Ind. Orn. pl. 22. “« Dendrocygna arcuata,” Newton, Ibis, 1863, pp. 175, 460. Hab. Peninsula of India (Jerdon) ; Madagascar (Roch). The occurrence of this species in Madagascar is very curious. I should have expected rather to have found the D. arcuata; and it is possible both species may occur ; but the specimens of Dr. Roch which I have examined (now in the Museum of the Royal Institution at Woolwich) are certainly Dendrocygna major. 7. DENDROCYGNA VAGANS. “ Dendrocygna vagans, Kyton, MS.;” Cat. of Galline, &c., p. 131 (no description). Dendrocygna arcuata, Gould, B. Austr. vii. pl. 14. D. gouldi, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 649. Anas badia, Mill. et Schl. Verh. Ethn. p. 159 (no description). Hab. Philippines, Manilla (Cuming) ; Celebes, Macassar (Wal- lace); E. Timor (Wallace) ; N. Australia (Gould). Mus. Brit. et dom. Wallace. This species is figured by Mr. Gould as D. arcuata in his ‘ Birds of Australia.’ It has received names from Mr. Eyton and Messrs. Miller and Schlegel, but, as far as I know, has never been described. duxt 189M AXY Td $981 SZ d 1864.] pR. A. GUNTHER ON A NEW FISH FROM MADEIRA. 301 The Philippine-Islands examples are smaller and more spotted on the breast than the Australian ; but the Celebes and Timor specimens are intermediate in these points. 8. DENDROCYGNA EYTONI. Leptotarsis eytoni, Gould, B. Austr. vil. pl. 15 ; Eyton, Mon. Anat. p. 111. Dendrocygna eytoni, Gray, Cat. Gallinz, &c., p. 131. Hab. Northern Australia. Mus. Brit. Besides these species of Dendrocygna, of which I have seen and examined specimens, there appear to be two others which I have not yet met with, namely— (1.) DENDROCYGNA FULVA. Anas fulva, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 530. Dendrocygna fulva, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 771, pl. 63. Hab. Mexico (Gm.) ; Fort Tejon, California (Baird). This is perhaps not different from the next species. (2.) DENDROCYGNA VIRGATA. Anas virgata, Max. Reise, i. 322. dnas fulva, Max. Beitr. iv. 918; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 435. Hab. Middle Brazil; Rio Belmonte (Burm.). 6. On a New Genus or PEepDICULATE FISH FROM THE SEA OF Maperra. By Dr. Atsrert Gintuer, F.Z.S. (Plate XXV.) Mr. J. Y. Johnson discovered during his last sojourn in Ma- deira, on the 24th December 1863, a fish which proves to be the type of a new genus, not only on account of its extraordinary form, but also on account of the absence of ventral fins. In the latter respect it agrees with Ceratias from the coast of Greenland, from which, however, it differs in its dentition. It must be extremely rare, as the specimen entrusted to me by Mr. Johnson for description, and presented by him to the British Museum, is the only ove which has ever come to the knowledge of naturalists. Neither the Rev. R. T. Lowe nor Mr. Johnson had heard of its existence, nor did the fishermen recognize it. It is evi- dently a deep-sea fish, inhabiting the same horizontal marine zone as Saccopharynz and Alepidosaurus. When brought to Mr. Johnson, the belly was much distended, and contained, rolled up spirally into a ball, a Scopeline fish, which measured 7} inches in length, and 1 inch in depth. Nevertheless it was tempted to take a bait. ube 302 DR. A. GUNTHER ON A NEW FISH FROM MADEIRA. [June 28, MELANOCETUS. Head and body compressed, head very large, body small, abdo- minal cavity forming a sac suspended from the trunk. Cleft of the mouth exceedingly wide, vertical. Teeth of the jaws and palate long, pointed, unequal in size. Skin smooth. The spmous dorsal is reduced to a single filament placed on the head. The soft dorsal and anal short. Ventrals none. Slit of the gill-openings of mode- rate width, below the pectoral. MELANOCETUS JOHNSONII. (PI. XXV.) Deljl4e0C: 8) cAo4S eBets. This singular fish is distinguished by a greater disproportion of the various parts of its body than is found in the other genera of the family to which it belongs. The head is of a tetrahedral form, and is the most extensive part of the whole animal. The gape is enormous, and, although the lower jaw is vertical when the mouth is closed, it can be moved downwards at more than aright angle. The lateral extensibility of the mouth is not less than the vertical; so that the prey which can be received within the cavity of the mouth actually may exceed the size of the fish itself. This enormous head is followed by a very small trunk and tail, the length of both being less than the depth of the head. As the trunk would not offer suf- ficient room for an abdominal cavity corresponding in size to the prey swallowed, this cavity is suspended as a large sac from the lower part of the body, and floats in the water. The upper and lower jaws are armed with a series of teeth, which are very unequal in length, some being very long, others small; all are very slender, and can be depressed towards the inside of the mouth: this peculiarity of the teeth may be obsérved in the Lophius, in the Pike, and nu- merous other rapacious fish with long slender teeth. The vomer is armed with a transverse series of single teeth, and extends across the whole width of the roof of the mouth; the palatine and pterygoid teeth are situated at some distance behind the vomer, and form two bundles irregular in form. The pharynx and cesophagus are, as might be expected, very wide. The eye is situated high up on the side of the head ; it is very small, covered by, but appearing through, the skin. There are no nasal openings. The opercular pieces are reduced to styliform rudiments; there are five branchiostegals. Only the three inner branchial arches bear short branchial lamellze, which are disposed in a double series on the two middle ones, and in a single one on the innermost arch. The gill-opening itself is a slit of moderate width, below and behind the pectoral fin. The upper surface of the head is concave, and in the middle of its anterior por- tion there is situated the single filament to which the anterior dorsal fin is reduced; this filament is more than half as high as the head, and dilated into a small lamella at its extremity. The second dorsal fin occupies the back of the tail, and is composed of fourteen simple rays, none of which are as high as the fin is long. The caudal fin is quite free from the dorsal and anal, and composed of eight very P.Z.S.1864:. Plate XXVI. 1. Coronella nototeemia. 2. Chameastortus aulicus. H.Ford.. GL P.Z.S. 1864. Plate XXVII. Beis nce D oi ford Hyperoltus- ns W West my - 1.H flavomaculatus. 2.H. crtrinus. 3. Hmicrops. ee 1864.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON REPTILES FROM THE ZAMBESI. 303 soft rays, which are bifid at the end, and form a convex posterior margin. Anal fin very short, composed of four rays only, which are opposed to the posterior dorsal rays. The base of the pectoral fin is fleshy and enveloped in skin, as in other Pediculati. It is com- posed of eighteen simple and feeble rays. Ventral fins none. Vent situated immediately behind the abdominal sac. The whole fish, even the inside of the mouth, of the abdominal sac, and of the sto- mach, is of a uniform deep black. Total length (mouth closed) 358, inches; length of intermaxillary and of mandible 1,4, inch. 7. REPORT ON A COLLECTION oF ReEpriLes AND FISHES MADE By Dr. Kirk IN THE ZAMBESI AND Nyassa Recions. By ALBERT Gtntuer, M.A., M.D., Pa.D., F.Z.S. (Plates XXVI., XXVII.) A most valuable collection of Reptiles and Fishes made by Dr. Kirk, the scientific companion of Dr. Livingstone on his last expe- dition to Eastern Africa, having been presented by him to the British Museum, I beg leave to lay before the Society a full account of its contents, with descriptions of those species which appear to me to be new to science. The Tortoises and a part of the Saurians have already been noticed by Dr. J. E. Gray in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society, 1864, p. 58, where also figures of two new Lizards have been given. In the determination of several of the species, I have been aided by a less complete series of duplicate specimens which had been sent home by Mr. C. Livingstone, and were presented by Earl Russell to the British Museum. For almost all we know of the fauna of this part of Tropical Africa we are indebted to Professor Peters, who spent several years in the exploration of its zoological and botanical productions, and who reaped so rich a harvest. However, Dr. Kirk entered a country previously unexplored, the topographical features of which are given in the following notes, with which I have been favoured by Dr. Kirk :— ‘The present collection is chiefly from the regions bordering the Zambesi, including those of the Nyassa Lake. ** Some of the fish were gathered in the Rovuma, which was ex- plored for 115 miles in direct distance, at which point it becomes encumbered by rocks, and cannot be ascended further. This river, gathering the waters of the eastern slopes of the coast mountain- range which overhangs the Nyassa, opens to the Indian Ocean north of Cape Delgado. “Above the Victoria Falls of the Zambesi and the Murchison Rapids of the Shire a marked difference in the fish fauna is met with. During the short time spent in the former region, many fishes with which I was not familiar in the lower part were observed; and the natives who accompanied us remarked of others met with near Tete, 304 DR. A. GUNTHER ON REPTILES AND FISHES. [June 28, and still more met with in the Nyassa Lake, that to them they were unknown. Without claiming for the negro any exalted place, still it cannot be denied that in such points as come under his daily observation, particularly as concerns his food, he is very accurate and discriminating. “The knowledge possessed of wild game by the hunters of the desert is well known; and the different tribes depending on the pro- duce of the waters are equally well acquainted with their inhabitants. ‘By the Murchison Rapids, which break the River Shire in its upper third, the water of Lake Nyassa descends from its own level (1522 feet) nearly to that of the sea. The rapids are between forty and fifty miles in length, the greater part of the descent being effected at six or seven points, between which are minor rapids and smooth reaches crossed by canoes. “The fishes of the lake are almost all of species peculiar; and a full collection of dried skins of those observed was made, excepting of the Siluroids, which, being large, incompressible, and oily, are pecu- liarly objectionable where portage is limited. ‘«* Having passed the navigable part of the Shire above the Mur- - chison Rapids and entered the Nyassa Lake in south lat. 14° 25’, an inland sea opened to us, lying nearly north and south, overhung by mountains on either side, which, as we sailed north, closed, and at last formed steep cliffs, against which the heavy swell dashed as on the sea-shore. The western side, which was the one followed, pre- sented a variety of rocky headlands jutting out, sandy coves, and long flat beaches. Many good anchorages and sheltered harbours exist, which one day may be turned to account. At various parts the sounding-line was cast; but only at the southern end, where the Shire flows off, or very near shore was bottom found, the remainder being of the pale milky blue of tropical seas. In such parts, with 35 fa- thoms no soundings were obtained; and near the north, where, at a mile off shore, 115 fathoms were given out, a like negative result followed. The distance due north explored by us amounted to 200 nautical miles ; there it became necessary to turn, leaving the end unknown. ‘Yet we have reasons for considering that we were not many days from reaching the furthest end, which may be expected to be in the tenth degree of south latitude, and distant from the known part of the Tanganyika Lake 400 miles. _ ©The width of the Nyassa is not commensurate with its length, but varies from fifteen to sixty miles. At the narrow points it is crossed by native canoes; but at one of these the voyage is broken, and the night spent, on the large inhabited island of Chisomoro. Fed by the streams coming from neighbouring mountains, the level of the Nyassa rises during the floods 3 feet. No streams of any size were seen en- tering on the west, while the narrowness of the mountain chain on the east does not admit of any large supply from that side; so that should a river enter from the north, there will still be no more entering than may be accounted for by evaporation and the exit of the Shire. “The native tribes on the shores are numerous, and in no other part was so dense a population seen ; they are engaged in the slave- 1864. ] COLLECTED BY DR. KIRK ON THE ZAMBESI. 305 trade, and, being in contact with those passing to the coast, are cowardly and treacherous; thieves on all occasions, they are never to be trusted ; their civility and goodwill extend only to those who have the power to punish if otherwise treated. These people depend on the lake for much of their food, and from its waters draw abun- dant support with the minimum of labour. They display great in- genuity in their many contrivances for capturing fish, and, except fly- fishing, employ all the methods in use among more civilized races. The net in all its forms is in use, from the seine to the cast-net ; yet, curiously, the manufacture is different, and the common reef-knot employed instead of our more secure method of netting. Fish-weirs are thrown across narrow entrances to lagoons; and fish-baskets, cleverly made of reeds or split bamboo, placed in likely spots, com- monly near rushes and papyrus frequented by mud-fish. The fish- hook with bait isa common amusement with the children. In other parts the spear is dexterously thrown, and fish-poison used in fayour- able localities. ‘Of the Zambesi fishes, many are peculiar to the brackish tidal creeks ; others, such as the spotted electric fish, to the higher parts of the delta, and are unknown above; while some marine fish, as the Saw-fish, ascend far up, being common at Lupata, and far from rare at Tete, 260 miles from the coast. «Above the rapids of Kebra-bassa many fine fishes were seen, which, if they exist elsewhere, are rare. ‘That part of the Rovuma explored yielded a small number of fishes, many of which were unknown to me previously ; but I was assured by the crew of the boat that they were to be found also in the Zambesi. The natives who then accompanied us had not the inti- mate knowledge of fish possessed by the people from the ixterior ; but as the kinds referred to were remarkable and at once easily to be distinguished, it would appear that, if not the same, at least allied forms were familiar to them, which they confirmed by showing a knowledge of the habits, which proved accurate. **The Rovuma is during the dry season a mere streamlet, winding from side to side along a sandy bed ; but during the rains, swollen by mountain torrents, it becomes a large river, and opens to one of the finest bays on the East-African coast. As a trade entrance to the interior it is of no service; its banks are infested by the Tsetse fly, named there ‘Chipanga.’ The natives are notorious robbers, to whom honour is unknown, and by whom fair dealing is looked on as weakness ; yet, like all such cowards, they fear those better armed than themselves. ** With my limited means of transport at command, from the most interesting places it was possible to bring off only the dried skins of many fishes, which, being dried and placed along with plants between paper, were easily preserved. Fish-poison, where it can be applied, forms one of the best means for obtaining a tolerably full series of the species of a certain locality. Few savage tribes are ignorant of some such agent: in the interior of Africa a Gardenia bush yields Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1864, No. XX. 306 DR. A. GUNTHER ON REPTILES AND FISHES [June 28, it; in other parts the common sort is from a Tephrosia, while the muddy creeks of the coast are poisoned by the climbing stems of Derris uliginosa (Benth.). Fish-poisons do not act equally on all species ; and occasionally some of the smaller will continue active and unaffected, long after many much larger ones have become in- sensible and either forced themselves on shore or floated on the sur- face. In the case of the poison from the Derris, this was noticed to be the case with the Tetrodon, which remained with a few others, not one of which came up, while the other inhabitants of the creek were dead. “A table is here added, showing the mean temperature, during the year, of the African rivers: that of the lake, from the few observa- tions made, seemed to differ but little from those of the rivers. The temperature of the rivers varies during the day from 2° to 3°, according to the amount of sunshine and the mass of water acted upon. ‘This has reference to the water in the deep channel: where the river becomes much expanded, as over shallow banks, the tem- perature is much raised ; but in the deep parts no temperature higher than 90° has been observed. January. February. May June. July August. September October. November. December ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 82°5 |84°6 |83°5 |78°5 |75°5 |72°0 |70°3 |71°8 |76°0 |80°9 |82°0 |84°6 “Of Snakes there are many kinds, in size varying from that of the Python to the small grass-snakes. A few species are extremely venomous, and cases are well authenticated of the same individual killing several large animals in succession. Yet the danger to the traveller is almost none: during five years spent in company with natives, exposed while passing through every sort of vegetation, no snake ever offered to bite me, and I have never seen another person bitten. Yet our party often numbered thirty, and often slept on the open ground exposed at night. Accidents do occur, but are ex- tremely rare. ‘Finally, I must add that this collection has been formed in a de- sultory manner, under circumstances not always the most favourable, and that it contains many imperfect specimens, which may prove difficult of determination.” List of the Species. Those marked with an asterisk (*) are new. Descriptions of those which have not been described elsewhere will form the last part of the paper. TORTOISES. Sternothyrus subniger, Lacép. 1864. ] COLLECTED BY DR. KIRK ON THE ZAMBESI. 307 SAURIANS. Crocodilus vulgaris, Cuv. Tette. Monitor niloticus, Cuv. *Teira ornata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 58. Gerrhosaurus robustus, Peters. Tette. *Euprepes kirkii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 62. *Huprepes grantii, Gray, l. c. p. 62. E. punctatissimus, Smith. *Mochlus punctulatus, Gthr. *Homodactylus turneri, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 59. Phelsuma cepedianum, Cuy. Quellimane. *Lygodactylus strigatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 59. Hemidactylus platycephalus, Peters. Agama occipitalis, Gray. ? Agama mossambica, Peters. Quellimane. Chameleo dilepis, Leach. SNAKES. Onychocephalus mucruso, Peters. Coronella olivacea, Peters. Quellimane. *Coronella nototenia, Gthr. Dasypeltis scaber, L. Ahetulla irregularis, Leach. A. semivariegata, Smith. Shire valley. Ventral shields 190-193. Bucephalus capensis, Smith. Psammophis sibilans, L. Leptodira rufescens, Schleg. *Chametortus aulicus, Gthr. Boodon lineatus, D. & B. Naja mossambica, Peters. *Dendraspis polylepis, Gthr. Clotho arietans, Mery. BaTRACHIANS. Cassina senegalensis, D. & B. Bufo guineensis, Schleg. Hyperolius fornasinii, Bianconi. H. teniatus, Peters. Hi. saline, Bianconi. H. argus, Peters. H. modestus, Gthr. Quellimane. *H, flavomaculatus, Gthr. Rovuma Bay. *H. citrinus, Gthr. *H. microps, Gthr. Rovuma Bay. Brachymerus bifasciatus, Smith. FIsHEs. Ambassis commersonii, C. & V. Therapon servus, Bl. Mouth of Zambesi. *Pristipoma, sp. n. (young specimen). 308 DR. A. GUNTHER ON REPTILES AND FISHES [June 28, Sillago acuta, C. & V. Psettus argenteus, L. Equula fasciata, Lacép. Mugil, sp. (young). Mouth of Zambesi. *Chromis squamipinnis, Gthr. Lake Nyassa. C. mossambicus, Peters. Lake Nyassa. *C, lateristriga, Gthr. Lake Nyassa. * Hemichromis intermedius, Gthr. Lake Nyassa. *H. robustus, Gthr. Lake Nyassa. *H. longiceps, Gthr. Lake Nyassa. *H. dimidiatus, Gthr. Lake Nyassa. Eutropius, sp. incerta (young specimens). Synodontis schal, Bl. Schn. Rovuma. * Arius kirkii, Ginth. Fish. v. p. 163. Zambesi. Brachyalestes acutidens, Peters. * Hydrocyon lineatus, Schleg. River Shiré. *Distichodus macrolepis, Ginth. Fish. v. p. 362. River Shiré. D. shenga, Peters. River Shiré. Mormyrus macrolepidotus, Peters. Rovuma. *M. catostoma, Gthr. Fish. vi. p. . Rovuma. Albula bananus, Lacép. Hydrargyra, sp. Labeo congoro, Peters. River Shiré, below cataract. L. cylindricus, Peters. Rovuma. * Pelotrophus microlepis, Gthr. Lake Nyassa. *P. microcephalus, Gthr. Lake Nyassa. Pristis perroteti, Valenc. Descriptions of New Species. Lizarps. Mocuuvs (g. n. ScrnciDARUM). Body and tail elongate; limbs feeble; toes 5—5. Snout de- pressed, wedge-shaped, the rostral shield being much broader than high, with a sharpish anterior edge. A pair of supranasals; nostril in the middle of a separate nasal shield. Scales perfectly smooth. Eyelid scaly ; opening of the ear small. Palate toothless. MocHLvUS PUNCTULATUS. The supranasal shields are in contact with each other ; the frontal and vertical form a broad suture together ; four supraciliaries ; two small anterior and two larger posterior occipitals with a small cen- tral shield between. Ear without lobulesin front. There are seventy scales in a longitudinal series between mental shield and vent; the middle of the trunk is surrounded by twenty-eight series of scales. Limbs feeble. The length of the anterior equals the distance between the extremity of the snout and the front margin of the ear, and that of the posterior is one-third of the length of the trunk. The fingers are short, clawed: the third scarcely longer than the fourth; the 1864.] COLLECTED BY DR. KIRK ON THE ZAMBESI. 309 fourth toe a little longer than the third. There are three pairs of preeanal scales, subequal in size; subcaudal scales not enlarged. The upper parts are brown, many scales having a whitish or blackish dot ; the blackish dots are predominant on the sides, where they are arranged in longitudinal series. Lower parts whitish. in. lines. PSHSREIE, OF CHE SHGHE je) a)4 ors cease seve nies w.ou8 n 0 3 — of the cleft of the mouth ............ 0 64 Distance between snout and ear.............. O 72 Distance between snout and axil.............. 1 24 Lensthiof tranks22 wi 853 vk Sous ee oe? 2 102 Circumference of trunk ......5..0..00..0008 iy Ad Gensthvotfront linab? gy oe. 20 eo ed wae On 37 OF tied HNSers A7 Ae a, ae bie abe 0 1 of Hud inne, Fa A 28 ele 0A) - SINMGHEL EMME Ts Ht), Saher oo sole dst. cine. ke 0 3h (Tail injured.) SNAKES. CoRONELLA NoTOTENIA. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 1.) Vertical shield elongate, nearly twice as long as broad, much longer than the two frontals together, and as long as the occipital, which is rounded behind. Rostral just reaching the upper surface of the head ; loreal square ; anteocular single, large, extending to the upper surface of the head, but not reaching the vertical ; two postoculars. Eight upper labials, the fourth and fifth entering the orbits, the last small; temporals scale-like, 14+2+3, the anterior the largest and in contact with both postoculars. Two pairs of chin- shields ; the posterior are rather longer than the anterior, and pointed behind ; there are four lower labials in contact with the front chin- shields. Scales in seventeen rows, with a single apical groove. Ventrals 177 ; anal bifid; subcaudals 76. Posterior maxillary tooth grooved. Greyish brown: a deep brown band commences on the crown of the head, it being darkest and serrated on the anterior part of the body ; it becomes fainter posteriorly, and is accompanied by a series of black dots on each side, which disappear on the tail. A brown line runs along the third outer series of scales, from the middle of the length of the body to the extremity of the tail; belly brownish yellow, marbled with brown. Total length 143 inches, the cleft of the mouth measuring 4 lines, and the tail 34 inches. : I take this opportunity of substituting the name of Crypsidomus for that of Rhamnophis, which I had given to a genus of West- African Snakes (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1862, p. 129), but which is preoceupied by a genus of East-African Ophidians described by Peters. 310 DR. A. GUNTHER ON REPTILES AND FISHES [June 28, CuaMztTortus (g. n. DipsapIDARUM). Body and tail of moderate length, rather compressed ; head de- pressed, broad behind, and distinct from neck, with the snout rather short. Rostral shield of moderate size; nostril between two nasals ; loreal united with lower anteocular, entering the orbit ; another ante- ocular above. Scales smooth, with a single very small (or without) apical groove, those of the vertebral row not enlarged ; subcaudals two-rowed. Posterior maxillary tooth longest, grooved. CHAM@ToRTUS AuLicus. (PI. XXVI. fig. 2.) Shields on the upper side of the head normal; the vertical is elongate, twice as long as broad, much longer than the frontals together, and nearly as long as the occipital ; the latter is rounded behind. The shield which represents the united loreal and lower anteocular is subtriangular, as high as long; the upper anteocular reaches just to the upper surface of the head. Eye of moderate size, with vertical pupil. Temporals 1+2+3, the anterior in con- tact with the postoculars, which are two in number. Eight upper labials, the third, fourth, and fifth entering the orbit. Ten lower labials, the five anterior of which are in contact with the front chin- shields. Two pairs of oblong chin-shields, the anterior bemg a little longer than the posterior. Ventrals 189, obtusely keeled on the sides ; anal entire; subcaudals 86. The head has a whitish ground-colour, but it is densely and sym- metrically spotted with brown; a brown streak commences from the nostril, and passes through the eye to the angle of the mouth. Each labial and each scale on the temples and nape with a brown spot. Upper parts brown, with narrow whitish cross bars, which become less distinct on the hind part of the body, very similar to the mark- ings in Lycodon aulicus. The white and brown colours are equally, though irregularly, distributed on the sides. Lower parts uniform white. Total length 13 inches, the head measuring 5 lines, and the tail 3 inches. DENDRASPIS POLYLEPIS. Scales in 23 series; temporals 243, both anterior temporals in contact with the postoculars, the lower situated above the sixth and seventh upper labials. Ventrals 258 ; subcaudals 120. Dull greenish olive, hind part of the body and tail with small irregular blackish spots ; inside of the mouth black. The single specimen in the collection is 6 feet long. FroGs. Hyprero.uivus FLAvomacutatus. (Pl. XXVII. fig. 1.) Tympanum scarcely conspicuous ; tongue deeply notched behind ; snout short, broad; upper parts quite smooth, dark violet, with rounded yellow spots irregularly disposed ; one of these spots on 1864. ] COLLECTED BY DR, KIRK ON THE ZAMBESI. 311 each elbow and heel; the hind margin of the fore arm and of the tarsus yellow. Upper lip yellow, lower parts whitish. A single adult female specimen from the Rovuma Bay is in the collection. Hyperouivs cirrinus. (Pl. XXVII. fig. 2.) Tympanum hidden ; tongue deeply notched behind ; snout rather short ; upper parts with small scattered tubercles ; the region between eye and axil finely tubercular. Entirely uniform lemon-coloured above and below. I have examined two male specimens, one from the Senegal, and the other from the Zambesi Expedition. Hyperouius microps. (Pl. XXVII. fig. 3.) Tympanum hidden ; tongue broad and deeply notched behind ; eye comparatively small, shorter than the snout, which has a sharpish canthus rostralis ; upper parts smooth ; belly finely and equally gra- nulated. Greyish olive above ; a whitish line runs along the canthus rostralis, and is continued behind the eye along the anterior half of the length of the body ; its rostral portion has a brown inferior mar- gin; upper parts of the head sometimes with a few minute brown dots. Lower parts whitish. This is one of the smallest species, an adult male being only 10 lines long; it has the gular sac fully developed, and is from Ro- vuma Bay. FisHEs. CHROMIS SQUAMIPINNIS, oo D. Gs AL. L. lat. 33. L, transy. 4/14. The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (without caudal) ; the length of the head more than one-third. Teeth very small, in about three series in both jaws; there are about forty on each side in the front series of the upper:jaw. The naked portion of the preeoperculum is a little higher than long, and at the angle as wide as the scaly part of the cheek below the eye. Scales on the cheek in two series. Dorsal spines of moderate strength, not so strong as those of the anal fin; the dorsal rays do not extend to the caudal fin, when laid backwards. Caudal densely covered with mi- nute scales. Pectoral long, sometimes extending beyond the middle of the anal. Silvery, with six black cross bands, the first in the middle of the nape; the second descends from the origin of the dorsal; the fifth from its end; the last on the root of the caudal.’ .A black’ spot on the extremity of the operculum. : : This species is similar to C. niloticus; but it may be readily. - distinguished by its much larger head, densely scaly caudal fin, and black cross bands. Several specimens were collected on Lake Nyassa, the largest being one foot long. RS 312 DR. A. GUNTHER ON REPTILES AND FISHES [Juné 28, CHROMIS LATERISTRIGA. D2 A... P. 14.5 %. lat. 38... 1. transy..6/1 25 9—10° * g—-10° Teeth very small. Scales below the eye in four series ; eye rather small. Caudal fin scaly. A black band runs from the nape of the neck, along the upper part of the side, to the base of the caudal fin. The skins of two examples have been preserved; the largest, 10 inches long, is from Lake Nyassa. HEMICHROMIS INTERMEDIUS. D.. ALS. L. lat. 34. L. transv. 4/10. This species connects Chromis and Hemichromis, having the general habit of the former genus, and the conical teeth of the latter. The height. of the body is contained twice and three-fifths in the total length (without caudal); the length of the head nearly thrice. Head not much longer than high; snout rather elevated, and somewhat shorter than the postorbital portion of the head. Teeth minute, conical, of equal size, in a double series in the upper jaw as well as in the lower. The lower jaw projects a little beyond the upper, and the maxillary terminates somewhat before the vertical from the front margin of the:orbit. Preeorbital nearly square, and scarcely wider than the orbit. The naked preeopercular limb is higher than long, and at the angle narrower than the scaly part of the cheek, the scales being arranged in three series. The dorsal fin commences above the upper end of the gill-opening; the spines are slender, and rapidly increase in length posteriorly, the length of the last being two-fifths of that of the head. The soft rays are long, increasing in length to the sixth and seventh, which extend nearly to the middle of the caudal fin when laid backwards. Anal spines stout; caudal emar- ginate, densely scaly ; pectoral and ventral equal in length, the latter extending to the soft portion of the anal. Back with some obscure cross bands; interradial membrane of the soft dorsal with a series of ocelli; anal with large round whitish spots. A single example, 8 inches long, is in the collection ; it is probably from Lake Nyassa, HeMICHROMIS ROBUSTUS. D. af A =: L. lat. 37. _ L. transv. 6/14. The length of the head is somewhat more than the height of the body, which is one-third of the total length (without caudal). Snout compressed, long, rather high, somewhat shorter than the postorbital portion of the head. Teeth conical, of moderate strength, rather closely set, and slightly bent at the tip ; they form two series in the upper jaw, and one in the lower. The lower jaw projects somewhat beyond the upper, and the maxillary extends nearly to below the centre of the orbit. Przeorbital bone much wider than the orbit ; the scales on the cheek are small, arranged in about ten series. Dorsal 1864. ] COLLECTED BY DR. KIRK ON THE ZAMBESI. 313 spines of moderate length and strength ; the dorsal rays extend to the root of the caudal, when laid backwards. Caudal fin with an oblique truncated margin behind, and with scarcely any scales; ventral rather longer than pectoral, extending to the vent. Head and upper parts brownish ; operculum with a black spot behind ; a dark band runs from the opercular spot to the root of the caudal ; another band, parallel to the former, and indistinct, runs along the side of the belly. The soft dorsal and caudal fins with small round dark spots. A specimen 12 inches long, from Lake Nyassa, is in the collection. HEMICHROMIS LONGICEPS. D. Z. As >. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 3/11. Head and body elongate, as in Cheilio; the height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head more than one-third. Snout elongate, longer than the post- orbital portion of the head. Teeth small, rather widely set, in two series in the upper jaw as well as in the lower, those of the outer series being larger than the very small ones of the inner; the teeth in the upper jaw gradually decrease in length posteriorly. The lower jaw projects a little beyond the upper, and the maxillary ter- minates midway between the extremity of the snout and the front margin of the orbit. Przeorbital bone much wider than the orbit. The naked preopercular limb is as wide as the scaly part of the cheek, the scales being arranged in three series. The lower part of the lateral line extends forwards to below the posterior dorsal spines, or even still further. The dorsal fin commences above the root of the pectoral fin ; its spinous portion is low, formed by feeble spines, the middle being equal in length to the diameter of the eye; the soft portion is more elevated, but the rays, if laid backwards, do not extend to the caudal fin. The third anal spine is longer and stronger than any of the dorsal spines. Caudal fin slightly emarginate, with the lobes angular, and with the basal portion scaly. Pectoral and ventral rather elongate, the latter extending nearly to the vent. Upper parts dark green; sides and belly silvery ; operculum with a deep-black spot behind. The skins of two specimens from Lake Nyassa have been pre- served ; the larger is 95 inches long ; the natives called it ‘‘ Sangwe.” HEMICHROMIS DIMIDIATUS. D. is. A. = L. lat. 33. LL. transv. 4/11. Similar to Hemichromis longiceps ; the height of the body is one- fourth of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-third. Snout pointed, elongate, longer than the postorbital por- tion of the head. Dentition and mouth as in H. longiceps. Pre- orbital bone much wider than the orbit. The naked preeopercular limb is much narrower than the scaly part of the cheek, the scales being arranged in four series. Dorsal spines rather feeble, of mode- 314 PROF. HUXLEY ON ARCTOCEBUS CALABARENSIS. [June 28, rate length, the middle being longer than the diameter of the eye ; the soft rays terminate at some distance from the root of the caudal, if laid backwards. The third anal spine is stronger, but not longer, than the posterior dorsal spines. Caudal fin slightly emarginate, with the lobes angular, the upper being somewhat the longer: two- thirds of it are scaly. Ventral longer than the pectoral. A narrow black band runs from the upper part of the gill-opening along the middle of the side to a blackish spot on the root of the caudal, di- viding the body into two equal halves. The skin of a single example, 9 inches long, from Lake Nyassa, has been preserved. PELOTROPHUS (g. n. CYPRINIDARUM). Distinguished from Leuciseus by the form of the anal fin, the an- terior part of which is much elevated ; whilst the posterior is very low, both parts being abruptly divided, &c. PELOTROPHUS MICROLEPIS. D.13. A.19. L. lat. 88. L. transv. 14/6. The maxillary extends nearly to below the posterior margin of the eye. The last dorsal ray is vertically above the origin of the anal fin. The last six anal rays are short—only half as long as the ray preceding them. Bright silvery. The skin of asingle specimen from Lake Nyassa is 20 inches long. PELOTROPHUS MICROCEPHALUS. D.13. A.19. L. lat. 47. L. transv. 9/3. The length of the head is contained five times and a half in the total (without caudal); the maxillary extends somewhat behind the vertical from the centre of the eye. The last dorsal ray is vertically above the anterior anal rays. The last six anal rays very short. Brownish above, silvery on the sides. The skin of a single specimen from Lake Nyassa is 15 inches long. 8. On THE ANGWANTIBO (ARCTOCEBUS CALABARENSIS, GRAY) or Otp CauaBar. By T. H. Huxtey, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. (Plate XXVIII.) : On the 25th of April 1860, Dr. John Alexander Smith read before the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh a “ Notice of the ‘ Ang- wantibo’ of Old Calabar, Africa—an animal belonging to the family Lemurina, and apparently to the genus Perodicticus of Bennett.” The specimen from which this notice was drawn up was sent home by the Rev. Alexander Robb, who, in a letter dated July 28th, 1860, which is quoted by Dr. Smith, says, ‘Another specimen which I procured I handed to Mr. Thomson, who, I believe, sent it to Mr. Murray.” Piero. Leet Fl Salt DWolf del et lith M.& N. Hanhavt, mp” ARCTOCEBUS CALABARENSIS 1864.| PROF. HUXLEY ON ARCTOCEBUS CALABARENSIS. 315 This specimen my friend Mr. Murray was kind enough to trans- mit to me for examination, some two years ago; but I have unfor- tunately been prevented by the pressure of other occupations from undertaking the investigation until now. The most important passages in Dr. Smith’s description of his specimen, which, like mine, is of the male sex, are the following :— “The Angwantibo is covered with a thick and long wool-like hair, which becomes short and thin on the face and on the extremi- ties, the inner sides of the fore and hind hands being free from hair. The hair is of a dark grey colour at the base, and the upper third, or so, of its length is of a light brown or fawn-colour, the terminal points being of a darker brown ; this is the general character of the fur of the upper parts of the body and limbs. The face in front of the eyes is rather darker in colour ; but the sides of the head are lighter, and the chin and throat are nearly white. The inner surface of the limbs is also lighter, as well as the whole under surface of the body ; the grey hairs having their distal half of a light fawn-colour, and in some places nearly white. The specimen having been for a long time preserved in spirits makes it a little difficult to get at the mi- nute details of colour. There are no stripes or markings on the back, or other parts of the body, to be observed on this animal, as on the Stenops tardigradus of the East Indies—its general appearance being more uniform over the surface, although somewhat mottled in character, from the hair varying in colour at base and apex. ‘The body of the Angwantibo is slender, and measures 104 inches in length from the point of the muzzle to the extremity of the very short tail, which is completely hid in the long fur ofthe body, and measures only about ith of an inch in length. This animal is a male, the penis, which is supported apparently by a small bone, projecting upwards and forwards from the rounded scrotum. “The head is oval and rounded, tapering rapidly in front of the eyes: the muzzle protruded, full or blunt, and rather prominent. The breadth of the head in front of the ears is about 1} inch; in front of the eyes about $ths of an inch. The length from the mesian line of the nose to the anterior part of the meatus of the ear is 1} inch ; from point of nose to anterior angle of eye is 3ths of an inch; from anterior angle of eye to point of opening of ear 14 inch, the total length of head from muzzle to back part being nearly 23 inches. ‘* The eyes are rather full and large, the opening of the lids mea- suring 3 an inch in length; the distance between the eyes at their anterior angles is 3 an inch. They are rather prominent forwards, and very slightly lateral. “The ears are erect and patulose, rather large and rounded in outline, without emarginations, measuring about 3ths of an inch across from before backwards, and also from above downwards ; they seem to be naked internally, and slightly covered with short hair externally. In this specimen they are nearly naked, especially on the inner surface. There are two transverse abrupt parallel project- ing ridges of cartilage, each measuring ;4,ths of an inch in length, in the free cartilage above the external opening of the meatus. 316 PROF. HUXLEY ON ARCTOCEBUS CALABARENSIS. [June 28, “‘ The external openings of the nostrils are rather lateral, and are sinuous, curved upwards and inwards towards the median line of the full and rounded snout ; and there is a groove between them running down to the front of the upper lip. “‘The tongue is long and rounded in front, and rather rough, being covered with small papille. Immediately below the tongue is the projecting lamina, covered with a horny cuticle and resembling a smaller bird-like tongue, which springs from the freenum, and pro- jects forwards about 2ths of an inch in length, reaching to within +th of an inch of the point of the tongue itself. This horny lamina measures about 1th of an inch in breadth across its root or base, and about 1th of an inch across its free or front extremity, which is di- vided into nine sharp terminal points or filaments............ Below the tongue and this supplementary organ the mucous mem- brane lining the floor of the mouth has a slightly free margin, pro- jecting along the sides of the gums of the lower jaw, in which, ap- parently, the ducts of the submaxillary glands (Wharton’s ducts) open into the mouth. “The neck is rather short and slender. There is no appearance on the back of the neck of this specimen of the spinous processes of the five last cervical and first dorsal vertebrze piercing through the horny integument of the back, with a weak horny covering, as de- scribed by Van der Hoeven of the Stenops potto. ‘«‘ The limbs are very slender and nearly equal in length, the hinder extremities being a little larger and stronger in their development than the anterior. The fore hands are thinly covered with short hair on the dorsal, and are bare of hair, or naked, on the palmar surface. The thumb is much larger than any of the other fingers, to which it is opposed. There is a large rounded fleshy and horny tubercle, nearly jth of an inch broad at its base, which projects about 1th of an inch from the base of the thumb on the inner side (near the centre of the hand). Immediately opposed to it, and of equal size, or a very little larger, is another apparently simple tubercle, rising from the outer side (next the thumb) of the base of the clustered fingers ; this, however, is the rudimentary index finger, its free extremity projecting only about 4th of an inch. It is supported by a short metacarpal bone, with a full and rounded extremity, to which are attached ¢wo small, or rudimentary, phalanges; each of the other fingers (not including the thumb) having three. This rudimentary index finger has no nail: there is simply a minute marking like a cicatrix, or rather a mere short depressed smooth line, an indication of where a nail should be. The nails of the thumb and of the fingers are all thin, flat, and rounded or ovate, like those of the human hand, and are not extended beyond the points of the fingers. The remain- ing three fingers are slender and prolonged, and the first phalanges are all conjoined by the integuments, the two distal phalanges of each finger, alone, being free. The index or second finger (considering the thumb as a finger) is, as already described, merely like a tubercle rising at the base of the others. The third finger is the smallest of the three other fingers, and also the shortest ; the fourth (or middle 1864.) pRor. HUXLEY ON ARCTOCERUS CALABARENSIS, 317 of the developed fingers) is the longest ; and the fifth, or last, is longer than the third. The hands are each divided into two op- posing portions—the thumb with the tubercle at its base being op- posed to the other fingers with the tubercle-like index at their base, the thumb itself being opposed to the fourth, the middle or longest of the fingers. “The posterior hands, or feet, are rather larger and stronger than the anterior ones, and are each divided into two opposing portions— the one consisting of the thumb, with a large rounded fleshy tubercle projecting from the inner side of its base (as in the fore hand), and the other portion; formed of the remaining four fingers, the first phalanges of which are also conjoined, being covered by the integu- ments as in the hand. There is a comparatively smaller flesh tubercle, somewhat like the undeveloped index finger of the fore hand, projecting from the outer side of their base, which is opposed to the tubercle at the base of the thumb. The nails of the thumb and fingers are thin, flat, and rounded or oval in form, like those of the fore hand, with the exception of that of the second finger (count- ing the thumb as the first), which is narrow, convex, sharp-pointed, and claw-like, and extends nearly to the point of the third finger... The whole length of the free extremity of the finger is half an inch, including the claw-like nail, which measures rather less than a quarter of an inch.” I have quoted Dr. Smith’s clear description at length, because it applies, in almost every particular, to my own specimen, though there are some points of difference which I shall now proceed to note. I find a pale band running down the median line of the face from the brow to the end of the nose, where it divides and sends a short lateral branch along the alee of the latter ; otherwise the characters of the pelage are quite those given by Dr. Smith. I may remark in addition, however, that there are no vibrissze nor defined eyebrows. A patch of short dark brown hairs, with inter- spersed, almost black longer ones, grows upon the inner half of the upper eyelid ; and two tufts of hair, 0°3 in. long, project horizontally, one from the point of the tragus, the other from the region of the antitragus, or lower part of the pinna of the ear. The inner surface of the ear is, for the most part, covered with fine short hairs. The pinna of the ear (fig. 1) is not flattened and directed outwards, but is curved, so that its posterior surface becomes convex, while its outer margin is bent forwards, so as to be placed midway between the front and the hinder boundary of the external ear. Hence the aper- ture of the external ear is directed forwards as much as outwards. The pinna has no distinct lobule; the tragus (¢) is very small; the helix (A) is represented only by the thin edge of the pinna ; the anti- helix (a. 4) is more distinct, and divided in front and above into two branches ; at its base, inferiorly, a small antitragus appears. The fossa innominata, which separates the helix and autihelix, is obsolete, except inferiorly, where it forms a deepish pit behind the antihelix. The two singular transverse ridges (a, 6), which lie above the 318 PROF. HUXLEY ON ARCTOCEBUS CALABARENSIS. [June 28, auditory meatus and anterior to the upper end of the antihelix, de- scribed and figured by Dr. Smith, are 0°25 inch long and about 0°1 inch high ; they are separated at their bases by an interval of about 0-1 inch, but their free edges approach more closely. Fine hairs spring perpendicularly from the opposed margins of these ridges, and interlock with one another. Fig. 1. The left ear of the Angwantibo. The length of the body is only 98 inches, instead of 103 inches. The tail, however, has the same length (0°25); and the other mea- surements are very similar to those of Dr. Smith’s specimen, thus :— inches. The breadth of the head in front of the ear is ...... 1°5 The breadth of the head in front of the eyes is...... 0:8 Mesian line of nose to anterior part of meatus auditorius 1°75 Point of nose to anterior angle of eye.............. 0°75 Anterior angle of eye to ear.......... hd :ctaietet a doen 1+] Totalleusthiof heads vi.ud saps. cette 4 ae ee 2°5 Bye-slity.c.ciasaed? teil) soowedk ena bs ee 0-4 Distance between inner canthi...................- 0°45 Ear, antero-posteriorly (when flattened out) ........ 0°75 Bar, vértieally: sonaloel 0.2 Wad Joe. a bars Basle 0°8 The measurements of the limbs also agree very well with those given by Dr. Smith (/. c. pp. 184, 185). Thus I find the distance from the inches Point of shoulder to the elbow to be ..:........... 2°15 BOW tOmWEtSh ist pp ekctcistes Gans oc ces wiles epolesereyeusiee 2 2°15 Wrist to point of fourth finger ...........-+...6-- P29. 5. 55 Great trochanter to knee.............. 0022s eee ee 245 Knee to ankle ........ sy Ry omit ater aprane} =dentifera, Pfr., eod. ovalis, Pse. protea, Pse. eitrina, Pse. > =faba, varr., eod. vittata, Pse. robusta, Pse. | abbreviata, Pse. umbilicata, Pse. compacta, Pse. > =auriculata, varr., eod. bilineata, Pse. recta, Pse. rustica, Pse. trilineata, Pse. alternata, Pse. simulans, Pse.=teniata, Morch, var., eod. =rubescens, Rve., eod. =hebe, Pfr., var., eod. } =xavigatoria, Pfr., eod. =nodosa, Pfr., eod. 766 MR..W. HARPER PEASE ON TAHITIAN SUCCINEX, [Dec. 13, Partula elongata, Pse.=lineata, var., eod. [Closely resembles a large gracilis—P. P. C.] Melampus cinctus, Pse.=zonatus, Miihl., eod. — “ fuscus, Phil.,” Pse.=philippit, Kist., eod. Cyclostoma viridans, Pse., is a blanfordia. Hydrocena robusta, Pse.=Realia huaheinensis, Pfr., teste H. Cuming. elongata, Pse.= Realia scitula, Gld., eod. costata, Pse.=Realia taheitensis, eod. Truncatella cylindrica, Pse.=Taheitia scalaris, Mich., eod. Helicina cincta, Pse. —— rubicunda, Pse. =maugere, Gray, eod. bella, Pse. rufescens, Pse.=rolvii, Pfr., eod. lenticulina, Pse.=solidula, eod. straminea, Pse.=pisum, Phil., eod. picta, Pse.=articulata, Pfr., eod. faba, Pse. discoidea, Pse. =albolabris, Jacq., eod. tenuiuscula, Pse. turbinella, Pse. subrufa, Pse. “©? multicolor,” Pse. “<7 inconspicua,” Pse. “2? vescoi, Dohrn,’”’? Pse.=haulieinensis, eod. || | =minuta, Sby., eod. ge le 5. REMARKS ON THE SPECIES OF SUCCINEA INHABITING THE TauiT1AN ARCHIPELAGO, wiTH DrscrRIPTION OF A NEW Species. By W. Harrver PErAse. Nine species of the above genus have been described from the islands of Tahiti and Eimeo, viz. S. procera, Gld., S. infundibulifor- mis, Gld., S. humerosa, Gld., 8. pudorina, Gld., S. modesta, Gld., S. tahitensis, Pfr., S. pallida, Pfr., S. gouldiana, Pfr., S. papilluta, Pfr. Having had the opportunity of examining a large collection from every part of the several islands, we learn that the same general type prevails over all, and extends even to the groups west. There are, however, characters peculiar to the species on the several islands which serve to distinguish them. Of the described species we con- sider S. humerosa, Gld., the same as S. tahitensis, Pfr. It is the most common species at Tahiti, and abounds on all parts of that island. From its wide distribution, it varies much in colour and shape. It is, however, the only species perceptibly angulated. The transverse furrows noticed by Dr. Gould occur on about one speci- men in five; the angulation the same. S. humerosa should be con- sidered the type, as the paler variety, S. ¢tahitensis, is rarely met with. Another variety, quite white, which is rare, has not as yet been noticed. The S. pallida, Pfr., is evidently not from Tahiti. The “ perist. margine incrassato’’ would place it among the species 1864.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSID&. 677 inhabiting the island of Raiatea. S. pudorina, Gld., we also con- sider a doubtful species. The markings and colours of the animal, as described by Dr. Gould, are somewhat similar to those of S. hu- merosa ; and we can select specimens, which are undoubtedly the S. humerosa, which correspond with the shell. We add a description of the following new species :— SucciNEA CosTULosA, Pse. T. ovata, tenui, flavide cornea, longitudinaliter irregulariter cos- tulosa ; anfr. iil., anfractu ultimo interdum superne obsolete rotundatim angulato ; apertura ovata, columella arcuata, sub- plicata. Long. 7, diam. 5 mill. 6. A Revision or THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF URsINnE ANI- MALS (URSIDZ), FOUNDED ON THE COLLECTION IN THE British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. The family of Bears (Urside) are characterized among the Carni- vora by having the three hinder upper grinders (that is to say, the hinder false grinder, the flesh-tooth, and the tubercular tooth) very similar in form ; they are broad and strongly tubercular. The three hinder teeth in the lower jaw are similar, but they are narrower and more elongate. They form a very natural group, consisting only of a limited number of species. The species require particular study, as they are very similar externally ; and the skull and teeth, which are very similar in many of the specimens, appear to be liable to a considerable amount of variation in specimens from the same locality, and with the same habits. The examination of the bones and especially the skulls of the Ur- side shows still further than the study of the bones of the Viverride the necessity of great caution in depending on the study of osteo- logical specimens for the distinction of species. The fact that M. de Blainville considers the Californian Grisly Bear, after a very careful study and comparison of its bones, to be only a variety of the common European Bear, shows how a most experienced and ac- curate osteologist may be misled by placing tco much confidence in a single branch of study. If such a naturalist may be so misled by the study of the bones of recent animals, how much more caution is required in giving any opinion or forming any theory on the study of fossil specimens of bones, where the determination of the osteo- logist cannot be verified by the examination of other parts of the animal in its perfect state ! The species of Ursidz are distributed over Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, and they are generally inhabitants of the mountainous regions of these countries. One species is marine, and common to the Arctic parts of Europe, Asia, and America. 678 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSID&. [Dec. 13, Section I. Bracnypopa. Toes straight; claws exserted. A. Tail very short; body massive ; limbs short ; nose short ; teeth 42. db. Ursina. . Sea-Bears. Soles of the feet hairy, with a few bald pads. The tubercular grinder longer than the flesh-tooth. Lips slightly extensile. Cutting-teeth 6/6. Ears rounded, hairy. . TuHaxtassarctos. Nose of skull produced, longer than broad. Front false grinders small, far apart; upper tubercular mo- derate. Land-Bears. Soles of the feet bald, callous. Cutting-teeth 6/6. Lips slightly extensile. Cover of nostrils moderate. Ears rounded, hairy. Underside of the base of the toes hairy. . Ursus. Nose of skull produced, longer than broad, rounded above. Forehead convex, separated from the nose by a cross line. False grinders far apart, small. Palate flat. Brain-case swollen. Lower jaw moderate. . Myrmarcros. Nose of the skull produced, much longer than broad, flat above. Nose, forehead, and front of crown all on one line. False grinders far apart, small. Palate concave. Brain-case compressed. Lower jaw large, elongate. . Hetarcrtos. Nose of skull very short, as broad as long, forming a line with the forehead. False grinders crowded, large. Pa- late broad, flat. . Honey-Bears. Soles of the feet bald, callous. Cutting-teeth 4/6. Lips very extensile. Nostrils large, with a large cover. Front of palate bent up. Lars tufted. Underside of base of toes bald. . Metursus. Nose of the skull produced, longer than broad, rounded above. False grinders far apart ; upper hinder tuber- cular short. B. Tail elongate ; body and limbs moderate ; teeth 40. * Head elongate ; nose produced, mobile ; underside convex, rather 6. bald, without any longitudinal central groove. Nasuina. Nasuva. ** Head ovate; nose short ; underside flat, hairy, with a central 7s longitudinal groove. Procyonina. Procyon. 1864.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSID&. 679 Section Il. DeNpRopopa. Toes short, arched; claws retractile. A. Tail prehensile ; soles bald. Cercoleptina. 8. CERCOLEPTES. B. Tail bushy ; soles hairy. Ailurin. 9. AILURUS. Section I. Bracuypopa. The broad-footed Bears. The feet broad and short, generally bald and callous below ; toes straight ; the claws exserted, more or less curved, blunt. Brachypoda, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 506. Tribe 1. Ursina. Tail short or none; body massive ; limbs short. Ursina, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 72. They sometimes climb trees, but usually descend backwards. When running, they carry their young on their back. In the ‘ Annals of Philosophy’ for 1825, I divided the Bears into groups, according to the characters of their feet and claws, and into the genera Ursus, Danis, Prochilus, and Thalassarctos. The examination of the series of skulls of Bears in the Museum, like the examination of the series of bones of the Viverride, has strongly impressed me with the uncertainty that must always attend the determination of fossil bones, or indeed of bones of all animals when we have only the skulls or other bones of the body to compare with one another. There can be no doubt that the study and com- parison of the bones of the different species is very important—that the skull and teeth afford some of the best characters for the dis- tinction of the genera and species ; but few zoologists and palzeonto- logists have made sufficient allowance for the variations that the bones of the same species assume. In the Bears I have observed that there is often more difference between the skulls of Bears of the same species from the same locality than between the skulls of two undoubted species from very different habitats and with very different habits. Thus I have the skulls of some Bears, the habitat of which is not certainly known, which I have doubts whether they should be referred to the Thibet Bear (U. torquatus) or to the North American species (U. americanus) ; but I have referred them to the latter with doubt, as they were said to come from the latter country. It is the same with regard to the skull of a Bear that lived in the Zoological Gardens for years, which has the general form of the skull and the wide palate of the European Bear, but the long last grinder and some other characters of the Ursus ferox. This similarity of the skull is more remarkable, as no two Bears 680 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSID&. [ Dec. 13, can be more distinct from each other than the species above named which have such similar skulls, showing that similar skulls do not always imply very nearly allied or doubtfully distinct species. The Bears‘may be arranged, by the size of the tubercular grinders, thus :— Very large, more than half as long again as the flesh-tooth. (The number gives the medium measurement of the flesh-tooth, in inches and twelfths.) 1! 4!', Ursus isabellinus. 1! 5!", U. cinereus. 1! 4!"", U. grandis. 1" 3'", U. torquatus. Moderate above, half as long again as the flesh-tooth. Thalas- sarctos maritimus. 1! 2!', Ursus arctos. 1"', U. arboreus. 1", U. americanus. 1" 6'", Myrmarctos. Small, only rather larger than the flesh-tooth. Helarctos malay- anus, Melursus libycus. A. Sea-Bears. Soles of the feet covered with close-set hairs, with a few small bald pads. Head elongate; forehead scarcely raised above the line of the nose; cutting-teeth 6/6; lips slightly extensile ; nostrils moderate. 1. THALASSARCTOS. Head elongate; ears rounded, hairy; forehead scarcely raised above the line of the nose. Neck elongate. Feet broad, large; front claws elongate, curved. Fur soft, short, dense. Skull elongate. _ The upper tubercular grinder elongate. The palate broad, concave, rather contracted behind, and then suddenly contracted behind the last tooth. The hinder nasal aperture elongate, narrow, the sides much longer than the front edge, which is arched ; the sides bent in towards the middle, contracting the aperture. Sea-Bears (Thalassarctos), Gray, Anu. of Philos. 1825. Thalassarctus, Gloger, 1842. Hab. Arctic Seas. THALASSARCTOS MARITIMUS. B.M. White or yellowish white. Ursus maritimus, Desm. Mamm. 165; Schreb. Saugeth. 513, t. 141*; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 145; Baird, Mamm. N. A. t. 44 (skull) ; Temm. Fauna Japon. 29 ; Schrenck, Amurland, i. 16. U. marinus, Pallas, Reis. ii. 691; P. Z. S. 1859, p. 102. U. polaris, Shaw, Mus. Lever. i. 7, t. 2. U. albus, Brisson, Régne Anim. 260. Thalarctos polaris, Gray, Ann. Philos. 1825, p. 62. Thalassarctos maritimus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 73; Bonap. Cat. Mamm. Eur, 11. Ours blane (U. maritimus), De Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 1 (skeleton @ ), t.4 (bones), t. 5 (skull 2). 1864. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSIDE. 681 Ours blanc, Buffon, H. N. xv. 128; Suppl. iii. 200, t. 34. Ours polaire, Cuv. Ménag. Mus. ; Oss. Foss. iv. t. 20. f. 4, t. 21. 4 Pater Bear, Penn. Syn. 192, t. 20. f. 1; Shaw, Zool. i. 257, t. 105. Hab. Arctic Seas of Europe, Asia, and America; Japan (Siedold). Si thee 7 fe se al Spe [eed eb See ae3| ed |ad|a2/a2|e 22/22 | 23 fees BES) BE |Sa/SS|ee|Sa|sa| PS | Se HBA IE IE JES AES | | — — in. Lin, Lin, Lim. Lin. Lin. Llin, Lin, Lin. 1 PNG PACUtiimcnnetsaesas sess 1 2/15 319 68 74 O7 92 74 92 2 BeWdey MOUNIE™ occseseat osec=s 1 O}12 68 O2 93 O06 62 O81l1 9 221 h, Young .........00000. 1 O12 67 O02 82 116 7/2 38 91 6 i B. Land-Bears. Soles of the feet bald, callous. Cutting-teeth 6/6. Ears rounded, hairy. Lips slightly extensile. Nostrils oval, with a moderate lid. Underside of the base of the toes hairy. The upper tubercular grinder elongate. 2. Ursus. Carrion-Bear. Head elongate. Ears rounded, hairy. Nose rather produced, compressed. Forehead rounded. Nostrils ovate, covered with a moderate lid. The underside of the base of the toes covered with hair, making an hairy band between the toe-pads and the soles of the feet. Nose of the skull produced, as wide or wider than the fore- head between the orbits, rounded above, separated from the more or less convex forehead by a cross line, which is less distinct as the animal becomes aged. Front false grinders small, far apart: binder tubercular grinder large, elongate, larger than the flesh-tooth. Pa- late flat or slightly concave. The aperture of the hinder nostrils with the sides longer than the width of the front edge. The aper- ture for the blood-vessel to the palate is behind the front edge of the tubercular grinder. Middendort, in his ‘ Mammalia of North and East Siberia,’ has a very long essay on the Bears. He regards the species found in Europe and Northern Asia and the Grizzly Bear of North Ame- rica as varieties of Ursus arctos. He enters into a minute exami- nation and comparison of the external and osteological characters, and gives most minute measurements, in elaborate tables, to support this conclusion ; but I think that his not having been able to distin- guish the Ant- from the Carrion-Bear (and he figures a skull of each as a subvariety of Ursus arctos, var. beringiana) must make one cautious in accepting his theory without more examination. Von Schrenck, in his ‘ Amurland,’ says that the size of the tuber- cular grinder varies in the Bears of North Asia; but I suspect he also has combined the Carrion-Bear and the Ant-Bear into one species. 682 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSID&. [ Dec. 13, a. Old-World Bears. The fur shaggy. The hind feet elongate. The claws moderate. The palate flat, rather broad. Ursus. European Bears, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825. * Fur shaggy, brown, or grey, or whitish. 1. Ursus arcros. Brown or blackish ; fur shaggy ; hair longer on the withers. The palate broad. The upper tubercular grinder nearly half as long again as the flesh-tooth. Ursus fuscus, Albert. Magn. de Anim. lib. xxii. p. 183. Ursus arctos, Linn. 8. N. 169; Pallas, Zoogr. Ross. Asiat. 1. 64; De Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 6, t. 7 (adult skull). Ours brun d’ Europe, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 332. Ursus cadaverinus, Eversm. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. 1840, p. 8, his fal. , Brown Bear, Pennant, Arctic Zool. i. 61. Var. 1. normalis. The upper tubercular grinder nearly half as long again as the flesh-tooth. Lower edge of lower jaw straight. Subvariety a. scandinavicus. B.M. Ursus arctos, Linn. Faun. Suec.; Nilsson, Scand. Fauna, fig. t. 23 (ring-necked variety). Hab. Sweden. Nilsson describes six varieties found in Sweden :—1. Black; 2. Dark brown; 3. Brown, white-washed (the Silfver bjorn); 4. Red-brown ; 5. Brown, witha white ring on the neck; 6. Variegated or Albino Bear (/. c. p. 193). Subvar. b. I/dgeesdjur, Worm. Mus. 318. Hab. Norway. Subvar. c. vossicus. Russian Bear. Hab. Russia. Subvar. d. szbiricus. Hab. Siberia. Fur in all states and ages brown. Subvar. e. meridionalis, Middendorf, Sibir. Reise, 74; Schrenck, Amurland, 13. ITab. Caucasus. Subvar. f. polonicus. Ours brun de Pologne (premiére varicté), Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 332, t. 22. f. 3; De Blainville, Ostéogr. t. 7. f. (adult skull). Crown of the skull very high over the condyles, and sloping down rapidly behind and before; canines very large, lower edge of lower slightly curved. 9 1864.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSID&. 683 Subvar. g. pyrenaicus. Ours brun des Alpes, Buffon, H. N. viii. 24, 86, 61; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 22. f. 1, 2. Ours brun des Pyrénées, Cuv. Oss. Foss. iv. 332. Ours des Asturies, foem. (U. arctos), De Blainv. Ostéogr. Ursus, t. 3 (skeleton), t. 7 (skull ¢, adult). Ursus arctos, Schreb. t., from Buffon. U. pyrenaicus, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithogr. xlv. t. (young); Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 142. Hab. Pyrenees. Fur of young yellowish ; hairs brown, yellow-tipped ; head deep yellowish ; feet black. Subvar. h. niger. Fur black-brown. Ursus niger, Albert. Magn. de Anim. lib. xxii. 183. U. arctos niger, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. 100. Ours noir @ Europe, Daubenton; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 333, t. 20. f. 2—5, t. 21. f. 1, 2, 6-8. Ursus niger, F. Cuvier; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 143; Keys. & Blasius, Wirb. Eur. xix. 64. U. arctos, var., Nilsson, Scand. Fauna. Hab. Europe (Daubenton and Cuvier). =; els |eeuly [2/13 /3./% S638) aa lett ool eels! Se laslex Skulls. mes| Se [See S2 | Se| es! 28 |S2/S5 eae] #2 (ESs/S8 25) Pa) Se | ee | 2s ABM G- (FZ (ES em 1S |e in, 1. fin. Llin: Lojin. Miin, Ljin. Ljin. 1 fin, Llin. 1 218¢. Nose aboverounded|l 2/13 6/9 8/3 64 0/6 102 4/4 32 2 ZNSE! 5 ie + 1 23113 0/8 3/3 038 OF O|2 14/4 5/1 10 218 a. Nose flattened above|l 23/13 4/9 9)3 23 5/7 3/2 5 |4 10,1 11 Skull of adult from Sweden. Presented by the Earl of Selkirk. —Like former, 218 e, the palate is rather concave ; but the hinder part in front of the inner nostril is flat, and the cavity of the imner nostril contracted, with a thick arched front edge, of nearly the same width, to the back one. The lower jaw with a long, regu- larly arched suture. Length of the skull, from the front teeth to the end of the condyle, 132 inches; width at back of zygoma 103 inches, of the nose 3+ inches; the hinder nostrils wide in front (1,4 inch) and behind (1,4, inch); the length of the suture of the lower jaw 33 inches. Skull of adult, of large size.—The nose very broad, swollen, evenly rounded above. The palate rather concave, deeply concave and rather contracted behind, in front of the large hinder openings of the nostrils, which contracts on the sides behind, and with a thin regu- larly rounded front edge. The front of the chin of the lower jaw rather short, keeled on the suture. Length of the skull, on the inner side, from front teeth to the end of the condyles, 134 inches ; width of the skull at the hinder edge of the zygoma, in a line with the 684 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSID&. [Dec. 13, condyles of the lower jaw, 10 inches; width of the nose at the aper- ture of the vessel in front of the zygoma 3? inches; width of the front part of the hinder opening of the nostrils 13 inch, of hinder part l inch. Length of suture of lower jaw 3 inches. Skull of a nearly adult, collected by Mr. Lloyd in Sweden.—The palate is rather concave in the middle in front, and is raised ona line with the false grinders ; it is flat behind, with a thin edge to the broad internal nostril, which has a transverse front edge; the aper- ture is large, rather wider behind than in front. Lower suture of lower jaw long and regularly curved. Length of skull, from cutting- teeth to end of condyle, 13 inches ; width of skull at back of zygoma 9 inches ; width of nose 4 inches, of hinder nostrils 12 inch; width of nose-aperture 21 inches, rather wider than high. Length of su- ture of lower jaw 3 inches; length of grinder 11 inch, of all three. Cuvier, from the examination of two skulls in the Paris Museum, regards the Black Bear of Europe as a distinct species (see Oss. Foss. iy.). Keyserling and Blasius, in ‘ Die Wirbelthiere Europas,’ 1840, separate it from the U. arctos, because it has the “last upper grinder shorter than the flesh-tooth,”’ probably misled by Cuvier’s figure (Oss. Foss. iv. t. 21. f. 6); but if they had looked at the other figures, they would have seen that the last grinder is repre- sented long, like that of the other European Bears. Blasius, in his ‘ Naturg. der Saugethiere Deutschlands,’ 1857, does not give the U. niger as a distinct species ; and Nilsson (Scand. Daggdjur, 1847, p- 208) evidently considers it only a variety of U. arctos. Ursus falciger of Reichenbach, which is said to have rather fal- cated claws, is probably from a specimen which had been long kept in confinement without exercise, when the claws lengthen and curve. Var. 2. grandis. B.M. The upper tubercular grinder elongate, more than half as long again as the flesh-tooth ; lower edge of lower jaw straight. Fur dark red-brown, of uniform length, smooth. ? Gressdjur, Worm. Mus. 328. U. arctos, Fraser, Cat. Zool. Gard. (male). Hab. North of Europe. A male, purchased at Hull, living in the Zoological Gardens from 1852 to 1863. a Sg Sy edits | axa] Sots eels S5¢| $5 25/ s8 |] se | S8| 22 33 22 Bee'e| te (Se) 58 | SE | ws] SS | ws | ae cea JE |e |e eee eee HE7 4 -] =| 4 } | | = m a | in. Ljin. Lin, Ljin, 1 jin, L in. Lim 1. fin. Llim, 1 QB Gi. coaseiaan heeewvasenes 1 4/11 66 7/2 9 |2 836 3/1 1133 102 7 1 4/14 69 93 433 437 52 3/4 62 1 Skull of very old animal, with the crown-crests very high.—Nose broad, as broad as the width of the forehead between the orbits, rather flattened above. Forehead concave in the middle, in front 1864. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSID®. 685 and between the orbits. The zygomatic arches very broad and con- vex. The orbit small, rather oblong, oblique. The palate nearly flat, broad. The tubercular grinders very large, elongate, full half as long again as the flesh-teeth. This skull is full as large as that of U. ferox, but more ventricose ; the palate is broad, as in U. arctos ; but the tubercular grinder is longer, and as long as that of U. feror. I am inclined to regard it as a good species, but wait for further specimens. In a smaller skull of an adult Bear, sent from Sweden by Mr. Lloyd, the palate is even and rather concave. The hinder aperture of the nostrils is rather wide, scarcely contracted behind, and regu- larly arched in front, with a slight central tubercle. The length of the skull below, from front teeth to condyle, 1? inch, of palate 63 inches ; width at condyles of lower jaw 63 inches, of nose in front of orbit 23 inches, of nose-aperture 1? inch, higher than wide ; length of suture of lower jaw 23 inches; length of hinder upper grinder 13 inch, rather longer than in the other larger skulls, and much longer than in the skulls of nearly the same size from Nor- way, where the tooth is only 154, inch long; width between orbits 22 inehes, at back of orbit 32 inches. Var. 3. collaris. Fur shaggy, hair long, with closer under-fur, black-grey ; the legs and feet blacker; the head pale brown; the shoulders often marked with a white oblique streak, making a collar. Ursus collaris (Ours de Sibérie), F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. xliii. Ursus arctos, var. beringiana (partly), Middendorf, Sib. Reise, i. 53, 74, t. 1. f. 1-4 (skull); Von Schrenck, Reise nach Amurland, i. LE 13516. Ursus ferox, Temm. Fauna Japon. (not Lewis and Clark). A Brown Bear from Hakodadi, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 374. Hab. Kamtschatka and Amurland; Japan, Northern Island; Zool. Gardens. The French naturalist of the ‘ Venus’ obtained a Brown Bear at Kamtschatka, and carried it alive to Paris; and they considered it like the true U. arctos (Baird, Rep. p. 221). This Bear is very unlike the Ursus arctos of Sweden, with which alone I have the opportunity of comparing it. It is only necessary to compare the figures of the two skulls given in the plate of Middendorf, above referred to, to see the distinction between the skulls of the Carrion- and Ant-Bear of Northern Siberia. The Carrion-Bear {U. coélaris) has a short, broad skull, with a short nose and small, short lower jaw; the Ant-Bear has an elongated, narrow skull, with an elongated nose and a large, strong lower jaw : the lower jaw in the first, three-fifths; in the second, five-sevenths the length of the skull. Var. 4? stenorostris. Nose of the skull produced, attenuated. Lower edge of lower jaw arched. 686 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSID&. [ Dec. 13, Ours brun de Pologne (seconde var.), Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 332, t. 22. f. 4. Ours brun élancé de Pologne, De Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 7 (skull). Hab. Europe, Poland. Only known from a skull in the Paris Museum. It is very different from the other skull trom Poland ; the nose is much more produced ; the crown more evenly convex ; the forehead raised more suddenly from the nose ; the lower edge of the lower jaw curved, much arched up behind. I have not seen it: it may be only an accidental variety. 2. URSUS ISABELLINUS. Indian White Bear. B.M. Fur dirty white or yellowish ; hairs of the back and nape elon- gated, very soft, curled, of the sides rigid, adpressed ; claws short, straight, and blunt ; forehead of skull convex over the orbits, sepa- rated from the nose ; palate flat, rather slender, narrow; the upper tubercular grinders long, considerably more than half as long again as the flesh-tooth. Ursus isabellinus, Horsf. Linn. Trans. xv. 332; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 143; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 72: Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M.15; Fraser, Cat. Mamm. Z.S. 2; Hodgson, J. A.S. B. i. 340, x. 910, xi. 282; P.Z.S8. 1834, p.96; Calcutta, J. N. H. iv. 288. U. arctos albus, Gmelin, 8. N. i. 100. Ours blane terrestre, Buffon, H. N. viii. 248, t. 32. Hab. Nepal, Thibet (called ‘ Ritck”’ by the Nepalese). £ Jee ga] es 2 ie lich Pale em = & RBA EE PE | a | Balsa es —— = —— fe] rr | || = in. Lin. Llin. 1. lin, Llim. Lin. 1 lin. 1. jin. 1.Jin. | 1010d. g Cashmere, old .../1 33/12 6/7 3 2 82.66 9/2 0/4 382 O 1010c. 2 Cashmere ......... 1° 3410 66 8/2 62 75 8|1 98 71 9 1010¢e. 9 Cashmere, young.|1 4/9 9/5 632 O2 O05 331 6 )8 31 6 1010. Cashmere ......,...». 1 4/11 6641-2 712-96 1 1 loss IU 9 | | The skull rather short. Nose narrowed, compressed, flat at the top, with a very large nasal aperture, not so wide as the forehead between the orbits. Forehead broad, flat, convex, on a line, at the back edge of the orbit, with a concavity in the middle in front of the orbit ; the most convex part of the crown over the condyles. Orbit oblong, oblique, much higher than broad ; zygomatic arches regu- larly convex, more prominent in the middle of their length. Cut- ting-teeth normal; the outer in both jaws larger, with a lobe; the two front upper false grinders small, first smallest ; the hinder upper erinder very large, elongate, much larger than the flesh-tooth. The palate flat, moderately broad, suddenly contracted behind, on a line rather behind the hinder edge of the last tooth ; inner nasal aper- - tures moderate, truncated in front, the sides half as long again as the front edge. Lower jaw with a rather large chin and a flat lower edge. 1864.) DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSID&. 687 The British Museum received, in 1853, three skulls (c, d, e) of the “‘ White Bear of Cashmere ” from Lieut. Abbot, belonging to a male and two females. They all have a rather convex forehead, which is well separated from the nose by a depression in front of the orbits. This depression is much more deep and decided in the females than in the males; in one it forms a deep concavity in the middle of the forehead between the orbits. In one female the crown behind the orbits is flat, short, rhombic, broad; and in the other it is much larger, more oval, and convex. In the male and one female the nose-hole is higher than broad, and in the other female broader and lower. They all have a large elongated upper tubercular grinder. 3. Ursus syriacus. Syrian Bear. B.M. Fur dirty yellowish ; the palate narrow, concave; the tubercular grinder very broad, strong, not half as long again as the flesh-tooth ; the forehead flat, nearly on a line with the very broad nose; the aperture of the nose large, broad, as broad as high. Ursus syriacus, Hempr. & Ehrenb. Symb. Physica, i. t. 1. Hab. Syria, Mount Lebanon (Zhrend.) ; Persia? (Fraser). This Bear is very like U. isabellinus in external appearance ; but the form of the skull is very different. The nose is broader, stri- ated, and only separated from the forehead by a very slight depres- sion. The upper tubercular grinder is shorter and thicker than in the generality of the skulls of the Indian White Bears. The skulls of the adult and half-grown Bears from Syria are very like that from Cashmere of the same age ; but the forehead is rather broader and more convex, and it extends further back between the temporal muscles. ‘The nose is considerably broader at the end, being 3 inches and 1 line over the canines, and only separated from the forehead by a very slight depression; while in the male U. isa- bellinus it is only 2 inches and 9 lines wide. The outer maxillee on the sides of the nasal broad. The lower jaw is stronger and higher, especially at the hinder part. The zygomatic arch is much wider and stronger, especially in the front part under the orbit. The upper tubercular grinder is thicker, but shorter than in the skulls from Cashmere. Length of tubercular grinder. Width of nose, palate. in. |. jin. Liin. Lin. Lain. lin. 1 10102. Zool. Gardens; Syria/l 3 |12 9/7 63 O02 86 7 NOVO Gis. decease see ceetose ents 1 23110 916 2/2 4/2 45 The skins of each of these animals are in the British Museum: 6 is a large whitish animal ; a@ is a smaller pale-brown one. They were both formerly living in the Zoological Gardens. 688 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSID&. [ Dee. 13, ** Fur short, close, uniform, deep black. Asia. 4. Ursus rorquatus. Indian Black Bear. B.M. Fur black ; chin white; a broad, forked, white mark on the chest, rather contracted behind ; cheeks with prominent bushy hairs; face brownish ; palate of skull narrow, concave ; upper tubercular elon- gate, half as long again as the flesh-tooth. Ursus thibetanus, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. t.; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 145; Owen, P. C. S. Z. 8. 1. 76, 1831 (anatomy); Radde, Mélanges Biologiques de St. Pétersbourg, iii. 677, 1861; Hodgson, J. A. 8S. B..1.. 340, x. 910; P.Z. 8.1.96; Caleut. J..N. oH. ay. 288. U. ferox, Robinson, Assam, 69. Helarctos malayanus, Hodgson, J. A. 8. B. i. 340. H. tibetanus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 73; Hodgson, Cat. B. M. 15; Horsfield, Cat. Ind. House, 124. Ursus torquatus, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. 302; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. t. 141 D; Hiigel, Kaschmir, iv. 570; Fraser, Cat. Mamm. Zool. Soc. Gard. 2. Hab. India, Nepal, central hilly region (Hodgson) ; East Siberia (Radde). Not found in Thibet (Hodgson, J. A. S. B. xi. 282). £3. 8h) ey [pa oheysaib eel ar PBR ale aos] a5 aoilad 3/4 ad| £3 ogee S55 G2 | 22/22/52 |S: |55| 8 | Se G75) Se | f= |ealss] sh 58 §* 35 | 4H Bla SF TE Oa ETS | =| | 24 -| = in. 1. jin. Lin. 1. jin. Liin. 1.jin. ljin. Lin. Ljin. 1 1 3}ll 316 632 62 95 1 538 G1 6 1 3jli 06 612 62 75 91 83 4\1 53 The specimen &, which has the wider palate, also has a much more eonvex forehead. Var. 1. arboreus. Upper tubercular and nose shorter. Ursus hindaicus arboreus, Oldham, MS. B. M. (young skull). Hab. Darjeeling (Oldham, Hodgson). The skull has a broad short nose, rounded above ; the nose-open- ing as high as wide ; forehead convex, broad, rounded on the sides ; nasal bones very broad, large, extending back to a line even with the middle of the orbits; lower edge of lower jaw straight; the last tubercular grinders broad, larger than the flesh-tooth, oblique, trun- cated on the outer hinder side, not wider than long ; palate nearly flat, slightly concave in front, rather contracted behind, on a line with the last edge of the tubercular grinder; hinder opening of the nostrils elongate, scarcely contracted behind, sides longer than the width of the front edge. 1864.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSID&. 689 Serr wegen Milas. UES Said te o We eS 2 ei an Bi] BE |2g/2!/52| 25/34 | 22 | 3 a ogia Je fe jecjeeie|e" 36 in. 1 kin. aia) Llin. LJin. Lin. Liin. lin. Ljin. 1. 219 f. Hodgson’s............... 1 03/10 96 92 6211/5 71 73 4/1 6 PANS 2 So eas 1 0/9 95 112 412 55 31 5l9 91 6 219 ¢c. Oldham’s (young) .../1 03/8 625 42 12 44 911 42 611 3 Two of these specimens (g and c) have a much shorter nose than the generality of the skulls of U. torquatus ; but f, which has also a short tubercular grinder, like them has the nose of the skull of the usual length ; they all have rather narrow palates. The fore- head of fis convex and rounded. Skull elongate. Nose broad, compressed, the sides shelving above, and flat over the nasals ; nasals short, scarcely reaching to the front edge of the orbits. Orbits oblong, ovate, longitudinal. The forehead between the orbits convex, rounded, rather wider than the hinder part of the nose. The crown arched, the most convex part being in front of the condyles. The zygomatic arch narrow, elongate. The palate narrow, deeply concave in front, narrower be- tween the tubercular teeth, narrower behind, with a large elongate opening to the hinder nostrils, which has an arched front edge, and the side more than twice the length of the width of the front edge. The tubercular grinder very large, wide, oblong, as wide and much longer than the flesh-tooth. As in the other Bears, the skull varies in the width and form of the front edge of the opening of the hinder nostrils, and also a little in the surface of the palate. There is in the Museum a specimen of a young Bear, received from Mr. Oldham under the name of Ursus hindaicus arboreus, that has a wide front edge to the hinder nostrils; and the palate in front of the opening is concave, with a slight keel on each side; but we have a skull of a young Ursus tibetanus, from Mr. Hodgson, with a similar opening to the hinder nostrils. 5. Ursus saponicus. Black ; fur short, dense, polished ; hairon sides of neck longer; face black, clothed with short hair ; ears large ; throat with a slight, undefined whitish line ; head short, rounded ; muzzle rather short. Ursus japonicus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 261, pl. xxxu. U. tibetanus, Temm. Fauna Japon. 29. Hab. Japan (Vivar. Soe. Zool.). 6. Ursus rormosanus. B.M. Black ; hair short; chest with a large white crescentic mark. Sun-bear of Formosa (Ursus tibetanus ?), Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 351. Ursus formosanus, Swinhoe, ibid. 1863, p. 380. Hab. Formosa, highest mountains in the interior (Swinhoe) Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1864, No. XLIV. 690 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSID&. [Dec. 13, (called “'Tinheuny”’ by the Chinese). A flat skin in the British Museum. This differs from the Japan Bear in the white marks on the chest being large and distinct. Bears are often tamed by the Chinese, and taught to dance and play tricks, as in India and Europe. 7. Ursus INORNATUS, Ursus inornatus, Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool. viii. 392 ; Arch. fir Naturg. 1856, p. 43. Hab. Ceylon. A young specimen. 6. Long-clawed American Bears. The fur shaggy. Front claws much longer than the hinder one, broadly depressed, whitish. The palate narrow and contracted behind. Ears small. Hind feet elongate. North America. Dants. Grizzly American Bears (Danis), Gray, Aun. of Philosophy, 1825. The skull of these Bears more resembles that of the European Bears than that of the short-footed, smooth-haired American Bears ; for De Blainville calls the Pacific Grizzly Bear only a variety of Ursus arctos. 8. Ursus (DANIs) CINEREUS. B.M. Fur very long, very dense, longer on the neck and occiput, dark brown, with ashy tips. Ursus cinereus, Desm. Mamm. 165. U. griseus, Desm. N. Dict. H. N. xxiv. 266. U. horribilis, Ord, in Isis, 1819, p. 107; Say, Long’s Exped. ; Baird, Mamm. N. A. t. 41, 42 (skull). U. ferox, I. Geoff. Dict. Class. H. N. xii. 521; Lewis & Clerk, Travels, i.; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 144; Prinz Max. von Wied. Acad. Nat. Cur. xxvi. 33, 1857. U. arctos, var., Middendorf, Sibirische Reise, ii. 4. p. 54, 1853. Ours de Californie ( Ursus arctos ferox, De Blainv. Ostéogr. Ursus, t. 2 (skull), t. 6 (skull, old and young). Danis ferox, Gray, Ann. Philos. lv. U. candescens, H. Smith. L’ Ours noir @ Amérique, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 332, t. 23. f. 1, 2. Hab. North America, California (Douglas). “Size very large. Tail shorter than ears. Hair coarse, darkest near the base, with light tips ; an erect mane between the shoulders. Feet very large; fore claws twice as long as the hinder ones. A dark dorsal stripe from occiput to tail, and another on each side along the flanks, obscured and nearly concealed by the light tips; interval between the stripes lighter; all the hairs on the body brownish yel- low or hoary at tips; region around ears dusky ; legs nearly black ; muzzle pale, with a dark dorsal stripe.”’—Baird, Mamm. N. A., San Francisco. 1864. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSID. 691 © ah Sed he | tal Cor eee TS S252) $5 |sa/ae| 22/38! 28 lag/s8 as PE sels s| eS | hs / ss | he) ae SFO! §@ ja | ia SO /aa] 8 | GA] 'so ee teetee | bea fener |e le in. Llin. Llin. Ljin. Lin. 1. lin. ljin. 1. jin. lin. 1 MUU TUN Sa adanseaaivevsseued 1 53/14 O8 63 23 63/7 92 344 612 O 1137 4. Douglas’s ......... I 5315 08 33 13 717 Bt 1194 92 3 The two skulls vary considerably: the first is much broader, the palate wider, the nose shorter, and the orbit smaller, rounder; the second, from the Rocky Mountains, is narrower, the nose longer, the palate much wider, and the orbit much higher and more oblong. The lower jaw with a straight lower edge, very slightly bent up behind the chin, and scarcely bent up at the hinder end. “The outer lower cutting-teeth larger, and lobed on the outer side. The outer upper cutting-teeth larger, with a lobe on the inner side. The two front upper false grinders very small, far apart ; the third larger, three-lobed. There are two skulls in the Museum collection ; they both agree in being narrower than the skull of U. arctos of Europe, in having a much larger hinder tubercular grinder, and in having a narrow open- ing to the hinder nostrils, which are oval at the front edge; the size of the opening differs considerably in the two specimens, being smaller aud narrower in the oldest one. Nasal bones elongate, nearly to a line in middle of orbit. Length of hinder grinder in all long, about 1} inch. The skull collected by Mr. Douglas and sent to the Zoological So- ciety is 142 inches long, from front teeth to end of condyle; palate 73 inches long; width at back of zygoma 83 inches; width of nose, at aperture of artery, 31 inches; length of last grinder 14 inch; length of suture of lower jaw 3}. The hinder nostrils wide, 14 inch in widest part, rather narrower behind ; length 3 inches. The skull of an old specimen that lived many years in the Tower and in the Zoological Gardens, with some of the grinders and the canines worn down.—The internal nostril is narrow, rather wider behind than in front ; the front edge ovate. Length of the skull below, from front cutting-teeth to end of condyle, 14 inches, of palate 72 inches ; width at back of zygoma 10 inches, of nose, at hole of artery, 34 inches ; length of suture of lower Jaw 33 inches; width of nose- aperture 2 inches, rather higher than wide. 9. Ursus (Danis) HorRIACEUs. Ursus arctos? (Barren-ground Bear), Richardson, Fauna Boreali- Americana (see Baird, Mamm. N. A. 229). U. horribilis, var. horriaceus, Baird, N. A. Mamm. t. 80 (skull); Rep. Mexican Boundary. fab. New Mexico, Sonora. This Bear, according to Sir John Richardson, exhibits peculiarities not found in the Grizzly Bear of the Pacific Coast. Ursus horribilis, var. horriaceus, Baird, Mexican Mamm. 24 - 692 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSID&. [Dec. 13, (Sonora Grizzly Bear) is less than the Grizzly Bear of the Pacific coast. Head very broad. Ears and tail nearly equal. Fore claws twice as long as the hinder ones. General colour dark brownish, with the tips of the hairs much lighter, of a dirty amber-colour ; no distinct indications of dark stripes on back and sides. Hab. Los Nogales (Dr. Kennerly). ec. Short-clawed American Bears. Fur short, uniform. Front claws moderate, not much longer than the hind ones. Hind feet short. Upper tubercular moderately loug, narrowed be- hind. Evarcros. American Bear, Gray, Aun. Phil. 1825. 10. Ursus (Evarcros) AMERICANUS. B.M. Fur entirely uniform throughout, either black or brownish ; hair darkest towards the tips; nose brown; feet moderate ; fore claws not twice as long as the hinder. Ursus americanus, Pallas, Spic. Zool.; Schreb. Saugeth. t. 141.f. B. Ours (noir) d Amérique (U. americanus), Cuvier, Ménag. Mus. ; Ann. Mus. vii. 333, t. 18. f. 7, t. 21. f. 1-3; Oss. Foss. v. 318, t. 22. f. 5, 6, t. 23. f.1; F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. t.; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 145; Baird, Mamm. N. A. 225, t. 43. f. 10-13 (skull) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 72; De Blainv. Ostéogr. Ursus, 20. t. 5 (skull of adult and young), t. 11 (bones), t. 12 (teeth); P. Z. S. 1859, p. 477; 1860, p. 130, 180, 417. U. niger americanus, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. 301. Ours gulaire, 1. Geoff. Mus. Paris. Black Bear, Penm. Hab. North America. Mr. Bartlett notices the teats of two hybrids, believed to be from a male Ursus americanus and a female U. arctos (P. Z. 8.1860, p. 130). The series of skulls of North-American Bears in the British Museum offers a very considerable amount of variation: in some the nose and forehead are nearly on the same plane ; that is to say, there is very little depression in front of the orbits; but in others the de- pression is more decided ; and in the skull of the Cinnamon Bear it is as great as in the usual form of the European Bears. The greater number of the skulls have the forehead and front of the crown more or less convex, sometimes decidedly so; but in a few the forehead is nearly flat. Dereirall soarelus “3 pg Biome tS ict elke: aeeogs aa ao 2S | a2] o8|] ee | a5] 88 BREE| BE |SE| SS (S| S| BS | hs | Se S556 | 82 [sel et os; Fa) ea | ga] so 3) eee Si = = ae | == 4 yy = = bs = jin, Ljin. Liin, J. jin. Lin. Ljin. 1. in. Llin, 1 10 66 92 53/2115 81 73 3 5 10 6/6 52 342..75 Gl 843 71 1 9 35 42 0/2 1411/1 63 O 3 * | 1864.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSIDA, 693 The specimens / and J have the opening of the vessel of the palate in front of the front edge of the upper tubercular tooth. In a skull (z) in the British Museum it is opposite the middle of the tubercular on one side, and opposite the front edge on the other. The speci- men f is from the western slope of the Rocky Mountains (Lord). _ The skull elongate. Nose rather produced, compressed on the sides, rounded above; nasal bones long, of the same length as the upper part of the maxille, and extending to a line level with the middle of the orbits. Forehead convex, rounded, rather shelving on the sides. The nose-aperture higher than broad, oblique. Orbits small, oblong, longer than high. The zygomatic arch moderately strong. The palate rather contracted at the line of the last tooth, and more so behind towards the inner nasal opening, which is rather narrow, with a transverse front edge, and with the sides considerably longer than the width of the front edge. The tubercular grinder large, broad, considerably longer than the flesh-tooth. The outer cutting-teeth largest, lobed. The front false grinders small, subequal, far apart. There is an adult skull in the Museum, received from the Zoo- logical Society as the skull of a Bear said to have come from North America. It is very like the other specimens of U. americanus ; but the nasal bones are shorter, and do not extend so far up the nose as in the other specimens, stopping nearly a third of an inch short of the upper hinder angle of the maxillary bones. The palate also is rather more concave. The length of the skull is 11 inches, of the palate 5? inches, of tubercular grinder 1-4, inch ; width of zygoma 64, of nose 23, of forehead between the orbits 2,3,. 11. Ursus (Evarcros) CINNAMOMEUS? B.M, Ursus luteolus, H. Smith, Griffith’s, A. K. U. americanus cinnamomeus?, Baird, Mamm. N. A. t. 79 (skull). Small Brown Bear from the copper-mines of New Mexico, Baird, Mamm. N. A. 217, 228. U. cinnamomeus, Baird, Mex. Mamm. 29. U. americanus cinnamomeus, Bachm. N. A. Journ. ii. t. 127, 1853? * Size equal to or less than that of the Black Bear. Colour varies in different shades of brown, very rarely black. Skull broader than in the common Black Bear’’ (Baird). : The skull of an adult Cinnamon Bear in the Museum agrees with the skulls of the other North-American Bears in most particulars ; but the orbit is oblong, oblique, much narrower from before back- wards than in the common U. americanus, and the tubercular grinders longer and broader. The palate is concave, and the hinder aper- ture of the nose with an arched front edge. The nasals are broad, extending up as far as the maxilla, and in a line with the middle of the orbits. ‘The lower jaw is not so high. The length of the skull 93 inches, of the palate 5,8, inches, of the tubercular grinder 19 inch; width at zygoma 63 inches, of nose 2;4; inches, of forehead between the eyes 23 inches. 694 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSIDE. | Dec. 13, U. amblyceps, Baird, MS. ** The skull shows conclusively a different species from the Ameri- can Bear of the eastern States ”’ (Baird, 7. c. 217). 3. Myrmarcros. Ant-Bear. Head elongate, narrow. Lips moderately extensile. The skull flat above, the nose, forehead, and front of the crown forming a regular shelving line; brain-case compressed. The nose moderate, flat above, compressed on the sides. The forehead narrow; the space between the orbits narrower than the nose. The last grinder moderate, longer than the flesh-tooth. Palate deeply concave; the hinder nasal aperture large, broad ; the sides longer than the width of the front edge. Lower jaw large, elongate. The Ant-Bears seem to have been long known, but somehow most unaccountably overlooked. They are evidently very distinct from the carrion or omnivorous Bears (Ursus). Worm (Mus. 318) mentions three Bears as inhabiting Norway : 1. the Brown Bear, which is called Gressdjur (Herb-Bear), the largest and most dangerous, living principally on vegetables; 2. the Black Bear or I/dgiesdjur, the most carnivorous, attacking horses; 3. the Ant-Bear or Myredjorn, the smallest, but still dangerous (see Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 313). Pallas, in ‘ Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica,’ observes, ‘‘ Rossi distinc- tionem faciunt Ursorum inter formicarios (Muraveniki) et cada- verivoros (Sterveniki), sed nullo solido argumento: variunt solum- modo colore vel nigriore, vel e fusco magis rufescente ; et magis mi- nusve iracundi et crudeles fiunt anni tempore, zetate et alimenti copia vel inopia.” Dr. Edward Eversmann, in the ‘ Bulletin de la Soc. Imp. des Nat. de Moscou’ for 1840, p. 8, says that in the east of Moscow there are two kinds of Bear, one the Aasbiiren (Stervenihki), or Carrion- Bears, and the other the Ameisenbdren (Muraveniki), or Ant-Bears ; and he gives the characters which distinguish them, and figures the skulls of the two species. He states, “‘ In the Ant-eating Bear the skull is more elegantly formed. The anterior level of the frontal bone forms a plane with the nasal bone; the forehead also does not stand forwards, and forms no depression, but is flat. The molar teeth are narrower and longer; the zygomatic arch is thinner and more slen- der ; altogether the entire skull is proportionally longer, not so high, and not so robust as in the carrion-eater (Ursus arctos).” He thus defines them :— 1. U. cadaverinus (=U. arctos, L.). Fronte supra oculos con- vexa, rostro abrupte attenuato brevi ; vellere fusco, regione humero- rum colloque pallidioribus ; pedibus nigris (t. 1. f. 1, skull). Called «© Stervenihi.”’ 2. U. formicarius (U. longirostris). Fronte plana, modice in rostrum attenuata; vellere flavicanti-fusco, pilis apice flavidis cete- rum fuscis ; pedibus nigris (t. 1. f. 2, skull). Called “ Muraventki.” 1864.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSID&. 695 MyRrMARCTOS EVERSMANNI. B.M. Myrebiorn, Worm, Mus. 308. Muraveniki, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. Ursus formicarius (U. longirostris), Eversmann, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1840, 8. t. 1. f. 2 (skull) ; Bonap. Mamm. Eur. 11. Ursus arctos, var. beringiana (partly), Middendorf, Sib. Reise, i. 53, t. 1. f. 5, 6 (skull). ? Young. Var. white-collared. Ursus norvegicus, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithogr. vii. t. ; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 142. ? Ours brun de Norvege, De Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 7 (skull of young). Hab. Norway (skeleton, B.M.). : SPE cp a sive eA MR eo gas eo )esglas| eB sel ee l/aol/sx Bee! BE SES S| SS | S| SS | bs | Se §F5| §@ -* eats ES] 36 Be aH}a° H BA A q |e in. 1]. jin. Ljin. Liin. Llin. Lin. Llin. Ljin. ite ] 218c.. Brandt vers cactatssnesecs 111z11 36 32 62 25 10) 9/3 91 7 Skull of nearly adult Bear from Norway. The palate is very con- cave, especially in the middle of its length, in a line with the first large false molar ; the hinder edge rather concave, and smoothed behind, near the front edge of the internal nostrils, which is thin and regu- larly arched ; the aperture of the hinder nostril large, rather broader in front than behind. The hinder tubercular grinder rather short. Forehead quite flat, produced behind to a line over the ears, not con- vex above the orbits, narrow between the orbits. Nose broad, flat at tip ; nasal bones only extending to rather behind the front edge of the orbit, not nearly so far as in U. arctos of Sweden. The aper- ture for the passage of the artery to the palate in a line with the front edge of the hinder grinder. Length of the skull below 113 inches, of palate 5? inches ; width at condyle of lower jaw 64 inches, of nose behind, at aperture 22, at canines 23, of nose-aperture 12 inch, between orbits 23 inch, at back of orbits 33 inches. I think that the skeleton which is in the British Museum, which was received from Mr. Brandt of Hamburg as that of a Bear from Norway, and named U. norvegicus, is the Myrebiorn or Ant-Bear of Worm. I am not so sure that it is the Ant-Bear of Eastern Siberia, figured by Eversmann as U. formicarius, as the figure of the skull does not quite agree with the Museum specimen: the flat plane of the forehead is not carried so far back on the crown as in the skull here described. If it is not the same, the U. formicarius of Siberia must be, from the description, a nearly allied species of the same enus. The figure of the skull of the young Brown Bear from Norway, figured by De Blainville (Ostéogr. t. 7), is probably a young skull of this species: it differs from the figures of the skull of the other European Bears in the same work, in the forehead not being separated 696 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSIDZ. [ Dee. 13, from the nose by any frontal cross line. De Blainville does not give an account of its origin, but, by mistake, says it is the same as the one figured by Cuvier (Oss. Foss. iv. t. 22); but no skull from Nor- way is figured in that work. It is probably the skull of the animal figured by M. F. Cuvier. Skull of Myrmarctos eversmanni, from Norway. 4. Hewarcros. Head short, subglobose. Nose short, forming with the forehead and crown an arched outline. Lips rather external, very mobile. Front claw very long, strongly arched. Fur short, rigid. Nose of skull very short, as broad as long, forming a line with the forehead. Nasal bones short. Front false grinders crowded, large. Upper hinder grinder broad, scarcely larger than the flesh-tooth ; the outer upper cutting-teeth much the largest; the first false grinder large, second very small, third two-lobed. Hab. Southern Asia, South America, and Europe. Asiatie Bears (Prochilus) (partly), Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825. Helarctos, Horsfield, Zool. Journ. ii. 221, 1825; Féruss. Bull. Sci. N. vi. 396, 1825; Isis, 1830, p. 1023. a 1864.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSID&. 697 a. Australasian. Claws compressed, much curved. 1, Hevarctos marayanus. The Bruang. B.M. Black; nose ferruginous; chest with a semilunar or semioval yellow patch ; claws very long. Ursus malayanus, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xiii. 254 ; Horsf. Java, t. ; F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. t.; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 322. t. 22. f. 3, 4; De Blainv. Ostéogr. Ursus, 25, t. 8 (skull), t. 12 (teeth) ; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 144, Prochilus malayanus, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825, p- 61. Helarctos malayanus, Horsf. Zool. Journ. ii. 221, t.7; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 73. H. euryspilus, Horsf. Zool. Journ. ii. 221,t.7; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 73. Malay Bear, Griffith, A. K. t. Hab. Malayan islands—Sumatra, Borneo, Java; Malay penin- e sula. Called ‘ Bruang’ by Malays. Safe [se (eee lees. Soules /sdlag/s2/e2les]as/s4| Skulls. EEE Se ee ag Se Be ic| Be | 25 | HES = = e fa = 4 | 23] in, 1 fin. Lino Lin, Lim. Lin, Llin, lin. Lin. 1. 1140 a. E.(H.) euryspilus ...)0 1018 36 5/2 412 5/4 61 1012 71 3} 11404. Borneo (younger)...... 0 9/7 66 32 42 O4 Ol 62 31 0 959 a. H.malayanus(veryold)|\0 8\8 77 O22 82 94 411 82 61 1 | The skull of a very old animal, labelled U. malayanus, received from the Zoological Society’s Museum, has a much shorter tubercular grinder than any of the others in the Museum, which are called U. euryspilus ; but the teeth of the specimen rather differ in size, and the figure that Cuvier and De Blainville give of the skull of the speci- men of U. malayanus which we sent to Paris by Dr. Leach, from the species that was first described, appears to be intermediate in size and form between the skulls in the British Museum. But perhaps the Bornean specimen may be found to have a rather larger tuber- cular grinder, which is more contracted behind than in the Javan specimens. Skull short, swollen. Nose very short, broad ; end as broad as the forehead between the orbits ; nose-opening elongate, higher than broad. Orbits small, ovate. Forehead broad, convex, arched on the sides and extended far back between the temporal muscles. The palate broad, short, concave, with parallel sides, contracted be- hind ; the opening of the hinder nostrils broad, equal, the sides about as long as the width of the front edge. The last tubercular grinder moderate, broad, as broad and rather longer than the flesh-tooth, ob- liquely truncated on the hinder half of the outer margin. The side cutting-teeth larger-lobed. False grinders close together, forming a crowded series: the first oblong, longer ; the second small, on the outer side of the series ; the third longer, three-lobed. The lower jaw 698 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSID. [Dec 13, short, stout, with a rather long chin and straight lower edge. The nasals are short, and broad at the end, reaching to a line level with the middle of the orbit. 2 b. European. Claws 2. HELARCTOS EURYRHINUS. Fur dark brown. Ursus euryrhinus, Nilsson, Scand. Daggdjur, 212. Hab. Hungary (Mus. Acad. Lund.). Professor Nilsson notices a species of Bear (which he saw in the Academical Museum at Lund, said to have come from Hungary; the fur is coloured like U. arctos) under the name of U. euryrhinus (Scand. Diggdjur, p. 212), which is thus characterized :— «The length of the nose (reckoned from the foramen infraorbitale to the anterior margin of the intermaxillary bones at the suture) is equal to the breadth of the nose, taken either at the foramen infra- orbitale or over the roots of the canine teeth.” c. African. Claws straight. 3. HeLARCTOS? CROWTHERI. Fur long, shaggy, blackish brown, beneath orange-rufous ; nose very short, acuminate, black ; toes short ; claws stout. Ursus arctos, Shaw, Barbary. Ours en Afrique, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 325. ’ Bear of Mount Atlas, Blyth, P. Z. 8. 1841, p. 65. ; Wiegm. Arch. 1842, p. 27. Ursus crowtheri, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. 302. Hab. North-west Africa: on mountains, Morocco; Tetuan. ‘Adult female, inferior in size to that of the American Black Bear; more robustly formed; the face much shorter and broader, though the muzzle is pointed; toes and claws remarkably short ; the claws particularly stout. Hair black (rather, brownish black) and shaggy ; the under parts of an orange-rufous colour ; muzzle black. Feeds on roots, acorns, and fruit ; does not climb with facility, and is stated to be very different-looking from any other Bear.” d. American. Front claws 4. HELARCTOS ORNATUS. B.M. Fur black ; the nose short, and a semicircle over each eye fulvous; jaws, cheeks, throat, and chest white. Length 3} feet. “Upper hinder grinder broad, not much longer than the flesh- tooth, suddenly contracted behind.” Bear, Condamine, Voy. Pérou. Ursus ornatus, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. t.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, p. 114; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 143. 1864.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSID&. 699 Ours des Cordilléres (U. ornatus), De Blainv. Ostéogr. Ursus, t. 4 (skeleton), t. 8 (skull), t. 12 (teeth) (of F. Cuvier’s speci- men). Hab. South America, Cordilleras (Cat. Mus. Zool. Soc. ii. 184). M. de Blainville describes the skull as being so like that of H. malayanus that at first he thought they were the same; but on more careful comparison, he found the bones of the nose rather broader proportionately, the mastoid processes rather unlike and nearer to- gether, the pterygoid processes rather more rounded and recurved, the palatine edge less deeply cut in trefoil, the zygomatic arches broader and more arched, &c. The other parts of the skeleton present more essential differences (De Blainv. Ostéogr. p. 26). C. Honey-Bears. Soles of the feet bald, callous; the underside of the base of the toes bald. Cutting-teeth 4/6. Nose subcylin- drical, truncated ; nostrils large, covered with a large upper flap. Lips very extensile. Front of the palate of the skull bent up. 5. Mevursus. Head elongate. Nose produced, subcylindrical, truncated. Lips very large, extensile, and mobile. Nostril large, with a larger upper lid. Forehead convex, arched. Ears tufted, exposed. Fur very long, flaccid, with a pendant cervical mane. Claws elongate. Skull elongated. Nose longer than broad. Forehead rather con- vex, separated from the nose by across line. Palate broad, concave, flat, and bent up in front. Chin high, regularly produced below. Two central upper cutting-teeth abortive. Asiatic Bears (Prochilus) (partly), Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825. ‘They never have more than four incisors in the upper jaw. This is the case even in the crania which have the milk-teeth just giving way to the adult ones. They feed on the black ant, termites, beetles, fruits, and particularly the seeds of Cassia fistula, of the date-tree, and honey. When pursued, they carry their cubs on their backs, even when chased for nearly three miles. They are said to have lived in captivity for forty years.” —Ziliot, Madr. Journ. of Litera- ture and Science, 1840, p. 9. MeE.ursus LaBIATuS. The Aswail. B.M. Fur very long, flaccid, nape maned; chest with a white cross band ; ears very hairy, prominent. Ursus labiatus, Desm. Mamm. 166; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 144; Hodgson, J. A. S. B. i. 340, x. 910; P. Z.S. 1834, p. 9; Calcutta J. N. H. iv. 288; Tickell, Cale. Journ. N. H. ii. t. 7; De Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817, p. 74; Ostéogr. Ursus, 23, t. 8 (skull), t. 11 (bones); Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 320, t. 23. f. 6. 700 DR. J. EK. GRAY ON THE URSID. [Dec. 13, U. longirostris, Tiedem. Abhandl. 1820, p. 4 (not Eversmann); Reichenbach, Noy. Act. Nat. Cur. xiii. 323, t. 15. Bradypus ursinus, Shaw, Zool. i. 159, t. 47. B. ursiformis, Shaw, Nat. Misc. i. t.58; Horsf. Cat. Mus. E. I. Comp. 124; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 13; Wolf, Abbild. ii. 18, t. 7. Melursus lybius, Meyer ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 73. Prochilus ursinus, Uliger, Prodr. P. labiatus, Gray, Aun. Philos. 1825, p. 60. Slow Bear, Hamilton, Mysore, ii. 197; Bewick, Quad. Ursiform Sloth, Pennant, Quad. ii. 243, t. 92. Petre Bear, Canton, Figures of Animals, t. Ours Jongleur, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithog. t.; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 320, t. 23. f.6; Delamétherie, Journ. de Phys. 1792, t. 136. fore Hab. India, plains (Sykes); Southern Mahratta country (Ziliot) ; Nepaul (Hodgson) ; Benares (Pennant) ; Dukhun. a J Ce ey » a oa ml Length of | at | aa Pe as as 2 te S38 upper mE | SE] SS |] SS | bS | SS} me | ee wr aa | aa = a ae (Sela om tubercular. 8 |= |e" | Ee aac es any in. Llin U lin, dy fing 1 lin 1 fin. lin ilps 1. 5 A dA ee eee O 8 il 67 3/2 6)2 66 432 53 6 8 ODO! Tah RS lost. 12 07 3/2 6|2 636 6/2 23 6 7 2207. Very old .| 0 10 12 68 3/2 913 016 9/2 514 oO. 8! DPIC... atenteansts lost. 12 07 10/2 8 |2 916 62 43 Bil 10 (Bao A2aIRT. ee {o 104i f 2077 7/2 92106 82 6s o1 2 | | | 7: Veep boar 010 ~ {11 077 332 6 (2 716 3 | | Sia) Pees 0 9 11 06 10/2 632 636 3 | | 220 k O 8% 12-07 012° 9212 7 167 | | Skull :—Nose broad, rather flattened above, rather wider than the forehead between the orbits; nasal opening broader than high. Forehead rounded, regularly sloping down before and behind. Orbits oblong-ovate. The chin very long, sloping ; the lower edge of lower jaw straight. The upper cutting-teeth four ; the inner ones absorbed; the outer on each side larger. The last upper grinder oblong, almost as long as and narrower than the upper flesh-tooth. The palate broad, concave, bent up in front of the canine, broader behind, espe- cially in the line of the hinder grinder, rather contracted behind to- wards the hinder aperture of the nostrils. The nose-aperture broad, with a thin transverse edge ; the sides not quite as long as the width of the aperture. The zygomatic arches most prominent at the hinder end, rather in front of a line with the condyles. b. Tail elongate, hairy, black-ringed. Body moderate. Limbs moderate. Teeth 40. Procyonina, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 74. 1864.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSIDE. 701 Tribe 2. NASuINA. Nose elongated, produced, truncated; the underside rounded, rather bald, without any central longitudinal groove 6. Nasua. Nasua, Storr. Coati, Lacépéde. Head elongate, tapering. Nose elongate, produced; underside rounded, without any groove. Nostrils in front of the muffle, and reaching only halfway along its sides; upper surface of muffle twice as long as broad, and ending forwards in a cartilaginous snout (Baird). ars short, rounded. Toes 5/5. Claws strong, acute. Tail elongate. Skull elongate. Nose produced, compressed. Teeth 40. Cutting- teeth moderate ; outer ones elongate, conical; four central upper in an arched line, rather in front of the lateral teeth ; lower shelving out in front. Canines large ; the lower strong, sharp-edged behind ; the upper compressed, conical, and bent out at the ends. Grinders ea: the three front conical, compressed ; the fourth like the flesh- tooth. The tubercular triangular, similar to the flesh-tooth. Lower jaw without any prominent angle behind. 1. NASUA RUFA. B.M. Fur fulvous; back darker ; sides of nose and head ashy ; tail ful- vous and black-ringed. Viverra nasua, Linn. S. N. i. 64 ; Schreb. Siugeth. t. 118. Ursus nasua, Cuvier, Tab. Elém. 113, 1798. Nasua rufa, Desm. Mamm. 170; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 74. NN. socialis, var., Pr. Max. Beitr. 11. 283. N. socialis or N. rufa, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 148. Coatimonde, Perr. Anim. i. 15, t. 37; Shaw, Zool. i. 385. Coati noirdtre, Buffon, H. N. Coati roux, Cuvier, Rég. An.i. 144; F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. t. Brazilian Weezel, Penn. Syn. 229, t. 22. f. 1. Coati, Marcgr. Brazil, 228. Myrmecophaga annulata, Desm.Mamm., from Krusenstern’s Voy. t.; Griffith, A. K. t. (figure altered). M. striata, Shaw, Zool. i. 51, 1786. Tamandua , Buffon, H. N. Supp. iii. t. 56. Mr. Turner (P. Z. S. 1851, p. 218) professes to have rediscovered the fact (though it is stated in the ‘Catalogue of the Mammalia in the British Museum,’ p. 74, 1843) that Krusenstern’s M. annulata in only a Coatimondi; but he is puzzled to explain the figure in Griffith’s ‘Animal Kingdom.’ This figure is engraved from a draw- ing of Major Hamilton Smith’s, no doubt copied from Krusenstern’s figure, but altered and improved, as was his habit when making his very large collection of drawings—a bad habit, that has rendered them of comparatively small value for scientific purposes, as it is impos- sible to determine whether they are from a figure or a specimen. 702 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSIDA. [Dee. 13, 2. NASUA NARICA. B.M. Fur blackish brown, beneath yellowish; head ashy ; tail black and yellow, obscurely ringed. The sides of the nose are sometimes marked with a black and white streak. Viverra narica, Linn. 8. N. i. 64; Schreb. Sdugeth. t. 119. Ursus narica, Cuvier, Tab. Elém. 113, 1798. Viverra quasie, Gmelin, 8. N. i. 87. Nasua quasie, Geoff. Mus. Paris. NV. leucorypha, Tschudi, Arch. fiir Naturg. ? N. nocturna, Pr. Max. Beitr. ii. 298. N. obfuscata, Mliger, Prodr. N. mondie, Iliger, Prodr. N. fusca, Desm. Mamm. 170; P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 435; 1860, p. 243, 333. ? N. solitaria, Pr. Max. Beitr. ii. 299. NV. socialis fusca, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 149. N. narica, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 74. Coati brun, Cuvier, Régne Anim. i. 444; F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. t.; Buffon, H. N. viii. t. 48, 49. Dusky Brazilian Weesel, Penn. Syn. 330. Couati, Azara, Essai, i. 334. Meles surinamensis, Brisson, Régne Anim. 255. Narica, Linn. Act. Holm. 1768, p. 152, t. Le Coati noirdtre, Buffon, H. N. viii. t. 47. Hab. Surinam (J. H. Lance). T have examined with care a series of skulls which are said to have belonged to these two species, but have been unable to discover any characters by which the skulls belonging to one species can be distin- guished from those belonging to the other. The skulls of animals of each species vary considerably in the breadth and flatness or con- vexity of the palate, in the form of the palate behind near the hinder nasal aperture, and in the length of the line occupied by the upper canines and grinders. In most of the specimens of N. rufa and N. narica the upper canine teeth and the grinders occupy a line of 14 inch; but in two large skulls, with very strong occipital ridges and expanded zygomatic arches, the teeth occupy a line rather more than 2 inches long ; in another large skull, with the occipital ridge less developed, and the zygomatic arches less prominent, they occupy the same length: the skulls are each 5 inches long ; and one is 33, the other 33, and the last 3 inches wide. But I can find no other characters to separate them, nor can I find any young specimens having similar characters. If I had only two or three skulls, I might have perhaps seen dif- ferences which I might have regarded as distinctions; but when a series of some twenty or more are examined, it is impossible to de- fine any distinction. ; 1864.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSIDA. 703 6S |e |s Oe ite Sue | ‘3 ao 3] a0 o ae J e saan Piles| 52/32 | $3 / 24) @ Papers alba = S Ee Hs eee See 4 in, 1 jin, Lin, 1 jin, 1 lin, Lin. 1 fin, 1. N. narica. 2259. Aged ......... 5 1/3 4110/1 0/3 3 0 11 2 © 2254. Aged ......... 5 0/3 5/1 1123/1 zo 8 10 11 (2 02 225 a. Aged ......... 5 0/3 Ol 113/0 11 (3 2310 9 |2 1 220 he Adulte 4 9/2 91 911 O18 Oo lo 10 {1 10 220% PG.4.<.oE 9/2 81 8/1 0/8 110 9 jl 92 225 f. Skull B.M. ...|4 6 2 51 8/0 11 |g 11340 9/1 9 NV. rufa... 224, Adult ......... 4 8272 61 7101113 0 O 92/1 10 DIEU ah ties cee 4 6/2 71 731 O12 11-10 1] jl 92 22H Coy Se te 8 8/2 61 8 Io 933 00 8211 10 3. NASUA OLIVACEA. B.M. Olive-brown, grizzled ; hairs black-brown, with a yellowish sub- terminal ring ; under fur black ; face pale; orbits, legs, and feet blackish brown; chest yellowish grey ; tail short, with black rings and a black tip. Nasua olivacea, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. App. 195 (not described). Hab. Santa Fé de Bogota. I do not know 1. Nasua solitaria, Pr. Max. Beitr. ii. 292. 2. N. nocturna, Pr. Max. Beitr. ii. 292, from Brazil. 3. N. monticola, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, 102, t. 5, from Peru. Are they distinct ? Tribe 3. Procyontna, Nose short ; underside flat, with a central longitudinal groove. 7. Procyon. Procyon, Storr; G. Cuvier, 1798; De Blainy. Ostéogr. Subursus, t13. Lotor, Tiedem. Head broad, depressed. Ears small, ovate. Muzzle short, coni- cal. Muffle large; under surface covered with hair, without any central groove. Nostril subhorizontal, on hinder edge of muffle. Body stout. Tail moderately long, black-ringed. Toes 5/5, front toe elongate. Soles bald, furrowed, but without pads. Claws falcate. Skull short ; orbit incomplete, contracted above and below only. Teeth 40; canines sharp-edged ; premolars 4/4, 4/4, three front small, conical; hinder set broad, like flesh-teeth ; flesh-teeth ] fi upper oblong, transverse; molars | A a al upper ovate, transverse. “* Prefers the vicinity of running water, where bushes are thick, or hollow trees, in which it makes its bed; when pursued, it takes im- mediately to the water, swimming with great rapidity and ease. The flesh is highly esteemed by the Mexicans (who cali it Tejou) as an article of food. It throws itself on its back in a state of defence, 704 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSIDSE. [Dec. 13, showing its teeth in a threatening manner ; but I never heard it utter any cry.’—C. B. Kennerly. * Tail bushy, four or five rings; forehead of skull high, convex ; brain-case moderate; palate much produced and narrow be- hind ; grinders moderate. Procyon. 1. Procyon Lotor. Raccoon. B.M. Tail reddish, with four or five black rings. Fur ashy, more or less black-washed ; lower side, ears, and feet whitish; oblique streak under the eye blackish ; face whitish, with a narrow streak across the forehead before the eyes, becoming Pook on the cheeks ; outer side of the limbs and feet palish. Ursus lotor, Linn. 8. N. i. 70, 1766; Schreb. Saugeth. t. 143; De Blainv. Ostéogr. Subursi, t. 3 (skeleton). Raccoon, Lawson, Carolina, 121, fig.; Penn. Syn. 199; Shaw, Zool. i. 464. Raton, Buffon, H. N. vii. 337, t.43; Supp. ii. 215. Procyon lotor, Storr, Prod. 1780 ; Desm. Mamm. 168; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 147; Gray, Cat. Waren: B. M. 74. Meles lotor, Bodd: Elenchus. Anim. i. 80, 1784. Lotor vulgaris, Tiedem. Zool. 1. 380. Procyon gularis, H. Smith, Jard. Cab. Lib. xiii. 222, 1842. P. brachyurus, Wiegm. Arch. iii. 369; Schreb. Suppl. t. 143 C. P. obseurus, Wiegm. Arch. ui. 370; Schreb. Suppl. t. 142 D. Var. melanus ; nearly black. Var. albina. Meles alba, Brisson, Régne An. i. 255. Ursus meles alba, Erxl. Syst. 164. Procyon nivea, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1. 580, 1837. Hab. America: Mexico (Capt. Lyon). General colour greyish white; the tips of the long hairs black, imparting this colour to the back; under fur black-brown; a large oblique black patch on the cheek, continuous with a paler one be- neath the jaw; another behind the ears; end of the muzzle, except the upper line, together with the portion on the border of the cheek- patch, whitish ; tail not tapering, with tip and four anuules black, these as broad as the rusty-white interspaces: hind feet not exceed- ing 4 inches, above dirty whitish ; fore feet not exceeding 23 inches. Varies in being nearly black, with the markings obscured; sometimes more or less yellowish or white, with obsolete markings or none—a decided tendency to albinism (Baird, /. ec. 201). Var. 1. Feet black, rather large. Procyon hernandesii, Wagner, Isis, xxix. 514, 1833; Wiegm. Arch. iii. 367; Baird, Mamm. N. Amer. 215. Hab. Mexico. Var. 2. Procyon hernandesii, var. mexicana, Baird, Mamm. N. A. Qhd: 1864, | DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSIDS. 705 Var. 3. Yellowish ; cheek-patch small. Procyon psora, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1842, p. 261; Voy. Sulphur, pl. 9 & 17; Cat. Mamm. B. M. 38; Baird, Mamm.N. A. 215; Wiegm. Arch. 1848, p. 2. Raccoon, Cook’s Voyage? ; Richardson, Beechey’s Voy. 4,- no. 10, Talyocoyth, Hernand. Mex. 12, no. 37? Hab. Sacramento. Called “ Psora,” This species varies rather in the tint of its colours in the different parts of North America. It is very apt to become white, and is the Procyon nivea (Gray, Mag. N. Hist. 1837, p. 580) from Texas, Wagler, in 1831, described the Mexican variety, which sometimes has black feet, as P. hernandesii (Isis, xxix. 914); I described a specimen from California, with the tail injured, as P. psora (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1842); and Wiegmann described two other varieties under the names of P, brachyurus and P. obscurus (Arch. iii. 369). Dr. Baird, in the ‘Mammals of North America,’ considers P. her- nandesti as a species, and calls it the black-footed Procyon, including P. psora, which has feet as pale or paler than P. dotor. The skulls vary considerably in the width and concavity of the palate ; in some the width is half the length to the end of the tooth- line, in others less than half the length. In general there is only a single large suborbital perforation ; but in specimen d there are two small well-separated pores. oo hae SETS hag |e ty 3 & ALAS) a ECE Ee" | a" |] Be = eee ST Besa Bll: tied y fin Jjin. 1 fin, tin. Lin, Lin L jin. 1. jin, 1 P.lotor, 2220. ..reseereseneld 6119 9 13 433 21 Ofl 33/1 6 (2° 12 DOA dsc: ane. #02 5211/2 90101 111 3/1 9g 222. eR eae 4.0/2 43211(2 90 ol ol 23/1 93 999 TaN aes eal 4012 68 of 20 of aah 4h 9 P. psora, 223, Adult,........ 4&7 12.30 |S 18 3011/1 3/1 6/2 12 ** Tail slender, eight- or nine-ringed. Forehead of skull flat, in a line with the nose; brain-case swollen ; palate only shortly produced, and broad behind ; grinders large, Euprocyon. 2. PRocYON CANCRivora. B.M. Tail reddish, with eight or nine black rings. Fur ashy, blackish- washed; feet brownish, beneath whitish ; face with a large black .patch, extended on to the cheeks, and one side of the limbs black. Ursus cancrivorus, Cuv. Tabl. Elém. 113, 1798. Procyon cancrivorus, Illiger, Prod. ; F ischer, Syn. Mamm.; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 74; De Blainy. Ostéogr. Subursi, t. 5 (skull) ; P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 432. Raton crabier, Buffon, H.N. Supp. vi. 236, t. 32, Hab. South America : Demerara (Mus. Z. Sos Paraguay; Brazil. Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1864, No. XLV. 706 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSIDE. [ Dec. 13, Skull with one very large suborbital foramen. The palate con- cave. The grinders are longer, and occupy a longer line than they do in P. lotor and its varieties. | oe | Se Se I Biohes| Oe 64/6313 2 38 Skull. Sa |S2\E2| Se | S32 |S2| B2 | SE ga |Ss(e| Se | ee lee] ge | Se HA la jae] = EME 14 Bs : a | 2 = = zal ! | in. 1. jin, Ljin. Ljin. 1 jin. 1 fin. Ljin. 1. jin. 1 837 a. Adult; imperfect be- ak E i ult; imp \la 922 83 7/3 3310 10311 111 4312 22 hind eee if | | | Section II. DENpROpPopa, or Cat-footed Bears. The feet moderate ; toes short, webbed, covered with hair, arched ; last joint bent up ; claws compressed, short, acute, retractile. Head rounder. Dendropoda, Gray, P. Z.S. 1864, p. 506. These animals climb trees, and defend themselves with all their four feet, lying on their backs. Tribe 4. CERCOLEPTINA. Tail elongate, subcylindrical, covered with shortish hairs, pre- hensile. Soles of the feet bald. Cercoleptina, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 8. CERCOLEPTES. Cercoleptes, Illiger. Kinkajou, Lacépéde. Potos, Cuvier. Caudivolvulus, Desm. Head rounded. Nose short, acuminated. Ears oblong. Toes 5/5; soles naked. Claws short, sharp. ‘Tail elongate, hairy, pre- hensile. Teats two, ventral. Skull ovate. Nose short, shelving. Forehead arched. Teeth:— cutting 6/6, regular, lower rather shelving out; canines grooved ; grinders 5/5, 5/3, two front conical, third like flesh-tooth ; tubercular ovate, flat. The lower jaw thick, with a well-developed inferior angle. Brain ovate; case ventricose. Orbit incomplete ; suborbital fora- men large, single. Chin long, well marked. Professor Owen has published some notes on the anatomy (see P. Z. 8. 1835, p. 119). CERCOLEPTES CAUDIVOLVULUS. B.M. Fulvous. Viverra caudivolvulus, Pallas, in Schreb. Séugeth. 453, t. 125 B. Ursus caudivolvulus, Cuv. Tab. Elém. 113, 1798. Potos caudivolvulus, Geoff. Mus. Paris; Desm. Mamm. 171. Caudivoloulus flavus, Tiedem. Zool. i. 381. 1864.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSID&. 707 Cercoleptes megalotus, Martin, P. Z. 8. 1836, p. 83; Schinz, S. M. 311. C. brachyotus, Martin, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 83; Schinz, 8. M. 311. C. caudivolvulus, Iliger, Prod. 127; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 150 ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 75; P.Z.S. 1848, p. 76. Lemur flavus, Schreb. Saéugeth. 145, t. 42 (fig. Penn.) ; De Blainv. Ostéogr. Subursi, t. 5 (skeleton), t. 7 (skull). ? Lemur bicolor, Penn.; Miller, Cim. Phys. t. (badly coloured). Yellow Maucacoco, Penn. Syn. 138, t. 16. f. 2. Potto, Vosmaer, Descrip. Amsterd. 1771, t. Poto, Buffon, H. N., ed. Allam, Suppl. iv. 160, t. 66; Cuvier, Régne Anim. i. 144. Kinkajou, Buffon, H. N. Suppl. iii. 245, t. 50, 51. Prehensile Weesel, Shaw, Zool. i. 403. The two species described by Mr. Martin only depended on the artifice of the preserver. Skull, length 3,4, inch; breadth 2 inches, of brain-base 1,4 inch; length of palate 13 inch; breadth of nose 19 inch, of palate 84 lines ;. length of tooth-line 1 inch, of lower jaw 2 inches. Tribe 5. Ar~uRINA. Tail not longer than the body, subcylindrical, covered with long bushy hairs, not prehensile ; soles of the feet covered with hair. Ailurina, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 9. ATLURUS. Ailurus, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr.; Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. ‘Soc. Bengal. Head roundish, very hairy; nose acute, short; ears short, rounded, hairy ; feet short ; toes 5/5 ; claws acute ; tail elongate, tufted. Skull ovate ; nose short ; zygoma much spread out. Teeth 36; grinders squarish, many-tubercled. Lower jaw arched, rounded, very large. Lives on trees, but breeds in holes of rocks, living in pairs or small families ; feeds on fruit, roots, eggs, young birds and animals. Claws completely retractile, half sheathed. “I can only report the frugivorous habits, gentle disposition, ur- sine arm, feline paw, profoundly cross-hinged yet grinding jaw, and purely triturative and almost ruminant molar of dilurus; anus, peri- neum, and prepuce entirely free from glands or pores ; scrotum none; tongue smooth ; pupil round; feet enveloped in woolly socks, with leporine completeness.’’ —Hodgson. AILURUS FULGENS. B.M. dilurus fulgens, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithogr. t.; Hardw. Linn. Trans. xv. 161; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 157; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 74; De Blainy. Ostéogr. Subursus, t. 7 (skull imperfect). 708 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE URSID&. (Dec. 13, A. ochraceus, Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, t. 52, 53 (skull). Hab. India, Nepal (called ‘‘ Wah” ) (Hodgson). In the paper above referred to, Mr. Hodgson gives an interesting account of the habits and affinities of the Wah. It walks like the Marten, climbs, and fights with all the four legs at once, like the Paradozuri, and does not employ its fore feet, like the Raccoon, Coatis, or Bears, in eating. Skull of Ailurus fulgens. Skull ovate; forehead arched; nose short ; brain-case ovate, ven- tricose ; the zygomatic arches very large, expanded ; crown bent down behind. The palate concave in front between the canine teeth, bent up behind in a line with the tubercular teeth, and suddenly contracted behind them; the hinder opening of the nostrils triangular, narrow in front. Lower jaw very strong, lower edge arched ; the ramus very large, elongated, extended far above the zygomatic arch, and bent forwards and then backwards at the tip. Teeth 36; cut- ting teeth 6/6, regular, the upper lateral larger; canines 1/1, 1/1, upper straight, grooved, lower curved ; grinders =, the first upper conical, triangular ; second and third and the tubercular grinders like the flesh-tooth, squarish, with many conical processes, but smaller ; P.Z. 3. 1662571 ae J Wolf. del, etjith M&N Hanhart imp GALAGO GARNETTII imap M&N Hanhazxt Wolf del et lith J he ha a LIA i 1 MT eee 1864.] the lower grinders similar, but longer and narrower ; of the lower jaw very large, transverse. MR. P. L. SCLATER.ON QUADRUMANA. 709 the condyles Skulls. PP eee ee eT ere Se Ota reece cceceecccccccccesesscese (S18 13 | Be le lS les aa 45 | ao So os Eo ao be | SE) hs | se | Bs S| to4 ga|Se| #8 | $8 | £4| 33] PS H 18 4 [== AH 1 Hs in. Ljin. Lin. 1. fm. 1. jin. Ljin, Llin. 1, 13 OL 33/1 33/2 20 91 9 3102 5/1 33/1 14/2 00 8il 9 083 11 .4)1 2\2 10 91 9 Width of brain-case 7. NoTE ON THE QUADRUMANA LIVING IN THE Socrety’s Mr- NAGERIE. By P. L. Scuater TARY TO THE Society. (Plates XL., XLI.) Our collection of living Quadrumana, months arranged in the New Monkey- House, rich in species, has amongst its members seve terest, concerning which I have a Society. , M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., Secre- which has been now for some although not yet very ral forms of much in- few notes to communicate to the The following is a systematic list of the collection as it now stands :— Fam. Stump. Chimpanzee............ Orang-Utan..... Entellus Monkey........ Purple-faced Monkey Green Monkey . Grivet Monkey Vervet Monkey Diana Monkey. . Poiciekek 2 Sykes’s Monkey . Mona Monkey... Mangabey Monkey...... Lunulated Monkey ...... Site Bonnet Monkey ...... Toque Monkey Macaque Monkey ........ Rhesus Monkey ..,... Japanese Monkey .. Round-faced Monke Pig-tailed Monkey .. Wanderoo Monkey Anubis Baboon eee ee wen we oer se were eee . Troglodytes niger, Geoff. Stmia satyrus, Linn. cephalopterus (Zimm.). --. Semnopithecus entellus (Linn.). Cercopithecus callithriz, Is. Geoff. griseo-viridis, Desm. lalandii, 1. Geoff. diana (Linn.). mona, Erxl. Cercocebus ethiops (Kuhl). lunulatus, Kuhl. - Macacus radiatus (Shaw). pileatus (Shaw). eynomolgus (Linn.). erythreus (Schreb.). —— speciosus, F. Cuy. cyclopis, Swinhoe. nemestrinus (Geoffr.), Silenus veter (Linn.). . Cynocephalus anubis, F. Cuy. Cercopithecus albigularis, Sykes. 710 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON QUADRUMANA ” [Dee. 13, Fam. CreBIp2. Chuva Spider Monkey Black-fronted Spider Monkey. . Marimonda Spider Monkey Brown Capuchin Monkey .... White-throated Sapajou Negro Tamarind Monkey .... Pinche Monke Black-eared Marmoset Squirrel Monkey Feline Douroucouli es ee ee ee ee ee ee eeere ere eeee Ateles marginatus, Geoff. Srontatus, Gray. belzebuth (Briss.). Cebus apella (Linn.). hypoleucus, Geoff. Hapale ursulus, Geoff. —- edipus (Linn.). penicillata, Geoff. Callithrix sciureus (Linn.). Nyctipithecus felinus, Spix. Fam. LeEmMuRIDz. Ring-tailed Lemur ......... Rafied Lemurs. sy. ¢- sce Black Lemur White-fronted Lemur........ Yellow-cheeked Lemur ...... White-whiskered Lemur Grand. Galage, «sai iy ssn: <3 Garnett’s Galago Slowliemurisciecac Seiccctss ek . Lemur catéa, Linn. varius, Geoff. — niger, Geoff. nigrifrons, Geoff. albifrons, Geoff. vanthomystax, Gray. leucomystaa, Bartl. .. Galago crassicaudata (Geoffr.). garnettii (Ogilby). Nycticebus tardigradus (Linn.). Fam. CuHiroMyID&. The Aye-aye ey Chiromys madagascariensis, Cuv. I add a few notes upon some of the rarer species of the col- lection :— 1. MACACUS SPECIOSUS. Inuus (Macacus) speciosus, Temm. F. J. Mamm. pls. 1, 2, p. 9. Of this rare Monkey we have a fine young male specimen, pur- chased from a dealer in Liverpool in June last, said to have come from “ Brazil’?! Iam not aware that it has been previously brought to England alive, although there was a specimen in the Gardens at Rotterdam some time since. 2. Macacus cyctopis, Swinhoe, P. Z.S. 1862, p. 350, pl. xxi. The pair of this species presented by Mr. Swinhoe in 1862 are still in good health in the Society’s Menagerie. Since they have attained maturity, the female has acquired a most extraordinary de- velopment of the parts surrounding the organs of generation—far exceeding anything I have ever noticed in the Rhesus Monkey—of which the accompanying sketch (see p. 711) will give some idea. An accurate examination of this species has still to be made, Mr. Swinhoe’s notes having being taken from the living animal ; but I have little doubt that when narrowly compared with M. rhesus good points of distinction will present themselves. 1864. ] LIVING IN THE SOCIETY'S MENAGERIE. 711 3. GaLaGo GARNETT. (PI. XL.) Otolicnus garnettii, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1838, p. 6. Otogale garnettii, Gray, P. Z.S. 1863, p. 140. Of this little-known Lemur we have a specimen purchased of a dealer in November last. Mr. Ogilby’s original description of the species (J. c.)is so short as to be hardly recognizable; but Dr. Gray has given further characters, and a figure of the skull (2. c.). Mr. Wolf’s figure (Pl. XL.), taken from the living animal, may serve to make the species still better known. Temminck (Esquisses Zoologiques du Cote de Guinée, p. 40) has united this species to Galago allenti, Waterhouse. This, I need hardly say to those who have had an opportunity of comparing these two species together, as they were placed, a short time since, side by side in our collection, is an error, the greater size of the present spe- cies being alone sufficient distinction, and the Galago allenii belonging to a separate section of the genus*. The nearest ally to Galago garnettit is in fact the next species (G. crassicaudata). 4. GaLAGO CRASSICAUDATA, Geoffr. We have a Lemur, presented to us by Dr. Waghorn in July last, which I refer to this species as described by Dr. Peters (Zool. Reise n. Mossambique, p. 5). It is at the same time so very like the spe- cimen from Angola, received from Mr. Monteiro, upon which Mr. * See Mr. Mivart’s paper, antea, p. 611. 712 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON QUADRUMANA. [ Dee. 13. Bartlett founded his Galago monteiri*, that I cannot help believing that the latter may turn out to be nothing more than a pale variety of Galago crassicaudata. Dr. Waghorn’s specimen is from the Zambesi, where this species is stated by Dr. Kirk to be common fF. I may take this opportunity of exhibiting a drawing (Pl. XLI.) of a small species of American Monkey which we received alive in March last, along with other animals, from Para. It is obviously nearly allied to the Jew-Monkey (of the dealers), Pithecia satanas (Hoffm.), and agrees as nearly as may be with a specimen in the British Museum labelled as the young of that species; and such I believe it to be, as the skull, on the decease of the animal, proved to be that of a young individual, although I was not very clear on this point whilst it was alive. * Galago monteiri, Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 231, pl. xxvii; Callotus mon- teiri, Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 145. t See antea, p. 650. 24. LIST Jan. 1. He bo Om “I 13. 14, 19. 20. 22. 26, 28, ATP ENT OF ADDITIONS TO THE SOCIETY’S MENAGERIE DURING THE YEAR 1864. 1 pair of Passerine Doves. Chamepelia passerina(Linn.). Pre- sented by T. Goin, Esq. 2 Ceram Lories. Lorius garrulus (Linn.). Purchased. 1 Bonnet Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by Fred. G. Rubie, Esq. 1 Tayra. Galera barbara (Linn.). Presented by Dr. Wu- cherer, of Bahia, C.M.Z.S. 1 Kinkajou. Cercoleptes caudivoluulus (Pall.). Presented by Dr. Wucherer, of Bahia, C.M.Z.S. 2 Fasciated Finches. Amadina fasciata (Gmel.), Purchased. 1 Brown Coati. Nasuwa fusca, Desm. Presented by W. T. Rigg, Esq. . 1 Male Viscacha. Lagostomus trichodactylus, Brookes. Pre- sented by Messrs. Werner and Co., of Buenos Ayres. - 1 Q Impeyan Pheasant. Lophophorus impeyanus (Lath.). Pur- 11, chased. 1 $ Axis Deer. Cervus avis, Erxl. Born. 1 Little Grebe. Podiceps minor (Gmel.). Presented by Henry Hall, Esq. 1 Common Kestrel. _Tinnunculus alaudarius, Briss, Presented by N. L. Austin, Esq. 1 Common Trumpeter. Psophia crepitans, Linn. Purchased. 1 Javan Cat. Felis javanensis, Horsf. Presented by John Fleming, Esq. 1 Ruffed Lemur. Lemur varius, Geoff. Presented by John Fleming, Esq. 1 pair of Ground Squirrels, Xerws —? Purchased. 1 Marsh Ichneumon. Herpestes paludosus, Cuv. Purchased. 2 2 Ring-ousels, Twrdustorquatus, Linn, Presented by — Day, Esq. 3 Rosehill Parrakeets. Platycercus eximius (Shaw). Deposited. 1 Undulated Grass Parrakeet. Melopsittacus undulatus (Shaw) Presented by Charles Dyke, Esq. 2 Jerboas. Dipus egyptius (Hasselq.). Presented by H. G. Hopkins, Esq. 714 Feb. 1. COS ST CST ahs) 11. 14, 15. 18. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24, 25. 26. 27. 29, APPENDIX. 1 Pinche Monkey. -Hapale edipus (Linn.). Purchased. . 1 Gazelle. Gazella dorcas (Linn.). Presented by H. Stracker, Ks q: . 1 Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo. Cacatua sulphurea (Gmel.). Presented by Mrs. King, . A collection of Barnacles. Presented by Sir W. C. Trevelyan, Bart., F.ZS. . 2000 Trout-Ova. Salmo fario, Linn. Presented by Samuel Gurney, Esq., M.P., F.Z.8. 1 Spix’s Cavy. Cama spixti, Wag]. Purchased. 1 Azara’s Fox. Canis azare, Pr. Max. Purchased. 8 Common Boas. oa constrictor, Linn. Purchased. 1 Anaconda. Lunectes murinus (Linn.). Purchased. 1 2 Hybrid Markhor. Between ¢ Capra megaceros, Hutt., and 2 Capra hircus, Linn., var. Purchased. 1 $ Brahmin Calf. Bos indicus, Linn., var. Born. 2Smelts. Osmerus eperlanus (Linn.). Presented by A. Arce- deckne, Esq., F.Z.8. 1 Berigora Hawk. Hieracidea berigora, Vig. & Horsf. Purchased. 1 Salmon. Salmo salar, Linn. Presented by F. T. Buckland, Esq., F.Z.S. 1 Yellow Baboon. Cynocephalus papioides, Gray. Purchased. 1 Black-faced Kangaroo, Macropus melanops, Gould. 1 Emu. Dromeus nove-hollandia, Vieill. 2 Grey-headed Sparrows. Pyrgita simplex (Licht.). Purchased. 2 Crimson-crowned Weaver-Birds. uplectes flammiceps, Sw. Purchased. 1 Rhesus Monkey. Macacus erythreus (Schreb.). Born. 2 pairs of Common Trout. Salmo fario, Linn. Presented by Sa- muel Gurney, Esq., M.P., F.Z.S. 1 pair of Guinea-fowl (White variety). Mumida meleagris, Linn., var. Presented by Lieut. L. C. Keppell, R.N. 3 Barred Doves. Geopelia striata (Linn.). Presented by Arthur Dixon, Esq. 2 Guinea Baboons. Cynocephalus papio, Desm. Received in exchange, 1 Green Maccaw. Ara militaris (Linn.). Purchased. 2 Vinaceous Turtledoves. Twurtew vinaceus (Gmel.). On approval. 1 Mona Monkey. Cercopithecus mona, Erxl. Presented by Charles Richards, Esq. 2 Barbary Turtledoves. Turtur risorius (Linn.). Presented by Lieut. John J. Rutherford, 21st Fusileers. 1St. Lucia Dove. Presented by Lieut. John J. Rutherford, 21st Fusileers. 1 S$ Scemmering’s Pheasant. Phasianus sammeringii, Temm. Deposited. 2 Prairie Marmots. -Arctomys ludovicianus, Ord. Born. 1 Grivet Monkey. Cercopithecus griseo-viridis, Desm. Purchased. 1 $ Gold Pheasant. Thaumalea picta (Linn.). Received in exchange. 1 Silky Cow Bird. Molothrus sericeus (Licht.). Purchased. 2 Malaccan Parrakeets. Paleornis malaccensis (Gmel.). Pur- chased. 1 Jardine’s Parrot. Peocephalus gulielmi (Jard.). Purchased. 2 West-Indian Rails. Aramides cayennensis (Gmel.). Purchased. 1 Brown Coati. Nasua fusca, Desm. Purchased. 1 Yellow Snake. Chilobothrus inornatus, Dum, Purchased. Feb. Mar. 16, 29. on “10 90 ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 715 1 Marsh Harrier. Circus eruginosus (Linn.). Presented by J. H. Gurney, Esq., M.P., F.Z.S. 6 American Finches. Purchased. . 2 pairs of Brent Geese. Bernicla brenta, Steph. Purchased. . 1 gS Fallow Deer. Cervus dama, Linn. Purchased. 1 ¢ Isabelline Antelope. Heleotragus isabellinus (Afzel.). On approval. . 1 Gritton Vulture. Gyps fulvus (Gmel.). Deposited. 1 Golden-winged Woodpecker. Colaptes auratus (Linn.). Pur- chased. . 4 2 Fallow Deer. Cervus dama, Linn. Purchased. . 1 Azara’s Opossum and three young ones. Didelphys azarae, Temm. Presented by Wm. Reay, Esq. 2 2 Goosanders. Meryusmerganser, Linn. Presented by Anth. Sanaze, Esq. . 3 Lions. Felis leo, Linn. Born. . 1 Common Macaque. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented by H. Ramsay Forster, Esq. . 1 Jacket Monkey. Pithecia satanas. Purchased. 1 Rufous-throated Falcon. Hypotriorchis rufigularis (Daud.). Purchased. 3 Red-billed Tree Ducks. Dendrocygna autumnalis (Linn.). Purchased. 1 Crimson-billed Teal. Querquedula tpecutiri (Vieill.). Pur- chased. 6 Scarlet Ibises. bis rubra, Linn. Purchased. 1 Jabiru. Mycteria americana, Linn. _ Purchased. 2 Maguarie Storks. Ciconia maguarz, Briss. Purchased. 3 Snowy Egrets. Egretta candidissima (Gmel.). Purchased. 1 Great Eeret. Eygretta leuce (Ill.). Purchased. 1 Green Bittern. Butorides virescens (Linn.). Purchased. 2 Green-winged Trumpeters. Psophia viridis, Spix. Purchased. 4 Guira Cuckoos. Gaara pirtrigua (Vieill.). Purchased. 2 Blue-bearded Jays. Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Max.). Purchased. 2 Brazilian Tanagers. Ramphocelus brasilius (Linn.). Purchased. 1 Fasciated Tanager. Diucopis fasciata (Licht.). Purchased. 2 Yellow Hangnests. Cactcus persicus (Linn.). Purchased. 2 Banded Curassows. Crax fasciolata, Spix. Purchased. 4 Red-breasted Guans. Penelope pileata, Licht. Purchased. . 1 Axis Deer. Cervus axis, Erxl. Born. . 1 Vulpine Opossum. Phalangista vulpima (Shaw). Presented by Fred. Moger, Esq. 6 pairs of Summer Ducks. Aix sponsa (Linn.). Purchased. . 2 Common Jackals. Canis aureus, Linn. Born. . 1 Bearded Lizard. Grammatophora barbata. Purchased. . 1 Feline Douroucouli. Nyctipithecus felinus, Spix. Purchased. 1 Squirrel Monkey. Callithrix sciureus (Linn.). Purchased. 2 Black-tailed Parrakeets. Platycercus melanurus, Vig. Pur- chased. 1 Common Mole. Talpa europea, Linn. Presented by G. N. L. Austin, Esq. 2 Aoudads. Ovis tragelaphus, Desm. Born. 1 Crab-eating Raccoon. Procyon cancrivorus, Geoff. Purchased. 1 2 Globose Curassow. Craz globicera, Linn. Purchased. 1 Great Kangaroo, Macropus giganteus, Shaw. Presented by Mrs. Alex. Watson. 716 Mar. 16, 17. 31. Apr. 2. y= CO APPENDIX. 1 Rhesus Monkey. Mucacus erythreus (Schreb.). Presented by Mr. Sedger. 11 Shawl Goats. Capra hircus, Liun., var. Presented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S. 4 Rufous-tailed Pheasants. Euplocamus erythropthalmus (Rafi..). Presented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S. 21 Green-winged Doves. Chalcophaps indica (Linn.). Pre- sented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S. 6 Nicobar Pigeons. Calenas nicobarica (Linn.). Presented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.MLZS. 5 Barred Doves. Geopelia striata (Linn.). Presented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S. 6 Dwarf Turtledoves. Turtur humilis (Temm.). Presented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S. 1 Eastern Turtledove. Twurtw orientalis (Lath.). Presented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S. 2 Common Crowned Pigeons. Goura coronata (Linn.). Pre- sented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S, 4 Porphyrios. Porphyrio indicus, Horsf. Presented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S. 5 Black Francolins. Francolinus vulgaris, Steph. Presented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S. 5 Wood Francolins. Francolinus gularis (Shaw). Presented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S. 1 Grey Francolin. Francolinus ponticerianus (Gmel.), Pre- sented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S. 6 Fantail Pigeons. Cohunba domestica, Linn., var. Presented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S. . 1 Piping Crow. Gymmnorhina leuconota, Gould. Presented by apt. Ridgers, . 1 § Fallow Deer. Cervus dama, Linn. Purchased. 1 Tigress, Felis tigris, Linn. Deposited. 3. 1 Kinkajou. Cercoleptes caudivolvulus (Pall.). . 4 Black Swans. Cygnus atratus, Lath. Hatched. . 4Common Otters. Lutra vulgaris (Linn.). Presented by J. H. Gurney, Esq., M.P., F.Z.8. . 1 Meadow Starling. — Sternella ludoviciana (Linn.). Purchased. 2 Black Squirrels. Scetwrus niger, Linn. Purchased. 1 Hybrid Pheasant. Between Thaumalea picta (Linn.) and Phasianus colchicus, Linn. Deposited. 1 Diamond Snake. Morelia spilotes (Lacép.). Presented by the Acclimatization Society of Victoria. 2 Great Cyclodus Lizards. Cyclodus gigas (Bodd.). Presented by the Acclimatization Society of Victoria. 5 Wonga-wonga Pigeons. Leucosarcia picata (Lath.). De- posited. 2 Brush Turkeys. Talegalla lathami, Gray. Deposited. 1 pair of Gold Pheasants. Thawmaleapicta(Linn.). Purchased. 4 Yellow-footed Kangaroos. Petrogale xanthopus, Gray. Pur- chased. . 1 Hybrid Ibex. Capra ibex (Linn.) and Capra hircus. Born. . 3 Impeyan Pheasants. Lophophorus impeyanus (Lath.). De- posited. 1 Horned Tragopan. Ceriornis satyra (Linn.). Deposited. 1 2 Peacock Pheasant. Polyplectron chinquis, Temm. Depo- sited. _—— Apr. Oo oan Ti: 12. 13. 14, ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 717 . 1 2 White-crested Kaleege. Euplocamus albo-cristatus (Vig.). Deposited. 1 Grey Francolin. Francolinus ponticerianus (Gmel.). Deposited. 8 Hill Francolins. -Arboricola torqueola (Val.). Deposited. 1 Cheer Pheasant. Catreus wallichit (Hardw.). Deposited. . 2 Black Bulbuls. Pyenonotus pygeus (Hodgs.). Purchased. 1 White-bellied Sea Eagle. Haliaétus leucogaster (Gmel.). Pur- chased. 1 Rabbit-eared Perameles. Perameles lagotis, Reid. Purchased. 2 Gray’s Jerboa-Kangaroos. Bettongia grayi (Gould). Purchased. 2 Black-tailed Water-Hens. Tribonyx ventralis, Gould. Pur- chased. . 1 Skunk. Mephitis chilensis, Geoff. Presented by Mr. Edmonds. . 1 Bonnet Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by W. Freeman, Esq. . 4 Cereopsis Geese. Cereopsis nove-hollandie, Lath. Deposited. 1 Black Swan. Cygnus atratus, Lath. Deposited. . 2 Blood-stained Cockatoos. Cacatua sanguinea, Gould. 2 Australian Thick-knees. Cdicnemus grallarius (Lath.). Pre- sented by the Royal Dublin Zoological Society. 4 Wattled Fruit Pigeons. Carpophaga microcera, Bonap. Pur- chased. 1 Double-crested Pigeon. Lopholaimus antarcticus (Shaw). Pre- sented by the Acclimatation Society of Sydney. 1 Tooth-billed Pigeon. Didunculus strigirostris, Jard. Pre- sented by Geo. Bennett, M.D.,; F.Z.8. 1 Black-backed Porphyrio. Porphyrio melanotus, Temm. 2 Brush Turkeys. Talegalla lathami, Gray. 1 Australian Pelican. Pelecanus conspicillatus, Gould. Pur- chased. 2 Wedge-tailed Eagles. Aguila audax (Lath.). 5 Java Sparrows. Padda oryzivora (Linn.). Presented by Charles Sidgreaves, Esq. 1 Indian Turtledove. Presented by Charles Sidgreaves, Esq. 1 Common Macaque. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented by Charles Sidgreaves, Esq. 1 Red-sided Green Lory. Polychloros magnus (Gmel.). Pur- chased. 1 Malabar Squirrel. Sciwrus purpureus, Temm. Received. 1 Banded Ichneumon. Herpestes fasciatus, Desm. Purchased. 1 Blossom-headed Parrakeet. Paleornis bengalensis (Linn.). Purchased. 1 Blue-crowned Conure. Conurus hemorrhous, Spix. Purchased. 1 © Elegant Grass Parrakeet. Euphema elegans, Gould. Pur- chased. A collection of Marine Animals. Purchased. 1 Crested Ground Parrakeet. Calopsitta nove-hollandia, (Gmel.). Presented by Lady Phillimore. A collection of Marine Animals. Purchased. 6 Green Lizards. Lacerta viridis, Linn. Purchased. 1 Sooty Monkey. Cercopithecus fuliginosus, Geoff. Presented by Colonel Addison. 1 American Night Heron. Nycticorax pileatus (Bodd.). Pre- sented by E. B. Webb, Esq. 1 Burchell Zebra. -Asinus burchellii, Gray. Born. 1 pair of Common Peafowl. Pavo cristatus, Linn. R. W.Tamp- ling, Esq. 718 Apr. 16. 26. 27, 28. 30. May 1. APPENDIX. 4 Spotted-sided Finches. -Amadina lathami (Vig. & Horsf.). urchased. 3 Red-tailed Finches. Estrelda ruficauda, Gould. Purchased. . 2 Javan Parrakeets. Paleornis javanica (Osb.), On approval. 1 Fat Dormouse. Myoxus glis, Schreb. Purchased. A mass of Tubilaria. Presented by T. J. Moore, Esq., C.M.Z.S. . 1 Green Lizard. Lacerta viridis, Linn. Presented by Mrs. Clark. 1Indian Porcupine. Hystrix leucura, Sykes. Presented by A. Oswald Brodie, Esq. . 2 Grey Squirrels. Scvwrus cinereus, Linn. Purchased. 4 Laughing Kingfishers. Dacelo gigantea (Lath.). Presented by L. Mackinnon, Esq. . 1 Bonnet Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Received. . 1 Wedge-tailed Hagle. Aguila audax (Lath.). Capt. Stewart. . 1 Ursine Colobus, Colobus ursinus, Ogilby. Purchased. 1 Smooth Snake. Coronella levis, Lacép. . 8Gold Fish. Cyprinus auratus, Linn. Presented by Arthur Russell, Esq. 2 g Kids, Hybrids. Between ¢ Capra megaceros, Hutt., and © Capra beden, Forsk. Born. 1 Wild Sow. Sus scrofa, Linn. Deposited. 1 ¢ Emu. Dromeus nove-hollandia, Vieill. Exchanged. 1 Hawfinch. Coccothraustes vulgaris (Briss.). Presented by C. Wolley, Esq. 1 Crocodile. Deposited. 1 Lizard. Deposited. 1 New Zealand Parrakeet. Cyanoramphus nove-zelandie (Sparrm.). Purchased. 1 Malabar Squirrel. Scecwrus purpureus, Zimm. Presented by Capt. Gideon. 1 Ring-necked Parrakeet. Paleornis torquata (Linn.). Pre- sented by Miss Thacker. 1 Blue-faced Lorikeet. Zirichoglossus hematodus (Linn.). Re- ceived. 2 Antillean Snakes. Dromicus antillensis, Schleg. Presented by Capt. Abbott. 1 Three-toed Sloth. Bradypus tridactylus, Linn. Purchased. 1 White Ibis. JZbis alba, Linn. Purchased. 2 Tiger Bitterns. Ztyrisoma brasiliense (Linn.). Purchased. 8 Antillean Snakes. Dromicus antillensis,Schleg. Purchased. 1 Dorsal Lizard. Ameiva dorsalis, Gray. Presented by Capt. Abbott. 1 Common Boa. Boa constrictor, Linn. Presented by Dr. Leard. 2 Quebec Marmots. Arctomys empetra(Schreb.). Presented by the Hon. A. Gordon. 1 Snowy Owl. Nyctea nivea (Daud.). Presented by the Hon. A. Gordon. 2 Bisons. Bison americanus (Gmel.). Purchased. 3 Dusky Ducks. Anas obscurus, Gmel. Hatched. 3. 1 Turquoisine Parrakeet. Huphema pulchella (Shaw). Received. 1 Jerboa Kangaroo. Bettongia, sp.? Presented by G. Mit- chell and W. Sluce, Esq. . A collection of Fishes. Presented by Dr. Salter, F.Z.S. A collection of Fishes. Purchased. 1 Q Leucoryx. Oryx leucoryx (Pall.). Born. May 5. 20. 21. 23. ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 719 5 Upland Geese. Chloéphaga magellanica (Gmel.). Hatched. 5 Ruddy—headed Geese. Chloéphaga rubidiceps, Sclater. Hatched. . 2 West-Indian Rails. Aramides cayennensis (Gmel.). Purchased. . 2 Orang-Utans. Stméa satyrus, Linn. Purchased. 1 Blessbok Antelope. Damalis albifrons (Burch.). Purchased. 1 Spotted Pigeon. Columba arquatriz, Temm. ‘Purchased. 1 Rufous Francolin. Galloperdix spadicea (Gmel.). On ap- roval. 1 Wood Francolin. Francolinus gularis (Shaw). Purchased. A collection of Fishes. Presented by Dr. Salter, F.Z.S. 1 Wild Cat. Felis catus, Linn, Presented by the Earl of Sea- field, F.Z.S. - 6 Common Pheasants. Phasianus colchicus, Linn. Purchased. 10. - 1 3 Black Scoter. Cidemia nigra, Flem. Purchased. 1 Brown Bear. Ursus arctos, Linn, Presented by Viscount Ranelagh, 1 Common Adder. elias berus, Merr. Presented by Tr: Buckland, Esq., F.Z.S. 1 Common Kestrel. Tinnunculus alaudarius, Briss, Presented by T. Havers, Esq. . 1 Black-fronted Lemur. Lemur migrifrons, Geoff. Presented by F. Le Breton, Esq., F.Z.S. . 1 Chameleon. Chameleo vulgaris, Daud. Deposited. 1 Red and Blue Maccaw. Ara macao (Limn.). Deposited. 1 Blue-fronted Amazon. Chrysotis amazonica (Gmel.). De- posited. » 1 2 Ganga Cockatoo. Callocephalon galeatum (Lath.), Pur- chased. 2 American Deer. Cervus virginianus ? (Bodd.). On approval. . 3 Parasitic Kites. Milvus parasiticus (Daud.). Purchased. 2 Crested Ground Parrakeets. Calopsitta nove-hollandie (Gmel.). Hatched. 2 Sturgeons. Acipenser sturio, Linn, Purchased. 2 German Loach. Cobitis fossilis, Purchased. . 2 Tigers, Felis tigris, Linn. Born. - 4 Burbot. Lota vulgaris, Willoughby. Presented by Francis Francis, Esq. . | White Fallow Deer. Cervus dama, Linn., var. alba. On approval. 1 Arabian Baboon. Cynocephalus hamadryas (Linn.). On ap- roval. 4 Bluish Finches, Spermophila cerulescens (Vieill.). Pur- chased. 1 White-throated Finch. Spermophila albogularis, Spix. 11 Summer Ducks. Air sponsa (Linn.). Hatched. 1 Brown Coati. Nasua fusca, Desm. Presented. 2 Weka Rails. Ocydromus australis (Sparrm.). Presented by the Acclimatization Society of Melbourne. 3 Lizards. Presented by the Acclimatization Society of Mel- bourne. 10 Australian Quails. Synecus australis (Lath.). Deposited. 2 Black-breasted Peewits. Sarciophorus pectoralis (Cuy.). De- osited. 3 ‘Vitae Opossums. Phalangista vulpina (Shaw). Deposited. 4 Emus. Dromeus nove-hollandia, Vieill. Deposited. 2 Lobsters. Homarus vulgaris (Linn.). Presented by A. Arce- deckne, Esq., F.Z.S. 720 May 23 27, 28. 30. él. June 1. 3. 1 Rhesus Monkey. Macacus erythreus (Schreb.). Born. 10 12. 13 APPENDIX. . 6 Black-headed Gulls. Larus ridibundus, Linn. Presented by the Hon. Aug. A. C. Ellis. 8 Naked-footed Owls. -Athene noctua (Retz.). Presented by the Hon. Aug. A. C. Ellis. 1 Crossbill. Lo.wia curvirostra, Linn. Purchased. » 1 Herring-Gull. Larus argentatus, Briinn. Presented by Mrs. Hooker. 1 Common Quail. Coturnix communis (Bonn.). Presented by Miss Maul. 1 Rusa Deer. Deposited. 2 Kingfishers. -Alcedo ispida, Linn. Purchased. 2 Feline Douroucoulis. Nyctipithecus felinus, Spix. Purchased. 1 Little Guan. Ortalida katraca (Bodd.). Purchased. 1 Red-billed Tree Duck. Dendrocygna autumnalis (Linn.). Purchased. 1 Turkey Vulture. Cathartes aura (Linn.). Purchased. 2 Cocoi Herons. Ardea cocot, Linn. Purchased. 1 Common Jackal. Canis aureus, Linn. Presented by Thomas Waite, Hsq. 1 g Eland. Oreas canna (Pall.). Born. 1 Ruddy Sheldrake. Casarca rutila (Pall.). Hatched. 1 Ashy-headed Goose. Chloéphaga poliocephala, Gray. Hatched. 1 Grey Parrot. Psittacus erythacus, Linn. Purchased. 1 S Wapiti Deer. Cervus canadensis, Briss. Born. 1 Pinche Monkey. Hapale edipus (Linn.). Presented by Au- gustus Cooper, Esq. 5 Impeyan Pheasants. Lophophorus impeyanus (Lath.). Hatched. 2 Dwarf Turtledoves. Zurtw: humilis (Temm.). Hatched. 1 Snake. Presented by C. A. Wright, Esq. 3 Terrapins. Presented by C, A. Wright, Esq. 1 $ Ring-necked Pheasant. Phastanus torquatus,Gmel. De- osited. 12 2 Scemmering’s Pheasants. Phastanus semmeringti, Temm. Deposited. 2 2 Scemmering’s Pheasants. Phasianus seemmeringii, Temm. Deposited. 1 Japanese Dog. Canis domesticus, Linn., var. Deposited. 1 Japanese Monkey. Macacus speciosus, F. Cuy. Purchased. A collection of Marine Animals. Purchased. . 1 Skink. Presented by Brownlow O. Knox, Esq. 1 Cinereous Sea Hagle. Haliaétus albicilla (Linn.). Depo- sited. 1 Tawny Eagle. Aquila nevioides, Cuy. Deposited. 6, 11 Summer Ducks. Atv sponsa (Linn.). Hatched. 8. 8 5 Bahama Ducks. Pweilonetta bahamensis (Linn.). Hatched. 4 Red-billed Tree Ducks. Dendrocygna autumnalis (Linn.). Received in exchange. . 1 Zebu Cow. Bos indicus, Linn. Deposited. 2 Sheep. Ovis aries, Linn., var. Deposited. . 5 Impeyan Pheasants. Lophophorus impeyanus (Lath.). Hatched. 1 Horned Tragopan. Ceriornis satyra (Linn.). Hatched. 2 Australian Tree Frogs. 2 Great Kangaroos. Macropus giganteus, Shaw. 2 Brown Howlers. Mycetes ursinus (Humb.). Purchased. . 1 2 Eland. Oreas canna (Pall.). Born. — ee June 14. 28. 29. 30. July 2. ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 721 2 Diana Monkeys. Cercopithecus diana (Linn.). Purchased. 1 Impeyan Pheasant. Lophophorus impeyanus (Lath.). Pur- chased. 8 Yellow Snakes. Chilobothrus inornatus, Dum. Presented by Capt. Abbott. 2Emus. Dromeus nove-hollandia, Vieill. Presented by P. D. M‘Ewen, Esq. . 1 Pinche Monkey. Hapale edipus (Linn.). Purchased. . 1 Sg Wapiti Deer. Cervus canadensis, Briss. Born. 1 Common Squirrel. Sciwrus vulgaris, Linn. Presented by Mrs. Mivart. . 2 Azara’s Foxes. Canis azare, Pr. Max. Presented by W. K. Martin, Esq. . 1 Rose-hill Parrakeet. Platycercus eximius (Shaw). Presented by Miss Peele. . 1 Lioness. Felis leo, Linn. Deposited. 1 Leopard. Felis leopardus, Linn. Deposited. 4 African Toads. Purchased. . 2 Mooruks. Caswarius bennettii, Gould. Ilatched. A collection of Marine Animals. Purchased. . 1 Black-eared Marmoset Monkey. Hapale penicillata (Geoff.). Purchased. 2 g Scemmering’s Pheasants. Phasianus semmeringit, Temm. Presented by R. Russell, Esq. 2 pairs of Scemmering’s Pheasants. Phasianus seemmeringti, Temm. Purchased. . 2 Rabbit-eared Perameles. Perameleslagotis, Reid. Purchased. 1 Herring-Gull. Larus argentatus, Brinn. Presented by J. Williams, Esq. . 1 Reh-bok. Pelea capreola (Licht.). Purchased. 1 Grys-bok. Calotragus melanotis (Riipp.). Purchased. . 8 Wild Cats. Felis catus, Linn. Presented by the Earl of Seafield, F.Z.S. 1 Black Kite. Milvus niger, Briss. Hatched. . 2 Australian Pelicans. Pelecanus conspicillatus, Gould. Pre- sented by the Acclimatization Society of Victoria. 5 Black Swans. Cygnus atratus. Lath. Deposited. 2 Slender-billed Cockatoos. Licmetis tenuirostris (Wagl.). Pre- sented by Dr. Miller, C.M.Z.S. 2 Lizards. Presented by Dr. Miiller, C.M.Z.S. 4 Electric Eels. Gymmnotus electricus, Linn. Purchased. 2 Rufous Tinamous. Rhynchotus rufescens,Temm. Purchased. 1 Common Sand-Grouse. Pterocles arenarius (Pall.), Pur- chased. 2 Emus. Dromeus nove-hollandie, Vieill. Presented by the Acclimatization Society of Victoria. 2 Australian Cranes. Girus australasiana, Gould. Presented by the Acclimatization Society of Victoria. 1 Shining Parrakeet. Pyrrhadopsis splendens, Cass. Purchased. 1 Adder. elias berus, Merr. Presented by E. J. Lowe, Esq. 7 Impeyan Pheasants. Lophophorus impeyanus(Lath.). Hatched. 3 Green-breasted Pheasants. Phastanus versicolor, Temm. Hatched. 1 $ Barasingha Deer. Cervus duvaucelit, Cuv. Born. 1 Mantchourian Deer. Cervus mantchuricus, Swinhoe. Pre- sented by R. Swinhoe, Esq., F.Z.S. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—!1864, No. XLVI. 13. APPENDIX. 1 Dampier Strait Wild Hog. Sus—? Presented by R. Swin- hoe, Esq., F.Z.S. 3 King Crabs. Limulus polyphemus. Presented by T. J. Moore, Esq., C.M.Z.S. 2 King Crabs. Limulus polyphemus. Deposited. . 1 2 Double-banded Pigeon. Treron bicinctus, Jerd. Deposited. 1 Purple-shouldered Pigeon. Treron phenicoptera (Lath.). Deposited. 6 Rain Quails. Coturnix coromandelica (Gmel.). Deposited. 11 Purple Pheasants. Euplocamus horsfieldii, Gray. Deposited. 7 Fantail Pigeons, Columba domestica,Gmel., var. Deposited. . 1 Japanese Deer. Cervus sika, Temm. Born. . 1 9 Yak. Bos grunniens, Linn. Born. 1 Raccoon. Procyon lotor (Linn.). Purchased. . 6 Kingfishers, Alcedo ispida, Linn. Presented by A. Yates, Esq. 2 Young Common Kestrels. Tinnunculus alaudarius, Briss. Presented by Oct. ee Ksq. 1 Gannet, Sula bassana, Linn. Presented by J. J. Broadwood, Esq . 1 Canadian Beaver. Castor canadensis, Kuhl. Born. 3 Australian Quails. Synecus australis (Lath.). Hatched. . 1 Rose-crested Cockatoo. Cacatua rosacea (Lath.). Deposited. . 1 Red Ground-Dove. Geotrygon montana (Linn.). Hatched. 1 Bartlett’s Pigeon. Phlogenas bartlettit, Sclater. Hatched. 1 Crested Ground-Parrakeet. Calopsitta nove-hollandie (Gmel.). Hatched. 2 Dwarf Turtledoves. Turtur humilis (Temm.). Hatched. 2 Undulated Grass Parrakeets. Melopsittacus undulatus (Shaw). Presented by A. Holmes, Esq. 2 Young Rheas. Rhea americana, Vieill. Presented by A. Brenner, Esq. 1 Bonnet Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by J. Seaton, Esq. . 2 Brown Bears. Ursus arctos, Linn. Presented by H. H. Elder, Esq. 2 Pied Wagtails. Motacilla yarrellii, Gould. Hatched. . 4 Blue-headed Pigeons. Starneenas cyanocephala (Linn.), Pur- chased. 4 Moustache-Pigeons. Peristera mystacea(Temm.), Purchased. . 1 Python. Python sebe (Gmel.). Purchased. 8 Java Sparrows. Padda oryzivora (Linn.). Purchased. 1 Senegal Parrot. Peocephalus senegalensis (Linn.). Received. . 1 Common Jackal. Canis awreus, Linn. Presented by E. Blake, Es q. . 1 Red-breasted Pigeon. Phlogeenas cruentata Arab Deposited. ( 1 Entellus Monkey. Semnopithecus entellus(Linn.). Presented by Miss M. L. Gordon. . 1 g and 2 9 Lineated Pheasants. Euplocamus lineatus (Lath.). Presented by Dr. Squire, C.M.Z.S. 1 pair of Rhinoceros. Rhinoceros unicornis, Linn. Presented by A. Grote, Esq., C.M.Z.8. 1 pair of Eastern Jabirus. Mzycteria australis, Shaw. Presented by A. Grote, Esq., C.M.Z.S. 1 White-headed Tantalus. Tantalus leucocephalus, Linn. Pre- sented by A. Grote, Esq., C.M.Z.S. 1 Concave-casqued Hornbill. Buceros bicornis, Linn. Pre- sented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S. July 25. 26. 27. 28. ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. : 723 1 Rhinoceros Hornbill. Buceros rhinoceros, Linn. Presented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S. nt 1 pair of Common Cassowaries. Casuarius galeatus (Vieill.). Presented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S. 2 2 Javan Peafowl. Pavo muticus, Horsf, Presented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S. 2 2 Rufous-tailed Pheasants. Euplocamus erythrophthalmus (Rafil.). Presented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S. 1 2 Peacock Pheasant. Polyplectron chinquis, Temm. Pre- sented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S. 1 White-headed Tantalus. Tantalus leucocephalus, Linn. Pre- sented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.ZS. 1 pair of Black Cuckoos. Eudynamys orientalis ea Pre- sented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S. 9 Rose-coloured Pastors. Pastor roseus (Linn.). Presented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S. 2 Large Indian Tortoises. Testudo indica, Gmel. Presented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S. 2 Sarus Cranes. Gus antigone, Linn. Presented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S, 1 ¢ Javan -Peafowl. Pavo muticus, Horsf. Presented by Wm. Dunn, Esq., C.M.Z.S. 1 2 Coneave-casqued Hornbill. Buceros bicornis, Linn. Pre- sented by Wm. Dunn, Esq., C.M.Z.S. 1 $ Rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis, Linn. Deposited. 3 Madagascar Francolins. Francolinus madagascariensis (Scop.). Deposited. 1 Black Crested Eagle. Spizaétus occipitalis (Daud.). Deposited. 2 Black Kites. Milvus niger, Briss. Deposited. 1@ sce gughe Jungle-fowl. Gallus sonneratii, Temm. De- posited. A collection of Marine Animals. Presented by Edw. Pugh, Esq. 1 Young Common Zebra. Asinus zebra (Linn.). Presented by H. i Sir Edmund Wodehouse, K.C.B., Governor of the Cape Colony. 1 Barbary Falcon. Falco barbarus. Purchased. 1 Spotted Eared Owl. Bubo maculosus (Vieill.). Purchased. 1 Vervet Monkey. Cercopithecus lalandii, Is. Geoff. Presented by — Bushe, Esq. 1 Hawk’s-billed Turtle. Caretta imbricata. Presented by Messrs. T, C. W. M‘Kay and Co. 2 Turquoisine Parrakeets. Euphema pulchella (Shaw). Hatched. 1 Bartlett's Pigeon, Phlogenas bartletti’, Sclater. Hatched. 1 Razorbill. -Alca torda, Penn, Presented by P. W. Symonds, Sq. 2 Patagonian Cavies. Dolichotis patachonicus (Shaw). Pre- sented by John Duguid, Esq. . 1 Gray’s Jerboa Kangaroo. Bettongia grayi (Gould). Born. 1 Young Porpoise. Phocena communis, Less. Purchased. . 1 Moor Monkey. Semnopithecus maurus (Schreb.). On approval. 8 Algerian Greenfinches. Fringilla awrantiiventris, Cab. Pur- chased, 2 Algerian Chaflinches. Fringilla spodiogenia. Purchased. 1 Short-toed Lark. Alauda brachydactyla, Temm. Purchased. . 1 Pinche Monkey. Hapale wdipus (Linn.). Presented by A. de Mosquese, Esq. 17. 18, 19. 20. 22. 23. APPENDIX. 1 White-throated Sapajou. Cebus hypoleucus, Geoff. Presented by A. Yates, Esq. 1 Peewit. Vanellus cristatus, Meyer. Presented by A. Yates, Esq. . 2Emus. Dromeus nove-hollandie, Vieill, Presented by H. G. Ashurst, Esq. . 1 Alexandrine Parrakeet. Paleornis alexandri (Linn.). Pre- sented by Mrs. Synd. 1 Negro Tamarind-Monkey. -Hapale ursulus, Geoff. Presented by Comm. C. A. J. Asham, R.N. 1 Weasel-headed Armadillo. Dasypus encoubert, Desm. De- posited. . 1 Alpine Chamois. Rupicapra tragus, Gray. Born. . 1 Hybrid Barbary Dove. Hatched. 1 Capistrated Squirrel. Sciwrus capistratus, Bosc. Received in exchange. . 1 Ring-necked Parrakeet. Paleornis torquata (Linn.). Pre- sented by Miss Bessie Ryan. . 1 Common Sturgeon. Acipenser sturio, Linn. Purchased. 1 Common Buzzard. Buteo vulgaris, Bechst. Presented by Prof. Rolleston. . 1 pair of Globose Curassows. Crax globicera, Linn. Presented by R. S. Newall, Esq. . 1 Mexican Deer. Cervus mexicanus, H. Smith. Born. . 1 Vervet Monkey. Cercopithecus lalandii, Is. Geoff. Presented by Lieut. Chester Doughty. . 2 Mangabey Monkeys. Cercocebus ethiops (Geoff). Received in exchange. 4 Snow Buntings. Plectrophanes nivalis (Linn.). Received in exchange. 1 Grey Crow. Strepera anaphonensis (Temm.). Received in exchange. 1 Pine Grosbeak. Corythus enucleator (Linn.). Received in exchange. 1 African Owl. Bubo maculosus (Vieill.). Received in exchange. 1 Red Fox. Vulpes fulvus (Desm.). Presented by Mrs. Wm. Reid. 1 Angola Vulture. Gypohierax angolensis (Gmel.). Purchased. 1 Chilian Sea-Eagle. Geranoaétus aguia (Temm.). Purchased. 4 Greek Partridges. Caccabis saxatilis (Meyen). Purchased. 1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented by T. J. Hutton Wood, Esq. 2 Common Partridges. Perdix cinerea (Linn.). Presented by — Riley, Esq. 1 Golden Eel Bwseentad by — Ward, Esq. 2 Black-backed Porphyrios from New Zealand. Porphyrio me- lanotus, Temm. Presented by Henry St. Hill, Esq. 1 Blue Tanager. Tanagra cana, Sw. Purchased. 1 Two-spotted Paradoxure. Nandinia binotata (Reinw.). Pre- sented by Geo. Tidcombe, Esq. 2 Crested Ground-Parrakeets. Calopsitta nove-hollandie (Gmel.). Hatched. 2 Amandava Finches. Lstrelda amandava (Linn.). Deposited. 3 Indigo Birds. Cyanospiza cyanea (Linn.). Deposited. 1 Grenadier Weaver Bird. Euplectus onyx (Linn.). Deposited. 1 Nonpareil. Cyanospiza ciris (Linn.). Deposited. 2 Spotted-sided Finches. Amadina lathami (Vig. & Horsf.). Dapesind. Aug. 23, ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 725 3 Crimson-eared Waxbills. Estrelda pheenicotis, Sw. Deposited. 2 Orange-cheeked Waxbills. Estrelda melpoda (Vieill.). De- posited. 2 Common Waxbills. Estrelda cinerea (Vieill.). Deposited. ~ 1 Zebra Waxbill. Deposited. 24, 26. 31. Sept. 1. ou 69 1 St. Helena Seed-eater. Crithagra butyracea (Linn.). De- posited. 1 African Canary. Deposited. 1 Silverbeak. Munia cantans (Gmel.). Deposited. 1 Hooded Finch. -Amadina cucullata, Sw. Me osited. 1 Common Cuckoo. Cuculus cancrus, Linn, Presented by F. Luck, Esq. 1 Sacred Ibis. Geronticus ethiopicus (Lath.). Deposited. 1 Angola Vulture. Gypohierax angolensis (Gmel.). Deposited. 1 Derbian Wallaby. Halmaturus derbianus, Gray. Purchased. 2 Raccoons. Procyon lotor (Linn.). Presented by H. O. Harvey, Esq. 1 Garcia Monkey. Cebus capucinus, Erxl. Presented by Wm. Lloyd, Esq. 1 Canadian Beaver. Castor canadensis, Kuhl. Born. 2 Mitred Guinea-fowls. Nwmida mitrata, Pall. Presented by Lady Walker. 1 Common Guinea-fowl. Numida meleagris, Linn. Presented by Lady Walker. . 1 Squirrel Monkey. Callithriz sciureus (Linn.). Purchased. 1 Vulpine Opossum. Phalangista vulpina (Shaw). Deposited. . 1 Rhesus Monkey. Macacus erythreus (Schreb.). Presented by Wm. Houlder, Esq. . 1 Weasel-headed Armadillo. Dasypus encoubert, Desm. Pur- chased. 2 Axalotts. Stredon humboldtii. Purchased. 1 Common Chameleon. Chameleo vulgaris, Daud. Presented by — Hands, Esq. 1 Globose Curassow. Crax globicera, Linn. Presented by Capt. Abbott. 2 Iguanas. Presented by Capt. Abbott. 1 Great Sulphur-crested Cockatoo. Cacatua galerita (Lath.). Presented by G. Norton, Esq. 1 Rose-crested Cockatoo. Cacatua rosacea (Lath.). Presented Mrs. Fairrei. 1 Horned Viper (Algiers). Presented by M. Curry, Esq. 1 Indian Moth. Attacus atlas. Deposited. . 1 Porpoise. Phocena communis, Less. Presented by Walter eld, Esq. i Vulpine Phalanger. Phalangista vulpina (Shaw). Presented E. E. Ashley, Esq. 1 Turtle. Presented by C. Butler, Esq. . 1 Brazilian Caracara. Polyborus brasiliensis (Gmel.). . 1 Vinaceous Turtledove. Turtur vinaceus (Gmel.). Hatched. . 1 Indian Moth. Aitacus atlas. Deposited. 1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented by Mrs. R. B. Beddome. 2 Green Lizards. Lacerta viridis, Linn. Presented by Mrs. Baker. . 1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented by — Ellis, Esq. 726 Sept. 9. Oct. 10. 12. 13, 14, 19. 29, 30, APPENDIX. 1 Azara’s Fox. Canis azare, Pr. Max. Presented by Mrs. Laird Warren. 1 Red Coati. Nasua rufa, Desm. Presented by Mrs. Laird Warren. 1 Australian Crane. Gus australasiana, Gould. Deposited. 1 Black Swan. Cygnus atratus, Lath. Deposited. 1 White Goshawk. Astur nove-hollandie (Gmel.). Deposited. 1 Boobook Owl. -Athene boobook (Lath.). Presented by the Acclimatization Society of Queensland. 2 Slender-billed Cockatoos, Licmetes tenwirostris (Wagl.). Presented by Dr. Miiller, C.M.Z.S. 1 White Goshawk. Asta nove-hollandie (Gmel.). Presented by Dr. Miiller, C.M.Z.S. 1 Himalayan Bear. Ursus torquatus (Wagn.). Presented by H. A. Hebeler, Esq., 6th Regiment of Foot. 2 Herring-Gulls. Larus argentatus, Brinn. Presented by Wm. Houlder, Esq. 1 Smooth Snake. Coronella levis, Lacép. Presented by John Pures, Esq. 1 Piedmontese Calf. Bos taurus, Linn., var. Born. 1 American Thrush. Turdus migratorius, Linn. Presented by W. H. Boare, Esq. 30 Crested Lizards. Anolis cristatellus, Dum. & Bibr. Pre- sented by Capt. Sawyer. 1 African Wild Ass. Asinus teniopus, Heugl. Purchased. 2 Imperial Eagles. Aguila heliaca, Savig. Purchased. 5 Little Eerets. LEgretta garzetta (Linn.). Purchased. 6 Squacco Herons. Buphus comatus (Pall.). Purchased. 2 Red-footed Falcons. Falco vespertinus, Linn. Purchased. 1 Common Cuckoo. Cuculus canorus, Linn, Presented by R. Branzelor, Esq. 20. 2 Young Turtles. Presented by H. Jones, Esq., R.N. 21, 1 Young ¢ Syrian Bear. Ursus syriacus, Ehrenb. Presented by E. T. Rogers, Esq., H.B.M. Consul, Damascus. . 1 Bartlett’s Pigeon. Phlogenas bartlettii, Sclater. Hatched. 8 Gold Carp. Cyprinus auratus, Linn. Presented by A. Russell, Es Rabel h aguar. Felis onga, Linn. Born. . 2 Cambayan Turtledoves. Zurtur senegalensis (Linn.). Hatched. 1 Rufous-necked Weaver Bird. Hyphantornis textor (Gmel.). Hatched. . 1 Hybrid Peccary. Between Dicotyles tajagu (Linn.), 2, and Dicotyles labiatus, Cuy., ¢. Born. 1 Porpoise. Phocena communis, Less. Prescnted by Theodore Grant Cresey, Esq. 1 Marimonda Spider Monkey. Ateles belzebuth (Briss.). Pur- chased. 1 Kiwi.