ass 3 : } ALN fy : wht ' ie) » als ity? 7 ? ee 4) y oy st yt nth i , tdi Ht iy MENT te San Ti i 4 a " PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC. MEETINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON FOR THE YEAR PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, AND SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE. paves LONDON: MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER, PATERNOSTER ROW, A PARIS: LEIPZIG: M. J. ROTHSCHILD, M. J. ROTHSCHILD, 43, RUE SAINT ANDRE DES ARTS. 34, QUERSTRASSE. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. LIST CF THE CONTRIBUTORS, With References to the several Articles contributed by each. Page Apvams, Henry, F.L.S. Descriptions of the New Species of Land-Shells collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace in the Malayan Archipelago ...... 414 Descriptions of a New Genus and*some New Species of [7 TS ees Ace a ae cS eee a 753 Apvams, Henry, F.L.S., and Ancas, GrorGre Frencu, C.M.Z.S. Descriptions of Two New Species of Shells in the Collec- tion of George French Angas ........... Gi afte bd eats 54 Autman, Prof., F.R.S. On the characters and affinities of Potamogale, a genus of insectivorous mammals recently discovered in Western Africa 467 Aneas, GreorGE Frencu, C.M.Z.S. Descriptions of Ten New Species of Shells, chiefly from PaaEy NIB DEAL CARD CS oi a otwitin atmeteinnis-5) Aaipim Sane elie eae 55 Descriptions of Four New Species of Marine Shells trom South Australia iv On the Marine Molluscan Fauna of the Province of South Australia: with a List of all the Species known up to the present time; together with Remarks on their Habits and Distribution; 6ce;.. Part Leesa ics suse se Speers 155 Description of a New Species of Gouldia from Port Jackson 459 On the Marine Mollusean Fauna of the Province of South Australia: with a List of all the Species known up to the present time; together with Remarks on their Habits and Distubution) Gem "Lartebis4 Mey eee hee ee ei Descriptions of Two New Species of Marine Bivalve Shells fromi,podya. Awetralins.... 9 cS: oo Se pa ees be ee 697 Ancas, GeorGe Frencu, and Apams, Henry. (See ADAMS, Henry.) Austen, N. L. On the Habits of the Water-Shrew (Crossopus fodiens) .. 519 Barro, W., M.D., F.L.S. Description of a New Species of Entozoon from the Intes- tines of the Diamond-Snake of Australia (Morelia spilotes). 58 Barsoza pu Bocace, Professor José Vicente, Director of the National Museum, Lisbon, F.M.Z.S. Sur quelques Mammiféres rares et peu connus, d’ Afrique occidentale, qui se trouvent au Muséum de Lisbonne ...... 401 Sur Habitat du Hyalonema lusitanicum...........-.. 662 Barrett, A. D., Superintendent of the Soeiety’s Gardens. Remarks on the Affinities of the Prongbuck (dntilocapra GMETICANA),«. Jrnie Roehl erwiale, aj)tes rhe = Ge Pete eer eerie Bieiate oka 718 Barr, Cuarwes Spence, F.R.S., F.LS., C.M.Z.S. Description of dstacus caldwelli ............+.++.... 469 Breavan, R. C., Lieut. Bengal Survey, C.M.Z.S. Indian Ornithological Notes, chiefly on the Migration of SPCcles “sac cea eta t eens 2 eee Eo trrin See Bs aA 690 v Bennett, Dr. Georee, F.L.S., F.Z.S. Extract from a letter addressed to the Secretary...... Brancont, Professor J. J., of Bologna. Letter from, respecting the Osteology of the extinct genus UT RR PS TE” Fy eee ae Pee ce TS Ae me eR A a Buiyru, Epwarp, C.M.Z.S8. Exhibition of some remarkably large horns of the Wapiti Deer (Cervus canddensiz) .. 2... re bicg cs ces es Brapy, GeorGe STewarpson, C.M.Z.S8. On sixty-six new or imperfectly known species of Marine TREVACBOUE wos aes «area eke Gust sale ata Par oe: sates trac. Burcer, Capt. Georcr Ernest, 10th Regt. Foot, C.M.Z.S. Note on the Habits of the Musquash of North America. . Burmeister, Dr. Hermann, Director of the National Mu- seum, Buenos Ayres, F.M.Z.S. Extract from a letter addressed to Dr. Gray on a new species of Whale, Balenoptera patachonica Description of a New Species of Porpoise in the Museum GrapnenostA yremmeewere: 2S. Mae oy bE ocho deg ks Extract from a letter concerning specimens of Heliomaster NY EI AE SRO Re AE LAE Lee INS AO eee Seek On a supposed New Species of Fin-Whale from the coast of South America ........... Busx, Georer, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S. Memoir upon the Fossil Elephants of Malta .... Butter, ArtHur Garpiner, F.Z.S,, Assistant, Zoological Department, British Museum, Descriptions of Six New Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera in the British Museum Collection....................... Page 59 196 618 257 682 L90 228 466 713 510 430 vil Descriptions of Six New Species of Exotic Butterflies in the Collection of the British Museum .................. Descriptions of the Characters of Six New Species of Rho- palocerous Lepidoptera in the Collection of the British Mu- seum, with Notes on the Allied Species ................ Monograph of the Species of Charazes, a Genus of Diurnal Lepidoptera De:criptions of Six Butterflies New to Science, belonging to the Genera Heter rochroa and Romaleosoma RIAN c~ ¢ Description of a New Species of Cetonia, with Bamanke on the Allied Species: 2. 2209... iewds ae de. Roa eae Carrenter, Puiwir P., B.A., Ph.D. Diagnoses of New Forms of Mollusca from the Vancouver Distineis: aha mamttas No aertix- Anca a alee a8 Again siotaiatie loaner Diagnoses of New Species and a New Genus of Mollusks from the Reigen Mazatlan Collection : with an account of ad- ditional Specimens presented to the British Museum...... Descriptions of New Species and Varieties of Chitonide and Acmeide from the Panama Collection of the late Prof. C. B. Adams.. rea Diagnoses of New Species of Mollusks, from the West Tropical Region of North America, principally collected by the Rev. J. Rowell, of San Francisco .................. Description of Two Species of Chitonide, from the Col- lection of W. Harper Pease, Esq. . Cosson, Dr. T. Spencer, F.R.S. Note on some Entozoa collected by Mr. Charles W. Devis Cox, James C., of Sydney, M.D., &e. Descriptions of Seven New Species of Australian Land- Bhalla... 0. Si ieee wis a eae pee ee eee 481 622 667 729 201 268 274 325 vil Page Crisp, Enwarps, M.D., F.Z.S., &e. On the Os Penis of the Chimpanzee stenininti eg niger) and of the Orang (Simia satyrus). . sfeeres: seep 48 On the Anatomy and Habits of the Water-Ousel pare PGUMESENS)) 0.5 RE ath RMR Ce Akh Mens ete POG Te Da vhs: 4 Sgrty 4D On some points relating to the Anatomy and Habits of the Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus), and on the presence of Intestinal Glands not before noticed.................. 257 Exhibition of a drawing of the placenta of the Giraffe, lately obtained from the Society’s Gardens .............. 328 Exhibition of a drawing of the Aard-Vark ( Orycteropus PARE) Sete oo ak ire erat eee Lo ce MOO Dauias, W. S., F.L.S., Keeper of the York Museum. On the Feathers of Dinornis robustus, Owen .......... 265 Day, Francis, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c., Surgeon Madras Army. On the Fishes of Cochin, on the Malabar Coast of India. ATEN. Pick eeeRteeete arose he Dey Rie pe aae comptaeahet idee, 2 On the Fishes of Cochin, on the Malabar Coast of India. all’: s0 ee Ptr eis. oR 0 has BBE Dourn, Dr. H., C.M.Z.S. List of the Land and Freshwater Shells from the Zambesi and Lake Nyassa, Eastern Tropical Africa, collected by John G4 A BD Pee otra papi han ae ee eshte ee PRE Sy ey Dow, Capt. J. M., F.Z.S. Letter from, relating to specimens of Thalassophryne.... 677 Fiower, Wiiuiam Henry, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Conser- vator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of London. Note on Pseudorca meridionalis .............+...... 470 On Physuiis-abbaldu, Gray o> =e sess. eae ATS vill Observations upon a Fin-Whale (Physalus antiquorum, Gray) recently stranded in Pevensey Bay On the Gular Pouch of the Great Bustard (Otis tarda, Linn.) 25:9 aoe aetets Gacke.3235- 0) Secs eae Fraser, Louis, C.M.ZS. List of Species of Mollusks recently collected by R. Swin- hoe, Esq., in Formosa ........ o ehavebeik ia wie te ee Exhibition of two eggs of the Rose-crested Cockatoo (Ca- COL TOSECED): coo onan, a 6G = legs mn tage we, ghee eee FRAUVENFELD, GEORGE, RITTER VON, Descriptions of Seven New Species of the genus Vivpara, Bate OPES a in ogee eeeaset oes vices ae aces Gian eae Goutp, Joun, F.R.S.. F.L.S., V.P.Z.S., &e. Descriptions of Two New Australian Birds.........--- Descriptions of Four New Species of Birds from Eastern ASTRO ete Re NI tee meter ier e Ais cist die cid vale ovat ovens.» cisue aeperene Gray, Joun Epwarp, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z.S., Keeper of the Zoological Collections in the British Museum. Notice of a New Whalebone-Whale from the Coast of De- 658 198 663 voushire, proposed to be called Eschrichtius robustus 40 Revision of the Genera and Species of Mustelide contained in the British Museum . ee re ee eer: i Extract from a letter addressed to him by I Dr. H. Bur- meister of Buenos Ayres, on a new species of Whale, pro- posed to be called Balenoptera patachonica ........+..0 190 Notice of the Skull of a New Species of Bush-Goat (Ce- phalophus longiceps), sent from the Gaboon by M. du Chaillu 204 Notice of a New Species of Porpoise (Phocena tuberculi- Jera) inhabiting the Mouth of the Thames .............. 318 Notice of an apparently Undescribed Species of American Porcupine . . 32t ix Notice of a Species of Tupaia from Borneo, in the Collec- Hon. atthe British MNSeODE s 52... om sess re reele tee oe Notice of a New Genus and Species of the Family Triony- Chida trem Western, Aftier #..5). 2. seve ile Wa Sota Notes on the Whales of the Cape; by E. L. Layard, Esq., of Cape Town, Corr. Memb. With Descriptions of Two New Selena OV: a TIME eral shart ese aoe hele emote ce wees as Revision of the Genera and Species of Entomophagous Edentata, founded on the Examination of the Specimens in pe, Brine MOM Use MnY Ghose Sk les Fea tia seelets Extract of a letter from E. L. Layard to, on a new Zebra On the Development of the Sternal Callosities in Cyela- nosteus senegalensis, and on the Synonyms of Cyclanosteus dy ie ANCE CNTR CAO. W's) iS... She We ate Bee Meee Notice of a New Species of Australian Sperm-Whale (Ca- todon krefftit) in the Sydney Museum.................. A Revision of the Genera and Species of Amphisbznians, with the Descriptions of some New Species now in the Col- lection“of the-British Miaseum) =232> or one-sixth of total length. ———ofbody ........ 1,4, or one-third of total length. ——— of hard dorsal.... 44, or one-fourth of total length. of soft dorsal .... 3455 or one-sixth of total length. ——— of base of caudal.. 45, or one-eleventh of total length. of ventral.......- 745, or one-sixth of total length. ——— of anal.......... 35> or one-eighth of total length. Diameter of eye 34; inch, or ? of the length of the head, ;4, inch from end of snout, 74; apart, situated close to the upper margin of profile. The profile rises very slightly from the snout to dorsal fin; the line of the abdomen is rather straight. Lower jaw slightly the longest. Superior maxillary bones extend as far backwards as the 1865.] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 9 anterior margin of the orbit. The openings of the nostrils rather wide apart, and opposite the upper fourth of the orbit. Preeorbital entire. Przeoperculum finely serrated on the posterior edge of its vertical limb, very slightly emarginate opposite the interoperculum, curved at its angle, where the serrations become coarser, but they decrease again as they approach the anterior end of the lower limb, which is slightly oblique. Sub- and inter-opercula entire. Oper- culum with two points, hardly to be termed spines, and terminating in an acute fleshy extremity. Scales on the opercula ; but none either between or in front of the orbits. Two broad bands of scales pass over the shoulders, separated by two or three rows of smaller ones. Suprascapular denticulated ; scapular and humeral entire. Teeth. An external row of large sharp teeth in the lower jaw, and several villiform rows in the centre. Upper jaw the same; inter- maxillaries crowded with small teeth en velour, and having two canines on either side, the external of which is curved and very large in comparison to the size of the fish. Fins. Origin of dorsal and pectoral in a line, the latter reaching as far backwards as the anal; ventral slightly behind pectoral ; anal arises opposite third soft ray of dorsal; pectoral pointed ; soft por- tions of dorsal and anal rounded; caudal slightly emarginate ; ven- tral pointed, first soft ray prolonged. Dorsal spines rather strong: first 2; inch; second ,4,; third 53,; fourth very slightly longer; thence they decrease to the last, which is 45 inch. Ventral spine weak, 8; inch long. Anal, second spine much the longest and strongest ; first >, inch ; second ,5, ; third .2,. Scales. Longest diameter from above downwards; above the lateral line they run in an ascending backward series of rows to the base of the dorsal until the end of that fin, when they pass parallel with back. Below the lateral line the first four rows run horizon- tally, terminating in the lateral line; the next five or six pass direct towards the caudal. Consequently the row commencing at the hu- merus is the superior one at the tail. Lateral line passes parallel with the back in its upper third. Colours. Back olive, shot with yellow. Abdomen yellow, with several horizontal brilliant golden lines; these lines are divided by a darker one running along the centre of each row of scales, so that each golden one is on parts of two. A large, very black mark exists on the lateral line, commencing at the twenty-second, and continued until the thirty-first scale ; it extends below the lateral line for three rows, and above it for one and a half. Dorsal and pectoral olive ; caudal and anal olive-yellow; ventrals golden. Iris golden. Rare in Cochin. The foregoing was the only one obtained; a second was frequently searched for, but invariably without success. MEsoprION RANGUS, Curvy. & Val. B.vii, D.f- P.16. V. >. A.g. C.16.2. 1eb46. Ltr. 2. Length of specimens from 7 to 9 inches. Very common ; grow to a large size; are excellent eating. 10 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. (Jan. 10, MEsopRION SILLAOO, Cuy. & Val. B yi.) D. 2! P16. Vee PAS: CO! 17: TsO ates as inches. Length of specimens from 11%; to 194%; inches. GE HEAR taci sratr 5;8;, or two-sevenths of total length. of pectoral ...... 4,,, or one-fourth of total length. af wandal <5. 004 3%), or one-sixth of total length. — of base of dorsal.. 75%;, or two-fifths of total length. of base of anal.... 2;%;, or one-ninth of total length. Height of head ........ 4;?;, or one-fourth of total length. of body .. .. 5455, or two-sevenths of total length. of hard dorsal.... 2, or two-nineteenths of total length. of soft dorsal .... 435;, or one-fourth of total length. ——— of base of caudal.. 2, or two-nineteenths of total length. Of ventral? 4.00280 3, or two-thirteenths of total length. of anal..........- 2,45, or one-ninth of total length. 2 Diameter of eye 1,2; x 1 inch, or } x 1 of length of head, 2.1, from end of snout, 1 inch apart. Profile gradually rises to the dorsal; but a slight concavity exists over the nostrils. Lower jaw a little the longest. The superior maxillary bone extends as far backwards as opposite the anterior third of the orbit. Preeoperculum, posterior limb nearly vertical in its upper half, which is entire, then emarginate to receive a knob of the interoperculum, and at this spot it is very finely serrated ; angle rounded, with about six very blunt denticulations ; lower limb horizontal and very short. Sub- and inter-opercula entire; a pro- tuberance on the upper angle of the latter. Operculum with two blunted points; no spines. No scales between or before the orbits. Arched double row of scales over the nape very conspicuous. Supra- scapular scale veined, but entire. Scapular and coracoid bones entire. Teeth. Canines large, ;3;ths of an inch exposed ; an external row of conical teeth in both jaws ; two or three rows of villiform in inter- maxillaries and upper jaw. A very few villiform teeth in lower jaw, and only in its anterior portion. Numerous and fine villiform teeth on vomer and palate. Fins. Origin of dorsal and ventral in a line; pectoral slightly in advance ; anal arises opposite first or second soft ray of dorsal ; pec- toral, pointed, does not reach so far as anal by ;5,ths of an inch; ventral pointed. Dorsal spines not very strong, base of spinous portion 4,4, of total length; interspinous membrane rather deeply notched: first spine zy inch ; second 1,8; third 2; fourth 2; fifth 1,8,; thence they decrease to the ninth, which is 1,4;; tenth 1,%;. Ventral spine weak, 1-3, inch. Anal spines rather strong; first ;°; inch; second 1,;, and slightly the strongest ; third 1,,. Scales passing in longitudinal rows, both above and below the lateral line. Opposite the termination of the soft dorsal, they become slightly undulating in their course, 1865.] MR. F, DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 11 Lateral line passes parallel with the back in the upper quarter of the body. Colours. These do not vary very much, except that in the young fish they are rather brighter; and also it must be noted that they soon commence to fade after the fish has been taken out of the water ; then the brilliancy of its red decreases, and its back becomes rather brownish grey. Each scale is rather darker at its base than at its margin. Below the lateral line it is of a bright deep lake-colour, above of a brownish red, with the base of each scale of a greyish-ash or brown colour. Under surface of the throat and chest scarlet, with a shade of orange. Cheeks orange scarlet. A bright blue zigzag line passes along either side of the snout on the lower margin of the preorbital and suborbital ring of bones. Hard portion of dorsal brownish grey; soft, of an orange scarlet. Anal, hard portion greyish, soft scarlet. Caudal scarlet. Pectoral scarlet, stained with darker at its margins. Eye bluish grey, with a golden-red centre. Common at Cochin; excellent eating; and grows to a large size. MESOPRION RUBELLUS, Cuv. & Val. B.vii, DU. P16. Vit. ALS. C1174. 1.1.46. L. tr. 2 . s—9° inches Length of specimen.. .. .. 173. 0 LTT 5;4, or two-sevenths of total length. of pectoral ...... 4,%,, or one-fourth of total length. —_ of caudal........ 3,2;, or two-elevenths of total length. of base of dorsal.. 7;4,, or two-fifths of total length. of base of anal... 2, or one-ninth of total length. Height of head ........ 4, or two-ninths of total length. af body Viwes «5. 5=4;, or two-sevenths of total length. of hard dorsal.... 254;, or one-ninth of total length. of soft dorsal .... 2, or one-ninth of total length. of base of caudal.. 1,5,, or one-tenth of total length. ——-— of ventral........ 3, or one-sixth of total length. of anal.......... 2,4, or one-ninth of total length. Diameter of eye 1,4,x 5% inch, or +4 of length of head, |; apart, 1,9, from end of snout. A very considerable rise from the snout to the commencement of the dorsal fin. Lower jaw very slightly the longest. Superior maxillary bones reach to opposite the anterior one-third of the orbit. Preeoperculum almost vertical in the upper portion of its ascending limb; in the lower third (opposite the interoperculum) slightly emarginate, finely serrated in the whole of its extent ; angle slightly rounded, with three or four blunt denticulations ; lower limb oblique, entire. Sub- and inter-opercula entire. Two very blunt points to operculum ; no spines. Suprascapular serrated. Scapular and cora- coid entire. No knob to the interoperculum. Teeth. Canines, exposed portion ;%; inch. An external series of large conical teeth in lower jaw, and also in the upper, but smaller. 12 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. [Jan. 10, Villiform teeth in both jaws; most numerous in the upper. Fine villiform teeth in vomer and palate. Fins. Origin of dorsal, pectoral, and ventral on a line. Anal arises opposite about the third soft ray of dorsal. Dorsal spines moderately strong; interspinous membrane very slightly notched ; first dorsal spine 35 inch ; second 1,%, ; third 252, ; fourth a little shorter; and they decrease to the last, which is 43. Ventral spine weak, 1;8;inch. Anal spines, first <3; inch; second 1, and much the strongest ; third 1,8;. Pectoral pointed, and reaching upwards of half an inch beyond the origin of the anal. Ventral pointed ; first soft ray prolonged. Anal rather pointed.. Caudal truncated. Scales in horizontal lines, both above and below the lateral line. Lateral line, in upper third of the body, following the curve of the back the whole way to just beyond the termination of the soft dorsal, when it proceeds direct to the caudal, which it reaches above its centre. Colours. Back greyish brown. Chest orange. Abdomen and sides of alight violet, each scale tipped with white. Cheeks orange ; scales also white on their exteriors. Eye silvery, with a golden rim round the pupil. Hard dorsal greyish; soft dorsal yellowish grey. Caudal brownish. Pectoral with a tinge of red. Anal, hard por- tion greyish ; soft yellowish grey. Ventrals greyish, with an orange base. Common; excellent eating. MESOPRION FULVIFLAMMA, Forsk. B. vii. D. a Pte: = A. = GC. 74) Ess Ae. 4. Length of specimen 2%; inches. AMBASSIS COMMERSONII, Cuy. & Val. Aranyee (Mal.). BoD: 7x Po Mieig Ns > A. = CLF. tie 183. “bite = Length of specimens from 3 to 7 inches. Common in all pieces of fresh and brackish water. They are eaten by the natives. AMBASSIS DUSSUMIER]I, Cuv. & Val. B.vi. D7. P.15. Vig. AG C.17. 1.1.27. L. tr. Ge Length of specimen 2,4; inches. Scales not so deciduous in this as in some of the other species. Lateral line interrupted. AmMBASSIS NALUA, Buch. Ham. ? Aranyee (Mal.). B.vi. D. 73. P.15. V.4. Avg. C.17. 1.30. L. tr. §. Length of specimen 3,1; inches. 1865.] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 13 Inferior margin of interoperculum strongly denticulated : thus with the double denticulated edge of the przoperculum and the denticu- lations on the interoperculum there are three parallel lines of teeth- ing in this species. A sharp spine directed backwards at the poste- rior superior angle of the orbit; and two or three more along its posterior edge, but separated from the first by a notch. Ventral spine comparatively long, reaching close to the origin of the anal, whilst its soft rays extend as far as the third anal spine. Length of head one-third of the total ; height of body two-sevenths of total length ; second dorsal spine two-thirds the height of body ; second anal spine half the height of body. THERAPON TRIVITTATUS, Buch. Ham. Keetcha (Mal.). : F f 12 B. vi. D. =. P. 15. Vii. A. =. CMSB 95; Litre: Length of specimens from 2,5, to 454; inches. All the Therapons are indiscriminately termed Keetcha, and, un- less by the poorest of the population, are utterly rejected as food, as they are reputed to prey on any corpses that may be floating in the backwater. They do not, in Cochin, attain to the size they are found in Madras. THERAPON SERVUS, Bloch. Keetcha (Mal.). Bevis DOT 10 Pog. Ve i/ar” Avs/s. C17. E82. L. tr. 12/27. Length of specimens from 2,!, to 7 inches. THERAPON THERAPS, Cuy. & Val. Keetcha, Mal. Bee De12/109 2 Bs 152. VAs Aw 3/8. C17. Le) 50, L. tr. 10/14. Length of specimen 4,8, inches. PrRisTIPOMA MACULATUM, Bloch. Be vii. D2 15 Ps17. V.1/5. A.3/7. ©.17. 1.1.52. L. tr. 8/12. Length of specimens from 2,4 to 7 inches. Common; not esteemed as food. PRISTIPOMA HASTA, Bloch. Boavie 12/14, P17. V.1/o.- A. 3/7. sC. 17. 1.147. bn te. 7/10. Length of specimens from 2,5, to 733; inches. Common ; does not grow to a large size; eaten by the natives. 14 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. [Jan. 10, DIAGRAMMA NIGRUM, Cantor. Diagramma affine (Ginther). Bowie, DD I4/16. BelG. Vs 1/5... Ay c/fs )Gerkee | sunt L. tr. 10/17. Length of specimens from 8;7; to 21 inches. Excellent eating ; usually comes in vast numbers about J uly, when - the Chrysophrys calamara, up to that time abundant, has entirely disappeared. LoBoreEs SURINAMENSIS, Bloch. Parrandee, Mal. Be yu, D. 12/15, P.t7.) VV. 178.)) Ba S/11,. Cee eee L. tr,.8/16, Length of specimens from 2,'5 to 13 inches. Small specimens are very common, and always have the caudal deeply margined with white. Large ones are good eating. Scoxtorsis saponicus, Bloch. Bivis D.10/00 Polo? Vil /ei eA B/C) iis Lae L. tr. 5/12. Length of specimen 33 inches. Rare. SyNAGRIS GRAMMICUS, Day, sp. nov. Bivi. DatOlO.. Bo 17. Ve Se Av /7.. °C. 17 L. tr. 4/10. inches Length of specimen...... 75: ofshead ys sit 228.5 1,5, or two-ninths of total length. of pectoral- vc sin. 1,4, or one-fifth of total length. — ofenudal so-as o/s: 1,,, or one-fourth of total length. of base of dorsal .. 2,55, or one-third of total length. of baseof anal.... 55, or one-ninth of total length. Height of head...:...... 1,4, or one-fifth of total length. of body —..vedsinca 1,5;, or one-fourth of total length. — of hard dorsal. . +5, or one-tenth of total Jength. —W— of soft dorsal . 35, or one-ninth of total length. of base of caudal.. %, or one-eighth of total length. _ of ventral........ 1 or one-ninth of total length. OF ayia ieieen tian = x5; or one-tenth of total length. Diameter of eye 33,3; inch, or 1x + of length of head. Nape short; profile convex pan snout to dorsal. Lower jaw longest. Upper jaw reaches to anterior third of orbit. Przeoper- culum, posterior limb nearly vertical, and finely serrated in its lower half, whilst from between each serration a fine furrow runs a short way downwards and forwards ; angle rounded and entire; lower limb horizontal and entire; the lower part of the preeoperculum is 1865.] - MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 15 furrowed. Sub- and inter-opercula entire. Operculum ending in a blunt point. Przeorbital large, entire, but furrowed downwards.and backwards. Upper margin of orbit close to profile. Shoulder-bones entire. Three rows of scales between the orbit and margin of the preoperculum ; no scales between or before the orbits. Intermaxil- laries nearly four-tenths of an inch in length, and protrusible. Nos- trils close to anterior superior margin of the eye, not far apart, an- terior rather the largest. Three oval facets in anterior half of the under surface of the lower jaw, the posterior of which is the largest. Teeth. An external row of six curved conical teeth in intermaxil- lary bones, with villiform ones behind and extending all along both upper and lower jaw, in which last they are equal in size, close toge- ther, and in about five rows. Fins. Dorsal commences over pectoral, which is slightly in advance of ventral. Anal arises opposite about second soft ray of dorsal. Dorsal, spinous portion 1,4 inches in extent ; interspinous mem- brane not notched. Spines weak : first ;4, inch; second Zr; third jx; they continue much the same to the tenth, which is slightly more. Ventral spine weak, +45 inch; first soft ray prolonged. Anal spines weak : first 3; inch; second $4; third 42. The hard por- tion of the dorsal and anal, and also a part of the soft portion, can be laid flat in a groove on the back. Caudal deeply emarginate, the first and second rays on either side being prolonged. Pectoral pointed, reaching as far as the first soft ray of anal. Scales large, arranged in longitudinal rows ; none on any of the - fins except the base of pectoral and caudal. The scales above the lateral line are rather smaller than those below it. Lateral line runs parallel with the back in the upper fifth of the body. Cnrabes: Of a yellowish ground-colour, with reddish longitudinal lines. Upper portion of head and opercula of a dull reddish colour ; throat, chin, and chest yellowish; back dull reddish, with darker longitudinal lines running along the centre of each row of scales. Below the lateral line, ground-colour yellowish, and the longitudinal lines not so deep in colour as those above. Dorsal fin yellowish, with a grey base and pinkish exterior. Caudal reddish, stained. at the tip with grey. Anal yellowish, with a grey base, and two red- dish stripes along the centre of its foremost-part. Ventrals yellowish, with a grey base and yellow centre. Pectoral reddish yellow. Eyes golden. Rare at Cochin. UprENnrEoIDES vitTatus, Forskal. Cheerul (Mal.). ene DL G1/8.° Ps BF. Ve BoA, 7.. “Cras et, 38. L. tr. 3/5. Length of specimens from 3,3, to 64% inches. Common. 16 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. _ [Jan. 10, CHRYSOPHRYS CALAMARA, Cuv. & Val. Aree (Mal.). B, vi. D: L/S Pe 15. OV. L/a. : Av 3/8. O. V7e. Glas L. tr. 5/10. Length of specimen 9 inches. Very common until July, when they give place to the Diagramma nigrum: both are known as the “ Black Rock-fish.”” They are ex- cellent eating. Curysorurys HasTA, Bloch, Schn. B. vis Dy M1 /ile PP. 15.0Vo 1/5. As 3/82 Colt. hagas. LL. tr. 5/9. Length of specimen 5-3, inches. Rare ; whilst the C. sarba, so common at Madras, seems unknown at Cochin. CH#ETODON PRETEXTATUS, Cantor. Box. Dig. Pe b- Veol/s..cA; 8/20. O17, “3 Length of specimens from 351; to 353; inches. Common for about a fortnight in June, after the commencement of the monsoon. ‘They are taken in the Chinese nets at the side of the river. Never much exceed 3 or 4 inches in length. They are not esteemed by even the natives for eating. HENIOCHUS MACROLEPIDOTUS, Artedi. Purroamee (Mal.). B.y, D. 11/25. P.17.. V. 1/5. A. 3/18 C.17. 1.1 60. i, ts O22. Length of specimens from 2,5, to 4,5; inches. Common at times; are not found large. ScatTopHaGus ArGus, L. Gm. Nutchar char (Mal.). Bovis De 1OM/1625 Peabs Weiss, Al 4/14 Oia Length of specimens from 1,1, to 4,5, inches. - Only eaten by the lower classes, as they are reputed to be very foul feeders. Eruiprvus orsis, Bloch. B. vi. D. 9/1929. 19. Vaavo. cane, 4519. Length of specimen 3,8, inches. Rare at Cochin. Drepane puncratTa, L. Gm. Piindthee (Mal.). Bevis Ds8/206 PAl7e Vi 1/5. °-C.3/17.. 1.1.50... tr. 14/835 1865.] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 17 Length of specimen from 2.8, to 6 inches. Not uncommon in Cochin. At Aden, in February 1864, very fine specimens were brought by the fishermen for sale. Prrerois voxitans, L. Gm. Purrooah (Mal.). B. vii. D. 12. P..14; Vi 1/5... A. 3/6, Cs 13; 10—11° Length of specimens from 733; to 733; inches. Not uncommon. Prerois MILES, Bennett. P. miles, Cantor. B.vii. D.12——. P.12. VWei/s. A. 3/7. C.-14: 11—12° Length of specimens from 103 to 113 inches. _ Head. Between and internal to the two nasal orifices is a sharp spine, directed upwards and backwards ; there are some roughnesses along the upper margin of the orbit (which in old specimens become spiniferous), and one large spine at the posterior superior angle of the orbit. The temporal ridge, commencing about the centre of the posterior margin of the orbit, is spiny in the whole of its course towards the lateral line. The space between the orbits is shallow, and rather concave from side to side; down its centre runs a deep groove, continued anteriorly as far as the intermaxillary bones, whilst posteriorly it expands over the occiput, where it is bordered on either side by an outwardly curved blade-like crest, flattened from side to side, and which terminates in its posterior superior part in two large flat spines; these in old specimens become several badly marked spines. The ridge on the preorbital and infraorbital bones is spiny ; it proceeds downwards over the cheeks towards the angle of the preeoperculum, from which arise three spines, the superior of which is directed backwards, the two inferior backwards and down- wards. In old subjects this ridge is very rugged, and, instead of having a single row of spines, it has two or three rows of smaller ones, consequently much increasing its width. At the centre of the supraorbital ridge is a prominence, from which arises a fleshy filament in young specimens, which is half the diameter of the eye, but appears to become shorter with age: there is generally another at the angle of the mouth, and some others at the inferior margin of the preoperculum. Mouth horizontal ; superior maxillary bones do not reach as far as the anterior margin of the orbit. Preeoperculum, posterior limb slightly oblique, angle rounded, and with three large spines ; lower limb nearly horizontal, entire. Sub- and inter-opercula entire. Operculum having a blunt spinous extremity. Under surface of lower jaws grooved. Shoulder-bones entire in old specimens ; two spines in upper portion of suprascapular. This fish arrives at Cochin in the commencement of the monsoon ; but it is not common. From one I took twenty-one specimens of Proc. Zoou, Soc,—1865, No, II. 18 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES-OF COCHIN.- [Jan. 10, the Atherina forskalii, each from 2 to 3 inches in length; so gorged was it (its entire length being only 113 inches) that the tail of one was protruding from its mouth, : Minovus Monopactyuvs, Bl., Schn. % asi - Be yak. 1, = Po 11. * VV. 1/5. A. 9—FG C, 10. Length of specimens from 233, to 274; inches, Very common. PROSOPODASYS DRACENA, Cuv. & Val. B. vii. D. 39/8. P.13. V.1/5. Ai 8/6. ° 0.4277 Length of specimens from 2,3, to 2°; inches. d Common. eee PLATYCEPHALUS INSIDIATOR, Forsk. B. vii. D.1[7|13. P.17. V. 1/5. A.13. C.15. L.r.94. L. tr. 12/24, Length of specimen 13 inches. Common ; eaten by the lower classes. PLATYCEPHALUS MALABARICUS, Cuy. & Val. By Fibs dds 1181 Ld. hw 19s Nud/ile: As 12s... Ue 1D: a dag Soa L, tr. 9/20. | Length of specimen 10,5, inches. Common, Both this anil the last species, directly they are caught, are knocked on the head with a wooden mallet. They are known as the ‘‘ Crocodile-fish.”’ SILLAGO sIHAMA, Forsk. Cuddeerah (Mal.). Whiting. B. yi. D, 115. P16; V. =. A. a Oi ae eh ec eel A. Length of specimens from 33 to 116, inches. Common; good eating. UMBRINA DUSSUMIERI, Cuy. & Val. B. vii, D102, P.17. V. 2. A.2/7.°C.17. 7/48) Ltr, 2. Length of specimens from 5-1, to 55%; inches. Rare. ScrzNA DIACANTHUS, Lacép. Viidah (Mal.). B. vil, D, 105.217, Viz, Ao. C.17. Ly. 53, Ty tee Length of specimens from 5a Py to 155%; inches. Very common, and good eating. The Nella katchelée of Russell, well represented in his plate, 1865.) MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 19 no. 115, as the female of this fish, appears to me as requiring still further inquiry. The S. diacanthus is one of the most common fish in Cochin; but I only procured three specimens of the latter, which were as follows :— B.vii, D.10;-45,. P.15. V.t. A.Z. 0,15. L145, Ltr. i 23—24° Length of specimens from 274; to 634; inches. ScraNna MACULATA, BI., Sch. B.vii. D.102. P.16. V.4. A.2. ©,17. 1.1.45. L, tr i. Length of specimens from 453, to 438; inches. Air-bladder with fourteen or fifteen lateral processes on either side. Not common; not considered good eating. Scr2zna pussumiERI, Cuv. & Val. B. vii. D.103. P.18. V.t. A.Z. ©.15. 1.1.52. L. tr. 3, Length of specimens from 5,8; to 64%; inches. Scrana uypostoma, Bleeker. B.vii. D.g2. P15. V.z. A.Z. C.15. L145. L. tr. 7. Length of specimen 4-8, inches. OroLiTHUS RUBER, Bl., Schn. B. vii. D.103. P.17, V.2. A.Z. ©.17, L150. L. tr. F. Length of specimen 83%; inches. Rare; not found of a large size. PoLyNEMUS HEPTADACTYLUS, Cur. & Val. B. vi. D.84. P.l5vii. V.4. A.3. L150. L. tr. 5. Length of specimens from 4,?; to 438, inches. Very common in the monsoon time; but they do not appear ever to exceed 4 or 5 inches in length. PoLyNEMUS SEXTARIUS, Bloch. +s 1 . 1 3 B. vii. D.8-.. P.livi. V.5. A.a: Length of specimens 2+ inches. For several days during the monsoon they swarmed into the Cochin River; but all captured were young. PoLyNEMUS INDICUus, Shaw. oe 1 1 2 B.vii. D835. P.20v. Viz. A-gop ©.17. L.1. 62, L. tr. Z. Length of specimens from 4-7; to 735 inches. 20 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN, [Jan. 10, PoLYNEMUS TETRADACTYLUS, Shaw. B.vi, DS. P-l6iv. V.t..A.2. C,17, Eb go. Ui, tae Length of specimens from 9,8; to 15 inches. This fish grows to a very large size; and in the months of De- cember and January numbers are captured by trolling. The bait is a small fish; and the hook is attached to the line by a piece of twisted brass wire. The line is thrown, direct from the hand, a dis- tance of at least 20 or 30 yards into the breakers. Fish of several feet in length are thus caught by coolies after their working-hours. Common, and excellent eating. SPHYRENA JELLO, Cuy. & Val. Cheelahoo (Mal.). Boge D5 1/9. Ps 14. Vind bk V8 die Length of specimens from 6,2; to 83%; inches. TRICHIURUS MALABARICUS, Day, sp, nov. By. D, 1g2. abe _ inches. Length of specimens from 10,3; to 12 inches. of head ........ 1,4, or one-seventh of total length. of pectoral...... 335, or one twenty-fourth of total 1. Height of body ........ 375, or one-seventeenth of total length. of head paisa! «\2 .» 72 or one-twentieth of total length. Diameter of eye 55, inch, or + of length of head; ;4; inch from end of snout, 2; apart. Lower jaw the longest. Superior maxillary bones reach to oppo- site first quarter of orbit. Operculum finely lineated, extends back- wards to above the pectoral fin. Przeorbital large, entire, lineated. Opening to nostril large, rather close to the anterior margin of the orbit, the upper margin of which is nearly horizontal, and close to the profile of the head. Teeth. In intermaxillary bones three large canines ; the anterior the longest, curved, directed forwards and downwards, barbed at its extremity ; the two posterior ones, arising from the posterior margin of the intermaxillaries, are curved backwards and downwards; they are also slightly barbed at their extremities. An external row of about five fine teeth in intermaxillaries. A single row of about seven large pointed teeth, flattened from side to side, in maxillaries. In lower jaw a single row of pointed teeth, similar to those in superior maxil- lary, but smaller. Dorsal fin commences to arise opposite commencement of opercu- lum. Spines weak ; they gradually increase in length until they are 3,ths of an inch, or nearly as long as the height of the body. Anal spines truncated at their extremity, and only visible with the aid of a magnifying-glass. Lateral line curves downwards behind the pectoral, and runs at 1865.] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 21 first along the lower third of the body; subsequently it descends lower. Colours. Silvery white, with a slight pinkish tinge; back a little the darkest. The first three or four dorsal spines have a black spot upon them ; a line of greenish black, in very fine dots, extends along the upper third of the dorsal in its whole extent. Tail with a black margin. yes silvery. Tongue smooth, and of a golden tinge. Pectoral greyish yellow. Skin diaphanous. Not rare at Cochin. ScoMBER KANAGURTA, Cuv. & Val. Ila (Mal.). Indian Mackerel. Bove 2p Oy. P21.” Vi. 1/5.) Ash iy -C.:25: Length of specimen 7%; inches. These fish, which average about 73 inches in length, are captured in enormous quantities from January until May. Although very excellent eating, they are not often brought to the tables of Euro- peans, as they are reputed to be rather bitter; therefore those cap- tured are commonly salted, dried in the sun, and exported in bundles of about 1000 each to Ceylon, where they are extensively bought for the coolies in the coffee-plantations. Many Ceylonese come over for the Mackerel season. Thousands of these fish are frequently landed daily and salted. The first pro- cess consists in a coolie making one cut with a sharp knife along their back-bone, from the head to the tail, and then a second down their ventral surface, exposing their intestines. They are then tossed over to a woman, who, having removed their insides, throws them into a basket having two handles, which, when half full, is carried by two men to the sea-shore, where the fish are washed without being re- moved. Women and children rapidly put some black salt into each cut, and throw the fish into a boat close behind them (on the shore), in which there is brine ; there they remain for a few hours, and are subsequently spread out in the sun, dried, and packed in square bundles of about 1000 each for export. Cysium GuTtatum, Bl., Schn. Arrakeeah (Mal.). Seir-fish. B. vii. D.16/20ix. P.15. V.1/5. A. 20 viii. C. 26. Length of specimen 23 inches. The Seir-fish abound off Cochin, where they are captured from October throughout the whole of the cold months. They are ex- cellent eating, but should be cooked when quite fresh. They salt well, besides being amongst the best fish for ‘Tamarind-fish. Large ones are rather coarse for eating. Cysrum commErsonut, Lacép. Chumbum (Mal.). B. vi. D.16 Six, P. 20. V.1/3.. A. 2/16x. Length of specimen 12 inches. 22 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN: [Jan, 10, ELACATE NIGRA, Bloch. B, vi. D. 8/34-38. . Po. 21... V. 1/5. As 26-28. C0217; Length of specimens 12 inches. ECHENEIS NAUCRATES, Linn. Putthoo muday (Mal.). B.vi. D. 39. P. 20. V..1/5, , A. 3/34, ©,17. Disks 22. Length of specimens from 8 to 11,4; inches. They are generally captured in Cochin about the size of the pre- sent specimens, and are not rare. One of these was taken from the back of a Shark, to which they appear to frequently attach them- selves. STROMATEUS ARGENTEUS, Bloch. : 1 Bovi. D.73. P.27. A 63. Length of specimen 8 inches. SrroMATEvS ATous, Cuv. & Val. Vella arwoolee (Mal.). White Pomfret. B.vi. D.1/43. P.23. A.40. ©. 17. Length of specimen 117 inches. This species of Pomfret is esteemed the best in Cochin, where it is by no means uncommon during the south-west monsoon, STROMATEUS NIGER, Bloch. Kar arwoolee (Mal.). Black Pomfret. B. vii. D. 5/42; P. 22, A.3/39. C19. Length of specimen from 3,3; to 14,5; inches. This fish comes to Cochin about the same time as the S. atous, to which it is considered slightly inferior, It arrives in droves, and disappears as suddenly as it comes. In the young specimen, 3,5; inches in length, the ventrals are z4y inch in length. The hidden spines of dorsal and anal are appa- rent, the numbers being D. 5/40, A. 3/37. Colours grey ; dorsal and anal fins black ; tail yellow, with three brown cross bards, one of which is at its base. STROMATEUS CINEREUS, Bloch. By vi. 7 1/68, Ps 24. A, 51/32; Ou19; Length of specimen 3,2; inches. CARANX ROTTLERI, Bloch. B. vii. D.8 Gix. P.21. V.1/5, A.2 == vill. C.18, 1.1.85. Length of specimens from 4 to 9 inches. This fishis common, but not often seen above 9 inches in length. It is employed as food more by the natives than the European popu- lation ; for by the last it is not held-in much esteem, t 865.]- MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN, 23 ’ CaRANX HIPpos, Linn. ' Caran heberi, Bennett. Bova D. 81/202 ° P20. V.1/oc Anz 1/it, C.21. Lil, 36, - Length of specimen 8,5, inches. After death, the deep black point of the upper lobe of the caudal fades. . Very common ; comes into the mouth of the river ; but the largest specimens, which attain to 23 feet, are captured in the deep sea. They are most excellent eating. When caught, they give a grunt like a young pig; and this is continued, should they be moved, as long as they have any life remaining. _ They are first captured at the end of the south-west monsoon, and continue off Cochin during the whole of the cold months. _ Caranx atropvs, Bl., Schn. B.vii. D.85. P.19. V.1/5. A. 21/18. C.16. 1.1. 32.. Length of specimen 72; inches. CARANX MELANOSTETHOS, Day, sp. nov. _Biyi. .D..81/23. P19. V.1/5.. A. 21/19. C.19. 1.1.28. inches. _ Length of specimens from.. 6,'; to 6,8; inches. of head .......... 1,35, or two-ninths of total length. of pectoral....... . 1,5, or one-fifth of total length. base of first dorsal.. =85, or two-seventeenths of total 1. 2 base of second dorsal 2;7;, or one-third of total length. — of caydal oo oo. 6s 1,3;, or two-ninths of total length. * Height of bedy -. 2225... 1,5,, or one-fourth of total length. of head .......... 144, or one-fifth of total length. of first dorsal...... 385, or one-eleventh of total length. of second dorsal.... 5, or one-tenth of total length. ——of ventral ........ +5 or one-tenth of total length. Ofwanaliye. a eie.s bs 2 3°, or one-eleventh of total length. of base of caudal .. ,, or two twenty-sevenths of total. Diameter of eye 55, x >45 inch, or +X 1} of length of head ; 4; inch apart, 4, from end of snout. The membranous curtain to the eye extends nearly one-fifth across its diameter on either side. Head. Upper jaw protrusible for ;2,ths of an inch. Lower jaw very slightly the longest. Superior maxillary extends backwards as far as the anterior margin of the orbit. Praeorbital small, and has ° two straight raised lines on its posterior part.’ Praeoperculum ob- lique, angle rounded, and the inferior margin convex ; suboperculum large ; it and other opercular bones entire. Nostrils situated nearly 2 lines in front of orbit, with a curved nasal arch over them. Teeth. In intermaxillaries and superior half of upper jaw from two to three bands of fine’ villiform teeth ; the same are also percep- tible in the lower jaw. A triangular space (convex anteriorly) of 24 MR, F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. [Jan. 10, rather sharp teeth in vomer, distinct from which, but commencing close to its posterior margin, is a straight single row of sharp teeth, the two thus covering a somewhat T-shaped spot. No teeth on pa- latines. Fins. Pectoral rather in advance of the origin of the dorsal and ventral. Anal arises under second dorsal: a deep membranous sheath to second dorsal and anal. First dorsal triangular ; second dorsal highest in front, where it exceeds the height of the first dorsal. Pectoral falciform, reaching to nearly opposite anal. Caudal deeply lobed. Dorsal spines weak ; first ;4,, second +; inch; third slightly higher ; thence they decrease. First ray of second dorsal the longest. Pectoral fifth or sixth ray the longest. Ventral spine weak. Of the two anal spines, the second is the longest and strongest. Spine of anal fin weak; first ray the longest. Seales cover the whole of the body, under the eye, and slightly the upper part of the operculum. The lateral line has a very moderate curve in the first portion of its course, and opposite the eighth dorsal ray it begins to pass straight; but the laminated scales do not commence until opposite the thir- teenth ray. They are well marked, but not so strong as in many species of Caranz; in their widest portion they are not above 2 lines. Colours. Back of a leaden blue, which below the lateral line be- comes silvery white. The fore part of the chest, throat, the oper- cula, summit of head, and upper jaw are of a deep brown, almost black, which sometimes remains and sometimes fades ; over all these places there are numerous black dots and spots. Fins tinged with yellow; second dorsal deeply stained with black in its first eight rays, and having a white summit ; the whole of the rest of that fin stained with brown, and dotted with fine brown-black points. Eyes silvery ; curtain brown. “This is not a very rare fish m the cold season; and small speci- mens of 6 and 7 inches are captured at the mouth of the river, but in the deep sea much larger ones are taken. It is good eating. CARANX KURRA, Cuv. & Val. B. vi, (D.8 21.) P. 25. Vit. AQT C17, L138, 5 7 Length of specimen 4,3, inches. This is Russell’s fish, plate 139, not Giinther’s, from which it may be yeadily distinguished by having a double row of sharp teeth along the centre of its tongue. Not rare at Cochin. CARANX XANTHURUS, Cuv. & Val. Batta parra (Mal.). B.vii. D.82. P.20. Vit. A2y. 1.45, Length of specimen 5,5; inches. 1865.] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 25 CarAnx sprectosus, Forsk. Batta courchee (Mal.). Roa. Wea! Peres ve ee ee et. 19—20° 5 16—17 Length of specimens from 4,4, to 4,5, inches. _ Several rows of villiform teeth in the upper jaw, and an external row of larger pointed ones. In lower jaw, a single row of irregular- sized teeth. Teeth on vomer and palate. - CARANX ARMATUS, Forsk. Boyt. D. 72. P19. Vep. AL2 Go C. 19. Ls. 20. 17 Length of specimen 2,!; inches. CaRANX CILIARIS, Bloch. B.vi, D6. P.18. V.7. Ae2 2.02195 °L. bib: “Length of specimen 6,5; inches. CarAnx GALLUS, Linn. B.vi D. 1/19. P.17. V.1/5: As 1/162"@2 193! -B, W106. Length of specimen 13,4; inches. CHorINEMUS LysAN, Forsk. B, viii. D.7 1/20. P.19.. V.1/5. A. 21/18. . Length of specimen 19-8, inches. The Chorinemi come to Cochin in great numbers about July; they are esteemed good eating, but are rather dry, especially the larger ones. They salt well. CuHoRINEMUS TALA, Cuv. & Val. B. vii. D.71/20. P.20. V.1/5. A.21/17. C.19. Length of specimen 8-5, inches. CHORINEMUS SANCTI-PETRI, Cuv. & Val. Pallagay (Mal.). Ben, Ufo. P.t7. Venn A, oo Co ly, ~ 18° Length of specimens from 7 to 853; inches. Common ; but does not appear to be found of a large size. TRACHYNOTUS OVATUS, Linn. Bev. DIGGS, Pol7.- Vo 1/o. Av 21/l7y, C17e Length of specimen from 4,5, to 5 inches. Not rare; but does not appear to exceed 6 or 7 inches in length. TRACHYNOTUS BAILLONI, Lacép. Vella oodoo or Parruvu (Mal.). B. vii. D.61/23. P.17. V.1/5. A.21/23. C.17. Length of specimen 8,5, inches. 26 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COGHIN. [Jan. 10, Uncommon ; are usually captured by cast-nets in the surf. The fishermen assert that they always swim in. the surf, are bad rarely captured i in the deep sea, never in the river, PsETTUS ARGENTEUS, Linn. Bevis Diet Pi 16. V.1/3. A. 3/28. ©, 172+ Li. tr. 75. ‘ 28—29° Length of specimens from 3,1, to 6 inches. Mostly found in the monsoon “time. PsetTTus FALCIFORMIs, Lacép. Lie Sach: 2 SY br ca: Sig: gale seg C. 17. Scales, upwards of 120 rows. x Length of specimen 4,5, inches. PLATAX TEIRA, Cuv. . Val. B.viz. D, 5/32. P..16...V..1/5..) Ao /24,. G,Aihs Meteo Length of specimen, to end of caudal, 35%; inches. EQUULA INSIDIATRIX, Bloch. Paarl coorchee (Mal.). Biv; D.9/16. 925. Vso Ae df lAs C219. Length of specimen 2,8, inches. Exceedingly common ; and, along with other species of the same genus, large numbers are kept for consumption during the monsoon ; for, owing to the small amount of intestines and the compressed form of their bodies, very little salt is necessary for their preservation; : As to the poorer natives the salt-tax is great, they evade it along the coast by opening and cleaning these little fish, soaking them in the sea, and then drying them in the sun. That they have become semi- putrid by the monsoon time is not to be wondered at ; neither can we be surprised at the numerous cases of dysentery and diarrhcea to which such diet gives rise. EqQuvuLa DAURA, Cuv. Baws, Da S/la, Seb do Vel /5.. An Blea ACel ge Length of specimen 3 inches. EQuULA EDENTULA, Peay Bove DSsIGs Pali Ws. A/5.; 3/14. Gly: Length of specimen 3,5, inches. LacraRIvus DELICATULUS, Bloch, Schn. _Purruwah (Mal.). B. vii. D. 7-853 P.17. V.1/5. A. agra. Length of specimens from 375 to 6; inches. Arrives in shoals in February. and March, Are esteemed by the natives good eating, whether ke or Gin a they dp not — any size. Balen 1865. | MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 27: - Gosius Giuris, Buch. Ham. Wartee poollah or Pooan (Mal.). B.iv. D.61/9. P. 20. V.4/4. A.1/8. C.17, L.1. 30 to 34, Length of specimens from 3 to 13-2; inches. Very common in all the fresh and even brackish waters. In the monsoon time, when the freshes remove the saltness from the river, these Gobies are commonly caught in the Chinesé nets or by baits. In the fort-ditch they grow to about 14 foot in length, and, though highly esteemed by the natives for food, are insipid, and even muddy in some waters. They are very voracious, taking a bait freely. ’ Gosrus viripipunctatus, Cuy. & Val. B.iv. D,61/10. P.17. V.1/5. A.1/9, C.15. L128. L, tr. 13. Length of specimen 4,%, inches. These beautifully emerald-green-spotted Gobies, though not com- mon, are not rare. They are caught in the sea-fisheries, and also occasionally in the river. Gosrus AcuTIPINNIS, Cuv. & Val. Bav. (DS 61/11, 5 P: 19:'°¥.4/4. Med fll: | Gekos, wiles E. tr. 6. Length of specimen 3,8, inches, Usually captured in the river, about July. They do not appear to grow to any size. GoBIus MALABARICUS, Day, sp. nov. B.iv. D.6 1/10. ibs V.4/4. A. 1/10. Werle sige ls Os L. tr. 10. inches. ‘ Length of specimen from .. 234; to 2,8; inches. Of Headi tee sae a. os 6, or one-fifth of total length. 10 : 5 Of pectoral, 2.4 = as 5, or one-sixth of total length. - of caudal ........ 7, or one-fourth of total length. - of base of 1st dorsal 5%, or one-ninth of total length. of base of 2nd dorsal +5, or one-fourth of total length. of base of anal .... 5%, or one-fifth of total length. Height of head .......... 74, or one-seventh of total length. —of body.......... z's, or one-fifth of total length. of hard dorsal .... 34, or one-eighth of total length. of soft dorsal...... zp or one-eighth of total length. — ——— of base of caudal .. 5, or one-eleventh of total length. : -—— of ventral ........ zs, or one-fifth of total length. © OU AWAE Senso ones. s 45> or one-ninth of total length. Diameter of eye =); inch, or } length of head; 71; inch from end of snout, =}, apart. _ : : The profile does not rise very much to the first dorsal. « Snout obtuse ; its upper profile descends abruptly. Cleft of mouth rather 28 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. — [Jan. 10, oblique ; lower jaw the longest. The superior maxillary bone ex- tends as far backwards as the anterior third of the orbit. Rather a strong prominent crest at the nape; the bony bridge between the orbits narrow, with a low crest running along its centre. Orbits very closely approximating at upper surface ; a well-developed projecting angle at their anterior and posterior margins; the anterior the strongest. A bony ring surrounds opening to nostril. No scales on head. Feeth. Conical, an external row in upper jaw the largest ; smaller, but conical ones in lower jaw. Fins. Origin of ventral in front of pectoral, of first dorsal over its first third; one-tenth of an inch between first and second dorsal. Spines weak. Caudal wedge-shaped. Ventrals united. Scales nearly quadrangular, elevated along their centre. Colours. Of a general light brown, with some irregularly disposed dusky bands on the sides and back ; a dark brown bar descends directly downwards from the eye; several irregular brown marks about operculum and head. The first dorsal has a deep black cres- centic mark, commencing between second and third spines, and con- tinued to the last ; above this a white curved band, bordered above with black. Second dorsal, anal, and caudal brownish, barred with several series of rows of a darker colour. This fish appears in large quantities in the Kurriavanoor River, north of the town of Cochin, when the bar is broken down, and the freshes from the Ghauts reach the sea. It is not captured there more than 2 or 3 inches in length; but perhaps they may be the young of a larger species. Exeorris BuTis, Buch. Ham. Kullahray (Mal.). Bvi. D618. P.17.-V-1/o. A. 1/8., Colds. Lad, 28: L. tr. 12. Length of specimens from 4 to 5%; inches. Very common in the backwater, where they are most numerous at the commencement of the year. They are eaten by the natives. Exeorris Fusca, Bloch, Schn. Poollan (Mal.). Bove DGS. VR Wels. AS T/8. Co LT 6s L. tr. 21. Length of specimens from 2 to 25%; inches. Inhabits most of the muddy ditches and tanks ; are often found in the paddy-fields, and sometimes in the backwater. AMBLYOPUS HERMANNIANUS, Lacép. Boy. 6/4025 Path: Voas5. . Ao d/87, Us 133 Length of specimen from 5 to 545; inches, 1865.] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 29 AMBLYOPUS C&CULUS, Bloch, Schn. B.v. D. 6/46. P.15. V.1/5. A. 1/43\.' ©. 13. Length of specimen 7-4, inches. BaTracuvus GRUNNIENS, Bloch. B.vi. D. 3/20. P. 25, V.1/5; A. 142) C.i12. »Opercular spines iv. : Length of specimen 8 inches. BaTRACHUS TRISPINOSUs, Ginther, B. vi. D. 3/20. P. 25. V.1/5. A. 14. C.12. Opercular spines lil. Length of specimen 5-5; inches. Caught with the last. SALARIAS FASCIATUS, Bloch. Peevipe ty. t2/20." bela. VW. 1/5s > As 240°C C171. Length of specimen 2,4, inches. TrEuTHIS JAVA, Linn. Teves Va da/lO be hde Na t/d. , Ae f/9s, Cy lf _ Length of specimens from 4 to 4%, inches. Small specimens common; they are eaten by the lower class of natives. TEUTHIS VERMICULATA, Kuhl & V. Hass. Boy. D.= 5. P.16. V.2/4. A.=4. C. 17. 9—10° 8 Length of specimens from 4 to 115%; inches. Four specimens were captured in June 1863; two upwards of 11 inches, the other two upwards of 4 inches. The natives asserted the fish to be good eating. TEUTHIS MARMORATA, Quoy & Gaim. Baim Debs OEP. MWe 2/80 A..F /90 0 CL 9, Length of specimen 9 inches. ACANTHURUS MATOIDES, Cuy. & Val. ony. UW 9725.9 B.17.7 Vo 1s, “AS 3/25. -C. 16. Length of specimens from 4 to 6 inches. Very common; they do not appear to grow to any very large size there, although the natives assert the contrary. They are eaten by the lower classes. ACRONURUS MELANURUS, Cuv. & Val. B.y. D. 10/24. P.15. A. 3/24, Co 7. Length of specimen 1,3, inches. ; Second dorsal spine serrated on its anterior margin. 30 MR, F, DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. [Jan. 10, NANDvUS MARMORATUS, Buch. Ham. Mootahree (Mal.). Soe eat Bani , fe B.vi. D. 13/12. P.16. V.d/5. A, 3/7. ©. 15. L. 1.46. ..tr. 7/13. Length of specimens from 3 to 5,5; inches. Common in the rivers and paddy-fields. CATOPRA MALABARICA, Giinther*. Boviie Dei4/12..P. 1s NG Aes, A. 3/8. AC. Tes aS, L. tr. 4/8. inches. Length of specimen .. - 3y5- ofa... sic: jo» or about one-fourth of total length. of pectoral..... 3 ou» or about one-fifth of total length. — of caudal ...... 7 or about one-fifth of total length. of base of dorsal . 1;%;, or about one-half of total length. ° of base of anal... +5, or about one-seventh of total length. Height OF DCAD carcasses ;5,, or about one-fourth of total length. Of: body. iewremesa 1,2,, or about one-third of total length. of hard dorsal .. 55, or about one-ninth of total length: of soft dorsal.... . =%;, or about one-seventh of total length. ——— of base of caudal. 545, or about one-eighth of total length. of ventral ...... 32;, or about one-seventh of total length. of anal ........ 33;, or about one-seventh of total pes Diameter of eye os inch, or # of the length of head; 5% inch from end of snout, 5%, apart. Body compressed. The mouth being situated below the median line of the body, there is a considerable rise to the dorsal. Jaw equal ; intermaxillaries protractile; upper lip rather fleshy; the superior maxillary extends to slightly behind the anterior margin of the orbit. Upper surface of eye nearly close to profile. Praeoperculum, poste- rior limb nearly vertical, entire; angle rounded; inferior limb hori- zontal, and little more than half the length of the posterior limb. Sub- and inter-opercula with a few very fine serrations at their ap- proximating extremities. Operculum with two rather strong flat spines, and ending in a membranous point. Preeorbital entire. Nostrils rather wide apart, posterior the largest. Pseudobranchize present. Branchiostegous rays hidden. Gills 33. Opercula and head scaled; but no scales between or before the eyes, nor on the pre- orbital. Teeth. Several rows of small teeth in the jaws, with an external larger band. Numerous villiform teeth on vomer and palate. Fins. Origin of pectoral and dorsal in a line. Ventral slightly: behind. Anal arises opposite commencement of soft dorsal. Dorsal, * Dr. Giinther has described this species from one of the two specimens out of my collection which I had placed in the British Museum. Having a smooth preorbital, and no serrations at the preeoperculum, smooth tongue, &c., I should have placed it in the genus Badis, as defined in his ‘ Catalogue of the Acantho- pterygian Fishes.’ -1865.] © MR. F. DAY ON- THE FISHES OF COEHIN; 31 spinous portion can be laid flat on the back, where it is recéived into a depression ; it is 1,2; inch in extent, and much lower than the soft portion, which is ,*, inch and pointed. Caudal wedge-shaped. Pee- toral rounded. Ventral pointed. Soft portion of anal pointed, Dorsal spines rather strong ; interspinous membrane deeply notched, and ex- -tending alittle beyond the points of the spines ; first <1, ; second ;7;; third ;3;; thence they continue much the same length ; central soft rays the longest. Ventral spine pretty strong. Anal spines strong, and they can be received into a depression the same as the dorsal spines; first ;2,; second ;%,, and strongest; third slightly longer ; centre soft rays longest, the same of the caudal. Scales ctenoid, greatest diameter from above downwards; some are continued over the soft portion of the dorsal and anal, and also over the base of caudal. . Lateral line interrupted, at first in upper fourth of body ; opposite fourth soft dorsal ray it ceases on twenty-first scale ; then from below last portion of soft dorsal it is continued along median line as far as, but not on to, caudal fin. Colours. Rifle-green, with purplish reflexions, darker on the back than on the abdomen. Fins greenish. Eyes yellowish green. Two specimens were sent me by the Rev. Henry Baker ( junior) from Mundykium, on the hill-ranges of Travancore, not far from Cochin. It appears to be common there. ANABAS SCANDENS, Daldorff. Undee collee (Mal.). B, vi, D, 28, P.15. V. 1/5. A255. C.16, L, 1. 27-32, L. tr. 5/9. Length of specimens from 3 to 6,8, inches. The number of scales along the lateral line differs considerably in different specimens, as do also the number of fin-rays, the compara- tive size and colour of the body, and the valance at the margin of the superbranchial organ. The climbing-properties attributed to these fish in other parts of India are believed in by the natives of Malabar; but personal ob- servation can neither confirm nor refute this belief. Having taken some live specimens at Kurriapudnam in the hot weather, and kept them in damp grass, some retained vitality as long as eighteen hours; frequently, when apparently dead, if water were cautiously applied, they recovered. Climbing Perch are difficult to keep in a vivarium, owing to their constantly jumping out, a foot in height being insufficient for the purpose of retaining them. They are able to progress on the ground in two ways, either by laying on their sides, flapping their tails, and assisting themselves by their pectoral fins, or else by the aid of their pectoral fins, first one being advanced, and then the other. . They can erect their fins, and likewise their scales, at pleasure ; and when placed on a flat surface, even when apparently nearly dead,, 32 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. [Jan. 10, should their tail be touched, they at once erect their spinous fins and their scales, even as far as those at the base of the caudal. They © at the same time erect their gill-covers. This power must of course be of great use in progression, if they employ their gill-covers to assist them in climbing. They inhabit most pieces of fresh water and paddy-fields, and are deemed good eating by the natives, who, immediately they catch them, kill them by biting their heads. A fatal accident occurred a few years since near Cochin, owing to one of these fish having slipped into the throat of the native who was biting its head. Owing to the erectile nature of its spines and scales, it could not be withdrawn, and the man was suffocated. PoLyACANTAUS CUPANUS, Cuv. & Val. Caringanah and Wunnuttee (Mal.). Bein, Dees, -P.10,. Ve tee AS yO. 4s vlads L. tr. =. Length of specimens from 1,%, to 2,3; inches. Posterior half of horizontal limb of preeoperculum serrated ; pre- orbital serrated. Colours. Of a general rifle-green, with some spots on the fins, and an elongated scarlet ray to the ventral. In one specimen an inch long, but which appears to be the P. cupanus, there was one spine less in the dorsal, and one ray less in the anal. It was of a beautiful rose-colour, rather dark brown along the back and base of anal fin. Two deep-black horizontal lines passed, one from above the orbit direct to the caudal, and a second from the angle of the mouth, through the eye, to the caudal. Head and cheeks spotted. The natives asserted it was the same as the common species; but, out of hundreds subsequently procured, none had the coloration of this one. °o ” ATHERINA FORSKALI, Riipp. B. vine DD, 5) 1/10. 27. 175, Vite, Aide C152 0 dale, Liden6s Length of specimens from 3 to 3,4; inches. Very abundant during the monsoon months, and some are captured at the end of the year. This is one of several families which are known to the Europeans as Whitebait, like which they are dressed for the breakfast-table. Mueit waiciEensis, Quoy & Gaim. Freshwater Mullet. B, ioe. 4 WGNeE AVys * Vee /oe BANS. YOS05s "1 eee Trt. 8. Length of specimen 11,2; inches. Captured from June, when they ascend high up the rivers, and are considered by the natives as freshwater fish. 1865.] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 33 MuciL sunpDANENSIS, Bleeker. mee Date, ORL Tae Ve t/a) AS Sy.” EAST. Lo tr. 9. Length of specimen 5 inches. Mueit EnGELI, Bleeker. for A Ws. PID. Vela. eho. CU. 14..: 1. 134. L. tr. 11. Length of specimen 7-4; inches. Mueiu cunnesivus, Cuv. & Val. Mahlah (Mal.). Biys') D.41/8.. P.17.° V5 1/s. A. 3/9. Del41. L. tee 13. Length of specimen 15,5, inches. It is from this species the fine fish-roes are obtained for which Cochin is so celebrated. They are removed from the fish imme- diately on being captured, and then dried in the sun. They com- mence coming into season about the middle of October or November, when these fish swarm into the river to deposit their spawn. By February all the Mullets (commonly known as ‘‘ Cunnumboo,”’ Mal.) begin to be scarce, and by April they are almost unprocurable. Mvueir parstA, Buch. Ham. Rave neat / 7." Polos lV. Vo. ay Oo) Ue LA. dae Le Oey L. tr. 8. Length of specimen 9-1; inches. Mveit porcitvus, Day, sp. nov. We ye. 4.1/8. 5P. ta. V.1/d.- A. 3/9. ©. 14... L. 1. 32. L. tr. 10. inches. Length of specimens from 3,4, to 7 inches. OF Read. e eas + 1,4,, or about one-fifth of total length. aoe OR eCUral =... .. 1, or about one-seventh of total length. Grcaudal.... oi... 1,3,, or about one-fifth of total length. —— of base of 2nd dorsal -°;, or about one-fourteenth of total length. of base of anal.... 25, or about one-fourteenth of total length. Height of head........ 5%, or about one-eighth of total length. ST OOUY ss. 1,4, or about one-fifth of total length. ——— of hard dorsal.. 3, or about one-ninth of total length. ——-— of soft dorsal .. 4,, or about one-tenth of total length. —-~— of base of caudal +, or about one-tenth of total length. of ventral... i2..% 1, or about one-seventh of total length. miMenal YS sts ce 7, or about one-tenth of total length. Diameter of eye ;4; inch, or # length of head ; 53, inch from end of snout, =, apart. An adipose eyelid covers a little more than one- third of the eye on either side in the adult fish. In the young the anterior curtain is much broader than the posterior one. There is not much rise from the snout to the first dorsal. Lower Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. III. 34 MR. F, DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. — [Jan. 10, jaw slightly the shortest, with a notch in its centre, which is curved upwards. Upper lip broad, superior maxillary considerably protru- sible ; it is bent downwards below and behind the angle of the mouth, where its extremity is visible. Preeorbital angularly bent, with a rounded, finely serrated margin. Nostrils rather wide apart ; the posterior largest, and nearer the orbit than it is to the anterior one. Interorbital space nearly flat. Snout broad, somewhat pointed in the centre. The cleft of the mouth is rather more than twice as broad as deep. The free space on the chin is moderately long, tongue-shaped. Pectoral fin situated a little above the central line of the body, and extending to the eighth scale; no elongated pointed scale at the axil. Twenty scales from the snout to the origin of the first dorsal, which commences nearer the snout than to the caudal fin, and above the eighth scale of the lateral line. Eight rows of scales between the two dorsal fins. First dorsal spines strong: first 3, the strongest ; second 8, ; third =4,; fourth ;3;. The spines, laid flat on the back, reach a little more than halfway from their origin to the base of the second dorsal. Second dorsal, caudal, anal, and pectoral have some fine scales at their base. Caudal deeply emarginate. Pectoral rounded. Ventral with a pointed scale at its origin. Teeth. A fine row of teeth in the upper jaw, more apparent in the young fish than in the older specimens. Scales. Rather irregular in size, highest from above downwards. Each scale on the body and base of the fins in the adult fish with a gland in its centre of a deep black colour. In the young fish these glands are not so apparent ; and until they reach about 3 inches the black central spots on the scales do not commence to show them- selves; but still each scale is marked by a central cavity of a rounded shape, but very irregular in size. The scales covering the head vary much in shape, the posterior ones being irregularly quadrilateral, the central one between the orbits nearly round but with deeply emarginated sides, two oval ones in front, which partially cover it. Colours. Greyish, shot with silver, lightest on the sides and ab- domen: each scale with a deep black central spot. Shot with pink and golden about the cheeks. Fins stained with grey. By no means rare at times ; but in some years they seem to almost absent themselves. They are rarely seen above 8 inches. Are good eating. OPHIOCEPHALUS STRIATUS, Bloch. Verarl or Wrahl (Mal.). Bi.¥.) Di 370i. b7 has 6: A. 23-26... Ov dBi0 Eee, 5—7 L. tr. 7" Length of specimens from 553, to 15,4, inches. These fish, known over most of India as the Morrul (Hind.), are said to attain to the length of 3 feet ; they inhabit all stagnant pools of water and rivers, whilst the young may be found in every paddy- 1865.] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 35 field. It is extraordinary in what small pieces of water they will live and thrive, owing to the immensity of animal life in the fresh waters of Malabar. They have obtained their common appellation of ‘* Walking-fish ”’ from being able to progress some distance over moist places, and thus change their localities, which they do either when the pond in which they live is becoming dried up, or when the monsoon fills every place with water. Possessing a cavity (like the rest of the genus) above the gills which enables them to carry water, they are capable of keeping their respiratory organs moist so long as the fluid lasts, and can consequently breathe for some time after leaving their native element. They are not able to erect their fins, gill-covers, and scales like the Anabas scandens, but otherwise progress in the same manner. It is often asserted that these fish can exist in the dried mud of tanks ; but though frequently promised by natives that they would discover them in such places, they invariably failed. Perhaps this idea may have originated because it is at the commencement of the monsoon, when the rains begin to render all the previously dried-up tanks first mud and then water, these fish may be seen migrating. It may be that as they were known to exist there at a prior time when there was water, were not apparent when the tank was dry, but were again seen as the exsiccated mud became moist*, the natives believe they have arrived out of it. It can scarcely be supposed these fish could retain vitality in dried mud, where they would be unable to breathe, to move, or to feed. Europeans have frequently seen them migrating ; and that they are capable of walking, personal observation can attest. OpHIocreHALUS GACHUA, Buch. Ham. Kuravu (Mal.). Baa 35. elon. Wis Os, wArol. Coli LL.) 40. Bitte > Length of specimens from 5 to 5,3; inches. Said not to grow upwards of 8 inches in length. Very common, and found in almost every piece of fresh water, even in many wells. Eaten by the natives. Takes a bait freely. OpHIOCEPHALUS MARULIUS, Buch. Ham. Chaaree verarl (Mal.). B.v. D.50. P.18. V.6. A. 32. C.14. 1.1.59. L. tr. ©? * In one south-west monsoon, the grassland in front of the house I lived in, and formerly part of the esplanade, became one day a sheet of water. As that evaporated and soaked into the earth I could perceive fish swimming about. Having sent out persons to capture them, several species were brought me, viz. a Saccobranchus singio, an Ambassis, and some Barbels or Systom?. I could never account for how they arrived ; for the remnants of the ramparts precluded their entrance except by the drains, but the only one which opened there took a cir- cuitous route to the sea-face of the river, whilst all captured were freshwater species. 36 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. [Jan. 10, Length of specimen 20,4; inches. Its coloration varies considerably: in the specimen in my collection the back was dark grey, which colour passed downwards in five or six digitations to below the lateral line. Abdomen bright orange, with a few dusky markings at the base of the scales. Dorsal, caudal, pectoral, and anal grey; ventrals‘orange. On the posterior third of the body, of the dorsal and anal fins, and over the whole of the caudal were round pearl-like spots. These are considered the best of the genus for the table; they do not appear to frequent stagnant waters or pools. The O. grandinosus, C. & V., appears to be this species. The colours of many Indian specimens are nearly as vivid as represented by the Chinese painter. Likewise O. leucopunctatus, Sykes, seems to be merely the O. marulius. OPpHIOCEPHALUS DIPLOGRAMMA, Day, sp. nov. By. Dl 43 Poo. V6; AS 87. °C 15) Ss eee 1312" inches. Length of specimen from 3,%,. of head. ... 1..:.)- 1,4, or about two-sevenths of total length. ——— of pectoral .... 45, or about one-tenth of total length. of base of dorsal 1,8,, or about one-half of total length. —— of base of anal . 1;4,, or about two-sevenths of total length. of caudal...... >8;, or about one-seventh of total length. Diameter of eye ;2; inch, or ;2; of length of head; ;%; inch from end of snout, nearly ;3; apart. Body subcylindrical in front ; head depressed and flat superiorly, rather compressed laterally. Orbit oval and close to profile. Cleft of mouth lateral, wide; lower jaw the longest; superior maxillary extends behind to below posterior third of orbit. Thirteen rows of scales between orbit and angle of przeoperculum. Inter- orbital space flat, slightly wider than the length of the snout ; plates irregularly round, with raised margins, and smaller than those on the back of the head. About six series of scales between the orbits, the centre ones of which are the largest. Nostrils rather wide apart, the anterior of which is superior and the largest. A sharp spinous process exists on either side of the back of the head, above the oper- eulum. Teeth. Several rows of sharp teeth in the lower jaw, with an irre- gular internal row of larger ones. Several bands of sharp teeth in the upper jaw, vomer, and palate, in these two last places interspersed with larger ones. Fins. Ventral reaches nearly as far as the commencement of anal. Fin-rays all weak. Pectoral rounded. Caudal slightly rounded. Scales comparatively small, lineated, and raised at their margins. tte line makes a curve from the seventh to the eighth row of scales. Colours. Back greyish ; sides scarlet; abdomen white. A broad black band passes through the eye direct to the upper half of caudal 1865. | MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 37 fin; a second commenees at the angle of the mouth, and proceeds to lower half of caudal. Dorsal fin grey; caudal scarlet, with two black longitudinal lines ; pectoral, ventral, and anal yellowish, with a dark grey base. Rare ; only one specimen obtained, in October 1863. FisTULARIA SERRATA, Cuv. B.vii. D.15. P.15. V.6. A.14.° C.2+6/2|6+2. Length of specimens from 1874; to 23745 inches. Not rare. MasTacEMBALUS ARMATUS, Lacép. Ahlee (Mal.). B.vi.. D2 37|74.. -P. 23. A. 3|79." ©. 15. Length of specimens from 958; to 18;45 inches. Common in the rivers. They are dangerous to handle, on account of their dorsal and anal spines, as well as those on the preeoperculum and in front and below the orbit. Fair eating ; but best ina dry curry. They salt well. MASTACEMBALUS GUENTHERI, Day, sp. nov. B. vi. D. 27-28 60-64. P.15. A. 3 62-64. C.9. inches. Length of specimens from .. 4355 to 7 inches. —ofhead .......... 1, or about 1-7th of total length. ——— of pectoral ........ =>, or about 1-23rd of total length. — @L CAUARL «o/s 5 occ yn z{5, or about 1-17th of total length. of base of hard dorsal 2;8,, or about 2-5ths of total length. of base of soft dorsal 2;4,, or about 1-3rd of total length. ——— of anal.........«.+.. 2,55, or about 2-5ths of total length. Height of head .......... z's, or about 1-23rd of total length. RA BODY vas sant {>> or about 1-9th of total length. — of soft dorsal ...... zy, or about 1-23rd of total length. — CET NGO eee =, or about 1-12th of total length. Diameter of eye =!; length of head; eyes slightly wider apart, 75 from end of snout. Superior maxillary longer than the inferior ; and soft snout ex- tends 1th of an inch beyond the end of the jaw. Cleft of mouth small, and extending about halfway to the orbit. Praeoperculum with two spines at its angle, directed backwards and downwards, and some fine ones along its lower limb. A rather long and strong, sharp, erectile preeorbital spine. Thirteen rows of scales between orbit and angle of the preeoperculum. The whole of the head and between the orbits scaled. Teeth. Several rows of sharp-pointed teeth, directed backwards, in both upper and lower jaws. Fins. Dorsal spines strong, short, and sharp, commencing at about the termination of the first fifth of the body. Soft dorsal, caudal, and anal united. Anal spines strong, the centre one the longest and 38 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. [Jan. 10, strongest, the third being nearly hidden; they all can be laid flat in a kind of sheath, as can also those of the dorsal. Colours. General colour greenish brown ; a yellowish-white streak passes from just above the eye, along the lateral line, to the centre of the caudal. Soft portion of dorsal dotted with brown, and having fourteen irregular blotches along its base, extending to the back of the fish. Caudal with a black bar at its base, and four or five lighter ones between that and its extremity ; anal irregularly spotted. Ab- domen, from vent to head, of a dirty yellowish white, with a number of blotchy markings extending on to it from the side. Operculum greyish brown, the same colour being also found on the throat. Przeoperculum of a lighter colour ; lower jaw dirty white. Very common in paddy-fields and the Trichoor backwater ; said never to grow to a large size; is considered good eating. GLYPHIDODON COCHINENSIS, Day, sp. nov. BVO D ee! Pree he Ae Looe? eee inches. Length of specimens from 3-8; to 3,8; inches. of head: }Yeaaey: oe 75, or about 2-11ths of total length. of pectoral ... .-. - 3; or about 1-6th of total length. ——— of caudal........ 1,4,, or about 1-3rd of total length. of base of dorsal.. 158, or about 2-5ths of total length. of base of anal.... 4, or about 2-11ths of total length. Ileight of head.......... 7/5, or about 2-11ths of total length. ——— of body ........ 1,1, or about 2-6ths of total length. _ of hard dorsal.... 35, or about 2-15ths of total length. of soft dorsal .... 154, or about 2-6ths of total length. ———— of base of caudal.. 4, or about 1-9th of total length. ——— of ventral........ 35, or about 1-6th of total length. ——— ofanal.......... 35, or about 1-8th of total length. Diameter of eye ;%; inch, or # length of head ; 3, inch from end of snout, ;2; apart. Body ovoid, compressed, width at shoulder being scarcely equal to half its height; profile from snout to dorsal fin convex. Soft portions of dorsal, anal, and caudal fins much elongated. Jaws of equal length ; superior maxillary extends as far backwards as opposite the anterior margin of the orbit. Praeoperculum entire ; posterior limb slightly oblique, and half as long again as the inferior limb, which is horizontal, the angle being rounded. Sub- and inter- opercula entire. Operculum ending in a flat rather strong spine at its centre, a little below the level of the lower margin of the orbit ; a second a short distance above, and in one specimen a third about an equal distance below the central one. The posterior nostril rounder than the anterior, which is transversely oval; they are a short distance apart, and near anterior surface of the orbit, slightly above its median line. All the opercula and interorbital space scaled. Suprascapular, scapular, and humeral bones entire. —_ee - 1865.] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 39 Teeth flattened and compressed into a single row, decreasing in size from the centre of the jaws to their circumference. Fins. Dorsal commences opposite end of operculum. Pectoral slightly behind, and ventral a little more posterior. Anal commences opposite about the tenth dorsal spine. Spinous portion of dorsal 1,2; inch in extent; spines moderately strong ; interspinous mem- brane slightly longer than the spines, and deeply notched ; soft por- tion elongated ; first spine ;2,, second nearly 3%; inch ; and they gra- dually increase to the last, which is ;5;. Pectoral rounded. Ventral spine ;4; inch, moderately strong; first soft ray prolonged. Anal, first spine =2;, second 3%;, and the strongest ; soft rays prolonged. Caudal deeply lunated ; outer rays much prolonged. Scales. Greatest diameter from above downwards; some are con- tinued over the soft portion of the dorsal and anal and commence- ment of caudal. Lateral live at first on third scale, and is thus continued for about eighteen scales, when it apparently ceases; but it may be found continued on the sixth row in the form of round glandular cavities in the centre of each scale. Colours. Of a deep purplish black ; the margins of some scales of a lighter shade, lightest on the abdomen. Pectoral fins not so deeply stained as the others. Eyes dark hazel. Only three specimens were observed at Cochin, and they were all captured in one net. PLATYGLOSSUS DUSSUMIERI, Cuv. & Val. Bovizs Di Sey Be by We ten Ae ds) CoVS.> LL 29. Lot g . 12° Length of specimens from 3,8; to 434; inches. _ GERRES PUNCTATUS, Cuy. & Val. Bev. Did. Potay Vit. App. 172) L.b42. Te tr. 3. 10° Length of specimens from 4,1; to 75 inches. Arrives in Cochin in large numbers in the month of October ; is eaten by the natives. GERRES FILAMENTOSUS, Cuv. & Val. B.vi. Ds. P15. V.>... Aso, Cil7,; yl, 42.” Late. s: Length of specimen 5%; inches. Errorius suraATENsIs, Bloch. Kurree meen (Mal.). B.vi. D.=>*. P17. Viz. AG. C.16. L.1.45. L. tr. 21. Length of specimens from 1,4, to 1052; inches. During the monsoon time the colours of these fish are most beau- tiful ; the eight vertical bands are more distinctly marked, the ab- domen becomes nearly white, the back dark green, whilst a round white pearly spot exists on nearly every scale. Very young fish 40 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW WHALE. {Jan. 10, have a large black ocellus, surrounded by a white margin, and ex- tending from the fourth to the tenth soft ray of the dorsal. When these fish frequent brackish water, they generally become of a deep purple colour. ; Very common in all pieces of fresh water, and excellent eating when of a large size. They take a bait freely, but are not so easily captured by a net, as they appear to dive down into the mud. Erropius MACULATUS, Bloch. Pulluttay meen (Mal.). B.vi. D.@. P14. V.>. AZ. C.16. 1.1.35. TL. tr. 21. Length of specimens from 1,5, to 354; inches. Having captured about fifty specimens, on July 15th, 1863, from the fort ditch, for the purpose of minutely examining their colours, no two could be said to be exactly similar. The seventeen or eighteen rows of golden spots were more or less apparent in all: but in some the three blotches on the side were black, in others of emerald-green, whilst all intermediate shades were perceptible ; some were glossed over with purple, which was absent in others. Common in every paddy-field, tank, or piece of fresh water; and even occasionally in the backwater within the influence of the tides. Eaten by the natives, but, as they rarely exceed 3 inches in length, are not esteemed by the Europeans. 2. Notice or A New WHALEBONE WHALE FROM THE COAST or DEVONSHIRE, PROPOSED TO BE CALLED EsCHRICHTIUS roBustus. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., etc. A better proof could not be required of the little attention that has hitherto been paid to the study of the Whales of the seas sur- rounding the British islands than the fact that, almost immediately after the appearance of my paper on British Whales, in which I had doubled the number of species that had before been recorded as found on our coast, a bone has been discovered showing most dis- tinctly that a species of Whalebone Whale which had only been described from an imperfect skeleton buried in the sand on the coast of Sweden is also an inhabitant of our seas. Mr. Pengelly has kindly brought to me one of the middle cervical vertebrze of a Finner Whale, which was washed ashore at Babbacombe Bay, in Torbay, on the coast of Devonshire, on the 24th of Novem- ber 1861. It is so different in its form and proportions from the cervical vertebrae of any of the species of British Whales which I described in my paper on those animals (printed in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society for 1864), that I lose no time in bringing a description of it before the Society ; for, as I have already observed, I consider that we must treat remains of Whales as we do fossil animals— describe them from a single bone, if no more can be procured, if, after careful study and comparison, we are satisfied that the bone in 1865.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW WHALE. 41 question differs in important characters from the corresponding bone in the hitherto known species. In this case, though as yet we only know a single bone, there cannot be any doubt,—1, that the body of the vertebra differs in its form and thickness from the vertebra of any Finner Whale yet described ; 2, that the thickness of the lateral processes is exceed- ingly different from that of those parts in any other known species ; 3, that the size, or rather width, of the canal of the spine, as com- pared with the size of the body of the vertebra, differs from the width found in any Whale yet examined. On comparing this vertebra with the drawing of the cervical ver- tebree of Balenoptera robusta, described by Professor Lilljeborg in his very excellent paper on the Scandinavian Whales, which he had been so kind as to transmit to me, I was induced to believe that the bone sent by Mr. Pengelly might belong to that species; but, for greater certainty, as I cannot read the Professor’s Swedish descrip- tion of the species, nor get it properly translated here, I sent a tracing of the bone to Upsal, and the Professor has replied that he believes that it belongs to the species he described. He has also sent me a drawing of one of the cervical vertebrz of his species, which cer- tainly agrees with the one from Babbacombe Bay in every particular, except in being a trifle larger in all its parts. The addition of this animal to our marine fauna, and the pro- curing of the remains of a second specimen of a species which only rested on the description of an imperfect skeleton found imbedded in the sand on the coast of Sweden, is important. In my “ Notes on the Whalebone Whales, with a synopsis of the species,” published in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ (vol. xiv. p. 343), I gave the reason why I thought Balenoptera robusta was probably more allied to Megaptera than to Physalus, and I there proposed for that species a new subgenus, under the name of Escuricutiuvs. The examination of the vertebra from Devon- shire, and the additional figures which Professor Lilljeborg has so kindly sent to me, confirms me in the idea that it is of a distinct form, proper to be considered as a genus. Professor Lilljeborg ob- serves, ‘‘ Depuis peu vous considérez que mon B. robusta appartient aux genre Megaptera. D’aprés les principes que vous avez suivies dans la distinction des genres des Balenoptéres, cette espéce, sans doute, doit faire type d’un genre particulier.” In the cervical vertebrz of all the genera of Finner Whales which I have examined, and which have hitherto been described, the width of the canal of the spinal marrow is rarely more than half the width of the body of the vertebra: thus in Physalus the canal is 52 inches wide, and the body of the vertebra 11 inches; in Megaptera, which had the largest and widest canal known until the discovery of this Whale, the canal is 5 inches, and the body of the vertebra 9 inches wide; but in this Babbacombe Whale the canal is 63 inches, and the body of the vertebra only 73 inches wide. The cervical vertebrz of the Balenide have a large canal for the spinal marrow, compared with the size of the body of these vertebre. 42 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW WHALE. [Jan. 10, The large size of this canal in Megaptera, Peescopia, and Cuvierius, as well as peculiarities in other parts of the skeleton in the two former genera, shows that the long-armed Humpbacked Whales have some characters which make them, in some respects, more allied to the Right Whales, or Balenide, than the other Finner Whales. schrichtius is separated from both Megaptera and Pes- copia by the regular and well-developed form of the lateral pro- cesses, which are even larger and longer, compared with the size of the body of the vertebra, than are found in any of the species of Physalus or Benedenia. The canal of the spinal marrow in Eschrichtius is broader, com- pared with the size of the body of the vertebree, than it is in the last cervical vertebra of Balena biscayensis (the canal in this species becomes wider, compared with its height, as it approaches the dorsal vertebra) ; for its width is only four-fifths of the width of the body of the vertebra, while in Eschrichtius it is eight-eighths of the same measurement, In the study of these animals, I have observed that the form and proportion of the canal of the spinal marrow constitute one of the best characters for the distinction of the Whales. Under these circum- stances, I propose to form a genus for this Whale, under the name EscuricHrTivus. The external form and size of pectoral fin, and the position and form of the dorsal fin, unknown. Lower jaw with a very low, strongly developed coronoid process. Vertebree 60. Ribs 15—15. The cervical vertebre free, the body small, thick, suborbicular, qua- drangular, rather wider than high ; lateral processes of the third to the seventh vertebrae not forming a ring; the canal of the spinal marrow very broad, compared with the width of the body of the vertebrze, and very high, subtrigonal, with rounded angles. The second cervical not known. Bladebone with a distinct acromium and Vertebra of Eschrichtius robustus. coracoid process. Arm-bones broad, not longer than the humerus. Fingers, phalanges half as long again as broad. The breastbone 1865.| MR. MIVART ON THE MYOLOGY OF CERCOPITHECUS. 43 trigonal, rather longer than wide; front part broad, arched out in front, broadly truncated at the sides ; the hinder part at first suddenly tapering, for half its length, and then gradually tapering to a point behind. The body of the cervical vertebra of #. robustus from Babbacombe is very thick, and of a nearly uniform thickness ; front and hinder sur- faces nearly flat; the sides are nearly straight, the lower one being the widest and most arched out. The upper and lower lateral pro- cesses are strong; the upper one subtrigonal, slightly bent down, and nearly on a level with the articulating surfaces of the body ; the hinder one rather compressed above, broader and somewhat flattened on the lower edge. The width of the body 73, the height 6 inches. The upper processes 32, and the lower 43 inches long ; but they are evidently broken and sea-worn at the end. This vertebra appears to be either the fourth or fifth cervical, as the lateral processes are nearly on the same plane as the articulating surface; while in the anterior or posterior cervicals they are usually either bent forwards or backwards. It differs from other cervical vertebree in the squareness of its form, the straightness of the sides, the smallness of the size, and the very great and equal thickness of the body. It is evidently the bone of an adult animal, as the epi- physes are completely united to the body of the vertebra. The body of the vertebra is nearly as wide and thick as that of the corresponding one in M. longimana (width of body 9, height 7, width of neural arch 5? inches in widest part), at the same time that the space between the bases of the neural arch is nearly 14 inch wider, and the lateral processes are very much thicker and more developed, than in the vertebra of M. longimana. It differs in the same characters, but in a greater degree, from the correspondiug cervical vertebra of Physalus (width of body 11, height 7, width of neural arch 53 inches) ; for in that genus the body of the vertebra is thin and transversely more oblong, and the canal of the neural arch not so broad, compared with the width of the body of the vertebra. 3. NoTEs ON THE Myo.woGy or A SPECIMEN OF CERCOPITHECUS saBzuS. By Sr. GrorcGe Mivart, F.Z.S., F.L.S. In October last I received from the Society’s collection a fine adult female Monkey of the above-mentioned species. It may per- haps be worth while to record the conditions presented by some of those muscles which show such interesting variations in the order Primates. The levator claviculz arose from the transverse process of the atlas only, and, descending beneath the sterno-mastoid, was inserted into the acromion and the anterior third of the spine of the scapula, but not at all into the clavicle. The trapezius was entirely super- ficial to it. The omo-hyoid was wanting. 44 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [Jan. 10, The pectoralis major arose from the whole length of the sternum, the sternal ends of the ribs, and the sterno-clavicular articulation, but not from the clavicle itself; it was inserted into the external edge of the bicipital groove of the humerus, side by side with the deltoid, and having the same upper and lower limits as that muscle has at its insertion. The pectoralis minor consisted of two very distinct portions. The first arose from the sternum (below the second bone), and from the sternal ends of the ribs beneath, extending as far down as the origin of the pectoralis major. The second part arose exclusively from the aponeurosis of the external oblique. The fibres of these two portions converged (leaving a triangular space between them covered by the pectoralis major), and were together inserted into the capsular liga- ment of the humerus. The trapezius was inserted into the whole length of the spine of the scapula to the extremity of the acromion, but it had no insertion into the clavicle. The rhomboideus major and rhomboideus minor were represented by asingle muscle; but there was a very distinct and separate mus- cular slip which arose from the supra-occipital, and was inserted by a distinct tendon into the inner side of the posterior margin of the scapula, just below the triangular surface at the root of the spine. The latissimus dorsi separated into two portions when about 2 inches from the axilla: the smaller and inner portion joined the tendon of the teres major ; the larger and outer portion was inserted into the bicipital groove. The dorso-epitrochlear arose from the larger division of the latis- simus dorsi (just where it became tendinous), and was inserted, as usual, into the olecranon. A small, short muscular slip arose from the outer side of the ten- don of the coraco-brachialis, aud was inserted into the humerus just above the insertion of the teres major. The extensor indicis ended in two tendons inserted, respectively, into the second and third digits. The extensor minimi digiti similarly gave tendons to the fourth and fifth digits. The extensor primi internodii pollicis was entirely absent. The extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis gave rise to two tendons, one being inserted into the trapezium, the other into the radial border of the first metacarpal. The flexor profundus consisted of four fleshy bellies, of which the first arose from the anterior surface of the radius and interosseous ligament, the second from the anterior surface of the ulna, the third from the inner condyle of the humerus, and the fourth from the inner border of the ulna. The last was very distinct, and supplied the tendon for the fifth digit. The other three soon fused together, and gave origin to a very broad tendon, from the middle of the super- ficial surface of which a small tendon arose, which crossed over and was inserted into the pollex. The scansorius was completely fused with the gluteus minimus. 1865.] MYOLOGY OF CERCOPITHECUS. 45 The tensor vaginz femoris was strongly developed, but very closely united, at its origin, with the gluteus medius. The biceps femoris had but one origin, namely, from the outer side of the base of the ischium beneath the acetabulum. The rectus femoris and soleus had each also but a single origin, the latter arising from the head of the fibula. The tibialis anticus had its lower half divided into two distinct fleshy bellies, one giving off a tendon to the ento-cuneiform, the other sending one to be inserted into the tibial side of the ventral surface of the first metatarsal. The peroneus quinti digiti consisted of a very small fleshy belly, which arose from the middle of the external surface of the fibula (between the peroneus longus and the peroneus brevis) and soon gave rise to a very long and exceedingly slender tendon, which was closely applied to that of the peroneus brevis and, beyond the in- sertion of the latter, was continued along the upper and outer edge of the fifth metatarsal to be inserted into the extensor sheath of the fifth digit. Left foot. Right foot. a. Flexor longus hallucis. ec. Flexor accessorius. 4. Flexor longus digitorum. d. Tendon of hallux. The flexor longus digitorum and the flexor longus hallucis were connected together by their tendons in a peculiar manner, but which differed slightly in the two feet. In both feet the tendon of the flexor longus digitorum bifurcated, one branch going to the second, the other to the fifth digit. The flexor longus hallucis divided into three strong tendons, destined for the hallux and for the third and 46 MR.A.NEWTON ON NEWBIRDS FROM RODRIGUEZ. [Jan. 10, fourth digits respectively. In both feet also the tendon to the hallux was bent round that going to the second digit, becoming superficial to it. In both feet also the tendon of the fifth digit gave off two short and very slender tendons to join those of the flexor longus hal- lucis destined for the third and fourth digits respectively ; and the tendon of the second digit also gave off a short and slender slip ; but while, in the right foot, this slip joined the tendon of the hallux (the flexor longus digitorum being thus, directly or indirectly, connected with all the digits of the right foot), this slip, in the left foot, jomed the other brauch of the flexor longus digitorum (namely, the tendon for the fifth digit), the tendon of the hallux, in that foot, thus pass- ing between the two branches of the flexor longus digitorum and their connecting slip, but having no connexion whatever with any tendon of that muscle. The flexor accessorius gave off no tendon, but was inserted into the outer side of the tendon of the flexor Iongus digitorum and of its external branch, its insertion extending from a little distance above to about the same distance below the point of bifurcation of the tendon. The lumbricales were three in number in each foot, and inserted into the third, fourth, and fifth digits; but while, in the right foot, the lumbricalis inserted into the third digit took origin from the outer side of the tendon of the second digit ; in the left foot it arose from the inner side of the tendon of the third digit. Again, the lum- bricalis of the fourth digit arose, in the right foot, from the inner side of the tendon destined for that digit, while in the left foot it arose from the outer side of the tendon for the third digit. Finally, the lumbricalis of the fifth digit, which, in the right foot, arose from the tendon of that digit, took origin, in the left foot, from the outer side of the tendon of the fourth digit. The plantar interossei formed a very distinct muscular layer, which arose from the proximal end of the plantar surface of the third meta- tarsal, and from the sheath of the tendon of the peroneus longus. It divided into three distinct portions, which were inserted in the usual manner, 7. e. like the palmar interossei of the human hand. 4. On Two New Birps From THE IsLtanD OF RODRIGUEZ. By Aurrep Newton, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. (Plate I.) I have the pleasure of laying before the Society specimens of two undescribed birds, which I have recently received from my brother, Mr. Edward Newton, Acting Auditor-General of Mauritius, C.M.Z.S. They were obtained by him during a short visit to the Island of Ro- driguez, a locality so interesting as having been the seat of one, if not more, species of the family Didide. I may add that these two species were the only land-birds observed by him on this occasion, with the exception of a small Parrot (Poliopsitta cana) and a spe- J Wolf.del.et ith. M&NHanhart imp Pee OUD. DA: PPA TC AGN &: 3. DRYM@CA RODERICANA . 1865.] MR.A.NEWTON ON NEW BIRDS FROM RODRIGUEZ. 47 cies of Numida, both of which have been, according to the informa- tion he collected, introduced into the island from Madagascar. The first I call Foupta FLAVIcans, sp. nov. (Pl. I. figs. 1, 2.) F. major, capite et pectore pulchre luteis, alis unifasciatis, pe- dibus validioribus. Descr. maris adulti. Olivaceo-virens, dorso striolato ; subtus pallidior ; capite, collo, pectore et uropygio pulchre luteis, capistro et genis vubro-aurantiaco ardescentibus ; abdomine medio albido-lutescente ; alis albido late unifasciatis ; regio- nibus ophthalmicis nigris ; rostro gracili, subincurvo, nigro ; pedibus validioribus, dilute brunneis ; wridibus perfuscis. Long. tota 5, alee 2°72, caudze 1°9, acrotarsi °85, dig. med. cum ungue *75, hallucis cum ungue ‘64, rostri a fronte 56, ejusdem a rictu *54 poll. Angl.* Descr. foeminz adultze. Fusco-virens, dorso striolato ; subtus multo pallidior ; alis late unifasciatis ; rostro et iridibus per- fuscis ; pedibus fuscis. Had. in insula Mascarena “ Rodriguez ”’ dicta. Mus. A. et E. Newton. Obs. I characterize this fine species as new without any hesitation. I may mention that a specimen has been in the possession of myself and my brother for nearly twenty years. All we know of it was that it was sent to England by the late Colonel Lloyd, who was Sur- veyor-General of Mauritius. We took it to be an accidental variety of Foudia madagascariensis, perhaps arising from the bird having been kept in captivity. When, however, I came to compare it with examples of that species, it was plainly distinct ; but having no know- ledge of the precise locality where it was obtained, though I had little doubt it came from one of the Mascarene Islands, I forbore to describe it. The new species, though no doubt most nearly allied to F. erythrocephala, will be easily distinguished not only by its greater size, but by its very different colouring. The second I propose to designate as Drymeca (?) RODERICANA, sp. nov. (Pl. I. fig. 3.) D. supra cinereo-olivacea, subtus flavescens, annulo periophthal- mico paroticisque albis flavido tinctis. Deser. maris adulti. Rostro gracili, sub apicem emarginato; max- illa incurvata; mandibula recta, ultra medium levissima, sursum inclinata ; naribus basalibus, superne membrana clausis, inferne rima longitudinalt apertis ; rictu setoso ; alis brevioribus, ro- * Addo mensuras similes marium Foudie madagascariensis e¢ F. erythro- cephalz :— F.m. F. e. || F.m F.e. Long. tota ............ 48 1... 44 Long. dig. med. c. ung.... °73 ...*7 BLD 5 ..cceneceos 22! ost) 2°65 hallucis ............ fo. nes. CEB ——- caude ......... 1°75 1°55 || ———rostri a fronte...... 51 55 ——-acrotarsi ...... 79 ... ‘85 || ——-rostria rictu ...... 56 te “54 48 DR.K. CRISP ON THE OS PENIS OF THE CHIMPANZEE. [Jan. 10, tundatis, remige primo brevissimo, secundo abrupte longiore et nono equali, tertio quarto et quinto subequalibus longissimis externe emarginatis ; cauda rectricibus decem, elongata, gra- data ; acrotarsis longiusculis. Supra cinereo-olivacea, flexura flavescente, remigibus rectricibusque olivaceo-fuscis, illis externe griseo limbatis ; subtus pallide flavescens, annulo periophthal- mico paroticisque albis, pallide flavido tinctis ; maxilla perfusca favo limbata; mandibula flava ; pedibus schistaceo-brunneis. Long. tota 5°75, alee 2°8, caudee 2:6, acrotarsi *9, dig. med. cum ungue ‘58, hallucis cum ungue ‘51, rostri a fronte 54, eyusdem a rictu ‘7 poll. Angl. Hab. in insula Mascarena “ Rodriguez’’ dicta. Mus. A. et E. Newton. Oés. It is with considerable doubt that I refer this bird to the genus Drymeca. It seems to me to be quite as nearly allied to Prinia, with certain leanings towards Orthotomus. In my deter- mination of it, I am chiefly influenced by the opinion of Mr. G. R. Gray, who has most obligingly examined the specimen, and informed me that he considers it belongs to the first-named genus, adding that it ‘“‘is somewhat allied to D. thoracica, which is the type of Swainson’s subdivision Apalis.” I would take this opportunity of remarking that no other species of the genus Drymecca, as restricted, is found in any island of the Mascarene group ; for the Drymeca madagascariensis of Dr. Hartlaub (Orn. Beitr. zur Fauna Madagas- cars, p. 35) seems to me more properly to belong to the genus Cistz- cola, having twelve, instead of ten, rectrices. 5. On THE Os Penis OF THE CHIMPANZEE (TROGLODYTES NIGER) AND OF THE ORANG (Stm1A saTyRuS). By Epwarps Crisp, M.D., F.Z.8., &c. The communication I am about to make will, I think, be received with some amount of gratification by the members present, as there are none of us, I presume, that wish to claim relationship with the ape, and any discovery that makes the line of demarcation between man and the brute more definite and positive will be hailed with satisfaction. All, as far as 1 know, who have dissected the two apes above named—animals among the anthropoid Quadrumana that have most frequently come under the knife of the anatomist—have either if qr" a. The penis-bone of a young Orang. b. The penis-bone of a young Chimpanzee*. denied the existence of a bone in the penis, or have inferred that it was not present. During my first examinations of the Orang and * These bones are represented with the periosteal covering. 7 1865.] DR. E. CRISP ON THE ANATOMY OF THE WATER-OUSEL. 49 Chimpanzee, when the anatomy of these apes excited less interest, I did not examine the male generative organs with sufficient care, and I inferred, as others had done, that no bone was present. In my more recent examinations I have been more minute, and, to my sur- prise, I find that both the Chimpanzee and Orang have a penis-bone as exhibited in the preparations before the Society and in the draw- ing which I now exhibit. (See woodcut, p. 48.) I first discovered this bone in a young Orang, and next in two Chimpanzees, now in my possession. Through the kindness of Mr. Flower, conservator of the Hunterian Museum, I examined all the male anthropoid apes in spirits at the College of Surgeons. In avery young Chimpanzee weighing about 5lbs., and having only four incisor teeth, I found this bone small and acicular. In two Orangs, about two years of age, it appeared to be of about the size of the specimens before the Society; but in these I judge only from external examination. This bone, I believe, is present in the Gorilla also, an animal that in many respects is more distant from the human family than the Chimpanzee. The bone in these young anthropoid apes (Orang and Chimpanzee) is about one-third of an inch in length, and about a line in width, with the extremities slightly enlarged. In the Chimpanzee it is rather shorter and thicker. What size it attains in the adult animal remains to be seen: it is probably as large as, or perhaps larger than the same bone in many of the lower Quadrumana. ‘There is one thing, however, tolerably certain, that the presence of this bone is an indication of a great degree of inferiority, as regards place and position, in the animal scale. 6. On THe ANATomMy anv Hasits or tHE WaATER-OvsEL (Cin- CLUs aquaTicus). By Epwarps Crisp, M.D., F.Z.S, erc. I have for a long time been occupied in preparing a work on the British Birds, more especially in reference to their structure, in con- nexion with their habits, the nature of their food, &c.; and there is no bird that has puzzled me so much as the Water-Ousel, and it is on this account that I bring the subject before the Society, hoping that I may obtain some information from the members present. I need not go very minutely into the history of this bird; but it will, I think, be interesting to compare some parts of its anatomy with those of the other Merulide. The object of my paper will be to endeavour, first, to ascertain by what means this bird, so unlike all aquatic birds in form, is enabled to dive and remain some time under water and capture its prey; secondly, to inquire respecting the nature of its food, and its supposed depredations on the ova and fry of fishes. I may premise that I have shot several of these birds in Scotland for the purpose of ascertaining the character of their food, and that I have had many opportunities of observing their habits. The three speci- mens on the table were sent to me recently (Nov. 30) by my friend Mr. Grierson, of Thornhill, Dumfriesshire ; and I have dissected and Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. IV. 50 DR. E. CRISP ON THE ANATOMY {Jan. 10, examined them, as I had done on former occasions, in relation to the two questions above referred to. As the evidence of one inquirer in reference to the habits of this or of any other bird is comparatively valueless, let me quote a few authorities upon the subject. Montagu, in his Ornithological Dictionary, says he “discovered the nest of this bird in consequence of the old bird flying, with a fish in its bill, to the young. These were nearly fledged, but incapable of flight ; and the moment the nest was disturbed, they fluttered out and dropped into the water, and, to our astonishment, instantly vanished, but in a little time made their appearance at some distance down the stream, and it was with difficulty two out of five were taken, as they dived on being approached. The motion under water,” he says, ‘is effected by short jerks from the shoulder-joint, not, as in all other diving-birds, with extended wings.” Yarrell dissected this bird, and found nothing in its structure to account for its diving and remaining on the ground without any muscular effort. Mr. Macgillivray (Naturalist, vol. i. p. 105) says, “I have seen the Dipper moving under water in situations where I could observe it with certainty, and I readily perceived that its actions were similar to those of the Divers, Mergansers, and Cormorants, which I have often watched from an eminence as they pursued the shoals of sand- eels along the sandy shores of the Hebrides. It in fact flew, not merely using the wing from the carpal joint, but extending it con- siderably, and employing its whole extent as if moving im the air. The general direction of the body is obliquely downwards ; and great force is evidently used to counteract the effects of gravity, the bird finding it difficult to keep at the bottom.” Other observers have given similar testimony, some asserting that bubbles of air appeared on the surface after the bird was submerged : but these must have arisen from the disturbance of the earth at the bottom of the river; for no diving-bird, I believe, emits air from its lungs when under water. The air is got rid of before the act of diving takes place. But let me now speak of some parts of the anatomy of this bird, before I attempt to answer the first question. The average weight of this bird is said to be 2} oz. ; but in four that I have weighed the average weight has been about 23 oz., the males being a little heavier than the females; the length 73 inches, and 11 inches from the tip of each wing. The brain weighed 10 grains, the eyes 12 grains, the skin and feathers 132 grains, the pectoral muscles 135 grains. The gizzard moderately thick, and lined with a tough cuticle. The length of the whole alimentary tube was 16 inches; the cesophagus, as in the other Merulide, not dilated into a crop. The trachea of nearly uniform calibre, and consisting of 36 rings; the vocal muscles largely developed, as in the other members of this family. The tail-glands comparatively of large size. I have depicted all the above parts in the drawing before the Society ; but the parts of the anatomy of this bird to which I am . anxious to direct attention are the shortness of the wing and the great development of the wing-muscles—features which I believe will in 1865.] OF THE WATER-OUSEL, 51 a great measure account for the diving-powers of this bird and its progress under water. As might be expected, too, from the frequent motion of the tail, the caudal muscles are much developed. On comparing the visceral anatomy of this bird with that of the other British Merulide, all of which I have dissected, with the exception of White’s Thrush (Turdus whitei), very little proportional difference is observed. The length of the intestinal tube in the Redwing (7. iliacus) is 14 inches; the brain weighs 16 grains, the pectoral muscles 170 grains, the weight of the body being about 2} oz. In the Fieldfare (7. pilaris), weighing 43 oz., the brain weighs 26 grains, and the intestinal tube measures 22 inches. In the Ring-Ousel (T. torquatus), weight 3 oz. 180 grains, the alimentary canal is 133 inches in length, and the weight of the brain is 26 grains; and these parts in the Missel-Thrush (7. viscivorus), in the Blackbird (2. merula), and Song-Thrush (7. musicus) are of nearly the same proportionate length and weight. In the young Water-Ousel that I have dissected, I observed nothing remarkable in its anatomy. So that, as regards the visceral anatomy, there is no important difference between the Water-Ousel and the other members of this group, although among the British Merules this is the only bird that feeds exclusively on animal food; but, to show how the habits of a bird may be altered in this respect, I have mentioned a young Water-Ousel that was reared under a Bantam, and fed on porridge (P. Z. S. 1859, p. 200). Some writers upon this bird have spoken of the claws as being well adapted for holding on to stones and other objects at the bottom of the water ; but on comparing the claws of the Water-Ousel with those of the other Merulide, it will be seen that the bird has no advantage of this kind, although the comparatively blunted form of the claw would lead to the inference that it is used for the purpose mentioned. The bones of the Water-Ousel, like those of the other British mem- ~ bers of this group, contain no air*; and it is singular that the skele- ton of the Fieldfare, Redwing, and Missel-Thrush (birds of passage) should in this respect resemble that of the short-flighted Water-Ousel. As regards the food, I am afraid that we cannot entirely acquit this bird of occasionally destroying the fry of fish ; but I know of no reli- able evidence to prove that it takes the ova. In the three specimens before the Society, the gizzards of all contained Entomostraca, and one of them a Gordian (Gordius aquaticus). In others that I have dissected, I have discovered chiefly Entomostraca and the larvee of Phryganea ; indeed I have found that its food is very similar to that of the young Salmon (Salmo salar). Mr. Gould, in his present work ‘The Birds of Great Britain’ (part 1), mentions that he examined five of these birds that were shot on the River Usk, in Nov. 1859, and that no trace of spawn was found in any of them; their hard gizzards were entirely filled with the larvee of Phryganea and the Water-beetle (Hydrophilus). One had a small Bullhead (Cottus godio), which the bird had doubtless * T need scarcely say that some of the cranial bones of birds, like those of mammals, contain air. 52 MR. W. H. PEASE ON SISTRUM CANCELLATUM. [Jan. 10, taken from under a stone. Mr. Gould thinks that, by destroying insects and their larvee that may attack the ova and fry of fishes, these birds may do great service. Mr. Macgillivray found beetles and water shells (Zymnea and Ancy- Ius) and the larvee of Ephemera, Phryganea, and other aquatic insects. Sir W. Jardine, in his ‘ Birds of Great Britain,’ says, “‘ In one part of Scotland, sixpence per head is given for these birds. In another district, 548 were killed in three years.’ He adds, ‘‘ The ova of any kind of fish we have never detected in the stomach or intestines ; nor do we think that they habitually frequent the places where the spawn would be deposited ; and if they did, we would deem it almost impossible that they could reach it after it was covered in the spawning-bed,” &e. So that I hope we may fairly acquit this interesting little bird of the depredations of which it has so often been accused ; but I hope that we shall ere long see the Water-Ousel, with the Little Grebe (Podiceps minor), in the Society’s fish-house, where a better oppor- tunity will be afforded of learning its habits. As is well known, this bird has been variously classed by different writers. Mr. Gould, in the work before quoted, says he regards Cinclus as one of the isolated forms of ornithology, and that it has some remote alliance with the genera Troglodytes and Scytalopus and their allies. In my next communication I hope, by a careful comparison of the skeleton of this bird with those of the other Merulide, to come to a more definite conclusion on this subject. 7. On THE SYNONYMY OF SISTRUM CANCELLATUM. By W. Harper Prasz, Corr. Mem. We find a great discrepancy, as to the name of this species, among the several authors who have noticed it. It was originally described by Quoy and Gaimard (Voyage de |’Astrolabe, vol. i1. p. 563, pl. 37. figs. 15, 16) as Purpura cancellata. The next author who noticed it was De Blainville in his Monograph of Purpura, Nouv. Ann.du Mus., 1832, p.221. He refers correctly to the ‘Voyage de I’ Astrolabe,’ but names it “P. fenestrata,” possibly by mistake in copying. His name is consequently a synonym of P. can- cellata. Deshayes, in his edition of Lamarck, gives the description as P. fenestrata, Blainv., referring correctly to the figure and description by Quoy and Gaimard, as well as to that of De Blainville. Kiener, most surprisingly, does not notice it. Reeve discards both the names of Blainville and Quoy & Gaim., but describes and figures it more correctly than had been done previously, under the name P. elongata, Blainv. We can find no description of such a species by De Blainville. In his Monograph, however, on pl. 10, fig. 9, a shell is figured to which he attaches the name P. elongata; but no corresponding de- scription appears in the text. Dr. Gould, in his ‘ Mollusca of the U. S. Exploring Expedition,’ figures and describes the animal, following Reeve in naming it P. elongata, Blainv.; but he refers to 1865.] MR. W. H. PEASE ON A NEW SPECIES OF LATIRUS, 53 the description and figure given by De Blainville of P. fenestrata, and also quotes P. fenestrata of Quoy & Gaim., who make no mention of such a species. On comparing the above figures and descriptions, it will be found that they all refer to one species. ‘The shell figured by De Blainville as P. elongata is a member of the same group as P. cancellata, which is represented by a number of species and varieties in the Pacific. 8. Drescrirprion or A New SpecizEs OF LATirus, AND REMARKS ON OTHERS, INHABITING THE Paciric IsLanps, By W. Harper Pease. Four species of La¢irus inhabit the Pacific Islands. They possess in common the remarkable peculiarity of displaying, when wet or moist, bright iridescent hues of various colours, although there is but slight analogy between them as to other characters. As they are of rare occurrence, and as we have in our collection a full suite of perfect and mature specimens, we propose to revise and extend the previous descriptions. The species range, so far as we have ascertained, from the Carolines, through the Ralick and Radack groups, to the Kingsmill; thence south to the Tongas, and east over the small islands near the Equator, not reaching Tahiti. The first and most notable is LATIRUS PRISMATICUS, Mart. Although figured by Martyn, the original and (so far as we can learn) the only description of this species was given by Mr. Reeve in Conch. Icon., under Turdinella, from aworn specimen. The figure of Martyn is not correct; but the colour is not exaggerated, nor can it be. Occasionally we have observed the tints change, and pass through several shades, while drying. We have seen specimens 3 inches in length. The following description is taken from a mature specimen :— L. ¢. turrito-fusiformi, crassa, longitudinaliter plicato-costata, transversim nodoso-lirata; liris elevatis, supra costas com- presso-angulatis ; interstitiis concentrice tenuiter liratis, longi- tudinaliter squamuloso-rugosis ; columella triplicata, callosi- tate parva superne munita ; labro simplict, acuto, intus lirato ; fulva, liris nigro-purpureis, purpureo vel viridi vel ceruleo tridescentibus, intus crocata. LATIRUS GEMMATUS, Reeve. The iridescent colours of this species are the same as those of the preceding, but in a less degree. The white colour is confined to the left side of the nodules. To the description given by Mr. Reeve we add as follows :— ** Longitudinaliter nodoso-plicata, transversim striata, nodis subro- tundatis.”’ 54 MESSRS. ADAMS AND ANGAS ON TWO NEW SHELLS. [Jan. 10, LATIRUS VIOLACEUS, Reeve. To the description we only add that the iridescent colours differ from those of the two preceding species in being of delicate golden and silvery shades of purple and green. To the above we add the following new species :— LATIRUS GIBBUS. L. t. fusiformi, solida, levi; spira acuminata, gracili ; longitu- dinaliter nodoso-costata, costis quinque, magnis, obliquis, com- pressis, valde elevatis ; transversim costata, costis tribus, ro- tundatis, indistinctis et irregularibus ; labro tenui, simplict ; costis albidis, interstitiis purpureo-violaceis iridescentibus, apertura violacea. Long. 13, diam. 8 mill. The iridescence appears but faintly in this species. 9, Descriptions or Two New Species or SHELLS IN THE CoL- LECTION oF GrorGE Frencn AnGas. By Henry ApAms, F.L.S., ano G. F. Ancas, Corr. Mem. Z. 8. (Plate IT.) Genus Susuxina, Beck. Subgenus Ca@xiaxis, nob. Testa umbilicata ; spira stiperne attenuata. Suputina (Ca@xrAxts) LAYARDI, nob. (PI. I. fig. 1.) S.t. umbilicata, cylindraceo-turrita, tenuis, oblique confertim costulato- striata, candida; spira superne sensim attenuata, apice obtuso ; anfr. 19, convexiusculi, ultimus basi rotundatus ; apertura subver- ticalis, ovato-lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus callo tenui junctis, columellari reflexo. Long. 28, diam. 7 mill., ap. 4 mill. longa. Hab. Cape of Good Hope (Brit. Mus. and Coll. Angas). The examples of this species in the British Museum were collected during the voyage of H.MS. ‘Herald,’ and were received, with several other shells, as having been obtained at the Cape. The specimen in the collection of Mr, Angas was sent to him from the Cape, with the locality ‘« East London, Buffalo Mouth ”’ attached to it. TRUNCATELLA (TAHEITIA) CLATHRATA, nob. (PI. II. fig. 2.) T. t. elongata, subcylindrica, tenui, decollata, pallido-fulva, clathris acutis irregularibus subdistantibus instructa; anfr. superst. 7, convexiusculi, ultimus penultimo sejunctus; apertura subovalis ; perist. continuum, undique reflecum, margine dextro expanso. Long. 9, diam, 3 mill., ap. diam. 3 mill. Hab. Solomon Islands (Coll. Angas). CB. Sowerby, del® TS P'Z.6. 1865. PL aT ‘fl 4 EXPLANATION OF PLATE II 1. Cosliaxis Layardi 9,10. Cohambella interrupta. 2. Tahitia clathrata ll. Patella alticostata 3. Voluta Kreuslere . 12. Crepidula immersa &. Lyria Archeri i314 teh te convexa.. 6. Mitra Rosette i6 Stenochiton juloides . 8. Siphonalia fuscozonata 16 Microplax Grayi ao 1 Ff it 0 = M.&N.Hanhart.imp 1865.] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON NEW AUSTRALIAN SHELLS. 55 10. Descriptions oF TEN New SPECIES OF SHELLS, CHIEFLY FROM THE AUSTRALIAN SEAs. By GeorGe FrencuH ANGAs, Corr. Mens. Z. 8, (Plate IT.) 1. Votura (ALCITHO#) KREUSLERA, nob. (PI. II. fig. 3.) V. testa elongato-fusiformi, subangustata, pallide fulvo-lutea ; sptra turrita, apice papillari ; anfractibus 6, levibus, in medio angulatis et plicato-nodosis, ad suturas castaneo maculatis, ultimo fere % longo, testam adequante, maculis aurantiaco-fuscis, trigonato ; labro simplici ; columella subrecta, 4-plicata, et callo tenui induta. Long. 2 poll. 9 lin., lat. 1 poll. Hab. South Australia (Coll. Archer). This species is an interesting addition to the Australian Volutes. In its general characters it somewhat resembles V. pacifica, Soland. (belonging to H.& A. Adams’s section Aleithoé), from which it differs in the greater length of the spire, in the narrowness of its form, and in having a different style of painting. The specimen in Mr. Archer’s collection was picked up on the beach at Glenelg, near Adelaide. I have named it after Mrs. Kreus- ler, a German lady resident in South Australia, who, by her diligent researches in the natural history of that province, has added to our knowledge of its fauna. 2. VoxuTa (LyrtA) arcHERI, nob. (PI. II. figs. 4 & 5.) V. testa ovata, solida, basi subrecurva, longitudinaliter valde lirato- costata ; costis obtusis, vir fleruosis, ad marginem parvis, gradatim evanidis, interstitiis levibus; pallide carneo-fusca, interstitiis Fuscis, costis lineis tenuibus castaneis ornatis ; spira subacumi- nata; anfractibus 6, convexiusculis, superne fusco irregulariter maculatis ; apertura oblonga, subangustata, vix % longa, testam @quante, intus pallido-carnea; labro incrassato, valde varicoso, interne dentato, margine subtenui, punctis nigris ornato ; columella basi triplicata, plicis numerosis supra exsculpta. Long. 1 poll. 4 lin., lat. 8 lin. Hab. Montserrat, West Indies (Coll. Archer). This beautiful West-Indian species belongs to Gray’s genus Lyria, and is allied to V. delessertiana, Petit, from Madagascar, and /. mitreformis, Lam., from South Australia. The description is taken from an adult specimen, in very fine condition, in the collection of Mr. Archer, of Liverpool. 3. Mirra rosetT#, nob. (PI. II. fig. 6.) M. ¢. satis turrita, leviore, aurantiaco-fusca, marginibus spire viz excurvatis ; anfr.nucl.?... (decollatis) ; norm. 5, planatis, suturis haud impressis; lineis punctulorum minimorum spiralibus, plus minusve distantibus, quarum circ. 6 in spira monstrantur, sepe obsoletis, insculpta; circa basim prolongatam sulculis altioribus 56 MR. G. F, ANGAS ON NEW AUSTRALIAN SHELLS. [Jan. 10, ornata ; columella 4-plicata, antice torta, canali aperto ; aper- tura elongata; labro acuto, haud lirato ; labio nullo. Long. *8, long. spir. ‘4, lat. -3 poll.; div. 40°. Hab. Rosetta Head, Encounter Bay, South Australia (Coll. Angas). The specimens are all decollated, with a mamillate vertex. The locality was named by Col. Light, the first Surveyor-General, after Mrs. Angas, the author’s mother. 4, SrpHoNALIA FuscozonaTA, nob. (PI. II. figs. 7 & 8.) S. t. parva, turrita, alba, striga lata fusca plus minusve interrupta sub peripheriam ornata, marginibus spire rectis ; vertice nucleoso mamillato; anfr. norm. 6, medio angulatis, regione suturali concava; costis radiantibus circ. 8, validis, obtusis, rotundatis, supra et infra obsoletis, interstitiis concavis eas equantibus ; liru- lis spiralibus crebris, obtusis, supra costas transeuntibus, quarum circ. 12 in spira monstrantur, postice confertis minoribus ; canali curtiore, excurvato; apertura subrotundata; labro intus acute lirato ; labio inconspicuo ; pariete sub suturam unidentato. Long. °54, long. spir. ‘27, lat. -28 poll.; div. 50°. Hab. South Australia (Coll. Angas). Resembles a Peristernia, but without the distinct fold of that genus. The broad brown belt is sometimes interrupted over the ribs, and is more or less dark according to the spiral sculpture. As the suture follows its middle, a part of the colour is seen on the spire, forming an elegant sutural line. 5. COLUMBELLA INTERRUPTA, nob, (PI. II. figs. 9 & 10.) C. t. minima, fusiformi, levi, marginibus spire excurvatis ; vertice nucleoso naticoideo, prominente, apice mamillato ; anfr. norm. 5, subplanatis, suturis distinctis; livida, seu pallide viridi, lineis radiantibus creberrimis, angustissimis, a zonis interruptis, ele- ganter picta ; zonis duabus, postica et subperipheriali, valde loba- tis, concinne ornata ; basi pr olongata, spiraliter striata ; apertura elongata, undulata ; labro intus circ. 5-dentato ; labio conspicuo. Long. -19, long. spir. ‘1, lat. -09 poll.; div. ire. 50°. Hab. York’s Peninsula, South Australia (Coll. Angas). - The unique specimen has two broad scalloped bands, scarcely coloured, which interrupt the finely pencilled pattern of the rest of the shell. §. EuLima augur, nob. E. t. minore, satis gracili, candida, valde nitente, marginibus spire rectioribus ; anfr.nucl.? (decollatis) ; norm. 10, planatis, suturis minimis, definitis ; basi curtiore; apertura subovali ; columella recta ; labro posiice sinuato; labio parvo, solido. Long. °44, long. spir. *32, lat. *14 poll.; div. 27°. Hab. South Australia (Coll. Angas). 7. PATELLA atticostata, nob. (PI. IL. fig. 11.) P. ¢. regulari, solida, albida, fusco tincta ; apice submediano ; costis 1865.] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON NEW AUSTRALIAN SHELLS. 57 radiantibus circ. 14, validis, rotundatis, aliis interdum inter- calantibus ; interstitiis duplo vel triplo majoribus, concavis ; pagina interna nitente, alba, plus minusve fusco pallide tincta; margine elegantissime pectinato, fusco undato ; spathula rubro-fusca, exacte definita. Long. 1°45, lat. 1°2, alt. +45 poll. Hab. Port Lincoln, South Australia (Coll. Angas). Easily recognized by the distant, rounded ribs. 8. PATELLA GEALEI, nob. (2 4 P. ¢. “ P. jacksonensi” simili; sed pagina interna metallice splen- dente, aureo parum tincta, margine minimo; spathula lurida, plumbeo et fusco nebulosa. Long. *1,/lat. 86, alt. -4 poll. Hab. South Australia (Coll. Angas). I have named this species after Mr. Geo. Geale, Mr. Cuming’s worthy and intelligent assistant. 9. CrePIDULA IMmersa, nob. (PI. II. fig. 12.) C. t. “C. hepatice’” simillima ; tenui, hepatica, recta, ovali, epi- dermide tenuissima tenace induta; vertice nucleoso mediano, mijore, viv sinistrorsum torta, apici immerso ; margine normaliter acutissimo, interdum laminato ; septo tenui, curtiore, profundiore, subdiaphano, margine recto. Long. 1°06, lat. 73, alt. +2 poll. Haé. Port Lincoln, South Australia, on dead Pinne (Coll. Angas). The species is named from the sunken apex of the nuclear portion. The shell is curiously like fine young specimens of C. rugosa, Nutt. ; but in that species the nucleus is much smaller, and the apex visible. 10. Myopora convexa, nob. (Pl. II. figs. 13 & 14.) M. t. parva, compacta, solidiore, vir inequilaterali, valde inequi- valva; v. dextra valde convera, altera planata; margine dor- sali subrecto, postico satis incurvato, ventrali valde excurvato ; tota superficie ( preter lunulam posticam elongatam, parum exca- vatam, a carinis obtusis definitam, levem) liris concentricis crebris obtusis ornata, interstitiis parvis ; parte postica ab angulis obtusis definita; intus vivide nacrea, fossa cartiliginea parva, altissima, ossiculo?..; valva convexa dentibus lateralibus validis, marginibus valve planate extantibus convenientibus ; cicatr. adductoris post. subtriangulari, ant. pyriformi; linea pallit sim- plici ; sinu parvo, semilunato. Long. °39, lat. 35, alt. +16 poll. Hab. New Caledonia (Coll. Angas). The convex valve entirely embraces the other, as in Corbula, receiving its margin within the lateral teeth, and leaving a projecting ventral edge. The ossicle had perished. I have included, in the plate which illustrates this paper, figures of two new forms of Chitonide, which were described by Mr. Henry 58 DR. W. BAIRD ON A NEW ENTOZOON. [Jan. 10, Adams and myself in a recent paper (see Proc. Zool. Soc., May 10, 1864) :— Fig. 15. Stenochiton juloides, Ad. & Ang. Holdfast Bay, South Australia. Fig. 16. Microplax grayi, Ad. & Ang. Sydney Harbour, N.S. Wales. 11. Description or A New Spectres or ENTOZOON FROM THE INTESTINES OF THE DIAMOND-SNAKE OF AUSTRALIA (Mo- RELIA SPILOTES). By W. Bairp, M.D., F.L.S. Boturipium (SotenopHorvs, Creplin) arcuatum, Baird. Length of the largest specimen (which, however, is not quite perfect at lower extremity) 10 inches. Breadth, about the middle of Fig. a. Worm of natural size, attached to inner surface of intestine. Fig. 6. Bothria, slightly enlarged, showing the upper openings. Fig. c. The same, showing lower openings. Fig. d. Posterior extremity of a young specimen, showing the, comparatively speaking, larger articulations. 1865.] LETTER FROM DR. G. BENNETT. 59 its length, 4 lines. Head, consisting of its two tubular bothria, about 7 lines in length and 3 lines in breadth. Bothria smooth, cylindrical, arched outwardly, and connected together throughout their whole extent, and each of about the same diameter at the top as at the bottom. Upper openings circular and large; lower openings very small and quite terminal. Neck none. Articulations at anterior extremity extremely small, appearing like mere rugze. Articulations of rest of body, in adult specimens, very numerous, narrow, much broader than long, and crowded together; in smaller and apparently younger specimens (which, however, look as if perfect in length), the articulations near the posterior extremity are, comparatively speaking, much larger, longer than broad, and are more like those of B. laticeps or B. pythonis. The most distinguishing character is the size and shape of the head. Hab. Intestines of the Morelia spilotes, from Australia. (Mus. Brit.). oe the specimens of this species I am indebted to Dr. A. Giin- ther, who found them attached to the inner surface of the intestines of a specimen of an Australian Python, the Diamond-Snake, Morelia spilotes. January 24, 1865. E. W. H. Holdsworth, Esq., in the Chair. The Secretary read the following extract from a letter addressed to him by Dr. Bennett, F.Z.S., dated Sydney, Nov. 18th, relating to a living specimen of the Lyre-bird of New Holland (Menura su- perba), which the Acclimatization Society of that city were intending to transmit by the first favourable opportunity to this Society :— “After repeated trials of keeping this wild and restless bird in captivity, and having procured and lost in one year numerous living birds of all ages, from the young bird to the adult, we have so far succeeded as to preserve one alive and in excellent health, and feed- ing well, since the 23rd of August last; to this day it continues in good health and condition. It is a young bird, at present in im- mature plumage, and the sex cannot yet be determined. It is placed in a large wire compartment with the Talegallas or Brush-Turkeys, and it appears to enjoy their society very much. Whether their com- pany reconciles it to confinement I cannot say ; but, at all events, it feeds well and thrives, and displays a great amount of activity for a great part of the day, running about the cage incessantly, scratching the ground. It feeds on the larva of the Tettigonia or ‘‘ Locust” of the colonists, meat chopped very small, slugs, and worms. This bird was captured at Broughton’s Pass, Illawarra district. Should we be fortunate enough to keep it alive by the time of the departure of the ‘La Hogue,’ it will be sent to the Zoological Society under 60 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON GALAGO MONTETRI. (Jan. 24, Mr. Broughton’s care, when it will have every chance of reaching England alive.” The Secretary called the attention of the meeting to the fine young male specimen of the Prong-horned Antelope of America (Antilocapra americana), just received, in the Society’s Menagerie, being as he believed, the first imstance of the introduction of this animal alive into Europe. This animal, of which a water-colour drawing by Mr. Wolf (Plate III.) was exhibited, had been imported into New York from California, and thence brought to this country. Mr. Sclater exhibited a stuffed specimen of a Water-Pipit consi- dered by Mr. Gould to be Anthus spinoletta (Linn.), from the col- lection of the Bishop of Oxford, V.P. of the Society, and read the following letter, giving particulars as to its supposed capture in this country :— “44 Ship Street, Dee. 22, 1864. «My Lorp,—In answer to your note of this morning respecting the Water-Pipit, I beg to say we cannot give very definite informa- tion as to the truth of its capture; but we remember the circum- stances very well. “It was killed, about the winter of 1859 or 1860, by a young gen- tleman from the Brighton College, who was in the habit of shooting a great many birds, on an extensive beach extending from the outskirts of Brighton to Shoreham, where there are some large ponds and a ood expanse of mud, which at high tide is covered with water. “He had that day killed several birds, namely, Skylarks, Pipits, &c., which he brought to me the same evening. I immediately noticed the Water-Pipit amongst them as a bird new to me, and strongly recommended him to have it preserved ; but he refused, and gave me all his birds. I preserved it at once and kept it, expecting to be able at some future time to discover its species, which I did shortly after purchasing Mr. Bree’s ‘ Birds of Europe.’ «‘The reason that we cannot tell the exact date is that, as it was given to us, no entry was made in our books. “Your Lordship’s obedient Servant, &c., “ Joun Pratt.” Mr. Sclater stated that a second specimen of the same species, obtained under similar circumstances, was in the possession of Mr. Gould. My. Sclater exhibited the type specimen of Galago monteiri*, Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 231, pl. xxvirr., from the collection of Mr. L. A. Monteiro, and stated that he had compared it with the specimens of Galago crassicaudata and Otogale crassicaudata, var. kirkii, Gray (P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 456), in the British Museum. My. Sclater stated that the specimen called “var. kirkii” by Dr. Gray was intermediate in colouring between what Dr. Gray considered the typical G. crassicaudata and the present specimen. * Callotus monteiri, Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 145. J Wolf. lath. ANTILOCAPRA AMERICANA. M&N.Hanhart.imp rae A Wa) eee eh 1865. ] MR. W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA. 61 In the present specimen the fur was greyish above, without any rufous tint; in the var. kirkii the upper surface was tinged with rufous ; in the third example, considered to be the typical form, the fur above was of a deep rufous. Besides the coloration, no other differences of importance were noted in these three specimens; and the conclusion arrived at was that Galago monteiri was little, if any- thing, more than a pale variety of Galago crassicaudata. It would be desirable, however, to get additional specimens of this Angolan form for further comparison. _ The following papers were read :— 1. Nores on THE CHEIROPTERA OF JAMAICA. By THE LATE Mr. W. Ossurn. Communicatep By P. L. Scuater, M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., SecreTaRY TO THE SOCIETY. [In these ‘ Proceedings’ for 1861 (p. 63) will be found a paper by Mr. R. F. Tomes on the Mammals collected in Jamaica by the late Mr. W. Osburn. Mr. Osburn died suddenly, at Raymond Hall, St. Andrew’s, in Jamaica, the 21st of February 1860, after a residence of two years, devoted to the pursuit of natural history, in that island. The following notes on the Bats which he collected seem to be of great interest. They have been extracted from the MSS. of the deceased naturalist, which have been kindly placed at my disposal by Mr. Henry Osburn, his brother. The names and numbers of the species are those employed by Mr. Osburn. I have added what I believe to be the correct name of each species in a foot-note.— Pa. 8. | 1. Nycrrinomus *, sp.? “ Mahogany Hall, 30th October, 1858. “‘T caught two specimens of this Bat in the house after dusk : they were easily knocked down. One, very like them, only about half as large again, I got out of an old cocoa-nut palm in the garden. Unfortunately it was destroyed by ants. I was inclined at first to think it a full-grown specimen of this species ; but the capture of two smaller ones successively at different places, under the same circum- stances, makes it probable that it was quite different: when caught, they bit fiercely at the hands. When disturbed, it would make a rapid ‘bub-bub-bub,’ a dull sound, as if produced by lips, the effort jerking the whole body at each repetition. This sound was produced by its being partially covered with a glass. It had, I afterwards found, only one cry, ‘ click-click.’ ”” ““ Mahogany Hall, 3rd December, 1858. *“ These little Bats are extremely common here, making their way in through chinks of the shingles. This specimen, when caught, had the feet and wrist covered with cobwebs taken in his passage. They generally appear from half-past five to six o’clock, directly after sun- down, and occasionally appear up to ten o’clock, but not in such numbers. They again make their appearance in my bedroom before [* Nyetinomus nasutus, Spix; Tomes, /. c. p. 68.—P. L. S.] 62 MR. W. ORBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA. [Jan. 24, dawn. The beating of their wings, with the occasional squeaking call, is quite familiar to me as the first sound of morning. I kept one in confinement for two days., It would eat nothing—not even drink. It uttered the ‘click-click’ with a gaping mouth, if disturbed, the whole body being jerked. The ear shaded the eye when alive, and was a little raised when touched. I could not by any sharp sound produce the vibrating motion very discernible in Aretibeus carpolegus under a neighbouring glass. I took off the tumbler, and put in its place a bell-shaped lamp-shade. The Bat instantly seemed aware there was an opening at the top; for, instead of lying perfectly mo- tionless as under the tumbler, it woke up immediately, and made violent efforts to thrust his head under the receding rim; when that would not do, it tried to hook its claws into the glass and climb to the hole: a constant vibrating motion of the nose, as it raised its head, was visible the whole time. ‘«‘ The volar membrane folded very completely behind the forearm, and so as to form a much more serviceable fore leg than appears to be the case with Arctibeus. This specimen was a male: reproductive organs conspicuous ; testes large. There were only three incisors in the upper jaw, two lateral, longer than single middle—an accidental formation doubtless; lower incisors had edges level and doubly notched; molars jagged and double-edged ; first pair of lesser molars very minute.” ‘“« Rowington Park (Vere), 28th March, 1859. “‘ Vast numbers of these little Bats inhabit the shingled roof of this house. It is an unusually favourable place for observing them. The rooms are ceiled. A store-room without ceiling communi- cates directly with the roof, whence a view can be obtained of a large part over the ceiling of the other rooms. A crack in the boarding that crossed a gable let in sufficient light for easy obser- vation, and was besides of great importance to the Bats as their principal avenue of communication with the outer world. I often observed them during the day exactly as Goldsmith’s line expresses, ‘Lazy bats in drowsy clusters cling ;’ for, what seems surprising, notwithstanding the extreme heat of the situation—shingles exposed to the sun (and it was disagreeably hot and confined where I stood, 12 or 15 feet below), the Bats clung in complete clusters. I counted fourteen little heads in a mass about the size of a turnip. But they are not all asleep: now and then a wing is stretched wlth drowsy enjoyment ; and the luxury King James thought too great for sub- jects, and ought to be reserved for kings, is largely indulged in by Bats. First one and then another wakes up, and, withdrawing one leg and leaving himself suspended by the other alone, adroitly uses the foot at liberty as a comb, with a rapid effective movement dress- ing the fur of the under part and head—an action far from ungrace- ful. The foot is then cleaned quickly with the teeth or tongue, and restored to its first use. Then the other leg does duty. Perhaps the hairs with which the foot is set may aidto this end. I often have seen them do this in confinement; and probably the numerous Bat-flies with which they are infested may be the cause of extra dressing. It is 1865. ] MR. W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA. 63 impossible to imagine a more perfect or effective comb than the little foot thus used makes; and I would here remark on the extreme sensitiveness of these little animals. I have often been painfully im- pressed with the amount of suffering some of my experiments were causing, by observing their fretful impatience: a Bat, with its wing broken, its bright little eye glazed with coming death, would resist the first touch and hum of a mosquito, and exhaust its dying efforts to escape the annoyance. ** A little after sundown, and, from the room below, the roof seems alive with movement ; there are squeaks and a shuffling scuffle over the boards. From the place of observation before alluded to, it is too dark to see plainly the Bats within, though their little forms may be traced scrambling eagerly up the boards of the gable till they arrive at the chink, when they become quite plain against the evening sky without, as they go over the edge, their elbows and ears in the action being particularly prominent. From without, or the window below, we can see them shoot off with great rapidity (so that I have heard disputes as to whether they are Bats or Swallows) and dart after their insect-supper with the most intense enjoyment, far over the neighbouring trees and pastures. I would remark that there is a distinction in the mode of flight of these Bats and our Hirundo peciloma. This is, that whilst the are formed by the tip of the Swallow’s wing is as much above as below the body, the wings being as far apart when fully raised as when fully depressed, in the Bat the wings scarcely rise above the level of the body, and meet ap- parently below. I do not mean this is universally the case. I do not think the frugivorous Bats do it; but it is very apparent in some of the insectivorous Bats when going at a great rate; and as I knew this species by tracing their course as they shot from their roosting- place, it must be noted as one of the most remarkable for this. Their exit during March was about half-past six o’clock. About eight to nine o’clock they returned. It is then they are so particularly annoying to the inhabitants of even the most carefully kept Jamaica houses. The great majority return to the roof; but one or two vigorous little fellows come into the room, and flap about in the most unmeaning way. Nothing is more remarkable than the agility with which a dozen, in the early part of the evening, skimmed and glided by every article of furniture. But now they bang themselves against the ceiling and walls, drop on the table, get up again, when the cat, by jumping, catches them a pat, and they fall on the floor, not much hurt, to judge by their liveliness ; for Grimalkin, having performed the feat, sits down, her paws tucked under, and gravely watches the hurry of the alarmed Bat shufiling over the floor. They disturb the harmony of the evening by becoming the occupants of, and making an escapade beneath, a gentleman’s coat-collar, or a great sensation by getting entangled hopelessly in a lady’s hair, and bite more furiously than effectively during the process of release. They remain very active all night, scampering and shuffling about their ample quarters. For several nights the noise was so great, I attributed it to rats ; but the Doctor assured me there were none—it was these little animals 64 MR. W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA. [Jan. 24, alone ; and I found he was right. I do not know at what time they again start for their morning meal ; but they return between five and six in the grey of the morning. ** At Mahogany Hall, and many other houses where they are nu- merous, the squeaks and rush of the long, narrow volar membranes, as half-a-dozen circle round his room, are the first sounds of morning that fall on the occupants’ ear. «This species is extremely coramon: half a dozen may often be found behind pictures in houses not much disturbed by housemaids. Chinks in stairs and fittings are very common refuges; and during the day they cling to them with such tenacity, they must be much injured if a stick is used before they can be got out. I have not yet met with it but in houses.” 2. ARCTIBEUS, sp. [See no. 12.—P. L. 8.] 3. ARCTIBEUS CARPOLEGUS*. ‘Mahogany Hall Cave, 24th November, 1858. «Three ; all females. This large species I found inhabiting this cave in great numbers, the beating of their wings making a mur- muring sound when disturbed. They flew towards the roof, only occasionally coming within reach of the net. They were very un- willing to venture out into the light: I did not see one. The floor of the cave was strewn here and there with the kernels of bread-nut (Brosimum), which had sometimes germinated into young blanched trees on the thick deposit of dung.” “ Mahogany Hall, 2nd December, 1858. «« Returning to the cave to-day, I found it still occupied by great numbers of this species—though reduced, to what they were the other day. My servant easily caught two with the ring-net. They seemed stunned with the shock ; for [took them out of the net quite motion- less and with all the muscles rigid, so that I had the opportunity of closely examining the position during flight. The back was per- fectly flat and on a level with the wings, which were tense, slightly arching downwards towards the tips, like a bird’s. Held against the light, the branching of the blood-vessels was a very beautiful sight. The interfemoral was perfectly flat and tense, kept so by the calcarea being stretched at right angles with the leg; the toes stretched wide apart. I never before realized how thoroughly fitted for flight these creatures are. On placing them in my botanizing-tin, their struggles to regain liberty were violent. «On bringing them home, one of them escaped, and gave me a tedious chase, from his keeping in the apex of the high roof, occa- sionally hitching himself up, head downwards. As I cautiously ad- vanced the net, he showed his sense of danger by elevating the head a little, whilst the little round ears underwent a constant and very [* A. perspicillatus (Linn.); Tomes, /.c. p. 64.—P. L. 8.] _ aaa (Gb Gee Ee a ol panes: 1865.] MR. W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA. 65 rapid motion as if vibrating, and, what made it more curious, each independently of the other. It had a very curious effect, like a per- son rolling his eyes different ways. The nose-leaf had also a motion, but slighter. It looked as if he were feeling for sound and smell, to ascertain the nature of the attack. When placed under a glass, the same motion would take place on any sharp noise being made near him, which, however, he paid no attention to when repeated. Every now and then he would raise his head, agitate his ears; and I could then see a great motion in the nose-leaf preparatory to another vio- lent effort to escape. It uttered no sound whilst under my observa- tion, only opening its mouth and showing its formidable teeth, but would not bite. But whilst in the cave, I heard a loud cry several times repeated ; and one which escaped, on being caught again, uttered a loud scream very like a rat. It is no proof of the silence of Cheiroptera that they utter no sound in confinement.” 2 “ Montego Bay, 16th May, 1859. ‘A picturesque little cave, close to the town, I found abundantly inhabited by this and another species (no. 12).. The cave was not deep, though there were dark passages from it. This species, however, is by no means so particular about a thoroughly obscure retreat as many other species. They were here reposing in light sufficient for me to shoot them. The floor was strewn with berries the negroes call cherries, but which I presume to be the fruit of Cordia collococca. They were all munched, leaving only a small portion of pulp attached to the skin. Of the young of this Bat I did not observe anything remarkable ; it sucked my finger by gently nipping the portion of flesh taken up with its little flattened milk- incisors, but held on firmly by the hooked teeth.” “ Kinross, Trelawny, 25th May, 1859. ** One example, a male. It was hardly a cave where I obtained the specimen. The steep wall of rock had been at its base hollowed out for 8 or 10 feet, leaving an overhanging mass 20 feet from the ground. When I first saw the recess, I felt convinced it was not dark enough for Bats, though a flock of Hirundo peciloma were hovering with alarmed twitterings, or peeping from their clay-built nests. A heap of dried seed, berries, husks, with some fresh ones on the top, showed the Bats were there. Amongst these last were gnawed fragments of unripe mangoes, and large pieces of the soft-scented fruit of the Rose-apple (Hugenia jambos). These last, I suspect, had not been plucked whole, but torn off in fragments. A swarm of a species of Sphex were hovering over the decaying mass, catching the insects which fed upon it. The Bats were at first nowhere visible ; but I at length discovered them in some deep narrow crevices and water-worn holes in the roof. I fired, and they proved to be of this very common species. It certainly does not seem such a lover of darkness as the generality of the family ; one of the species (4. jamaicensis) roosts among the foliage of trees, or is subumbral, A Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1865, No. V. 66 .MR.W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA. ([Jan. 24, swarm of ants were busy carrying off piecemeal a young sucking Bat which had fallen.” “ Johnston Pen, Trelawny, 4th June, 1859. “This Artibeus inhabits in great numbers these extensive caves, once used as sugarworks. I did not thoroughly explore them, as my ammunition fell short. It is also to be found in great numbers in the western cave of the adjoining estate, Harmony Hall. It hasa loud, harsh screech, constantly heard, when in captivity, towards evening, and during the day when at liberty and it is disturbed in its gloomy abode. It seems a kind of alarm ; for it is repeated every now and then, only by single individuals, and is accompanied by a general flapping of scores of leathery wings. “ Aquatta Vale (Metcalfe), 11th November, 1859. «‘This Bat (so common in the caves of St. James and Trelawny), I had always noticed, particularly haunted the entrances of caves, or caves of small depth, though often,*as at Mahogany Hall, those where the light was wholly excluded. Its habits, however, in this respect are very curiously affected by the geological formation of the country it inhabits. In Metcalfe the transition shale, of course, never forms caves; and the strip of limestone along the sea-board is too marly, so far as I know it. A total change therefore takes place in the habits of the Bat. I found them at Aquatta Vale clustering under the fronds of the cocoa-nut palm, so thickly and in such num- bers that at a single shot I brought down twenty-two, while many flew off and took refuge in the neighbouring trees. Their food seems principally the pulp of the young jelly cocoa-nuts, as they are called. I was shown one or two in which a large hole had been nibbled through the still soft husk, large enough to admit the body of the Bat. The question arises, whether this might not have been by the rats, as I have no proof; but I am at present inclined to attribute it to the Bat, as the trees were very lofty (60 or 70 feet high), and I never heard of rats being detected among the fruit. The hole, I observed, was nibbled next to the foot-stalk ; so that doubtless the Bat rested on the fruit whilst perforating it. This would confirm my previous remarks, that these animals do not even principally feed whilst fly- ing, but reclining in some position. The stomachs of several I exa- mined were bilobed and internally reticulated by folds, but perfectly empty. The large intestine contained a yellow juice, among which many small seeds passed out at the anus on pressure, and which I suspect were those of the Fustic (Morus tinctoria). ‘(Since writing the above, I learn that rats are very frequently seen up the cocoa-nuts. I am inclined to think, therefore, that these nibbled the holes, and not this Bat, whose incisors are so manifestly ill adapted for gnawing through 3 or 4 inches of round soft husk. |” “ Dover (Metcalfe), 29th November, 1859, ** The above doubt is pretty nearly dissolved by a fact mentioned to me by. Mr. Prosser, an engineer at present employed on the 1865.] MR. W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA, 67 estate. Whilst sitting at the window of the overseer’s house, to- wards dusk, his attention was attracted by a flapping among the fronds of a cocoa-nut close by. A large white Owl (Striv) was struggling with something amongst the bunches of nuts, and, after many efforts, dragged out a rat, with which he slowly made off.” 4. Lasrurus RUFuS*. Expanse 9 inches; length from nose to insertion of tail 13; tail 13 longer than the body, membrane extending to the tip; length of forefinger 23 ; ear from base to tip, front, ;; thigh 4, nearly; leg, to calcaneum, 1 ; calcaneum 5%. On the muzzle a ridged lobe, with a projecting point, between nostrils ; lower lip large, and below this a thin projecting lamina ; ears large, round, coming down below rictus, enclosing eyes, which are very minute; hair fringing edge of upper lip, very long, and increasing as it approaches corner of mouth, so as to resemble a moustache ; head round ; reproductive organ conspicuous. A male. Colour a beautiful dormouse-yellow, paler below; fur soft and long ; volar membranes black, much wrinkled. Length of intestine D>? (and stomach) 3 inches; tongue attached by under surface. “ Mahogany Hall Cave, 24th November, 1858. ** Whilst in the cave catching the large Artibeus, occasionally a little Bat would fly among them, so nimble I could not catch it. It was only on going out that I discovered them clustering like bees in a little recess with a high domed roof. They seemed driven here by the larger Bats. It is a remarkable characteristic of Bats that thus large numbers of different species should inhabit different caves or parts of caves. This little Bat flew out with great facility, par- ties of five or six scudding along the steep face of the rock without, as if seeking for a hiding-place. It was here I shot one, 2nd Decem- ber 1858. Returned to the cave for fresh specimens, though about two o'clock not a single individual of this species was there.” “Oxford Cave, Manchester, 22nd February, 1859. ** Seven males, four females. The difference in the colour of the fur is so great, varying from brownish grey to yellowish chestnut, that I give measurements of an individual of each shade :— ** Brown. Expanse 9 inches; muzzle to base of tail 13; tail 13; forearm 12; carpus, to tip, 23. ' “Chestnut. Expanse 82; muzzle to base of tail 14; tail 13; forearm 1,°,; carpus, to tip, 33. ** Brown. First digit 1$; leg and foot 12. “Chestnut. First digit 1£; leg and foot 13. 6—6 _— “ Dental formula:—M. =, C. = is 7=38. [* Mr. Tomes ((. e. p. 65) refers this species to Natalus stramineus, Gray, of the continent of America; but Dr. Peters informs me that, though it belongs to the same genus, it is clearly distinct specifically, differing not only in its smaller size, but also in its dentition. It should therefore stand as Natalus lepidus, being the Nyctiellus lepidus of Gervais.—P. L. 8.] ; 68 MR. W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA. ([Jan. 24, “ Molars. Three larger jagged; three lower pointed. «Canines. Lower have a second much shorter point in front of larger. «Incisors. Upper pointed ; each pair of one lateral and one mid- dle, placed apart by a space equal to that occupied by each pair. Lower deeply double-notched, very minute. « Mr. Gosse (Nat. Soj. p. 280), from whose account I have partly named this little Bat, says, ‘Long tail; an ample interfemoral, which is clothed on upper surface with rufous hair, like body,’ by which, I conclude, is meant, the hair was like the fur of the body in being rufous, not as to quantity ; for in my specimens a few hairs are sparsely sprinkled over the interfemoral, but thicker on the tail and caleanea.”’ 5. CHILONYCTERIS, sp.* “ Sportsman’s Hall Cave, 30th November, 1858. * Two males, one female. In great numbers in this large cave. My servant caught, with a long net, a dozen whilst we were there. They flew in swarms along the roof. I know nothing of its habits.” “ Sportsman’s Hall Cave, 15th December, 1858. «* Two males, one female, stuffed ; one in spirits, injured in bring- ing home; four males, one female. ‘Intestine 6 inches; stomachs contained several minute frag- ments of insects much comminuted. « Dental formula:—M. ==>, C. $5, I. j=32. ‘* Upper middle incisors, one deep notch. “TI got about a dozen of these little Bats alive. The journey home must have had all the horrors of the middle passage ; for I found several dead, evidently bitten in pieces by the rest. I sus- pected a very lively fruit-eating Bat (no. 6) of the chief slaughter. I placed the survivors in a box, with bobbin-net over it, so as to observe them. They were not particularly active, merely jumping up constantly to escape, but not running much. They clustered head downwards, during the day, in any dark and sheltered corner, making every now and then, especially when leaping, a sibilant bird- like chirp, very different from the ‘click’ of Molossus. This noise much increased at about a quarter past five p.m., when their activity commenced and renewed efforts to escape. The wings fold very completely, so as to leave forearm free whilst resting. ‘The ears are then pointing forwards ; they have a rapid and constant motion, but confined to their tips, and principally backwards and downwards. «T let one fly to observe it, and the calcanea are stretched firmly backwards so as to keep the interfemoral tense and flat. At first they were very sulky, and would eat nothing. The second day my attention was called off; and the third morning I found several dead from hunger, with the remains of feeces (which they had eaten) in their mouths. [* Chilonycteris osburni, Tomes, P. Z. §. 1861, p. 66.—P. L. 8.] 1865.] MR. W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA. 69 “« T took out the two survivors, and my regrets for the sufferings I had caused were in part allayed by the eagerness with which they sucked up the water I presented them with from the feather of a pen. They licked with the tongue, the jaw moving all this time with an action like chewing. Some water having got spilt over the muzzle and face of one, it combed these parts over with the hind paw very adroitly, putting it forward under the forearm, in this way the face all round front of ear, especially the long whiskers round muzzle. The movement of the leg was very rapid, almost too quick for the eye to follow. It afterwards licked the paw, as if to clean it in its turn. I have observed precisely the same habit in Molossus (no. 11) and Macrotus(no.8). I found a dead moth in the window, which neither ants nor spiders seemed to have attacked. It did not notice it at first ; but on looking a minute after, I had the gratification of seeing wings sticking on lips, the body having disappeared. Of flies, bees, &e., I caught for him he took no notice, merely shaking them off impatiently. I forgot to mention that fragments in the stomach ap- peared to be those of Coleoptera principally ; but the contents of the stomach of Bats are so comminuted, it is often difficult to recognize them. Out of eleven whose sexes I have noted from this cave, eight were males, three females. This species (by far the most numerous) occupied one entrance and the centre of the cave. It was near the = 399 opposite entrance I caught no. 6 and no. 7. “* Oxford Cave, Manchester, 22nd February, 1859. ** This species was not nearly so numerous here as the others; the specimen I skinned had a curious brindled appearance, with a yellowish tinge I have not observed before.” 6. MonorHyLLus REDMANII, Leach*. “ Sportsman’s Hall Cave, 30th November, 1858. “« One male, one female. This curious species I found (with no. 5) in a large cave at the summit of the steep hill that overlooks Sports- man’s Hall Works. It was not nearly so numerous as its companion : for a dozen of the other, I only got two specimens of this. As they were killed at the time, I had no opportunity of examining habits ; but the tongue, protruded in death, attracted my attention. I thought the use of this curious member might be accounted for by the hypo- thesis that it sucks night-blowing flowers, as the Humming-bird those of the day.” ‘¢ Sportman’s Hall Cave, 15th December, 1858. “Tt was principally to procure specimens of this little Bat I undertook a second expedition to the cave. Notwithstanding we went twice through its whole length, and saw fifteen or sixteen Bats, I only caught a single specimen of this species. It was creeping down the side of a large domed hollow in the roof when the boy put the net over it. Several Bats, on being taken out of the bag, [* Cf. Tomes, P. Z. S., 1861, p. 64 & p. 87, pl. xv.—P. L.S8.] 70 MR, W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA. ([Jan. 24, were most cruelly mauled and killed. From the fierceness with which this little fellow bit my fingers, drawing blood from the back of my hand, he seemed the chief assailant. Its activity when first taken out of the bag was beyond anything I had seen with Chei- roptera, running round the box by a series of little jumps, with almost the quickness of a mouse, and jumping with all the agility of a bird. On placing it beneath a glass after its first efforts had a little subsided, I saw its tongue projected very rapidly to the board. It seemed to me to be using an additional sense to ascertain the nature of the unusual substance on which it was resting. It fre- quently stretched its neck and head upwards, the nose-leaf and round ears in motion, as if trying to ascertain whether there were an aper- ture above, its bright little eyes peering with eagerness, and panting likeamouse. The motion of the ears was by sudden jerks, and often alternate one to the other, as in Artibeus carpolegus. The motion of the nose-leaf was a rapid contraction and dilatation. The activity especially commenced at a quarter past five p.m. The likeness of the pencilled tongue to that of the Trochilide suggested to me that this little Bat in the same way probed night-blowing flowers. Towards evening I got some of the large drooping flowers of Datura arborea, in which I first ascertained were some minute insects. It took no notice of them so long asI watched it. In the morning I found the large stamens bitten off, but it was lying across the flower. It then, for the first time, occurred to me that the powerful teeth that scratched my hand could not have been intended for masticating minute insects. ** There was another bird with a pencilled tongue familiar to me, Tanagrella ruficollis; and this was a frugivorous bird. Might not this protractile tongue be for the same purpose of sucking juicy fruits? That this was the right hypothesis seemed the more pro- bable, as then the similarity of its short round ears and nose-leaf to those of other frugivorous Bats would be accounted for. I then recollected that the yellow pulp I found in the stomachs and intes- tines of two former specimens was in appearance precisely like that I was familiar with in the alimentary canal of Tanagrella and Euphonia. It was unlucky this did not occur to me before, as the captive was already much fatigued with confinement and inflammation at the wrists. I offered it orange, but it took no notice. A little water, the night before, was allit had had. This it sucked up by repeated pro- jections of the tongue a little beyond the muzzle, and with a satisfied purring noise. ‘Towards evening it was more lively, and it. acciden- tally got off and gave me a long chase. Flight seemed to refresh it. I then tried orange again, and had the pleasure of seeing the tongue protruded out of the groove of the lower jaw, whilst it certainly licked up a little of the juice ; and there was a slight action of the body, like that of an animal feeding. But it was much exhausted, and it was only by close watching I could detect these movements. Every now and then there was an impatient toss of the head, which made me long doubtful of its really feeding; but I think it was that, in the unna- tural attitude of feeding, some of the juice got into the nostrils and arok Lodk aes. ¢- 4 1865.] MR. W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA, 71 incommoded it. After killing it, I found a little orange-juice on the tongue, which still further confirms my suspicions. Still the whole was not completely satisfactory. In the agonies of death it pro- truded the tongue to its full extent, and I had the opportunity of observing the complete manner in which it is set with bristles.” “ Oxford Cave, Manchester, 22nd February, 1859. “Tn this immense cave, whose winding galleries cannot be less than a mile in length, I procured no less than five species of Bats, but all well known to me. “This little Bat was not uncommon; and at the end they posi- tively swarmed like bees, crawling by dozens on the wall within reach, “Of this species I brought away twenty-three males, and eleven females, which were all pregnant. There was a considerable difference in the shades of grey, some much more silvery. I im- mediately tried them with orange-juice, but they took little notice of it. One licked or rather lapped with his long tongue a little water. I put his muzzle into the water; but it shook its head to be rid of it, and, protruding its long tongue, licked up nose-leaf and over the whole of face to forehead, as if thoroughly to dry it. The next morning I tried again. They then licked water greedily, either off my finger or when held over it, protruding the tongue an inch or more. ‘There was no chewing action, as with some Bats; it was simply a very rapid licking. I tried orange ; they licked it, but not so eagerly as water. One bit at the orange. I saw nothing to show it likely to be their usual food. They voided urine when handled. “There are some very large glandular bodies on each side the neck, close to the angle of the jaws, communicating (?) with one another, situated higher up, near the ear. [ could not trace the ducts: are they glands for secreting saliva? In the muscles along the radius for moving the digits of the wing, and indeed in its whole muscular system, there is a great contrast between this little Bat and No. 7. It is also much more active on a flat surface, and much more tenacious of life. No.7 has a much less developed muscular system, only jumps from the ground, and soon dies in confinement ; yet its flight is very rapid. No. 6, however, is a very powerful little Bat, whatever food its long tongue may be adapted for. “Several taken were pregnant females. Mammee lateral; nipples broad. Fcetus:—Fore foot (wing rather) very like a five-clawed bird’s foot, with a thin transparent web connecting four toes. This singular appearance was caused by the very small development of the four volar digits, whereas the thumb was disproportionately large— as long as the rest. Hind foot also disproportionately large. The tongue protrusible, like that of the adult, but not bristled. There is a series of fine transverse strie across it. Towards the tip, two large blood-vessels follow the margin and meet at the extreme tip. No teeth; but on the gums rounded projections where they are coming through, three on each side. On upper jaw one large lump 72 MR. W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA. [Jan. 24 where (deciduous) canine will be, and two a little behind, near po- sition of lesser molars. Three on each side, lower jaw, in same situations.” 7. Mormooprs BLAINVILLII, Leach *. Expanse 123 inches; muzzle to tail 21; tail 14, free 2; forearm 132; first digit 24; fourth digit 2}; thigh }; tibia to caleaneum 73 ; calcaneum 2; foot 2. Length of interfemoral 14 ; beyond tip of tail, when expanded, (?). Muzzle flat, depressed ; skin of sides of face connects muzzle with ears by a series of folds concealed by silky moustache. Upper lip obsolete in front, foliated behind with a single indent. Lower lip expanded into a thin broad cordate lamina, with a short foot-stalk between the lobes warted. Below this, and attached perpendicularly and transversely to its under surface, two thin, membranous, but broad lobes, like clerical bands. These are carried backwards, with sinuous folds. Thirdly, below this last, and attached to their under surface, two thin folds of skin, one to the under surface of each band. These are carried back on their respective sides, with one deep indentation near centre of their course, then, continuing back- wards and upwards till they reach the fold which connects lower ear with muzzle. Ears united with skin at sides of face, so as to contain the eye. Eyes about size of a pin’s head, bright, and both at same time visible on front view. Ears somewhat lunate, or perhaps rather the shape of some bivalve shells; tips brought forward and doubled on them- selves before meeting over forehead. The external ear is furred, and the long silky fur of head extends over forehead, meeting the long moustache. The head thus appears disproportionately large, and the ears imbedded or plunged in it, so that only a narrow rim of mem- brane is visible above the fur externally. Tongue fleshy ; when in mouth, furrowed with about six trans- verse plicz. Dental formula, M. = (Pin OF = MF s=34 (?). Molars jagged (there appear three lesser molars in lower jaw). Incisors, upper, middle, one notch ; lateral minute, leaning towards them. Lower level; each two notches. Intestine 4 inches. Stomach empty. Volar membrane semitransparent, and tissue so thin it dried almost before I had finished preparing the specimen ; much wrin- kled, between elbow and hand, into angular plice like shagreen. Nerves of interfemoral very beautiful when held against light ; one central in line of tail, giving off at right angles pairs of branches like a pinnate leaf. Fur bright chestnut, above rather paler ; very long, silky, and soft. Round the shoulders it is longer, so as to form a narrow frill longer than rest. [* Cf. Tomes, in P. Z. S. 1861, p.65.—P. L. S.] 1865. ] MR. W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA. 73 “‘ Sportman’s Hall Cave, 15th Dec. 1858. ‘It was at the opposite entrance of the cave to that we entered, and among some Bats that, terrified by our intrusion, were flying in the daylight, that my servant caught the first specimen I had seen of this very extraordinary little Bat. On returning, he caught an- other in the interior. A drawing will hardly convey an idea of the odd form of this curious animal, whose round head, the long fur of which nearly conceals the feathers, and its bright little eye make it look more like a fish than an animal. Then such of the features as are visible are so excessively foliated by meandering lamine of skin as to be scarcely recognizable. Seen in profile, the thin muzzle and lower lip form a mouth very fish-like ; and often in the vertical pro- file the foliations of the chin are the most prominent, so that when it moved the jaw I fancied it like a caricature of a mumbling old woman. It is evidently congeneric with No. 4. It is not only similar to it in colour in the moustache which fringes sides of face, but also in the extreme fragility and thinness of its whole structure. The light was visible through the roof of the open mouth; and the molar membranes dried ike damp-paper. This is in great contrast to the firm well-strung frame of Molossus, as well as to the loose flabby make of Macrotus waterhousii (No. 8). During life I ob- served only a very slight motion of tips of ears at any sharp sound. Tail was curled upwards, so as to carry the interfemoral with it; this was caused by the calcanea bearing up the interfemoral. Femora long ; so that when reposing the knees were above the back, like a grasshopper’s. It jumped to escape, and opened jaws when touched ; but did not bite, or utter any sound. It seemed very delicate, and was dead by the next morning, though the rest of my captives were as lively as ever.” “Oxford Cave, Manchester, 22nd Feb. 1859. “Five males, twelve females (none apparently pregnant). ‘There is a great difference in the shade of the chestnut-colour, which varies from a sandy buff to deep reddish brown. * Dental formula, M. =, C. — 16 <=34. ““Molars. Upper, three larger much jagged; two lesser, first minute; second large, canine-like. Lower, three larger, much jagged ; three lesser. *‘Incisors. Upper, middle large, plain, like human; lateral minute, leaning towards them. Lower edges of all four level; each bi-notched. *« The muscular system of this Bat is not nearly so powerful as that of No. 6, but it flies with great agility and rapidity. The only house I ever knew them enter was Freeman’s Hall, where, notwithstanding the room was small and low, I had a long chase. I never saw them do anything on a flat surface but jump up. They soon die in confine- ment, and rarely survive the passage in the bag home. I observe that after death the volar membranes and forearm dry very rapidly; so that unless specimens are prepared immediately, these parts cannot ~ 74 MR. W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA. [Jan. 24, be arranged, even though putrefaction has not yet commenced in the stomach.” “ Freeman’s Hall, 21st July, 1859. “One of these Bats entered the house this eveuing; and though the room is small and very low, it was only after a long chase I suc- ceeded in taking it, from its extreme rapidity and agility of wing. At length it was completely tired out, and allowed me to take it by hand. I placed it under a candle-shade, where it made constant efforts to escape by jumping. It easily took wing off a flat suface, and its efforts to escape during the night broke some of the phalangeal bones; but, notwithstanding, on the cover being removed, after one or two efforts it succeeded in jumping out at the top. It refused flies I caught and offered it, shaking its muzzle at them with evident dislike; but it drinks greedily. The tongue was protruded; but the water taken up by it and the foliations of lips was sucked in with the head raised, by an action very like chewing.” 8. Macrorus WATERHOUSII*. Expanse 143 inches. Length, to insertion of tail, 22; tail 12, free 1th length of forearm. First digit 32 ; fourth digit 27; ear up front 14, up back 1; nose-leaf 1; breadth of ear 3; knee to calca- neum Z; caleaneum #; foot 4; intestines 8; stomach capacious, 6 i containing a yellowish mass with fragments of harder parts of insects interspersed. I recognized two short legs, with powerful double claws attached. These, from what I subsequently observed, I have reason to believe were those of Orthoptera. Dental formula, M. =, C. =, I. 4 =34. Incisors. Upper, middle large, edges rounded ; lateral minute, only visible with glass. Lower, one notch each ; all edges level. Molars. Large, jagged. Canines long. Nose-leaf an isosceles triangle, apex rounded off, pubescent ; nostrils oblique. Nostril-lobes large: outside these, on each side, five warts, from each of which springs a long hair. LEars large, capacious, erect, with apertures directed forward, transversely wrm- kled inside. Skin of scalp so loose that fur will pull back, and leave merely bare skin over skull behind raised skin which connects inner edges of ear-bases. Interfemoral forked by calcanea, being stretched backward, shorter than extended foot. Teats lateral, flattened or compressed ; so that young holds in its mouth a broad projection, not a mere round dug. Lacteals large; exuded milk on pressure. No cranial ridge. Muscles of ferearm small, compared to those of Areti- beus carpolegus. Thighs, hardly any muscle. Bones, soft volars thin ; whole structure much more delicate and loose than in A. carpo- legus. Fur fluffy, loose, long, easily disarranged. Volar membrane extending along whole anterior edge of forearm, and, leaving only half thumb free, connects it beyond with first digit. Eyes large, bright. Young male :— [* Cf. Tomes, 7. ¢. p. 65.—P. L. S.] NI or 1865. ] MR. W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA, Dental formula, M. = C. = I. ye Incisors. Upper hooked backwards ; lower not hooked; edges level. Canines strongly hooked backwards. Molars hooked, set at wide intervals, in place of true lesser molars. The fangs of these little teeth passed in straight lines down the external surface of gum, but were not imbedded in its centre as usual. They were quite traceable with a glass beneath the skin. Intestine 4? inches ; reproductive organs very conspicuous. Skull bare of muscles. Feet large and much developed. “ Brampton Bryan, 17th Dec, 1858. **My friend Mr. Farquharson, the overseer of this property, took me to a cave not far from the house. The mouth is in an angle of perpendicular rock, which, through a narrow aperture, leads to a cir- cular space with a vaulted roof, as smooth as if chiselled, evidently once at a level with the sea, and worn by the vortex each billow sent into it. A strong smell announced the presence of Bats, which the boy, who went in first with a torch, soon gave notice of. In ashort time we caught ten, and all, I saw, of the same species. It proved to be a particularly interesting one, which seems to be Macrotus waterhousii, from Mr. Gosse’s description, the first of the kind I have met with on this side. They proved, with one exception, all females ; and of these nine, seven had young of differing ages, but about half-grown, clinging to them. T hey were easily caught, drop- ping into the net or flying heavily, manifesting by no means the activity or terror of other species. On taking them out of the bag, one of the females was dead. The tenacity with which the young clutched the dead mother with feet and arms, and the eagerness with which it burrowed its snout in fur to search for the accustomed nutriment, were as affecting as the picture of the “ Dying Doe.” Another female, living, had still the young clinging to her ; and the usual position seemed, that the dug was held by the hooked teeth, and the fur or even thigh of opposite side grasped by feet, so that the position of the young Bat was diagonally across the mother’s belly ; but I observed them clinging in many other directions to the belly, but never to the back, except one I placed with a female under a glass: it then clung to her in every manner, burrowing its snout into the fur of the back for the nipple, groping and clinging with ludicrous energy. I carelessly omitted, before placing this female with the young, to ascertain from her nipple whether she was giving suck ; it was only after killing her I found she was not. This may account for the savage manner in which she treated the foundling, biting it and holding the head between her teeth. But still the instincts of the little animal were too strong for any pain to alter, and it clung till death relaxed its hold. On examining the stomach of this female I found it full of coagulated blood, part of which was entering intestine; I could account for its presence in no other way than by supposing that she not only left the marks of her teeth on the head of the young, but actually sucked the blood like a vam- 76 MR. W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA. [Jan. 24, pire. I could induce neither old nor young to take anything, though I tempted the first with water and the latter with milk. The one under glass made efforts to escape by jumping; but the existence of the volar membrane along the front of wing makes the forearm very unserviceable as a leg. There was a slight motion of the ear forwards on any sharp sound, but none of the rapid vibratory movement seen in 4, carpolegus. Those in the box with gauze over it jumped a little, and then clung in a dark corner ina heap. The young were deserted, and remained quietly hanging from gauze. They bit fiercely, but could not draw blood, though I held them in my hand at once. Their forearms seemed little adapted for walking : three or four hours on a flat surface had made the wrists inflamed and sore. They uttered no noise, merely opening the mouth menacingly. The young, on being set at liberty, clambered about till they got hold of some object, and then hung quietly head down- wards. From this and their desertion by the old ones in the box, I conclude they are sometimes left hanging under circumstances of danger. They opened the mouth threateningly when approached, and every now and then uttered avery acute sibilant chirp, not loud, though audible at a great distance, especially to animals whose ex- ternal organs of hearing are so developed. This I take to be the call for the mother, as they never uttered it when she was within reach. On being hung against the wall, they made no attempt to move from the spot. On being taken into the hand, they clung to it. I found one climbing to the palm of my hand, even when turned downwards ; so that the little Bat hung to it as to the body of the mother: I could not shake it off. It was perfectly secure even when I swung my extended arm round as quickly as possible, and, what was more curious, without the sharp claws penetrating the skin. I covered one of the young, which had strayed from the rest, in my hands. It felt cold, and seemed to like the warmth; for it searched with its nose for the nipple, making a purring noise, very like what Chilo- nycteris (No. 5) does on receiving water. “They seemed roused to unusual activity about dusk, and became quiet at about 10 p.m. ‘18th Dec.—-In the morning one of the young ones dead. It had been killed by hemorrhage in consequence of penis being bitten off. Though dead, it was still hanging to the muslin over the box by the hind legs. The young and females were all separate, young hanging from muslin, and females crouching sulkily in a corner. One of the young sucked in greedily little drops of milk I put to its muzzle, eagerly searching on my fingers for a nipple. He took several drops in this way till some got into his. nostrils and incommoded him. Putting two young on the table together, they took each other for the mother, poking each other with their noses, and rolling about clinging together in a most grotesque way. ‘Two of the females drank drops of water presented to them on a feather, eagerly pro- truding the pointed tongue a quarter of an inch beyond the muzzle, with an action like chewing. They were, with one night’s confine- ment, too weak to fly. 1865. ] MR. W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA, 77 “To give the two females and two young I did not require a chance of escape, I left them on an object against the wall. They all shuffled off, and hung head downward on the bare plaster. So per- fectly at ease were they, that I noticed one of the young ones comb the fur of the belly, with the adroit action common with Bats, with one hind paw, while it remained suspended by the other. Both young constantly uttered the acute click on any movement near them, as if calling the mother. “19th December.—Only one young one remained suspended to plaster this morning. I hope the rest got off, and were not carried away by rats. It-was very weak. I got a bit of washleather, and, screwing it up, made a kind of nipple, soaking it with warm milk. It instantly seized it and sucked it dry. I could not withdraw the leather on account of the hooked teeth. In trying to give it more, a little got into the nostrils and stopped all further experiments. So admirably are the hind paws adapted for suspending the animal from the slightest inequalities of a surface, that I found I could easily suspend this little Bat, after death, by simply drawing the claws downwards for a little against the plaster, when they hooked themselves. This suspension, like the roosting of a bird, requires no muscular exertion at all. The odour of this species is stronger than that of any I have met with. “27th December.—Returning to-day from Hampstead, I stopped to examine a very similar cave to the Brampton Bryan one on the roadside. A Bat flew from a dome within to the deeper recesses. As it was the only one, I could not feel certain of the species, but it looked like this one. On the floor of the cave was a heap of what I took at first to be dry leaves mixed with Bats’ dung; on examining it, it proved to be a heap of the wings of large Orthoptera. Many were broken, but I found no limbs or bodies. Did these Bats bring them in?” “ Cave in Portland Ridge (Vere), 31st March, 1859. “ Males yellowish ; females dark grey; some females show both tints in patches. Reproductive organs very conspicuous. This was the only species I found in these magnificent caves, and they were in no great numbers. They inhabit houses sometimes, but always the cellars, below ground, never the roofs—as, for instance, at Mount Pleasant, St. Elizabeth’s, where they are numerous.” “ Mount Pleasant (St. Ann’s), Jamaica, 14th June, 1859. ** My host, in an open verandah, showed me a number of spirts on the wall, on examining which I could detect seeds of the fustic berry (Morus tinctoria) sticking to the wall in the dried pulp by which they were surrounded. These, he said, were, to his great an- noyance, produced by the Long-eared Bat (Macrotus). They came in at night, hitched themselves up, when a chewing might be dis- tinctly heard, and then these splashes on the wall. One let the wings and legs of a large grasshopper drop. Another annoyed him by making the lofty curtain-frame of a bed his perch: the jalousies 78 MR. W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA. [Jan. 24, being left open, he would drop the fragments of his feasts on the bedclothes and sleeper below. A friend near was so annoyed in the same way. that he procured bird-nets, used over fruit-trees, from England, as a protection. The berries Dr. Rose particularly men- tioned were the fustic (Morus tinctoria), the breadnut (Brosimum alicastrum), and the rose-apple (Hugenia jambos). «T did not myself see the Bats; but their long ears and their habit of entering houses make it extremely probable that this is the spe- cies,” “ Mount Pleasant, St. Ann’s, 4th October, 1859. « T found this species abundant at the entrance of the large cave near Dry Harbour.”’ 9, CHILONYCTERIS GRISEA, Gosse *. : “Freeman’s Hall, 19th January, 1859. «Two males. Reproductive organs conspicuous. These speci- mens were brought to me by a boy, who, seeing them fly about, had knocked them down. I instantly recognized their likeness to no. 5, so as evidently to be included in the same genus. The measurements seem to agree with Mr. Gosse’s ‘Owl-faced Bat,’ as well as the description, in all points of form and colour; I have therefore pro- visionally so termed it.” ‘“¢ Oxford Cave, Manchester, 29th February, 1859. “ One male; three females. Expanse 113 inches; muzzle to base of tail 2; tail 1, tail free}; forearm 12; carpus, to tip, 2; Ist digit 14. Dental formula :—M. =, C. SL. 4=32. “« Molars consist of three larger and two lesser each side, larger much jagged. ' «‘ Incisors. Upper, middle, one deep notch ; lateral minute, lean- ing towards them. Lower, two-notched ; all edges level. ‘Tongue will project 1 inch beyond muzzle. «These two species of Chilonycteris (no. 5 & no. 9) differ consi- derably in size. Besides this, the raised warty points on each side the nostrils are much more prolonged in no. 9 than in no. 5.” 10. Nocriiio mastivus t. “ Long Hill, St. Elizabeth’s, March 1859. ‘One skin. This skin was presented to me by Mr. Maxwell; shot here a short time before my arrival. It was so large that at first it was taken for a Pya Dove. One was shortly before captured at Falmouth, and excited a good deal of newspaper wonder, being considered by the quidnuncs a vampire. ‘The teeth certainly are very formidable. I saw that specimen in spirits, and was unable to judge of the very considerable shrinking of the body of this speci- ; mit #5 men in drying. [* Chilonycteris quadridens, Gundlach: Tomes, /. e. p. 65.—P. L. 8.] [t Noctilio americanus: Tomes, 4. ¢. p. 68.—P. L. S.] 1865. | MR, W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA. 79 11. Moxossus FUMARIUS*. “ Shettlewood (St. James), 14th May, 1859. ** Three skins; males. The roomy roof of this house inhabited by great numbers of this little Bat. My bed-room so offensive with their peculiar odour, I was obliged to have every window left open at night. This odour is probably stronger at this, the breeding- season, than at other times. They kept, so far as I could observe, the same hours as our other species. Their apertures of egress were under the eaves outside, the room being ceiled within; but little parties of a dozen or more would fly in, take an excursion round the room, and soon disappear in the fading light of evening and the grey of dawn. I sent up a man outside, who got me four or five quarts of these Bats. They were all males, the reproductive organs very conspicuous, and the gular gland humid and swollen, opening on pres- sure like two lips, and a very active circulation visible through the internal skin when this opened, giving the appearance of inflam- mation. ** They made no noise, scrambled about very actively when taken out of the bamboo-joint which contained them, but made no attempt to fly.” ‘‘ Windsor (Trelawny), 30th May, 1859. “IT went this morning, accompanied by a negro with an axe, to cut down some of the tall headless trunks of lightning-smitten cocoa-nuts that still kept their place in the ranks of the beautiful avenues of these noble palms marshalled along the roadside and the course of the little river that meanders through the valley. I gave directions particularly to fix upon a stem in which a Woodpecker, of some generations perhaps, had drilled a hole. It was an im- mense trunk, sounder at the bottom than I anticipated, and tock good thwacks and many to cut it half through, though the decayed top trembled at every stroke. It fell, breaking into dozens of crum- bling pieces: ants and wood-boring larve in abundance; but no Bats. We then tried another near the road, among the fallen frag- ments of which I found three males, all of this species, stunned by the fall. The negroes then recollected another trunk near their village, where, they reported, dozens flew out every night. It was an immense stem. An ants’ nest was attached to it halfway up. Many holes, of various sizes, pierced the hard exterior near the top. It was evidently of great age. It was broken into fragments by the fall, and among them a perfect hetacomb of these little Bats, scat- tered into two distinct heaps, corresponding to a higher and lower story in the tree. There must have been at least 150 or 200 altogether. The heap which occupied the upper hole were exclusively males ; those in the lower, females in large proportion, though there seemed a male here and there among them. On the ground corresponding to the position immediately beneath each heap, scattered on the grass or partially contained in fragments of the trunk, was a quantity of powder looking like very coarse snuff: this, on examination under [* Tomes, /. c. p. 68.—P. L.S.] 80 MR. W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA. ([Jan. 24, the lens, proved to be entirely composed of fragments of the harder portions of insects; a portion at the surface was agglomerated in the usual form, but by far the largest part completely disintegrated and dry. Those not dead crawled actively on the grass, climbed upon clothes ; one little fellow I captured between my coat and waistcoat. Their object was evidently to escape the light. They bit fiercely at my fingers, and drew blood with the sharp little canines, and made a squeaking bird-like chirp when put into the bag. Several got up from the grass for a few inches, but soon fell again after hovering with great exertion; when thrown three or four feet from the ground, flew easily. I noticed that with this species, when thus flying by day, the arc of the stroke was about a sextant, as much above the body as below. Several of the females were pregnant with one foetus.” “‘ Mount Pleasant, St. Anne’s, 14th June, 1859. ** The roof here is largely inhabited by Bats; Dr. Rose thought, by two species—a long-eared (Macrotus?) and asmall one. Towards dusk I went out, anxious to ascertain what they were; but the little creatures were extremely cunning. Their place of egress was beneath the shingles of a low house. Though we could hear them scratching about, they always darted out at an unguarded point, and it was some time before the chaise-whip brought one down. It proved to be this species. There were no Long-eared Bats that I saw. I suspect my friend was mistaken.” “ Freeman’s Hall, 4th July, 1859. ** T observe, in looking over my specimens, that, besides the lips being fringed with ordinary stiff cilia, there is in the considerable space between the nostrils and edge of the lip a tuft of very singular bristles ; they are very short and thick-set, and beneath the glass are seen to be spoon-shaped. I have no idea of the use of these, unless it be to aid in retaining struggling insects. Some cotton, I put the Bats in, was attached very firmly by the hooks.” “ Windsor (Trelawny), 30th May, 1859. On a foetus of this Bat I note as follows :— * Milk-teeth not through, but in lumps on gum. “© Molars = Gjp—a ak = 1—P ** Molars in the position of anterior pair of false molars. Lower limbs most developed ; two exterior toes on each foot largest ; outer toes of each foot set on lower than the rest, like a thumb. Naked.’ Stomach of adult a lengthened membranous sac, thin, and, when empty, with difficulty distinguished from intestine, except by its rather wider diameter. No trace of internal plicee. Male distin- guished by a large gular gland, 3, in. in width. Made a loud chirp- Ing noise in captivity. Would not drink : rejected the flies I offered, and bit fiercely. The large size of the outer toe seems a distinction from Nyctinomus (no. 1). When about to bite, the ears are brought down; but they are ordinarily kept erect. 1865.] MR. W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA. 81 12. Arcriseus, sp.? * Dental formula, M. —*, C. =, I. +=28. 4—4? I=)? Molars. Upper, two larger much flattened on crown, with an exterior jagged edge—posterior with one point, the other with two ; false molars longer, with one point. Lower, two larger, with points on internal as well as external side; two false longer, with a single point. Canines rounded. Incisors. Upper, middle wedge-shaped, one notch ; lateral minute or wanting. Lower of equal length, one-notched. Tongue extensible about 3 inch ; posterior half with large papille, anterior half roughened, with asperities scarcely visible under the lens, but very perceptible to the touch. Muzzle to base (along back) 3 inches, muzzle to fork 34; tail0; expanse 162; radius 22; carpus to tip 43; first digit 23; fourth digit 31; leg 2; foot 2; calcaneum +. Interfemoral forked, when stretched out 2 inch below body. Irides hazel; eyes large. Colour of fur leaden grey, brindled by each hair being whitest towards the tip. “* Montego Bay, 16th May, 1859. £* Four skins, among which two males and one female. In a cave close by the town, and of no great depth, I procured several specimens of this Artibeus. It was in great numbers, and associated with Artibeus carpolegus, of which there were a few. The floor of the cave was strewn with kernels, large seeds, &c.; and among the most recent were seeds, with a portion of pulp sticking to them, of the scarlet berries called by negroes ‘cherries,’ and which I believe are the berries of Cordia collococca. 'The fact of the two species being found together, and, above all, the colour of the fur of a young sucking Bat attached to the mother (undoubtedly Artibeus carpolegus) being of a leaden colour, long kept me in doubt as to the distinctness of the two species. I have however determined to enter them as such provisionally. I found males and females of both with the reproductive organs conspicuous, and evidently adults.” 13. Monoruyiivst. Dental formula (from prepared skull), M. 2==, C. = 1 = =32. Molars small. Upper, two false—first minute, scarcely above gum, second the largest of the molars, with a single ‘very blunt point ; three true, first largest ; this and second with the outer edge slightly hollowed, leaving two blunt points or tubercles, a small crown inter- nally ; third minute. Lower, two false—first a round, smooth, blunt cone or tubercle, second largest, the same; three true, as in upper jaw, hollowed so as to leave two blunt obsolete points in each (or tuberculated). These molars are evidently more adapted for holding than masticating. Canines. Upper very long, powerful, sharp, dilated laterally [* A. brachyotus (Pr. Max.), Tomes, /. c. p. 64.—P. L. 8.] [t Phyllonycteris poeyi, Gundlach; Tomes, J. c. p. 63.—P. L. 8.]| Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. VI. 82 MR. W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA. [Jan. 24, © into two cutting-edges, anterior edge sinuated. Lower rather smaller. Incisors. Upper, middle pair diverging slightly, entire, blunt, like human ; lateral minute, conical (or as a tubercle). Lower, edges forming a concavity between canines; lateral minute, truncated ; middle still smaller, visible only with glass in recent, but with the eye in prepared skull; conical truncated. (It is over these last the tongue is, of course, protruded.) Dental formula, milk teeth :—M. = C. = 16 <= 16. Molars. Upper hooked ; lower scarcely so. Canines excessively sharp, hooked backwards; upper largest. Incisors, upper middle broad, with one fine notch ; lateral hooked. Length to base of tail 22 inches, length to fork 2; expanse 123 ; radius 12, in others 2; thumb 3; last phalanges 2; index 24; car- pus, to tip, 3£; 4th digit 2}; muzzle to ear 2; knee to calcaneum 1 (nearly); foot 2; calcaneum (minute) 75; ear, back 2, front 2. Tongue, protrusible beyond muzzle, 2 (it must have been more, ‘I think), narrows towards tip more suddenly than with Monophyllus redmanii; covered with reversed prickles, which are especially long and bristle-like, on the edges of tip: large and full, tip narrowed, thinner, hollowed; when shortened and contained within mouth, thrown into two rows of oblique strize or folds. In the young the tongue had the same striz, but only the tip was slightly extensible. Description. Nose-leaf pentagonal; central lobe reduced to a small blunt point on the upper angle; seen under the lens to be covered with fine white hairs. Nostrils round; external lobe two series of conspicuous confluent warts, centres depressed and punc- tured for hairs, one series on each side, leaving a space behind, cen- tral lobe free. Lower lip split, and on each side a notched triangular wart; upper lip fringed with hairs; but scarcely any beard. Ears ample, points rounded; tragus lanceolate acute. Tail short. Thumbs, legs, and toes very long, the latter regularly decreasing from hallux, which is longest. Forehead low. Muzzle very long; colour a soft chestnut-yellow, paler beneath, each hair at its base white; volars, ears, and nose-leaf pale black. No cranial ridge. Caudal vertebree 5(?); intestine 14 inches long; stomach membranous, not reticu- lated, filled with a yellowish frothy pulp. “ Harmony Hall (Trelawny), 4th June, 1859. * It is in the eastern cave on this estate this pretty little Bat abounds, The entrance is in a wall of rock shrouded by a thicket. The in- terior of the cave not very extensive, and not thoroughly dark, I had, at first, no light; but the noise of innumerable wings, and the heaps of fruit and droppings with which the floor was covered, showed it was densely inhabited. I fired my gun towards where the sound was loudest; had just light enough to pick up what fell, and on taking it to the entrance, saw this interesting species for the first time. When the light arrived, I was surprised at their immense num- nm 1865.] MR. W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA, 83 bers, flying about and swarming on the walls and roof like bees. They differ from some other Bats in settling on the walls low down, notwithstanding the alarm of the lights; and in this they are like M. redmanii, which I saw do the same thing at the Oxford Cave. Not one seemed to make an attempt to escape, which was the more re- markable as there was no hole for retreat in the cave, and it was nearly dark when I left it. I infer, therefore, that this species is very strictly nocturnal. I had a considerable number knocked down in various parts; but it appeared the only species inhabiting this cave. ‘The sexes were pretty equal, and the number of young very great. No female, that I saw, had more than one young one. picked from the floor bread-nut kernels and numbers of munched berries of clammy cherry (Cordia collococca). I found the captives brought home were seventeen, besides a few young. «Those in the best condition I placed in a gauze-covered box. They bit fiercely, and not ineffectually, at my fingers, were ex- tremely active, and ran about the box with great agility. One or two managed to get out, when I found they could run on the floor and rise to the wing with the greatest ease. After one or two turns round the room, they hitched themselves, raised the head a little, and moved the nose-leaf and ears alternately, in the eager inquiring way of M. redmanii and Artibeus carpolegus. All night I was dis- turbed with their violent efforts to escape. I congratulated myself I had taken the precaution to line the bottom with a good bed of silk cotton, for otherwise the inflammation produced on the wrists by their efforts renders them unfit for preservation. The loud bird- like chirps and squeaks were incessant. Next morning I found them much exhausted and quiet; they no longer bit at my fingers. A female with a young one had it still hanging to her breast ; but another young, I had put in hap-hazard from a heap, was hitched up to the muslin by itself. I sent for a berry-laden branch of Cordia collococca, which I had seen strewn on the floor of the cave, but first took the precaution of letting them drink, lest an abnormal thirst, produced by their exertions or injuries, should make them take the juice. They drank eagerly, protruding the tongue—the lip, hollowed spoon-shape, and the bristles evidently taking up a great quantity. They would anxiously lick it off my fingers. When they began to refuse more, and shake their heads at it, I tried the berries; but, to my disappointment, they took little notice of them. A couple of hours afterwards I tried again, when it occurred to me to break the skin, so as to let some of the juice escape. The one I presented it to, after a little persuasion, began to lick the juice ; he at last seemed to understand his new position, and licked away in good earnest. The tongue was rapidly protruded and drawn in again, and the juice and softer pulp cleared away with great rapidity. I noticed he was very particular in cleaning out the bit of loose skin of berry, and licked my fingers of the juice spilt on them, carefully cleaning out any that had collected under the nail. The sensation was not at all unpleasant, the tongue feeling soft and spongy, with a slight scratching from the bristles. I then got 84 MR. W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA. (Jan. 24, another berry. The Bat was hanging from the edge of the box, its ventral surface against the side ; and as I held the berry a little off, so as to see the action of the tongue, it had, whilst feeding, to bend the neck, so as to raise the head a little: this seemed to fatigue it. It therefore raised itself on one wrist, and turned round so that its back was against the box’s side; but as it did not change the position of the feet, of course the legs crossed, the right foot now being on the left side, and vice versd. In this odd position it seemed per- fectly at ease, and went on licking at a fresh berry with great relish. Of course, only its chin was now visible to me. I then began gra- dually to lower the berry; it stretched first the neck and then the tongue to its fullextent. I took it beyond reach, and then suddenly brought it close again. It seized it with its teeth savagely, and then shifted it to one side of the mouth, so that the long sharp canines of one side and the blunt molars held the berry, much as a dog will do when he wishes to bring the force of the molars to bear onabone. This left room for the tongue still to be protruded ; for, from the arrangement of the minute lower incisors in a concave, the molars can be nearly closed, so as to hold an object, and the tongue still have room for protrusion. The little body trembled with the eagerness of his actions. As the pulp and juice he could thus reach became exhausted, I expected he would drop it, and was prepared with another berry; but, to my surprise, he brought up the wrists to the muzzle, took the berry between them, gave it two or three energetic bites, and then held the berry off. So I now understood what the unusually long thumbs were for; for they applied themselves dexterously to the berry, held it firmly, and then, as it appeared to me, by a reverse action of the two wrists the berry was turned round, a fresh hold taken by the teeth, and the same licking process renewed, till the seed in the centre was cleaned of the pulp, all but the little bit which served for the last tooth- hold. It was then dropped, and the eager little muzzle raised for more. «I supplied another, and soon I hada little heap of seeds, with bits of pulp attached, at the bottom of the box, exactly like those I found in the cave. A wounded Bat on the floor found some berries out and began to lick them. I next tried the female with a young one, with precisely the same result ; only, notwithstanding her eagerness for food and evidently hungry state, it was affecting to see how constantly’she stopped carefully to’ lick the little one at her breast, lest any spilt juice should soil it. When holding the berries in the wrists, their appearance reminded me much of monkeys. They now became very lively, evidently much refreshed by the meal, and began to snap at my fingers. I covered them up in darkness, which they seemed to want. On my return I found the young Bat which I had put in as an orphan had been taken by the other female, and was evidently sucking vigorously. It can hardly have happened that out of such a number I could have chosen mother and offspring by chance. Perhaps the old Bat, feeling the pressure of milk, in this way sought relief. The young were quite naked and blind, and 1865.] MR. W. OSBURN ON THE BATS OF JAMAICA. 85 about two inches long, but clung with great tenacity. From a portion of umbilical cord still attached to one mother, I conclude one had only been born quite recently. I then took them and put them among the twigs of Cordia. They climbed about it, heads downwards, ‘with the greatest ease. The length of the legs and toes, their muscularity, and the absence of any interfemoral or tail were all obvious advantages where this habit was constant, especially the power it gave them of turning as on a pivot, but without moving the feet. They twisted, within certain limits, like a body suspended by a string. They would thus follow a berry I moved ; but they would not pluck any of the berries for themselves, seeming only anxious to get into a dark place. ‘This I attribute to the unnatural hour of feeding. On placing them in the box, I found, after a short time, both mothers had crossed the legs in the attitude before mentioned, to avoid pressing the young against the side. I put them out of doors on a tree at some distance from the house. One attempted to return, doubtless to escape the light. It lit on a plastered wall, and, notwithstanding the incumbrance of the suckling, ran up the wall backwards by the legs with great rapidity (raising the body with the wrists so as not to rub the young) till it gained the shelter of the eaves, whence I hope it made a complete escape; for I left Harmony Hall that afternoon. *« From these observations I would infer that we have an expla- nation of the much greater muscularity of the frugivorous Bats, and their far less buoyancy, than the insectivorous; and further, of the use of the wrists in this Bat. “The details on. Macrotus waterhousii (No. 8), collected at Mount Pleasant, St. Ann’s, in which we have a Bat entering houses for the purpose of hitching itself up in verandah or room to eat the berries from a tree in the garden, its insect prey, and finally the collections of fruit—from this and what I have noticed in the caves, I come to the following conclusion :—that the supposition that these Bats eat fruit on the wing is groundless, for it would mani- festly be a difficult feat to use the teeth and to chew whilst flying ; but that they hitch themselves up somewhere near the scene of action, where they can use their wrists and feed on their prize at ease. Their long legs seem well adapted for hitching themselves up among their food. The much greater muscularity of the limbs, their greater activity in running and using them, their long thumbs, are all adapted to climbing and holding fruit—a curious approach to the habits of the Quadrumana. ** When the first cold streaks of dawn warn the curious little ani- mals away to their gloomy retreats, each Bat carries off a berry, and in the security of the cave finishes his meal at leisure. The outer toe has a great tendency to diverge at a considerable angle from the next during suspension.’ 86 DR.G. HARTLAUB ON NEW BIRDS FROM BENGUELA. [Jan. 24, 2. DescrIPTIONS OF SEvEN New SpEcIEs OF BirDs DISCOVERED py Mr. J. J. Monrerro 1n THe Province oF BENGUELA, AnGouA, West Arrica. By Dr. G. Hartiaus, Foreign Memes. (Plates 1V., V., VI.) 1. CRATEROPUS GYMNOGENYS, Sp. nov. Capitis lateribus circumscripte nudis ; pileo albido, nucham versus magis cinerascente ; dorso fusco ; collo postico et laterali letius rufescente ; alis et cauda nigro-fuscis ; uropygio albo, fulve- scente lavato ; subalaribus dilute rufis ; lateribus rufescentibus ; subcaudalibus albis ; remigum marginibus internis pallide rufis, primo et secundo exceptis totis nigris ; rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. circa 9", rostri a fr. 93/", alee 3!" 11'", caudze 3! 8!", tarsi 140", 2. DRrYOSCOPUS GUTTATUS, sp. nov. Supra nitide niger, nitore chalybeo; cauda tota nigerrima; alis nigris, macula scapulari transversa alba; marginibus externis remigum duorum secundariorum late niveis, fasciam angustam longitudinalem formantibus ; subalaribus albis, flecura ale nigra ; tergi et uropygu plumis obscure cinerascentibus, macula anteapicali rotundata alba notatis, ipso margine apicali nigro ; abdomine unicolore albo; subcaudalibus albis; rostro valde compresso, vix plus quam emarginatum, nigro; pedibus nigris. Long. 7" 8", rostri a fr. 8!", alee 3" 7!"', caudee 3! 7!", tarsi 15!’, Obs. A typical species. 3. UpupaA DECORATA, Sp. nov. Simillima U. capensi, sed diversa; remigibus secundariis albis ante apicem extensum nigrum, nigro bifasciatis, fasciola nigre- dinis apicalis medio interrupta ; abdomine in fundo pallide rufescente, maculis nonnullis longitudinalibus nigro-fuscis. Long. rostri a fr. 1" 7!"', alee 5", caudee 4", tarsi 8!". Obs. The unique specimen of this.bird seems to be not quite adult ; the crest is exactly like that of U. capensis; the rufous colour of the under parts goes much further down in U. capensis. This latter species has the secondary remiges, from the base to the black apical part, of a pure white. 4. Toccus ELEGANS, sp. nov. (Pl. IV.) Pileo ardesiaco, occipite subcristato ; capitis lateribus albidis, ardesiaco longitudinaliter variegatis, superciliis eodem modo - pictis; dorso fuscescenti-nigro, area mediana angusta alba; alarum tectricibus in fundo nigro maculis magnis rotundatis albis, nigerrime marginatis, pulchre variis ; remigibus majori- bus nigris, 1° et 2° macula alba unica in pogonio interno, 3°=7™ albo bimaculatis, 3 secundariis albis, macula magna irregulart iD. .&N Hanhart.m Ww L ELEGANS. Te GUS me Aco) leoe ier J Wolf. del. et lith. M& NHanhart imp. AUCH SYS MURS eae GN peels ils Sai J Wolf. del.etlith . M.&NHanhart imp OTS PICT == 1513) 1865.] DR. G. HARTLAUB ON NEW BIRDS FROM BENGUELA. 87 bipartita nigra; tertiariis pallide fuscis; subalaribus albis : subtus albus, gula denudata; jugulo nigro longitudinaliter vario; rectricibus 4 mediis nigro-fuscis, 2 sequentibus fascia lata mediana apiceque lete albis, extima fere tota alba, macula majore anteapicali nigro-fusca ; rostro lete flavo, tomiis, apice mandibule et macula longitudinali a naribus ad dimidium maxille usque producta nigricantibus ; pedibus plundeis. Long. circa 18", rostri a fr. 32", alee vix 7!', caudee 84", tarsi 11!" Obs. Typical; adult. Nearly allied to B. flavirostris of Riippell ; but beautifully different in the colouring of the upper mandible, the wing-coverts, the remiges, &c. 5. Toccus MONTEIRI, sp. nov. (PI. V.) Capite ardesiaco, occipite subcristato, lateribus albo longitudina- liter variis, pileo cinereo et nigricante minus distincte vario; gula plumosa juguloque cinereo-ardesiacis ; pectore et abdo- mine niveis, dorso obsolete brunneo, tergo et uropygio obscurius Suscis ; alarum tectricibus dorso concoloribus, maculis rotun- datis albis pulchre ocellatis; remigibus primariis nigris, 1° et 2° macula angusta transversa alba versus basin pogonii interni, ipso apice albo largius notatis ; 3°-6™ pogonio externo macula unica alba, apice albentibus ; sequentibus nigris, apice largis- sime et irregulariter albis; secundariis albis, scapis a basi ultra medium nigris; tertiariis pallide fuscis; rectricibus 2 mediis totis fuscis, sequente utrinque fusca, macula pogonii externt apicali alba, tertia alba pogonio interno basi nigro, secunda tota alba, extima alba pogonio externo pro maxima parte brunneo, parte apicali tota alba; subaleribus albis ; rostro ruberrimo, apice parum obscuriore, basi albido, mazilla distincte quadrisuleata ; epithemate rostri, sicut in specie pre- cedente, nullo. Long. circa 19", rostri a fr. 42", alee 7" 9", caudee 81", tarsi 14!. Obs. Typical. Allied to B. limbatus of Riippell ; but much smaller and widely different in the structure of the beak, the colour of the alar coverts, the tail-feathers, &c. 6. CURSORIUS BISIGNATUS, sp. nov. Affinis C. bicincto Temm., sed diversus : 1°, statura multo minore ; 2°, torque colli postici nigro vir conspicuo; 3°, notei coloribus multo pallidioribus ; 4°, remigibus secundariis omnibus prima- riisque 5°—10™ pro maxima parte dilute rufis; 5°, gastreo a gut- ture inde, subalaribus et subcaudalibus pure albis ; 6°, remigum pogoniis internis subtus rufescenti-albis, axillaribus albis ; rec- trice extima tota alba. Long. 63", rostri a fr. 5!", alee 5", caudze 1" 10", tarsi 1! 9!, dig. med. c. ung. 8’, Obs. A most beautiful new species of an interesting genus. Re- presents the C. dicinctus of Caffraria, on the south-western coast. The two black collars are elegantly defined, the upper one being the 88 DR. G., HARTLAUB ON NEW BIRDS FROM BENGUELA. |Jan. 24, narrower. ‘The whole bird is much smaller and much paler. Two specimens. 7. OTIs PIcTURATA, sp. nov. (PI. VI.) Corpore supra, alarum ptilosi minore et cauda in fundo pallide Sulvescente nigricante lineolatis et vermiculatis ; pilet plumis cerulescenti-cinereis, subtilissime obscurius fasciolatis ; fascia supraciliari, macula parotica, altera majore nuchali, gula col- lique cinerei antici tenia longitudinali mediana nigerrimis ; mento et capitis lateribus albis, his infra nigro cinctis ; spatio inter fasciam supraciliarem et regionem paroticam albo; pec- tore et abdomine sordide albis ; remigibus 1° et 2° nigro-fuscis, basin versus rufescenti-albidis, 3° et 4° pogonio interno fla- vescenti-albidis, externo dimidio apicali valde angustato nigri- canti-fuscis, basali dilatato isabellino fusco maculatis; se- quentibus flavidis, apice lete fuscis ; minoribus isabellinis, ante apicem fuscum fusco bimaculatis; flecura ale albida, nigri- cante variegata ; pedibus pallide flavidis ; rostro brunnescente, mandibula pro maxima parte a basi albida. Long. circa 20", rostria fr. 17!", alee 12" 3!"', caudee 6", tarsi 2! 9!"', dig. med. c. ung. 14", Obs. This bird belongs to the Zupodotis group of Lesson. We congratulate Mr. Monteiro upon the discovery of this very elegant new species of Bustard. Tadd a few notes upon other species in Mr. Monteiro’s collection, which Dr. Sclater has submitted to my examination. Gallinula chloropus.—The Angola bird differs from our European Water-hen in the darker and more blackish colour of the back, which is without the olive-brown so apparent in the bird of Europe. Schizorhis concolor.—Compared with an adult Natal specimen of the Bremen collection, the two fine birds in Mr. Monteiro’s col- lection appear to be almost specifically different. The whole colour is much paler, more grey, and less brownish, the sides of the head being whitish, and the crest much paler, ‘They should be compared with other Caffrarian specimeus. Telephonus trivirgatus.—Exactly like a Damara specimen in the Bremen collection, the beak being in both of a full pure black. Dr. A. Smith, who met with only one female specimen, figures and describes the beak of his 7. trivirgatus as being of a light whitish brown. Halcyon semicerulea.—Differs from a West-African bird in the Bremen collection in the much darker hue of the blue colour of the back, in the more brownish colour of the crown, in the back of the neck being grey, and in the pale fulvous colour of the under parts, which are ferruginous in the Gaboon specimen. Parus afer.—Much smaller than more southern specimens ; otherwise not different. 1865.] MR. J.J. MONTEIRO ON THE BIRDS OF BENGUELA. 89 3. Norrs on Brrps COLLECTED IN BENGUELA. By J. J. Monteiro. The following seventy species of birds were collected in 1862 and 1863 in the littoral region of the province of Benguela, Angola (between 12° and 15°S. lat.). This region is, generally speaking, arid, barren, and rocky (gneiss, with a narrow belt of limestone and gypsum rocks, on the sea-shore). The vegetation becomes abundant or luxuriant only in the vicinity of the few rivers, and at a distance of twenty to thirty miles towards the interior. Dr. G. Hartlaub has kindly determined the names of the species for me. 1. ARDEA ATRICOLLIS, Wagl. Very abundant on all the fresh-, salt-, and brackish-water lagoons and marshes along the whole coast of Angola. Often kept tame in the houses, and, though preferring fish, will eat almost all other kind of food. 2. PLATALEA TENUIROSTRIS, Temm. Also very abundant in the brackish and salt muddy lagoons. 38. PLoTus LEVAILLANTII, Temm. Shot at the “ Bimbas,” freshwater lakes about six miles to the interior of the town of Benguela. Fly in flocks at an astonishing height in the air, wheeling and circling over the water in the manner of birds of prey. When they descend, it is with arrow-like rapidity, dashing into the water with great force, and emerging-again to the surface, on which they swim with their bodies hardly visible above water, and wriggling their long snake-like necks. 4. ARDEA GARZETTA, Linn. This beautiful bird is observed on all the stagnant fresh waters of the whole of Angola. The pure white of its plumage forms a lovely contrast, as it dazzles in the bright sunshine, to the green of the large-leaved species of duckweed and water-lilies on which it grace- fully stands, or to that of the tall stems and elegant feathery heads of the Papyrus fringing with the most vivid colour the still, shining waters. 5. PHALACROCORAX AFRICANUS (Gm.). Very common on all the rivers and fresh waters of Angola. Its flesh is dark-coloured, but good eating. 6. ERISMATURA LEUCONOTA. From the freshwater lakes of Benguela. There are several other species of Duck, and many other very beautiful aquatic birds, par- ticularly at Pinda, to the south of Mossamedes, 7. OTIS RUFICRISTA, Sm. 90 MR. J.J. MONTEIRO ON THE BIRDS OF BENGUELA. (Jan. 24, 8. Or1s prcruRatA, Hartlaub, sp. nov. Both these handsome Bustards, called “Tuas” by the natives, are found abundantly all along the littoral region of Angola, becoming more so in the vicinity of Benguela, and inhabiting in preference the gypsum plains and country driest and barest of vegetation. They utter a loud clucking cry, and go about always in pairs, run very fast, and when alarmed fly low and heavily, generally dropping to the ground again at a short distance. They are very shy, and diffi- cult to shoot. Their flesh is the most delicate and best-tasted of perhaps any game bird. There is a third magnificent species similar in appearance to no. 8, with a white belly, but twice its size. The stomachs of these birds contain flowers, buds, and leaves of several species of shrubs, remains of scorpions, and several kind of hard seeds. I have known several Portuguese who have attempted to rear these birds, or keep the old ones in their gardens, but have always failed to preserve them alive for any length of time. 9. PrerocLes NAMAQuus (Gm.). Male and female. Inhabit the same locality as the preceding ; gregarious in small flocks, but keeping together in pairs. 10. Cursorrus BistGNatvus, Hartlaub, sp. nov. Same locality and habits. 11. LoBrvANELLUS LATERALIS, Sm. Same locality ; scarce. 12. Popicers minor (Limn.). Abundant on the freshwater lakes of Angola. 13. ARDEA MINUTA, Linn. This beautiful species was shot at the Bimbas or freshwater lakes at Benguela. 14, ParRA AFRICANA, Gm. This beautiful bird is common on all the still freshwaters of Angola. 15, GALLINULA CHLOROPUs (Linn.). Common in the same localities as the preceding. 16. Corvus scapuLaAtus, Daud. Common to the whole of the Angola coast and interior. Have the same impudent thievish propensities as cur Common Crow, and very nearly the same caw and croak. Have wonderfully acute sense of sight or smell. I could never encamp anywhere but they would soon make their appearance, often in the most bare and desert situ- ations on the coast. J once only at Benguela, but several times at Mossamedes, observed another species, all black, and the size of our rook, or perhaps a little smaller. 1865.] MR. J.J. MONTFIRO ON THE BIRDS OF BENGUELA. 91 17. Buso macutosvs (Vieill.). Abundant about Benguela. 18. Srrrx FLAMMEA, Linn. Also abundant in the same locality. 19. Scors SENEGALENSIS, Sw. Shot at Benguela. 20. ATHENE PERLATA (Vieill.). Same. 21. FRANCOLINUS GARIEPENSIS, Sw. Common all over Angola. 22. Toccus mMonTEtRI, Hartlaub, sp. nov. This fine bird is pretty abundant at Benguela. The bill is of a fine fire-red colour, becoming white near the base. Inhabits the littoral region principally. Stomach contained remains of grass- hoppers, a small hornets’ nest, several large larvee, and the flat bean- like seeds of a thorny tree. Are gregarious, and fly slowly. When sitting on a branch, they raise and depress their crest-feathers, and utter a very loud, disagreeable cry, like that of a child screaming. Feed on the ground, principally in the sandy valleys and the dry beds of what are rivers and water-courses in the rainy season, digging powerfully in the sand (which they throw back between their legs) in quest of grubs, &e. ‘. The natives all over Angola affirm most positively that the female shuts up the male in the nest so that it cannot get out, and there feeds it constantly until it has incubated the eggs, when she tears down the nest and lets it and the young brood out. It is then said to be very lean and featherless. I never had an opportunity of verifying this singular statement ; but the negroes have several pro- verbs in connexion with this curious habit, while I have very little doubt of its correctness. 23. Toccus ELEGANS, Hartlaub, sp. nov. From the same locality, and identical in habits. 24. CENTROPUS SUPERCILIOSUS, Hempr. Very abundant everywhere in Angola. Flies low amongst the bushes, and very fond of marshy places where the vegetation is very thick. Has a very loud, clucking, continued note. Of a second magnificently coloured species, with bright blue tail, I was unable to obtain a specimen, although I met with it in Benguela, and have seen the feathers brought from Bibé. 25. ScH1zoRHIS CONCOLOR (Smith). These handsome birds are very abundant at Benguela and Mos- 92 MR. J.J. MONTEIRO ON THE BIRDS OF BENGUELA. [Jan. 24, samedes, in all the woods. Are very active in their habits, running along the branches of the trees with great rapidity, uttering a loud rapid scream, and bobbing their heads up and down, and stretching their necks in a comical manner. Their crest-feathers are always erect ; are never raised or depressed. In their manners they remind an observer very much of the ‘ Plantain-eaters.”’ Feed on wild fruits and berries. 26. CoryTHAIx LivinGsTont, G. R. Gray. Are sometimes brought to Benguela for sale by the negroes from Bibé. Appears to be much rarer than the C. paulina. I have seen both pretty abundantly to the interior of Novo Redondo, in the Celis country (peopled by a cannibal tribe of negroes), where the magni- ficent forest resounds in all directions with their loud unearthly ery. I have succeeded in bringing home to England a live specimen of this species, which is now in splendid plumage and health. It is perfectly tame—so much so as not to notice strangers in the least, but, on the contrary, coming to the side of its cage to take hold and lay with their fingers in its beak.. It is fond of a great variety of food—all kinds of fruit, bread, biscuit, or cake soaked in milk or water, and sugar pudding, raisins, figs, currants, green peas, water- cress, lettuce, boiled carrots, &e. It is curious to observe the manner in which one of its toes is bent nearly backward when on the ground ; when on its perch, its feet grasp it with two toes behind and two in front. It is fond of playing with the end of a piece of string, with which it rushes about in its cage. It always roosts on a little soft hay, &c.,in a small basket, in the manner of a bird hatching; and it is exceedingly fretful at dusk until some person pets and talks to it, when it jumps into the basket and settles immediately, chattering all the while in a very satisfied and contented manner. Its cry is very loud and extraordinary—a long whoop, first repeated short many times, and finishing with along scream. When alarmed at seeing a cat or other animal, it utters a loud cackle, something like that of a frightened hen. It is very fond of bathing, which it does in a large dish full of water, wetting itself completely, and screaming at the top of its voice all the time, making a terrible din for a bird of its size. 27. TROGON NARINA. Shot in a wood at Benguela. I never observed another specimen. 28. CucuULUS RUBECULA, Sw. Shot at Novo Redondo (11° S. lat.). Base of bill, eyelids, and legs of a beautiful yellow. Said by the natives to be a young one. Large eyes and extremely small body for such a large-feathered bird. It was flying in the air in the manner of a Hawk, which I took it to be when I fired at it. 29. LAMPROCOLIUS PH@NICOPTERUS, Sw. Extremely abundant all over Angola, 1865.] MR. J.J. MONTEIRO ON THE BIRDS OF BENGUELA. 93 30. Dicrurus musicus. Also abundant everywhere: Is very active on the wing in the capture of its insect prey. 31. OrtoLus LArvatus, Licht. Very abundant in the woods at Benguela. 32. HypHANTORNIS crncTA, Cass. Not uncommon at Benguela. 33. OrtoLus Bicoxor, Licht., juv. Abundant ; same locality. 34. CraTEROPUS GyMNOGENYs, Hartlaub, sp. nov. Common at Novo Redondo and Benguela in the thick wood and underbrush. Fly in small flocks, and are most discordantly noisy. 35. LANIARTUS BACKBAKIRI, Ley. Shot near the beach at Cirio Bay (13° S. lat.). 36. DimorHus CARUNCULATUS. Shot in a newly dug field, evidently seeking for worms or grubs. Equemina Bay (13° 12'S. lat.). 37. Dryoscorus gurratus, Hartlaub, Sp. nov. Very abundant ; but difficult to see, from hiding so close in the bushes. Chatters much and loudly, with very varied and dissimilar notes or cries. When on a branch, its rump-feathers* are puffed up in a remarkable manner. 38. EUROCEPHALUS ANGUITIMENS, Smith. This is also an extraordinarily noisy bird, and very abundant about the woods of Benguela. Fly in small flocks, keeping always very close together. I have counted as many as fourteen on a branch, side by side, all looking one way, and screaming and chattering most loudly all at once. 39. AMYDRUS FULVIPENNIs (Sw.). Very abundant near the coast from Novo Redondo to Mossamedes (or Little Fish-Bay). Never observed it more to the north than the former locality. Only makes its appearance some months of the year (from November to June). Keep together in small flocks, uttering a cry very much like that of a Starling. They accumulate a large open nest on some flat-topped tree, without the least shade or protection, and on which as many as eight or ten birds are sitting together hatching their eggs, presenting a very singular appearance. 40. TeLEPHONUS TRIVIRGATUS, Smith. Common in Benguela ; but difficult to obtain, from its flying close to the ground through the thick underwood. 94 MR, J.J. MONTEIRO ON THE BIRDS OF BENGUELA. [Jan. 24, 41, CERTHILAUDA SEMITORQUATA, Smith. Very abundant about Benguela, particularly in bare rocky places. Keeps always on the ground, and is very tame, as it may be passed quite close without its flying away or otherwise showing alarm. 42. Sax1tcoLa INFUSCATA, Smith. Benguela. 43. Upupa pecorata, Hartlaub, sp. nov. Benguela ; abundant. 44, Curysococcyx auratus (Gm.), juy. Benguela. 45. BurHaGa AFRICANA, Linn. Abundant all over Angola, which, generally speaking, abounds in cattle. It appears to feed entirely on ticks: the stomach of this specimen contained no less than twenty-five. Its flesh is very dark- coloured, strong-smelling, and its blood extremely thick and dark. It is curious to watch the manner in which they crawl all over the body of an ox or large animal, under its belly and between its legs, which they are enabled to do by their strong claws tipped with exceedingly sharp-hooked nails. The beak is soft, of a bright red at the tip, graduating to bright yellow at the base. I once sawa nest of these birds, which they appeared to be finishing. It was large, loose, of dry grass, and nicely lined with long hair, seemingly taken from the tails of cattle. These birds were constantly robbing the hair from the tail of an old mule I had at Benguela. They will accompany a herd of cattle only for a certain distance, when they will return to their usual locality, and others immediately make their appearance and appear to take charge of the herd. 46. IrRISOR CYANOMELAS. Not uncommon in Benguela. 47. HaLcyon sEMICHRULEA (Forsk.). Benguela. 48. HaLcyon seNnEGALENSIS (L.). Benguela. 49. PsrrraACULA ROSEICOLLIS. Very abundant at Novo Redondo to Mossamedes, and very de- structive to the Indian-corn plantations. 50. PsITracus RUEPPELLI, Gray. Also not uncommon in the same localities. 51. TurTuR ERYTHROPHRYS, Sw. Common in the whole of Angola. 1865.] MR. J.J. MONTETRO CN THE BIRDS OF BENGUELA. 95 52. Pocontas LEUCOMELAS (Bodd.). Benguela. Their stomachs contained different kinds of small seeds ; but their principal food appears to be the fibrous bark of some herbaceous plants, as in both these specimens, as well as several others that I have examined, the stomachs always contained masses of green bark. Its strong-toothed bill would appear to be adapted, therefore, more for the purpose of tearing or cutting its bark food than for crushing seeds, as might appear at first sight; for I never found their stomachs to contain the remains of the latter. 53. LimNOCORAX FLAVIROSTRIS, Sw. Common on all the freshwaters of Angola. 54. CHARADRIUS GEOFFROYI, Wagl. On sandy plains near the sea. 55. CALIDRIS ARENARIA (Linn.). On the beach at Benguela. 56. Cypseius apus (Linn.). Common in Benguela, building their nests very commonly under the eaves of houses. : 57. Hirunpo strioxata, Ripp. Imperfect skin. Benguela; most common about Novo Redondo. 58. SPOROPIPES LEPIDOPTERA, Sm. Gregarious, in small flocks. Only observed in the rocky barren districts to the south of Benguela. Upwards of a dozen were caught for me by the blacks, one night, in a hole in the straw thatch of a hut, where they are fond of roosting together; and I had them alive many months in a cage, feeding on grass- and other small seeds. 59. PLATYSTEIRA SENEGALENSIS, L. Also only observed in the same locality, generally in pairs, twit- termg much, and feeding on insects, principally small spiders. 60. Parus AFER. Benguela. 61. BusERINUS ALBIGULARIS, Gm, Benguela. 62. PyreLia ELEGANS, Gm. Loanda and Benguela. Called by the Portuguese ‘‘Maracachao,”’ and much esteemed as a cage-bird on account of its marvellously sweet song. 63. Esrretpa asrritp (Linn.). Very abundant in Angola, particularly to the south ; gregarious, in flocks of hundreds of individuals. 96 MR. 0. A. L. MORCH ON THE VERMETIDS. [Jan. 24, 64. NEcCTARINIA NATALENSIS, Jard. Benguela. The only specimen observed. 65. NECTARINIA JARDINII, Verr. Very abundant about Benguela, even in comparatively barren places, where, I have observed, they eat little insects, particularly small spiders. 66. Picus FruaviscaPus, Ill. From Mossamedes, or Little Fish-Bay. 67. MrEROPS ERYTHROPTERUS. Benguela. 68. Mrroprs HIRUNDINACEUS. Benguela. 69. Mrerors Gyptivs, F. _‘enguela. These birds have all a very graceful flight, circling leisurely in the air. This last is most abundant. 70. ALCEDO CRISTATA. Abundant at the Bimbas (lagoons near Benguela). 4, SuppLEMENTARY NoTES TO THE REVIEW OF VERMETIDZ. By O. A. L. Morcu, or CopENHAGEN. As I see, from Mr. Carpenter’s ‘‘ Supplementary Report’’*, that several points in my papers on Vermetida, in these ‘ Proceedings’ for the years 1861 and 1862, may be misunderstood, I feel myself called upon to make some further explanations. The constancy of conchological characters is very different in dif- ferent families. In some families, for instance, very small differ- ences in the sculpture, the convexity of the whorls, and the height of the spire are very constant and of great importance. Thus among the Helices such differences are frequently supported by very no- table and constant differences in the lingual dentition. In some genera the colours are exceedingly variable in one and the same species—for instance, in Meretrix, Oliva, Pecten, &c.,—in others, again, very constant as a specific mark—for instance, in Conus, Cy- prea, Natica, &e. Prot. Troschel has thus lately proved that Natica hebrea (Martyn) and N. stercus muscarum (Chemn.t), chiefly distinguished by a somewhat different pattern of colour, and united into one species by several modern authors, have a notably * Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1863, p- 536. + =Natica adspersa (Mke.) and N. millepunctata (Linn.), both of which are from the Mediterranean. ee 1865.] MR. O. A. L. MORCH ON THE VERMETID. = different lingual dentition. The same is the case with Tritonium undatum (L.) and the Arctie Tritonium grenlandicum (Ch.), which are chiefly distinguished by the different consistence of the testaceous matter, but vary in the size, shape, and sculpture of the shell in an analogous manner, as the following scheme will show :— 1. Tritonium undatum, L. 1. Tritonium undulatum, Moll.= Bucci- num labradorense, Reeve. 2. Buccinum acuminatum, Brod. 2. A similar form is known from Green- land by five specimens. 3. ciliatum, auct. Brit. 3. Tritonium grenlandicum, Ch. 4. humphreysianum, Bennet. 4. —— humphreysianum, Moll. The variation of the quasi-parasitical species, however, almost surpasses belief. One of the most striking instances is the Patella compressa (L.), which owes its remarkably compressed form to its habit of affixing itself to the stems of the large seaweeds of the Cape of Good Hope. When it drops from its place, and is received on a flat object, an expanded limb is added to the edge, of a somewhat coarser sculpture, and the uniform yellowish colour is changed to a whitish colour mottled with red spots, which proves clearly ‘» at this species is undoubtedly a form of Patella miniata, Born. vr. Gray even mentions a specimen which is first a Patella miniata, then a P. compressa, and ultimately again a P. miniata. When the latter form becomes full-grown*, ‘caput iufantis superans’’ +, it is the Patella rustica of Linneus. These three forms are by several authors placed in three different genera. These facts prove clearly the necessity of comparing extensive series of specimens be- fore new species are established. It was very difficult for me, when I wrote my papers on the Vermetide, to procure numerous speci- mens of all the species, as this family has been very much neglected by collectors. I have, however, been able to compare sufficiently large suites of one or two species of each genus. I have most com- pletely described all the different varieties of age and growth of Vermetus conicus, Dill. (P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 341). I have convinced myself, by numerous dissected specimens, that this species is first a Petaloconchus with internal laminz, then a Bivonia (Carp.) with lire on the columella, without lamine, and finally an Aletes (Carp.) with suddenly dilated whorls and a nearly smooth columella. I have only found the young in the latter form of shells. Finding it useful, or even necessary, to have a nomenclature for these differ- ences, I have used these now superfluous generic terms for that pur- pose, in the same manner as the term Cysticercus is generally used for a stage of Tenia, or Zoéta for the young Crab. I some time ago got a specimen of Fasciolaria princeps from Ma- zatlan, with several solitary specimens of Bivonia contorta (Carp.) attached, two of which, after making three or four whorls, suddenly enlarge the aperture of the tube to twice its diameter, and change the dark-brown strongly granulated surface to a pale-yellowish nearly * Gray, Guide to the Systematic Distribution of Mollusca, p.175; and Sowerby, Genera, fig. 3, Patella. +t Museum Ludovice Ulrice, p. 694. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. VII. 9& MR. O. A. L, MORCH ON THE VERMETID&. ([Jan, 24, smooth shell, with longitudinal reddish bands, exactly answering to Aletes centiquadrus (Val., Carp.). M. Lacaze-Duthiers* has discovered that the female Vermetus deposits the egg-bags (which are very like those of Hipponyx and Calyptrea) in the last whorl, towards the aperture, where the eggs are hatched. It seems to me probable that the large aperture of the last whorl stands in connexion with this habit, as it otherwise would not be easily understood how the animal would be able to protrude the head in search of food. Still it must be remembered that some Vermeti, in a young state, close the aperture up with a convex septum, provided with a central slitt. This septum is, perhaps, analogous to the hybernaculum of the Helices, and indicates only - some periodical rest in the growth. I have never intended to introduce a tri- or poly-nomial nomen- clature; but I believe it is necessary to name the different varieties, forms, and deviations, as well as the differences of sex and age. My nomenclature for the varieties, therefore, cannot properly be compared either with Klein’s or Middendorf’s generic nomenclature. ** Falco islandicus, var. grenlandicus, young male in winter dress,” is certainly, for instance, a very long name; but I cannot see any superfluous words. I have never named a variety with eight words, as Mr. Carpenter (who seems to have overlooked that he has con- founded the appellations of two distinct varieties from two different localities) indicates (7. ce. p. 558). Additions and Corrections. SILIQUARIA FLORINA (Defr., Chenu) is, according to M. Des- hayes, a Vermetus, in the aperture of which a fragment of Tenagodus is inserted. For the variety figured by Dr. Chenu, M. Deshayes proposes (Animaux sans Vertébres du Bassin de Paris, ii. p. 246) the name Siliquaria millepeda, which is synonymous with Serpula cochlearia (Detr., Sow. Gen., where it is stated to be from the “ cal- caire grossiére at Orglandes’’). TENAGODUS AUSTRALIS (6) is a distinct species, which I have named 7’. reentzii. TENAGODUS (PyxIPOMA) MOBII, 0. sp. T. volubilis, laxa, solidissima, crassa, levigata, nitidula, sordide alba, infime flavescens ; rima in anfr. tribus primis (qui adsunt) clausa, in anfr. sequente foraminibus duobus oblongis geminis remotis, deinde aperta marginibus irregularibus; aperturam versus hians, marginibus acutis simplicibus. Apex tubi septo hemispherico clausus. Diam. aperturee circ. 7 m. * Annales des Sciences Naturelles, sér. 4, vol. xiii. p- 248. It is also stated that the female of Bivonia semisurrecta has the mantle deeply fissured; but, un- fortunately, it was not seen before the shell was lost. T Gray, Annals of N. H. 1851, viii. p. 479, t.17 B. f. 4-6; and Sowerby, Ge- nera, Serpula, f. 5. 1865. ] MR. 0. A. L. MORCH ON THE VERMETID. 99 Tirrebourres, Davila, Cat. Rais. 1767, t. iv. f. e?; Buonanni, Re- creatio, t. 20. f. C (quoad formam). Hab. ? ad Manillam? (Mus. Hamburg.). The lid of the true genus Tenagodus was unknown to me. I have now had an opportunity of examining a specimen of 7. squamatus, Bly., from St. Thomas’s, in Mr. A. H. Riise’s collection. Operculum irregulare, ineurvo-conicum ; anfr. eciliis sat longis ; area centralis pallide flava, sulco profunde circumscripta, seg- mentis radiantibus circiter 7, centro obscuro latiusculo, puncto centrali albo ; limbus angustus, nitidus, reflexus, marginatus. SERPULA cosTALis, Lam. Guérin (Iconographie du R. A. t. 1. f. 2), represents probably the typical specimen of Lamarck, and is thus the same species as Vermiculus contortus, Soldr. VERMETUS CONTORTUS, /3. FAVOSA, probably owes its remarkable sculpture to a Flustra, which it has copied, in the same manner as I have mentioned that a specimen of Vermetus cereus, Carp., has copied an Astrea. VERMETUS ANELLUM, Morch. As this species is always sinistral, it cannot be the young of Vermetus squamigerus, but is more likely to be a Spirorbis. The genus Strebloceras is quite unknown to me; the Haliotis on which it is found is perhaps only.a variety of H. cor- rugata (Gray), from which it differs in being rounder, more convex, and in the pearly interior being whitish. Bivonta susTRiQueTRA (Moreh) is, according to original speci- mens in the collection of Mr. O. Semper, Vermetus articulatus, Bonelli (Sismondi, Synopsis, ed. 2. p. 27). THYLACoDES ImsBricatus, Dkr. This name is preoccupied by. Sandberger ; the species must therefore be named THyYLAcopEs Apamsi1, Mérch, Journ. de Conch. 1859, p- 359; Adams, Ann. & Mag. of N. H. 1864, Feb., ps t4l. Siphonium, sp., Mrs. Gray, Figures of Moll. t. 2. f. 2-4, p. 82. From Japan, according to Mr. A. Adams; bvt not from Borneo. VERMETUS PERONII, Rouss. (Chenu, IIl. t. 4. f. 6), is perhaps different from V. peronii (Val., Voy. de la Venus). THYLACODES MELANOSTOMUS, Morch, n. sp. T. solitaria, spiralis, perforata, brunnea, crusta tenui (aliena) virescente, spiraliter lirulata, lire plerumque alternatim mi- nores ; lire 4—5 validiores, subequidistantes, nodulis oblongis remotis; lire inerementi minute, appresse, regulariter ap- proximate, hive illue acutiuscule, in intersectionibus lirarum nodulo obsoleta. Apertura circularis, Saucibus nigrescenti- badiis, columella candida. Diam. apertureze cire. 15 m. Hab. ad Zanzibar, in Murice angulifero Linn. affixum (Coll. O. Semper.) specimen unicum. 100 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE MUSTELID4. [Jan. 24, 5, Revision oF THE GENERA AND Species oF MUSTELID & CONTAINED IN THE British Museum. By Dr. Joun Ep- wARD Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S8. (Plate VII.) The Mustelide are carnivorous Mammalia, with normal dentition, having a single tubercular grinder on each side of each jaw. In my paper describing some little-known Mammalia, in the first volume of Charlesworth’s ‘Magazine of Natural History,’ p. 579, published in 1837, I used the forms and number of the pads on the feet of Mephitis to divide it into three genera, and also showed the importance of observing the size of the bald parts of the soles of the feet in distinguishing the species of Otters; and in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1864 I have used the excellent character which the form of the bald part of the sole affords for the separation of the genera of Viverride. The only naturalist who seems to have followed up the subject is Mr. Hodgson, who, in his paper ‘‘ On the Tibetan Badger ”’ in the ‘Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal’ for 1847, has given, in t. 31, figures of the under part of the feet, showing the form and disposition of the pads, of eight species of Indian Viverride, Muste- lide, and Urside. Synopsis of the Genera. Section I. AcanrHopopa. The feet rounded; the toes short, curved, more or less united by a web, the last joint bent up ; the claws short, compressed, acute, retractile. Tribe 1. Musreztina. Head oblong. Toes slightly webbed. Tail cylindrical. Terrestrial. A, Digitigrade. Soles of the hind feet hairy, with four bald pads in front. Body elongate ; anal glands developed. Tail slender ; tubercular grinder short, transverse. * Teeth 38. 1. Marres. False grinders 3/4. Head elongate. Feet very hairy ; space between the pads hairy, often covering them from sight. ** Teeth 34. 2. Purorius. False grinders 2/3.. Head short, ovate. Feet and space between the pads very hairy. Body stout; underside blackish. 3. Musreta. False grinders 2/3. Head elongate, narrow. Feet and space between the pads very hairy. Body slender; under- side yellow or white. Elekta (al GAT Gk er Nel ie eal PEI e ry A NSN at's LEYUEY NRW MATL t+? Tee SCA £ 1865. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE MUSTELIDE. 101 4, Vison. False grinders 2/3. Head elongate, narrow. Feet slightly hairy ;. pads exposed. Body rather slender ; underside same colour as upper. 5. Gymnopus. False grinders 2/3. Head elongate, narrow. Feet rather naked, bald beneath, between, and rather behind the pads; toes largely webbed. Soles hairy behind. Body slender. B. Subplantigrade. Soles and between the pads hairy. Body stout. Tail short, bushy. Anal glands none. False grinders 3/4, 6. Guo. Tubercular grinder oblong, transverse ; flesh-tooth elon- gate, with a small subanterior inner lobe. C. Plantigrade. Soles of hind feet bald, callous. Body elongate. Anal glands distinct. False grinders 2/3 ; tubercular grinder oblong, transverse. 7. GaveRA. Tail elongate. Soles of hind feet with a central lon- gitudinal depression behind, and obscurely divided into four large pads in front. Heels hairy. 8. Grisonra. Tail short. Body slender. Tribe 2. Lurrina. Head depressed. Feet normal, rounded ; toes webbed. ‘Tail thick, tapering, depressed. Tubercular grinder oblong, transverse. A. Tail conical, tapering, entirely covered with hair. + The palms and soles of the feet bald between the pads. * The muzzle hairy; only the thin margin of baa nadine bald. 9. Baranera. Claws rudimentary, blunt. Toes rather elongate. ** The muzzle hairy between the nostrils ; upper and front edge of the nostrils bald. 10. Lonrra. Toes rather elongate, well webbed; claws sharp. *** The muzzle bald, band-like between the front and upper edge of the nostrils. Orbit of skull defined by a conical process behind. t. Foot oblong; toes thick, webbed to the claws, sharply clawed ; pads of toes and palm large, close together. 11. Lurra. Claws acute, strong. Head and skull elongate. 12. Nurria. Claws acute, strong. Head and skull short, broad. 102 DR, J. E. GRAY ON THE MUSTELIDE, [Jan. 24, tt. Foot oblong; toes rather slender, free at the end, bluntly or imperfectly clawed ; pad of palm large, of toes slender, sepa- rated. 13. Aonyx. Skull broad, depressed. ++ The palms and soles of the feet slightly hairy between the pads; the two inner hinder toes with a band of hair on the inner side of the under surface. Muzzle bald, transverse. 14.. Hyprogaue. Claws acute. Skull elongate; orbits not de- fined behind, without any superior orbital prominence. Hind feet elongate. Toes slender, broadly webbed. +++ Palms and soles of feet hairy between the pads. Muzzle bald between the nostrils, and produced into an angle on the upper edge. 15. Latrax. B, Tail subcylindrical, elongate, covered with hair, and with a nar- row fringe-like expansion on each side. Hind feet elongate. 16. PrerRonuRA. Tribe 3. Enuyprina. Head depressed. Feet large, elongate, rather fin-like, hairy above and below. Tail short, cylindrical. Grinders massive, flat-crowned. 17. ENuYDRA. Section II. Puarypopa. The feet elongate; toes straight ; claws exserted, blunt. A. Plantigrade. Hind feet broad, depressed; soles bald, callous nearly to the heel ; toes short, thick ; claws thick. Body keavy. Tail short. Ears short, rounded. Tribe 4. Mexina. Tubercular grinder large, oblong, elongate. Palate produced behind. Flesh-tooth with two more or less distinct tubercles on inner lobe. * Palate much produced behind ; hinder opening in a line with the condyles. 18. Arcronyx. Tubercular grinder elongate. Nose of skull rather produced and contracted. ** Palate moderately produced behind ; hinder opening in a line with the middle of zygomatic arch. 19. Mexes. Tubercular grinder elongate, oblong. Nose of skull broad. Flesh-tooth moderate, trigonal ; inner lobe with a single ridge. 1865.] DR. J, E. GRAY ON THE MUSTELID. 103 20. Taxrpea. Tubercular grinder large, triangular, oblong; inner side broad. Flesh-tooth large, trigonal, with a broad inner lobe with two tubercles. Nose short, broad. 21. Mypaus. Tubercular grinder oblong, nearly square ; flesh- tooth moderate, trigonal, outer edge compressed, inner with two unequal tubercles on a ridge. Nose of skull produced. Tribe 5. Meturivorina. Tubercular grinder transverse, band-like ; palate only slightly produced behind; flesh-tooth with’a small inner lobe and a single tubercle. Fur black below. 22. Mexuivora. Skull short, broad. Tribe 6. Mepurrma. Tubercular grinder oblong, four-sided. Palate scarcely produced behind; hinder opening in a line with the hinder grinders. Skull short. Nose broad. Fur black, white-striped. 23. Conepatus. Sole of hind feet only divided across. Tail short, bushy. False grinders 3. 24, Meruiris. Sole of hind feet with three pads in front. Tail elongate, flaccid. False grinders 4. 25. Sprrocare. Sole of hind feet with four pads in front. Tail short, bushy, flaccid. False grinders 4. B. Subdigitigrade. Hind feet rather narrow ; soles hairy, with a narrow, elongate, triangular, bald space in front ; toes unequal; claws elongate, slender. Tubercular grinder transverse. Tribe 7. Zoritu1na. Flesh-tooth elongate, with a small anterior inner lobe with a single tubercle. 26. Zoritua. Tail elongate, with flaccid hair. Tribe 8. Hexictiprna. Flesh-tooth triangular, having a broad internal lobe with two conical tubercles. 27. Heuictis. False grinders 3/4. Tail elongate, subcylindrical. Section I. AcanrHoropa, Feet rounded; toes short, curved, more or less united by a web, the last joint bent up; the claws short, compressed, acute, retractile. Tribe 1. Musretina. Head oblong. Toesslightly webbed. Tail cylindrical. Habits terrestrial or arboreal. Mustelina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; List Mamm. B. M.; Nilsson, Scand. Fauna, 138. +Martine, Burmeister, Baird, N. A. M. 148. 104 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE MUSTELID&. [Jan. 24, A. Digitigrade. Soles of the hind feet hairy, with four bald pads in front. Body elongate. Anal glands developed. Tail slender. Tubercular grinder short, transverse. 1. Marres. Teeth 38; false grinders 3/4. Head elongate; feet very hairy ; space between the pads covered ; the hair of the feet is elongate, and more or less completely covers the bald pads at the base of the toes, and hides the toes and claws, especially during the cold weather. Martes, Cuvier; Gray, L. M. B. M. xx. 63; Nilsson, Fauna Scand. 166. a. Skull elongate, narrow, with the nose rather produced. * Tail moderate, not so long as the body and head, bushy. Martes. t The hinder upper tubercular grinder large, massive, nearly twice as long on the inner as on the outer side. 1. Martres Apietum. Pine-Marten. B.M. Brown; throat yellow or yellow-spotted. Mustela martes, Linn. 8S. N. 167 ; Keyserl. & Blas. W. E. i. 67; Pallas, Zoogr. i. 85; Bonap. Faun. Ital. t.; Brandt, Zobel, t. 3; Middendorf, N. u. O. Sib. Saiugeth. 69, t. 2. f. 1, 6; Schrenck, Amurland, 36. Martes abietum, Ray; Gray, Cat. M. B. M. 63; Bell, B. Quad. 174; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 90. Var. vulgaris. Dark brown; throat yellow. Martes vulgaris, Gray. Pine-Marten, Penn. B. Z.1. 97; Mustela zibellina. Var. martes, Brandt, Zobel. Martes sylvestris, Gesner, Quad. 867, f.866; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 171. Martes sylvatica, Nilss, Sk. Faun. i. 41. Length 18 inches; tail 10. Hab. Europe, England and France, B. M.; Russia, B. M. Var. altaica. Paler; nose and feet brown, tail dark, throat and chest yellow. Intermediate between M. abietum and M. zibellina; but the feet are not so hairy. B.M. Martes aitaica, Pallas, Zool. Ross.-Asiat. Hab. Altai Mountains. Skull and teeth like Martes abietum vulgaris. 2, MARTES JAPONICA. B.M. Brown; shoulder and outside of thigh blacker ; feet black ; head, chin, and upper part of throat dark red-brown; throat and sides of the neck. yellow, crown paler; the last upper tubercular grinder longer on the inner side. Hab, Japan. From Mus. Leyden? : 1865. } DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE MUSTELID. 105 The specimen is not in a good state; the fur is evidently in change, the tail being slender, with a long terminal pencil. It is most distinct from the specimen of M. melanopus. In the Museum collection the upper tubercular grinder is smaller than in the M. abietum, and is much larger than in M. americana. There is an indistinct patch of paler hairs in the front of the ear, on the left side, not seen on the other; the pale brown on the chest is marked with some small dark spots on the lower part. The skull, and especially the brain-case, is broader, compared with its length, than that of Martes abietum and M. zibellina, and is intermediate in form between them and M. foina. 3. MArTES BRACHYURA. Gezolen. Fur short, fine, close, pale brown ; tail short ; ears small, rounded, whitish ; feet very hairy. Length, body 16-17 inches ; tail 33 inches. Mustela brachyura, Temm. Fauna Japon. 33; Schrenck, Amur- land, 32. Hab. Japan, near Zezo, and the Kurile Islands (Siebold). Described from flat skins in Mus. Leyden. 4, MartTes MELANOPUus. Japanese Sable. B.M. Fur soft, yellow brown; underside scarcely paler; orbit, and streak from orbit to nose, and feet blackish ; crown of head paler; sides of nose, cheeks, and throat white. Martes (Melampus) meianopus, Gray, C.L. B.M., 63; Ger- rard, Cat. Bones B. M. 91. Mustela melanopus, Temm. Fauna Japon. 31, t. 7. f. 3,4, animal and skull; Wagner, Schreb. Supp. ii. Hab. Japan. 5. MusTeLa zZIBELLINA, Linn. Sable. Fur very soft, black, grey, or yellow brown ; throat like back, or paler yellowish or whitish ; feet very hairy. a. Fur blackish, with a few white scattered hairs; under-fur lead-colour ; head and chin greyish, grizzled with pale grizzly hairs. B.M. M. zibellina asiatica, Brandt, Zobel, t. 1. 6. Fur blackish, with many white hairs ; under-fur whitish ; orbit, cheeks, throat and chest whitish. B.M. M. zibellina asiatica rupestris, Brandt, Zobel, t. 2. f. ce. Yellow brown ; under-fur yellowish white ; head, upper parts of body, neck, throat, and chest whitish ; legs, feet, and tail darker. 4 {BEM M. zibellina asiatica, Brandt, Zobel, t. 2. f. 4. d. Yellowish brown ; under fur of same colour; ears and checks whitish ; tail dusky, darker; feet blackish. B.M. M. zibellina sylvestris, Brandt, Zobel, t. 2. f. 4. 106 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE MUSTELID. (Jan, 24, e. Fur whitish or white. M. zibellina, var. alba and fulvo-flavescens, Brandt, Zobel, t. 2. fi BHGs Mustela zibellina, Linn. ; Pall. Spic. Zool. ; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 7 (skull), t. 13. f. (teeth); Schrenck, Amurland, 27; Middendorf, N. u. O. Sib. Siugeth. 68, t. 2. £1, 2,3, 5 (pelvis and tail). Mustela zibellina, var. rossica, Brandt. Martes zibellina, Brisson. Viverra zibellina, Shaw. Zibeline, Buffon, H. N. Sable, Penn.; Bennett, Garden and Menag. Hab. North Europe, Asia. Skull and the hinder upper grinders, according to M. de Blain- ville’s figure, are like those of M. abietum vulgaris. Middendorf (Siiugeth. N.u. O. Sib. t. 2) figures the pelvis and tail of M. zibellina and M. martes of Siberia ; he represents the former as much shorter, and composed of thirteen, and the latter much longer and larger, and consisting of seventeen vertebre. tt The upper hinder tubercular grinder quadrate, rather longer on the inner than on the outer side. 6. MarTES AMERICANA. American Sable. Brown or yellow; throat yellow; ears and head grey or white ; upper tubercular grinder small. Mustela americana, Turton, Syst. Anim. i. 60, 1803; Baird, Mamm. N. Amer. t. 36. f. 2, t. 27. f. 7. Mustela martes, var., J. Sabine; Franklin’s Voyage; Richardson’s F. B. Amer. ? Mustela vulpina, Rafinesque, Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Sci. i. (tip of tail white). Mustela zibellina, var. americana, Brandt, Zobel. Mustela leucopus, Gerrard, Cat. Bones. B. M. 91. Var. 1. abietinoides. Black-brown ; ears pale ; head grizzled with white hairs, more or less grey; throat yellow or yellow-spotted ; throat-spot large or broken up into small spots ; the head sometimes with only a few grey hairs, and the throat with only a few distinct small spots. B.M. ? M. vulpina, Rafinesque. Hab. Rocky Mountains (Drummond § Lord). ' Var. 2. huro. Yellow-brown; head and ears whitish; throat pale yellow; legs, feet, and tail blackish. B.M. Mustela huro, ¥. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. xxix. 356; Richardson, Zool. Beechey’s Voyage. Marten of Hudson’s Fur-list. Sable of American traders. Hab. Fort Franklin. Var. 3. leucopus. The head, neck, and chest more white; legs yellow; feet white at the tip. 1865.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE MUSTELID&. 107 Mustela leucopus, Kuhl, Beitr. 70. Mustelu leucotis, Griffith’s An. K. ii. 270, t. (misprint ?). M. Brandt observes, “I can find no difference between the Asiatic and American Sables in the characters of the head, ears, tail, or feet; and as, even in respect to colour, the sable of the Nischnaga Tun- zustca, sent home by Middendorf, occupies an intermediate position between the dark Asiatic and the yellow American Sables, I am induced to consider the American animal rather as a yellowish or mere yellow-brown and less densely furred variety of the Asiatic Sable than as a distinct species or as a pure Marten (Mustela martes). — Beitr. Séugeth. Russland, 1855. Dr. Baird observes, “I am myself, however, far from admitting the identity of the American Marten with the Russian Sable, although it occupies a position intermediate between the latter and M. martes in size, length of tail, and coloration, as well as intrinsic value of fur. The white-headed varieties of New York are most like the Sable, and the dark-headed one of the western country like the Pine-Marten. I have never seen winter specimens of the latter, nor summer of the former, and am inclined to believe that all may ex- hibit more white on the head in winter than in summer.’’—Baird, le. 157. It is curious that both Brandt and Baird seem to have overlooked the small size of the last tubercular grinder, which separates the American from the Old-World Pine-Martens. The brain-case in the skull of the American specimen we have in the Museum is very thin, and so closely applied to the brain that it shows its convolutions on the outer surface; but this is not shown in the American skull figured by Dr. Spencer Baird. The same is to be observed in the Altaic specimen of M. abietum. There is a series of specimens of the American Pine-Marten in the British Museum, collected by Dr. Lord during his excursion with the Boundary Commissioners. They vary greatly in colour, from pale brown to nearly black; and the throat is variously mottled with ellow. The specimens from Russia have whitish heads, like the M. leu- copus of Kuhl. The stuffed Sables from Russia have short tails; but the tail of one of Dr. Lord’s is almost as short: the tail seems to vary in length; but this may depend on the skinning, and, in the stuffed skins, on the preparation of the animals. ** Tail elongate, slender; skull elongate, narrow ; nose produced; upper tubercular grinder massive, broader on the inner side. Pekania. 7. MarTEs PENNANTII. The Wood-Shock. Black ; head, nape, and front of back greyish ; tail elongate. Mustela pennantii, Erxl. Anim. 79, 1777; Baird, Mamm.N. A. 149, t. 36. f. 1, skull. Mustela canadensis, Schreb. Siiugeth. 492, t. 134, 1778; Rich- 108 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE MUSTELIDZ. [Jan. 24, ardson, F. B. A. 52; Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 13. f. (teeth) ; Pr. Max. Arch. f. Nat. 1861, 229. Mustela melanorhyncha, Bodd. Elen. Anim, 188, 1784. Viverra canadensis, Shaw, Zool. i. 492, 1800. Mustela nigra, Turton, S. N. 1. 60, 1806. Mustela piscatoria, Lesson. Viverra piscator, Shaw, Zool. i. 414, 1800. Mustela goodmanit, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 217, 1829. Gulo castaneus, H. Smith. _ Gulo ferrugineus, H. Smith. Martes canadensis, Gray, Cat. M. B. M. 63 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B.M. 91. Fisher, Penn. Quad. 223. Wejack, Hearne. Wood-Shock, Hudson’s Bay Comp. List. Pekan (Canadians), Buff. H. N. xiii. t. 42. Pekan Weasel, Penn. Quad. 202, 1781. Black Fox, Lewis & Clark. The last upper tubercular grinder is large and massive, like that of the European Pine- Marten (M. abietum). b. Skull swollen, flattened ; nose short ; upper cutting-teeth erect ; tail moderate, not so long as body; subcylindrical. Foina. 8. Marres rorna. Beech-Marten. B.M. Black-brown ; throat white. M. martes, var. fagorum, Linn. 8.N. i. 67. Mustela foina, Briss. R. A. 246; Erxl. Mamm. 468; Retz, Fauna, 20; Keyserl. & Blas. W. E.i. 67; Blainy. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 4 (skeleton), t. 13. f. (teeth). Martes fagorum, Ray. Martes domestica, Gesner. Martes foina, Nilsson, Skand. Faun. 167; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 191. Fouine, Buffon, H.N. vii. t. 18-21. Hab. Europe and Eastern Asia, in houses (England, France). The tubercular grinder is large, massive, narrow on the inner side, as in the M, abietum, but not quite so large as compared with the other teeth. The pad of the soles always exposed (Baird). c. Skull swollen, flattened ; nose short, broad ; upper cutting-teeth projecting ; tail elongate, slender. Charronia. 9. MARTES FLAVIGULA. White-cheeked Weasel. Yellowish ; head, nape, rump, legs, and tail black ; chin and lower parts white. Mustela flavigula, Bodd. Mustela hardwickii, Horsf. Zool. Journ. iv. t. 8. Viverra quadricolor, Shaw, Zool. 1865. | DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE MUSTELIDE. 109 Mustela leucotis, H. Smith, in Griffith’s A. K. t. Martes gwatkinsii, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 516. Mustela lasiotis, Temm. Martes flavigula, Hodgson, P. Z.8. 1856, p. 398; 1858, p. 516 ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 64; Cat. Hodgson’s Coll. B.M. 12; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 91. M. elliottii, Mus. BK. Ind. Company. Hab. Nepal Hills. The tubercular grinder is moderate-sized, transverse, scarcely larger on the inner side ; but this is larger, compared with its breadth, than in tubercular grinder of the Martes americana. What is Mustela martes henricii, Westermann, Bijdrag. tot de Dierk. 13. t.? Hab. Java, Sumatra, Borneo. 4 8 ig 3 4 ao Skulls, Sq 18s] 8s| 8 | é4| 23 ssc th oshelts boteslial | ee hess in. 1 pan. 1. jim. 1, |) ins Tons le | ame de Length of skull...........cceeeceeeeee 3 6/210)/8 1]/3 1]3 444 0 ———— nose from front of orbit} 1 0|0 91] 0 103} 0 103}010]1 1 Pal abe aise seni face wstoan mse 1SROS eos tele gee Os| Ve 7 aleaaeO —-— tooth-line from front of : CAMINO NE tecsaadasecte ade f Lys bE AQuy LeOp rk 2.) Lid be 6 lower Jaw ......seeseeseeees 21ST L Tt 200) Wil | 2 02 7 ———— width over ears ......... de Ast 1h, Saou Be Gal las elolis 74 — of nose in front of orbit} 0 103) 0 8|0 91}]0 93) 0 103) 0 11 2. Purorivs. Skull short, ventricose; teeth 34, false grinders 2/3; the upper tubercular grinder small, transverse, scarcely larger on the inner than on the outer side; head short, ovate; feet hairy, space be- tween the pads very hairy; body stout ; underside blackish. Putorius, Cuvier; Gray, Cat. M. B. M. xx. 64; Schinz, Syn. Mamm. 338. Fetorius, Keys. & Blas. Mustela putorius, Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 147. * Back uniform. 1. Purorivs raTipus. Polecat. B.M. Fur harsh, rigid, brown; skull scarcely contracted behind the orbits ; orbits small; feet and tail black ; mouth and ears whitish. Mustela putorius, Linn. 8. N. 167; Pallas, Zoogr. i. 37; Nilsson, Skand. Faun. 148, illum. t. 30; Blainy. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 4 (skeleton), t. 7 (skull), t. 13 (teeth). Mustela fetida, Klein. Putorius typus, F, Cuvier. 110 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE MUSTELIDE. [Jan. 24, P. communis, Cuvier, R.A. P. vulgaris, Gray ; Owen, Brit. Foss. Mamm. 122, f. 38, 39 (skull). P. fetidus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 64; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 92. Fitchet Weasel, Penn. B. Z. 136. Var. 1. furo. More or less albino ; eyes red. Mustela furo, Linn. Furet, Buff. H. N. vii. t. 26, 27, 28, 29. m Var. 2. subfuro, Polecat-Ferret. Yellow; the legs, tail, toes, and tips of the hairs black; head white. Bred from two yellow Ferrets. (Saffron Walden Museum.) Le Furet putoire, Buff. H. N. Supp. t. 27. The skulls vary considerably in the width and depression of the brain-case; but they are never suddenly contracted in front behind the orbit, as the skull of P. eversmannit. 2. PUTORIUS EVERSMANNII. Fur soft, black-brown, in winter whitish or yellowish, hairs of back black-tipped; limbs short; the thighs and end of the tail black ; the skull broad ; brain-case suddenly and strongly contracted in front behind the orbits ; orbits large. Mustela putorius, var., Pall. Z. R. A. 89. MM. eversmannii, Less. Man.; Nordm. Faun. Pont. 16. M. putorius, var. sibirica, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. M. putorius, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xi. 281. M. putorius tibetanus, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. xxiii. 446, 1849, 1.; Horsf. Cat. Mus. I. H. 103, P. Z.S. 1856, 398. Hab. Siberia (Pallas), B.M.; Thibet (Hodgson), B.M. The skull is considerably larger than that of the Putorius fetidus. 3. ? PuTORIUS NIGRIPES. Yellowish brown above, below white ; forehead, feet, and end of tail black. Tail and hair at end one-third the length of body and head; length 19 inches; tail 53 inches. Putorius nigripes, Aud. & Bachm. N.A. Quad. ii. 297, t. 93; Baird, N. A. Mamm. 180. Hab. North America, Platte region. Not seen by Dr. Spencer Baird. ** Back spotted or mottled. 4, Purortus sarmaticus. Vormela, or Peregusna. B.M. Fur soft, brown and yellow, varied above; head, belly, feet, and tip of tail deep black ; frontal band and ears white. Mustela sarmatica,* Pallas, Spic. Zool. xix. t. 41. M. peregusna, Guld. M. precincta, Ranz. Putorius sarmaticus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 64. Hab. Russia. 1865.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE MUSTELIDA, 111 3. Muster. The body elongate, slender. Limbs short ; feet moderate ; toes moderate, slightly webbed, covered with hair; space between the pads hairy. Tail elongate, slender, subcylindrical, covered with elongate hairs. Skull elongate, depressed ; teeth 34; praemolars 2/3, 2/3 ; upper tubercular grinder transverse, scarcely longer on the inner edge. Fur dark above, white or yellow beneath. Mustela, Linn.; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. xx. 65. Mustela (Mustela), Nilsson, Skand. Fauna i. 156. Putorius (partly), Cuvier. Mustela (Gale), Schinz. Syn. Mamm. i. 342. * Face without pale spot in front of ears. + Back uniform colour ; tail black-tipped. 1. MusTELA ERMINEA. Stoat, or Ermine. Brown above ; upper lip, chin, and lower surface of body, inside of limbs, and feet yellowish white ; tail brown, shorter than the body, end black. In winter all yellowish white ; end of tail black. Mustela erminea, Linn. S. N. i. 68; Gray, C. M. B. M. 65; Nilsson, Skand. Faun, 157, illum. fig. t. 12; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 93; Schrenck, Amurland, 40. Putorius erminea, Owen, Brit. Foss. Mamm. 116, f. 40, 41, 42, (skull). M. ermineum, Pallas, Zoogr. i. 90; Buffon, H. N. vii. t. 29. f. 2, tid Ls Stoat or Ermine, Penn. B. Zool. i. 89, 67, f. 18. Hab. Europe, England, France; North Africa, B. M. Var. 1. africana. Tail very short, black-tipped, one-sixth the length of body. Hab. North Africa, Algiers (B. M.). Var. 2. kaneit. Putorius kaneii, Baird, N. A. Mamm. 172; Arch. f. Naturg. 1859, p. 9. Hab. Kamtschatka; Tchucktchi country, Siberia. Var. 3. americana. ‘Tail more or less elongate, from one-third to one-half the length of the body. Putorius noveboracensis, Dekay, N. Y. Zool. i. 36, t. 12. fig. 2, t. 14. f. 2, 1842; Baird, N. A. Mamm. 166, t. 36. f. 3 (skull) ; Pr. Max. Arch. f. Naturg. 1861, p. 220. Putorius ermineus, Aud. & Bachm. N. A. Quad. ii. 56, t. 59. Mustela cicognani, Bonap. Fauna Ital., Charlesworth’s Mag. N. H. 1838, p. 37; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 195. M., fusca, Bachman, Journ. A. N.S. Philad. viii. 288. M. (Gale) fusca, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. 243. M. vulgaris, Thompson, Hist. Verm, 30. 112 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE MUSTELID#. [Jan. 24, Putorius fuscus, Aud. & Bachm. N. A. Quad. iii. 234, t. 148. P. cicognani, Baird, M. N. A. 161. P. longicauda, Richardson, Zool. Beechey, t. 10, 1839. Mustela (Putorius) erminea, var. long-tailed, Richardson, F. B. A. 46, 1829. M. longicauda, Bonap. Mag. N. H.1838, p.38; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 195. Hab. North America, Carlton House. B.M. Bonaparte, Richardson, and Baird have separated the Weasels and Ermines of America and Europe into several species, on minute differences in the length of the tail as compared with the body. Dr. Spencer Baird, in his work on the Mammals of North America, divides the Stoats into six species, by the length of the tail and the ex- tent of the black on the tail. By his specific characters, the vertebree of the tail in P. richardsonii, P. noveboracensis, and P. longicauda is about one-half, in P. eicognani it is one-third, in P. ermineus one- fifth, in P. kaneii one-sixth the length of the body. When the bodies of several English Stoats have been compared, they show how deceptive that character is. I do not say that they may uot be distinct ; but, if they are, there must be other characters to separate them besides the mere length of the tail. They are spread over a large extent of country, and some of the presumed species have a large range. The skulls of the English Weasel and Stoat are also found to be rather variable when a large series of them are compared. They change colour when they live in a cold district, and the fur appears to become finer and denser in the more rigorous climates. Dr. Spencer Baird described P. novedoracensis as having 52 ver- tebree, including 4 sacral and 22 caudal; while P. ermineus has, ac- cording to him, only 19 caudal and 3 sacral, which are the ‘typical numbers in the genus. As this has only been observed on one skeleton, it may be only an accidental variation. 2. MusTELA RICHARDSONII. Richardson’s Stoat. Dark chestnut brown; upper lips and legs entirely brown; chin and under surface white ; tail with a long black tip, depressed ; distichous. In winter entirely white ; tail-end black. Mustela richardsonii, Bonap. Mag. N. Hist. ii. 38. M. erminea, var., Richard. Faun. Bor.-Amer. 146. Putorius richardsonii, Richard. in Zool. Beechey Voy. 10; Gray, Cat. Mamm. List B. M. 195; Baird, Mamm. N. A. 164. Mustela erminea, Thompson, Hist. Verm. 31, 1842. Putorius agilis, Aud. & Bachm. N. A. Quad. 111, 184, t. 140, 1833. Hab. North America: Fort Traveller (Richardson) ; from Halifax to Vancouver's Island ( Baird.) I have not seen this species; but Dr. Spencer Baird describes it very particularly. The quantity of white on the upper lip seems to vary. There is in the British Museum an adult female Stoat from Cambridgeshire, which has only a very thin margin of white to the 1865.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE MUSTELID. 113 upper lip. In most specimens of the European and American Er- mines the white on the lips is very distinct and well marked. The specimen formerly named M. richardsonii, in the British Museum, has the hinder part of the upper lip white, but the hair is bent back and lost off the front part. 3. MustTELA AGILIS. Reddish grey ; hairs grey, with a broad yellow ring and reddish tip; tail shorter than the body, reddish grey, darker at the tip, beneath greyish white ; head black, brown above, with a white border to upper lip. Length 10 inches; tail 4; head 13. Mustela agilis, Tschudi, Fauna Peruviana, 110 (not Bachm.) ; Baird, Mamm. N. A. 165. Hab. Peru, Cordilleras. +t Back and tail uniformly coloured. Gale. 4. MusteLa vuLGARIS. Weasel. B.M. Brown ; lower lip and beneath white; upper lip and tail brown ; tail less than half the length of the body. Winter-fur pure white. Mustela vulgaris, Briss. R. A. 241; Erxl. M. 471; Gray, C. M. B. M. 65; Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 7 (skull), t. 13 (teeth) ; Nilsson, Skand. 163; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones B. M. 93; Schrenck, Amurland, 41. Mustela gale, Pallas, Zoogr. 194 (albino in winter). M. nivalis, Linn. Act. Suec. vi. t. 8; S. N. 169. Common Weasel, Penn. B. Z. i. 951, t. 7. f. 17. Hab. North Europe, North Asia, England, France (B. 1.). Var. americana. Putorius vulgaris, Richardson, F. B.-A. 145. P. cicognani, Richardson, Beechey’s Voy. 10. Mustela vulgaris, Max. Reise, i. 98. Mustela pusilla, Dekay, N. Y. 134, t. 14. f. 1. Putorius pusillus, Aud. & Bachm. N.A. Quad. ii. 100, t.64; Baird, M.N. A. 159. Common Weasel, Penn. Arctic Zool. 75; Pr. Max. Arch. f. Nat. 1861, p. 229. Hab. North America. Tip of tail sometimes darker. 5. MusTeELA BOCCAMELA. B.M. Chestnut ; upper lip, inside of limbs, feet, and beneath white; tail almost half as long as the body, scarcely darker. Mustela boccamela, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl.; Sundevall, K. V. Acad. Hand. 1841, p. 215; Blainv.Ostéogr. Mustela, t.13, f. (teeth) ; Kuster, Isis, 1835; Bonap. Fauna Ital. t. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. VII. 114 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE MUSTELIDZ. (Jan. 24, M. subpalmata, Ehrenb. Sym. Mamm. 2 ; Sundevall, K. V. Acad. Hand. 1842, p. 215. M. vulgaris, Rippell. M. erminea, var., Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 157. Boccamela, Cetti, Hist. Sardinie, v. Hab. South Europe, North Africa, Algiers (B.M.); Cairo (Sunde- vall). 6. MusTEeLa ALPINA. B.M. Pale yellow-brown ; upper lip, chin, and beneath yellowish white ; head varied with black-tipped hairs ; tail cylindrical, unicolor, not so long as the body and head. Mustela alpina, Gray, C. M. B. M. 67; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 94. M. altaica, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. i. t. 98. M. gale altaica, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. 344. Putorius alpinus, Gebler, Mém. Mose. vi. 213; Férussac, Bull. Sci. Nat. 1825, p. 419. Hab. Altai Mountains. Varies in the darkness of colour of the lower part of the body ; in some specimens it is decidedly paler, with the line of separation well marked. In some specimens the feet are entirely covered with hair; and in others the pads are distinct, but covered with hair at the base. ttt Back streaked. 7. MuSTELA ALBINUCHA. Black ; forehead, crown, and nape white ; four stripes on the back, converging in front and behind, pale-brownish white; tail white, tapering. Zorilla albinucha, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 69, pl. x. Hab, Africa, Angola. This is a Mustela having the coloration of a Zorilla. ** Face with pale spot in front of ears ; back uniform; tail-end black. American. Neogale. 8. MuSTELA BRASILIENSIS. Black-faced Weasel. B.M. Brown ; head and tip of tail blackish ; spot before ears, another on centre of forehead, chin, and throat white ; chest and belly yellow. Mustela brasiliensis, Sewast. Mém. Acad. Pétersb. iv. 356, t. 4 good), 1813. M. (Putorius) brasiliensis, D’Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid. t. 13. f. 3 (skull). M. frenata, Licht. Darstell. Saéugeth. t. 42; Gray, Voy. Sulph. t.f. 2; Cat. M. B. M.65; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 94. Putorius frenatus, Bachm. N. A. Quadr. ii. 71, t. 60; Mamm. N. A. 173, t. 77. f. 1, 2 (skull) ; Mexico, 19. 1865.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE MUSTELID®. 115 Mustela javanica, §c., Seba, Thesaur. 177, t. 48. f. 4. M. erminea, var., Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. 92 (from Seba). Mustela gale leucogenis, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. i. 344 (from Seba), Var. 1. Spot before ears and that on forehead confluent. B.M. Var. 2. With a small white spot under the eyes. B.M. In some specimens the feet are white or brown, with white toes ; and in others the feet are brown-yellow. Hab. Mexico, Matamoras (Baird); California. Var. brasiliana. Feet white; underside bright yellow. B.M. Hab. Brazil. Dr. Spencer Baird refers M. brasiliensis, Sewastonoff, to this spe- cies with great doubt, though it is a very good description, and mo- derate but characteristic figure. 9. MusTeLA AUREOVENTRIS. B.M. Dark brown ; head and tip of tail blacker; chin and sides of the throat white; a spot in front of ears, throat, chest, insides of fore legs, and belly golden yellow ; whiskers black ; tail rather tapering, as long as the body; soles of the hind feet hairy; ears rounded, hairy. Length of body and head 12, tail 8 inches. Var. Fore feet brown, with one or two toes white. Mustela aureoventris, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 55, pl. vit. (young); not M. auriventer, Hodgson. Hab. Ecuador, Quito (Gould) ; New Granada (Fraser). This may be a darker variety of the MW. brasiliensis, wanting the spot on the forehead. The young from Quito is much darker than the adult ; I. zanthogenys is intermediate as regards the spot on the head. 10. MusreLta xAntTHoGenys. Yellow-cheeked Weasel. B.M. Brown ; tip of tail black ; spot before the ears, chest, and be- neath yellow; a small spot under each eye and the chin white ; feet white. Mustela xanthogenys, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. T1. 1843, p. 118; Zool. Voy. Sulphur, t. 9; Cat. Mamm. B. M. 66. Putorius xanthogenys, Baird, Mamm. N. A. 176. Hab. California. Very like MW. brasiliensis; but the head is coloured like the back, and the spot before the ears is yellow. There is a very small white spot over the orbit on one side. M. de Blainville (Ostéographie) figures the upper jaw of a Mus- éela under the name of MW. patagonica, with small teeth and a very short brim-like transverse tubercular grinder, that is quite unknown to me, and very unlike M/. humboldtii, figured on the same plate. 4. Vison. Body elongate, slender. Limbs stout ; feet rather hairy ; pads 116 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE MUSTELID. [Jan. 24, bald, exposed; space between them bald. Tail moderate, shorter than the body, hairy. Skull elongate, depressed. Teeth 34; false . grinders 2/3; the upper tuberculated grinder rather large, inner lobe with one tubercle, outer edge with three. Fetorius, Keys. & Blas. 21. Mustela, § Lutreola, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. 1. 346. Mustela, § Putorius, Nilsson, Skand. Faun, 152. Putorius (sp.), Baird. Body nearly as stout as that of an Otter. Very destructive in farm-yards. The pads of all the toes are naked, not overgrown with hair; the soles with four pads placed at the base of the digits, the largest at the line of junction between the third and fourth digits, and well furred between the pads (Baird, 178). Feet in summer more naked than in winter. a. The upper tubercular grinder large, the inner half much larger and longer than the outer one; upper lip brown. American Vison. 1. VisoN LUTREOCEPHALA. American Vison. B.M. Brown ; lower lip and chin more or less white. Var. 1. Darker; throat and chest not spotted. Vaucouver’s Island (Dr. Lord). Var. 2. Chin entirely brown. B.M. Mustela lutreola, Foster, Phil. Trans. Ixii. 371 ; Sabine, Franklin Narr. 652, 1823. M. vison, Briss. Quad. 246, 1756; Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 13 (teeth). M, (Putorius) vison, Richardson, Fauna B.-A. 48; Pr. Max. Arch. Naturg. 1861, p. 228. M. (Martes) vison, Desm. Mamm. i. 183, 1820. M. lutreocephala, Harlan, Fauna Amer. 63. M. vison, var. americana, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. 347. M., canadensis, Erxl. Syst. i. 447. M. canadensis, 3. vison, Bodd. Elench. Anim. 186. M. winingus, Barton, Am. Phil. Trans. vi. 70, 1809. M. minx, Ord, Guthrie’s Geog. 281, 298. M. (Lutreola) vison, Wagn. Schreb. Suppl. ii. 241. Lutra vison, Shaw, G. Zool. i. 448. Putorius vison, Gapper, Zool. Journ. v. 202; Aud. & Bachm. N. A. Quadr. i. 250, t.33; Baird, Mamm.N. A. t. 37. f. 23 (skull). Vison, Buffon, H. N. xiii. 308, t. 43. Jackash, Hearne. Fontereau, La Hontan. Otay, Sagard. Mink, or Minx, Fur-traders, N. A. Var. 3. Small; darker. Putorius nigrescens, Baird, Mamm. N. A. 180; Aud. & Bachm. N. A. Quadr. 2nd edit. iti. 104, t. 124. Hab. North America. 1865.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE MUSTELID&. 117 This animal has been confounded with Mustela lutreola, which is at once known from the Vison by the white spot on the side of the nose and the size of the tubercular tooth. Dr. Spencer Baird thinks that the Mustela rufa of Ham. Smith (Jardine, Nat. Libr. Mamm. xiii. 189) is intended either for the Vison or the Pine-Marten (see Mamm. N. A. 177). b. The upper tubercular grinder small, transverse, the inner half scarcely larger than the outer; upper lip white in front. Old- World. Lutreola. 2. Vison LuTREOLA. Mank Nurec. B.M. Black-brown ; tail-end blacker ; spot on side of nose, on upper lip, and chin white. Mustela lutreola, Linn. 8. N. i. 66; Retz. Fauna, i. 9 ; Cuvier, R. A. i. 140; Nilsson, Skand. Faun. 152; Pallas, Spice. Zool. xiv. 46, t. 8. f. 1; Zoogr. i. 80. Viverra lutreola, Linn. Faun. Suec. 5. Lutra lutreola, Shaw, Zool. ; Gloger, N. Act. Acad. N. Cur. xiii. 501; Baird, Mamm. N. A. t. 37. f. 23. Fetorius lutreola, Struck. Arch. Freund. fiir Natur. Mecklenb. xill. 139, 1859; Keys. & Blas. E. W. 21. Lutra minor, Erxl. Syst. i. 451. Tuhcuri leche, Vet. Acad. Hand. 1789, p. 302, t. 40. Mank, Nilsson, Illum. Fig. . 2, t. 8. ? Marsh-Otter, Langsdorff. Hab. Europe. 3. VISON SIBIRICA. Italse. B.M. Pale brown; head blackish, varied; spot on side of nose, on upper and lower lips, and front of chin white ; tail-end pale brown, like back. Varies, throat more or less white, Mustela sibirica, Pall. Spic. Zool. xiv. 86, t. 4. f. 2; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 66; Schrenck, Amurland, 37 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 94. Mustela italsi, Temm. Faun. Japon. 34; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 95. Mustela natsi, Temm. Faun. Japon. t. 7. f. 2 (misprint). Hab. Siberia (B.M.); Himalaya (B.M.); Japan (B.M.); China, Formosa (Swinhoe, B. M.). Like V. lutreola; but much paler and smaller, and tail rather longer, compared with length of the body. Varies greatly in the quantity of white on the chin and throat. Males much smaller. 4. VISON CANIGULA. B.M. Pale reddisk brown, scarcely paler beneath; face, chin, throat, side of neck, and chest white; tail as long as the body and head, coloured like the back ; feet whitish. Mustela canigula, Hodgson, J. A.S. Beng. xi. 274, 1842; Cal- eutta Journ. N. H. iv. 287; Gray, Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. M. 13. 118 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE MUSTELID. (Jan. 24, Var. (male?). Fur darker; face less white; chest brown-and- white mottled. B.M. Mustela hodgsonii, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N.H. xi. 118, 1843; List M. B. M. 66. Hab. Nepal Hills. 5. VISON HORSFIELDII. B.M. Dark red-brown, scarcely paler beneath ; under lip white; tail elongate, slender, not so long as the body, rather darker at the end. Var. 1. Chin white ; a small white spot on chest. B.M. Var. 2. Chin brown; edge of under lip only white. B.M. Mustela horsfieldii, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H. 1843, p. 113. Hab. India, Bhootan (B. M.). Var. 3. Lighter brown. B.M. M. italsi, Verreaux (not Temm. ). Hab. Japan? (B. M.). 6. VISON SUBHEMACHALANA. B.M. Pale red bay, scarcely paler beneath; nose blackish ; small spot on side of nose, the chin, and sides of lower jaw, and two or three subconfiuent spots on the chest white ; tail elongate, and shorter than the body and head, black at the tip ; body and head 13, tail to tip 7 inches. Mustela subhemachalana, Gray, C. M. B. M. 67; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 95. Putorius subhemachalana, Hodgs. Journ. A. 8. B. 1837, p. 363; Wagner, Schreb. Supp. ii. 234. Hab. India, Nepal. 5 ; xs 3 S 3 é | g |g fs £ BI q 3 ae | 2 | 2 | 2 | 23 Eats > E > e 5 in, S| ane tans, Titers Mee) ans eee Tbenptihvofiekull cesnascssecars sn 2 93:2 4/2 33/110) 1 11 — pulateds.. St.oss ee et Scotland. Avgrayit: Six oes cee Lough Melvin, Ireland. SY Coll: Ie EPA Lough Eske and Lough Dan, Ireland. Subgenus II. Satmons (Salmones). a. Migratory Species. 1, RRA ANNs Cotto Patan omer True Salmon of British rivers. 2: cambricue, bis’ «mas “Sewin”’ of South Wales. BQ PUCE: «se an. Sia * Sea Trout ”’ of Scotland. b. Non-migratory Species. Ay Sarid Deh a er England. Dh GOUNGTAUE «sf 055i lo omens Scotland and N. W. England. 6. nigripinnis, sp.nov. .-.Mountain-lochs of Wales (and Scotland). 7. LEVENENSIS, - .'A 0). eihewes Loch Leven, Scotland. Bs fer Om hatte] teaver ety ie “Gt. Lake Trout”’ of Scotlandand Wales, 9. orcadensis, sp.noy....-. Lakes of Orkneys. 10. drachypoma, sp.nov. .. Firth of Forth. 11. stomachicus, sp. nov. .. Ireland. The following papers were read :— 1. Description or Two New AvstTRALiAN Birps. By Joun Gov tp, Esa., F.R.S., etc. 1. MAaLurvs LEUCONOTUS. The entire head, neck, under surface, rump, and tail deep blue ; back, shoulders, greater and lesser wing-coverts, and secondaries silky white ; primaries brown ; bill black; feet brownish black. Total length 53 inches; bill}; wing 2; tail 32; tarsi 1. Hab. Interior of Australia ; precise locality unknown. Remark.—In size this new species is very similar to M. lamberti, while in its colouring it assimilates to M. leucopterus; from both, however, it may be at once distinguished by the whiteness of its back, which has suggested the specific name I have assigned to it. 2. ARTAMUS MELANOPS. Lores, face, ramp, and under tail-coverts black ; stripe over the eye, ear-coyerts, sides of the face, throat, and under surface delicate vinous grey; two middle tail-feathers black, the remainder black ila a ed iy JS my 6 a) Mie alant PZ.8.1865.P1.VIL. d.Erzleben ad nat del st lith. M & H Hanhari,Impt DIDUS NAZARENUS. Bartlett. 1865.] MR. A. NEWTON ON SOME BONES OF DIDUS. 199 largely tipped with white; upper surface of the wings grey, their under surface white; bill leaden grey, darkest at the tip; feet blackish brown. Total length 6? inches ; bill 2; wing 42; tail, 3; tarsi 2. Hab. Central Australia. Remark.—This large and fine species is unlike every other known member of the genus. It is most nearly allied to 4. albiventris, but differs from that bird in the jet-black colouring of its under tail- coverts, and from A. cinereus in its smaller size and the greater extent of the black on the face. The specimen from which the above description was taken has been kindly sent to me by Mr. S. White, of the Reed-beds, near Adelaide, South Australia, who informs me that it was shot by him at St. Becket’s Pool, lat. 28° 30’, on the 23rd of August, 1863, and who in the note accom- panying it says, ‘‘I have never seen this bird south. It collects at night, like 4. sordidus, and utters the same kind of call. It seems to be plentiful all over the north country. I saw it at St. Becket’s Pool, feeding on the ground, soaring high in the air, and clinging in bushes, like the others. The two sexes appeared to be very similar in outward appearance. The stomachs of those examined were fleshy, and contained the remains of small Coleoptera. 2. ON SOME RECENTLY DISCOVERED BoNES OF THF LARGEST KNOWN Species oF Dopo (Dipus Nazarenvs, Barrurrt). By Aurrep Newrov, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. (Plate VIII.) The three bones which I now have the pleasure of exhibiting have been recently received by me from my brother Mr. Edward Newton, a Corresponding Member of this Society, who himself found two of them in a.cave on the south-west side of the island of Ro- driguez, which he visited on the 2nd of November last. The third was obtained on the same island, about the same time, by Captain Barkly, a son and aide-de-camp of the Governor of Mauritius. All three belong, without doubt, to the largest known species of Dodo, to which Mr. Bartlett (P. Z. S.1851, p. 284) applied the name Didus nazarenus, and which was so unaccountably overlooked by Messrs. Strickland and Melville in their excellent monograph of the curious group Didine. These authors, as Mr. Bartlett showed (loc. cit.), did not distinguish between this very large bird and the smaller and more slender “ Solitaire” (Pezophaps solitaria), which, if we are to trust the evidence before us, was, equally with Didus nazarenus and D. ineptus, an inhabitant of Rodriguez. The two bones found by my brother were picked up near the en- trance of a very dry cave, where little, if any, stalagmitic deposit was forming, at least at the time of his visit. One is a perfect left tarso- metatarsus, and the other a left humerus, wanting its extremities, as is so often the case in specimens of this bone found under circum- 200 MR. A. NEWTON ON SOME BONES OF DiDUS. [Feb. 14, stances which lead to the belief that the bird to which it belonged had been eaten by men or dogs. The bone found by Captain Barkly is a right femur. Though nearly perfect, it seems to have been much exposed to the action of the weather, and, in consequence of its condition, it has sustained a little damage by the crumbling away of some part of its extremities. This has probably happened since its discovery ; but one advantage results from the circumstance—namely, that the cellular structure of the bone is thereby rendered plainly visible. I proceed to give the dimensions of these specimens, and, for con- venience of comparison, I shall, as far as possible, follow Dr. Mel- ville’s plan of measurement (‘ The Dodo and its Kindred,’ page 116). Fragment of left Humerus. (Pl. VIII. fig. 3.) inches. lines. Transverse diameter of shalt, 2 52) «0 « p)00 Fess aie ee od Antero-posterior diameter of shaft ............0-..4 0 42 Left Tarso-metatarsus. (Pl. VIII. fig. 2.) Length from middle trochlear groove to inter-condyloid TUDELCIE «5 waa teannbe) dees Taser aes ael2' depen ate Aap. external trochlear to external condyloid fossa 6 4 internal trochlear to internal condyloid fossa 6 7 Breddth of tipper Gxtremityerns.)s 2+ pa asset > »s'e aera is Se Antero-posterior diameter of the same................ 1 3 Breadth of lower extremity ........ 2... 0... eeeceee MAF Projection of ento-caleaneal process ..............-24. Ore 8 Right Femur. (PI. VIII. fig. 1.) Length from inter-condyloid notch to upper surface of neck 6 upper edge of trochanter major to external eoullyle rat otters uistaee can toute BOOS Bint ‘Transverse diameter of shaftiwos!20.0. 2.1: 225 /.0ha oe ae 0 0 Anteroposterior! 35) aiid To da2 Salt 26 Latins Po vaeriO isn ree Transverse diameter of upper extremity .......... 2 02 Transverse diameter of lower extremity .............. 1 10 All those specimens, unlike those in the Paris Museum, are en- tirely free from incrustation. I believe there are no other examples of the humerus and femur of this species in this country. The specimen of the tarso-metatar- sus figured in illustration of Mr. Bartlett's paper, to which I before referred (P. Z. 8, 1851, Aves, pl. xxv. fig. 1) is, as 1 learn from Mr. Gerrard, now in the British Museum, and there are other examples of it in the Andersonian Museum at Glasgow. I must here tender my thanks to Mr. W. K. Parker for the kind assistance he has rendered me in accurately measuring these bones. And now I wish to make one suggestion. It is well known that at Oxford there is an old picture of a Dodo, painted by one of the Saverys, which seems hitherto to have been referred without hesi- 1865. ] DR. P, P. CARPENTER ON NEW MOLLUSCA. 201 tation to Didus ineptus. Mr. Strickland, in speaking of it, Says :— “A remarkable feature in it is its colossal scale, the Dodo standing about 3 feet 6 inches high, and being double the size which the picture in the British Museum, the description of eye-witnesses, and the existing remains warrant us in attributing to the bird. It is difficult to assign a motive to the artist for thus magnifying an object already sufficiently uncouth in appearance” (‘The Dodo,’ &e. p. 31). Is it not possible that the artist may in this painting have taken a life-sized portrait of the large species (Didus nazarenus, Bartlett) to which these bones belong? In conclusion, I have to state that I should be very glad if these remarks were the means of exciting further search for the remains of the Dodo and its allies. In Rodriguez the bones must be far from scarce, and, as the present instance shows, they may be found with little trouble. My brother picked up two of them, as I have said, in a cave during a very hasty visit. It is a matter of the greatest regret that a regularly organized search is not instituted by some resident in that island, or by some visitor to whom time is no object. We may depend upon it that a rith reward awaits the care- ful explorer of the Mascarene caverns and alluvial deposits, 3. Diagnoses or New Forms or Mouuusca From tHE Van- couveR Districr. By Puri P. Carpenter, B.A., Pu.D. TEBEBBATULA UNGUICULA, Nn. s. T. t. juniore “ Terebratulinze capiti-serpentis” simillima, sed la- tiore, subtriangulata ; punctis valde conspicuis; costis con- spicuis, interdum obtusioribus, aliis intercalantibus ; intus, amento suboctiformi, postice aperto, cruris diagonalibus cardini affixis: testa adulta valva wmferiore subrotundata, marginem versus haud planata; umbone valde tumente, latiore; striis radiantihus, ut in “T. capite-serpentis ” conspicuis ; marginibus crenulatis, haud undatis ; intus amento majore, bisinuato, dor- saliter haud continuo, calearibus duobus munito. Long. °6, lat. +5, alt. -3 poll. Hab. San Diego, 6 fm. ; Monterey, not rare in 20 fm., (in Cali- fornia State Geological Survey) Cooper. Neeah Bay (valve), Swan. Vancouver, Forbes. The specimens sent by Dr. Cooper were all of small size, and, from the intercalation of riblets near the margin, clearly immature. They presented the incomplete loop of the restricted genus to which Dr, Cooper affiliated them. N otwithstanding, as both Davidson and Wood. ward state that the young of the British species has the loop similarly open, it remained doubtful whether this might not prove conspecific. Messrs. Reeve and Hanley unhesitatingly pronounced them to be “ caput-serpentis, jun.,’’ the latter gentleman stating that they pre- sented the peculiar form of that species which belongs to the Medi- terranean examples. Dr. Forbes, however, was fortunate enough to 202 DR. P. P. CARPENTER ON NEW MOLLUSCA. [Feb. 14, obtain an adult shell, which passed into the Cumingian Collection. Having removed the animal matter with great care, the loop was found to retain the form seen in the young shell, only perhaps still more open. This is the first recent species of the genus which has been discovered with a sculptured surface, and affords an instructive lesson not to rely on external characters. Terebratula unguicula: 1, 2, outside views of Mr. Cuming’s adult specimen, natural size: 3, 4, inside views of the upper valve, slightly magnified. The outline of the adult is much rounder, and the margin blunter, than in 7’. caput-serpentis. Inside, the noncompletion of the some- what w-shaped loop is a very obvious character. This is large in proportion, extending to about two-fifths of the length and one- third of the greatest breadth of the shell. It is bent upwards in the middle, as seen from the partly opened valves ; with a double wave at the sides, as seen from the direction of the opposite valve. Two spurs ascend from the crests of the side waves, as though preparing to complete the loop. The similar Terebratella angustata from Japan, when of the same size as Dr. Cooper’s specimens, has the loop quite continuous *. Subgenus NETTASTOMELLAT. Pholadidea: valvis postice in calycem testaceum planatum pro- longatis ; calyce coriaceo nullo. NETTASTOMELLA DARWINII, Sby. (diag. auct.). N. ¢. minore, elongata, tenuissima; parte postica costis radian- tibus acutioribus circ. vil. e€ laminis concentricis acutissimis, distantibus, antice continuis, elegantissime ornata; rostris pla- * Dr. Cooper having forwarded for my inspection a large aud beautifully per- fect specimen_of the true Waldheimia californica, | have compared it with the series of the very variable W. globosa in the Smithsonian Museum, undoubtedly from Orange Harbour. In shape, and in the form of loop, I can detect no dif- ference. The Californian shell, however, has a strong brownish-red tinge, and does uot display the beautiful veining of the Maghellan species. + Th. vqrra, a duck, oréya, mouth. The name Netastoma, given in the ‘ Brit. Assoc. Report,’ 1863, being preoccupied in another subkingdom, according to Dr. Cooper, it is thought necessary to vary the termination. 1865.] DR. P. P. CARPENTER ON NEW MOLLUSCA. 203 natis, postice divergentibus, striis incrementi crebris acutis, aliter haud sculpta ; parte anticat. jun. aperta, adulte clausa ; clausis tenuissimis, secundum incrementa undulatis, super um- bones prolongatis, umbilicos postice formantibus ; epidermide Sugaci, tenui, pallide viridi. Hab. Monterey, Rich. ; Vancouver, Lord; 8. Diego, Cooper. = Pholas darwinii, Sby. = Jouanettia darwinii, Mus. Cuming. = Parapholas penita, Tryon, Mon. Phol. This remarkable shell differs from Jouanettia in having both valves equal; from Pholadidea proper in having no coriaceous cup, its place being supplied by a flattened prolongation from each valve, like a duck’s bill in miniature. In Mr. Lord’s specimen (preserved in the British Museum), though the valves are closed, the prolongations are widely divergent, as when the bird utters its cheer- ful “quack.” The loose, thin epidermis appears to have covered the bill as well as the valves. Mr. Tryon had probably not seen a speci- men, else he could hardly have affiliated so very different a shell to Pholadidea penita. The original specimen is said to have come from Chili. Darina DEC LIVvIs. D. t. tenuissima, planata, elliptica, Machereformi, utroque latere hiante ; cinerea, epidermide Sortiore induta ; marginibus regu- lariter excurvatis ; umbonibus haud conspicuis, ad duas inter quinque partes longitudinis postice sitis: intus cartilagine spathula elongata, dorsum versus utraque valva decliviter Sita, a ligamento lamina extante tenuissima separata; dente car- dinali laminato, extante, curtiore; lateralibus vir conspicuis ; sinu pallii ovali, fere ad medium porrecto. Long. 1-77, lat. ‘85, alt. -34 poll. Hab. Vancouver’s Island (Forbes). The only other species of Darina known is from the Straits of Maghellan. The northern shell may have been passed over as the young of Machera patula, to which it bears a strong external re- semblance. Sax1pDomus BREVISIPHONATUS. S. 4. subovali, tenuiore, subplanata, albida, epidermide pallide olivacea induta 3 tota superficie rugis concentricis, crebris, valde obtusis, et undis incrementi interdum majoribus, ornata ; marginibus subequaliter ewcurvatis, mazxime ventrali: intus cardine tenuiore, dente antico elongato ; sinu pallii parvo, ad trientem interstitii porrecto, latiore. Long. 2°65, lat. 2°05, alt. 1°15 poll. Hab. ?Vancouver, ’Japan (Mus. Cuming). A very distinct species, in shape and hinge not unlike Callista, but without lunule. It is more rounded and flatter than the three ty- pical Californian species, and known at once by the very small mantle- bend. From four to six blunt riblets are seen on each of the very 204 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW SPECIES OF BUSH-GOAT. [Feb. 14, blunt waves of growth. The shell was sent me as from Dr. Forbes’s Vancouver collections, and is so quoted in the Br. Assoc. Rep. 1863, p- 607; but Mr. Cuming subsequently stated his belief that it came from Japan. It may be allowable to state that many of the species iucluded in Saxidomus by authors are more correctly rough forms of Tapes, of the decussata-type; the true Saxidomi differing from that genus (as Callista does from Venus) in having an additional pseudo- lateral anterior tooth. This is very evident in the young shell, which has a much rounder outline than the adult, and can scarcely be distinguished from Callista, except by the absence of lunule. 4. Notice or THE SKULL or A New Species or Busu-Goat (CEPHALOPHUS LONGICEPS), SENT FROM THE GABOON BY M. Du Cuaituv. By Dr. J. E. Gray. ' M. Du Chaillu has lately sent to the British Museum several skins and skeletons of the Gorilla (showing how abundant it must be at the Gaboon), the skin and skeleton of a Chimpanzee, three skeletons of the African Manatee, and the head of a Bush-Goat or Cephalo- hus. : The skull of the Cephalophus on examination proves quite distinct from any that has previously occurred to me ; and as it indicates the existence of a large species of the genus, I have sent a notice of it to the Society in hope that we may before very long have a complete specimen of the animal to describe. CEPHALOPHUS. Section I. Horns decumbent. CEPHALOPHUS LONGICEPS. The skull elongate ; face elongate, compressed in front of the eyes; the nose in front of the eyes narrow, sides only very slightly tapering ; nasal bone very long, produced between the frontal be- hind, much longer than the medial suture of the frontal. The horns elongate, conical, diverging at the tips, decumbent, in a line with the forehead ; forehead convex between the orbits. Length of skull 10 inches 9 lines; width at zygoma 4 inches 7 lines ; length of horn-cores 5 inches ; length of lower jaw 9 inches. The only species with which the th ae be compared, on ac- count of its size, is C. sylvicultriz ; but the skull of the latter is short and ventricose, and that of C. longiceps is elongate and slen- der. The face of C. sylvicultriz is short, and the nose between the impression for the suborbital glands broad and tapering ; the fore- head is much more convex and rounded. The following are the mea- surements of the skull of an adult male :—Length of skull 10 inches 1 line; width at zygoma 4 inches 7 lines; length of lower jaw 8 inches 9 lines. The skull of C. longiceps resembles in general form and some 1865.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW SPECIES OF BUSH-GOAT. 205 other particulars the figure of the skull of the male C. altifrons, figured by Dr. Peters (Reise n. Mossamb. t. 38. f. 1). But that skull is not above half the size of the one here described; and the form of the core of the horns is different, the one being conical and elon- gate, and the other angular and converging at the tip. Skull of Cephalophus longiceps. The skull of the larger species of Cephalophi may be divided into two groups, according to the position of the horns, as compared with the frontal line. In some the horns are decumbent and bent back, being nearly in a line with the forehead, as in Cephalophus coronatus, C. sylvicul- trix, C. ogilbyi, C. natalensis (figured in Cat. Ungulata, B.M. t. x. LARC: longiceps, and C. altifrons, Peters. In others the horns are ascending, placed at an obtuse angle with regard to the line of the forehead, as in Cephalophus grimmius and C. ocularis of Peters (Reise nach Mossambique, Saugeth. t. 39, 40). The forehead of all the Cephalophi with decumbent horns is con- vex and rounded ; but in C. ogilbyt it is very much rounded—more than in any other species I know ; it is much higher than the base of the horn. In the species which Dr. Peters has called C. altifrons it does not appear to be so high as usual in the genus. In C. grimmius, with ascending horns, it is flat between the eyes. The following observation is founded on the comparison of a series of skulls of males :—The skulls differ in the length of the face, thus:—In C. natalensis the face is short ; the distance from the orbit to the upper end of the intermaxillary bone is shorter than the length of the in- termaxillary bone. In C. sylvicultrix, C. ogilbyi, and C. ocularis the distance above defined and the length of the intermaxillary are nearly equal. In ©. grimmius they are rather longer. In C. longi- ceps the distance from the front edge of the orbit to the tip of the intermaxillary is much longer than the length of the intermaxil- lary. In some skulls the nasal bones are the same length as the upper suture of the frontal one, as in C, natalensis, C. sylvicultriz, and C. ogilbyi. In C. altifrons, according to Dr. Peters’s figure, they are 206 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY [Feb. 14, shorter. In C, coronatus and C. rufilatus they are much shorter— only about two-thirds the length. In one skull of C. grimmius they are longer, and in another skull shorter, and in C. longiceps much longer. The above observations are made only on a few, sometimes only on one specimen of the species; and when I have three or four speci- mens of the same species, as is the case with C. grimmius, the skulls present some variations in the form of the nasal bones and in the length of the intermaxillaries as above noted. Dr. Peters figures as the skull of a young female of C. altifrons a skull of a very different form from that of the skull with the horns of the male above referred to. I have not observed such a difference in the skulls of the females of any of the species of Cephalophus that have occurred to me. I have some doubt if it does belong to the same species, as the figure of the young female animal is very like the skull of a female C. grimmius, which is an animal that has ascend- ing horns in the male. 5. On THE Anatomy or A Fin-WHALE (PHYSALUS ANTIQUORUM, GRAY) CAPTURED NEAR GRAVESEND. By James Murie, M.D., tare Assistant IN THE Museum oF THE RoyaL CoLLEGE oF SuRGEONS, LONDON, AND PaTHo.LoaeistT, GLAs- Gow Roya INFIRMARY. In May 1859, my friend Mr. Frank Buckland informed me that a large Whale had been captured in the Thames, near Gravesend ; and as we both were desirous of examining such an animal, we at once proceeded to the place in question. It proved to bea fine adult male of the above species. The history of its capture, as related to us, is briefly as follows :— The gigantic creature, on endeavouring to make its way up the river, had been observed near Thames Haven by some members of the Coast Guard, who attacked and finally succeeded in killing it by in- flicting three severe sword-wounds. The body was towed up the river, and hauled ashore in the vicinity of Gravesend, where it was exhibited for some days. The fleshy parts of the carcase were purchased by Mr. Blaker, an oil-merchant, in order to be boiled down. While the animal was being cut in pieces for this purpose, I had an opportunity of exami- ning the body and viscera, and I obtained some portions which now form preparations in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. The skeleton was purchased by Mr. George Jones, the proprietor of the Rosherville Gardens, where it is at present exhibited. My thanks are due to that gentleman for his courtesy in allowing me to make a full examination of it. In the first place, with respect to the dimensions of the animal, the following table expresses certain of the external proportions of the body, measured from the same points as those selected by Mr. 1865.] OF PHYSALUS ANTIQUORUM. 207 Heddle in his description of a female specimen of Physalus duguidii (P. Z.S. 1856, p. 188), which was of nearly equal size. From these parallel columns the correspondence between the rela- tive dimensions of the two species will readily be perceived. Physalus Physalus anti- duguidii. quorum ft. in ft. in Length from tip of beak to end of tail .........+.+00-. 60 0 | 50 0 Head, from tip of beak to centre of orbit (along upper jaw)) 11 7 9 5 Head, from tip of beak to centre of orbit (along lower Jaw) 13 0] 11 3 Centre of orbit to anterior portion of pectoral fin ...... 8 2 5 3 Between dorsal fin and root of tail ......-.eeeeeeeeee ets 10 0} 14 0 Girth of body behind the pectoral fin.............2000- 38 0 | 23 0 Girth of body at posterior termination of ridges ........ 1S "O" 19.3 Girth of body at the penis (and close behind dorsal fin)..| 16 0 | 11 7 Mr. Blaker estimated the weight of the animal at 45 tons, and was of opinion that about 4 tons of oil might be extracted from the carcase. Thus it would appear that the weight of the Physalus antiquorum is inconsiderable, when compared with that of a Balena mysticetus of equal length—the probable weight of the latter, ac- cording to Scoresby *, being 70 tons; and of this he allows 30 tons for the blubber alone. With regard to colour, the head and back were black ; the chest and throat of a brownish shade, and having the usual plaited cha- racter of the Balenopteride. Some of the crests of the ridges were deep brown, with the grooves or furrows of a lighter hue, even to yellowish white; other ridges had light-coloured crests, with their corresponding furrows greyish black. From the posterior termina- tion of these folds backwards the skin was yellowish white. The pectoral fins were dingy black above, whitish beneath, as also was the skin of the body beneath their bases; this was most marked behind, where the whitish colour was continuous with that posterior to the ridges. In the specimen of Physalus minutely described by Mr. Heddle (P. Z.S. 1856, p.193), after mentioning that the back is black, with some grey spots, and the belly white, he further says, ‘‘ When viewed obliquely, on the other hand, the whole dark portion of the animal seemed a dull leaden grey—a deception arising, no doubt, from the refraction of the light from the polished surface.” In the present specimen I observed something similar, which I am inclined to believe was caused by the fact that the epidermis consisted of several layers—the deeper and thicker intensely black, but the more delicate and superficial of a much lighter greyish brown hue, allowing, however, under certain circumstances, the deep black colour to show through, at other times reflecting its own paler tint. Of the parallel ridges with their corresponding furrows I counted on the one side as many as between forty-five and fifty, which would * « Arctic Regions,’ Edinb. 1820, vol. i. p. 462. 208 DR, J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY [Feb. 14, give a total of somewhere about one hundred. Although parallel to each other and to the long diameter of the body, they were not in perfect straight lines, but adapted themselves to the curve of the throat and chest, being shortest as they ascended towards the back. They commenced a short distance from the mouth or lower lip, and did not extend quite so far back as the penis. The breadth of each of these folds varied from 2 to 5 inches, and their height was about an inch. The interspaces or furrows were one or more inches wide, according to the manner in which the part was stretched. Here and there these plications joined each other at acute angles. Fig. 1. a. Skin, showing larger-sized folds, with intervening furrows and wrinkles. 3. Vertical section through four of the smaller ridges and grooves. A vertical section of the skin showed that the crown of each ridge had a thick cap of hard cuticle covering it, and which was of greatest depth at its centre, shelving off on either side (see fig. 1). The furrows themselves were lined with thinner soft cuticle, and, as best seen in the smaller grooves, they became widened at the bottom, where the skin was raised in several puckerings or folds. These last, as well as numerous wrinkles of the free edges of some of the ridges, no doubt admitted of the easy distention of the parts. The woodcuts (fig. 1 a and 4), drawn from nature, show these several points. Heddle has given a couple of linear diagrams to illustrate 1865.] OF PHYSALUS ANTIQUORUM. 209 the mode of distention of the skin of the animal he dissected (P. Z.S. 1856, p. 192, pl. xxv. f.8); but these will be found on comparison hardly to show the true manner in which distention js permitted. A similar vertical section through the skin, as deep as the muscle, revealed the small depth of the blubber, from 2 to at most 4 inches, and that between it and the true skin there was scarcely any appre- ciable difference, so intimately and continuously were the fibres inter- woven. The only difference was in the rather wider meshes inwardly, the interspaces there containing oil, although in very limited quan- tity. The pectoral fins were flattened, narrow-pointed, and curved; in appearance they were not unlike the figures given by Eschricht* of the fin of Péerobalena minor (Balenoptera rostrata, F ab.). In position, and while attached to the body, one measured along the border of the anterior curve 75 inches, and in the posterior mar- ginal curve 57 inches. When cut off, the measurement from the articulation of the shoulder-joint to the terminal point in a direct line was 85 inches. The dorsal fin was falciform, laterally compressed, and erect ; its height 15 inches, and its antero-posterior length at the base 13 inches. The tail in extent across to the extremity of either fluke was 133 inches, and its breadth at the root 37 inches. I am not aware that the exact manner in which the tail acts in this tribe of animals is perfectly agreed upon among writers; for although John Hunter? expresses himself to the effect that the mo- tion of the tail is similar to that of an oar in sculling a boat, and again, that from its horizontal position the animal is impelled up and down in the water, thus giving the necessary opportunity of breath- ing, yet Dr. Knoxt admits the difficulty in understanding the mode of progression, and further states that this takes place by a series of bounds, caused by the spring of fhe incurved tail, the immense strength of the flexors and extensors giving it such a counter force against the water as to impel the animal along and upwards accord- ing to circumstances. That each of these mechanical applications of the tail to certain motions does take place is more than likely, although at first it does not seem so very clear how the mere flapping of a horizontal tail produces a steady onward gliding movement, which no doubt occurs without the necessity of continually rising and falling in the water. The Sperm Whale, according to Beale§, “ when undisturbed, passes tranquilly along just below the surface of the water, at the rate of about three or four miles an hour, which progress he effects by a gentle oblique motion from side to side of the ‘flukes,’ precisely in * Untersuchungen iiber die Nordischen Wallthiere, 1849, tab. 8. figs. 1, 2. t ‘ Observations on the Structure and Economy of Whales,’ Palmer’s edition of his works, 1837, vol. iv. p. 331. { ‘Cat. Prep. of Whales,’ No. 4. Iam indebted to the kindness of Dr. Gray for a perusal of this scarce pamphlet, which contains much information on the anatomy of Cetacea. : § ‘ Nat. Hist. of the Sperm Whale,’ p. 39. Proc. Zoox. Soc.—1865, No. XIV. 210 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY [Feb. 14, the same manner as a boat is sculled by means of an oar over the UOT sy a/ists tats Seat When desirous of proceeding at a greater rate, the action of the tail is materially altered; instead of being moved laterally and obliquely, it strikes the water with the broad flat sur- face of the flukes in a direct manner upwards and downwards.” The first part of Beale’s description seems to me pretty well to explain the manner of action of the tail in gentle forward movement ; for if we take it as a mere dynamical agent, then, according to the law of forces, the lobes of the tail, striking the water between the horizontal and vertical, would cause the body of the animal to move in the diagonal of these*. We have then to consider if the lobes do strike the water in this oblique manner. In illustration of its probability, I may mention that in this spe- cimen I noticed that as the lobes of the tail began to dry by the heat of the atmosphere they assumed opposite concavo-convex curves, so as to produce a very close resemblance both in curve and angle to the blades of a screw propeller. If this is what usually takes place in the movement of the tail, then one can readily understand that in the act of striking downwards and upwards with but a very slight lateral movement the water would receive an oblique stroke between the horizontal and vertical ; in fact it would produce a more or less scooping, spiral, screw-like action, the consequence of which would be movement in the diagonal of the parallelogram of the resisting forces, from side to side, above downwards and below up- wards. As a further demonstration that something like this occurs, I may state that I observed in the mode of progression of the Porpoise lately exhibited in the Society’s Gardens a movement in the tail more or less resembling this. As the creature swam horizontally, and within a short distance of the surface, it struck the water up and down, but with an inclination of the lobes to the one or other side, adding to the obliqueness of the stroke by rolling its body slightly, so that the tail struck the water rather slantingly than directly up and down. When simply raising itself towards the surface (as, for instance, in breathing), or in descent, then the stroke seemed more flat, and the body, along with the tail, bent in a curve according as the movement was elevation or depression. In Physalus, the arch of the mouth, both antero-posteriorly and transversely, is much less than in the true Balene ; the length of the whalebone is also correspondingly shorter. In our specimen of P.antiquorum, the transverse curve of the former was about 72 inches at its widest, that is including the bony palate and the filaments of whalebone on either side; but towards the beak it became flattened and so narrowed that the chord of the arch was but 10 inches. The free palate itself in the middle of the mouth had a breadth of 12 inches. The outward exposed parts of the baleen zz situ on one side mea- sured from the beak to the angle of the mouth in a direct line 126 * See article ‘“ Motion,” ‘ Cyclop. Anat. and Physiol.,’ vol. iti. p. 438. 1865. ] OF PHYSALUS ANTIQUORUM. 211 inches ; after removal from the jaw, and taken along the great curve of its free brush-like margin, the length was 169 inches. On the left side I counted 360 of the outer baleen-plates. The greatest length of a single one was 30 inches, the breadth of the same 11 inches; towards the beak, however, the baleen altered into mere hair-like bristles only 5 inches long, and which were continuous with the baleen of the opposite side. Knox, in his dissection of Balena maximus (P. antiquorum), counted 314 external or labial plates of baleen on each side; and he gives as the measurements of the largest one, 26 inches in length and 15 in breadth*. The soft, broad, fleshy nidus of the baleen, in apposition with the upper jaw, tapered at each end, and altogether had a length of 149 inches. The results of a series of its transverse measurements, made from behind forwards, were as follows—viz., at the extreme posterior end, 6 inches, then 8, and at widest 14 inches, narrowing from this to 7, and at the most anterior portion only 1 inch across. The cesophagus was certainly 7 feet, possibly 8 feet long. The closed fist could be passed with ease through any part of its course : one portion had an internal circumference of 9 inches. In some places there were numerous glandular openings, each sufficient in size to admit a pin’s head, and ageregated together, forming elongated dia- mond-shaped patches. Upon the surface of the mucous membrane, in irregular quantities, were scattered, rough, warty-like, whitish bodies, equal in size to millet-seeds. This might have been a patho- logical condition. The stomach consisted of four separate cavities, communicating with each other by round, somewhat constricted Openings, as in the Porpoise. I did not, however, ascertain the exact position these ca- vities bore towards each other in situ; but I made a rough sketch of the whole when removed from the body and cut open, which is represented in the accompanying woodcut (fig. 2). The first cavity, a large globo-pyriform bag, had a greater curva- ture measuring 99 inches, and an upper lesser curvature of 30 inches. The opening of the cesophagus and that leading into the second cavity were each 15 inches in circumference, and situated on oppo- site sides of the lesser curvature. The mucous membrane towards the greater curvature had its rugze thrown into polygonal folds, which above dwindled into mere puckerings. This stomach contained some cream-coloured, gelatinous, glairy fluid and fragments of Meduse, as also what I took to be remnants of Entomostraca. The second cavity was more cylindrical in form, and of consider- able length—97 inches. The plications of its mucous membrane fol- lowed its long diameter, and these were in thicker ridges than in the first cavity. There were no evident remains of food in this division of the stomach ; at the same time its mucous surface was reddish and partly covered with a brown slimy substance. The third cavity was shorter than either of the preceding ones, and a trifle less so than the fourth. It was 30 inches long, with a * Cat. Prep. Whales. No. 8. 212 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY (Feb. 14, circumference of 24 inches, and somewhat of a barrel-shape within. The mucous rugze were in bands, extending transversely to its long diameter, and of a pinkish hue. It likewise was empty. The fourth cavity was just 2 inches longer than the one before and of asimilar shape, its circumference 25 inches, contracting at the in- testinal outlet to 14 inches. It had no visible contents; the mucous membrane was stained of a yellowish biliary colour. Fig. 2. Stomach: 1, 2, 3, 4, the first, second, third, and fourth cavities; an indicator is passed through the contracted orifices of each. a. Gisophagus ; b. Small intestines. The small intestines commenced by a narrowing of the last stomach, the pyloric orifice being surrounded by a fold of mucous membrane. They continued with an approximate circumference of from 7 to 11 inches for a total length of 248 feet. The intestines were void of contents, except a sprinkling on their surface of a white powdery- looking substance. The mucous membrane was of a yellowish-red tinge ; its folds were of two kinds, the one in longitudinal fringes, crossed by innumerable transverse ones, the whole forming a series of cavities of two sizes. The average size of the one kind of these cavities was 6 inches by 2, of the other, the smaller-sized, from 2 to 3 inches in the one direction, and in the other but one-half that size, while the free fold itself had a general depth of from 1 to 2 inches. 1865.] OF PHYSALUS ANTIQUORUM. 213 Eschricht* has described and figured a singular arrangement of the mucous folds of the intestine in Megaptera longimana, which is very similar to the above ; besides, he also figures a still more curious pouch-like character in the Hyperoodont. John Huntert had pre- viously described this structure in the Hyperoodon; and he remarks that “in the Bottlenose the inner coat, through nearly the whole trace of the intestine, is thrown into large cells, and these again sub- divided into smaller, the axis of which cells is not perpendicular to a transverse section of the intestine, but oblique, forming pouches with the mouths downwards, and acting almost like valves when _anything is attempted to be passed in a contrary direction.’ Ad- mirable preparations of the same exist in the collection at the College of Surgeons (Physiol. Series, nos. 709-712). The opening of the hepatic duct was immediately below the junc- tion of the last cavity of the stomach with the small intestines. The accurate entire length of the large intestines was not ascer- tained ; but as the first piece examined measured 22 feet 2 inches, and another portion 10 feet, it may reasonably be inferred that the total length was little, if at all, short of 40 feet. The czecum was of moderate dimensions, with an internal circumference of 153 inches. The folds of its mucous membrane were placed transversely, and each had a depth of from 2 to 3 inches; these continued onwards to the colon and rectum, where they were not so large or closely set toge- ther. Yellow-coloured feces filled in great part the colon and rec- tum ; and over the mucous surface of these, small oval-shaped entozoa (Echinorhynchus’) swarmed in myriads. Circumstances prevented the larynx from being very carefully examined ; its measurements were as follows :-— inches. Internal circumference a foot below its chink ........... - 393 Internal circumference at the epiglottis........ a i eas 424 Across the base of the epiglottis itself ........ Simon aiela xe 13 Opening of the vocal cords antero-posteriorly ............ 12 Opening of the vocal cords transversely at anterior end .... 7 Opening of the vocal cords transversely at posterior end.... 3 Trachea immediately above bifurcation, behind forwards.... 10 Trachea immediately above bifurcation, transversely........ 15 Trachea, fibro-elastic tissue behind cartilages ............ 5 The heart agreed closely with that of ordinary mammals, varying only slightly in the number and disposition of the chordze tendinez. As it lay on the ground it measured from base to apex 32"; breadth at middle 35", and at the base 42". The different segments of the semilunar valves were 9! by 7" in dimensions respectively. There were no corpora aurantii. The aorta 27" in circumference ; the walls nearly an inch thick. The ductus arteriosus existed as a thick roundish elastic cord placed a little obliquely in relation to the pul- * Loc. cit. p. 100, tab. 2. figs. 3 & 4. + Ibid. p. 42, tab. 2. figs. 3 & 4, ¢ Loe, cit. vol. iv. p. 361. 214 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY [Feb. 14, monary artery and aorta ; longer above than below, on account of the divarication of these vessels. Length of its upper border 33", of the lower 2!; circumference 7". Its canal was sufficiently closed to prevent the passage of blood, by reason of the elasticity of the walls ; but a probe the thickness of a quill could be pushed through the entire distance. The kidneys, lobulated, had each lobule averaging the size of a plum. One kidney was 60 inches long by 17 broad, the other 66 inches by 15, both elongated and oval-shaped, their extremities decreasing to a transverse diameter of 8 inches. As is usual in Cetacea, the penis was conical; and when we exa- mined the animal, it was not retracted, but hung loosely from the abdomen. In length it was 48 inches; at its widest, circumference 25 inches, tapering to less than two at the point. At this last the termination of the canal of the urethra opened rather on the under surface (fig. 34); the opening was crescentic, with the horns for- wards, and on the roof a slightly depending ridge of mucous mem- brane. Behind this, at the distance of 13 inch, existed a second opening into the urethra (fig. 3a), subcircular in form, nearly equal in size to the first, and with indented edges. Around this, for almost the size of a shilling piece, the cuticle exhibited a minute linear-rayed appearance, not unlike certain forms of cicatrices. From the internal lining of the opposite surface of the mucous membrane a nipple-like process protruded, dividing the canal as it were into two passages. ‘This projection appeared to be part of a longitudi- nal ridge of the mucous membrane, extending along the roof of the canal of the urethra. Fig. 3. Whether this very unusual second perforation of the urethra was normal, or only the result of injury or of pathological origin, I will 1865. ] OF PHYSALUS ANTIQUORUM. 215 not pretend to state with certainty, although I am inclined to believe it to have been of the latter nature; nevertheless I have thought it of sufficient import to be figured, so that the attention of future ob- servers may more readily be called to notice if such a structure exists in any specimen that may be dissected by them. Transverse sections of the penis at various points showed, as in ordinary Cetacea, the usual absence of median division in the corpus cavernosum ; at the root, however, there was an approach to sepa- ration by the aggregation of the vessels into two circular groups ; but towards the anterior extremity or point these were scattered more equally among the strong fibrous trabeculee. The canal of the ure- thra for its whole length was on the under side of the corpus spon- giosum : in this respect it differed from that of the Porpoise, which Hunter (doc. cit. p. 388) has described as being at first in its centre, and then coming to be on its under side. At the root the canal was roundish, but towards the free extremity more triangular in form, The strong, firm, fibrous sheath surrounding the corpus cavernosum was an inch thick in most parts. The glans penis was represented, for a considerable distance backwards, by a thick layer of vessels, chiefly veins, each, on section, of a slit-like shape, with pointed ends, and arranged with their broad surfaces superimposed upon one an- other on the fibrous sheath, excepting on its under side. Their ap- pearance in the transverse section was not unlike the open vascular sinuses of a pregnant uterus when cut vertically. The foregoing are the principal observations which I had the op- portunity of making on this specimen while in the fresh condition ; but I think it may be as well to add some notes on the osteology, as a contribution towards a fuller knowledge of its anatomy. This sub- ject has already been partially treated by Cuvier, Van Beneden, Dr. Gray, and others; but so much remains to be done to complete the anatomy of species of the group, that any details as to the structure of a single individual can hardly be deemed superfluous. Mr. Flower has made some original and highly useful observations on the condition of the bony epiphyses as a guide to age in the Ce- tacea (P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 384); and, availing myself of his remarks, I agree with him in classing the Rosherville specimen of Physalus antiquorum in the third or last stage, that is, a perfect adult, although the animal was no more than 60 feet long. For, on exa- mination, I find all the epiphyses of the vertebree are firmly anchy- losed, so much so that the line of junction is with difficulty made - out. The same may be said of the upper and lower epiphyses of the humerus. The proximal epiphyses of the radius and ulna are like- wise firmly adherent to the shaft by bony union; but, on the other hand, the distal epiphyses of these bones are only united at their pe- riphery, for a broken portion in each discloses the centre to be in- completely ossified, and not attached to the diaphysis of the bone. The sutures of the skull are also well-nigh obliterated, excepting such as remain more or less persistently separable. The general appearance of the skull shows no points strikingly different from what is usually found in P. antiquorum; and the 216 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY [Feb. 14, figure given by Eschricht and Reinhardt* of the skull of Baleno- ptera musculus, J. Mill. (= Physalus antiquorum, Gray) may be said to convey a fair idea and representation of it. The two outer borders of the superior maxillaries at the base of the beak run nearly parallel for about their posterior half, whence they incline gently towards each other; but in the anterior fourth they approach more quickly to the narrowed tip of the beak. The nasal processes of the same bones are flattish, and at the nasal fossa have a sharp internal edge; but on reaching the posterior end of the premaxillaries they slope outwards and downwards, forming the posterior superficial curve of the rostrum; at the tip of the beak, however, they again become nearly horizontal. The premaxillaries, on the other hand, at their posterior ends are almost vertical, and look towards each other in the nasal fossa, while they become horizontal in the middle of the beak, and shelve outwards at the tip. The frontal bone im the median line of the skull is represented merely by its nasal tuberosity, which is wedged in behind the nasal bones; but the orbital plates occupy a great flattish expanse on either side, and look directly upwards. The cavity of the orbit is ovoid, with a height of 73 and a breadth of 10 inches. The malar bones are present, flattened, and of a comparatively small size ; their maxillary process is broader than their zygomatic. The prominence of the cranium formed by the supra-occipital pre- sents a very slight concavity, with just an appreciable median ridge. Posteriorly the occipital region shelves sharply downwards and back- wards, and has aconsiderable concavity. The occipital foramen and condyles are directed straight backwards. This posterior occipital inclination does not seem so sharply defined in the young skull of a Physalus antiquorum in the Museum of the College of Surgeons (no. 2446 A, Osteological Series). The vomer reaches within a foot of the anterior tip of the premaxillaries ; along with the superior maxillaries, it forms a marked palatine ridge in the roof of the mouth. The inferior maxillary bones have acuminated coronoid processes, which are bent outwards at their extremities. The condyles are set backwards and a little outwards, externally overlapping the groove of the neck. The rami are strong and with a moderate lateral curve. The following are a series of measurements of the skull, taken in inches, and in the manner followed by Mr. Flower (P. Z. 8. 1864, p- 411); so that the dimensions of the cranium of this specimen may readily be compared with the examples of Physalus antiquorum given in the above paper. inches. Length of skull sngstemielat ites ier tei + fuse nian aio: alee, e, «ol 168 Breadth; of, come yew: cyere se eee sil jot is Jie 9s; viele 12 Breadth of squamosals (greatest breadth of skull) ........ 82 Orbital process of frontal, length .. 0.0... 20.0 cecssscces 30 Orbital process of frontal, breadth at base................ PH Nisa, Repti ates nicsyexel a - (tie Sin amet Sypris Beem eens gga hoe 84 * Om Nordhyalen, 1861, tab. 3. fig. 5. 1865.] OF PHYSALUS ANTIQUORUM,. 217 inches. Nasals, breadth of the two at posterior end ............ sinty iA Nasals, breadth of the two at the anterior end ............ 7/ Length of beak, from curved border of maxillary to ike seit LLG Length of maxillary ........ sekararagd a pir ar tvapy VOL, Projection of premaxillary beyond maxillary . taiate tS aaa wisn, 3 uj OS Breadth of maxillaries across orbital processes, following curve 81 of beak at base, following the curve............ Be Arts — of beak, one-quarter of its length from base........ 42 — of maxillary at the same point.............--.... 14 — of premaxillary at the same point .......-...... 63 —— of beak at middle, following the curve............ 33 —— — of maxillary at middle ................-45- rege —— of premaxillary at middle.....................- 5z —— of beak at three-fourths of its length from base.... 23 —— of maxillary at same point .............. 00 ee ee oe — of premaxilaryab.same point. «.0:5)<: Jamdel awoke upd Length of lower jaw in a straight line ...............4-. 156 EAP ar iit, AL ICHTON GIA AT OCR. ti55 oj oie) 6.014 0.0. 9f0) ie «sisal 19 RAG 0 Es a Se eee rire ree aricsty ee The total number of the vertebra present is 58 ; but evidently a few of the terminating caudal are wanting. The vertebre are as fol- lows :—7 cervical, 15 dorsal, 15 lumbar, and 21 caudal. The cervical, as usual in this Whale, are all free. The atlas is similar to that of an animal of the same species from Devonshire, figured by Dr. Gray in his recent paper on the “ British Cetacea”’ (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p- 217, fig. 9), and answers well to his description, except that the transverse processes are somewhat more horizontal, bulbous, and truncated at their outer ends. It may further be remarked that Dr. Gray’s figure of the atlas of Physalus duguidii (loc. cit. p. 220, f. 13) agrees rather with the Rosherville specimen. The axis does not quite agree with either of the figures given by Dr. Gray of species of this genus (Joc. cit. figs. 10 & 14); but, of the two, the resemblance is greater to the Devonshire specimen of P. antiquorum ; the perforations of the lateral processes, however, are rather larger and more oval. The rudiment of an odontoid process exists in a raised, flattened, circular prominence. The expansions of the transverse processes point backwards, and reach so far as to en- close those of the three succeeding vertebre ; they are thin towards their free outward extremities. The neural arch is broad, and its laminz prolonged ; so that it projects in a shelving manner over the next vertebra. The spine is bifid, and the prominences on either side are strong and massive, while the median groove is marked by a slightly raised ridge. The third vertebra is thinner in every way; in this respect it agrees with the fourth and fifth. The body is tolerably square, less deep than broad ; the anterior articulating surface single and convex, the posterior broadly concave; the transverse process ring-shaped, compressed antero-posteriorly, and with a backward-arched curve, 218 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY [Feb. 14, very thin at the tip. The perforation is bluntly heart-shaped, with the apex outwards; the upper and inner angle sharpest, curving round the body more than in the lower one. The neural spine is only indicated by a central ridge. The fourth is very similar to the third. The transverse process is not so sharply bent backwards, but it is slightly wider ; the bony ring is broader and thicker. The fifth agrees in general with the preceding ; its transverse process is a little longer than in the fourth, the lower bone of the ring less curved, broader, and with a wider ex- pansion at its inferior angle. The neural arch diminishes in breadth, but the spine is more prominent. Dr. Gray’s figure of the fifth cervical vertebra of P. antiquorum (P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 217, fig. 11) does not quite correspond to the one under description: what he gives as that of P. duguidii closely resembles our specimen, except that the lateral processes do not form a complete ring. In the sixth the body is thicker and flatter ; the abutments of the ring of each lateral process do not pass outwards perpendicularly to one another, the upper being in advance of the under ; the lower is also much thicker. The perforation assumes more the shape of an equilateral triangle than in the third, fourth, and fifth. On the right side its processes of bone are not completely united, being apart from each other for about the extent of an inch; the edges taper towards each other in such a manner as to show this to be a natural deficiency, and not caused by injury. The neural arch is broad, bi- concave behind, and overlapping the next vertebra as in the other cervical. The seventh cervical, in some respects, makes an approach to the first dorsal vertebra. It has a thicker and rounder body than the sixth cervical. The lateral process is not developed below, being merely indicated by a slight tubercle on the body of the vertebra. The single transverse process is directed almost straight outwards from the body ; it is thick and strong, broadest and compressed from before backwards at the tip. The spine of the neural arch begins to be prominent, pointed upwards and a little forwards. Comparative Measurements of the Cervical Vertebrae, in inches. o . . . ~ ~ at .c8F Ss rs > m2 | ms nD a n z ak |.ca8o = a=] 2ia 8 2 D2 38 | See .(2 |= | 3 |e8/8_ 8158s ./sse.| $a) sss BHES|S -1 Se S R/SOSISRES|S RSS) ES (E25 Noof |SSES|FS23| 2 |deliaelgeee|gecd|-c lane vertebra. | 8852/22] $2 3 Palagn|#235|8e2e2\/e2\ee8 £8°o/ 84) 26 s SSISso SSSHe|AGSEIES| S24 Seals go a ASSES SeSS|SealliZelsage Baa = 2 = 2\/o a2)/F ae & 2o o S5 Ses |F 16 = Be. gio ate fh |45/4e2 7 Eye & B\° §) & 5 i 3 USGietetel eters 24 114|103|/3to4| 44] 3 te : 1 43 Dede ch sal 42 | 14 23t04/18 110 | 74 | 34 |4 | 5 Brilpasaans 32 |12 | st! 92 112 ]}10 | 8h | 6 3| 3 ah asad 59.4114 Be FL 19ch WOlts Sh.) 6 sb ade igh 2. 35 | 11 m 11219 | st | 6 | $1 oF Ul eige sia 324 |11 | 8 23 |12 9 8i 63 4| 23 CULE otepaj eet = 30 1l 72| 3 103; 13 oe me Ee eo 1865. ] OF PHYSALUS ANTIQUORUM. 219 The fifteen dorsal vertebree have not such varied characters as the cervical. Their bodies are large, thick, and cylindrical, tolerably equal in size, the average height being about 8 inches, with a width of 112 and a thickness or antero-posterior extent of 11 inches; the articulating surfaces are flattened. The transverse processes come from the upper portion of the bodies. Excepting the few first, these are thin, broad, straight, and flattened from above downwards ; slightly narrowed at their necks, widening and thickening at the outside free margins, which are curved and hollowed according to the extent of indentation or groove for the attachment of the rib. The laminz forming the arch are broad (particularly in the front vertebre), and meet rather high, at an acute angle, forming a large triangular cavity for the spinal cord. The spinous process is of con- siderable size, averaging 11 inches in length and 7 inches in breadth, rather widest at the truncated extremity. Among the first dorsal vertebrze it is inclined forwards, in those further behind sharply backwards, and in the few last so much so as to rake far behind the body. In the anterior vertebre the metapophyses of Owen* arise from the body, where the lamina and transverse process meet, but in the posterior vertebree from the lamina alone. They are narrower at their necks than at their free extremities, and have a direction upwards and forwards. Their average height and breadth is from 4 to 5 inches. Series of Measurements to illustrate the comparative Dimensions of the Dorsal Vertebre, in inches. © °. ees RT =o hn fe A a] 2 |3 |¢ 3 F See. (Sses |S 12 leSles les | zal 28/8/48 SsBeERz| 52 "| Ssiornloes|CHsl Ce Bel eel| oul, oe Ex ao Seal een |solec|cAalatd|a%s flee] 68 Dorsal | SSR S2ISSEl FEISS SS | So |SeoSliS 08 S2/S2| Be) Se vertebre. | 289) 29 3/80] 22) 52| P2/S28)/S25\ colag|/ Pelee SSSSlSsae Sl / Ss] Ss selfee Ssaise sel ssies efisesils |2 |e |7sl=2 |Fa | ee] se) 7el” z O25 lo5a/e [5 2 Ee a a |& Ra = = BS |Ogeis 5 #| 6 | & |e [a Ist....| 32 143 | 11$] 74 | 32 }12 | 2 13 | 4 “i 3 1} 3rd 283 184 | 123) 74 | 53 {102} 33 | 5 bi |] .. | 32] 5th 314 | 223 | 114] 72 | 6% |11¢| 44 | 6 7 Re Ress 7th 323 | 233 1103] 8 | 72/133) 42 | 72 18 |6 14 | 9th 39 23% | 114) 8% | 8$ | 134] 5 7% | 8t | 53] 5 5 11th 39% | 24 {114] 83 | 83 |14 | 5 7% | 73 | 6 53 | 53 13th 393 | 244 | 113 82 | 14 DE | FE [8 GF OSE 15th 344 | 23 {114 83 | 14%] 54 | 8 8 | 63]}5 | 5 The most striking differences in the dorsal vertebree are as fol- lows:—In the first the transverse process is compressed antero- posteriorly, as in the seventh cervical; the articulation for the rib is at its outer extremity, and inclined towards the under surface. In ~ the second the neural spine is large, triangular, the apex pointing for- wards and upwards. The metapophysis begins to be of marked di- * See Prof. Owen’s article “On the Megatherium,” Phil. Trans. 1851, p. 739. 220 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY [Feb. 14, mensions. The articulating facet for the second rib is on the under surface of the transverse process. In the third the neural spine is more blunted than in the second; the transverse process becomes flattened from above downwards, not before backwards as in the two first. The fourth dorsal has a broader truncated spine looking di- rectly upwards; its transverse process is completely flattened, but thick at the outer point for the attachment of the rib. The remainder of the dorsal vertebrz differ so little from each other as not to re- quire any special notice. The lumbar vertebree present few special differences from the dor- sal, only varying somewhat in the proportions of their several parts. The average thickness of the body in each is about 93 inches, but in the last five it is an inch more. The same might be said of their height, while their width is above 12 inches. The spinal canal is lessened in size towards the last. The neural spine slopes rather more backwards than in the dorsal, its truncated extremity is straight and looking directly upwards; but in the last one the truncation is more oblique, the posterior angle of the spine less inclined upwards, but more backwards and downwards. The metapophyses at first are subquadrate, and arise from the base of the neural lamine ; but in the more posterior vertebrae they become conical, are given off higher, and, instead of a direction forwards, rather come to point upwards. The transverse processes are very uniform, flat, thin, straight, and of nearly an equal breadth throughout. Their average length is 14 inches, diminishing to 12 inches in the five hinder ver- tebree ; and their breadth is at narrowest 5 inches, increasing out- wardly to 8 inches. Series of Measurements to illustrate the comparative Dimensions of the Lumbar Vertebre, in inches. o oc . n 5 n mn = 02 se ols ne a 2 n n =| e 3 GES |See a = 3 2 o | 3 he se : . seecleses |B./2 [s8les js |2 | sel eslsblaé Baie ta = eel ois 1] @ es] es ae 4 s aS ml Om Lumbar | © 822/232] 55/29|S3/S5|S os Soslediselse/fele8 bre See ee ales| B3\o5| P2/Sees!25| SS) 52/25) Bslss vertebra.) S55 3/3429). 3) 20 /nu|ss/SS5/S5e/ 4S (So/Se)selea BooO} Ss al’ so|So/SoieealRe Sle" oal/gSimSiES PEEa Sess (|e IT BIFe Ae |e |} eel se al” 3 Lal o ere jogsid |° |§ | #] B | 8 iA jaye | Bl ® 2Qnd..| 414 25 |112) 8%] 921/143) 4% | 6% | 133) 62 | OF) 43 | 42 4th ..| 42 25 |12 | 9 | 94/142) 5 8 13 | 6 93) 42 | 5 6th ..| 40 26 | 123/10 4/14 | 52 | 8F 114 | 53/10 | 3% | 43 8th ..| 39 25 1121) 9 | 92|14 | 52] 8 134] 63 4] 34 | 54 2 d ie |.. 2 a | OF a| ¢ Fa 10th ..| 38% | 252 |12%)10 | 9%) 122) 53 7% | 143] 6 91) 31 | 6 12th ..| 36 242 1122) 103|10 | 123) 53 | 8 |14 | 6 9 | 2% | 52 14th ..} 30 283 |13 | 103) 103 ae -- |14 | 63 | 9 | 33] 5 The caudal vertebrae present are twenty-one in number. The three most anterior of these are chiefly distinguished from the last lumbar by the attachment of the chevron bones; but those behind by degrees alter in form till at length there remains only a small 1865.] OF PHYSALUS ANTIQUORUM. 221 roundish body without processes. This general alteration commences by the neural spine decreasing in length and breadth, and likewise by the transverse processes becoming very much shortened, at the same time broadened and with a direction pointing forwards. While also the neural spine diminishes, it is set more slantingly backwards, and the metapophyses (Owen), which in the anterior vertebra are in comparison insignificant in size, assume extravagant proportions, and ultimately in the posterior vertebrae are the largest of the two; they shift their position so as to reach the summit of the neural laminze, and towards the last actually take the place of the neural spine. The bodies of the first twelve caudal vertebree are rather increased in depth below, the transversely ovoid form in the lumbar being here more triangular or carinated ventrally. The special differences among the caudal vertebree are in the first to the fifteenth having parapophyses and facets for the attach- ment of the chevron bones. In the fourth the neural spine shortens very considerably ; the metapophyses are strong and point upwards ; the lower groove in the body is deepened, and there are four para- pophyses, the two posterior having articulating facets. From the seventh to the eleventh vertebre there is a wonderful decrease in the size of the neural spine and transverse processes, which latter are reduced to a mere ridge in the eleventh ; these last have all, never- theless, a perforation through them. In the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth vertebree the neural spines diminish ‘to little better than mere prominences, the metapophysés being the larger of the two. The parapophyses (two from each body) are perforated laterally at the middle. The transverse processes are only indicated by a slight elevation of the bone, which is pierced by a small foramina in the twelfth and thirteenth; but in the fourteenth this is altered to a groove. The fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth present only ovoid or compressed discoidal bodies, processes or prominences being want- ing; on their outer sides, however, there are scattered several large foramina. In the remaining vertebree, which include the eighteenth, nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first caudal, the minimum of size is reached. Their bodies are short, thick, and somewhat quadran- gular, with no processes, though in the last there is a slight promi- nence on its neural aspect. Besides a lateral depression and _per- foration, they have on the under surface a single central foramina ; this exists from the fifteenth vertebra on till the twenty-first, where there are two. 222 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY [Feb. 14, Series of Measurements to illustrate the comparative Dimensions of the Caudal Vertebre, in inches. a) ° | Oe Ins ee fe ie s gis |ebs|/* lz |2 | Slae/2 |# [28/38 So> eve] a ED FSI |) Spy |= s me |S 2 SE 2 wy |S a ba! =~ e[4./So|/39)} ea cS) Pade) ie SESS |Seae| 25/25/85) 28/88) 85/os/ 28) 56 Caudal vertebree.| 2 © 22/5 S58 |FS/SS/S8|/ So /5e/S8|S8|/esioe S553/S22s|28| Selenl selesl|sels2!l ss| ss Beee|S88S| 87 |ss| 8s) 82) ss|S°|S7| ee/ ss Se28/Sleegle (S°|e°\Aea\/ee|/2 1S | 88)] 88 oes lSkanl& |o |e B/Ss/8 |z |oelds oR. (eo |S oO Siee oa noe dist stele yon 28 30 122}113|102| 7 | 63 |14 | 63 | 44 | 3h oS ee 26 272 1122/12 |102/6 | 62/12 |5 | 4 | 32 Bi pckars 931 | 222 113 1122/102/5 | 521] 7 | 32 | 32 | 32 Gi ena 18 90: [13 |112/103}4 17 | 6 | 22) 4 | 4 Oth hee. 15 19 -/13 }113/10 | 2}|6 | 33/2 | 32 | 33 Igh:sagcewe 123 | 153 |113/103| 9 | 14/5 | 3} 1 | 23] QB 13th Svea 10 14 110) LORS abe dof oof OIE EL) Bee The bodies of the remaining caudal vertebre are as follows :— Greatest | Greatest width, height. Gin noes ee a Ss ok 74 33 PT) OSS 74 33 Leer putida ees 6 3} LO ileliach ackie tb naar dt 5 3 5 a A eR 4 2 FA She yee See iee AM ae 2 The number of the chevron bones is fourteen; but from the cor- responding vertebral facets one would believe them to have been ori- ginally fifteen. The first and second have moderate-sized laminze ; a sharp-edged keel, long and tapering in front, shorter and more rounded behind ; both processes more produced in the first bone. The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth are considerably larger, each some- what oblong in shape, their depth being greatest ; the antero-poste- rior projections not prominent. In the seventh the laminze are very much stronger and thicker, the articulating facets of great breadth, considering the size of the bone. In the eighth, ninth, and tenth there is a slight return to the shape of the first and second. The laminze, however, are broader in comparison with these last : the keel is roughened at the junction with the lamine ; at the same time it is thinner, deeper, and shaped not unlike the sternum of a bird, sharp pointed in front; it is not so long and tapering as in the two first ; the posterior projection likewise is concave instead of convex. The laminz of the eleventh and twelfth are much shorter in depth ; the keel processes not prominent, although the bones are longest in this diameter. On the whole, they are solidified, and of an opposite oblong form to the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth. The thirteenth and fourteenth bones diminish much in size, but they are thicker in proportion ; they approach the triangular in figure ; the front articu- lations are very long and sloping, and these occupy the greater part 1865. ] OF PHYSALUS ANTIQUORUM, 223 of the upper and anterior surfaces. The keel in both is very thick, in the fourteenth grooved on its under edge. The following numbers represent, in inches, the greatest vertical and horizontal diameters of the whole of these chevron bones :— Greatest | Greatest height. length. BETIS fi W eter rer stovel area aterm e ayers + 132 Seder! Ab anor ROS GOO! 93 OF SD TEGS tre oraletaye ei soin 9 iene « 12 103 Iowa doer AHAB AteeDe 114 10 HSUUG Teeetetatars siciaustste sve asic’ 103 10 URLS cera ais)sicisic tele cia, a's 9 11 REVOAU 34 Qode Bc dEOOCeOe 10 10 Highth ..... Saleh nip ain 10 8 ISTE 546 Sb aR OOD One 9 8 AGN Saard nn eoueonenen 8 7% Hileventiaaetsietelsialaialele(eleiars « 7 7z TE weltiliiesarstsvmatelslvaya's sieves 6 7k Thirteenth: 1.2.5. 000%0 54 6 Fourteenth.............- 3k 5 There are fifteen ribs on either side ; they pass by a series of gra- duated changes in thickness, breadth, and curve from the first to the fifteenth. The general form of the first, looking upon its broad surface, is that of a slightly unequal arch. From its indistinct angle it makes a short quick turn towards the head, while the sternal end slopes with a wide bend to form the opposite longer limb of the arch. The head and sternal ends have each a slight twist inwards and backwards ; so that although nearly flat, the whole rib is not entirely in a ver- tical plane. The head itself is simple, somewhat roundish, broad, and undivided (fig. 4, no. 1), The articular surface extends the whole length of the broad terminal edge. There is a wide groove between the tuberosity and rudimentary angle. The sternal end of the rib is broadened and terminally truncated. Specimens of the first rib of this species hitherto described differ from each other in the development of the capitular process. The Rosherville and Antwerp specimens* have the head rounded and broad ; the specimen at the Alexandra Park and another lately ex- hibited near the Eastern Counties Railway, but now in the possession of the College of Surgeons, have, on the other hand, the process developed to a remarkable extent. In the second rib the head is somewhat triangular in shape, termi- nating inwards in an elongated beak-like capitular process ; the whole set at right angles to the long diameter of the body of the rib (fig. 4, no. 2). Its entire upper surface forms the articulating surface, which is concave. The tuberosity is well marked, as also the angle of the rib. The body of this rib is almost a third longer than the * W. H. Flower, ‘On the Skeletons of Whales in the Museums of Holland and Belgium,” Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 415. 224 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY [Feb. 14, first one, and it makes a long sweeping curve which terminates in a tapering manner, truncated, however, at the very extremity ; the lower portion is twisted forwards from the general plane of the rib. The second rib, unlike the first, appears to be pretty constant in shape in different individuals. Fig. 4. Heads of the first four ribs. The outlines of the heads of the first and second ribs of Benedenia knoxit, figured by Dr. Gray (P. Z. 8S. 1864, p. 214, fig. 8 4, 1, 2), are very like those of this Rosherville specimen. In Megaptera (p. 210, fig. 7a) and in Stbbaldius (p. 224, figs. 16, 17, 18), how- ever, they are quite characteristic of the genus. The body of the third rib is on the whole much the same as the second, except that the sternal extremity tapers more gradually. The capitular process, so marked in the second, is here shortened, the head becoming rhomboidal in shape (fig. 4, no. 3). The arti- culating surface is not so extensive, and the tuberosity is less promi- nent ; the angle is at a greater distance from the vertebral extremity, and the neck is more marked. The fourth rib follows the general pattern of the second and third; but the head alters more in a line with the body (fig. 4, no. 4). The articulating surface is shorter, more vertically placed, and less pointed below and within; the angle is more bulky, but not so sharp. The sternal tapering end is enlarged in width, and it has an increased backward curve. The fifth is narrower, but very similar to the fourth. The angle increases in distance, but is less acute. The sternal extremity is con- siderably bent inwards towards the cavity of the thorax. The sixth and seventh decrease in width ; otherwise the curves are very similar to the fifth. The eighth, ninth, and tenth agree pretty much with each other; the body becomes more rounded. The angle nearly disappears in the eleventh. The twelfth is like the eleventh, but 1865.] OF PHYSALUS ANTIQUORUM. 225 more slender. The thirteenth is compressed from before backwards. The fourteenth is thinner and more delicate, though almost as broad as the three ribs that go before it ; it is not ridged, but there is a slight break in the posterior border of the upper curve (as likewise in the thirteenth), which in the next or last rib takes a backward arch. The fifteenth, like the first and second, has individual peculiari- ties. The body of the rib is well developed, and not much shorter than the fourteenth and the others in advance. It has a roundish head ; and the neck is so twisted that what is the outer surface in the ribs before it, here comes to look backwards; and at this part it is flattened. There is no angle. The upper third of the body is bent in an arched form backwards and slightly outwards; then the rib broadens and flattens, while the backward arch is reversed forwards, forming in the middle a wide anterior sweep, which, as it approaches the free abdominal extremity, curves again backwards, tapering to a falciform termination. The rib has thus three grand curves and twists, giving it a remarkable, sinuous charactér. The accompanying table shows at one view the relative propor- tions of the ribs on one side; and in this manner the peculiarities of each are well demonstrated. Greatest length Greatest : Greatest | Breadth| Breadth | Breadth Ribs. following length in | Diameter] breadth of about the of outer border | a straight | of chord. of neck. middle free of arch, line. head. of rib. point. M Stiyim 6 ofa 53 43 10 6 5 44-5 53 2nd 68 61 16 94 6 41-5 Bt 3rd 82 72 17 6 yelp DS Ey 4th 88 78 2 5 44/54 | 32 5th 90 80 23 4} oF 3-34 32 6th 91 803 24 32 3 34 3 7th . 92 81 4 3 3-31 | 8 8th 89 80 164 | 4 23 | 3-91 | on 9h ....! 86 77 Lage ae) gee ti gy li 10th ae 75 4 2% | 8-9) 12 11th 72 4 24 | 3-2) | 1h 12th 65 22 2 33-21 14 13th . ; 63 eS . } Beet | ie 14th . 63 =. AE 15th 633 de Urtpp vg 1% The sternum is a strong solid bone; somewhat cruciform, widest transversely, with concave borders. The anterior projection is broadly rounded ; the lateral projections are flatly conical ; the posterior is somewhat similar, but narrower, circular, and taper-pointed. In front the central surface is slightly hollowed, the anterior and poste- rior processes are moderately bent forwards ; So that on looking on the sternum sideways it has a concave appearance in front, with the lateral expansions thrown backwards. Its greatest length is 17!, and breadth 22". Across the base of the anterior projection there is a breadth of 9", of the lateral processes 52", and of the posterior Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. XV. 226 ON THE ANATOMY OF PHYSALUS ANTIQUORUM. [Feb. 14, 5"; while the length of this last is 8". The thickest part of the bone is as much as 2inches. In Physalus antiquorum the sternum appears to vary considerably in its shape, size, and relative propor- tions. For example, the specimen now at the College of Surgeons is 17" long by 21" broad, that at the Alexandra Park 24" long by 213" in breadth, and the Antwerp specimen 24" long by 19! broad (Flower, loc. cit. p. 415). The scapula is broad and flat, with only the rudiment of a spine, represented by a ridge which forms part of the anterior border. The base or spinal border is a long depressed arch ; the anterior bor- der is nearly straight, the posterior one more concave. The inner surface has eight diminutive ridges, spread fan-like for the attach- ment of the subscapularis muscle. The greatest breadth of the bone, in a direct line between the angles of the spinal border, is 47"; the length in the opposite direction, to the glenoid cavity, 27 inches. The coracoid process is acuminated and pretty solid; length 6", basal breadth 32 inches. The acromion juts out in.a direction almost pa- rallel with the coracoid process and spinal border ; it is 10" long, and 43" at its widest, which is towards the outer end, where it is flat- tened, and with a moderate bend towards the ribs, The glenoid cavity is shallow and oval-shaped ; the antero-posterior diameter 10", and the transverse 7 inches. Circumference round the neck of bone 293 inches. The humerus is very thick, and oblong in shape, with a massive rounded head, at the base of which is a groove just sufficient to in- dicate a neck. The shaft alters little in thickness; it is flattened outwardly with a central oval depression 3 by 23 inches in diameter ; the opposite surface of the bone hasa bulky prominence. The con- dyles are lost in two broad articulating facets, which approach each other in a very open V-shaped manner ; there is a third facet (the trochlea) in lateral juxtaposition with the olecranon process. The dimensions of the humerus are as follows :— Greatest length 19", the same on the ulnar side 17", and on the radial side 165"; greatest breadth at the head 123!'; breadth of the narrowest portion of the shaft 93", and at the lower part (condyles) 103"; circumference of neck 293", the same at middle of shaft 25". The radius has a straight, smooth, compressed shaft, a little widened at either extremity ; the head and neck are not well defined. Its measurements are :—greatest length 30!; breadth at head 72", circumference of same 193"; diameter at middle of shaft 53", cir- cumference of same 133!; diameter of shaft at lower extremity 173", circumference of same 173". The ulna, like the radius, is compressed both in the shaft and extremities, but most considerably at the lower end. The olecranon is prominent, and placed laterally and posteriorly to the shaft of the bone; it has a flattened semilunar shape. In greatest breadth the ulna is 32"; the circumference at the neck of the shaft 133!; the diameter at the middle of the shaft is 4'', the circumference of the same 103; width at the lower extremity 6", circumference of same 14", The greatest length of the olecranon process, taken diagonally, 1865.] LETTER FROM DR. J. KIRK. 227 is 9’; the outer side of the same, parallel with the diameter of the shaft, 6", and the outer curve of the same process 10’. Breadth of the olecranon at middle 4"; the same tangentally at the neck and its circumference 15". The five carpal bones have a very considerable thickness in rela- tion to their breadths, and each has five articulating facets. The comparative superficies of three of these taken separately are, of one of them in length and breadth 33" by 3", thickness 13"; of a second 3" by 3! in diameter, and 23" thick; of the third 3 by 2", and 22" thick. The metacarpal bones and phalanges are so imperfect and badly mounted that no dependence can be placed either on their number or position. The hyoid bone presents no marked divergence from the shape usual in Physalus. The body is compressed and with an anterior convexity. The anterior cornua are W-shaped, and with a moderate- sized notch, which is more pointed and narrower than in Sibdaldius. The thyrohyals are large, and thrown backwards from the body as much as 8 inches at their tips; they are thickest at their middle, and abruptly truncated at their extremities: these also differ from those of Siébaldius both in general thickness and in the direction in which they are produced from the body of the bone. The mea- surements of the hyoid are the following :—Greatest width in a straight line 34", and following the outer curve 39"; greatest length from before backwards 103". Length of body to fork of cleft 72! ; breadth of the body 6". Small or anterior cornua, in length 31".. Greater cornua (thyrohyals), breadth tangentially at the roots 6! ; circumference at same 13", and at their tips 9. The whole bone is light in comparison with its size. The pelvic bones are wanting. February 28, 1865. Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. Mr. Fraser exhibited two eggs of the Rose-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua rosacea, Lath.), which had been laid a few days since by a bird in captivity, being, as he believed, the first record of the kind. Mr. Fraser remarked that the bird was very tame, and a good talker (thus answering the oft-repeated inquiry whether hen Parrots talk), and that his friend, William Goodwin, Esq., also had a very good talking Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua sul- phurea, Gmel.), which had laid two eggs in 1839. A letter was read from Dr. John Kirk, Corresponding Member, containing the following reply to the observations of Dr. W. Peters, Foreign Member, in the ‘Society’s Proceedings,’ 1864, p. 377, rela- ting to Gerrhosaurus robustus :— 228 DR. H. BURMEISTER ON A NEW PORPOISE. [Feb. 28, “From a letter of Dr. W. Peters in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zool. Soc.’ 1864, p. 377, I find that a casual word of mine has given that gentleman some annoyance which on my part was not intended. “On handing over the Reptiles collected by me in Eastern Tropical Africa to the British Museum, Dr. Gray remarked that one of them, Gerrhosaurus robustus, was, according to Dr. Peters, named ‘Caazia i by the natives of Tete. « T had not then seen Dr. Peters’s paper ‘On the Reptiles of Mos- sambique,’ and I remarked that this word meant in the native lan- guage ‘I don’t know.’ To this I attached no importance, nor was it meant for publication ; still less was I aware that the word ‘ Caaiia’ had been a misprint. “Dr. Livingstone writes me thus :—‘ Mr. Moffat has been collect- ing words in the Sechuana language for the last forty-three years, and finds new ones every week. In eight years I had upwards of seven thousand, and rejected many hundreds either as uncouth or to me quite useless. I think there were eleven names for a lion, and no end of words meaning different shades of fools”! “ Dr. Peters has referred me to a vocabulary of the Mozambique languages, published by Dr. Wm. H. J. Black, from manuscripts of his and from other materials, now including minerals. Only about 900 words are given here, whereas, judging from what Dr. Living- stone says of the Sechuana, this dialect must contain an equal num- ber of terms; and no one could, in my opinion, in nine months col- lect even the common expressions. Let me assure Dr. Peters that there is no necessity for supposing that the language has changed since 1845, because one word is omitted from his vocabulary. “The word ‘ penu,’ which Dr. Peters gives as signifying ‘ I don’t know,’ does so only inferentially, and means literally ‘ perhaps,’ ‘it may be,’ ‘possibly.’ There are other expressions more definite, and in common use. “In regard to the last part of Dr. Peters’s letter, I will remark that the majority of Tette fowls live in the huts of the people, and not on erches. And I may remind him of the wide-spread idea in Africa that the bite of the Chameleon (Chameleon dilepis) is venomous to man, although it possesses no means of inflicting more than a slight squeeze with its weak jaws. He will therefore possibly concede that the same people may believe that the Gerrhosaurus kills fowls.” The following papers were read :— 1. DescRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF PORPOISE IN THE Museum or Buenos Ayres. By Dr. H. Burmeister, F.M.Z.S8. PHOCZNA SPINIPINNIS, sp. Nov. The animal has the general figure of the common European spe- cies, but differs entirely in the position of the dorsal fin, which is placed further backwards, and has spines on the upper edge. The whole body is black, without any other colour, and the sur- 1865.] DR. H. BURMEISTER ON A NEW PORPOISE. 229 face of the skin is transversely striated with fine excavated lines, like the inside of the human hand. The upper lip is somewhat shorter than the under, and the figure of the mouth, on both sides, rather curved behind; the length of the opening is 8} centim. on each side. From the hinder corner of the mouth the eye is distant 7 centim., and from the eye to the beginning of the pectoral fin is 16 centim. The opening of the nose has the form of a broad trans- verse ridge, somewhat curved forwards ; it is 3 centim. broad, and 16 centim. distant from the top of the upper lip. The figure of the whole body is fusiform, but much more elongated behind than be- fore ; it measures from the top of the upper lip to the notch of the tail-fin 162 centim., and the circumference of the thickest part of the body, at the middle, is 102 centim. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. The distance from the nasal aperture to the beginning of the dor- sal fin is 84 centim. ; but the elevation of this fin is so gradual, that it is difficult to say exactly where it begins. The figure of the whole fin is triangular, somewhat curved forwards near the end, and its height 14 centim. (see fig. 1). This curving forwards is a peculiar and very distinguishing character of the Species, as is also the clothing of the anterior margin of the fin with small spines. These spines are not different from the skin, but elevations of the skin itself, like small angles, of an elongated-oval form. I have figured part of the middle (where the spines are most elevated) as seen from above (see fig. 2), to show that every spine is surrounded by a ridge of the skin, and that from the sides of the lateral spines other ridges begin. Some small spines begin in the middle of the back, at the distance of 25 centim. in front of the fin, as a single line of moderate spines ; but soon another line begins on each side, so that in the beginning of the fin there are already three lines of spines. These three lines are continued over the whole rounded anterior margin of the fin, and are augmented on both sides by other small spines irregularly scattered, so that the whole number of spine-lines in the middle of the fin is five. Towards the end of the fin they become smaller, and on the rounded tip of the fin there are no spines at all. From the hinder margin of the dorsal fin to the notch of the tail-fin is 54 centim. The tail-fin is 39 centim. broad, and each fluke 20 centim. long on the anterior margin. This margin is some- what curved backwards, and the hinder margin sinuated. 230 DR. H. BURMEISTER ON A NEW PORPOISE. ([Feb. 28, The underside of the body is somewhat more curved and extended than the upper side, and the tail more descending. The anus is situated under the beginning of the dorsal fin, 70 centim. distant from the notch of the tail-fin. The individual seems to be a very young one, because all vestiges of genital organs are wanting in the exterior. The anus has a dozen radial folds, of which the largest, 6 centim. long, runs forwards; all are very deep, and transversely ridged. The pectoral fin is faleated, 26 centim. long and 10 broad. At its proximal end there are many fine ridges in the skin, and in the middle part are ridges indicating the finger-bones beneath. The skull proves that the animal is a very young one, and that it has come perhaps only to half its natural size; because all the bones are very weak, not perfectly ossified, and the vomer entirely cartilaginous. It has the general figure of the skull of the European Phocena, dif- fering principally in the form of the hinder part of the intermaxil- lary bones, which is more abruptly elevated in this new species than in the European (see figs. 4 & 5). is, 5s gy” Side view of the skull of Phocena spinipinnis, reduced one-third. The upper jaw has sixteen small teeth, and the lower jaw seventeen, on each side, there being no vestige of an alveolar ridge behind them in either jaw. The first teeth are smaller and conical, the hinder broader and truncated, as seen in figures 3 & 4. This is another cha- racter distinguishing it from the European species, the skull of a young individual of the latter, which I examined, had twenty-four teeth in the upper jaw, and twenty-five in the lower, in both extending more towards the hinder part of the jaw than in the new species. The specimen of P. spinipinnis which is preserved in the public Museum of Buenos Ayres, was captured in the mouth of the River 1865.] DR. H. DOHRN ON THE MOLLUSKS OF THE ZAMBESI. 231 Fig. 5. Skull of Phocena spinipinnis, seen from above, reduced one-third. Plata, and was afterwards exhibited in Buenos Ayres to the public, some years before [ came to this country. Length of the whole skull, 29 centim. Breadth between the orbits, 17 centim. Length of the external margin of the upper jaw, 12 centim. ; of the lower jaw, 22 centim. Note.—The tympanic bone is lost ; the figure is therefore defective in this part. 2. List or THE LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF THE ZAM- BESI AND LAKE Nyassa, EASTERN TrRopicaL AFRICA, COL- LECTED By JoHN Kirk, M.D., F.L.S., &c. By Dr. H. Dourn. [The following list of land and freshwater shells, collected by me on the Zambesi and Lake Nyassa, has been drawn up by Dr. H. Dohrn, who has kindly undertaken their examination and description. The Unionide of the lake having previously been described and figured by Isaac Lea, in a paper read before the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, April 12th, 1864, are not here included. They numbered six species, and one still remains undescribed. Of the twenty-four species noticed in this list by Dr. Dohrn, seven prove new to science, thirteen have been known before, and four be- long to difficult families. To each species I have added the localities where found. 232 DR. H. DOHRN ON THE MOLLUSKS OF THE ZAMBESI. (Feb. 28, I take this opportunity to correct an error in the “ List of Mam- malia met with in Zambesia,” where no. 24 should be Lycaon ve- naticus instead of Otocyon lalandii, as there given.—J. K.] 1. Hewicea. 1. Herix MosAMBICENSIS, Pfr. From Mozambique, Zambesi, near Tete, and Lake Nyassa, under the bark of trees and among rocks. 2. SrrePTAXis KIRKII, Dohrn, n. sp. Testa perforata, depresso-piriformis, tenuis, subtiliter oblique striata, epidermide cereo-albida induta ; spira obtuse conoidea, lateralis ; sutura impressa, submarginata; anfr. 6, convexius- culi, supert regulares, 2 ultimi lateraliter valde deviantes, penultimus latere aperturali deplanatus; apertura subverti- calis, lunaris, edentula; peristomium simplex, mediocriter ex- pansum, margine columellari reflexo. Diam. maj. ;;, min. 7%, alt. 7%, apert. diam. } poll. j From a small rocky island in Lake Nyassa, named “ Mumba,” in lat. 14° south. Only dead shells were found, imbedded under decay- ing vegetable matter. 3. Ennea Lavicata, Dohrn, n. sp. Testa sinuate rimata, cylindrica, solidula, levigata, sub epider- mide cereo-albida ; apex obtusus; sutura impressa, simplex ; anf. 8-9, vir convexi, ultimus antice subascendens, basi angu- latus et biscrobiculatus ; apertura via obliqua, oblongo-rotun- data, plicis 5 coarctata, | lamelliformi subverticali in angulo insertionis, 1 profunda transversa ad columellam, 1 parva den- tiformi in margine sinistro, 2 valde appropinquatis in margine dextro, supera majore, tuberculata, infera minore ; peristomium undique reflecum expansiusculum. Long. ;®;, lat. 4, apert. diam. =; poll. Hab. Cum precedente. 4, ACHATINA LAMARCKIANA, Pfr. 5, ACHATINA PANTHERA, Fér. Both from Mozambique and Zambesi. 6. BuLiminus stictus, Martens. 7. BuLIMINUS CATENATUS, Martens. Both species found under the bark of trees during the dry season, along with Helix mosambicensis. 8. Buxtimrnus xrrk1l, Dohrn, n. sp. Testa rimato-perforata, oblongo-conica, tenuis, dense et subtiliter striata, subdiaphana, griseo-cornea ; spira turrito-conica, apice obtusulo; anf.7,modice convexi,ultimus spira brevior, basi rotun- datus, circa umbilicum subcristatus; columella verticalis ; aper- 1865.] DR. H. DOHRN ON THE MOLLUSKS OF THE ZAMBESI. 233 tura via obliqua, ovalis; peristomium simplex, vie expansum, margine collumellari late dilatato. Long. +3, diam. 74,5 apert. 7; longa, 7°; poll. lata. _ Found in Mozambique, on the mainland, near Cabaceira. 2. CyCLOSTOMACEA. 9. CycLosToMUS CALCAREUS, Sowerb. Near Tete, and on the Nyassa Lake, commonly in rocky places. 3. LIMNZACEA. 10. Paysorsis AFRICANA, Krauss. 11. Limn#A NATALENSIS, Krauss. Both from Lake Nyassa. Besides these, there are in the collection two species of Planordis, one Limnea, and one Physa which I could not name, but which I would not undertake to describe as new, not being sufficiently sup- plied with literature on this very difficult family. 4. AMPULLARIACEA. 12. LANISTES PURPUREUS, Jonas. Mozambique, in a lagoon near Cabageira Grande. 13. LANISTES OvuM, Peters. The Zambesi and Lake Nyassa (unusually large specimens). 14. Lanisres nyassanvus, Dohrn, sp. nov. Testa imperforata, globosa, crassa, olivacea, nitida, striis incre- menti sculpta; spira valde depressa, interdum plana ; anfrac- tus convexiusculi, interdum ad suturam obtusi angulati, ultimus magnus, ventrosus, supra deplanatus, angulatus, tum convexus, basi attenuatus ; columella arcuata, callosa ; apertura obovata, intus carnea, nitidissima ; operculum castaneum, corneum. Diam. maj. 3, min. 22 ; apert. diam. maj. 2, min. 14 poll. This large shell was found in considerable numbers near the south end of Nyassa, and among the roots of Papyrus near the small Lake Pamolombue, through which the Shiré flows after leav- ing the great lake. It was not found on the Zambesi or in any other locality. 5. PALUDINACEA. 15. PALUDINA BULIMOIDES, Oliv. River Rovuma. 16. Patupina porta, Frauenfeld. Lake Nyassa. I feel inclined to suspect that the Paludina bulimoides has been mixed up with the shells from the lake, being the only North- African form which I found among them. Should it nevertheless 234 DR.H.DOHRN ON THE MOLLUSKS OF THE ZAMBESI. [Feb. 28, really occur there, it would turn out to be the only freshwater shell occurring in the Nile and the South-African rivers, with the excep- tion of the following :— 17. MeLaniA TUBEBCULATA, Mueller, Which is an inhabitant of Syria, India, Ceylon, &c. &c., as well as of Lake Nyassa. 18. Mexanta nopicrncta, Dohrn, n. sp. Testa turrita, solida, olivacea, longitudinaliter et transverse cos- tata, costis transversis arcuatis, nodiferis, anfractuum supe- riorum nodis tri- vel quadri-seriatis, in anfractu ultimo nodulorum serie una accedente, basi liris angustis 8-10 circum- scripta ; sutura distincte impressa; anfractus subplani, lente accrescentes ; apertura piriformis, labri parte basali modice producta. Long. 14, diam. anf. ult. 54; ; apert. long. ;4, lat. + poll. Among rushes and papyrus near the south end of Lake Nyassa, and in the upper part of the River Shiré, where it flows from it. 19. Mevanra vicror1#, Dohrn, sp. nov. Testa turrito-pyramidata, solida, pallide olivacea, punctis cas- taneis adspersa, sublevigata; sutura distinctissima, dupli- cata; anfractus plani, ultimus medio angulatus, basi 6-8 sulcis cireumdatus ; apertura intus cerulescens, piriformis ; labrum basi valde productum. Long. 4, diam. anfr. ult. ;5, ; apert. long. 4, lat. =%, poll. From the rapids above the Victoria Falls of the Zambesi, where it occurred in numbers with a Paludina and Unio, both of which were lost. 6. VENERIDE. 20. CyrENA ASTARTINA, Martens. Lake Nyassa, the Shiré, and Zambesi. I regret very much that there are no Unionide in the collection which I got for examination. All I can state from the above list is, that the conchological fauna of Lake Nyassa seems to belong to the same region with Natal; but most of the freshwater species from the lake having turned out to be hitherto unknown, and some of the other species having been found by Capt. Speke and others far more northwards, it is rather difficult to come to any conclusion from the present collection. 1865.] MR. PARKER ON THE OSTEOLOGY OF MICROGLOSSA. 235 3. On THE OsTEOLOGY OF MICROGLOSSA ALECTO. By W. K. Parker, F.Z.S. Having been busy of late with the study of the skull and its development in the Ostrich tribe, Iam the more sensitive to the peculiar ornithic excellences of the Parrot family. Indeed, but for their livery, it could hardly have been supposed that these opposite creatures belonged to one house: they are the most perfectly anti- thetical of all the feathered tribes. Judged by the mere power of flight, the Parrots would not be accounted worthy to stand in so high a position; but this is only one, among many, of the talents possessed by birds of noble degree. Like all those who glory in “‘ high degree,” the Parrots have a poor relation or two to abate their pride. The Owl-billed Parrot (Strigops habroptilus) of New Zealand is as lowly as “‘ the younger son of a younger brother.” If birds were to be classified by the sternum only, then the Sérigops should be put near the Apterya, and the Tinamou attached to the train of tht Peacock. If birds be ranked according to the degree of their intelligence, then, without controversy, the familiar Crows and Starlings, Finches, and Singing-birds may take the highest room ; but if power of flight, mere brute strength, and savage audacity shall be considered most decent and becoming to a bird, then let the Eagles and Falcons sit on the throne of the feathered kingdom. But there are qualities, dear to the morphologist, in which the Parrots have the preemi- nence, and stand higher, as Birds, than all other birds ; and although, all things considered, the Crow is the best type and model with which to compare the whole plumy brotherhood, yet in many things the Parrot is a bird of birds ; he is an ultra-type, and sets bounds to the class to which he belongs. But this bird, with the wise and solemn face of an Elephant, has, like us, its chief and best qualities resident in its head; and if the skull of an Ostrich be compared with that of the most psittacine of the Parrots, the difference will appear almost as great as exists be- tween a larva and an imago. The type under consideration is one in which the characters of the Parrot, and indeed the characters of a Bird, as such, are carried to their highest pitch. I have long been familiar with this highest kind of Psittacine skull in the genera Plyctolophus and Calypto- rhynchus (see Cat. Mus. Coll. Surg. vol. i. pp. 277, 278, nos. 1440 & 1445), and have recently discovered it in the Grass-Parakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus); but the genus Microglossa carries it to the fullest degree. , The teleologist might write a fair volume on the fitnesses dis- played in the skull of this bird; but the adaptive conditions are of secondary importance to him who would trace the clue of morpho- logical unity through the mazes of nature’s unutterable variety. The first thing that strikes the eye of the observer is the cleaving of a great transverse cleft through the whole face, in front of the eyes, leaving the enormously developed intermaxillary apparatus, en- 236 MR. W. K. PARKER ON THE [Feb. 28, closing the vestibular parts of the olfactory organs, on one hand, and the skull, maxillary apparatus, and true olfactory region, on the other. Then we see that not only is the eye bounded beneath by a blending of the lachrymal with the postfrontal, but the latter is an- chylosed to the squamosal also ; and thus, with the true zygomatic arch below, we have three pairs of facial bridges. But the deep, steep-sided, beautifully arched intermaxillaries, the fair, broad fore- head, the well-roofed eyebrows, the perfectly bony orbit, and a man- dible such as the eye searches for in vain elsewhere—all these are outstanding characters in the highest type of Parrots, and, above all, in the genus Microglossa. The huge, mobile face is but one bone in the adult, and yet it is composed of a great variety of parts that have become blended into one thick mass, perfectly void of sutures. The nasals, intermaxil- laries, prevomers (the vomer is not developed in the Psittacidee), the nasal septum, the inferior turbinals, and the alee nasi, all these go to form this large compound bone. There are, therefore, six splint bones; and the axial bones are four for the septum, two (at least) for the inferior turbinals, and two for the ale nasi, thus making eight more, or fourteen bones in all. The highly complex skull also is completely fused into one bone, and it has in it the separate parts that form the auditory and olfactory sense-capsules. But the original attachment of the pieces of the arrested palato-pterygoid arch is loosened so as to let the ascending (proximal or orbital) pro- cess of the palatine lie half an inch below its proper foundation, viz. the pars plana or antorbital. Anteriorly, the palatine is thick and transversely expanded, and its convex elliptical end fits in a glenoid cavity in the end of the prevomer of the same side. Further back, at its proximal plate, it is two-thirds of an inch high, it scarcely becomes less than half an inch ; and its emarginate hinder end reaches to behind the ‘membrana tympani,” full a quarter of an inch be- hind the somewhat slender rod-like pterygoids. The latter bones, although an inch in length, are thus completely overlapped by the palatines. The small, late-appearing mesopterygoids have early coa- lesced with each other, and they have united also with the front corner of the basicranial edge of the left palatine. The malar bone articu- lates, like its axis, the palatine, with the prevomer. The epiptery- goid process of the pterygoid is obsolete ; the metapterygoid pro- cess of the quadrate bone is small, conical, and anteriorly placed, as in its autogenous counterpart in the non-venomous Serpents. The hinge-convexity of the quadrate bone is semicircular; the cupped process for the jugal is large and projecting; and a well-developed, outstanding, oval condyle is received by the cup at the end of the pterygoid. The heads of the os quadratum—answering to the crura of our anvil-bone (‘incus”)—are well developed, but do not stand as in other birds; for that which is related to the sympletic cartilage of the stapes is directly inside the outer or prootic head. In birds generally, this incus-head projects far backwards, overlapping the opisthotic, and overshadowing the auditory “ fenestra,” to articu- late with the exoccipital. The splints of the lower jaw, ten in 1865. ] OSTEOLOGY OF MICROGLOSSA: 237 number, have all become one piece, as unlike as possible to the simple Meckelian rod on which they were modelled. The sym- physis is an inch in extent, and the bone is transversely flattened below, so as to be an inch wide at what should be the intermandi- bular angle; this is, there, a gently concave transverse margin having a rounded edge. The greatest height of the mandible is 1z inch; the angular process passes further back than the exocci- pital. The occipital condyle is an extremely neat hemisphere. The scooped occipital plane forms a very obtuse angle with the basis cranii, which latter region is very small, triangular, and protected by sharp ridges that meet at the fore angle of the coalesced basitem- porals, below the small, closely placed Eustachian Openings. At first the “rostrum” of the basisphenoid is sharply carinate, then it becomes thick, rounded, and covered with articular cartilage, under which the palatines and anterior ends of the pterygoids glide. The height of the skull is so great that, although the hemispheres of the brain lie down between the eyes more than.in most birds, yet the compressed rostrum of the basisphenoid and the lower edge of the perpendicular ethmoid do, together, make a great keel, larger than the sternal keel of the Love-bird (Agapornis pullaria). The ante- rior pterygoid processes are thrown out of relation to the pterygoids, which grow no spur to answer to them; they are dull forthstanding prickles. The exoccipitals are not nearly so much scooped to make a drum-cavity as in the smaller Parrots ; the tympanics, like the columellz, are lost. The main piece is large in some of the smaller kinds. In front of the great cranio-facial hinge, the nasals and nasal processes of the intermaxillaries are converted into the merest swollen sponge; behind the hinge, on each side, the lachrymals are also swollen; but the frontals dip to form a valley between the or- bits. Then there is a pair of frontal, and anothey pair of parietal, smooth, large, rounded swellings, with a shallow, equally smooth valley between them. The width of the head is nearly two inches at the point where the postorbital process of the frontal melts into the postorbital spur of the alisphenoid (post-frontal proper). Below and behind this point it is more than two inches wide. The junction of the thick quadrate splint (squamosal) with the post-frontal spur is so extensive as almost to cover in the small heart-shaped “ temporal fossa.” This bridge of bone is half an inch across. The optic fora- mina are about one-third of an inch apart ; the olfactory fissures are at the same distance. There is an elegant, small, shell-like middle turbinal on the front of the self-developed “pars plana,” or antor- bital, and the simple crus of the-ethmoid curls upon itself, so as to form an upper turbinal. There are evidently full two coils to the in- ferior turbinals, which are ossified in a fenestrate manner, as in mam- mals, and which project far beneath the alee nasi. These latter are ossified separately in the Parrots, and then, in many instances as in this, acquire an adhesion with the nasals and the inferior turbinals. The outstanding spurs of the antero-inferior septal bone increase the complexity of the nasal labyrinth. The sternum has its fenestrae nearly filled up. The sternal keel 238 DR. P. L, SCLATER ON THE BREEDING OF A [Feb. 28, is, as in Parrots and many of their nearest allies, coincident with the upturned, somewhat bifurcate episternal process. This is perfectly normal ; for the keel, the episternal process, and the coracoid grooves really belong to the shoulder-girdle ; together they form the true episternum or manubrium. This might be called “omo-sternum,” in contradistinction to the rib-sternum (“ pleuro-stefnum’’), or that which relates to the inner cartilaginous belts, which grow directly from the centra of the vertebree *. ‘The furcular bone is only appa- rently simple, although in this specimen of Microglossa no sutures can be seen. In the Ash-coloured Parrot (Psittacus erythacus), however, and in the East-Indian Palgornis torquata, the thick, broad end of each ramus is seen to be a separate piece. This is also to be seen in the Toucan (Ramphastos toco) and in the King- fisher (Alcedo ispida), but is still better developed in all the “ Rap- tores’”’ and Totipalmatze, in the Baleniceps and Umbretta, and, in a less degree, in most typical Herons. I have already spoken of this part (P. Z. 8S. 1864, p. 339 e¢ seq.), and may now say that it is a rudiment of the so-called “clavicle” of the Batrachian, Chelonian, and African Ostrich, and is well seen as a distinct bone in the shoulder-girdle of the Salmon tribe and some other allied Fishes. In Birds this rudiment is proximal; in Mammals, generally, it is distal or sternal ; but I have found such a piece at both ends of the clavicle in certain Insectivora, e. g. the Mole (Talpa europea), and in the Shrew (Sorex tetragonurus). In Lizards the counterpart of this cartilage is the anterior boundary of the coraco-acromial fenes- tre. The supposed rudiment of the clavicle in certain small Par- rots, e. g. the Love-Bird ( Ayapornis pullaria) and the Grass-Parakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus), is an ossification of this acromial car- tilage. In Psephotis multicolor neither this nor the furcular bone is present. 4. Nore on THE BREEDING OF A GROUND-PIGEON IN THE Socrety’s Mrenacerie. By P. L. Scuatrer, M.A., Pa.D., F.R.S., SecreTARY TO THE SOCIETY. In the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society for 1863 (p. 377) I gave a short notice of a Ground-Pigeon of the genus Phlogenas+, of which the Society had then recently received four living examples, toge- ther with a figure of the bird drawn from life (pl. xxx1v.), and,- supposing it to be undescribed, proposed to call it Phlogenas bart- letti. One of these fine birds having recently died, an opportu- nity has occurred of making a more careful examination of it than was possible when the bird was alive. * T would remark that, to trace the affinities of the Parrot tribe, we should take such forms as the Common Grey Parrot (Psittacus erythacus), Nestor, Psephotis, &e., in which the Psittacine characters are somewhat enfeebled. I have not found any other “family” so isolated as this. t This term is written by Reichenbach (its proposer) Phlegenas ; but Phlogenas (~Aoyes and otyds) would seem to be more correct. 1865. ] GROUND-PIGEON IN THE MENAGERIE. 239 I now find that the species is not new to science, but has been already described some years since. It is the Pampusanna criniger of Pucheran, in the “ Zoologie”’ of the ‘ Voyage au Péle Sud’ (iii. p- 118), and is figured in the Atlas of the same work (pl. 27. fig. 2). It must therefore stand as Phlogenas crinigera, Pucheran*. Its native country is “ Soog,”’ one of the Sooloo Islands. A single spe- cimen of it is in the Paris Museum. The difficulty of recognizing living birds, and the want of the ‘ Voyage au Péle Sud’ in the So- ciety’s library, are the only excuses I can offer for having given a second name to this species. As I have already stated, four specimens of this beautiful Pigeon were purchased by Mr. Bartlett at Liverpool, in August 1863. In the following spring the single male paired with one of the three females, and bred five times during the summer of 1864. The female deposited only one egg on each occasion, making a very slight nest of small sticks in a flat basket placed 8 feet above the ground in the Western Aviary. The period of incubation was fifteen days. Two of the young birds were successfully reared, and are now in adult plumage; two others died immature, and are now in the British Museum. On the remaining occasion the egg was addled. The bird I now exhibit is the breeding female, which unfortu- nately died a short time since ; but as the old male has mated with another female, and the young male likewise shows symptoms of wishing to pair, there seems every prospect of continuing to propa- gate this highly interesting species in our aviaries. It is generally supposed that all the Columbe lay two eggs each time they breed, but this is certainly not the case. The Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius), the Grey Pigeon (Columba macu- losa), the Naked-eyed Pigeon (C. gymnophthalma), and the two Crowned Pigeons (Gouwra coronata and G. victorie+) all lay but one egg when they breed in our aviaries; and I suspect this is the case with other species. Although I have paid no special attention to the birds of the order Columbe, I may take this opportunity of remarking that I consider Bonaparte in error in separating, so far as he has done, the Ground-Pigeons of the New World (Starnenas and Geotrygont) and their allies from those of the Old. The habits, attitudes, and poses of the members of the two groups (for instance, those of Geo- trygon sylvatica and Phlogenas crinigera) are very noticeably simi- lar; and I know of no material difference in their structure. The sterna of these two species also present a great resemblance, and differ from those of the typical Columbze (C. enas, C. palumbus, &c.) in several particulars. The rami of the furcula are much more slender, the hyposternal processes more elongate, and the outer * Cf. Bp. Consp. ii. p. 88. + Compare Mr. Mitchell’s notes on the breeding of this species, P.Z.S. 1849, p- 170. : t I see no grounds for retaining these two genera as distinct. The ‘“ Moun- tain-Witch”’ of Jamaica (Geotrygon sylvatica, Gosse) cannot, in my opinion, be separated generically from the Starnenas eyanocephala of Cuba. 240 MESSRS. MIVART AND MURIE ON THE [Feb. 28, fissure is extended much further towards the anterior extremity of the sternum, and so increased in width as to leave the body of the sternum very narrow, and to give it altogether a much more elon- gated outline. These peculiarities will be at once evident upon exa- mination of the accompanying figures, which represent the sternum of Phlogenas crinigera (fig. | from above, and fig. 2 from one side). On one side it will be noticed that the small inner fissure has closed up, leaving only a small foramen. This is the normal form in the more typical Columba; but in Treron, Goura, and Carpophaga, as far as I am acquainted with the structure of their forms, the fissures remain permanently open. Fig. 2. Sternum of Phlogenas crinigera. 5. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ANATOMY OF NYCTICEBUS TARDI- Grapus. By Sr. Georce Mivart, F.L.S., Lecrurer on ComPaRATIVE ANATOMY AT St. Mary’s HospiTaL; anD James Murir, M.D., rormerzty ASSISTANT IN THE Mvu- SEUM OF THE Roya COLLEGE OF SurGEONS, Lonpon. The careful and elaborate joint memoir on the genus Stenops, by Professors J. L. C. Schroeder Van der Kolk* and W. Vrolik, * “Recherches d’Anatomie comparée sur le genre Stenops d’llliger,” in ‘ Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, uitgegeven door het Koninklijk zoologisch Genoot- schap.’ Erste Deel. Amsterdam, 1848-1854. ee 1865.] ANATOMY OF NYCTICEBUS, 2i1 published as the result of reiterated observations, and as the final settlement of points previously disputed between them, might per- haps have been expected to have rendered unnecessary any further publication of anatomical facts respecting the genus therein described, excepting details of an obscure or recondite character. Nevertheless our dissection of a specimen of Nycticebus tardigra- dus, recently received from the Society’s Gardens has been the occa- sion of observations which we consider are worthy of special men- tion. The disposition and arrangement of the muscles and tendons so differ from the description given by these authors, that we cannot consider them as merely the result of individual variation. We are, indeed, inclined to think that, in the memoir on the genus Stenops, the authors have not sufficiently distinguished, or been So precise in noting, the special differences of the three forms in- cluded by them in that genus, as is desirable in such interesting animals. In their memoir seventy muscles in all have been mentioned, but of many of these there is no more than a passing notice. We have therefore endeavoured to supplement what they have given meagrely, adding an account of other muscles not alluded to by them. To each of the latter we have appended an asterisk, to distinguish them from those already mentioned by the authors. Muscles of the Head and Neck.—The digastric we found exceed- ingly strong. It arises from the mastoidal region, and is inserted as usual. There is a distinct median tendon as in Tarsius! and Chei- romys, but without the “two fasciculi of muscular fibres’? to the posterior bellies existing in the latter genus. The muscles attached to the ventral surface of the neck are re- markable. Their great length and thickness have been mentioned by Profs. S. Van der Kolk and Vrolik, but they are spoken of only as “muscles longs du cou (mm. longi colli).” It is not, however, the longus colli which is so very much enlarged, but the rectus capitis anticus major ; and it attains a truly prodigious size. It arises from the front of the bodies of the vertebrze as low down as the sixth dorsal, and is inserted into the basioccipital for almost the whole length of that bone, also into the transverse pro- cesses of the axis and other cervical vertebree (fig. 1, R. c. a. map.). Meckel? is silent as to the conditions of this and the following muscles in the Primates ; but he notices a similar excess of this muscle over the longus colli in the Beaver. In Tarsius‘ this muscle is large, but does not come from the dorsal vertebree ; but in Ateles belze- buth, Kuhl° describes it as arising from the side of the third thoracic vertebra, The rectus capitis anticus minor is pyramidal in shape, and arises * Burmeister, ‘ Tarsius,’ p. 34, t. 5. fig. 13, 14, 7. * Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. v. p. 58. > Anat. Comp., tiaduit par MM. Riester et Alph. Sanson, 1830, vol. yi. p. 173. * Burmeister, op. cif. p. 39, t. 5. fig. 14 n. * Beitriige z. Beschreibung meherer Mammalien, p. 9. Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1865, No. XVI. 242 MESSRS. MIVART AND MURIE ON THE [Feb. 28, from the transverse processes of both the axis and atlas, asin Tarsius*. It is inserted into the exoccipital just within the mastoidal region of the periotic (fig. 1, R. ¢. a. min.). The /ongus colli arises from the fronts of the bodies of the four anterior dorsal vertebree, and is attached to the bodies and transverse processes of all the cervical vertebree, three distinct tendons going to the bodies of the atlas, axis, and third cervical vertebra (fig. 1, L. e.). Deep muscles in front of the neck. R.c. a. maj. Rectus ‘capitis anticus major. &.c. a. min. Rectus capitis anticus minor. JL.c. Longus colli. Muscles of the Trunk.—The two *rhomboid muscles are repre- sented by a single one, which is largely developed. It arises from the spinous processes, from the fifth cervical to the fifth dorsal in- clusive, and is inserted into the spinal border of the scapula from its anterior end to near its posterior extremity. The *levator anguli scapule is a very strong muscle, and arises from the transverse processes of all the cervical vertebrae except the first. It is inserted as usual. Meckel’ says, ‘‘ Dans les Loris il se rend seulement 4 atlas.” If such is the case in Loris gracilis, it is far from being so in Nyctice- bus. The levator posticus scapula of Burmeister* was absent. 1 Burmeister, op. cit. p. 39, t. 5. fig. 14 0. 2 Anat. Comp. vol. vi. p. 236. * Op. cit. p. 47, t. 4. fig. 1. no. 4. 1865. ] ANATOMY OF NYCTICEBUS. 243 The *splenius is exceedingly large, and there is no splenius colli, thus confirming Meckel’s' observations. The *compleaus is also very strong, extending down to the spi- nous processes of the three first dorsal vertebrae. We did not find the division spoken of by Meckel? as existing in Loris. The *cervicalis ascendens is, as usual, continued from the sacro- lumbaris, and is inserted into the transverse processes of the two first dorsal and the last cervical vertebree. The *¢ransversalis cervicis is continued upwards from the longis- simus dorsi, but takes fresh origin from the three first ribs. It is inserted into the outer ends of the transverse processes of the cervi- cal vertebree, from the seventh to the second inclusive. Meckel® differs from Burdach* as to what goes to form the cer- vicalis ascendens. Our observations agree with the latter author. The *levator clavicule, which is not noticed in the memoir on the genus Stenops, we find to be a long but slender muscle. It arises from the transverse process of the atlas, and is inserted into the outer end of the clavicle, and not into the acromion process. At its insertion, the fibres are in close union with those of a portion of the deltoid. This muscle was noticed by Kuhl’ in A¢eles in the year 1820, and appears to be the levator anticus scapulee of Burmeister®; it is the acromio-trachélien of Cuvier’, the clavio-trachélien of Church’, and spoken of as an undetermined muscle by Meckel’. The omo-hyoid has no median tendon, but is a strong muscle. It arises from the os hyoides, and is inserted into the anterior margin of the scapula at the inner end of its middle third. Muscles of the upper Extremity—The pectoralis major arises from the whole length of the sternum and the sterno-clavicular arti- culation. It has not the clavicular fasciculus noticed by Profs. 8. Van der Kolk and Vrolik in their memoir, and which has also been found strongly marked in Cheiromys"*. This muscle hardly seems to merit the epithet “trés-faible” given by Meckel" to it in the Loris. The coraco-brachialis consists of a long and a short portion. The former arises by a strong tendon from the coracoid process, and is inserted into the anterior surface and inner border of the hume- rus, down to the middle of the upper surface of the condyle. The latter or short portion, which is muscular at its origin, also arises from the eoracoid process, just internal to the tendon of the long * Anat. Comp. vol. vi. p. 141. Loc. cit. p. 146. ° Loe. cit. p. 149. * “ Beitrage zur vergleich. Anat. des Affen,” in ‘ Berichte yon der K@nig. Anat. Anstalt zu K6nigsberg,’ p. 21. ° Loe. cit. p. 15. ® Tarsius, p. 46, t. 4. figs. 1 and 3. * Legons d’Anat. Comp. 2nd edit. 1835, vol. i. p. 371. * Nat. Hist. Review, 1861, p. 512. ® Loe. cit. p. 236. *° Owen, 2. c. p. 60, pl. xxii. xviii. fig. 1. no. 17. ™ Loe. cit. p. 276. 244 MESSRS. MIVART AND MURIE ON THE {Feb. 28, portion, and is inserted into the inner side of the neck of the humerus, between the conjoined tendons of the teres minor and sub- scapularis and that of the teres major. It is just in front of the external head of the triceps, and has the tendon of the latissimus dorsi passing immediately before it. S. Van der Kolk and Vrolik say nothing of the short head. With reference to the action of this muscle, it is probable that, besides mere flexion mentioned by them, the shor¢ slip has an influence in the rotation of the limb. ; Meckel’, in contradistinction to the Loris says, in ‘les Makis”’ it is divided, thereby implying that in the first it is single. Kuhl’, as early as 1820, noticed the division of this muscle in Ateles. Cuvier, in his ‘ Lecons’ *, has also mentioned its bifurcation in Monkeys. Burdach* describes a double head in the Simiade ; Burmeister’ in Tarsius; and Prof. Owen* notices in Cheiromys a condition very similar to that existing in our Nycticebus. The shorter portion is apparently described by W. S. Church’ as a slip of the biceps. The Jiceps is described in the joint memoir as having two heads, uniting obliquely below, and having a common insertion into the radius. In the earlier paper on the Quadrumana, by one of the authors, W. Vrolik’®, it is described as consisting of but one portion in Stenops; but he does not mention which species he refers to. Meckel® likewise asserts that there is but one head in Loris. This last is the condition it presented in our specimen, the muscle arising by a long and remarkably strong tendon from the margin of the glenoid cavity, and with its usual insertion. In both Tarsus’ and Cheiromys"' there are two heads. The flexor sublimis digitorum is a slender and double-bellied muscle, there being a distinct tendon in its middle’. It arises from the internal condyle and intermuscular fascia, and gives from the distal end of the lower muscular belly a very small tendon which joins the flexor profundus, as noticed by S. Van der Kolk and Vrolik. Just below this four other tendons (of about equal size, excepting that to the index, which is considerably more slender) are given off and go to the second, third, fourth, and fifth digits respectively. They bifurcate, as usual, to give passage to the tendons of the flexor profundus, except the tendon of the index, which does not split, but joins the deep tendons opposite the base of the proximal phalanx of the index (figs. 2 & 3, F.s). A similar connexion exists between the superficial and deep flexors 1 Anat. Comp. vol. vi. p. 281. 2 Kuhl, doe. cit. p. 16. 3 Vol. i. p. 395. 4 Loe. cit. p. 25. 5 Op. cit. p. 49, t. 3. fig. 2. nos. 14 and 14 4, 6 Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. v. p. 60, pl. xxiii. fig. 1, nos. 14 and 14 J. ? Nat. Hist. Review, 1861, p. 514. 8 Todd's Cyclop. Anat. and Physiol. yol. iv. p. 218. * Anat. Comp. vol. vi. p. 291. 10 Burmeister, p. 51, t. 3. figs. 1, 2. no. 2 a, d. ™ Owen, /. c. p. 60, pls. xxii. xxiii. fig. 1. no. 20. 2 Previously noticed by Meckel, loc. cit. p. 340. 1865. ] ANATOMY OF NYCTICEBUS. 245 in Cheiromys’ and Tarsius*. Meckel* also describes in Loris “un faisceau charnu considérable’”’ as connecting these muscles. Fig. 2. Long flexor muscles and tendons of the hand. P.t. Pronator teres. F.s. Flexor sublimis digitorum. /F. p. Flexor profundus digitorum. /./.p. Flexor longus pollicis. The flexor profundus digitorum is a considerably larger muscle than the preceding. It arises from the upper two-thirds of the anterior surface of the ulna and the adjacent part of the interosseous ligament. The muscular fibres give origin to a strong tendon, which bifurcates, after being joined by the slip from the flexor sublimis, as above mentioned. One branch goes to the pollex, uniting with a tendon of the flexor longus pollicis; the other branch sends a very delicate tendon to join the deep tendon of the index, and then sub- divides, one subdivision constituting the perforating division of the fifth digit, the other subdivision uniting with the perforating tendon of the fourth digit (figs. 2 & 3, F’. p). ? Owen, /. c. p. 63, pl. xxiii. fig. 4 e. 2 Burmeister, p. 59, t. 3. fig. 3. 5 Anat. Comp. vol. vi. p. 341. 246 MESSRS. MIVART AND MURIE ON THE [Feb. 28, Profs. S. Van der Kolk and Vrolik fail altogether to distinguish the flexor profundus digitorum from the flexor longus pollicis, and omit all notice of the arrangement and distribution of the tendons except that of the pollex. In the Hunterian Lectures, 1864, Prof. Huxley’ described these muscles in Nycticebus tardigradus, and with that description our observations agree, except as regards the very delicate tendon which we found joining the index tendon of the flexor longus pollicis. The *flexor longus pollicis is a very distinct muscle, and as large as both the flexor sublimis and flexor profundus taken together. It consists of two separate bellies, one of which arises from the inner condyle and intermuscular septa, the other from the middle third of the anterior surface of the radius and from the interosseous liga- ment. These two muscular bundles join and give origin to a very large tendon, which bifurcates, the smaller portion joining the ten- don of the flexor profundus to form the long flexor tendon of the pollex ; the other portion again divides, one part again subdividing, its two subdivisions constituting the long flexor tendons of the index and third digits respectively, the other part joins the tendon of the flexor profundus to form the long perforating tendon of the fourth digit, as before mentioned (figs. 2 & 3, F. 1. p). Fig. 3. 5 3 Diagram of the tendons of the palm of the hand. The numbers correspond to the digits, the letters to the same muscles as in fig. 2. This agrees well with Professor Huxley’s description already re- ferred to. From what Meckel’ says, it would appear that in Loris this muscle is united with the preceding, as in so many other of the Primates, including Tarsius*. 1 Med. Times and Gaz. 1864, Aug. 6th, vol. ii. no. 736, p. 145. ? Anat. Comp. vol. vi. p. 341. * Burmeister, p. 60, t. 3. fig. 3, no. 34. 1865. ] ANATOMY OF NYCTICEBUS. 247 In Cheiromys* there is a very interesting intermediate condition. The arrangement much resembles that existing in Nycticebus ; but the two muscles are not nearly so distinct. There is only one ten- don to the pollex, and the muscular fibres arising from the middle of the ulna join the part which answers to the flexor longus pollicis. The extensor communis digitorum and extensor minimi digiti ap- pear to be represented by only one muscle, which arises by a diminu- tive tendon from the external condyle of the humerus. The mus- cular fibres give origin to a tendon which soon becomes divided into two; the radial one of these again subdivides into four very fine tendons, one going to the index, another (the broadest) bifurcating, its branches going to the third and fourth digits respectively ; an- other (the third subdivision) goes to the fourth digit, and the last to the fifth digit. The ulnar main division of the common tendon goes to the fifth digit only. This last perhaps answers to the extensor minimi digiti, or that portion of the extensor communis recorded by Profes- sor Owen’ as existing in Chetromys, and sending subsidiary tendons to the fourth and fifth digits. Fig. 4. Enlarged view of the palmar surface of the hand, to show the small muscles of the pollex and fifth digits; also the interossei and insertions of the lum- bricales. The extensor indicis is a very small muscle arising from the mid- dle of the ulna at its radial side, and from the interosseous mem- brane, It gives origin to two tendons, one going to the index, the ' Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. v. p. 63, pl. xxiii, fig. 4. * Loe. cit. p. 62, pl. 23. fig. 2. no. 27a. 2418 MESSRS. MIVART AND MURIE ON THE [Feb. 28, other to the fourth digit in the right hand, but in the left hand to the fifth and index. This muscle, being quite single in our specimen, differs from that described by Meckel* as existing in Loris. The extensor ossis metacarpt-pollicis shows no trace of subdivi- sion in its tendon, nor any indication that it really includes (as im- plied in the memoir) the extensor primi internodii. The extensor carpi ulnaris arises by two distinct heads, one from the posterior and lower surface of the external condyle, the other (fully half an inch broad) from the posterior surface of the ulna. These heads unite at an acute angle, and give origin to a tendon which has the usual insertion. Muscles of the Abdomen.—As regards the psoas and iliacus, we were unable to determine satisfactorily their precise limits and sub- divisions ; nevertheless we are certain that neither the conditions described by S. Van der Kolk and W. Vrolik, nor those given by Meckel? as existing in Loris, correspond with those in our specimen. The most internal portion, far from being “la plus forte,” is the most slender. It is undoubtedly the psoas parvus, and arises by fleshy fasciculi from the sides of the bodies of the second and third lumbar vertebree, but very soon becomes entirely tendinous. Its long thin tendon, having an aponeurotic extension proceeding from the inner border, goes towards the pelvis, is closely applied to the muscle beneath, and finally inserted into the ilio-pectineal eminence imme- diately above the acetabulum. In Tarsius’ the tendon of the psoas parvus bifurcates. The large muscular mass beneath the above tendon appears to re- present the iliacus. It arises, however, from the sides of the bodies of the lumbar vertebrze below the third, and from the front of the sacrum (being separated from the pyriformis at its origin by the sacral plexus), but it has no origin from the ilium ; the insertion is normal. Another large muscle, which we suppose must be considered as the psoas magnus, arises behind the last described (the ventral surface of the body being towards the observer), from the bodies and trans- verse processes, at their bases, of the two last dorsal and six upper lumbar vertebrze, and is inserted as usual. At its origin it has nu- merous tendons interspersed in its muscular substance, and is closely connected with the next to be described. This muscle, which we provisionally call *quadratus lumborum, arises from the two transverse processes of the lumbar vertebree, from about the fourth downwards, and is inserted into the crest of the ilium immediately above what appeared to be the scansorius. Above it is so closely connected with the psoas magnus that the cor- rect determination of their limits requires further examination. The superficial abdominal muscles present nothing worthy of re- mark, excepting the rectus. This is continued forward as a narrow band on each side of the sternum, parallel with and about one-fifth 1 Anat. Comp. vol vi. p. 324. 2 Loe. eit. p. 374. > Burmeister, p. 67, t. 4, fig. 2. no. 1. 1865. ] ANATOMY OF NYCTICEBUS. 249 of an inch distant from it, as far as the first rib, into which it is in- serted. Muscles of the lower Extremity.—The gluteus minimus, the entogluteus of Owen’, is a very small fan-shaped muscle, arising from the junction of the iliumn and ischium, behind the acetabulum, and is inserted into the trochanter. This appears to be the muscle described by W. S. Church? as the gemellus superior ; but in our Nycticebus there is a distinct gemellus superior between the gluteus minimus and the tendon of the obtura- tor internus. The pyriformis is very largely developed. It arises from the anterior (abdominal) surface of the sacrum, and is inserted into the great trochanter. The sciatic nerve passes out beneath its inferior border. The authors of the joint memoir, though they mention by name, give no description of this muscle ; neither does Professor Owen in his monograph so often quoted. Meckel also says nothing of its existence in Loris, Burmeister® gives a long description of appa- rently the same muscle in Tarsius, and remarks that it must have a powerful action in rotating the thigh outwards. The gracilis has indeed a very extensive origin ; but it nevertheless is quite single, and shows no trace of the division described by Mec- kel’ as existing in Loris. It is inserted by a distinct but short tendon into the inner border of the tibia, beneath the sartorius. The *pectineus arises from the anterior surface of the pubis, and is inserted into the inner side of the femur. Professor Vrolik, in his article on the Quadrumana’, denies the existence of a pectineus in Stenops ; but Meckel asserts that in Loris it is very strong. The biceps femoris arises by a long and narrow tendon from the posterior end of the tuberosity of the ischium, beneath the semiten- dinosus. The fibres expand distally in a fan-like manner, and are inserted by an aponeurosis into the head of the fibula and the fascia of the leg. The semimembranosus arises from the ischium at its junction with the pubis, immediately beneath the origin of the semitendinosus, with which it is very closely connected. Passing downwards, it ends in a long tendon, which goes beneath the internal lateral ligament of the knee-joint, and is inserted into the inner side of the tuberosity of the tibia. The description of this muscle in Loris, as given in the French translation of Meckel, is too ambiguously worded for us to be able to decide whether it agrees with our observation. The tibialis anticus is a very large and powerful muscle, and arises from fully the upper half of the anterior surface of the tibia, and has its usual insertion (figs. 5 & 6, T.a). There is no trace ' Cheiromys, p. 66. ? Nat. Hist. Review, Jan. 1862, p. 87. ° Op. cit. p. 69, t. 3. fig. 4, and t. 4. fig. 5, no. 7. * Loe. cit. p. 397. * Cyelop. Anat. and Physiol. vol. iv. p. 218. 250 MESSRS, MIVART AND MURIE ON THE [Feb. 28, whatever of any division of the tendon of this muscle, @ fortiori not of its muscular part. The extensor longus digitorum is a very slender muscle, the smallest of the leg-extensors and flexors of the lower limb ; yet it has . a double origin, as also in Cheiromys'. The smaller head arises by a thin muscular bundle from the outer side of the tuberosity of the ~ tibia, with also a small pencil of fibres coming from the inner side of the head of the fibula; the larger origin consists of a rhomboidal, flat, muscular fasciculus attached to the inner side of the middle third of the fibula. The muscle gives a tendon which splits into four sub- divisions, sending one to each of the four outer digits, that to the index being the smallest. The extensor longus hallucis is of about equal magnitude with the preceding, but quite distinct from it. It arises from more than the upper half of the external margin of the tibia. Its tendon is in- serted into the proximal end of the last phalanx of the hallux (fig. 6, E. 1. h). In Loris, according to Meckel’, this muscle seems to be con- founded with the extensor longus digitorum. The peroneus longus is remarkable for its great extent, covering about one-half of the anterior surface of the leg ; but there is nothing unusual in its origin or insertion (fig. 6, P. 7). The *peroneus quinti digiti is very distinctly developed, the muscular fibre being of considerable length. It arises between the peroneus longus and peroneus brevis, completely hidden by them, and is inserted by an extremely delicate tendon into the proximal end of the second phalanx of the fifth digit (fig. 6, P.g.d). This muscle, we believe, was first described under the above name by Professor Huxley*, in his Hunterian Lectures for 1864; but it has been noticed by Meckel* among the extensors of the digits. Burdach® has also described it under the name peroneus tertius ; and W. S. Church® likewise refers to it under the same designation. But this muscle can scarcely be the homologue of the peroneus ter- tius of Man, inasmuch as it arises not on the tibial side of the pero. neus brevis, but on the fibular side. Moreover Professor Huxley remarks, it is sometimes represented in Man by a slip from the ten- don of the peroneus brevis. The gastrocnemius.—It is difficult to understand how Professors S. Van der Kolk and W. Vrolik can have asserted that ‘‘ Jes jumeaua et le muscle soléare sont trés-forts,” unless they have mistaken one head of the flexor longus digitorum for part of the gastrocnemius. It is the more probable that they have done so, as they have de- scribed the semimembranosus as “‘embrassant les jumeaux,’ whereas it is the flexor communis longus which this muscle directly embraces. So far from being “ trés-fort,’’ the gastrocnemius is exceedingly 1 Owen, /. c. p. 68, pl. 25. figs. 1, 3. no. 35. 2 Anat. Comp. vol. vi. p. 499. 3 Med. Times and Gaz., 9th July, 1864, p. 40. + Anat. Comp. vol. vi. pp. 438 and 440. 5 Loe. cit. pp. 46-55. © Nat. Hist. Review, Jan. 1862, p. 92. 1865. | ANATOMY OF NYCTICEBUS. 251 weak and slender. It arises by the usual two heads, the inner one being very much higher than the outer one. It has the ordinary insertion by the tendo Achillis, which is moderately developed, the gastrocnemius being muscular almost its entire length (fig. 5, G). The soleus appears to be represented by a flat rhomboidal band of muscular fibre without any tendon. It arises from the posterior margin of the head of the fibula and the inner border of the flexor longus hallucis for about half its length, then joins the outer border of the gastrocnemius for above half an inch (fig. 5, 8). In Loris, according to Meckel’, it arises from almost the whole of the fibula. We were unable to find any trace of a plantaris muscle. Hind limb between knee and ankle. P. Popliteus. G. Gastrocnemius. S. Soleus. F./. d. Flexor longus digitorum. F.1.h. Flexor longus hallucis. 7. a. Tibialis anticus. 7. p. Tibialis posticus. The *popliteus is rather well developed. It arises from the pos- terior surface of the tibia as far inwards as the internal lateral liga- ment (fig. 5, P). It is inserted by a very strong tendon (contain- ing a large sesamoid bone), which passes behind, rather than beneath, the external lateral ligament, into the depression outside the outer condyle. In Tarsius, according to Burmeister’, this muscle is in- 1 Anat. Comp. vol. vi. p. 421, 2 Op. cit. p. 75, t. 4. fig. 5. no, 23. 252 MESSRS. MIVART AND MURIE ON THE [Feb. 28, serted into the sesamoid bone of the outer head of the gastrocne- mius. The flexor longus digitorum presents perhaps the most interest- ing peculiarities of any of the muscles of this animal. These pecu- liarities are passed over in silence by Professors Van der Kolk and Vrolik, which makes it the more probable that part of this muscle has been confounded by them with the gastrocnemius. The spontaneous flexion of the digits of this creature is very re- markable; and, as has been noticed by Professor Huxley’ in his account of the nearly allied form, Arctocebus, it requires considerable effort to extend the toes, which when left to themselves become again bent. We observed, in suspending the dead specimen by the feet from our fingers, that instead of falling to the ground, the body remained suspended, the toes forcibly contracting, grasping firmly the fingers, the animal thus hanging quite securely by the digits of its feet. Various modifications, doubtless, concur in producing this very strong and ready flexion of the digits ; but the peculiar origin of the flexor longus digitorum, there is little doubt, greatly contributes, if not mainly conduces, to this phenomenon. ‘This muscle has three distinct origins—the first from the internal condyle of the femur as high as the inner head of the gastrocnemius, and from the inner surface of the tendon of that inner head (fig. 5); the second part arises from the inner border of the tibia, in close union with the aponeurosis of the sartorius and semitendinosus. The fibres from these two origins unite to form one fleshy belly, which constitutes the greater part of the muscle. The third part arises from the posterior surface of the tibia, beginning above immediately below the popli- teus (fig. 5). Its fibres constitute the second belly of the muscle— an elongated rhomboidal mass which, uniting with the larger belly immediately above the common tendon, passes down behind the in- ternal malleolus, and, after giving off a small tendon to the hallux, bifurcates, the inner portion giving rise to two tendons, one going to the middie digit, the other forming part of the deep index-tendon. The outer portion also gives rise to two tendons, going to the fourth and fifth digits respectively (fig. 6, F. J. d). The origin of this muscle from the proximal bone of the limb (the femur) has the effect of flexing the digits by the mere extension of the leg on the thigh. Professor Huxley, in his present Hunterian Course of Lectures, dwelt upon the passive mode of suspension of Pteropus by its hinder extremities, and also noticed in the same the origin of the flexor longus digitorum from the femur. This similar condition must, doubtless, have a similar effect, and greatly contri- bute in Pteropus, as in Nycticebus, to the effortless suspension of the body. Meckel? describes the muscle under the name of the “ plantaire gréle,” and says it arises in the ordinary way from the internal con- dyle of the femur; but the plantaris, as far as we know, arises con- stantly and exclusively from the fibular side. This fact tells against ? Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 319. — 2 Anat. Comp. vol. vi. p. 456. 1865. ] ANATOMY OF NYCTICEBUS. 253 the possibility of the plantaris in any way contributing to form this so largely developed flexor longus digitorum. An interesting similarity with reference to the distribution of the tendons exists in Cheiromys', except that there is no tendon given off to the hallux. Flexor tendons of the foot. F.1. d. Flexor longus digitorum. /’./.h. Flexor longus hallucis. F..d. Flexor brevis digitorum. Z. Lumbricales. P.&. Peroneus brevis. P./. Peroneus longus. P.g.d. Peroneus quinti digiti. T.a. Tibialis anticus. £./.h. Ex- tensor longus hallucis. The flexor longus hallucis is a powerful muscle, but smaller than the preceding. It arises by two heads—one from the posterior sur- face of the fibula, the other, a very small fasciculus, from the tendon of the popliteus (fig. 5). Its strong tendon gives off a slip to the hallux, joining that going to the same digit from the flexor longus. Jt then bifurcates, one part joining that branch of the flexor longus which goes to the index and middle digits, and forms its share of each of their tendons ; the other joins a tendon of the flexor longus, and forms with it the perforating tendon of the fourth digit (fig. 6, F.1.h). A oa similar arrangement exists in Chetromys* ; only this muscle exclusively furnishes the hallux-tendon. The flexor brevis digitorum is very narrow; it arises from the plantar surface of the tendon of the flexor longus, and ends in two ' Owen, Joc. cit. p. 67, pl. 25. fig. 2. no. 32. ? Ibid. no. 31. 254 MESSRS. MIVART AND MURIE ON THE [Feb. 28, fleshy bellies, each giving off two slender and perforated tendons which go to the fourth and fifth digits respectively (fig. 6, F. b. d). We did not observe an accessorius. The small muscles of both hand and foot, which belong to the first and fifth digits respectively, we found to exist as mentioned by our authors: and with regard to the interossei of the hand and foot, these are represeuted (as they appeared to us) in the woodcuts (figs. 4 & 7); but we refrain from giving a detailed description of them, as a fresh dissection would be required to confirm and satisfy ourselves as to the perfect accuracy of our observations upon them. Enlarged view of the plantar surface of the foot, to show the small muscles of the hallux and fifth digits, the interossei, and the lumbricales attached to the flexor tendons. On carefully comparing the brain of our specimen with the de- scription of Professors Van der Kolk and Vrolik, and likewise with the careful and minute account given by Mr. W. H. Flower’, of the brain of Nycticebus javanicus, we found it to agree completely with the statements of the latter author, except that the posterior parts of the Sylvian fissures converged instead of being parallel. A slight difference existed in form and dimensions; but these, doubtless, were due to its having been previously preserved in alcohol. The viscera agree with Professors Van der Kolk and W. Vrolik’s account of them. It may be worth while at the same time to men- ' Trans. Zool. Soe. vol. v. p. 103. 1865. ] ANATOMY OF NYCTICEBUS. 255 tion that the liver, which, according to our authors, offers “‘de grandes différences individuelles,” in our specimen showed a very interesting uniformity in the number and relative dimensions of its lobes. It corresponded with the conditions represented and described by Professor Huxley’ as existing in the allied form of Arctocebus. The liver in Loris does not seem to be very different, according to Buffon* and Martin®. In Chetromys* there is also a singular re- semblance to Nycticebus tardigradus in the form and divisions of this organ. This extends even to the direction of the fundus of the gall-blad- der, which, according to Professor Peters’, in a paper read at Berlin in April 1864, is in Chetromys directed in the normal manner, in- stead of the abnormal manner peculiar to the other Madagascar Lemuroidea. The ceecum has the elongated prolongation (like, if not really and essentially, a vermiform appendix) which is figured and described in the memoir. The comparatively small zoological importance of this character is, however, shown by the fact that in Cheiromys a condition exists very similar to that presented by Nycticebus, while in the closely allied genus Arctocebus* and in Loris’ there is no trace of any such prolongation. The generative organs present no difference, worthy of remark, from the description already given in the memoir on Stenops, the uterus being bicorned, and the clitoris very large and perforated by the urethra. The kidneys, suprarenal capsules, and bladder are similar to-those of Arctocebus®, except that the ureters do not enter so low down towards the neck of the bladder. If we sum up the results of our investigation upon the anatomy of Nycticebus tardigradus, we are led to note the interesting peculiari- ties offered by the muscles of the limbs,—on the one hand, the re- appearance and, as it were, exaggeration of that anthropoid muscle, the flexor longus pollicis ; on the other hand, its resemblance, by the interlacements of its tendons with those of the flexor profundus, to the conditions always offered by the foot in Primates—a resemblance which has already been noticed by Professor Huxley in his Hun- terian Lectures for 1864. We are also struck with the almost atrophied gastrocnemius, but concomitantly augmented flexor longus communis, which last, in- verting the analogy of the flexor longus pollicis, resembles a hand- flexor in its origin from the proximal bone of the limb. Likewise are we impressed with the very large size of the rectus 1 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 330, fig. 9. 2 Hist. Nat. tome xiii. p. 216. 3 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, p. 23. * Owen, loc. cit. p. 73. 5 See Notice in Nat. Hist. Review, Jan. 1865, p. 149. ® Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 329, fig. 9. 7 Buffon, Hist. Nat. vol. xiii. pl. 31. fig. 2. ® Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 332, fig. 11. 256 MR. SCLATER ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [ Mar. 14, anticus major, and the generally extensive development of the mus- cles of the ventral surface of the spine. All these peculiarities of muscular structure must be considered in connexion with the singular movements which this animal is capable of making, and which it habitually employs in its arboreal manner of life. We allude especially to its Sloth-like mode of pro- gression, avd its great power of slowly and easily raising up the head and anterior part of the body while hanging suspended by its poste- rior extremities alone. March 14, 1865. ' Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. Mr. Sclater called the attention of the Meeting to several recent additions to the Society’s Menagerie, amongst which were— 1. A three-banded Armadillo (T'ylopeutes conurus, Is. Geoffr.), received from the Acclimatization Society of Paris. This little ani- mal (which differed from the ordinary form of the species in the entire absence of the rudimentary first digit, having but three front toes) was very remarkable for its curious manner of progression. In walking, only the pointed tips of the elongated nails of the second and third digits of the front feet touched the ground, and the body was often supported merely on the tip of the third digit only. 2. A male Siamese Pheasant (Huplocamus prelatus), received in exchange from the Acclimatization Society of Paris. Mr. Sclater exhibited some specimens of eggs laid by birds living in the Society’s Menagerie, amongst which were those of Scemmer- ing’s Pheasdut (Phasianus semmeringit) and the Horned Tragopan (Ceriornis satyra). Mr. Sclater remarked that the eggs of the former bird closely approximated to those of the other species of true Phasianus. The eggs of the Tragopan much resembled those of the Impeyan Pheasant (Lophophorus impeyanus), being of a creamy white, minutely freckled and blotched with two shades of pinkish grey, and measuring 2°45 by 1°8 inch. Mr. Alfred Newton exhibited specimens of several new or little- known birds’ eggs, and gave descriptions of others, amongst which were those of Hlanoides furcatus, Nucifraga caryocatactes, Didun- culus strigirostris, Phalaropus fulicarius, Opisthocomus cristatus, Mareca americana, and Fulix affinis. Mr. Newton believed that the eggs of the Nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes), which had been obtained from the island of Bornholm, were the first really au- thentic examples of this species that had reached this country. A communication was read from Mr. G. 8. Brady, describing 1865.] DR. E. CRISP ON THE BACTRIAN CAMEL. 257 sixty-six new or imperfectly known species of Marine Ostracoda, and accompanied by elaborate drawings of the various species. This paper will be published in full in the Transactions. The following papers were read :— 1. ON somE PoINTS RELATING TO THE ANATOMY AND Hapits OF THE BactriAN CAMEL (CAMELUS BACTRIANUS), AND ON THE PRESENCE OF INTESTINAL GLANDS NOT BEFORE NoTICED. By Epwarps Crisp, M.D., F.Z.S., erc. I shall endeavour, in this paper, to notice chiefly certain parts of the anatomy of this animal which, as I believe, have escaped the observation of, or have not been fully investigated by previous in- quirers ; or if investigated, the mode of research has been different to that which I have pursued. This leads me to mention two prac- tices that I have for a long time followed, and which, as far as I know, I was the first to adopt, and the utility of which, I think, is especially apparent in an investigation like the present. These con- sist in the filling of some of the hollow organs—as the various portions of the intestinal tube, for example—with water, to ascertain their capacity, and in the distention of some parts with liquid plaster of Paris to show their form and to exhibit injections of the blood- vessels or absorbents in a better manner. A part of the injected stomach of a Llama (before the Society) treated in this way, to show the form of the water-bags and the course of the vessels supplying them, well exemplifies the advantage of this method. The Camelide are some of the most interesting animals, not only as regards their structure, but also in reference to their habits and utility, with which the anatomist has to deal. Their history is too well known to need repetition here; but it will not be out of place to notice the Camels (one- and two-humped) now in the Society’s Gardens. These consist of an old male Bactrian Camel with one of the humps down*, of a female of the same species born in the Crimea in 1855, and of a male Camel about forty years of age. I learn that, since the formation of the Society (1826), one Bactrian Camel died of dropsy, and that two Camels have been born in the Society’s collection ; one of these died, and the other was reared and afterwards sent to Edinburgh. A Camel (Bactrian) was born in Edmunds’s travelling menagerie last year. I believe the only place in Europe where Camels are now bred for profit is Pisa. Of all the animals in our menageries, probably the Camel is the most healthy. To return to the Camels in the gardens of the Society, I learn from the keeper that their consumption of food is about equal to that of the Horse, and that they do not drink, even in hot weather, more * Tt is well known that these humps often diminish in size, and that the fatty matter of which they are composed is again replaced; but Mr. Bartlett informs me, “from inquiries he has made of many persons connected with travelling menageries, that when the hump falls in this manner it never recovers its erect position.” Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. XVII. 258 DR. E. CRISP ON THE [ Mar. 14, than six gallons * daily, and in winter about three gallons. There is one remarkable feature in the male Camel that is not, I think, generally known. On the back of the neck, just behind the ears, are two glandular elevations that furnish, especially during the rut- ting season, a very offensive secretion. This, as will be seen by the paper smeared with it, is of a dark colour, and very like the sepia of the Cuttlefish (Octopus), and might, I believe, be used advantageously asa pigment. I find that this secretion is from a large number of agminated glands seated under -the skin in the situation above named. They are about 4th of an inch in length and 7th of an inch in breadth, and are represented in Plate IV. In speaking of the generative function, with which these glands are intimately connected, let me notice the mode of copulation of the Camelide, known to many. The male, often after very un- gallant usage to his spouse, compels her to drop down in her usual position when at rest, and in this way copulation is accomplished. In my paper “On the Dentition and Mode of Copulation of the Elephants ’’ (Lancet, 1854, p. 198), I believe that I was the first to point out the mode of copulation of these animals. The female places her head upon the ground, elevates her haunches, and thus the act of copulation is affected. I am not acquainted with any other quadrupeds in which the females assume the position I have described in the Elephants and Camels, including the Llamas. One great source of difficulty in this investigation has been the confusion that has arisen respecting the names of the two species of Camel, Dromedary and Camel being applied to both by different authorities. It would be well, I think, if the term Dromedary were abandoned, and the names One- or Two-humped Camel used in its lace. 3 Daubenton, in Buffon’s ‘ Histoire Naturelle,’ 1744, vol. xi. p. 255, has given a long description of the anatomy of the Camel, with a number of measurements of the bones and of various parts. He represents the stomach as consisting of five compartments; and he gives the length of the alimentary canal, exclusive of the caecum, as ‘eighty French feet. He says that the two races (Camel and Dro- medary) mix, and that their progeny is the most vigorous. Sir E. Home (Phil. Trans., 1806) describes the stomach of a Camel that was killed at the London College of Surgeons, 1805. ‘*« The animal was supplied with a large quantity of water before death, and this fluid was found in a pure state in the water-bags; these cavities, moreover, contained none of the food.” In the first volume of our ‘ Proceedings,’ part 2, 1832, p. 126, Mr. Spooner gives some notes on the Dromedary (Camelus dromedarius, Linn. )—the animal I have before spoken of that died of dropsy. “In the structure of the stomach he found nothing to add to the accounts already given by Daubenton and Sir E. Home. He stated, however, that the cells of the first stomach contained food, and, like * The Elephant, as I am informed by the keeper, will sometimes in hot weather drink twenty pailfuls of water daily, although the capacity of its stomach is only about one-third that of the Camel. 1865. | ANATOMY OF THE BACTRIAN CAMEL. 259 John Hunter, he had some doubt as to the correctness of the sup- posed water-holding function of these cells.’ Prof. Owen remarked “that he had found food in the water-cells of Llamas; but he thought it probable that this had been forced into them by moving the animals after death.” In the Hunterian Museum (556 to 559) are preparations of the water-cells of the Llama and Camel, with a description by Professor Owen. Cuvier (‘ Legons d’Anatomie Comparée,’ 1836, tom. iv. p. 72) gives a very short account of the stomach of the Camel, which he describes as having four cavities. The total length of the intestinal tube in the Dromedary (one-humped) is given as 38°456, the pro- portion to the body being 1:15°5. In the Camel, the total length of the intestinal canal is 42°213, the proportion to the length of the body being 1 : 12°3 (Table, p. 193). Iam not acquainted with any recent writer who has given a mi- nute account of the visceral anatomy of the Camel. The Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus) (two-humped), a part of which I have lately dissected, was an old male that had been long in a travelling menagerie, and was killed in consequence of old age, disease, and emaciation. I had not an opportunity of examining the brain; but judging from the cast of one in the Hunterian Museum, from which the drawing before the Society was taken, the weight is about 24 ozs., a proportion of about 4, or <4, to the body—a small brain for an animal possessing so great an amount of docility and intelligence. The brain of an Indian Elephant that I weighed was about 12 lbs. in weight. The eye weighs 1 oz. 148 grs.; the lens 58grs. There is a pecu- liarity connected with the eye of the Camel and Dromedary that I have not seen noticed by any writer on these animals, although it can scarcely have escaped observation. If the eyes of the three animals I have spoken of in the Society’s collection are inspected, it will be seen that pigmentary masses are suspended from the pupil and pass into the anterior chamber, so as to form a kind of cur- tain to regulate the admission of light—a beautiful provision in an animal so exposed to the sun’s rays. In one of the Camels a loop of pigmentary membrane is seen in the anterior chamber of both eyes. Unfortunately I omitted to examine this part after death in the Camel I dissected. The tongue is long, narrower in the centre, and more expanded at the base and extremity ; the buccal villi long and numerous. The larynx presents no remarkable peculiarity, except that the anterior part of the thyroid cartilage is less prominent than in most of the ruminants. The trachea is of nearly uniform calibre ; it consists of seventy-five rings, and is 3 feet 11 inches in length. The thyroid glands are of an oblong shape, and entirely separate. They weigh about one ounce and a half. The heart weighs 6 lbs. 4 ozs. ; it measures 11 inches from the 260 DR. E. CRISP ON THE [Mar. 14, base to the apex. The parietes of the left ventricle are 13 inch in thickness, and the septum measures the same. The parietes of the right ventricle are 8 lines in thickness. The tricuspid valve is formed by the expansion of ten tendinous slips, which proceed from two elevations (cornez columne) of the right ventricle. There is no heart-bone, as in many of the ruminants; and the apex of the heart is less pointed than in the Antelopes and Cervide. ; The lungs present the most remarkable specimen of disease that I have met with in these organs. They both have a whitish nodu- lated appearance, and contain scarcely a square inch of healthy structure, the general mass being made up of hard tubercles con- taining a large proportion of earthy matter. The lungs are about of equal size, and the right (the only one I put into the scale) weighed 203 lbs., a great proportion of this being made up of carbonate of lime. The bronchial glands are much enlarged, and are composed of a larger proportion of earthy matter than the lungs. ‘This dis- position to the formation of earthy matter in the lungs is very com- mon in the ruminants. I have met with it to a great extent in the Leucoryx and in other Antelopes; and in the common sheep the Echinococcus-cysts are often converted intu chalky and ossifie material. As this Society is both zoological and physiological, let me digress for a moment to point out the beautiful law of com- pensation that exists in all animal bodies, so that when one organ is impaired, or, as in this instance, almost destroyed, one or more parts take on a compensatory action. In this case the blood was aérated by the lining membrane of the trachea and by that of the larger bronchial tubes, the process of depuration being performed chiefly by the liver (which was normal in structure) and by the intestinal glands. I have seen numerous examples of this in the Quadrumana and in other orders. The normal structure of the lungs may be almost entirely destroyed by disease, and the animal may linger on for a long period; but when both lungs and liver are seriously af- fected, lite is soon terminated. There is one practical and useful ’ fact that I have alluded to in a former paper, in connexion with tubercle in the lower animals, viz. that it is much more prevalent in the vegetable feeders. Mr. Gilchrist, in his essay on the ‘ Diseases of the Camel’ (India, 1846), does not mention the presence of tubercle in the lungs or in other parts, this lesion being probably the result, as in other animals, of close confinement, and often, in travelling menageries, of a vi- tiated atmosphere. The liver weighs 234]lbs. It consists mainly of one lobe, with two slight divisions. ‘The under surface is curiously formed into several thin flaps, which pass in a horizontal direction. No gall- bladder is present, and, with the exception of three tubercles, the viscus is in a normal state. The spleen weighs 25 ozs., and is of the usual fan-like shape that it assumes in most of the ruminants. The splenic vein contains five pairs of valves; these are also present in the gastric and abdominal veins. 1865.] ANATOMY OF THE BACTRIAN CAMEL. 261 The pancreas is of the usual branched form that is found in the ruminants ; it weighs only about 10 0zs.—a very small organ for an animal with such a large and complicated stomach. The kidney weighs 2 lbs. | oz., and is of the usual form of this organ in the ruminants ; the renal bodies, as is the case in all the ruminants that I have dissected, are not in contact with the kidneys. The mamillary processes are unusually long (3 inches). The pelves of the kidneys are filled with solid, hard, white fat, and from this finger-like masses proceed between the cones. I have on a former occasion mentioned a remarkable local accumulation of hard fat around the heart of an old and emaciated Eland (Oreas canna) of a similar character. Both renal bodies were much diseased—a very unusual occurrence in the lower animals. The left renal vein con- tains five pairs of valves, the right vein only two pairs. I had not an opportunity of examining the generative organs. I now come to the most interesting part of the inquiry, viz. the form, capacity, and anatomical relations of the alimentary canal. I scarcely need say that a minute description of the stomach alone would occupy many pages, and the time would not be ill spent ; but there are few who would care to hear the details. I have inverted the stomach ; and the drawing, of the natural size, before the Society represents it in this position. The rumen, instead of being covered with villi, as in all ruminants (except in the other Camelide), has a smooth surface lined with pavement-epithelium. In this cavity are two sets of water-cells, the one consisting of about ninety-four, and entirely distinct, the other composed of about seventy-eight cells, and connected with the second stomach—that which would cor- respond to the reticulum (honeycomb) in ordinary ruminants. From the cesophagus proceeds to the second stomach (reticulum or true water-bag of some authors), an elevated ridge of the mucous and muscular coats, which conducts the food to the last-named cavity, but does not enclose it, as is supposed to be the case with the double ridge in other ruminants. The second stomach, or water-bag, is composed almost entirely of cells, but of less capacity than those before named, although the subdivisions are more numerous; these amount in all to about 380. The large cells in the rumen will con- tain about two or three ounces of water; but, if all were filled, the capacity of each would be much diminished. I found no traces of food in any of these cells, but a large quantity of small pieces of coal, an old nail, and bits of glass, the weight of all amounting to about 24 ozs. This animal, like many in a diseased state, had probably a depraved appetite, and hence the presence of these extraneous bodies. Ellis, the keeper of the gardens, tells me, however, that these animals, at certain times, are very ‘nasty feeders,” and will eat almost anything. The next stomach, which has been called the third, corresponds to the maniples ; but, as will be seen when the dimensions are given, it is comparatively much larger, and the large mucous folds present in other ruminants are scarcely perceptible. The fourth cavity (or digestive stomach of other ruminants) is small, but extremely vascular and elevated into ridges, like the digestive SAAN 262 DR. E. CRISP ON THE [ Mar. 14, stomach of the Dolphin or Porpoise. These ridges evidently in- crease and decrease in size, according to the activity of the digestive process ; and this explains the highly tortuous condition of the ar- teries. This cavity is shut off from the next, which I call the fifth stomach, by a strong muscular valve. The last-named stomach is thin and dilated, and terminates in the duodenum, although the great contraction at this part can scarcely be called valvular. Daubenton, who gives five stomachs to the Camel, has not included the last cavity ; but I think it is entitled to be called a fifth stomach ; indeed, if we reckon the two sets of water-bags in the rumen, the Camel may be said to have seven stomachs. No one can form a proper notion of the immense size of the Camel’s stomach unless it is seen distended: when in this state, the fol- lowing are the measurements and the capacity of the various parts :— The length of the cesophagus 6 feet ; of the rumen 43 inches, its circumference 5 feet 6 inches, and it holds twenty gallons of water. The length of the second stomach is 21 inches, and its capacity about six quarts. The third stomach is 34 inches in length, and holds about three gallons of water. The fourth stomach is 8 inches in length, and contains three quarts of water. The fifth cavity is 9 inches long, and holds about two quarts of water. The capacity of all is about twenty-five gallons three quarts; and the length of all, when distended, is 9 feet 6 inches. As regards the quantity of water that these cavities hold I, of course, cannot speak with perfect accuracy. The muscular bands and the mode of closure of the water-bags have been so often described that I need not allude to them; but there is one piece of mechanism in convexion with this apparatus that I think has been overlooked, viz. the arrangement of the ex- ternal muscular fibres of the rumen. Many of these wide muscular strips terminate in finger-like divisions, which are so spread out as to exercise, I believe, a material influence on the closure of the water- cavities. I supposed until recently that only the Camelide had water-cavi- ties in the stomachs ; but on dissecting an Antelope from Siberia, the Saiga (Antilope saiga), I was surprised to find two large water-bags in the rumen; and I hope to bring the visceral anatomy of this rare animal before the Society at a future time. The small intestines of the Camel measured 114 feet by 2 feet 6 inches, the colon and rectum 27 feet 6 inches, making in all a length of 159 feet 6 inches. In the Alpaca (duchenia pacos) I found the length of the alimentary tube 70 feet, whilst that of the Huanaco (Auchenia huanaco) was 95 feet. In my paper on some parts of the anatomy of the Giraffe and Nylgau (P. Z. S. 1864, p. 63), I stated that the investigation of the intestinal glands of the lower animals had been much neglected, and that a wide field was left for future inquirers. The dissection of this animal reveals another curious structure in connexion with the intestinal mucous membrane. Near to the czecal valve I found eight large glandular folds of the mucous membrane ; three of these 1865.] ANATOMY OF THE BACTRIAN CAMEL, 263 were circular, the largest measuring 14 inch in diameter, the folds forming a circular receptacle that would contain about 2 drachms of fluid ; one of these was seated at the commencement of the ceecum, and two on the colon, near to the ileo-czecal valve. In the ileum, within a space of 6 inches from this valve, were five folds of the mucous membrane, of a crescentic shape, the largest about 1 inch in width, their crescentic edges being all towards the ileo-cecal valve; the largest of these would hold about a drachm of fluid. In other parts of the ileum, a short distance from the last named, were slight folds of the lining membrane, but assuming a crescentic shape. To the naked eye these, both circular and crescentic, appeared to be mucous follicles surrounded by the folds above described ; but on putting them under the microscope, they were seen to be composed of club-shaped villi, about sth of an inch in length, and having much the appearance of those on the surrounding mucous membrane, but of larger size. 1. The cxcum and portions of the ileum and colon: B:. ileum; C. colon; D. excum; showing the circular and semilunar folds. 2. The elevations on the lining membrane of the small intestine. 3. The same, magnified. The ileum, over a considerable extent of its surface, presented a whitish-streaked, mottled appearance, arising from transverse rows of elevated villi, as seen in fig. 2; the magnified representation of these villi is shown in fig. 3. The rectum in several parts was folded into 264 DR. E. CRISP ON THE BACTRIAN CAMEL. [ Mar. 14, longitudinal ridges, as in the Giraffe; but these were of small size and not so well defined. Skeleton.—The skeleton of the Bactrian Camel, so-called, is de- scribed by Professor Owen in the Museum Catalogue of the College of Surgeons ; and I need not occupy much time in noticing this part of the structure of the animal, although there are some points, I think, of great interest connected with it. I have carefully examined two skeletons of the Camel—one a Bactrian, at the British Museum, and the skeleton above alluded to, at the College of Surgeons ; and, although they are said to be of the same species, I find a great dif- ference in the length of many of the bones, but there is no important difference in the form: the skeletons are both those of old animals. In the British Museum specimen I find the united length of the spinous processes of the dorsal vertebrze to be 110 inches, while those of the College specimen are only 92 inches; and so with the bones of the extremities. These differences in the length of the bones may arise from a difference of sex only, as I believe the skeleton at the College of Surgeons is that of a female. I took drawings and mea- surements of the bones of both the skeletons I have named, believ- ing, at the time, that one we. a Bactrian Camel and the other a Dromedary (the one-humped); but. it is probable that these are both the skeletons of the former animal. Professor De Blainville, in his ‘ Ostéographie,’ p. 76, says, after examining the skeletons of the two species, ‘‘ Quant aux autres parties du squelette, il m’a été impossible d’y trouver la moindre particuliarité différentielle autre que celles qui peuvent étre considérées comme individuelles, et que liconographie la plus rigoureuse pourrait 4 peine signaler”’ (p. 86). Mr. Flower tells me that he has seen the two skeletons together at Leyden, and that he observed a marked difference in the spinal column. It will be interesting hereafter to have this matter more definitely settled. De Blainville’s comparison was made between one skeleton of the Dromedary and five of the Camel. The deviations in the skeletons of the Camelide from the rumi- nant type, such as the three canine-like teeth in each jaw, the want of perforation of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebree for the vertebral artery, the form of the spine of the scapula, the pecu- liarities in some of the tarsal and carpal bones, and the more flattened form of the feet, have been pointed out in the Hunterian Catalogue, and by various writers on the subject ; but there are some peculiarities in the skeleton of this animal that have not, I think, received sufii- cient notice. In my examination of the bones of the male Bactrian Camel at the British Museum, I was struck especially with their great weight and solidity; and I believe, judging from the exami- nation of the bones of nearly all our well-known large quadrupeds, that there is no animal with bones so weighty in proportion to their bulk as those of the Camel. I find that the skull of the Ox is much larger than that of the Camel, but the skull of the Camel is the heavier of the two; and the same remark applies to the Horse’s skull, where, taking proportion into account, the weight of the Camel’s skull greatly preponderates. In two Camels’ skulls that I weighed, 1865.] MR. W. S. DALLAS ON THE FEATHERS OF DINORNIS. 265 one from a male animal and the other from a female, the one weighed 10 lbs., the other 12 lbs.,—the small lower jaw cf one weighing 45 Ibs. Of the skulls of two Horses weighed, one was 104 Ibs., and the other 11 lbs. But there is another remarkable peculiarity in the skull of the Camel, that has not been, I think, sufficiently noticed, viz. the Go- rilla-like form of the upper and back part; indeed I can find no animal that has so great a resemblance to the Gorilla in this parti- cular as the Camel. The large size, too, of what are called the true canine teeth, which in some male Camels exceed the length of 2 inches (out of the gum), is another curious affinity ; and the early obliteration of the cranial sutures may be mentioned as a third, although I believe, from the examination of a great many skulls of the Gorilla, that they are earlier effaced in this animal; but the rough and unequal condition of the cranial surface for the firmer attachment of muscle is far greater in the Gorilla. In the Camel the occipital, the sharp parietal, and the triangular frontal ridges are all present, as in the Gorilla; but the occipital ridge is often deeper than that in the anthropoid Ape. Another deviation in the Camelide is worthy of notice: they have only twelve ribs, whilst the great majority of ruminants have thirteen ; the Giraffe, as is well known, has fourteen. The number of lumbar vertebree in the Camels is seven, as in the Oxen. Under the microscope there is a marked difference in the hair of the Bac- trian Camel and that of one-humped Camel: the former is of a. more woolly character. As is well known, the blood-corpuscles of the Camelide are of an elliptical form ; but in the animal I have lately dissected, from the great amount of pulmonary disorganization, the white corpuscles of the blood were very abundant, and these were all round—a fact, I think, of some physiological importance. 2. On THE FEATHERS OF DiInoRNIS ROBUSTUS, OWEN. By W. S. Dauuas, F.L.S., Kreper or York Museum. The acquisition by the Yorkshire Philosophical Society of a spe- cimen of Dinornis robustus, Owen, in so perfect a state of preserva- tion that it retains even portions of the muscular and integumentary systems, enables me to describe at least a part of the structure of the feathery covering of this remarkable bird, and thus to throw some further light upon its affinities among birds with which we are ac- quainted in the living state. The general condition of the skeleton was described by Mr. Allis in a paper read before the Linnean Society in June last ; and Professor Owen has since made use of one or two portions of it for the completion of his description of the species, in a paper communicated to this Society ; but the fact of the occurrence of the feathers, however imperfect, of a bird which, as far as our in- formation goes, has long been extinct, seems to call for some special notice. 266 MK. W.S. DALLAS ON THE FEATHERS OF DINORNIS. [Mar. 14, At first sight, indeed, it would seem that the fresh condition of many parts of this skeleton, and the preservation of traces of the soft parts, might warrant us in supposing that many years have not elapsed since the bird to which it belonged wandered over the hills of Otago; but all possibility of drawing from these circumstances any conclusions as to the period of its death is set aside by the fact that other parts of the skeleton are in a state of decay which would apparently require a free exposure to the weather for many years for its production. The portion of skin which bears the remains of feathers covered the greater part of the flat, rhombic region of the pelvis immediately above the commencement of the tail, and extended, on the left side, beyond the ridge bounding this part of the pelvis, and for some dis- tance down the slope of its side, where it has beneath it the aponeu- rotic portion of some of the great muscles of the thigh. The feather- bearing portion forms a sort of broad, irregular, transverse band across this region of the pelvis, encroached upon anteriorly by a wide semicircular notch, and posteriorly, a little to the right of the centre, by an irregular worn space exhibiting numerous perforations, indica- ting the former positions of feathers which have disappeared. The skin itself is rather thick and coarse. The remains of feathers occur only on that part of the skin which covered the flat back of the pelvis, in which their insertions give rise to strongly marked papille. The skin on the sloping left side of the pelvis bears no feathers, and pre- sents no traces of their insertion. It appears, however, to have lost some of its outer layers, and certainly does not furnish evidence suf- ficient to prove the existence of a featherless space at this part, which would be opposed to Nitzsch’s description of the pterylography of the Struthionide. The feathers are all very imperfect, consisting only of the basal portions of the shaft and accessory shaft, with here and there some traces of the barbs. The latter occur most abundantly towards the left side, and especially in the feathers situated upon the left ridge, from which the specimen here figured (fig. 1) was taken. The shafts are always evidently imperfect ; the longest fragment existing in the skin is only about 2 inches in length. The stem tapers gradually, the quill being the widest part and about =4,th of an inch in dia- meter. The quill is inserted about ;8;ths of an inch into the skin, and the webs appear generally to have commenced about ;,th of an inch from the junction of the quill with the shaft. From these data it is of course impossible to form any opinion as to the original length of the feathers. The accessory shafts are considerably smaller than the main shafts, but still of sufficient size to constitute an important portion of the plumage. The longest accessory shaft that I have been able to find measures 13 inch in length, and is imperfect ; there is little doubt that the accessory shafts were both shorter and more slender than the true feathers. The shaft is somewhat convex above, and marked with a fine lon- gitudinal furrow beneath. It is of a brown colour beneath, but pale 1865.] MR. W. S. DALLAS ON THE FEATHERS OF DINORNIS. 267 horn-colour above, probably from exposure to external influences. The accessory shaft is of a pale horn-colour, and appears to be nearly cylindrical. Fig. 1. The basal portion of a feather detached from the skin, of the natural size : a. The accessory shaft. 2. Part of a barb with the barbules ; magnified 15 diameters. 3. Apical portion of a barbule ; magnified 150 diameters. The structure of the web is somewhat different from that which occurs in the Emu and the Cassowary. Towards the base of the shaft the barbs spring in groups of four or five together from nearly the same spot, and thus this part of the web assumes a tufted aspect. As we advance towards the apex this arrangement speedily ceases ; the number of barbs springing from the shaft gradually diminishes, until each side bears only a single series of these appendages. The barbs consist of slender, flattened fibres, bearing long, silky, and very delicate barbules, without any trace of barbicels, but presenting a di- stinctly beaded appearance when examined by a simple lens. Under 268 DR. P. P. CARPENTER ON NEW SPECIES [Mar. 14, the microscope, with a moderate power, this beaded aspect is lost, and the barbule appears merely divided by faint transverse partitions into a series of cells, some of which, towards the apex, exhibit small tooth-like projections representing the rudiments of barbicels (fig. 3). All the barbs remaining on the feathers appear to be imperfect. The barbs of the accessory plume are of the same general struc- ture as those on the main shaft, but they appear to form a single series on each side from the base. The barbs nearest the base of the feather, both in the main web and the accessory plume, are destitute of barbules for some distance from their base ; but this distance gradually decreases until the barb is furnished with barbules throughout its whole length. It is evidently impossible to determine from these mere fragments of feathers what was the precise structure of those organs when per- fect; we cannot even decide whether the basal barbs possessed the hair-like tips characteristic of those of the Emu and Cassowary, and still less whether the apical portion of the feather supported simple barbs such as occupy that position in those birds. The only fact of importance, indeed, that I can hope to make known by this paper is that the Dinornithes undoubtedly possessed a large accessory plume, thus adding another proof of their relationship to the green-egged Emus and Cassowaries existing in the Australian region, and of their difference from the white-egged group of Struthiones represented in Africa and South America. 3. Dracnoses oF New Species anp A New Genus or Mot- LUSKS FROM THE REe1IGEN MazaTLaAn COLLECTION: WITH AN ACCOUNT OF ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS PRESENTED TO THE British Museum. By Puxtvip P. Carpenter, B.A., Pu.D. After the publication of the British Museum Mazatlan Catalogue, the backs of several fresh Spondylus-valves were examined by Mr. R. D. Darbishire aud myself. Among the specimens were several which were deemed worthy of being added to the national collection ; they were deposited there, with a MS. appendix to the Catalogue, in 1858. As it is not judged necessary to print this separately, I have (with the permission of Dr. Gray) transcribed what should be placed on record, in hopes that it may not be judged out of place in the ‘ Proceedings.’ Those who use the Mazatlan Catalogue are requested to observe not only the corrections in the Appendix, pp- 547-552, but also those made in the Review of Professor C. B. Adams’s Panama Catalogue, P. Z. 8S. 1863, p. 339; and in the British Association Reports, 1863, pp. 543 et seg. The numbers, both of species and of tablets, are continued from the Mazatlan Catalogue, and correspond with those in the Report. The student of the Gulf fauna should also consult the account of Mr. Xantus’s 1865. ] OF MOLLUSKS FROM MAZATLAN. 269 Cape St. Lucas shells in the, ‘Annals Nat. E[ist.’ 1864, and in the Report, pp. 616-626 *. 704. CeLLepora AREOLATA, Busk+. Tablet 2540 contains a specimen on Omphalius ligulatus. 705. MemBRANIPORA ?FLEMINGII, Buskt. Tablet 2541 contains a group on O. ligulatus. * The following additional specimens from the Reigen Collection have been presented to the British Museum :— Tablet. - 12%. A group on Omphalius ligulatus. 13*. Lepralia adpressa and Membranipora, sp. ind., on ditto. 2. Young opposite valve of ?Solecurtus; perhaps conspecific. 201*. Four young valves (smallest ‘05 by 034) probably of this species. 266*. Minute transparent valve, ‘028 across, teeth unformed; perhaps of this species. 308*. Two specimens; margin irregular. d94*, Several specimens in Uvanilla unguis; one, not haying room within, has made a case for itself outside the Uvanidla. 642%, A pair, -3 by ‘15; probably an older state of the same species, Barbatia alternata. 60*. A minute, transparent valve, -045 by -024, without teeth ; resembling 2 Savicava fragilis, Nyst,’” Jeffr., in ‘ Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ Aug. 1858. 486*. A young shell, ‘06 across, laid open; crowded inside, especially near the umbones, with a pinkish mass of young ones, about ‘0018 in length. 500, A younger pair, much more transverse, transparent, without concentric ridges, the lateral teeth in one valve being simply the raising of the dorsal margins. 833*. Two young specimens, nestling among Nullipore on Fisswrelia alba. 869*. Two specimens, with egg-cases arranged in pattern like Orbitolites. 876*. One specimen, curiously mended after fracture. 877*. One specimen, with columella curiously contorted. 1023*, One specimen, with ribs rounded and aspect of Siphonaria lecanium ; probably a distinct species. 1058*. One young specimen, probably conspecific, though only 07 by ‘047; there is no trace of spire. 1059*. Three specimens; broad form. 1468*, Fragment of Spondylus calcifer, with basal supports of Hipponyx ?ser- ratus, in burrow of Lithophagus plumula. 1795*. Two specimens with five intercalary teeth. 1834*. One specimen with the canal bent back, as in Cassidaria. 2221%*, One specimen, mended after severe fracture. 2223*, One specimen; columellar fold bifid. 2224*, Two specimens; columella bent and straight. 2225*, One specimen; labrum thin. 2226*. One specimen ; ribs close. 2376*. One specimen, dwarf form; nodulous, as in N. nodulifera, Phil. 2516. An opposite larger valve, since found, in which there is only one distinct posterior tooth, and the anterior hooked tooth is separating into two, [2534. One specimen of Vitrinella ? tricarinata, jun., of which the ribs are nodulous in the young state. If rightly determined, this adds no. 710 to the list of species. | 2536. A nuclear shell, ‘046 across, of Naticoid shape, very finely striated in each direction. It is probably a young Hipponyz. + Both of these species were kindly identified by Mr. G. Busk. > 270 DR. P. P, CARPENTER ON NEW SPECIES [Mar. 14, Genus CycLADELLA. Testa bivalvis, tenuis, equilateralis, equivalvis, haud hians, um- bonibus planatis. Ligamentum tenuissimum, externum. Cardo linea curvata, dent. lat. distantibus, card. transversis, haud radiantibus. 56. CYCLADELLA PAPYRACEA, 0. Sp. C. t. tenuissima, subdiaphana, epidermide tenui induta, planata, suborbiculari; concentrice fortiter lirata, liris rotundatis, intus excavatis; tota superficie lineis granulosis radiantibus creber- rimis minutissime celata; dent. card. ii. transversis, mar- gin dorsali subparallelis ; dent. lat. validis. =“ Tellina ?eburnea, Hanl.” (fragments only), Maz. Cat. no. 56. Mr. Hanley kindly sent for my inspection a perfect pair (as “‘ Lepton” ), which he had found nestling in a burrow in Spondylus. The hinge more resembles Cyclas (Lam.) than any other known genus. Its great peculiarity is, that the cardinal teeth, instead of radiating from the umbo, fall in the curve of the hinge-line, as though uniting the lateral teeth. The shell is too thin (being deeply indented within by the concentric waves) to make out the pallial line ; but no trace of sinus is visible. It may therefore rank, provi- sionally, under Kelliade, although in other respects its affinities appear to be with (dalia and Cooperella. The ligament appears little more than a prolongation of the epidermis. Beside the trans- verse cardinal teeth, there is in each valve a curved line, slightly raised, like the end of a finger-nail, which bounds what would be the lunule in other shells. Long. *1, lat. +123, alt. -045. Hab. Mazatlan; one perfect specimen from Havre Collection (Mus. Hanl.) ; fragments, Liverpool Collection. 706. ? MonTACUTA OBTUSA, Nn. Sp. 2M. ¢. planata, valde inequilaterali, subrhomboidea ; subdia- phana seu chalcedonica, haud punctata, levi ; marginibus ple- rumque regulariter excurvatis, dorsali recto, umbonibus haud prominentibus ; cardine, utraque in valva, dente uno cardinal et fossa ligamentali ; dent. lat. altera valva elongatis, rectis, altera vix conspicuis. Differs from ? M. dionea in the elongation of the lateral teeth, and in the possession of a distinct cardinal tooth in each valve. Long. *047, lat. -06, alt. -01. Hab. Mazatlan ; two fresh specimens, Liverpool Collection. Tablet 2530 contains the larger specimen; the other is trans- parent. 696. PecruncuLus, sp. ind. Tablet 2531 contains a minute valve, ‘033 across; outside with close, prominent concentric ridges, foliated by about twenty-four 1865.] OF MOLLUSKS FROM MAZATLAN. 271 rounded ribs, which are evanescent near the umbo. Inside with a very few strong teeth, developed in a curved line. 698. ScissURELLA RIMULOIDES, 0. sp. S. ¢. rapide augente, albida, tenuissima ; apice celato; anfr. il., radiatim liratis, liris subdistantibus, acutis, obliquis ; um- bilico magno; labro declivi, haud Jisso, sed apertura postica, ut in“ Rimula” formata, subquadrata, elongata; liris trans- versis gradus teste increscentis definientibus ; peritremate con- tinuo, obliquo. Only one specimen was found of this beautiful little Species, the first known from America. It looks like a Velutina crossed by sharp ribs in the direction of the slanting mouth. In the first whorl the ribs are very close. It then assumes its normal sculpture, but there is nearly a whorl before there is any trace of incision. This appears to have begun as a slit, which was afterwards closed up. A band, marked off by ten transverse ribs showing stages of growth, encircles the shell as far as the hole, which is long and somewhat rectangular; but there is no band between the hole and the outer lip. The shell furnishes a complete transition to Rimula. It is preserved on tablet 2532. Long. *023, long. spir. 003, lat.-03; div. 140°. Hab. Mazatlan ; off Spondylus calcifer ; Liverpool Collection. 699. VITRINELLA ORNATA, 0. sp. V. t. subdiscoidea, diaphana, tenuissima ; anfr. iv., quorum iii. primi nucleosi, insculpti; ultimo carina maxima circa periphe- riam ; postice subangulata, rugis radiantibus et striolis spt- ralibus ornata; antice carinata, carina nodosa; basi carina altera et rugis radiantibus ornata; umbilico angulato, satis . magno; labro a carina indentato. Long. ‘015, lat. -028--035 ; div. (cire.) 175°. Hab. Mazatlan; one specimen off Spondylus, on tablet 2533; Liverpool Collection. 700. ViTRINELLA TENUISCULPTA, 0. sp. V. t. planata, diaphana, tenuissima ; anf. il. et dimidio, quorum iil. nucleosi; striis elevatis, spiralibus, quarum una magna, quasi carina prope suturam sculpta; peripheria haud angu- lata ; bast bis angulata, interdum rugis radiantibus distantibus ornata ; umbilico satis magno, carinato ; apertura undata, sub- quadrata. The sculpture is not uniform over the last whorl. The principal diagnostic features are the biangulated base, the infrasutural keel, and the rounded periphery. Long. 016, long. spir. 0, lat. -023--03 ; div. 180°. Hab. Mazatlan; one specimen off Spondylus, on tablet 2534; Liverpool Collection. 272 DR. P. P. CARPENTER ON NEW SPECIES [Mar. 14, 701. ? VirrINELLA, sp. ind. Tablet 2535 contains a fragment, ‘085 across, of what was pro- bably a gigantic species of this genus or of Cyclotrema, strongly keeled. 492. DiaALA PAUPERCULA, C. B. Ad. = Cingula paupercula, C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, no. : diagnosi mutata. =? Odostomia mamillata, Maz. Cat. no. 492: diagnosi aucta. D. ¢. nitida, solida; vert. nucl. anfr. iv., lirulis spiralibus et radiantibus tenuiter decussato; t. adulta decollata, vertice mamillato ; anfr. norm. iv. ; peritremate continuo ; basi obtuse angulata, lacuna umbilicali a labio separato formata. Long. °085, long. spirze 055, lat. *@5; div. 34°. The fortunate discovery of a perfect young specimen and some adult shells in the shell-washings of Professor Adams’s collection enables us to explain the anomalies described in the Mazatlan Cata- logue, where the solitary dead shell was referred, with doubt, to Odostomia, in consequence of its truncated apex. It was not pos- sible to recognize in it Professor Adams’s “ Cingula,” since that was described as having the apex “ subacute,”’ and the angular base and continuous peritreme were not mentioned. The nuclear whorls are sculptured as in A/aba supralirata ; but the vertex, instead of being persistent as in that genus, appears to be always decollated in the adult. The shell has the peculiar glossy texture of Diala. 702. MANGELIA SULCATA, N. sp. M. ¢. subturrita, albida, apice obtuso; anfr. vii., tumidioribus ; liris vii., obtusis, rectis, vix angulatis ; sulcis spiralibis creber- rimis, circa basim continuis; labro? ... | fracto}. Long. °2, long. sp. °12, lat. -07 ; div. 35°. Hab. Mazatlan; one specimen off Spondylus, on tablet 2538 ; Liverpool Collection. 703. ? Torinta, sp. in. Tablet 2539 contains a small shell, -035 across, consisting of 33 smooth, flattened, sinistral whorls; with a distinct suture, but not umbilicated. In a larger specimen (unfortunately lost), under the microscope this sinistral vertex appeared turned completely upside down, with more than half a whorl of an orbicular shell, white, sculptured like Vitrinella, with a very strong peripherical keel, and other smaller keels, decussated by radiating ruge. This mode of growth is exactly as in the young Torinia ; but the adult must have been very distinct from any known species, and perhaps did not belong to any described genus. 550. MucronaLia INVOLUTA, 2. sp. M. ¢. parva, tenui, albida, irregulari, marginibus spire valde excurvatis ; vertice declivi; anf. norm. vi. +.... satis excur- 1865.] OF MOLLUSKS FROM MAZATLAN, 273 vatis, suturis valde impressis ; basi prolongata, obtusa ; aper- tura ovali, postice angusta; labro acuto; labio tenuissimo, Long. *105, long. spir. ‘068, lat. ‘033; div. 20°. = Leiostraca ?recta, Maz. Cat. in loco: non C. B. Ad. 551, LetosTrRaca PRODUCTA, 0. sp. L. t. parva, albida, subfusiformi, marginibus spire rectis; vertice acutiore, recto; anfr. norm. ix., planatis, suturis vix conspi- cuis ; peripheria satis rotundata ; basi rapide angustata, postea producta ; apertura subrhomboidea, axi antice acuta, angulata; labro acuto; labio tenui. Long. +123, long. spir. 08, lat. °046; div. 23°. ; = Leiostraca ? solitaria, Maz. Cat., in loco: non C. B. Ad. This species is easily recognized by its very-peculiar sharply- pointed beak ; in shape like a young Jostellaria, without the canal. 652. ANACHIS THZNIATA, Phil. Columbella teniata, Phil. in Zeit. f. Mal. 1846, no. 26 (non Ad. & Rve. in Voy. Samarang). = Anachis Gaskoini, Cpr. in Maz. Cat. p. 510. no. 652. Variat lineis spiralibus fuscis viii., quarum iii. in spira mon- strantur; maculis alternatis inter secundam et tertiam sttis. Variat quoque maculis evanescentibus. Hab. Callao (teste Gaskoin) ; Mazatlan (EF. B. Philippi, Reigen); Cape St. Lucas (Xantus). It appears that Mr. Gaskoin was not acquainted with Phi- lippi’s species, which had not then reached the Cumingian Collec- tion; as he pronounced M. Reigen’s specimen to be new, and sug- gested the specific name in the Mazatlan Catalogue. It would have avoided a double synonymy, could the name teniata have been re- tained for the Samarang shell, and Mr. Gaskoin’s for this. The Cape St. Lucas shells vary as above indicated. 650. 7ANACHIS SERRATA, Cpr. Maz. Cat. no. 650, p. 509. Perfect specimens of this singular species having been found at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. Xantus, the diagnosis may be thus completed :— Epidermide fimbriata, lirulas spirales eleganter decussante ; labri denticulis variantibus, interdum subobsoletis. Long. *28, long. spir. 15, lat.-13; div. 40°. With the sculpture and general aspect of a small Cantharus, it has the mouth of an Anachis. The operculum, and therefore the generic relations, are not yet known*, * The following additions and corrections may be useful to the students of the British Museum Catalogue :— ; Species 181. Arca multicostata further differs from A. grandis in the epi- dermis being soft and very finely hairy. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. XVIII. 274 DR. P. P. CARPENTER ON NEW SPECIES — [Mar. 14, ‘4, DescRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF CHITONIDE AND ACMHIDH, FROM THE PanAMA COLLECTION OF THE tare Pror. C. B. Apams. By Pururp P. Carpenter, B.A., Pu.D. LEPIDOPLEURUS ADAMSII. L. ¢. « L. dispari” simili; pallide rufo-fusca, colore intensiore irregulariter strigata seu maculata; sepius maculis albidis regione diagonali ornata; jugo vie acuto; areis centralibus et valvis terminalibus conspicue granulosis; areis lateralibus irregulariter verrucosis, verrucis plerumque lobatis ; mucrone antico, vie eonspicuo: intus, valvis centralibus uni-, termina- libus vili.-x.-fissis ; subgrundis parvis, dentibus acutis ; sutu- ris medianis postice rectis, antice laminas haud attingentibus, sinu planato, latissimo: limbo pallit imbricatim squamoso. Long. °6, lat. ‘3 poll. ; div. 110°. Variat verrucis minus expressis, simplicioribus. =Chiton dispar, C. B. Ad. no. 373, par. = Lophyrus adamsii, P. Z.8., 1863, p. 24. Unfortunately for those who do not like to remove the non-tes- taceous portion from their Chitons, as they do from their other shells, the mantle-margin by no means affords a safe clue to the structure of the valves. Among the species of the genus Ischnochiton, Gray, 223. The length should be 1:1. 319. For “ labio nullo” read ‘‘ tenwissimo.” 330. The nuclear shell has two whorls, Ampullaria-shaped. 367. Add to diagnosis, ‘‘ operculo concavo, linea elevata suturam definiente.” 368. Add to diagnosis, “‘operculo vie concavo, suturis minus definitis.” 373. Add to diagnosis, “‘operculo concavo, suturis distinctis, pertpheriam versus linea elevata instructis.” The species was found living among the small Olivelle. 376. Add to diagnosis, ‘‘ operculo concavo, suturis vie definitis.’ Living, among Olivelle. 501. Instead of the specimen from which the description in the text was written, tablet 1966 contains a much finer shell, since found, which allows of the following additions to the diagnosis :—“ vert. nucl. parvo, satis extante, decli- viter sito; anfr. norm. v.; interstitiis carinarum transversim rugulosis ; labro solidiore. Long. ‘087, long. spir. 057, lat. :038.” 510. A very beautiful shell, found in the refuse of Professor Adams’s Panama collection, is probably of this species, though the sutural cancellations are close. It has one more whorl: vertex Chemnitzoid, of three Helicoid whorls, scarcely projecting ; apex hidden. 650. From perfect Cape St. Lucas specimens, add the following to diagnosis: — epidermide fimbriata, lirulas spirales eleganter decussante.” Page 312. Add to the diagnoses of opereula of Vermetide :— “(h.) Operculum corneum, intus convexum, nitidum, umbone magno extante ; extus concavum, paucispirale, lamina extante suturas definiente. Diam. ‘045.” Tablet 2537 contains the only specimen found, resembling Siphonium, from the Spondylus-washings. Tablet 447 is Liocardium apicinum, which should stand as species 709. Page 314, note * (e¢ seg.), for “ Inflatulum” read “* Mioceras.” Page 359, line 18, for “regular” read “ irregular.” 1865.] AND VARIETIES OF CHITONIDH AND ACMEID. 275 (=Lepidopleurus, Add.,) known by the sharp incisor-teeth lying within a projecting lip, there are three types of mantle-margin, which may be conveniently separated as subgenera, to aid in the difficult task of describing and identifying species. The typical forms, for which the name Ischnochiton should be retained, have the scales somewhat chaffy, and very finely striated. I. magdalensis and I. sanguineus well represent the group. But another series have the mantle-scales imbricate and strong, asin Chiton, Gray, (= Lo- phyrus, Add.,) from which they cannot be distinguished without dissection. For this Messrs. Adams’s name Lepidopleurus may be retained in a restricted sense. It is uncertain what Risso’s original genus was meant to include: his diagnosis applies to all Chitons with distinct side-areas and scaly margins. A third group, separated by Dr. Gray in his ‘ Guide,’ p. 182, as having the ‘“ mantle-scales minute, granular,”’ has been named T’ra- chydermon : it abounds in the Californian region. The specimens of LZ. adamsii were found among the duplicates named Chiton dispar by the Professor; one was attached to Discina cumingit. LEPIDOPLEURUS TENUISCULPTUS. L. ¢. “L. adamsii” simili ; olivacea, colore pallido seu intensiore minute variegata ; tota superficie minute granulosa; areis lateralibus vie definitis ; suturis plerumque albido maculatis ; mucrone antico, satis conspicuo, parte postica concava : intus, ut in “L. adamsii”’ formata. Variat : ¢. pallidore, ad jugum rufo-tincta. =Chiton dispar, C. B. Ad. no. 373, pars. The outside of this shell so much resembles the young of Chiton (Lophyrus) stokesii, that specimens may have been distributed under that name. Very few individuals were found. IsCHNOCHITON ELENENSIS (diagn. auct.). Extus areis centralibus clathris parallelis cire. xx. decussatis ; ar. lat. costis ii., validioribus, tumidis, tuberculosis: intus marginibus suturalibus posticis reflewis, tuberculatis, sinu ad jugum parvo; laminis insertionis unifissis, ad laminas sutu- rales anticas junctis, sinu latissimo.. Valva antica extus costis xil., haud validis ; intus fissuris x., dentibus acutis, subgrunda parva. Valva postica mucrone subpostico, depresso; parte postica expansa, concava, costis circ. xi. subobsoletis ; intus lamina insertionis circ. ix.-fissa, dentibus curtis, subgrunda parva, intus callosa. The central valves in this species are normal; but the posterior valve offers a transition towards Callochiton, the outside being con- cave posteriorly, the insertion-teeth short and the eaves callous. IscHNOCHITON (? var.) EXPRESSUS. I. ¢. “1. elenensi” simili, sed carnea; areis centr. clathris x., 276 DR. P. P. CARPENTER ON NEW SPECIES [Mar. 14, distantibus, crebre decussatis, jugo acuto; ar. lat. costis ii., validissimis, angustis, tuberculis angustis : intus marginibus suturalibus posticis planatis, haud tuberculosis, haud sinuatis; lam. insert. ut antea, sinu angusto, ad jugum angulato. Valva antica costis x., validis, angustis: intus ut antea, sed fissuris viii. Valva postica mucrone postico, planato; parte postica expansa, haud concava, costis circ. vil. validissimis: intus lumina cire. vil.-fissa, subygrunda planata. With a strong general resemblance to I. e/enensis, the differences in detail in the only two specimens examined, as above stated, ap- pear of specific importance. If only varietal, it is equally important to notice how much change is tolerated by the habits of the animal. It may be the shell called Chiton clathratus by Prof. Adams, of which there were no duplicates to compare. It offers a still more marked transition to Callochiton, the margin of the posterior valve being somewhat pectinated by the great projection of the ribs. ’ ‘© CALLOCHITON”’ PULCHELLUS: diagn. auct. Exvtus areis centr. lineis interdum parallelis, interdum radian- tibus, rugose scrobiculatis ; ar. lat. costis ii., validissimis, im- bricato-nodosis: valva antica costis similibus cire. ix.: v. post. area centrali lata; mucrone subpostico, planato; parte postica costis vil. similibus, medianis curtissimis, excurvatis : pallio squamulis minutis imbricatis. Intus v. ant. subgrunda (ut in Ischnochitone) munita, sed a costis pectinata ; dentibus acutis, intus linea undulata secundum costas instructa, extus concavis, parte convexa costarum incisis: v. medianis similiter pectinatis, laminis secundum costas diag. uniscissis : laminis suturalibus medio continuis, late sinuatis; suturis posticis a sculptura externa granulatis: v. post. viil.-lobata, marginibus planatis, laminis dense compressis incrassatis ; dentibus obtu- sissimis, appressis, haud extantibus, subobsoletis, extrorsum planatis, ut in v. ant. fissis; interdum fissuris quoque in par- tibus concavis. As I have seen no published diagnosis of the very peculiar type of insertion-plates observed in this species, which has hitherto been too rare to allow working naturalists an opportunity of dissection, I have given a minute description. The plates of insertion, as well as the exterior eaves, are scalloped by the strong ribs, and alternate with them. In the posterior valve the eaves are flattened outwards, in closely appressed layers, the blunt, ill-developed insertion-teeth lying flat upon them. The valves easily separate from the mantle, when immersed in water. Outside, the species is easily recognized by the two strong ribs of the diagonal areas, the central pitted in somewhat branching rows, and the ribs on the curiously flattened posterior valve resembling a clenched fist. Acma (? FLocCATA, var.) FILOSA. A. t. “A, mesoleucee”’ ‘forma et indole simili; sed sculptura multo 1865.] AND VARIETIES OF CHITONIDEH AND ACMEID&. 277 tenuiore; t. gun. levi; dein lirulis delicatulis, acutis, haud granulosis, valde distantibus, interdum obsoletis, filosa ; inter- stitis latis, levibus ; tenui, planata, ovali, subdiaphana ; nigro- Jusco, corneo radiatim strigata, seu varie maculata: intus livida seu albida, coloribus externis transeuntibus ; limbo lato, acuto. Long. ‘7, lat. °56, alt. -12. = Lottia ? patina, C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, no. 367. Hab. Panama (C. B. Adams). There is no described west-tropical species to which these shells can be affiliated, unless they prove to be a very delicate variety of A. floccata, Rve. Unfortunately the Panama limpets have never been collected in sufficient numbers to make out their specific limits satisfactorily. The names here given may stand as species or va- rieties, according to future elucidation. In shape and texture, but not in colour or sculpture, these shells resemble 4. fascicularis; in the latter respects, 4. strigatella. They were named “‘ tenera, Ad.” by Dr. Dohrn, but are sufficiently distinct from that West-Indian species. Acma (? FLOCCATA, var.) SUBROTUNDATA. A. t. “A. var. filose” simili, sed subrotundata, magis elevata, vertice subcentrali ; colore intensiore, lineis corneis crebrioribus, angustis ; t. jun. sepe pallidiore, radiis duobus postice trian- gulata: intus callo livido, tenuiore. Long. °53, lat. 45, alt. +15. = Lottia, sp. ind. a, C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, no. 368. Hab. Panama (C. B. Adams). Acma (? var.) VERNICOSA. A. t. parva, subrotundata, depresso-conica, apice ad duas quintas partes sito; albido-viridi, strigis paucis rufo-—fusecis hie et illic ornata, sepius radiis duobus candidis, postice triangulata ; extus lineis acutis radiantibus, valde distantibus, sepe obsoletis vix sculpta: intus livida, callosa, sepius spathula candida or- nata; basi subplanata, limbo angusto. Long. °3, lat. +24, alt. +1. Hab. Panama (Jewett, C. B. Adams). =Lottia, sp. ind. 6, C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, no. 369. Had this form been brought from the China Seas, it might have been taken for the young of A. biradiata, Rve. From its solidity, however, its rough exterior, and its callous interior, it appears to be adult. It is barely possible that it may develope into A. vesper- tina. It differs from the young of 4. subrotundata in being much thicker and less spotted with the green tint. 278 DR. P, P, CARPENTER ON NEW SPECIES -[Mar. 14, 5. DIAGNOSES OF NEW SPECIES Or MoLuusks, FROM THE WEST Trovican Recion or NortH AMERICA, PRINCIPALLY COL- LECTED BY THE Rey. J. ROWELL, or SAN Francisco. By Puitie P. Carpenter, B.A., Pu.D. Of the new species quoted in the ‘ Supplementary Report on the Present State of our Knowledge of the Mollusca of the West Coast of North America,” published in the Transactions of the British As- sociation, 1863, pp. 517-686, the principal portion (namely, those dredged by Dr. J. G. Cooper, Zoologist to the Californian State Geological Survey) are described in the ‘ Proceedings of the California Acad. Nat. Sciences,’ for 1864-65; those dredged in Puget Sound, during the U. 8. North Pacifie Boundary Survey, by the late Dr. Kennerley, are described in the ‘ Journal of the Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Se.’ for the present year. The species obtained by the natu- ralists of the British Survey are described in three papers by Dr. Baird and myself, P. Z. S. 1863-65. The new species sent by Mr. J. Xantus from Cape St. Lucas, and by Mr. J. G. Swan from Neeah Bay, appear in the ‘ Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ 1864-65. In the same Journal are described the new species which I found in Col. Jewett’s collection. Those sent to Dr. Gould from the same col- lection had been previously analyzed in the ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1856. The above are the principal sources of fresh knowledge; but a number of species from the Californian province, which do not range under any of these heads, will be found in the ‘Journal de Conchyliologie’ for the current year. In separate papers communicated to the Zoological Society are the diagnoses of additional species from Prof. Adams’s Panama and from M. Reigen’s Mazatlan collections. The remaining species, from the tropical province, are embodied in the present paper. ‘The types (unless otherwise stated) are in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. (TeLLina) ANGULUS DECUMBENS. A. ¢. tenui, subplanata, alba seu rosacea; levi, striolis incre- menti insculpta ; epidermide pallide straminea induta ; antice ef ventraliter valde produecta; postice truncata, angulata ; umbonibus acutioribus, vie prominentibus ; marginibus dorsa- libus postico recto, antico ad angulum parum excurvato, antico et ventrali valde et regulariter excurvatis ; parte postica v. deatr. subito angulata, v. sinistr. parum sinuata ; nymphis an- gustis, elongatis, cartilagine omnino externo: dent. card. mi- nimis; dent. lat. v. dextr. antico satis conspicuo, postico obso- leto; v. sinistr. nullis ; cicatr. adduct. posticis subrhomboideis, anticis valde elongatis, angustis; sinu pallii maximo, subtri- angulari, usque ad cicatricem alteram utraque valva porrecta. Long. 1°7, lat. 1°2, alt. “68 poll. Hab. Panama (teste Rowell, Pease). This shell was affiliated by Mr. Hanley to the W. African 7’. 1865.] OF MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA, 279 nymphalis, but differs in the internal scars.. Externally it resem- TL. dombeyi, Lam. (= Scerobicularia producta, Cpr. P. Z. 8. 1855, p- 230), but is easily recognized by the strictly Tellinoid ligament and anterior lateral tooth, by the posterior portion being pinched instead of waved, and by the junction of the pallial sinus with the opposite scar. By the same characters it is distinguished from 7. tersa, Gld., which closely resembles S, dombey?, var., in Mus. Cum. Like many other Tellens, it has a white and a pink variety. The uame was printed by an oversight in Brit. Assoc. Rep. 1863, p. 669, as A. amplectans ; but as it was unaccompanied by a diagnosis, and does not describe the shell, no confusion will arise from reverting to the name first given. LuciInA UNDATA. L. ¢. convexa, tenuiore, albida; tota superficie lirulis concentricis ereberrimis, compressis, haud acutis ornata, interstitiis mini- mis ; parte ventrali costis radiantibus iti., obtusis, latis, vali- dissimis, interstitiis parvis ; lunula maxima, a sulco bene defi- nita, sub umbonibus incurvatis fossa alta minuta indentata 3 parte postica alata; margine a costis valde undato, minute crenulato ; ligamento quasi interno : intus dent. card. parvis, a fossa lunulari intortis ; lat. curtis, obtusis ; cicatr. adduct. antica irregulari, postica subovali ; linea palliart prope mar- ginem sita, undata. Long. °45, lat. °44, alt. °3. Hab. Gulf of California (teste Rowell). The outline somewhat resembles Cryptodon; but the aspect is more that of Verticordia, while the minute subumbonal pit is suggestive of Opis. The shell is sexpartite ; the portion between the anterior rib and the lunule resembles a fourth rib, while the projecting lunule and the posterior wing are quite distinct from the body of the shell. The specimen sent by Mr. Rowell to the Smith- sonian Institution was completely smashed. The diagnosis is written from a perfect shell sent by Dr. Newcomb to Mr. Cuming. CauLiostoma (? LIMA, var.) HQUISCULPTA. C. ¢t. “C. lime” simili; sed anfr. planatis, suturis haud dis- tinctis ; sculptura regulari ; jun. monilibus spiralibus inter se equalibus ; t. adulta majore et minore alternantibus ; colore rufescente, granulis interdum rufo-fusco maculatis. Hab. Acapulco (Newberry). Dr. Newberry’s specimens agree in most essential respects with * Trochus lima, Phil.,” in C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, no. 276, which appears identical with the shells marked “ Ziziphinus antonii, Koch, N. Zealand,” in Mus. Cuming. The Acapulean shells are quite flat, while those from Panama are for the most part shouldered as in C. eximium, Rve. (= C. versicolor, Mke. Maz. Cat. no. 289). However, there is no little variation among the Professor’s speci- mens of C. dima, and some are so slightly shouldered that the Aca- pulcan form may be a local variety. 280 DR. P. P, CARPENTER ON NEW SPECIES [ Mar. 14, NARICA INSCULPTA. N. ¢. “N. apertee”’ simili, sed magis compacta ; paullum angus- tiore, umbilico tamen majore ; lineis spiralibus circ. xxvi. dis- tantibus insculptis cincta, quarum x. in anfr. penult. monstran- tur ; postice lineis incrementi viv conspicuis. Long. *3, long. spir. ‘08, lat. °28 ; div. 100°. Hab. Acapulco, on Ostrea iridescens, Rowell. The Cape St. Lucas species (vide Ann. Nat. Hist. 1864, xiii. p. 476) has the sculpture in irregularly raised lirnle, while this has minute grooves chiselled out of a smooth surface. It appears that the San Franciscans import the huge tropical oysters in large quantities, their own species having the coppery flavour which Americans dis- like in the British species. From the outside of the valves, Mr. Rowell obtained this and many other interesting species. DRILLIA EBURNEA. D. ¢. turrita, carneo-albida, tenuiore, levi, maxime nitente; mar- ginibus spire rectis; anfr. nucl.? . . . [decollatis} ; norm. circ. ix., postice planatis, supra suturas appressis, medio satis excurvatis ; hic et illic rugis radiantibus, obsoletis, irregula- ribus exsculpta; basi prolongata, canali conspicuo, aperto ; sinu postico minore, in sulco lato, haud definito, spiram ascen- dente sito; labro acuto; labio indistincto ; columella planata. Long. 1°3, long. spir. °8, lat. 45; div. 30°. Hab. Near Gulf of California (teste Rowell). Easily recognized by its smooth glossy aspect and French-white colour; the notch lying along a broad spiral channel, which throws the junction of the whorl as it were up the suture. MANGELIA ALBOLAQUEATA. M. ¢. solida, turrita, alba, rudi, marginibus spire rectis; anfr. nucl.? . .. [decollatis|; norm. circ. ix. subrotundatis, costis cire. xi.-xv., declivibus, satis angustis, postice obsoletis, lineis subregularibus spiram ascendentibus ; lirulis spiralibus anticis crebris, postice obsoletis ; basi elongata; labro? ... ; labio calloso ; sinu postico majore, suturam attingente. Long. *88, long. spir. 55, lat. *34; div. 30°. Hab. Panama (teste Rowell). Described from an imperfect and worn specimen, but easily recog- nized by its ivory-white colour, and ribs in slanting rows, as though the creature were roofed with white tiles. It was erroneously quoted in the Brit. Assoc. Rep. 1863, p. 669, as a Drillia. EULIMA FALCATA. E. ¢. valde tereti, valde curvata, alba, politissima, solidiore, marginibus spire meniscoideis ; anfr. nucl.? . . . [detritis} ;- norm. circ. X., planatis, lente augentibus ; axi hamata ; suturis indistinctis ; basi elongata, haud tereti; apertura pyriformi, antice latiore ; labro acuto; labio tenui, appresso. 1865.] OF MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA. 281 Long. *31, long. spir. ‘21, lat. ‘09; div. 12°. Hab. Acapulco, on Ostrea iridescens, Rowell. The spire-outlines are scythe-shaped. It is much larger and more solid than L. distorta and (?var.) yod. CERITHIOPSIS INTERCALARIS. C. t. valde elonyata, rufo-fusca, marginibus spire rectis, suturis impressis ; anfr. nucl. iii. +? . . . (decollatis), radiatim dis- tanter liratis ; norm. x., planatis; costis radiantibus primum xii., dein cire. xxil., angustis, haud extantibus, ad peripheriam continuis, interstitiis quadratis ; carinis spiralibus primum ii. nodulosis, dein alteris ii. minoribus inter eas intercalantibus ; carina postica suturali haud nodulosa, secunda valde nodulosa, tertia intercalante equante sed haud noiosa, quarta antica valde nodosa, quinta circa peripheriam, prime et tertie simili, haud nodosa, alteraque contigua, minima, inter quas sutura gyrat ; basi concava, levi; columella valde contorta; canali brevi, aperto; labrot... * Hab. Guacomayo. This beautiful species comes nearest to C. bimarginata, C. B. Ad., of which, indeed, the type does not agree with the diagnosis so well as does this specimen. It differs in having other spiral ribs inter- calating between the two principal ones, and in the radiating sculp- ture being continued to the periphery. One specimen only was found in the shell-washings, not perfect at the mouth. CoLUMBELLA HUMEROSA. C. t. parva, turrita, alba, linea seu maculorum serie fusca inter- dum spiram ascendente; marginibus spire parum excurvatis ; anfr. nucl.? . . . |detritis|; norm. vi., convexis, postice tumen- tibus, suturis valde impressis ; costis radiantibus vii.—viii., dis- tantibus, validissimis, rotundatis; interstitiis late undatis ; lirulis validis spiralibus extantibus, interstiliis eas equantibus, costas et harum interstitia transeuntibus ; basi angusta ; labro vx varicoso, postice emarginato, intus solidiore, dentibus circ. iv. munitis ; apertura late undata, compacta. Long. *26, long. spir. 15, lat. *13; div. 38°. Hab. Acapulco, on Ostrea iridescens, Rowell. The sculpture resembles that of Rhizocheilus, and the tall spire that of Anachis ; yet it appears to belong to the restricted typical genius. Mouricipra DUBIA, Var. SQUAMULATA. Variat ¢. omnino albida; sculptura tenuiore; spira elevata; tota superficie minute squamulata, sguamulis imbricatis. Hab. Cape St. Lucas (Xantus). The opercula in the beautiful specimens sent by Mr. Pease are * I forgot to measure the specimen before returning it to the Smithsonian Inst. ; but it is about the size of C. assimilata. 282 DR. P. L, SCLATER ON THE KNOWN [Mar. 14,. typically Muricoid. The essential features are those of MW. dubia; the pale colour and delicate sculpture and imbrication may arise from a deep-water station, as is seen in similar European shells. Mr. Cuming, however, regards it as distinct. 6. Ox a New Species or tHe Genus BAstLeuTEeRvS OF CABA- NIS, WITH A SYNOPSIS OF THE KNOWN SPECIES OF THE Genus. By P. L. Scuater, M.A., Pa.D., F.R.S., SECRE- TARY TO THE SOCIETY. (Plates IX., X.) Dr. J. Hartlaub, of Bremen, has most kindly placed at my dis- posal a skin of a species of the genus Basileuterus, belonging to the family Mniotiltidze, which he has lately received from a collector in Demerara. Whilst drawing up the characters of this bird, which appears to me to be new to science, I have taken the opportunity of giving a list of the known species of this genus, together with such short diagnoses as may serve to distinguish the species. The genus Basileuterus was first established by Cabanis in 1848 (Schomburgk’s Reise nach Guiana, iii. p. 666), although it had been mentioned by name, without any characters being assigned to it, in his well-known “ Ornithologische Notizen,” published in Wiegmann’s ‘Archiv’ * for the previous year. The type given is the Sylvia ver- mivora of Vieillot, founded on Azara’s ‘‘ Contra-maestre coronado,” no. 154. The next place where we find the genus mentioned is in Bonaparte’s ‘ Conspectus,’ where ten species are assigned to it. This part of Bonaparte’s work was, if we are not much mistaken, composed at Berlin; and the arrangement followed was probably, therefore, taken from the shelves of the Berlin Museum, where the specimens had at that time been arranged by Dr. Cabanis according to his own views. I believe, therefore, that we shall not be wrong in assuming that the list of species given in the ‘ Conspectus’ consists nearly of such as its founder would have attributed to the genus. In the ‘Museum Heineanum’ Dr. Cabanis gives only two species besides the type, namely, B. culicivorus sive brasieri and B. ruber (Setophaga rubra, Sw.), which latter is more correctly located in a separate section, Cardellina. Professor Baird has given a very good arrangement of the Mnio- tiltine forms in his ‘Birds of North America’ (p. 234). This ar- rangement I have followed very nearly in my ‘ Catalogue of American Birds ;’ and I see no reason for departing from it. Professor Baird places Basileuterus in the Setophagine division of the Mniotiltide, between Cardellina and Setophaga. ‘The only alteration I am dis- posed to suggest here is to remove Cardellina, which is decidedly an aberrant form leading off towards the Tanagers, to the extremity of the group; and to locate Basileuterus between Myiodioctes and Setophaga, to both of which it is certainly nearly allied. * 1847, pt. 1, p. 316. M.&N Hanhart. irap P GeO ee 5 ¥ | ll, 3 z teal & 3 s © J,Jennens .del.etlith, M&N.Hanhart imp. L{BASIGEUTERUS. SEMIGERV IN Uns. 2. BASILEUTERUS UROPYCIALI5 1865.] SPFCIES UF BASILEUTERUS. 283 The species of the genus represented in my own collection may be divided as follows :— A. Pedes digitique debiliores : rostrum minus forte. a. Pilei striga media, utrinque nigro marginata: subtus omnino flave: B. vermivorus, B. brasieri, et B. belli. b. Pileo toto rufo: superciliis albis: gutture et pectore flavis: B. mesochry- sus, B. delattrii, et B. rufifrons. B. Pedes digitique robustiores : rostrum fortius, magis crassum. a. Ventre medio flavo aut olivaceo: B. chrysogaster, B. coronatus, B. cine- reicollis, et B. bivittatus. é 6. Ventre medio albo. a’. Uropygio olivaceo, corso concolore: B. leucoblepharus, B. stragu- latus, et B. mesoleucus. ; b’. Uropygio pallide fulvo : B. semicervinus et B. uropygialis. These species may be diagnosed as follows :— 1. BASILEUTERUS VERMIVORUS. Sylvia vermivora, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. ii. p. 278. Muscicapa vermivora, D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 324. Basileuterus vermivorus, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 667; Bp. Consp. p. 313; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 144; Cat. A. B. p- 34; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 113. Olivaceus, subtus flavus, lateraliter obseurior : pileo nigro, plaga mediali flammea: superciliis albidis: rostro corneo, pedibus pallide corylinis. Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°3, caudee 2°0 poll. Angl. Hab. Brasil., Guian., Paraguay, Nova-Granada, et ins. Trinit. 2. BAsILEUTERUS BRASIERI. Muscicapa brasieri, Giraud, B. Texas, pl. 12; Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 66. Basileuterus culicivorus, Bp. Consp. p. 313; Cab. Mus. Hein. . 292. : B. brasieri, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 292, et 1859, p. 374; Cat. A. B. p. 34; Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 274. Cinereus : subtus flavus : pileo medio flavo, striga utrinque nigra: capitis lateribus flavicante mizxtis: rostro corneo, pedibus pal- lidissime corylinis. Long. tota 4°6, alee 2°2, caude 2:0. Hab. Texas et Mexico. 3. BASILEUTERUS BELLII. Muscicapa belli, Giraud, B. Texas, pl. 7. f. 1. Basileuterus bellii, Sclater, P. Z. 8.1855, p. 65, et 1859, p. 374; Cat. A. B. p. 35; Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 31. B. chrysophrys, Sclater, P. Z. 8.1857, p. 202; Bp. Consp. p. 314. Olivaceus, subtus flavus : capitis lateribus et pilei striga mediali 284 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE KNOWN [ Mar. 14, castaneis, hac utrinque nigro marginata: superciliis latis, au- reo-flavis: rostro obscure corneo, pedibus corylinis. Long. tota 4°6, alee 2°3, caudee 2:0. Hab. Texas et Mexico. 4. BASILEUTERUS MESOCHRYSUS. Basileuterus mesochrysus, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 251; Cat. A. B. p. 35. B. delattrii, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 144 (nec Bp.). Olivaceus : subtus omnino flavus, lateraliter olivascens : pileo et lateribus capitis castaneis: superciliis longis et striga rictali albis : rostro nigro, pedibus pallidis. Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°3, caudze 2°2. Hab. Nova Granada. 5. BASILEUTERUS DELATTRII. Basileuterus delattrii, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 383, & Notes Orn. p. 63; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 250; Cat. A. B. p. 35; Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 274. Olivaceus: subtus flavus, ventre albicante: pileo et lateribus capitis castaneis: superciliis longis et striga a rictu albis: rostro nigro, pedibus corylinis. Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°0, caudee 2:2. Hab. Mexico merid. et Guatemala. 6. BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS. Setophaga rufifrons, Sw. An. in Menag. p. 294; Bp. Consp. p. 314. Basileuterus rufifrons, Bp. Consp. p. 314; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 296; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 291, & 1858, p. 299; Cat. A. B. p. 35. Fuscus: alis et cauda extus olivaceo limbatis, pileo et lateribus capitis castaneis, superciliis longis et striga rictali albis: sub- tus gula et pectore pallide flavis, ventre medio albicante, late- rali cum crisso pallide fusco : rostro nigro, pedibus corylinis. Long. tota 5:5, alze 2°2, caudee 2°5. Hab. Mexico bor. et med. 7. BASILEUTERUS CHRYSOGASTER. Setophaga chrysogaster, Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 192; Bp. Consp. 313. Basileuterus chrysogaster, Sclater, P. Z. 8.1859, p. 137, & 1860, p- 273; Cat. A. B. p. 35. Schistaceus : interscapulio olivacescente, subtus omnino flavus: pileo nigro, plaga mediali flava aut aurantiaca: rostro nigro, pedibus pallidis. Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°5, caudze 2:1. Hab. Respubl. Aquatorialis et Peruvize reg. occident. 8. BASILEUTERUS CORONATUS. Myiodioctes coronatus, Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 193. 1865. ] SPECIES OF BASILEUTERUS. 285 Basileuterus coronatus, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 144, & 1859, p- 137; Cat. A. B. p. 34; Bp. Consp. p. 314. Olivaceus : pileo medio castaneo, utrinque nigro marginato, late- ribus capitis schistaceis: gutture albo, abdomine flavo : rostro corneo, pedibus corylinis. Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°6, caude 2°3. Hab. Nova Granada et resp. iquatorialis. 9. BASILEUTERUS CINEREICOLLIS. (Pl. IX. fig. 2.) Basileuterus cinereicollis, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1864, p. 166. Olivaceus : pileo nigricante, plaga mediali flava : capitis lateribus et gula cinereis, hac albescentiore : abdomine flavo, lateraliter olivaceo: rostro obscure corneo, pedibus pallidis. Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°5, caudee 2°2. Hab. Nova Granada. Obs. Since I described this species I have received a second spe- cimen, exactly similar. 10. BASILEUTERUS BIVITTATUS. Muscicapa bivittata, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. i. p. 52; D'’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 324. Myjiodioctes tristriatus, Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 193. Basileuterus bivittatus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 137, & 1860, p- 85; Cat. A. B. p. 34. Olivaceus: subtus dilutior, medialiter fulvescens ; pileo nigro, striga verticali lata et altera utrinque supereiliari elongata pallide fulvis: rostro pallide corneo, pedibus corylinis. Long. tota 4°8, alee 2°5, caudee 2°0. Hab. Respubl. Mquatorialis, Peruvia et Bolivia. 11. BasILEUTERUS LEUCOBLEPHARUS. Sylvia leucoblephara, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xi. p. 206, et Enc. Méth. p- 559 ; D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 216, pl. 12. f. 2. Trichas superciliosus, Sw. An. in Menag. p. 295. Geothlypis leucoblephara, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 17. Trichas leucoblephara, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 231 ; Bp. Consp. p- 310; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 114. Basileuterus leucoblepharus, Sclat. Cat. A. B. p. 36. Olivaceus : pileo medio ardesiaco, utrinque nigro marginato, super- ciliis albis: subtus albus, lateraliter cinerascens, tibiis et crisso flavicante tinctis : rostro corneo, pedibus pallide corylinis. Long. tota 5-5, alee 2°3, caude 2:4. Hab. Brasil., Paraguaya et Bolivia int. 12. BASILEUTERUS STRAGULATUS. Muscicapa stragulata, Licht. Doubl. p. 55. Muscicapa rivularis, Max. Beitr. iil. p. 789. Geothlypis stragulata, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 17. Trichas stragulata, Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 115. Basileuterus stragulatus, Sclat. Cat. A. B. p. 35. 286 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. _[Mar, 14, Olivaceus : pileo medio cinereo, utrinque nigro marginato, super- ciliis albis : subtus albus, lateribus et crisso ochraceo perfusis: rostro corneo, pedibus pallide corylinis. Long. tota 5°7, ale 2°7, caude 2°5. Hab. Brasilia orient. 13. BAstILEUTERUS MESOLEUCUS, sp. nov. (PI. IX. fig. 1.) Olivaceus : pileo cinereo, superciliis et lateribus capitis pallide rufis: subtus medialiter albus, lateribus et crisso pallide ful- vis: rostro obscure corneo, pedibus pallide corylinis. Long. tota 52, alee 2°3, caudze 2°0. Hab. Demerara. Obs. Proximus B. stragulato, sed pileo unicolore, superciliis rufis, et ventre late et clare albo, necnon alis et cauda brevioribus distin- guendus. 14. BasILEUTERUS SEMICERVINUS. (PI. X. fig. 1.) Basileuterus semicervinus, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1860, pp. 84, 291; Cat. A. B. p. 35. Obscure fuscus, dorso olivaceo perfuso : superciliis, corpore subtus et uropygio cum caude parte basali cervino-rufis : caud@ apice nigricanti-fusco : rostro nigro, pedibus pallide corylinis. Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°3, caudz 1:4. Hab. Resp. Aiquator. 15. BAsILEUTERUS UROPYGIALIS. (PI. X. fig. 2.) Basileuterus uropygialis, Sclater, P. Z. 8.1861, p. 128; Sclater & Salvin, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 347; Cat. A. B. p. 35. Olivaceus : capite cinerascente, superciliis et corpore subtus dilute cervinis, ventre albescente : uropygio et caude dimidio basali pallide fulvis : hujus apice cinerascenti-olivaceo : rostro nigro, pedibus pallide corylinis. Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°7, caude 1-8. Hab. Isthmus Panama. Thave not included Myiothlypis nigricristata and Euthlypis lacry- mosa in the present list, although I doubt whether either of these forms ought really to be separated generically from Basileuterus. 7. On THE Fisues or CocuiIn, ON THE MALABarR COAST OF Inp1a. By Surceon F. Day, F.Z.S., F.L.S., ere., Mapras ARMY. Part IT. ANACANTHINI. The ANACANTHINE fishes are by no means abundant in Cochin, either in the number of genera represented or the individuals form- ing the several species. As arule they are good eating; but their scarcity precludes their being frequently brought to the tables of Europeans, They are generally known by the designation of ‘ Sup- patu”’ (Mal.), a word meaning ‘a shoe.” 1865. ] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 287 BREGMACEROS MACCLELLANDI! (Thompson). B. vii. D.V16+x.4+15. P.25. V.6. A. 22+x.415. Coty TL 640) Lsors' Gye Length of specimen 2,5, inches. This specimen was captured in March 1861. The species appears to be rare. PsEUDORHOMBUS RUSSELLII (Gray). owe -U fls Peta. fe Oe eee tere Ul Wey: Length of specimen 11 inches. Not common; good eating. SyNAPTURA FOLIACEA (Richardson). Baw, ieee. en 7. V. 6° APA. Cte i. fo: Length of specimens from 3 to 6,5, inches. Not rare; good.eating. PLAGUSIA BILINEATA (Bloch). Bove MUG vias, Oo. /a. C.98. LE. 1 85. Length of specimen 7 inches. The Sizurorp fishes are represented in several genera, whilst the individuals composing the species are most abundant. Many are exceedingly useful ; but others are dangerous, and consequently offer especial reasons for examination. Being with but few ex- ceptions scaleless, they are prohibited as articles of food to both Mahomedans and Jews, and are left to the native Christian and Pariah population, as, excepting the Wallago genus, none of the true scaleless Siluroids are eaten by Europeans. All of them are considered more or less indigestible, heating, and liable to give rise to irritation of the intestinal canal. There are several which might be made serviceable in the manufacture of isinglass, and the Arius militaris is said to have been thus employed at Tellicherry ; but in ~ Cochin, at least, none of them appear ever to have been put to such ause. ‘ Fish-sounds”’ are obtained from this order of fish, as well as from some others. The estuary species are mostly captured by a rod and line, espe- cially in the monsoon-time ; but some of the smaller ones are taken in the Chinese nets at the side of the river. The Stluride heteroptere and 8. proteroptere, more especially in their groups of Silurine, Ariine, and Bagarine (with the exception - of the Wallago and, I believe, Plotosus genera), comprised under the Malayalim term “ Coree,”’ are exceedingly dreaded, from the in- . Juries they inflict with their serrated pectoral spines, the wounds from which are reputed to be venomous. On being captured, both . the dorsal and pectoral spines are immediately broken off; for no purchaser will handle them until this has been done. That most dangerous inflammations are frequently occasioned from wounds caused by the pectoral spines of these fish I can confirm by _ personal experience, having often treated such cases in the hospitals 288 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. _ [Mar. 14, of Cochin, which have arisen amongst those who have incautiously handled them ; but whether due to their irregular and jagged nature, or their poisonous character, has always been a disputed point. PLoTosus ANGUILLARIS (Bloch). Moorghee (Mal.). B.xii. D.493. P.5- V.; A.66. C. 13. Length of specimens from 7 to 738; inches. Not uncommon in the backwaters and estuaries; eaten by the lower classes of natives. Wounds occasioned by their pectoral spines do not appear to be dreaded in Malabar. SAcCOBRANCHUs SINGIO (Buch. Ham.). Kahree meen (Mal.). Bi, is D7 a Bee nes g Re Os, Ae FE Moths Length of specimens from 3 to 14,3, inches. These fish, known as the “ Bichu ka Mutchee”’ (Hind.) or Scor- pion-fish, are greatly dreaded by the natives of Malabar. As soon as they are perceived in the nets, their pectoral spines are broken off by a blow with a stick ; consequently it is difficult to procure unmu- tilated specimens, as the fishermen will rather cut the meshes of their nets and let them escape than endeavour to capture them. Inhabits all sluggish pieces of water ; and the young are found in all inundated paddy-fields. Eaten by the natives. Wa.taco attu (Schn.). Wahlah (Mal.). B. xix.-xxi. D.>. P. 3. V.8. A. 87-90. C.17. 4 13—14° Length of specimen 13 inches. Common in the rivers: rather rich eating, salt well, and adapted for curries ; but are reputed to be irritating to the intestinal canal. Captured up to 33 feet in length, and even occasionally larger. Very voracious ; take a bait freely. Watraco maraparict (C. & V.). Mungee wahlah (Mal.). Boe Dek Po 0 68... 819. 1 Length of specimens from 5,4, to 12,8; inches. Length of head + of total, of pectoral fin 1, of caudal 4, of base of anal 2. Height of head +4, of body 4, of dorsal fin +/;, of anal -/5 of total length. Diameter of eye 1 of length of head, eyes 14 dia- meter apart, nearly one diameter from end of snout. Gape of mouth very wide, being three times its antero-posterior length. Muzzle rounded in front; lower jaw the longest, curving upwards in its centre, so that when closed its upper margin is com- pletely in advance of the upper jaw, and even ascending to a higher level. Cleft of mouth only extends half the distance to the eye, the 1865. ] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 289 centre of which is situated opposite the angle. Superior maxillary barbel reaches as far as the end of the pectoral fin; that on the lower jaw is short, and only equals one-third of the length of the head. Teeth sharp, carded, and recurved, in six or eight rows; in both intermaxillaries and lower jaw, and in two oblique spots on the vomer, separated by an interspace. Fins. Dorsal weak, expanded in the centre, arising opposite the commencement of the ventral; pectoral reaching to just beyond the origin of the anal, its spine serrated on its inferior aspect. Anal di- vided from the caudal by a notch, and covered for about two-thirds of its distance from the abdomen by a fleshy sort of sheath. Caudal lobed ; the superior lobe the longest. Lateral line straight from the upper margin of operculum to centre of caudal. . Colours. Greenish along the back; white along the sides, abdo- men, and chest, with a purplish tinge. The whole of the body mi- nutely studded with fine black points: a large, round, darkish finger- mark on the shoulder, opposite the centre of the operculum. Inhabits the same localities as the W. attu, and equally good for eating and salting. Said never to exceed 2 feet in length. PsEUDEUTROPIUS SYKEsII (Jerdon). Schilbe sykesii, Jerdon, Madras Journal of Literature & Science, no. 35, 1849, p. 335. Pseudeutropius mitchelli, Ginther, Catal. v. 1864, p. 59. B. viil.-ix. D. +. Pe VG Ac85, Length of specimen 5%, inches. By no means rare in the rivers of Malabar. In two specimens the adipose fin was absent, perhaps lost by some accident ; probably from some such deformed specimen Dr. Jerdon described the Schilbe sykesit. Macrones TENGARA (Buch. Ham.). ex. BD. > [ae am, RE Ce ag Uh 8 Length of specimens from 635; to 6-8; inches. Common; grows to a considerable size; eaten by the lower classes. MacronkEs ARMATUS; Day, sp. nov. Bes Deo, Pog V6. AW TL. C515: Length of specimens from 35, to 443; inches. Length of head 4 of the total length. Height of head /y, of body + of the total length. Eyes a little more than one-third the length of the head ; nearly one diameter apart, and one from end of snout. Summit of head rugose ; occipital process (see figure, p. 290) three times as long as wide, with an intermediate bone between its upper extremity and the basal bone of the dorsal fin. Fonticulus not quite extending to the Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. XIX. 290 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. _[Mar. 14, base of the occipital process. Maxillary barbels extend to the cau- dal; of the inferior labial barbels, the external reaches as far as the middle of the pectoral, whilst the internal are not quite so long as the head. Vomerine teeth form a crescentic band. CJ os Dorsal spine serrated posteriorly in its upper third, but weaker and shorter than that of the pectoral, which is serrated interiorly, and as long as from the angle of the mouth to the posterior extre- mity of the head. Caudal very deeply forked, upper lobe the longest. Base of the adipose dorsal equals that of anal. Wounds inflicted by its pectoral spine are much dreaded : it ends superiorly in one point directed forwards, between which and the first tooth on its inferior margin is a membranous prolongation in the form of a trefoil leaf. Outer extremity of pectoral spine, magnified. Not uncommon in the rivers and tanks of fresh water, and occa- sionally found in the backwaters. Takes a bait freely, and is eaten by the poorest of the population. Macronss cavasius (Buch. Ham.). B. x. D. +: P.=. My Gs oA diten €, 25: Length of specimens from 3,5, to 3,8, inches. _ Very common in every river, and even inundated paddy-fields ; never grows to a large size ; eaten as the last. PsEUDOBAGRUS CHRYSEUS, Day, sp. nov. B. x. Di wee YG mA. 27.) C217. Length of specimen 6-2, inches. Length of head about 2, of base of first dorsal ;4,, of base of adi- pose dorsal -/;, of caudal 4, of base of anal 2 of total length. Height of head 4, of body 2, of dorsal fin 4, of anal =}, of total length. Dia- meter of eye 8, of length of head, eyes 1} diameter apart, upwards of 1 diameter from end of snout. 1865.] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 291 Jaws equal in length ; gape of mouth wide, its transverse width being equal to half the length of the head. Summit of head de- pressed ; both it, the opercula, and the shoulder-bone furrowed ; occipital process narrow, twice as long as wide ; basal bone consider- ably produced to meet occipital process, and extended in front on either side of dorsal spine. A flat lance-shaped fonticulus in the central line of the head, between the orbits, pointing downwards and forwards, reaching in front nearly to intermaxillaries, and superiorly only extended to a short distance behind the orbits. Nasal cirri equal half the length of the head, superior maxillary ones slightly longer ; the external of the inferior labial ones reach as far as the base of the pectoral, whilst the internal ones are one-quarter shorter. Teeth very fine, “en velours”’ in both maxillaries and lower jaw ; whilst on the vomer and palate they are considerably longer, stronger, and arranged in a crescentic band. Fins. The first dorsal arises opposite about the middle of the pec- toral; and the ventral just beyond the termination of the pectoral, whilst it just reaches as far as the commencement of anal. Adipose dorsal commences about the middle of the anal. Dorsal spine strongly serrated ; about ten teeth posteriorly in its upper two-thirds, and three serrations in the front of its summit an- teriorly, whilst its extremity ends in a soft filament. The rays are longer than the spine. Pectoral situated in lower quarter of the body ; its spine stronger than that of the dorsal, slightly roughened, serrated anteriorly, and strongly serrated (sixteen to eighteen teetli) posteriorly. When laid flat, this spine is protected by an overhang- ing bony arch, formed by the process of the shoulder-bone. Second dorsal soft and rounded. Anal rather rounded posteriorly. Caudal deeply lunated ; outer rays the longest. Lateral line passes from summit of operculum direct to the centre of caudal. Colours. Back greenish ; sides golden yellow ; alarge round black — finger-mark situated just behind the operculum, and surrounded by a light-yellow margin. The first and adipose dorsals are yellowish, tinged with dusky. Caudal has a deep black base and a blackish margin; its ground-colour reddish orange, slightly stained with black at its extremity. Anal of a deep orange-red, slightly mar- gined with black. Eyes orange. Exceedingly common in the Kurriavanoor River, where they ap- pear to prefer the deepest pools; four or five are frequently taken out at one haul of a cast-net. They are also occasionally cuptured during the monsoons, especially in the backwater at Kurriapudnam and the river at Cochin. Said by the fishermen to rarely exceed 16 inches in length. Esteemed for eating ; but the wounds inflicted by their pectoral spines are dreaded. Artrus Gacora (Buch. Ham.). By. D.>. Piz. V.6. Av18:3G.15. et fe Length of specimen 7,8, inches. Not uncommon ; eaten by the lower classes. 292 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. [Mar. 14, Arius ca&xatus (Cuv. & Val.). Bey” WD. > P. =. V..60°.A. 198 °C. oe Length of specimen 5-8, inches. Arius NeTuMA (Cuv. & Val.). B.. Vien, Daren Bs ges, Ne Re SA Del Wl eos Msgs Length of specimen 12 inches. This fish appears to me to be fairly described in Cuv. and Val., except as to its teething, which is not mentioned. Dr. Giinther, in his ‘Catalogue,’ places the 4. netuma, Cuv. & Val., as a syno- nym of the Bagrus bilineatus, Cuv. & Val. Snout very obtuse. Teeth villiform on intermaxillaries, and much larger than those on the vomer and palate; palatine teeth in a large patch, irregularly quadrangular, and extended externally ; vomerine teeth on a small oval spot, and not at all, or very slightly, joined to those of the palate. Maxillary cirri extend to the end of operculum or base of = “piss pectoral. Summit of head granulated. Occipital process broader than long, slightly elevated along its centre; basal bone of dorsal spine strong and granulated. Dorsal spine very strong, granulated 1865. ] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 293 in front, serrated behind for its upper half, and of equal length with the pectoral spine, which is also granulated in front, serrated for its upper third, and strongly serrated posteriorly ; its length equals that of the head, as far as the posterior margin of the orbit. Soft dorsal two-thirds the height of body. Grows to a very large size; is eaten by the natives. ARIUS SUBROSTRATUS (Cuv. & Val.). Ben, SD. OPS Be Ve Gay AS 20 -. 17. 7 = Length of specimens from 9 to 9-8; inches. Length of head -3, of total length. Height of body 4, of head 4 of total length. Diameter of eye about + length of head, eyes 14 diameter apart, 24 from end of snout. Teeth villiform on intermaxillaries, space covered more than one- fourth as wide as long; none on vomer; on palatine in two oval patches, placed wide apart, and diverging behind. a OS Upper surface of head granulated ; occipital process longer than broad, rather keeled along its centre. Fonticulus long, narrow, and sharp at both ends, extending from just behind the intermaxillaries to nearly as far as the base of occipital process. Operculum sulcated : shoulder-bone depressed in holes, like the marks from a thimble. Dorsal spine ending in a soft point, strongly granulated anteriorly, serrated in its upper part, also serrated posteriorly in its upper two- thirds. Pectoral spine about equal strength with dorsal, rugose ex- ternally, serrated posteriorly. Colours. A brilliant dark bluish silver as far as the lateral line, silvery-white below. Fins yellowish. Common ; mostly captured during the south-west monsoon ; eaten by the natives. 294 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. [ Mar. 14, OsTEOGENIOSUS MILITARIS (Linn.). B.y. D.+. P.;-—Y.6...A. 20. C. 15. ae Bert Length of specimen 8 inches. Rare ; and not observed above 8 inches in length. BATRACHOCEPHALUS MINOR (Buch. Ham.). B.v. D.>. P.G. V-6. A. 20. C. 17. Length of specimens from 674; to 6,8; inches. By no means rare, more especially in the cold months; do not appear to grow large; are not esteemed good eating, but used as food by the lower classes. SaurRIDA TUMBIL (Bloch). Arranna (Mal.). Be xii, (Dpto BAGH ON, TO AN TOS MEL 19 aaa. L. tr. 5/6. Length of specimen 7;%; inches. Never common; but rarely absent in the cold months of the year. Eaten by the natives, but not esteemed. In the following description of the Loaches and Carps, I have fol- lowed the arrangement adopted by Dr. Bleeker in his excellent ‘Ichthyological Atlas.’ The Loaches are eaten by the poorer classes, or rather the slave castes, of Malabar, who obtain them from the inundated paddy-fields and small watercourses, where they abound, along with the Sacco- branchus singio, Etroplus maculatus, Polyacanthus cupanus, and several species of Puntius, &e. Not only do they inhabit the plains, but the hills have also their varieties, one of which differs so remark- ably from recorded genera that I have instituted a new one for its reception. My specimens of the common species in spirits have unfortunately been destroyed, and skins alone are insufficient for the purpose of deciding the genus to which it belongs: it is the Cobitis rubri- pinnis (Jerdon), Coyeewalla (Mal.). D. 2/6. A. 2/7. No free spine (?) under the eye. Cirri 6. Length of head %, of base of dorsal 1, of base of anal 1, of caudal §, of pectoral 4 of total length. Height of head +, of body 4, of dorsal fin 4 of total length. Dia- meter of eye 1 of length of head, eyes 2 diameters from end of snout, 2 diameters apart. _ Summit of head scaleless ; cheeks scaled. Dorsal central, slightly in front of commencement of ventral. Anal in posterior quarter of body. Caudal entire, square. Colours. Body olive-green, becoming of light brown on the sides, with nine brown bars descending halfway to lateral line, and a number of smaller and irregular bands beneath. A black bar at base of caudal. Dorsal with two brown bars. Caudal with four brown bands ; operculum with upper margin black. 1865.] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 295 NEMACHEILUS TRIANGULARIS, Day, sp. nov. Bate D. 90's. Vea ee 6. ©€.19. Cirri 6, Length of specimen 2-1, inches. Length of head about 5» of base of dorsal =1,, of base of anal ap of pectoral 1, of caudal 3 of the total length. Height of head To of body 1, of dorsal fin +, of anal +1; of the total length. Diameter of eye + of length of head, eyes 1 diameter apart, 2 diameters from end of snout ; no suborbital spine. Body elongated, fusiform, cylindrical in front, compressed along the sides. From snout to frontal convex, thence to caudal straight ; interorbital space convex. Lower jaw shortest ; opening of mouth below, and extending as far posteriorly as half the distance to the orbit ; the end of the snout fleshy and overhanging the mouth; intermaxillaries produced down- wards and forming a knob, which is in advance of the lower jaw when the mouth is closed. Lips rather fleshy. Cirri four, on snout, with base not united; two on superior maxillaries, half the length of the head. Eyes not covered by any adipose membrane. Nostrils nearer to the eye than the snout; anterior tubular ; posterior broad, open. Operculum rounded posteriorly. Fins. Dorsal arises slightly in front of the origin of the ventral, and most of it is situated in the anterior half of the body. Anal is entirely in the posterior third of the body. Dorsal square ; anal slightly rounded ; caudal deeply lobed. Scales very distinct over the whole body ; none on the head. The lateral line passes straight from the head towards the centre of the caudal fin, but ceases abruptly opposite the termination of the anal. Colours. Yellowish-banded, each band being edged with black ; seven along the body, which pass backwards towards the lateral line, aud consequently are disposed in a V shape; one band passes over the operculum, a second through the eye, and a third from the orbit to the angle of the mouth. Dorsal with three irregular rows of black Spots. Pectoral, ventral, and anal unspotted, but darkest at their margins. Three oblique black bands on the caudal, which has also a black base. I am indebted to the Rev. Henry Baker, jun., for this pretty little Loach, which he discovered on the hills at Mundikyum. The next Loach which I have to describe I obtained at Trichoor, near Cochin, from a paddy-field, amongst some specimens of Poly- acanthus and Saccobranchus singio. It is the most remarkable species I have observed, and cannot be included in any genus as at present constituted ; I therefore propose to define one for its re- ception, premising that such should be placed immediately subse- quent to Bleeker’s genus Lepidocephalichthys, as it possesses a veiled eye, a dorsal fin with few rays placed opposite a ventral, and no swimming-bladder. One of its most appreciable features is that the innermost ray of its pectoral fin is expanded into a strong flattened spine, 296 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. [ Mar. 14, Genus PLATACANTHUS. Body elongate, moderately compressed ; back low; a fleshy keel on the back, midway between the termination of the dorsal and com- mencement of caudal, on to which it is continued; opercular and suborbital regions scaled. Eyes veiled. Snout obtuse. Cirri eight, on snout two; on superior maxillaries four; on inferior maxillaries two. Suborbital spine free, bifurcated, close to orbit; no tubercle on end of lower jaw. Nostrils simple. Dorsal fin arises opposite ventral, in centre of the body. The internal ray of pectoral form- ing a large flattened spine, half the length of the soft rays. Caudal emarginate. No swimming-bladder apparent. PLATACANTHUS AGRENSIS, Day, sp. nov. B. ii D7. P.6—1. ¥..7.. A. 6. C.16. Cirri8. Length of specimen 32; inches. Length of head +1, of pectoral 4, of base of dorsal ,};, of base of anal =1;, of caudal + of the total length. Height of head 7, of body 4, of dorsal ;';, of anal 51; of the total length. Diameter of eye + of the length of the head, eyes 1 diameter from end of snout, Tadiameter apart. A strong bifurcated suborbital spine arises below the orbit, close to its anterior margin, and then passes backwards with a slight inward curve. Body elongated, compressed ; profile curving considerably from snout to opposite orbits, from back of head to caudal nearly straight. A raised adipose keel along the posterior sixth of the back, and ex- tending on to the upper surface of the base of the caudal fin. Sides compressed, but with a slight bulging just before the commencement of the caudal. Opening of the mouth below, transversely oval, and extending a very short distance posteriorly. End of snout fleshy, and overhang- ing the mouth. Lips thick, continuous ; no enlargement of inter- maxillaries, nor tubercle on lower jaw. Cirri two, fleshy on snout, their bases not united ; four on superior maxillaries, and two on lower jaw; the longest cirrus reaches as far as the eye. Nostrils midway between orbit and end of snout; neither tubular. Upper margin of orbit close to profile. Eyes covered with veil. Opercles rounded posteriorly. Interorbital space smooth, scaleless. Fins. Dorsal arises midway between snout and base of caudal. Ventral arises under the commencement of the dorsal. Pectoral Pectoral fin, magnified. 1865.] MR. F, DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 297 large, the internal ray forming a broad spine, having a flattened ex- tremity internally, and terminating externally in a soft filamentous prolongation. The flat portion of the spine, which is only about half the length of the soft rays, lies against the side when the fin is at rest. Anal situated entirely in the posterior third of the total length ; its first ray undivided, its last divided to the root. Caudal slightly lobed. Scales very distinct over the whole of the body and cheeks ; none on the top of the head. Lateral line straight. Colours. Light brown, with irregular spots and bands. Dorsal spotted with brown. Caudal with four oblique bars of dark brown, and a brown bar at its base. The Carp order is most extensively distributed in the fresh waters around Cochin, as well as in inland situations, even to nearly the summits of the highest hills of the Western Ghauts. Some of these fish are kept in the large tanks inside the Hindu pagodas ; and even on the banks of the broad Shahlacoodee river stands a Hindu temple where they are regularly fed, and have become so tame as to come when called, and even take food from human hands. In the paddy- fields the smaller species are most abundant, and afford luxurious feasts not only to the multitudes of wading-birds that frequent Ma- labar, but also to the lower classes of natives. GARRA MALABARICA, Day, sp. nov. Wuttooree (Mal.). Pits oP oe Lo NGLO. 6 Aoi /Do09 ©. 19. Lele. L. tr. 4/3. Cirm 2. Length of specimen 4 inches. Length of head 4, of pectoral +, of base of dorsal 1, of base of anal 54, of total length. Height of head 4,, of body 4, of dorsal +, of anal + of the total length. Diameter of eye nearly } the length of head, eyes a little above 1 diameter from end of snout, nearly 2 diameters apart. Profile rises as far as the occiput; thence to the caudal it is nearly straight. Under surface of body equally convex with that of the upper. Sides compressed. Back rather broad and flat, and nearly as wide as the body is deep. Mouth below ; upper jaw the longest ; the two lips united, thick, and covered with mucous pores, as is also the snout. Below the under jaw is an oval disk, the transverse diameter of which is a little wider than that of the eye. One pair of fleshy cirri on superior maxilla, and which are not above two-thirds of the length of the orbit. Snout broad, depressed. Eye nearer to the posterior than it is to the anterior extremity of the head; its superior surface is on the upper profile, and it looks upwards and outwards. Inter- orbital space nearly flat from side to side. Nostrils nearer to orbit than they are to the end of the snout. Fins. Dorsal situated rather nearer snout than it is to the base of 298 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. __[Mar. 14, the caudal, and a little in advance of the ventrals; it is higher in front than behind; its base is without scales. Pectorals inserted subhorizontally. Anal short, situated entirely in posterior fourth of the body, its commencement being midway between posterior ex- tremity of the pectoral and the termination of the lower lobe of the caudal. Ventrals short. Caudal large, emarginate, but not deeply ; base scaly. Lateral line nearly straight from upper margin of operculum to centre of caudal, and nearer the back than it is to the abdominal surface. Colours. Back deep olive, fading to dirty white on the abdomen ; a wide leaden-blue stripe runs along either side of the lateral line, becoming of a shot green along the four central rays of the caudal. Fins yellowish. Not rare in the Kurriavanoor River. LABEO MELANAMPYX, Day, sp. nov. B. i,{), De 3/9. Pe1b. W594: ka S/b,, oe 185 hile ee L. tr. 4/3. Cirri 4. Length of specimens from 1 to 2,3; inches. Length of head 2, of pectoral fin 4, of base of dorsal ;2;, of base of anal 54, of caudal 2 of total length. Height of head 4, of body 4, of dorsal 4, of anal + of total length. Diameter of eye nearly 4 the length of head, eyes upwards of | diameter from end of snout, 14 apart. Profile rises to anterior margin of dorsal; thence to caudal it slightly descends. Abdomen flat below, and its profile not so con- vex as that of the back; sides compressed. Mouth directed forwards and slightly downwards ; upper jaw over- hanging lower. Upper half of mouth forming a half circle; when it is wide open, the whole orifice is nearly oval. Tip of lower jaw un- covered by the lip. Lips continuous from upper to lower jaw ; post- labial sulcus deep, simple ; lower lip with numerous fine pores, thick- ened below symphysis. Przeorbital bone rather triangular, base in front. Snout bulging, and continued laterally into a slight lobe ; both it and preeorbital covered by crenulations. Cirri four, two on snout, two on superior maxillaries, which are as long as orbit. Nos- trils nearer to orbit than to end of snout; anterior tubular, and se- parated by a membranous valve from the posterior, which is broad, oval, and patent. Some widely scattered pores exist over the whole of the upper surface of the head. Fins. Dorsal arises midway between snout and base of caudal, and is slightly in advance of the commencement of the ventral, which last is nearly horizontal. Anal arises midway between posterior ex- tremity of operculum and termination of the caudal, and is completely behind the whole of the dorsal. Caudal deeply lobed. Dorsal and anal fins with a row of scales at their bases. Pectoral reaches almost to the ventrals, the tip of which last nearly touches the anal. Seales large; lateral line slightly descends. Pharyngeal teeth sharp, pointed, and slightly curved at their extremities, placed in three closely approximating rows. 1865.] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 299 Colours. Reddish brown, with four vertical black bands: one be- hind the eye ; asecond from before the base of dorsal fin, arising wide, becomes narrow close to the origin of the ventral; a third from the termination of the dorsal, crosses the lateral line, but does not reach so low down as the base of the anal ; the fourth crosses the base of the caudal. Muzzle black. Fins dusky. Eyes reddish. Tam indebted to the Rev. H. Baker, jun., for several specimens of this fish, which he captured at Mundikyum. LaBro DENISONII, Day, sp. nov. Being Ds OB PLAS.» WeOik Av B/Fe OC AT9e ) dale 28s, Ts, tr. 5/3. Cirri 2. Length of specimens from 4 to 5+), inches. Length of head 4, of pectoral +, of base of dorsal 4, of base of anal =1,, of caudal + of total length. Height of head =45, of body 1, of dorsal 4, of anal 4, of total length. Diameter of eye about } of length of head, eyes rather more than 1 diameter apart, 14 diameter from end of snout. Body elongated, compressed; profile from snout to dorsal gently elevated, thence to caudal gradually sloping. Mouth small, directed forwards and slightly downwards, the upper jaw being the longest. Lower jaw curves slightly upwards at its extremity, with a slight tubercle at the upper surface of symphysis. Tip of lower jaw uncovered by lip. Upper and lower lips continu- ous ; edges entire, a little thickened so as to form a small lobe below symphysis of lower jaw. Sulcus simple, not very deep. Snout slightly projecting over upper jaw, with a triangular expansion on either side anteriorly ; some small pores at its apex; no cirri. Prae- orbital irregularly triangular, longer than high, rounded in front. Maxillary cirri two, fleshy, one-third longer than the orbit. Nostrils nearer orbit than end of snout, the posterior closed by a membranous valve ; margin of anterior slightly elevated around its edge, so as to appear semitubular. Fins. The dorsal commences the width of two scales nearer the snout than it does to the base of the caudal; it is in advance of the ventral. Anal situated in the posterior quarter of the body, and entirely behind termination of the dorsal. Dorsal highest in front ; a row of small scales at its base. Large free scale at base of ventral, which fin is rounded. Anal highest anteriorly. Caudal deeply lobed. Scales large. Lateral line slightly curved at first, then passing direct to centre of caudal. Air-bladder contracted, dividing one- third from the remainder. Pharyngeal teeth sharp, pointed, slightly curved towards their extremity, situated in three closely approxima- ting rows. Colours. Silvery, with a line of black running from snout through lower part of eye to centre of base of caudal fin; above that a wide line of bright scarlet, extending the same distance. Back glossy metallic blue, and the abdomen silvery white. Caudal with an ob- lique black band crossing the posterior third of each lobe. Other fins colourless. 300 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. { Mar. 14, I received several specimens of this species from the Rev. H. Baker, jun., who discovered it at Mundikyum. I have named it after H. E. Sir W. Denison, K.C.B., the Governor of Madras. Rouwita pussuMiERI (Cuy. & Val.). Toolee (Mal.). Meine DS P17 Ve, 353s CO 1G? A aes irs, 9/7. Length of specimen 8,4, inches. Common in the Kurriavanoor River. They take surprising leaps when attempts are made to capture them with nets, sometimes springing completely over the heads of the boatmen, who are stand- ing up at the time. Immediately on being captured, their necks are broken with a stick. Fair eating ; much esteemed by the natives. CYCLOCHEILICHTHYS PINNAURATUS, Day, sp. nov. Bodie D5 5/ Bie nak Ade WY Na De itheet (Oy, Uns 2ha. (hada eees L. tr. 6/5. Cirri 4. Length of specimen 34, inches. Length of head above 4 of total; of base of dorsal 1, of base of anal ;/;, of caudal j of total length. Height of body 4, of head 4 of total length. Diameter of eye j of length of head, eyes 1 dia- meter from end of snout, upwards of 1 diameter apart. Profile rises considerably to commencement of dorsal, thence sinks more gradually to the caudal. Abdomen not so convex as back. Body strongly compressed. Eyes situated in anterior half of the head; their upper surface does not reach the profile. Mouth directed forwards; lower jaw covered by the upper when the two are closed. Nostrils situated nearer to eye than to end of snout; posterior patent, divided by a membranous flap from the anterior, which is slightly tubular. Pree- orbital triangular ; apex directed forwards and inwards. Two cirri on snout, two-thirds the length of the maxillary pair, which are nearly as long as the orbit. ‘ Dorsal nearly triangular, with a row of scales at its base ; it com- mences midway between snout and base of caudal, and is slightly in advance of ventrals. Anal, which has also a row of scales at its base, is situated in the posterior fourth of the body. Dorsal spine finely serrated posteriorly for its upper three-fourths. Inferior mar- gin of anal concave. Caudal deeply lobed. Pectoral just reaches ventral. Ventral does not extend quite to anal. Scales with eight or ten lines arising from their anterior margin and rather diverging posteriorly. Lateral line in a single distinct tube, extending along half the exposed posterior extremity of each seale ; it first descends slightly for six scales ; opposite the centre of operculum it passes direct to the caudal. Colours. Silvery, with a large diffused black spot on lateral line, extending from the twenty-fourth to the twenty-eighth scale. A 1865. ] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 301 red spot on operculum. Dorsal and pectoral tinged with red, and minutely spotted with black, as is also the base of each scale and the various pieces of the operculum. External half of ventral bright orange-scarlet ; anal tinged with red; both minutely dotted with black. Caudal stained with black. Captured in Cochin, in a small pond. Puntrus curysopoma (Cuv. & Val.); Munduttee (Mal.). Biin,-, D. MBiey Poids, VicQrrnas 14 aah © EM he Uae? L. tr. 6/4. Cirri 4. Length of specimens from 4 to 73 inches. Very common in rivers; grows to upwards of 2 feet in length ; is good eating. Puntius Hamittoni (Jerdon). Oolee perlee (Mal.). ie tite Wt 3/83) PAZ, “VW, 92-.A. 2/5.°°C2 195 2B? eee vL) tr. 5/3. Cirri 2. Length of specimens from 3,2, to 451, inches. Dorsal fins commence exactly over the ventrals ; spine smooth. It is very similar to the next; but the scales in this species are not in parallel rows. Opposite the fifth scale of the lateral line a fresh row commences. Height of body half its length, without the caudal fin, which is deeply lobed. General colour of the back green; abdomen silvery, and a slight golden tinge on upper part of operculum ; a dark diffused spot on the lateral line from twenty-first to twenty-third scale. Dorsal slightly stained with dark at its summit. Pectoral, ventral, and anal yellowish. Caudal dirty white. When young, the summit of the head is golden green, and a yel- low streak runs from opposite the centre of the eye to the centre of the tail. When about 2 inches long, the black spot at the side of the tail begins to show itself, whilst the dorsal becomes of a brownish red, and by degrees the golden streak on the side disappears. In the monsoon-time a beautiful rosy streak extends from the eye to the centre of the caudal, and the back is more of an olive-green, and the fins redder. Very common in the rivers and paddy-fields; but is more fre- quently found in tanks than some of the other species. Puntius parran, Day. ? Puntius amphibius (Jerdon). Not Cuv. & Val. Parrah perlee (Mal.). PMs Dd So, P15, Ve 8. Ae 2/0... C10, de Ton L. tr. 5/4. Cirri 2. Length of specimens from 2,8, to 5 inches. Length of head 1, of base of dorsal & of base of anal 54, of pec- 302 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. _[Mar. 14, toral 4, of caudal + of the total length. Height of head 4, of body 4, of dorsal 1, of anal + of the total length. Diameter of eye nearly 5 of the length of the head, eyes-nearly 17 diameter apart, 1 diameter from end of snout. Profile curved gradually to dorsal, descends along its base, and thence straight to the caudal. Cirri, one pair at the superior maxillee, which are two-thirds of the length of the orbit. Nostrils nearer to the orbit than to end of snout; posterior patent, divided from anterior, which is slightly tubular, by a membranous valve. Fins. Dorsal commences midway between snout and base of caudal, situated just over the ventral. Spine strong, smooth, and with a soft point ; last two rays elongated. Anal arises behind the poste- rior margin of dorsal, at equal distance between the orbit and the end of the caudal. Upper surface of dorsal concave; under surface of anal the same. Caudal deeply lobed. Pectoral does not quite reach the ventral, nor the ventral the anal. Scales. Rows above the lateral line regular, parallel, unbroken. Colours. Upper surface of back dark silvery green, divided from a silvery abdomen by a dark bluish line. Cheeks golden red. Pec- toral, ventral, and anal tinged with yellow. Dorsal and caudal dusky. A diffused black spot on the lateral line extending from twentieth to twenty-second scale. Eyes golden. Very common in the rivers, and also in the inundated paddy- fields. Puntius punctatus, Day, sp. nov. Putter perlee (Mal.). Bi.) 3/6... te to V8. Aod/an, Co 1s.. te Tee geemia tr. 6/4. No cirri. Length of specimens from 2,3, to 354, inches. Third dorsal spine strongly serrated posteriorly. Length of head 1, of pectoral 4, of base of dorsal +, of base of anal ;/;, of caudal 1 of total length. Height of head 1, of body +, of dorsal + of total length. Eye large, close to profile, nearly 3 the length of head, + of a diameter from end of snout, eyes nearly | dia- meter apart. Lateral line first curves gently downwards, and from opposite base of ventral passes direct to centre of caudal. Colours. Olive-green above, gradually fading into silvery on the abdomen. A black diffused spot on the twentieth and twenty-first scales of the lateral line. The anterior half of the fourth scale from the operculum, of the row next below the lateral line, deep black, and also a portion of the scale above and beneath it. Fins yellowish. Dorsal and anal tipped with orange. Dorsal spotted with black, in two longitudinal rows, with a third in the front part between the other two. The dark markings are much more visible in the months when the freshes are coming down. Common ; eaten by the natives. 1865.] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 303 Puntivs vitratus, Day, sp. nov. Bia. 0s /2/85 Pra eye or VA /5) MC L200 L122: L. tr. 4/3. No cirri. Length of specimen 1,8, inch. Dorsal spine entire. Length of head 2, of pectoral 4, of base of dorsal 4, of base of anal 1, of caudal ? of total length. Height of head , of body 1 of total length. Diameter of eye nearly 3 the length of head, eyes 2 of a diameter from end of snout, 2 diameters apart. Rarely grows above 13 inch in length, and is the most common species in the paddy-fields. When about ;%,ths of an inch long, a vertical black stripe begins to show itself in the posterior third of the dorsal fin, the tip of which also becomes edged with black ; and there is some irregular orange coloration about the fin. A black spot shows itself at the base of the caudal and anal fins; and in young specimens the line of demarcation between the green of the back and the silvery abdomen is very apparent, and seems as if a white line ran from the eye to the centre of the caudal. In adult specimens there are four black spots, one just before the dorsal, one under its posterior margin, one at the base of the caudal, and one at the base of the anal. The dorsal has one black streak down it, and a black tip, with orange markings. Upper surface of body dusky green. Abdomen silvery. Cheeks sometimes golden. Is eaten by the slave castes. Punrtius FILAMENTOSUS (Cuv. & Val.). Curroah (Mal.). Baie Dis Geet Zee V9), oA) 6Ce 16s) ¢ Lelo2h L, tr. 5/4. No cirri. Length of specimens from 3,3, to 654; inches. The young have no filaments to the dorsal rays ; in the adult they are present on all. Common in some tanks, especially the fort-ditch in Cochin. Is considered good eating. Raspora ANJANA? (Buch. Ham.). ? Leuciscus malabaricus (Jerdon). Kokanutchee (Mal.). Beams SDE2/7e PSs. “Vi 82" 9ACS (SC. WOO ME oe, Ete: 5/3: Length of specimens from 3,1; to 3%; inches. Length of head 1, of base of dorsal ;';, of base of anal —1,, of caudal 1 of the total length. Height of head 4, of body 3, of dorsal 4 of the total length. Diameter of eye above 4 of length of head, eyes 1 diameter from end of snout, upwards of 1 diameter apart. Profile rises gradually to a little before the first dorsal, then still more gently slopes to the root of caudal. Abdominal surface about equally convex with that of back. Sides compressed; head still more so. 304 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. [ Mar. 14, Mouth oblique, directed slightly upwards, with a short protuber- ance at the apex of the lower maxilla, which is received into a cor- responding fissure in the intermaxillaries. Snout appears rather elevated. Preeorbital irregularly quadrangular. Dorsal fin high and square, arises the breadth of two scales nearer to the snout than it does to the root of the caudal ; it is opposite the ventral. Caudal deeply forked. Anal square, arising midway between the base of the pectoral and the lower extremity of the caudal. Base of fins destitute of scales. Lateral line commences opposite the upper margin of the oper- culum, and curves downwards until it reaches the fifth scale; thence it follows the curve of the abdomen to the lower half of the caudal. Colours. Back greenish ; a narrow yellow streak extends from the eye to about the centre of the caudal fin ; below it is a broad leaden line. The whole of the fish has a purplish reflexion. Fins reddish orange ; caudal slightly tipped with black. Very common in the rivers, small streams, and tanks ; takes a fly or bait readily. The next fish, of which I have six specimens, differs from any of the genera of Barbini described by Bleeker. It evidently belongs to his subfamily Catla, and is allied to a certain extent to his Ras- borichthys; but there are well-marked differences which warrant the formation of a new genus for its reception. Dr. Jerdon has described two other species of this genus under the term Rhodeus, because their lateral line suddenly.ceases ; but the Rhodeus, according to Bleeker, belongs to the true Leuciscini, its scales are large, it has only two series of pharyngeal teeth, the apex of the preeorbital is directed upwards, and the posterior half of the dorsal is opposite an elongated anal. Genus BracHyGRAMmMa, Day. Body subelongate ; sides compressed. Snout broad, depressed ; preorbital bone triangular, apex directed downwards. No cirri. Eyes not covered by any adipose membrane. Opening of mouth of moderate size, oblique. Superior symphysis emarginate ; inferior hooked above. Scales small, deciduous. Lateral line curved down- wards, ceasing abruptly opposite the ventral fin. Base of dorsal scaleless ; it arises behind the commencement of the ventrals, but does not extend as far as opposite commencement of anal. Anal few-rayed ; no scales at its base. Caudal deeply lobed. Pharyngeal teeth large, oval, with their free surface concave or spoon-shaped, 1, 2,3 / 3, 25 Ve BRACHYGRAMMA JERDONI, Day, sp. nov. Wumboo (Mal.). BGs Deaie Bikar? Veo TASSIS. ANG. TS ce Gas L. tr. 10/6. 1865. ] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 305 Length of specimens from 2,%, to 3,8; inches. Length of head 1, of pectoral 4, of base of dorsal zl5, of base of anal ;';, of caudal + of the totallength. Height of head 4, of body 4, of dorsal +, of anal } of the total length. Diameter of eye nearly 4 of the length of the head, eyes a little above 4 a diameter from the end of snout, 1 diameter apart ; its under surface is as close to lower profile as its upper surface is to the margin of the head. Profile rises gradually from snout to posterior extremity of the head ; thence there is a gradual decline to the caudal. Abdominal surface rather more curved than the dorsal. Sides compressed. Head compressed from side to side. Snout broad, depressed. Mouth of moderate size, oblique. Lower jaw the longest, with a hook at its extremity, which is received into a corresponding emar- gination in the intermaxillaries. When the month is closed, the upper surface of the lower lip forms a portion of the superior profile of the head. Lips thin, covering both jaws. Preeorbital triangular ; apex below. Nostrils close to the anterior superior angle of the orbit; the posterior broad and patent, divided by a valve from the anterior, the margins of which are raised. Operculum nearly tri- angular, smooth. Intermaxillaries slightly protrusible, elevated into a point behind, expanded in front, and in central line emarginate to receive the hook of lower jaw. Fins. Dorsal arises rather nearer the caudal than it does to the snout, is slightly behind the commencement of the ventral, but does not extend so far backwards as to above the anal. Anal situated in posterior third of the body, arises at an equal distance between orbit and end of inferior lobe of caudal. Dorsal and anal square. Caudal deeply lobed. Scales on chest very small as far as ventral fins. Lateral line formed of long single tubes, only extending along fifteen scales, and curved downwards. Pharyngeal teeth short, wide, transversely oval; extremities con- cave both from side to side and from before backwards, in fact re- sembling the concave surface of a spoon, 3, 2, 1/1, 2, 3. Colours. Greenish above, silvery below. A bright greenish-yel- low line separates the green of the back from the silvery sides and abdomen. Summit of head bright green. Inside of mouth and lips closely spotted with black. Fins colourless. Eyes white. Is not uncommon in rivers and ponds. I have named the species after Dr. Jerdon, who appears to be the first who discovered the genus in India. BarRiLivs BAKER, Day, sp. nov. mea BD, 3/YOSP P15, Vs 10.9 Avo. Cxly.dn eas. E. tr. 9/2. Length of specimens from 4,5; to 5,4; inches. Length of head 7, of base of dorsal +, of base of anal +, of pec- toral 5, of caudal 3 of the total length. Height of head 4, of body 2, of dorsal }, of anal + of total length. Diameter of eye about 2 of Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1865, No. XX. 306 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. [Mar. 14, the length of the head, eyes 1} diameter apart, 1 diameter from end of snout. Profile more convex on ventral than on dorsal aspect. Gape of mouth large, triangular, directed forwards, compressed from side to side. Lower jaw slightly the longest, terminating in a knob, which is received into the apex of a triangle formed by the meeting of the intermaxillaries. Lips not fleshy; jaws entirely covered ; some pores along the margin of the lower lip, on the snout, and on the anterior margin of the preorbital. Sulcus single, not deep. Snout rather enlarged at extremity, and divided by a small fissure from the margin of the preeorbital bone, which last is penta- gonal, with the inferior border the longest. Nostrils rather closer to orbit than to end of snout, divided from one another by a mem- branous valve ; posterior broad, open; anterior with raised margins. Upper surface of head rather convex from side to side. Fins. Dorsal commences nearly midway between snout and base of caudal, and opposite the middle of the ventrals; it extends back- wards as far as opposite to the fourth ray of the anal. Caudal deeply forked, lower lobe the longest. Anterior margins of dorsal and anal the highest; the former with a slightly convex, the latter with a concave margin. Base of dorsal scaleless, of anal scaled ; two long free scales at base of ventral; some scales at base of caudal. Scales large ; lateral line descending nearly to the abdomen. Pharyngeal teeth in three rows, curved, slightly hooked at their ex- tremities and pointed, arranged in the following order:—4, 4, 2/2,4, 5. Colours. Back bluish grey, fading to whitish along the sides. Ab- domen silvery. Some bright blue spots along the sides. Dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins margined with white ; their bases dark grey. Caudal grey in the centre, whitish externally. I have named this fish after the Rev. H. Baker, jun., who obtained several specimens of it from Mundikyum. The next fish is a Perilampus (M‘Clelland) ; but Bleeker’s de- scription of the genus does not coincide with this one at least of the species in South India. He observes, “scales large,” whereas they are mostly of middle size or small; he also places the genus amongst the Acheilognathini, a group which he has given as having pharyn- geal teeth in one row; but the species of which I have brought some specimens from Cochin have them in three series. PERILAMPUS AUROLINEATUS, Day, sp. nov. B. ii.. D, 2/12, (P14 2. PAs 3/1 C19, Lee ditt. 7/2. Length of specimens from 254, to 248; inches. ~ Length of head nearly 1, of pectoral 4, of base of dorsal 4, of base of anal 1, of caudal + of the total length. Height of head 4, of body 4, of dorsal 4, of anal + of total length. Diameter of eye § of length of head, eyes ? of a diameter from end of snout, 1 diameter apart. 1865.] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 307 Profile slightly raised to base of dorsal, and thence gently sinks to the caudal; inferior surface of body much more convex than that of the back. The upper margin of lower jaw when closed is flush with the upper surface of the head. Mouth oblique. Lower jaw the longest; extremity covered with a knob, which is received into an emarginate space formed by the intermaxillaries. Lips thin, covering the jaws. Przeorbital small, irregularly quadrilateral ; the lower extremity the smallest, forming a sort of apex. Upper margin of orbit close to profile. Upper sur- face of head nearly flat. Opercula smooth. Fins. Dorsal arises rather nearer to snout than it does to the pos- terior extremity of the caudal, but is entirely situated in the poste- rior half of the body (excluding the caudal fin). Anal arises oppo- site the dorsal. Caudal lobed. Pectorals just reach the ventrals. Ventrals do not extend to the anal. Anterior extremity of dorsal and anal the highest. Margin of dorsal convex, of anal slightly concave. Scales with well-marked lines radiating from their posterior mar- gin : their rows run obliquely towards the back. Lateral line strongly concave, and situated in lower fifth of the body. Pharyngeal teeth curved, pointed; the external row being much the largest—5, 4, 1/1, 4, 5. Colours. Four yellow horizontal lines passing from the head to the tail, the highest and lowest of which are much less brilliant than the others. Between these lines, colour bright blue. Lower part of abdomen silvery. A bright blue spot on the operculum. Fins finely dotted with black. A dark line runs along the centre of the caudal. Common in rivers, and also found in stagnant tanks. Is eaten by the natives. PancHax Linreatum (Cuv. & Val.). Save Ele Ve Ge AL Ly. 197 LL od. a, or 9. Length of specimens from 2,5, to 3,2; inches. The length of the ventral and caudal fins vary very much in dif- ferent seasons of the year. It is exceedingly common in all rivers, tanks, paddy-fields, and even in pieces of water within the influence of the tides. It is eaten by the natives. The Exrts are amongst the most difficult of fish to obtain at Cochin, in consequence of the dread in which the natives hold them. Un- fortunately the Sea-snakes abound along the Malabar coast; and snake-like fishes are therefore held in awe. Even if captured, neither Mahomedans nor Jews will touch them; whilst there seems to be some antipathy against their use amongst the servants of Europeans, so that they rarely appear at the table. The bite of the Murenesox telabon (Cuv.) and also of several other species of Hels is severe, and dangerous wounds are frequently caused by them. 308 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. [Mar. 14, Murzna macutara (Buch. Ham.). ie xi? D.- 2568 A221.) 6.082: Length of specimens from 10-4; to 18 inches. Common in fresh water ; excellent eating. Mur2NeEsox TELABON (Cuvier). B. xv. D. 250-265. P.17. A. 135-146. C. 11. Length of specimens from 21 to 27 inches. Common. Its bite is very severe. Is good eating. SyMBRANCHUS BENGALIENSIS (M‘Clelland). Length of specimen 25,1; inches. Captured in the fort-ditch, Cochin. PIsOODONOPHIS BORO (Kp.). Be sais S45. Pas A. Bou. Length of specimen 113 inches. Common. LrErprocEPHALUS MALABARICUS, Day, sp. nov. Length of specimen 3,5; inches. Number of neural spines about 212. Length of head 1; of total length. Height of head =., of body 54, of dorsal fin nearly =;, of anal nearly =/- of the total length. Diameter of eye + of the length of head, eyes 1 diameter from end of snout. Profile from snout nearly straight to the upper margin of the back, then slightly raised. Body very compressed. Mouth-cleft beyond the posterior margin of the orbit. Snout produced, overlapping lower lip. Eyes central. Whether due to accident or natural causes, a circular hole, exceed- ing the diameter of the eye, exists at the posterior extremity of the anterior two-fifths of the body, midway below vertebral column and ventral surface ; also a notch near the caudal, at its under surface. Dorsal fin commences a short distance behind the head, and is continuous with the caudal and anal. Anal occupies the posterior half of the body. Caudal very short. Colours. Body whitish. Eye golden; lower surface orange. One line of yellow, spotted with green, proceeds backwards from the eye; a second from the mouth; this last also traverses the lower lip. This little fish was brought alive, and remained about two hours swimming about in a globe of water. The aperture referred to and the notch were very distinct whilst it was alive. In describing the succeeding genera, Ishall follow M. Valenciennes’s arrangement in the ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Poissons,’ because Blee- ker’s excellent ‘ Atlas Ichthyologique’ has not extended so far. Natives esteem the Hemiramphus genus when fresh ; and even the 1865.] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 309 Europeans consider their roes, when curried, a great delicacy. But the “ Cuttay charlay’’ (Mal.), Spratella fimbriata, C. & V., is the fish most generally approved of by the natives, whether fresh or salt. In fact, the Christian population appear to consider no curry fit to eat unless it contains fish. The Dussumieria acuta, C. & V., and Engraulis brownii, Gm., are both relished by Europeans, the latter being known as Whitebait >” whilst the « Charlay”’ (Mal.), Sar- dinella neohowii, C. & V., or Sardine, is exceedingly valuable on account of the fish-oil which is prepared from it, and extensively exported from Malabar to Europe. BELONE CANCILA (Buch. Ham.), Coahlan (Mal.). Bea. D6. * PTT. Ni. .G5° AC igs te Length of specimen 81, inches. Found in the Kurriavanoor River, and said to be very destructive to small fish ; it does not appear to grow to a large size. BELONE CavDIMACULATA (C. & V.). Coplah (Mal.). toe Wa) Vy MG. Ae dy, ie 15. Length of specimen 12,2, inches, Is captured only in the sea, and at the mouth of the river within the influence of the tides. Considered good eating by the natives ; “i not much esteemed by Europeans, owing to its large number of ones. BeLone ANNULATA (C. & V.). B. xiii. D. 22. P.12, V6. A. 23. 1, 05 15, Length of specimen 19-4 inches. Inhabits the same places, and held in the same esteem, as B. cay- dimaculata, C. & V. Hemirampnvus reynapr (C.& V.). Morrul (Mal.). B. xi. D.16. P.12. V.6. Anzto. (C.1d, Dogs ie we tr. 8, Length of specimen 775 inches. Exceedingly common after the commencement of the south-west monsoon, and through the cold weather, Very much esteemed b the natives, and its roe highly prized by Europeans for curries, Hemrramruvys XANTHOPTERUS (C. & V.), Coollah (Mal.), Be atts! Ds Si P p13). V. 6, A.16, O.15. L156, L. tr. 9, Length of specimen 735; inches. The length of the head, from the termination of the intermaxillaries, is } of the total to the end of the lower lobe of caudal fin, of beak 310 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. _[Mar. 14, from opening 4, of pectoral 54,, of caudal ;7;, of base of dorsal 4, of base of anal 51, of total length. The height of head +4, of body } of the total length. Diameter of eye 3 of the length of the head, eyes not quite 1 transverse diameter apart, upwards of 1 diameter from end of intermaxillaries. Intermaxillaries forming a very pointed angle at their junction. Teeth in wide bands in both jaws, the innermost being the largest, in the lower maxillary at the central line only touching at their base. Interorbital space nearly flat. Dorsal fin commences a little behind posterior third of body, Anal arises opposite dorsal, and their shape is the same, highest in front. Caudal not deeply cleft ; lower lobe the longest. This Hemiramphus, with its scarlet-tipped beak, is occasionally seen in vast numbers at the mouth of the river, and is also frequently captured in fresh water. CHIROCENTRUS DORAB (Forsk.). Bovitii. Dp 16e ORS 14.°-Veee “AS 38. COUT. Length of specimen 16,%, inches. Not uncommon at Cochin; but much more abundant at Telli- cherry, and where there are rocks. Is highly esteemed by the natives, and extensively salted. CHanos PALA (Cuv.). Dave, 14 Pay Ws CS AS OL eg: Length of specimen 7 inches. Usually captured in the backwater, during the monsoon ; is good eating. Exoprs saurus (Linn.). Bid. -xxx1,, 7. XxIx. D523): PAPA VC eA 7 eae L.1.109. L. tr. 5. Length of specimen 22,3, inches. MEGALOoPs CUNDINGA (Buch. Ham.). Cunnay (Mal.). B. xxii. D. 20. P. 155 , Vidblo,) Ay 24 Geos ido. L. tr. +. Length of specimens from 9-3, to 151, inches. It is sometimes captured at the mouth of the river; but is most commonly found in tanks, especially in the fort-ditch. Amongst the Cochin specimens there is not any difference in the number of scales in the adult and the young, as observed by Cantor in the Straits settlements. Likewise the filament from the last dorsal ray is as long” in adults as in the younger specimens; but the comparative size of the eye is larger in the older ones. Considered good eating, but bony. 1865.] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN, 311 SARDINELLA NEonown (0. & V.), Charlay (Mal.). yen Dols. P, 17. Vi ProdielOn gO. dg... La. 1. 45,. Ltr: 13. Length of specimen 6,5, inches. ‘ Comes ‘to Cochin in some years in enormous numbers; and from it fish-oil is prepared. When Dussumier was in Malabar, about 1827, he observed that those not consumed as food were used for manuring the cocoa-nut trees and the rice-fields. It is very good eating, but too fat to salt well. SPRATELLA FimBriata (OC, & Ye Cuttay charlay (Mal.). Biv. -D: 19." P. 17. V.8. A: 20, ©) 19) Bel, 46. L. tr. 11, Length of specimens from 5,8, to 53% inches. Very much esteemed by the natives, and extensively salted. Owing to its not containing much oil, it is not a good species for those ma- nufacturers ; but that very reason favours its being cured. It is very abundant. PrisTIGASTER TARTOOR (C. & V.)i Berets Fe A O81. Fei al. 6 Length of specimen 42 inches. ‘Twenty-eight spines before commencement of anal. Rare in Cochin. ALAUSA MELANURA (C. & Vs). B.vi. D.16. P14. V.8. A.17. C.21. LL 38. L. tr. 9. Length of specimen 3,8, inches. ENGRAULIS MALABARICUS (C. & V.). Monangoo (Mal.). aetne Do to. | B74, vere qmago* Ezy: ! eM pe: 2 dtr: 11, Length of specimen 8 inches. _ Very common, eaten by natives; but is very bony, and not esteemed by Europeans. ENGRAULIS BROWNIT (Gmelin). Bixie D.154,.P.15. -Y.7.A. 21,, 0.19. 1, 1.36. L.tr. 7. Length of specimen 5,2, inches. This species is exceedingly numerous in some seasons, and is one of those commonly known as Whitebait by the Europeans, by whom it is much esteemed. ‘Eneravuis pussumiert (C. & V,.)s SoBe xe) DW Q000B. VBL) ViG. , AE B84e.. SAGs Deeds 35. L. tr. 9. yuow 312 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. _[Mar. 14, Length of specimens from 4,4, to 45%; inches. Not uncommon in the cold season. ENGRAULIS AURATUS, Day, sp. nov. B.x. D.G P.12. V.7. A.34.. C19. 1.1.40. 1. tr,.9. Length of specimen 4,5, inches. Length of head nearly 4, of pectoral +, of base of dorsal }, of base of anal }, of caudal + of the total length. Height of head 4, of body 3, of dorsal fin +, of anal } of the total length. Diameter of eye, longest transverse, 2 of the length of head, eyes 3 a diameter from end of snout, 1 diameter apart. Its anterior and posterior third covered by an adipose lid. Profile scarcely ascends from snout to dorsal fin, or descends much thence to the caudal, the abdominal surface being very much more convex ; sides flat. Head. Snout short; gape of mouth extending to below the pos- terior margin of the orbit; superior maxillaries very elongated, reaching as far as last quarter of pectoral, and equal to nearly one- third of the total length of the fish. A raised crest exists from snout along the whole central line of the head. Operculum narrow, octa- gonal; posterior margin having its central two-fifths straight, di- rected a little obliquely backwards, and forming an obtuse angle at its upper and lower fifths ; superior and inferior margin straight, but very short. Preeoperculum, posterior margin nearly vertical. Bran- chiostegous opening very wide, extending almost to the lower margin of the symphysis. Teeth. A series of fine villiform teeth in the lower jaw, also along the whole extent of the élongated superior maxilla; only a few in the external half of each intcrmaxillary. A few in the vomer. A long double line of fine teeth in the palatine bones, with a large oval toothed space posteriorly. - Fins. Dorsal commences midway between snout and base of caudal fin ; anal midway between anterior surface of chest and commence- ment of caudal. Pectoral arises below the posterior margin of oper- culum, and reaches to the ventral. Dorsal triangular, with a sinall spine a short distance before its first ray. Pectoral falciform. Anal, anterior portion highest. Caudal lobed, lobes of equal length. About thirteen sharp compressed scales on the keel of the lower margin of the body, anterior to the commencement of the ventral fins, and seven between their termination and the origin of the anal. Colours. The upper surface of the back closely dotted with black, and of a brilliant shining coppery tinge, passing downwards and be- coming pure white on the sides. A large black spot on the shoulder. Dorsal with minute black dots, more especially at its upper margin ; otherwise colourless, as are also the pectoral, ventral, and anal fins. Caudal light straw-coloured, with a darkish tip. yes tinged with brown superiorly, below yellowish. Common, and considered good eating; arrives during the south- west monsoon. 1865.] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 313 Dussumieri acuta (C. & V.). Peavy. DO2T. P14 Vee Ania ©. 21% Length of specimens from 4,1, to 6;%, inches. Very common, and excellent eating. Comiia REYNALDI (C. & V.). x. ar: 1/i4," Pela, Yon Aloe Oe ly, Length of specimens from 3 5, to 3,5; inches. Not rare. Cuatoxrssus autus (Gray). Noonah (Mal.). B. wis Di 18-19, P.15.V.9. A. 23-25@.6.'19, 1,1) 48. iy, it18. Length of specimens from 5-5, to 654; inches. Common and good eating. CuHaAToEssus CHACUNDA (Buch. Ham.). Biv. e220. UP fe N.8., Av20.5 C.19.7 Lok 45¢¢ L. trad, Length of specimens from 3 to 6 inches. Eaten by the natives, by whom it is esteemed. The Plectognathi are not approved of as food, but are eaten by the poorer classes. ALUTARIUS Lz&vis (Bloch). Mullah purroah (Mal.). BP yi. 22/46. (Ps Lee AY 49! 5,12, Length of specimen 5,5; inches, Rare. TRIACANTHUS BIACULEATUS (Bloch). Mootarree (Mal.). Boyt WD. 5-24. P14. Vit. A.19., C214, Length of specimens from 3 to 7,2; inches. Very common ; does not grow to a large size. The Ostracioides are comparatively rare, only two species having been observed at Cochin, and of these only three specimens. OsTRACIUM TESSERULA (Cantor). Biyi, ~D: 9." P.13, Al 9. C82. «Plates 125, Length of specimen ;,ths of an inch. Ostracium nasus (Bloch). B.vi. D.9. P.1J. A.9 0.82, Length of specimen 5-1; inches. 314 MR. F, DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN, [Mar. 14, Amongst the Gymnodontide the most common are the Tetrodons or Sea-Porcupines, as known to Europeans, or “ Kuddul maheut- chee’’ (Mal.), Sea Frogs, as they are termed by the natives on ac- count of the noise they make when captured. They are taken in the Chinese nets on the river’s bank; they are thrown up by the sea on the shore, and also captured in brackish and saltwater marshes. The natives occasionally eat them; but as they frequently cause in- digestion—some allege, symptoms of poisoning—they are generally avoided. The native doctors prescribe them in cases of phthisis, having a belief in their curative powers for diseases of the lungs. TETRODON LUNARIS (Cuvier). B.v. D.14. P.18. A.12. C.10=. Sides spineless. Length of specimen 3,5, inches. Rare. CRAYRACION TESTUDINEUS (Linn.). Paattha (Mal.). Beye Dele Pel OAS Oy CLIO, Length of specimens from 1%, to 733; inches. In the small specimen the spines exist all over the body, as in the older one; but, the horizontal lines along the abdomen are absent, the back and sides alone showing the coloration of the more mature one. CRAYRACION FLUVIATILIS (Ham. Buch.). Bay. Did4e 4 P24, Ail 2g, C126 Length of specimens from 3 to 4,8; inches. The commonest species ; abundant all through the year. CRAYRACION COCHINENSIS, Day, sp. nov. B.v. D.9. P.18. A.10. ©C.11. Spined to front of anal fin. Length of specimen 5,2, inches. Length of head nearly 3, of pectoral ;4;, of base of dorsal 1, of base of anal 1, of caudal + of total length. Diameter of eye + of length of head, eyes 24 diameters apart posteriorly, 1? anteriorly, 2 from end of snout. Spines single, sharp, closely set, commencing from interorbital space, and behind upper and lower jaws, and continued on the back as far as the anus. Anteriorly from the interorbital space they are continued in rather a fine band, surrounding the nostrils, posteriorly in a crescentic form ; there are none on the space around the pectoral fin anteriorly. Nostrils tubular, placed above and slightly behind the anterior margin of the orbit. Fins. Dorsal arises at the commencement of the posterior third of the back, and at a distance equal to its base in front of the anterior 1865.) MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 315 margin of the anal. All the fins are rounded. The first ray of anal and three first of dorsal undivided. Colours. Olive-green on the back, becoming lighter on the sides and dirty white on the abdomen, A large pure-white spot, longer than the diameter of the eye, over each orbit. Dorsal, caudal, and anal fins of a yellowish green, stained with a darker shade at their extremities. Pectoral brownish olive. Rare. A single Specimen captured in June 1863. Lr1opon VIRIDIPUNCTATUS, Day, sp. nov, Be ve, Di 120". P18) A172, 105. Sides spineless, lower and posterior margin of the pectoral fin, and are continued backwards as far as the anus. Those most in front are directed backwards ; but from the posterior margin of the pectoral they are turned downwards. Nostrils broad, open, placed above and slightly behind the anterior margin of the orbit. Fins. Dorsal arises at commencement of posterior quarter of the body, and its posterior margin is above the first ray of the anal. All the fins are rounded. First three dorsal and two anal rays are un- divided. Lateral line curves upwards from above the pectoral fin, and is continued to centre of the caudal. It is very indistinct. Colours. Back light green. Abdomen silvery white. Back and sides covered with emerald-green spots; a bar of the same colour passes across the vertex, from one eye to the other, and also goes backwards in the median line, towards a second irregular band of the same colour, which passes across the back further posteriorly. Eye brown, with a golden rim surrounding the iris. Caudal and anal tipped with black. Dorsal yellowish. Four black Spots under the throat, The LopHosrancHriate fishes are not numerous at Cochin—but are more common a little to the south, commencing at Quilon. They are neither eaten nor made use of by the natives, except for the pur- pose of drying and selling as curiosities to the European sailors and others. Hiprocampvus comes (Cantor). Coodra meen (Mal.). D5 Mie aPs 47.2 A, 4, Rings of body 11, of tail 33. Length of specimens from 875 to 952. inches. 316 MR. F, DAY ON THE FISHES OF cocnIN. —[Mar. 14, SYNGNATHUS SCHLEGEL! (Kaup). Disa, @CL9, Length of specimens from 5 to 7,2; inches. Eighteen rings before the dorsal fin (which stands on 9), and 14 rings posterior to it. SyNGNATHUS ARGYROsTICTUS (Kuhl & V. Hass.). D227. SE. 16a. Be 2. Le oi0, Length of specimen 5-2, inches. By no means rare, and ascends the rivers far above the influence of the tides, one specimen having been captured at Alwaye, some miles beyond that portion of the river where the salt water ceases. The great order of SzLacura is abundantly represented, in the Sharks (Shraawoo, Mal.) and Rays which abound in the seas and backwaters surrounding Cochin. — It-is not a little remarkable that very few accidents occur from Sharks carrying off human beings ; in fact, during five years’ residence there was only one such instance came to my knowledge. The Hammer-headed species is the one most feared ; but the Saw-fish is much more dreaded than any of the Shark tribe, accidents from its wounds being by no means infre- quent. Shark-liver oil is employed as a good substitute for the true cod- liver oil, and, could its odour be mitigated without deleteriously af- fecting its medicinal properties, it would be exceedingly valuable. Sharks’ fins are dried and exported to places whence they are said to find their way to China. Shark’s flesh is considered so nourishing that it is rather extensively salted ; and owing to its pro- perties it has received the name of “ pal soora”’ (Mal.), or milk-pro- ducer, and is given to women shortly after their confinements. Sharks’ skins are employed for sword-belts, and in various useful trades, The Rays, of course, are not eaten by Mahomedans or Jews, and appear not to be held in much esteem, except for salting or oil ; they are mostly captured in the backwater during the south-west mon- soon and the succeeding cold months, They grow to an enormous size, more especially the Zrygon uwarnak. The spines on the tails of these fish are much dreaded, as they often inflict most dangerous wounds with them ; they are at once broken off on their being cap- tured. But, feared alive, these tails are believed to possess some secret but powerful agency when dead, which protects the fortunate possessor, so long as he wears one about his person, not only against the power of spells, but also enables him to face the “ evil eye” with impunity. CuHILoscyLLium PLAGiosuM (Mill. & Henle). Ettee (Mal.). Length of specimens from 4°; to 21 inches, 1865.] MR. F, DAY ON THE FISHES OF COCHIN. 317 The young, as pointed out by Cantor, are always barred ; the ma- ture has neither bars, streaks, nor spots. It is dull ashy grey above, and dirty white or reddish white beneath. Common; flesh esteemed very nourishing. Saua.us Acutus (Riipp.). Length of specimen 16,?; inches. Common. SQUALUS MELANOPTERUS (Quoy & Gaim.). Length of specimen 10-2; inches. Common; grows to a very large size. SpHYRNA ZYGENA (Linn.). The Hammer-headed Shark is much dreaded, and grows to a large size. Its flesh is considered very wholesome. Oil extracted from its liver is the favourite native remedy for night blindness. PrisTIs ANTIQUORUM (Linn.). Length of specimen 12 inches. Much feared, as it inflicts most dangerous wounds. Flesh esteemed. RHYNCHOBATUS DJEDDENSIS (Forsk.). Length of specimen 17,2; inches. ASTRAPE DIPTERYGIA (BI., Schn.). Length of specimen 6,5, inches. TRYGON UARNAK (Mill. & Henle). Length of specimen 12 inches. Very common. Large specimens, spotted like a Cheetah, areas common as the smaller and immature light brown ones. They grow to a very large size, and wounds from their spines are considered very dangerous. Good eating. Dasyatis micrura (Bl., Schn.). Length of specimen 9 inches. Not common. Hypo.Lopuus sEPHEN (Forsk.). Length of specimen 21,3, inches. The skin of this species forms some of the true shagreen of com- merce. Its tail-spine is considered dangerous. Grows to a large size, is fair eating. Is most common during south-west monsoon and succeeding cold months. ABTOBATIS NARINARI (B1., Schn.). Therrundee (Mal.). Length of specimen 15 inches. 318 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW BRITISH PORPOISE. [Mar. 28, Out of 211 species of fish which I have brought in safety to this country from Cochin, nearly one in eight appear to have been hitherto undescribed. As zealous Dutch and French travellers have more efficiently collected ichthyological specimens in Malabar than else- where on the shores of India, it shows the vast field still left to be explored. The freshwater fishes of the inland hills appear almost unknown ; for out of eight species kindly furnished me by the Rev. H. Baker, jun., five were entirely new. The difficulty in India of obtaining fresh specimens, of preserving them when obtained, the damage they receive on being conveyed from place to place, and the almost impossibility of procuring at out- stations good ichthyological works of reference make the study of the finny tribes more difficult, perhaps, than that of any other branch of zoology. At the same time these very difficulties render it more productive than most others in new forms and hitherto unknown species. March 28th, 1865. John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair. The Secretary called the attention of the Meeting to the valuable addition recently made to the Society’s collection in the shape of a pair of the rare Fruit-Pigeon of the Seychelles Islands, Erythranas pulcherrima (Scop.), remarkable for the curious naked wattles at the base of the bill, and for other peculiarities. This pair of birds, be- lieved to be the only individuals of the species ever received alive in this country, had been presented to the Society by Lady Barkly, the wife of H. E. Sir Henry Barkly, K.G., Governor of Mauritius. The Secretary also announced the arrival on the preceding day of a fine specimen of the King Penguin (Apterodytes pennantir) of the Falkland Islands. This bird, which was believed to be the only Penguin ever brought alive to Europe, had been obtained at the Falklands, and skilfully conveyed to this country by Commander Fenwick, of H.M.S. ‘ Harrier,’ by whom it had been liberally pre- sented to the Society. The following papers were read :— 1. Norice or A New Species or Porpotsrt (PHOCENA TUBER- CULIFERA) INHABITING THE MourH oF THE THames. By Dr. Jonn Evwarp Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., erc. The fact of a new species of Porpoise heing found on our own shores, at the mouth of the Thames, must be considered as a proof of how little we at present know of the species of Cetacea. 1865.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW BRITISH PORDOISE. 319 The Zoological Society, who are so anxious to obtain specimens of these animals that their habits may be studied, procured with considerable trouble a fine male Porpoise, which had been caught at Margate. It was carried to the Gardens, and placed in the pond formed for these animals; but, though showing no external injury, it was in so weak a state when it arrived that it sank to the bottom, and was obliged to be taken out and suspended by bands on the sur- face of the water so that it might not be choked. After a time it recovered so as to be able to swim about by its own exertion, but it only survived the transport a few days. Messrs. Bartlett and Gerrard, when it was alive, said that it dif- fered so much in general appearance from the Common Porpoise that they were induced to believe that it might be a species of Lageno- rhynchus or Grampus. ; The general form of the head, and examination of the teeth after death, proved at once that it was a species of Phocena, very nearly allied to, if not identical with, Phocena communis. Dr. Burmeister’s description of a Phocena from the River La Plata (contained in the Museum at Buenos Ayres), which is peculiar for having some spines on the upper edge of the dorsal fin, naturally made me careful in examining the edge of the fin of this specimen; and to my astonishment I discovered that this species also was pro- vided with a series of compressed tubercles, giving the fin a sharp, hard, serrated appearance. The tubercles or spines on the dorsal fin having been observed in two specimens from very different localities, I was induced to inquire if it was a character common to the genus, which had been over- looked; but, on examining the stuffed specimen of the Common English Porpoise in the Museum, it is clear that they are not found in the common state of the species. It then occurred to me that it might be a peculiarity of the male sex; but Mr. Flower informs me that the male specimen which lived for some weeks in the Gar- dens of the Society, and which he lately dissected, certainly had no spines on the edge of the dorsal fin; so that cannot be the case. Under these circumstances I think I am justified in considering that the existence of these spinous tubercles is a peculiarity of the species, and probably a specific character. The examination of the skull shows that there are differences in its form which confirm this opinion. The species of Phocena may be thus defined :— a. Back in front of the dorsal fin, and upper edge of the dorsal jin, smooth, without tubercles or spines. Dorsal jin on the middle of the back. 1. PHocz#zna communis. Hab. North Sea and mouths of rivers. b. Back in front of the dorsal fin smooth; the upper edge of the dorsal fin with a single series of oblong compressed tubercles, 320 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW BRITISH PORPOISE. [Mar. 28> which are more crowded near the upper end of the fin. Dorsal jin in the middle of the back. 2, PHOCZNA TUBERCULIFERA, Sp. nov. ITab. Mouth of the Thames, Margate. c. Back in front of the dorsal fin with a single series, and upper surface of the dorsal fin with three series, of square-based com- pressed tubercles or spines. Dorsal fin behind the middle of the back. 3. PHoc#NA SPINIPINNIS, Burmeister, P. Z.S. 1865, p. 228. Hab. Rio de la Plata. The new species may be described as follows :— The specimen was 52 inches, measured along the side from the end of the nose to the notch in the middle of the tail. The front edge of the dorsal fin is 23 inches from the tip of the nose, measured over the arch of the back; the hinder edge of the dorsal fin, mea- sured in the same manner, is 22 inches from the notch in the tail. The front edge of the base of the pectoral fin is 9 inches from the end of the nose; and the fin itself is 9 inches long, measured along its front margin. The tail is 13 inches wide, measured across the hinder edges ; the lobes are rounded, and rather overlap each other at the central notch. The hinder part of the back, the whole of the dorsal fin, and the upper and lower surfaces of the pectoral and caudal fins are black ; the head, the lower lip, the front part of the back, and the sides to the base of the pectoral fins are greyish black; the upper parts of the sides of the body behind the pectoral fins are grey, more or less mottled with a darker shade; the chin, throat, chest, belly, and under parts of the body white. The upper and lower jaws are of the same length. The upper lip covers the edge of the lower one, the covered part being pale-coloured, flattened, and gradually shelv- ing in towards the upper margin. There are two minute pits (which may have been the places from which whiskers arose) in the upper part of the upper lip, situated about where the depression is placed that separates the beak from the head in those genera which have the beak marked. The dorsal fin is scarcely falcate, with a rather broad, rounded upper margin, which is armed with a single series of distinct com- pressed tubercles ; the tubercles have an oblong base, with a slightly raised conical centre, and the surface is covered with irregular radia- ting wrinkles. Those on the front part of the edge are largest, and separate from one another ; they diminish in size and become crowded near the hinder upper part of the fin, forming a ridge, which is hard and serrated to the touch. The skull is much like that of Phccena communis in size, general form, and in the number, disposition, form, and size of the teeth; but is chee, ellee lege ag Grea ane As Ff ey Bey hthe iF Wien Paps tty fy hy if hiniperen MYWN Hanhart imp h Wolf. del.et lath u ——_—— 1865.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW PORCUPINE. 321 it differs from the skull of that species in the beak of the skull beimg rather narrower, more tapering in front. The foramen maximum is narrow, much higher than wide, and the condyles larger; while in P. communis the foramen maximum is nearly circular, and the con- dyles smaller and more oblique. The symphysis of the lower jaw is longer, and the sloping lower edge is more oblique and considerably longer than in P. communis. A skeleton is being formed of the bones of this animal; and the skin has been preserved in spirits, which is certainly one of the best ways of preserving the specimens of Cetacea, as it allows the outer surface to be examined at any future time in a state most nearly resembling that of living specimens. 2. NoTIcE OF AN APPARENTLY UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF AME- RICAN Porcupine. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., etc. (Plate XI.) There has been in the British Museum since 1853 a small specimen of a short-tailed American Porcupine, which was sent from Columbia. I suspected that the animal might be young ; and I have been wait- ing, expecting that we might receive another specimen from the same source, which would enable me to give a more complete account of the animal; but as no additional materials have come to hand, I shall now proceed to give a short notice of it, in the hope that the description and figure may have the effect of drawing the attention of collectors to the animal. Eretuizon (Ecutnoprocta) RuFESCENS. (PI. XI.) Pale brown, varied with black ; head white, speckled with black and pale brown; tail and feet black ; chin, throat, and beneath pale brown. A short white streak on the centre of the nose, and a few white spines, forming a slight crest, on the nape; a whitish mark on the side of the cheek. The bristly spines of the head thin, white, with a small black subterminal band and yellow tip; the spines of the back elongate, white, with a black subterminal ring and elon- gated rufous tips; those of the front part of the back and sides very slender, bristle-like, gradually becoming thickened, stronger, and shorter, until on the hinder part of the back, above the tail, they are well developed, short, thick. Spines with black ends and very small brown tips. The end of the nose, chin, and underside of the body covered with uniform pale brown slender bristles. The tail and feet covered with short black bristles. Whiskers black, slender, flexible. Hab. Columbia. There are a few spines on the top of the head, with one white to the tip, making a kind of occipital crest; but I am not sure that this may not be an individual peculiarity. The soles of the hind feet are bald to the heel. Cutting-teeth Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. XXI. 322 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW TUPAIA. (Mar. 28, yellow, slender, rounder in front. Unfortunately I have not been able to see the skull. If this is a true Erethizon, the genus may be divided into two sections :— : 1. Erethizon. The back covered with elongated bristles and short spines. . dorsatus and FE. epivanthus. 2. Echinoprocta. The back covered with one kind of elongated slender spines, which become shorter, thicker, and more rigid over the rump. J£. rufescens. - 3. Notice or A Species oF TupaiA FROM BORNEO, IN THE CoLLECTION OF THE British Museum. By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., erc. (Plate XII.) There has been in the British Museum for some years a specimen of a Tupaia in spirits, which was received from Borneo, and also a stuffed specimen without a habitat, evidently of the same species. These specimens have the general coloration of Tupaia tana, and have evidently been regarded as varieties of that species; but they are most distinct. The head and skull are short and broad, of about the same form and proportion as those of Tupaia ferruginea; the fur and tail is of the same bright shining bay as T. tana, but it is entirely destitute of the three black streaks between the shoulders, which is so well marked in that species. The skull shows that the stuffed specimen is that of an adult animal not so large as 7’. tana, and more nearly resembling in size T. ferruginea. It may be known at once from the latter species by the dark red-brown colour of the tail, with its very red underside. I propose to call it TUPAIA SPLENDIDULA. (PI. XII.) Fur dark red-brown, blackish-washed. Tail dark red-brown ; pale red beneath; the shoulder-streak yellow. The head conical, about twice as long as wide behind. Hab. Borneo. The head is large compared with the size of the body; the ears rounded, with several ridges on the conch, and a well-developed con- vex tragus, not unlike the human ear. The palm and soles are bald to the wrist and heel. I thought at first that this species might be the Tupaca speciosa of Wagner; but that animal is stated to have a head as long and as tapering as 7’. tana, and, indeed, seems to be only a slight variety of that species. The figures of the animal hitherto published, having been taken chiefly from stuffed specimens, do not show these peculiarities, which are to be observed in the specimen from Borneo preserved in spirits. by A-0. 1865 PURI. M&N Hanhart,imp Lae fa ees Ny i Naa d ‘ apy > rd ies hy re LAS Wats, ae Dit of) Bind fi ; Wit Ws 1865.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW FORM OF TRIONYCHIDE, 323 4. Notice or A New GENUS AND SPECIES OF THE FAMILY TRIO- NYCHIDZ FROM WESTERN Arrica. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.B.S., F.L.S,,; 27e; aE The British Museum has just received two specimens of a Trionyx with covered legs from Western Africa (collected by the late Dr. B. Baikie, probably on the Niger), which is evidently different in structure from any we have before received from that country, and which I am inclined to believe is an entirely new form. It differs from the other African Trionyches with covered feet in only having two pairs of callosities on the sternum; while Hepta- thyra has seven, and Cyclanosteus has nine such hardnesses on the sternal bones. These callosities differ in disposition and mode of development, as well as in manner, in the three genera. The form of the skull is like that of the genus Cyclanosteus ; that is to say, the face is moderate, with eyes about halfway between the front of the zygomatic arch and cavity of the temporal muscle and the end of the nose ; but it differs from the skull of the latter genus in the forehead and crown being wider and flatter. The genus (which I should refer to the tribe Cyclanosteina) may be defined thus :— TETRATHYRA. The face of the skull short, convex, arched in front ; orbits lateral, shelving, about midway between the end of the nose and the front of the zygomatic arch ; forehead flat, rhombic, broad. The dorsal shield with flexible margins, without any marginal bones; front of dorsal shield warty above and without any odd nuchal bone. Ster- num flat, with broad rounded lobes covering the feet, and two pairs of sternal callosities ; the front pair small, rounded, on the front ends of each of the front pairs of sternal bones ; the lateral pairs are large, oblong, broadly notched out behind, and very rugose. This genus differs from Cyclanosteus in the want of any odd bone in front of the dorsal shield, as well as in the number and disposition of the sternal callosities. The upper surface of the front of the disk is closely covered with roundish warts. The sternal callosities are not developed in the young specimen, the larger lateral pair being first indicated as the animal increases in size. The dorsal disk of the young specimen is marked with close grains, or warty, in rather arched longitudinal ridges. There are some young specimens in spirits from West Africa in the Museum, which belong to this species; they differ from the young of C. senegalensis in being marbled, while that species is marked with distinct small subcircular black spots. This second genus of Cyclanosteina may explain the reason why we have two skulls from West Africa the one with the front and the other with the whole upper edge of the lower jaw dilated, as figured in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1864, fig. 18, p. 95, and fig. 21, p. 96. 324 MR. G. KREFFT ON A NEW PETROGALE. __[Mar. 28, TeETRATHYRA BAIKHI, Sp. nov. Head olive, white-spotted. Back olive, marbled with black above ; the lower surface pale, irregularly black-marbled or spotted. The front pair of callosities small, oblong. Younger specimen, the head and dorsal shield pale brown, mar- bled with large black (often inosculating) streaks ; lower part of head and sternum black, with large, irregular-sized, pale spots, some of which are symmetrical. Hab. West Africa, River Niger? The largest specimen, which is not full-grown, is 11 inches long ; the dorsal shield 7 inches long and 5 inches wide. Lower surface of Tetrathyra baikii. 5. Description oF A New Species oF Rock-KANGAROO FROM New Soutu Waters. By Gerarp Krerrt, CuRATOR AND Secretary, AUSTRALIAN Museum, Sypney, N.S. WAtes. PETROGALE LONGICAUDA, Sp. nov. Hair remarkably soft and long (3 inches in length upon the back and sides), dark grey at the base, tipped with pale yellow and black, giving the fur a mottled appearance. Head and neck grey, a lighter patch extending from the base of the ears to the nostrils. Ears grey at the base; black at the tip ; sides slightly fringed with yellow. Shoulders and fore legs dark grey, grizzled with white, which colour extends to about the middle of the body. The hair of the back and haunches is of much longer growth, silky to the touch, of a mottled brownish-grey colour, and changing into rusty 1865.] DR. COBBOLD ON SOME ENTOZOA. 325 yellow near the base of the tail. The tail at its root is sandy-coloured, but soon changes into dark brown, the hair being very coarse and long, forming into a broad brush at the end. ; Inches Length from tip of nose to root of tail.......... 294 iil is cs. dha boas Pmxcrce Aad MiSOe ae ee Ee. D7 Race? toi base of-ear oxced, whiees See eo role ls 4i Arms and Wands: 25.562. Dace seen. 6 Parsivand- toes. 22 { Aches Gee hae eee 7 BEN aes eo ie os dn jsided RN a ee eae 21 This Petrogale is easily distinguished from all other species by its remarkably long and bushy tail, which is about a foot longer than that of any other Rock-Wallaby. A single speciiaen of this inter- esting animal has been procured by Mr. George Masters, Assistant Curator of the Australian Museum, at Dabee Rylstone, 250 miles N.W. of Sydney. Mr. Masters informs me that this Wallaby is very quick and difficult to approach, and that, after watching for two nights, only one specimen could be secured. The skull was completely broken, so that no description could be given of it, ' 6. Note ON SOME ENTOZOA COLLECTED BY Mr. CHARLES W. Devis. By Dr. Cossotp, F.R.S. I am indebted to Mr. Devis for a few parasites obtained, during the present month, from animals dissected at the Queen’s Park, Manchester. All the forms appear to have been described by pre- vious writers ; but there are some points which deserve a passing remark, especially since Mr. Devis is likely to offer further contri- butions, which may be expected to yield important results respect- ing the distribution of some of these species. The specimens are as follows :— 1. Several examples of the so-called Filaria capsularis, from the liver of the Lump-fish (Cyclopterus lumpus). 2. One dozen individuals of Distoma incisum, from the Wolf-fish (Anarrhichas lupus). These minute flukes are usually found in the intestine ; but, in the present case, Mr. Devis states that they were attached to the mucous membrane of the bladder. Unfortunately their structural characters are mostly lost from accidental desicca- tion previous to transmission. The gills of this fish likewise sup- ported a considerable number of Lerneans belonging to the genus Anchorella. 3. Several specimens of Ascaris ensicaudata, from the duodenum of the Missel-Thrush (Turdus viscivorus). 4. Also several specimens of the same Ascaris from the duodenum of the Summer Duck (Anas sponsa). These individuals, from their comparatively large size, at first suggested the likelihood of a new species of Nematode ; but a microscopic examination of the extre- mities of the body yielded nothing distinctive. 326 DR. SCLATER ON A NEW BIRD FROM MADAGASCAR. [ Mar. 28, 5. Several examples of Dispharagus crassicauda from the proven- triculus of the Great Northern Diver (Colymbus glacialis), and also a solitary specimen of the Echinorhynchus polymorphus. For the above-named Nematode I have here employed the nomenclature of Dr. Molin, Professor of Zoology at Padua, although it is often extremely difficult to determine whether a particular species is refer- able to the genus Dispharagus or to Spiroptera. 7. DESCRIPTION OF A NEw SPECIES OF PASSERINE BirD FROM Mapaeascar. By P. L. Scrater, M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY. (Plate XIII.) In a series of bird-skins lately received by Mr. S. Stevens from Mr. Plant, who is now collecting specimens of natural history in Madagascar, is a single specimen of a small bird which I have not previously met with, and which I consider to be new to science. It belongs either to the Muscicapide or to the Laniide (if these two families are really distinet, which I much doubt), and must pro- bably be placed somewhere in the neighbourhood of Pachycephala and the smaller species of Tephrodornis, to which the name Hylo- terpe* has been applied. But Iam not able to find any other species strictly congeneric with the present bird; and so, although always unwilling to increase the much too great number of generic names already existing, I consider it is perhaps better to invent a new term for the present species than to refer it to a genus with which it may probably have very little connexion. I therefore propose to call it Hylophorba ruticilla with the following characters :— HyLornorsa, genus novum, affine generi Hyloterpe. Rostrum dimidio brevius quam caput, compressum, culmine arcuato, gonyde ascendente, dente apicali distincto. Narium aperture ovales, patule, basales. Sete rictales pauce, breves. Ale breves, remiges prim. X.; primus spurius, secundi dimidium ab € insertione @quans: iv'™*® y™* yi" fere equales et vii™"™ supe- rantes, vii" longior quam iii*. Cauda modica, apice quadrato. Pedes debiles, tarsis antice squamatis, postice levibus ; digitis brevibus. HyYLOPHORBA RUTICILLA, sp. nov. (Plate XIII.) Murino-fusca, capite et cervice supra cinereis: alis nigricanti- brunneis, dorsi colore limbatis: cauda rubro-castanea: subtus pallide fulva, ventre medio dilutiore, gula alba; tectricibus subalaribus ventre concoloribus ; rostro nigro, ad rictum imum * Blyth (Ibis, 1865, p. 43) states that his Indian Tephrodornis grisola (Jerdon’s B. of India, i. p. 411) is identical with Hyloterpe philomela, Cab. (See my re- marks on this species, P. Z. 8S. 1863, p. 217). 45,1865. PL ) Semmens. del et lith M &N.Harhart ump . HYLOPHORBA RUTICILLA. . 08 eek cay ke \ z AIX Id 9981'S Zd PT. S.1865, Plate XV. . 1865.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON AUSTRALIAN PIPE-FISHES. 327 et ad basin mand. inferioris albicante: pedibus obscure ci- nereis. Long. tota 4°8, alee 2°6, caudee 1-9, rostri a rictu 0°55, tarsi 0:7 poll. Angl. Hab. Madagascar. One example of this bird was obtained by Mr. F. Plant in the forests near Anooivarika. 8. ON THE PIPE-FISHES BELONGING TO THE GENUS PHYLLO- PTERYX. By AtBert GUnruer, M.A., Pu.D., M.D., F.Z.S. (Plates XIV., XV.) Many Pipe-fishes are provided with short or thin cutaneous ap- pendages, symmetrically disposed on the different dermal scutes. These appendages are most developed in the species which may be referred to the genus Phyllopteryx (Swains.), Kaup. The first of these extraordinary forms was described and indifferently figured by Shaw (Zool. vy. pl. 180). He named it Syngnathus foliatus, which name must be preferred to that given in the same year by Lacépéde (Syngnathus teniopterus, Ann. Mus. iv. pl. 58. f. 3), since the author of a work may be presumed to have named the species at a much earlier period than the writer of a memoir. The British Museum possesses, among others, a fine example, 13} inches long, of this Phyllopteryx foliata from Tasmania; and there is a beautiful coloured figure in the collection of drawings made by Ferdinand Bauer, Dr. Brown’s companion during Capt. Flinders’s voyage. The figure of this species (Pl. XIV.) is two-thirds of the natural size, the coloration being taken from Bauer’s drawing. A second species was described by Dr. Gray as Haliichthys teniophorus in ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1859, p. 38, and figured pl. vi. ; it is from Freycinet’s Harbour. A third species has been lately presented to the British Museum by Mr. George French Angas, who received it from Port Lincoln, South Australia. I name it Phyllopteryx eques (Pl. XV.). Its form is still more extraordinary than that of the preceding species, the spines, crest, and cutaneous appendages being much more deve- loped, and the, trunk being dilated into an upper and three lower prominences. /'The snout is as long as the distance of the front mar- gin of the orbit from the hind part of the nape; it bears a pair of small spines behind the middle of its upper edge, a pair of minute barbels at the chin, and a pair of long appendages in the middle of its lower part. The forehead bears an erect, broad, subquadrangular crest, with a shorter single spine behind ; a horizontal spine above each orbit ; a cluster of spines with narrow appendages on the occi- _ put. Nape of the neck with a long spine, dilated at the base into a crest, and carrying a long bifid appendage. The trunk is compressed, somewhat dilated, strongly arched on the back, and with two deep indentations in its lower profile. There ¢ 328 DR. E.CRISP ON THE GIRAFFE AND AARD-VARK. [Apr. 1], are seventeen bony rings between the pectoral fin and the root of the tail. The spines are of three kinds: 1. The band-bearing spines are the strongest, strongly compressed, not flexible, each terminating in a pair of short points. There are one pair of these spines in the middle of the back, and one on each of the three prominences of the abdominal outline; the flaps are Jong and bifid. 2. Very long, com- pressed, and somewhat flexible spines, without appendages; these occupy in pairs the uppermost part of the back, and in a single series the median line of the belly. 3. Small, short, conical spines run in single series along the median line of the sides, and along the lateral edges of the belly ; a pair of similar spines in front of the lower part of the base of the pectoral fin. ; Tail quadrangular, with sharp edges, and with five pairs of band- bearing spines along its upper sid¢; its end is slightly prehensile.” P. 20. D.37. The dorsal is situated entirely on the tail. The specimen, being dry, has lost its original colours, which were probably red during life. The iris is crossed by radiating streaks ; and several other streaks (of a whitish colour) radiate from the eye over the opercles and the upper part of the head. There is no doubt that these fish attach themselves with the pre- hensile end of their tail to stems of seaweed or other objects; and when they are in the vicinity of seaweed of a similar colour, their resemblance to it must be so great that they would easily escape being observed by their enemies. The figure of P. eques (Plate XV.) is of the natural size. April 11, 1865. Professor T. H. Huxley, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. Dr. Crisp exhibited a drawing of the placenta of the Giraffe lately obtained from the Society’s Gardens. It weighed 13 lbs., and con- tained 156 cotyledons. Dr. Crisp said that the cotyledons of the Ox and Sheep were said to number from 70 to 100. In the placenta of a Dorcas Gazelle (G. dorecas) he had counted only 30; so that pro- bably the Giraffe had a larger number than any other of the rumi- nants. Dr. Crisp also exhibited a drawing of the Aard-Vark ( Orycteropus capensis). He had obtained the animal in the flesh ; and the drawing was placed before the Society to show the enormous muscular power of this quadruped, especially in the tail and in the extremities. The weight of the body was about 90 lbs. Dr. Crisp purposed bringing the anatomy of the Aard-Vark before the Society on a future occa- sion. The following papers were read :-— 1865.] MESSRS. MURIE AND MIVART ON HYRAX CAPENSIS. 329 1. On Tue Myotocy or Hyrax capensis. By James Muriz, M.D., anv Sr. Georce J. Mrvart, F.Z.S. Since the time of Cuvier, naturalists seem generally to have agreed to follow him in associating the Hyraz with the perissodactyle Pachy- derms. Professor Huxley, however, in an elaborate and interesting paper on the structure of the placenta in this species, read before the Zoological Society in June 1863, stated important facts, which had led him greatly to doubt the accuracy of his illustrious predecessor’s determination. It therefore becomes a matter of great zoological and anatomical interest to ascertain precisely the details of the anatomy of this some- what anomalous genus, so that valid data may be obtained for the formation of a true judgment as to its real affinities, and from which its definite place in the system of nature may be correctly ascertained. It would be a superfluous task to enumerate here all the earlier _ and well-known dissertations on, and descriptions of, this animal ; but we may refer to two papers published in the « Proceedings’ of this Society,—one by Professor Owen, read in December 1832, containing a most interesting description of its internal structure, and comparing many of its varied characters with those of the Rodents, Pachyderms, and Edentates; the other by the late Mr. W. Martin, read in February 1835, corroborating Pallas’s and Professor Owen’s observa- tions. We may also allude to H. Kaula’s earlier Monograph, pub- lished in 1830 *. Since this present paper was undertaken, our attention has been called to a notice by Prof. J. F. Brandt, in the ‘ Bulletin de 1 Aca- démie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg,’ tome v. no. 7, p- 908, in which that author appears inclined to restore the H yrax to the place assigned to it by Pallas, namely, among the Rodents, although at the same time he mentions his discovery in it of a sac- like enlargement of the Eustachian tube similar to that existing in the Horse. The author further announces his intention of soon laying before the Imperial Academy a complete account of the anatomy of the Hyrazx ; but we are not aware that this has yet been done; so that we may, in fairness, be permitted to state the results of our examination of the myology of this animal—the more go since, as far as we know, scarcely anything has hitherto been published on this subject beyond Meckel’s observations, and because several of the facts we have noticed seem to us of considerable interest, and perhaps may even be found, if taken along with the peculiarities of the skeletonto contribute some little towards the elucidation of its natural affinities, Before proceeding to the description of the muscles, we must express our regret that the mutilated condition of the lower part of the neck and the abdomen in our specimen, prevented the accurate determination of several points of considerable interest. * Monographia Hyracis. Diss. inaug. quam preside Rapp. publ. examini sub- mittit H. Kaula. Tubing. 1830. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. XXII. 330 _MESSRS. MURIE AND MIVART ON THE [Apr. 11, Muscles of the Head and Neck. Masseter.—From the very great size of the ascending ramus of the mandible, this muscle presents a very broad surface, and it an- swers the description given by Cuvier * and Meckel f. The external pterygoid arises from the pterygoid fossa at its outer and anterior margin, and is inserted into the neck of the mandible (fig. 1, #. p.). ut The internal pterygoid has origin by a strong tendon from the hook-like process at the lower extremity of the outer margin of the pterygoid fossa, and from the posterior and inner margin of that fossa. It spreads out in a fan-shaped manner, and is inserted into the concavity of the mandible behind the mylo-hyoid foramen, be- tween the digastric and the bone (figs. 1 & 2, I. p.). The external and internal pterygoid we found to be completely and distinctly se- parate, and by no means confounded together as Cuvier states f. We particularly mention the distinctness of these two muscles, in order to demonstrate more clearly the true nature of the digastric. Fig. 1. Ramus of the lower jaw. A portion of the bone is removed, to show the pterygoid muscles. £. p. External pterygoid. J. p. Internal pterygoid. Fig. 2. Right half of inferior maxilla, séen from below. D. Digastric. J. p. Fibres of insertion of the internal pterygoid into the angle of the man- dible. The stylo-hyoid arises from the paramastoid process, behind the * Anat. Comp. tome iv. part 1, p. 69. t Anat. Comp. tome viii. p. 476. $ Anat. Comp. vol. iv. part 1, p. 91. 1865.] MYOLOGY OF HYRAX CAPENSIS. 331 digastric, and is inserted as usual; it is strong and relatively thick, as Meckel says *. The stylo-glossus is very well defined, arising from the anterior margin of the paramastoid, and having the usual insertion into the tongue. On the left side we observed a long narrow muscular slip, arising from the paramastoid by a delicate tendon, and descending the neck ; but its insertion we could not ascertain. This we took to be the stylo-pharyngeus. Digastrie.—This is very large and much flattened, and lies closely appressed to the concavity inside the mandible, behind and beneath the mylo-hyoidean ridge. It arises from the paramastoid, along with the three last-mentioned muscles and the third head of the s¢erno- cleido-mastoid ; but the digastric occupies the greater portion of that process. It is inserted inside and along the whole of the inferior margin of the mandible, as far as a little behind the symphysis, de- licate fibres running on almost to the symphysis itself (see fig. 2, D.). Though this muscle is not exactly double-bellied, yet there is more or less of glistening tendon on both sides posterior to its middle. Cuvier'’s description is correct as far as it goes+, also that of Meckelt, who particularly mentions its great width. The sterno-hyoid and thyroid muscles had their usual insertions into the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage; but their origin was de- stroyed. All the other muscles connected with the larynx were well developed, except the omo-hyoid, which we did not find. Meckel§ says that it (le seapulo-hyotdien) is wanting. The fibres of the platysma myoides are strongly developed, and posteriorly the muscle is in intimate union with the eletdo-mastoid (or cephalo-humeral), which it overrides (fig. 3, P. m.). Sterno-cleido-mastoid.—First part, cephalo-humeral or cleido- mastoid, strong and long, arises from the occiput, and is inserted into the ulna in common with the biceps (figs. 3 & 4, C.A.). At the upper part, as already mentioned, its union with the platysma myoides is so close that the line of demarcation is hardly to be defined. On comparing the muscles of a Guinea-pig (Cavia) with those of our Hyrax, we found the sterno-cleido-mastoid had nearly the same origin and insertion at the upper part of the humerus ; however, it differed from the Hyraz in haying a distinct attachment to a rudi- mentary clavicle. The second part, or true sterno-mastoid, is very thick and bulky, and with an unusual origin, which may perhaps have led to its being confounded with the digastric ||. It arises by a strong tendon from the summit of the posterior margin of the ascending ramus of the mandible, and also by fascize from the posterior border of the same, and from the surface of the masseter. It is inserted into the manu- brium, and joins its fellow of the opposite side in the lower half of the neck (fig. 4, S. ed. m. 2). * Anat. Comp. tome viii. p. 507. t Op. cit. tome iv. part i. p. 94. t Op. cit. tome viii. p. 478. § Loe. cit. p. 507. || Owen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 207. 332 MESSRS. MURIE AND MIVART ON THE [Apr. 11, The connexion of this second part of the sterno-cleido-mastoid with the mandible offers an interesting resemblance to the attach- ment of the same muscle in the Horse. Meckel describes this muscle, in the Hyraz, as connected with the mastoid process by a strong and long tendon *. In the Guinea-pig this portion of the muscle did not arise from the jaw, but from the skull, as usual. The third part of the sterno-cleido-mastoid is very slender, and not unlike an omo-hyoid in appearance (see fig. 3, S.c.m.3). It arises from the paramastoid, and joins deeply the conjoined portions of the two foregoing parts of this muscle. This may be what Meckel alludes to in the passage just referred to, and appears also to be the “ troisiéme ventre” spoken of by him, at page 162, as being often found in Man. Fig. 3. Diagrammatic view of superficial muscles of the neck. P.m. Platysma myoides, its attachments to the lower jaw and forearm; above, it is cut open and drawn back by hooks to expose S.c.m.3, the third small portion of the sterno-cleido-mastoid. C.#. Cephalo-humeral. S.se. Sterno- scapular. The longus colli has attachment upon the ventral surface of the cervical vertebree, the 2nd to 7th inclusive, and is inserted in the thorax, on the bodies of the first six dorsal vertebree. The rectus capitis anticus major arises from the cervical verte- bree, from the 6th to the 3rd, and is inserted into the basioccipital. We found no trace of the rectus capitis anticus minor, at least as a separate muscle. The rectus lateralis is well developed, arising from the transverse process of the atlas, chiefly its anterior surface, and being inserted into the paramastoid. * Anat. Comp. tome vi. p. 163. 1865. ] MYOLOGY OF HYRAX CAPENSIS. 333 The scalenus anticus is strong, though small, extending from the transverse processes of the 5th, 6th, and 7th cervical vertebrz to the first rib. A slip of this muscle descends in front of the thorax as far almost as the cartilage of the third rib. This is not noticed by Meckel *. The scalenus posticus is very long and flattened, proceeding from the 3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs, and being inserted into the transverse processes of the 4th, 5th, and 6th cervical vertebree. Meckel t gives but one insertion, namely, into the 5th cervical vertebra. There is no third scalenus. The splenius capitis and splenius colli arise in common from the spinous processes of about the 4th, 5th, and 6th dorsal vertebrz, and proceed upwards and outwards, the first being inserted into the occiput, the second into the transverse process of the atlas, as men- tioned by Meckel f. The complexus major is large, and separable at its origin into several slips. It has origin from the transverse processes of the ver- tebre, from the axis to sixth dorsal, and is inserted into the occiput internal to the splenius. It is in close apposition, vertically, to its fellow of the opposite side (like the leaves of a book), no strongly developed ligamentum nuche intervening. The complexus minor is smaller, and is found to arise from lowest cervical and first two dorsal vertebrze, and to be inserted into the oe- ciput between the splenius capitis and complexus major, immediately below the former. Like the complewus major, it is separable below into several slips ; but these are united by fasciz. The complexus tertius arises from the zygapophyses of the two first dorsal vertebrae, and continues upwards to the transverse pro- cess of the atlas, being attached also to the zygapophyses of the inter- vening cervical vertebre. This muscle is very distinct, lying between the last and the ¢rans- versalis cervicis; yet it has not, as far as we know, received a sepa- rate name. Meckel§ describes it as the transversalis cervicis ; but this it cannot be, as the fransversalis cervicis is always the continua- tion into the neck of the longissimus dorsi, whereas our muscle lies distinctly internal to such continuation. Both Quain and Ellis || are * Loe. cit. p. 260. t Loe. cit. p. 156. t Loe. cit. p. 140. § Loe. cit. p. 147. He describes the true ¢ransversalis cervicis as the cervicalis ascendens. | ‘ Demonstrations of Anatomy,’ 5th edition, page 427. The author, in a foot- note, says, ‘‘ The anatomy of the prolongation from the longissimus might be sim- plified by describing it as the transversalis muscle with a double insertion, like the splenius, into the head and neck—* ¢ransversalis capitis,” “ transversalis colli.” These muscles, we think, may, however, be better tabulated as follows :- Sacro-lumbalis .............00+0« Cervicalis ascendens. Longissimus dorsi ............... Transversalis cervicis. Complexus tertius. Complexus minor. Complexus major. The transversalis cervicis is the transversalis colli of Ellis. The complexus minor is his transversalis capitis, also the trachelo-mastoid of many authors. 334 MESSRS. MURIE AND MIVART ON THE [Apr. 11, clear as to this essential nature of the ¢ransversalis cervicis in Man ; and Burdach corrects Meckel on this point as regards the Apes. Of course it cannot be considered as the Jiventer cervicis, as this is always on the inside of the complexus. The transversalis cervicis is but the continuation of the longis- simus dorsi, and is very wide and conspicuous. It is inserted into the five lowest cervical vertebrae by muscle, which has superimposed conspicuous tendons, one to each transverse process. This is the cervicalis ascendens of Meckel *. The cervicalis ascendens is wanting, as there is no evident continu- ation of the sacro-lumbalis into the neck, except perhaps a few fibres to the seventh cervical vertebra. The rectus capitis posticus major is a large and powerful muscle, arising from the spine of the axis, its whole outer surface, and with an insertion into the occiput. The rectus capitis anticus minor, as usual, extends from the neural laminz of the atlas to the occiput, beneath the last. The origin of the ob/iquus capitis superior is the transverse pro- cess of the atlas. Its insertion is into the occiput, between the su- perior and inferior curved lines. The odliquus capitis inferior is very large. Its origin is from the neural lamina and base of the spinous process of the axis, and it is inserted into the transverse process of the atlas. These last four muscles are exceedingly well developed, and they together form a prominent inverted fleshy pyramid. The levator clavicule is strong; it arises from the transverse pro- cess of the atlas, and is inserted into the fascia covering the teres minor, passing over the neck of the scapula. Meckel does not notice this muscle in the Hyraa. Muscles of the Back and Abdomen. Trapezius.—This muscle is very extensive, arising along the me- dian line of the back, from the occiput as far as the middle of the dorsal region, overlapping the latissimus dorsi. It is inserted into the scapula—the anterior part of the muscle upon the spine towards its acromial end, the posterior part of the muscle below (behind) the spine. Some fibres of the anterior portion of the muscle are involved with the platysma myoides, somewhat in the manner described by Meckel +. The rhomboideus major has origin from the spines of the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th dorsal vertebree, with an insertion into the poste- rior angle of the scapula. The rhomboideus minor is represented by a small delicate muscle, arising from the spine of the sixth dorsal vertebra, and being inserted, superficially to the last, into the cartilaginous portion of the scapula. These muscles are probably subject to some variation, as Meckelt describes three muscles in the place of these two, and in addition our next muscle also. * Loe. cit. p. 149. + Loe. cit. p. 225. { Loe. cit. p. 241. 1865.] MYOLOGY OF HYRAX CAPENSIS. 335 Rhomboideus capitis or occipito-scapular.—From the occiput, ligamentum nuchee, and spines of the vertebra *. It narrows as it proceeds outwards and backwards, and is inserted into the scapula opposite to the base of the spine. At its insertion, this muscle is folded, the concavity of the fold being directed backwards (fig.5, R.c.). it is the “ rhomboide ‘antérieur”’ of Meckel +. The latissimus dorsi is closely connected with the panniculus ear- nosus. It arises as usual (that is, taking into consideration the great number of dorsal vertebree), and at its insertion bifurcates, one slip joiming a part of the similarly bifurcating panniculus car- nosus, and being with it attached to the aponeurosis covering the biceps; the other part, which is tendinous, unites with the ¢eres major and another portion of the panniculus carnosus, and with them is inserted into the inner margin of the bicipital groove of the humerus. As Meckel remarks {, the vessels and nerves of the arm pass out between its two insertions. The serratus magnus is a most extensive and powerful muscle, which contains inseparably united with it the levator anguli sca- pule, as Meckel is also inclined to think §. It arises from the trans- verse processes of the cervical vertebrze, from the third to the seventh, besides from the first five ribs, and by ten digitations from the ribs posterior to these. It is inserted along the whole length of the border of the scapula (fig. 5, S.m.). Meckel || remarks its great size: itis indeed an excellent example of the way in which the body of quadrupeds is, as it were, slung to the scapula by this muscle, as was remarked by Cuvier 4. The serratus posticus is most remarkably developed: Meckel says** that the Hyraz is apparently the mammal in which it is the most so. It arises by tendon from the ligamentum nuchz, quite at the hinder end of the neck, and from the fascia of the back. It is inserted by well-marked digitations (so as truly to merit its name serratus) into all the ribs, except the first three. It covers and is closely applied to the sacro-lumbalis. The sacro-lumbalis is very small and narrow, though long. It has the usual origin and insertion, its all but completely aborted cervical continuation being the cervicalis ascendens. The longissimus dorsi is rather largely developed ; it arises and is inserted as usual. Its large and marked cervical prolongation is the transversalis cervicis above described. The panniculus carnosus appears as an extensive sheet of muscu- lar fibres, covering the whole back, the sides, and abdomen. It is thinnest towards the median line of the back, but is of considerable * The attachments of this muscle differed slightly on the two sides, on the left extending as far backwards as the sixth dorsal, but on the right its attachment was not so extensive ; and in general appearance it more resembled a levator anguli scapula. t Loc. cit. p. 241. t Loe. cit. p. 263. § Loc. cit. p. 234. || Loc. cit. p. 246. §| Lecgons d’Anat. Comp. vol. i. p. 369. ** Loc. cit. p. 188. 336 MESSRS. MURIE AND MIVART ON THE [Apr. 11, thickness in the pectoral region. Its attachments are the median line of the back, the median line of the abdomen, anteriorly and above to the fascia covering the scapula. Anteriorly below (where the muscle is thicker) it divides into two separate layers, the deep and much narrower one being inserted into the lesser tuberosity of the humerus, and so intimately connected with the insertion of the pectoralis minor as to be readily confounded with it. The more superficial portion, with its antero-posteriorly directed fibres, covering the front of the thorax, fixes itself so as to be in a manner fused with the obliquely directed fibres of the pectoralis minor at the posterior border of that muscle. The outer portion of this super- ficial layer, however, terminates in a slip, which bifurcates, one part being attached to the fascia covering the biceps in common with a portion of the latissimus dorsi, as above described, the other part being inserted into the inner margin of the bicipital groove of the humerus, in common with the teres major and other portion of the latissimus dorsi (see fig. 4, P.c.). The fibres of the posterior part of this muscle (the panniculus carnosus) converge from the back opposite the ilium, and from the lower portion of the abdomen, to form a pyramidal fasciculus, which passes to the lower limb, and is inserted into the superficial aponeurosis of the leg over the knee. Fig. 4. S.cl. m2 C. Muscles of the thoracic region. P. maj. Pectoralis major (cut through and turned back). P. min. Pectoralis minor. S.cl.m. 2. Sterno-mastoid, its second part. S. sc. Sterno-scapular. C.h. Cephalo-humeral. B. Biceps. 7.1. First portion of triceps. D.e. Dorso-epitrochlear. P,c. Panniculus carnosus. The external oblique is very long, considering the proportions of the animal. It arises from the whole of the ribs, except the three most anterior ones; Meckel* states, from all except the first five. Its other attachments are from the crest of the ilium and linea alba, * Loc. cit. p. 194. 1865.] MYOLOGY OF HYRAX CAPENSIS. 337 its anterior two-thirds. It does not go to form a Poupart’s liga- ment, nor an outer inguinal ring; but the fibres converge opposite the crest of the ilium, and proceed by a pointed fasciculus, which is inserted upon the adductors of the femur to the outer side of the pyramidalis muscle. At its insertion, the fibres are very weak and reduced to a mere fascia. Meckel * says that those animals in which the testicles do not descend externally offer no trace of an inguinal ring ; and this is a characteristic example. The internal oblique and transversalis were closely united toge- ther. They offered no remarkable peculiarities, except their attach- ment to many ribs. From the mutilated condition of the specimen, we could not make out with certainty the boundaries and attachments of the rectus ab- dominis ; but, according to Meckelf, it is wide, attached anteriorly to the sternum, high up, and all the ribs to the first. We found the pyramidalis unmistakeably present in our specimen, although this would seem to be opposed to what Meckel says with reference to the non-existence of this muscle generally, and to his unsuccessful search for it in the Hyraxt. It is inserted into the symphysis pubis, as usual. Muscles of the Fore Limb. The pectoralis major arises from the anterior three-fourths of the sternum, the median raphe between it and its fellow of the opposite side being very slight. At its upper border, between the anterior end of the sternum and the head of the humerus, it is closely con- nected with the cephalo-humeral or first part of the sterno-cleido- mastoid, which covers its insertion into the humerus. The p. major bifurcates opposite the axilla, the posterior part being inserted into the fascia of the forearm just beneath the olecranon, the anterior part into the humerus external to the biceps (fig. 4, P. maj.). The pectoral muscles are very adherent to each other, but still their limits are easily traced. We did not find two layers in the pectoralis major, as Meckel§ mentions. We fancy, from his description, that he has included a portion at least of the Pp. minor, and possibly part of the panniculus carnosus, in his description of this muscle. At its in- sertion into the humerus, this muscle has a pouch-like fold, the con- cavity being turned forwards and inwards. The pectoralis minor has an origin from the lower half of the sternum, and it is inserted into the greater tuberosity of the humerus (fig. 4, P. min.). At a short distance from its insertion a strong muscular slip is given off, which diverges slightly and joins the sterno- scapular muscle. At its outer border, the fibres of the Pp. minor are joined almost at right angles by those of the large panniculus car- nosus, as previously described. As Meckel does not mention this muscle in the Hyrax, we suppose he has included it in his descrip- tion of the p. major, as we have indicated above. * Loe. cit. p. 194, t Loe. cit. p. 208. ~£ Loe. cit. p. 203. § Loe. cit. p. 270. 338 MESSRS. MURIE AND MIVART ON THE [Apr. 11, The sudclavius is absent ; in this respect the Hyrax differs from the Guinea-pig. The muscle which we call the sterno-scapular evidently comes under the denomination swbclavius in Meckel’s* work. Sterno-scapular.—This rather uncommon muscle arises from the sternum, immediately in front of the origin of the pectoralis minor, and, passing over the scapulo-humeral articulation, continues along the upper (anterior) border of the scapula, to be inserted into its anterior superior angle (figs. 3 & 4, S. sc.). This muscle is very interesting, because it occurs in the Pig and other Ungulata+t, not, however, that it is exclusively confined to that group, as we found it existing most unmistakeably in the Guinea-pig, which we examined on purpose. There is a muscle described by Meckelf as existing in the Hare, Porcupine, and Agouti, extending from the spine of the scapula to the sternum, which evidently is our sterno-scapular, but which he considers rather belongs to the subclavius than forms part of the trapezius, as Cuvier § thought. The deltoid is very slightly developed, as occurs also in the Ungu- lata. It seems to consist of two portions, the first arising by ten- dinous fascize from the inferior border of the infra-spinatus, and in- serted by a broad tendinous fascia into the outer border of the hu- merus, below its head (fig. 5, D.). _The second part, much smaller than the first, arises from the great tuberosity of the humerus, and not from the scapula, and is inserted into the deltoid prominence immediately internal to the inser- tion of the first head. Our description seems to agree with Meckel’s|| observation as to the deltoid being divided into two muscles. The supra-spinatus muscle is very strong, and with the usual origin, but, on account of its bulk, occupying more space than the mere fossa (fig. 5, S.sp.). It ends in a forked manner, and is inserted into the whole inner side of the greater tuberosity, and outer margin of bicipital groove of the humerus. Meckel observes that the con- sequence of this double insertion in the Horse, Camel, and Hyrax is only to raise the arm, without carrying it outwards, in this way being an auxiliary to the deltoid]. The infra-spinatus arises from the infra-spinous fossa, the fibres being delicate towards the cartilaginous portion of the scapula. It contains, near the neck of the bone, a strong tendon within its sub- stance, and the muscle is inserted into the great tuberosity of the humerus (fig. 5, I. sp.). The subscapularis does not cover the subscapular fossa. It arises by four or five digitations, which do not reach the whole length of the scapula. The insertion is into the lesser tuberosity of the humerus. The ¢eres major is long and strong; as usual, it arises along mar- * Loc. cit. p. 260. + Huxley, in his recent Hunterian Lectures for 1865. Loe. cit., pp. 259, 260. § Lecgons d’Anat. Comp. vol. i. p. 373. || Loe. cit. p. 226. ¥ Loc. cit. p. 259. 1865. ] MYOLOGY OF HYRAX CAPENSIS. 339 gin of scapula, but not from the cartilage. In common with part of the latissimus dorsi and part of the panniculus carnosus, it is inserted into margin of bicipital groove, while it is also overlapped by the coraco-brachialis (fig. 5, 7'. maj.). View of the outside of the fore limb. S.m. Serratus magnus. R. ec. Rhomboideus capitis. 8.sp. Supra-spinatus. J. sp. Infra-spinatus. D. Deltoid. 7. maj. Teres major. D.e. Dorso-epitrochlear. T. 1. First head of triceps. 7.2. Second head of triceps. 7.4. Fourth head of the triceps. B.a, Brachialis anticus. S. Z. Supinator longus. £. 2. d. Extensor longus digitorum. £. m. d. Extensor minimi digiti. The teres minor is very small. It arises from the lower or poste- rior border of scapula, the whole length of its neck, but very little more. The insertion is into the great tuberosity of the humerus, beneath and behind the infra-spinatus. It is in intimate union with the scapular head of the triceps. The diceps is single-headed, arising only from the scapula. It is inserted into the neck of the ulna in common with the cephalo-humeral, after passing round the inner side of the neck of the radius, where it has a strong tendon (fig. 4, B.). We thus agree with Meckel* as to its single head and insertion into the ulna. In the Guinea-pig we found it also to have but one head. The brachialis anticus arises by a single and very strong head from the back of the neck of the humerus, and turns round to the front of the bone, descending into the forearm to be inserted into the ulna (fig. 5, B.a.). In its very high origin this muscle resembles * Loc. cit. p. 286. 340 MESSRS. MURIE AND MIVART ON THE (Apr. 11, its homologue in the Pig and Horse; but the Guinea-pig presents us also with the same structure. The coraco-brachialis comes from the rudimentary coracoid pro- cess, and is inserted into the humerus from the lesser tuberosity down to quite the middle of the shaft, in a line along the inner mar- gin of the bicipital groove. It lies in front of the teres major. We found the triceps to be divided into four distinct portions, without counting the small muscle which we have called the dorso- epitrochlear. The first of these, or scapular head, is very strong, and arises from the neck of the scapula, adherent to the teres minor and infra-spinatus. It has an insertion into the olecranon (fig. 5, T. 1). The second, which corresponds to the outer head, is nearly equal in size to the former. It arises from the neck of the humerus, below the teres minor, just behind the greater tuberosity. It is also inserted into the olecranon and outer condyle of the humerus (fig. 5, 7’. 2). The third or inner head is much smaller than either the first or the second. It arises from the inner side of the neck of the hu- merus, below the brachialis anticus, and below the insertion of the teres major, intervening between these two muscles at its origin. The insertion of this third portion is into the inner side of olecranon. The fourth part of the ¢riceps is much smaller and also shorter than the three preceding; it arises in common with the last, but is clearly separated from it below. It covers the posterior surface of the shaft of the humerus, and is inserted into the inner condyle and olecranon process (fig. 5, 7’. 4). Meckel does not appear to have observed our fourth belly of the triceps proper. What he calls “the fourth” is our dorso-epi- trochlear. The dorso-epitrochlear is a long and very narrow muscle. The origin is very different from that of the muscle usually described under this name. We found it to arise from the lower border of the infra-spinatus, and to be inserted into the olecranon by a strong tendinous fascia (figs. 4 & 5, D.e.). The supinator longus is exceedingly diminutive, and arises from the outer side of the shaft of the humerus, just above the common origin of the next two muscles, and is inserted into the radius near its neck (fig. 5, S./.). The presence of the swpinator longus is interesting, iaasmuch as it is wanting in the Pig and Horse, as also, according to Meckel, in the Hare, Porcupine, Agouti, Beaver, Rat, &c.* The extensor carpi longior and brevior were not quite separated as described by Meckelt, but the two had a common origin from the external condyle of the humerus, a little above the carpus giving rise to two distinct tendons. They have an insertion, the one into the metacarpal bones of the index, and the other into metacarpal bones of the middle digits. The extensor communis digitorum arises between the last-men- tioned muscle, and divides into two fleshy bundles which give origin to four flat tendons, one being inserted into each of the four digits. * Loe. cit. p. 304. T Loe. cit. p. 208. 1865.] MYOLOGY OF HYRAX CAPENSIS. 341 The extensor minimi digiti arises as usual (Fig. 5, #.m. d.), but soon divides into two separate delicate muscles, each of which ends in a tendon, one being inserted into the proximal phalanx of the fifth digit ; the other, passing beneath the outermost tendon of the extensor communis digitorum, goes to the distal end of the fourth metacarpal bone. Meckel found only a single tendon, which went to the fifth digit *. The extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis is a well-developed muscle, with rather an extensive origin, and with much tendon in its sub- stance. It is inserted into the trapezium and rudiments of the pollex. The extensor primi, the secundi internodit, and the extensor indicis are all wanting. The extensor carpi ulnaris has origin from the outer side of the coronoid process of the ulna and the outer condyle of humerus, but chiefly from the latter. Its insertion is into the proximal end of the fifth metacarpal and the pisiform bone. The pronator teres arises from the internal condyle, as usual. The insertion is by a flattened and pretty strong tendon into the middle of the shaft of the humerus, at its inner side. The flexor carpi radialis arises from the inner condyle, below the last. This muscle, which is tendinous at its lower half, is inserted into the trapezium. The palmaris longus is rather largely developed, and arises from the inner condyle and intermuscular fascia. Passing down to the palm of the fore limb, it forms the palmar fascia, which contains a flat fibro-cartilaginous disk, the palmar fascia ending in four slips for the four digits. At the carpus, a bursa is interposed between the tendon of this muscle and that of the flexor carpi ulnaris. Meckel+ says that this muscle is only represented by a long, wide tendon ; but in our specimen it had a good fleshy belly. The flexor carpi ulnaris is a very strong muscle, with the usual origin, and inserted into the pisiform bone by a very broad tendon, the muscular fibres on the outer side reaching down to that bone (fig. 6, 7. c.u.). The flexor sublimis digitorum arises in intimate union with the deep flexor as far nearly as the carpus, but is divisible into three slips, each of which gives off a tendon, these three tendons going to the second, the third, and the fourth digits; that into the second is in- serted in the inner side of the tendon of the deep flexor; that to the third forms its perforated tendon; that to the fourth unites with a tendon of the next muscle to form the perforated tendon of that digit. Meckel’s description does not at all agree with our description (fig. 6, F. s.d.). Flexor brevis manus.—This very peculiar and, as far as we know, hitherto undescribed muscle arises from the fibro-cartilaginous disk above mentioned, and from both the superficial and the deep palmar fasciee. It divides into three distinct and rather long digi- tations, each ending in a tendon. These three tendons go to the second, fourth, and fifth digits ; that going to the fourth digit unites * Loe. cit. p. 321. + Loe. cit. p. 317. 342 _ MESSRS. MURIE AND MIVART ON THE (Apr. 1], with the corresponding tendon of the flexor sublimis to constitute the perforated tendons of that digit ; that going to the fifth digit is inserted by itself outside the deep flexor ; that going to the second digit is inserted singly on the inner side of the deep flexor tendon. The perforated tendon of the third digit is formed by the flexor sub- limis only (fig. 6, F..m.). The fleshy belly, which Meckel* de- scribes as investing the tendons of the sublimis at their origin, is doubtless our flexor accessorius manus. : Flexor muscles and tendons of the fore foot. P.1. Palmaris longus. F.c.w. Flexor carpi ulnaris. F.s.d. Flexor sublimis di- gitorum. F.p.d. Flexor profundus digitorum. F./.p. Flexor longus pol- licis. P.f. Palmar fascia. F.4.m. Flexor brevis manus. JZ. Lumbricales. The flexor profundus and longus pollicis are distinct above, but united at the wrist, where they give origin to a very broad and strong tendon, which, dividing into four, forms the flat and strong perforating tendons of the four digits. The tendon to the index does not pass though a truly perforated tendon, but the tendons from the flexor brevis and flexor sublimis so cross each other as to produce the appearance and action of a normal perforated tendon (fig. 6, F. p. d. and F’. l. p.). Meckel+ appears to have confounded this muscle with the flexor sublimis. They are indeed very closely connected, but still able to be separated, * Loe. cit. p. 333. t+ Loe. cit. p. 333. 1865.] MYOLOGY OF HYRAX CAPENSIS. 343 The lumbricales, instead of being absent, as Meckel* says, are very distinct, though only two in number (as are also those in the foot). One of these arises from the palmar surface of the broad tendon of the flexor profundus, between the origin of the tendons of the two inner digits, and is inserted into the proximal phalanx of the second digit at its outer side; the other arises between the deep tendons of the third and fourth digits, and is inserted into the inner side of the proximal phalanx of the fourth digit (fig.6, Z.£.). In the left foot, however, we found these two muscles to be inserted into the outer sides of the second and third digits. The pollex is not destitute of muscles, as Meckelt asserts, as it possesses at least two separate, though very small, muscular bun- dles ; but what they represent we cannot pretend to say (fig. 7, P.). The fifth digit possesses a large and strong abductor minimi digiti. This arises by a strong tendinous fascia from the outer side of the pisiform bone, and is inserted into the outer side of the proximal phalanx of the fifth digit (fig. 7, 4b. m.d.). Fig. 7. Fig. 7. Palmar interossei of the fore foot, and small muscles to first and fifth digits. P. Muscular fibres upon pollex. 4d. m.d. Abductor minimi digiti. J... The indicators point to the four pairs of interossei. 7.1. The first single interosseous muscle. J. 2. The second single interosseus. I.3. The third single interosseus. J.4. The fourth single interosseous muscle. Fig. 8. Same muscles, sole of hind foot. J. J. J. The three double pairs of inter- ossei. J.1. First single interosseous muscle. J. 2. Second single in- terosseus. J, 3. Third single interosseous muscle. J. 4. Fourth single interosseous muscle. 4b.0.m.g. Abductor ossis metacarpi quinti. There are four pairs of interossei covering the plantar surfaces of the metacarpal bones. They arise from the strong tendinous fascia which covers the proximal ends of the metacarpal bones beneath, * Loe. cit. p. 333. T Loe. cit. p. 347. 344 MESSRS. MURIE AND MIVART ON THE [Apr. 11 and are inserted into sesamoid bones, one on each side of the distal ends of the metacarpals, the sesamoids acting on the proximal pha- langes by means of the connecting fascize (fig. 7, I. I. I.). Besides these four pairs, there are also four single interosseous muscles. The first covers the inner side of the index metacarpal, and is vi- sible on the dorsum, as before mentioned. It arises from the whole length of that bone, and is inserted ‘within the innermost sesamoid (fiz. 7,02): The second is a thin muscular slip, lying between the third and fourth metacarpals, rather on their plantar surfaces. It arises, in common with the other interossei, from the fascia before mentioned, and is inserted by a delicate tendon into the inner side of the prox- imal phalanx of the fourth digit (fig. 7, I. 2). The third (close adjoining the last, and similar in form) lies on the outer side of the second. It has a similar origin, but is inserted into the inner sesamoid bone of the fourth digit (fig. 7, J. 3). The fourth arises from the fascia on the inner side of the pisiform bone, and is inserted into the inside of the middle phalanx of the fifth digit (fig. 7, I. 4). On the dorsum of the hand only the inner interosseous of the index is visible. Muscles of the Lower Extremity. The gluteus maximus has an attachment by aponeurosis along the crest of the ilium, being continuous with the lumbar fascia, also with an origin from the middle of the sacrum and the caudal vertebre. It forms a thin sheet of muscular fibre, covering the outer side of the thigh. Posteriorly it is firmly adherent to the biceps, and is inserted along with the upper part of that muscle into the aponeurosis cover- ing the outer surface of the limb, and which aponeurosis is attached to the patella (fig. 11, G.maw.). This muscle has been described as in perfect continuity with the biceps; but we could distinctly trace the line of separation—although it was not so very clear above, by reason of the overlapping of this muscle by the biceps ; but, on dis- secting from below, the line of demarcation was readily traceable. At pages 354 and 406, Meckel describes part of this muscle as corresponding to the tensor vaginze femoris, and seems to confound with it more or less of the biceps. The gluteus medius is very large and entirely fleshy, thin in the middle and thick at its borders, thus differing from muscles in general. It arises from the whole outer surface of the ilium, from the sacrum and caudal vertebree, as far back as the origin of the semitendinosus. It is inserted into the third trochanter, except a small portion of its anterior part, which joins the aponeurosis of the gluteus maximus going to the patella (fig. 11, G.med.). We cannot agree with Meckel* in saying that it is smaller than the gluteus maximus. The gluteus minimus is an extraordinarily thick and powerful muscle, * Loc. cit. p. 309. ~ 1865. ] MYOLOGY OF HYRAX CAPENSIS. 345 “arising from the whole outer surface and upper margin of the ilium as far down as the acetabulum, as also from the sacrum and several caudal vertebree. It is inserted into the great trochanter. The tensor vagine femoris is thick though small. It arises from the anterior inferior spinous process of the ilium, and is inserted into the fascia as usual. This muscle does not lie here so superficial as ordinarily, but is somewhat wedged in between the glutei and iliacus (fig. 11, 7. v.f.). It has been described by Meckel* as the sartorius. The psoas magnus is a stout muscle, arising from the fronts of the bodies of the last dorsal and all the lumbar vertebrx, and from the bases of the trausverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae. Insert into the small trochanter (fig. 10, P. m.). The psoas parvus has attachments upon the fronts of all the lumbar vertebrze, and is inserted by a long tendon into the ilio-pectineal - ridge. Its proportion to the psoas magnus seemed to us larger than as described by Meckelt. The guadratus lumborum is very long and narrow, arising from the sides of the bodies of the last twelve dorsal vertebrae and from the heads of the ribs, also from the transverse processes of all the lumbar vertebre, and from the anterior part of the sacrum. It is inserted into the sacro-iliac synchondrosis. The ¢éacus is a moderate-sized, laterally compressed muscle, arising from the anterior superior spine of the ilium, aud the margin between it and the anterior inferior spine; it is inserted into the lesser trochanter (figs. 10 & 11, J.). The coccygeus arises from the spine of the ilium, and, spreading out in a fan-shaped manner, is inserted into the caudal vertebrae (fig. 9, C.). Although the tail is so extremely rudimentary, yet the pubo-coc- cygeus is distinctly developed as a delicate band of muscular fibre arising from the pubes behind the symphyses, and inserted into the caudal vertebrae. This muscle is not noticed by Meckel. (Fig. 9, P.c.) The pyriformis is very closely connected with the gluteus minimus, appearing as it were to wrap round it at its lower part; so that the line of demarcation is not easily ascertained. It arises from the ven- tral surface and outer border of the sacrum, immediately behind the sacro-iliae synehondrosis, and is inserted into the great trochanter in union with the gluteus minimus, as Meckelt describes. The quadratus femoris, as justly observed by Meckel§, is very voluminous (fig. 10,Q.7.). It arises from the front part of the tuberosity of the ischium, and is inserted into the line between the greater and lesser trochanters. The gemellus superior extends from the spine of the ischium to the trochanteric fossa. The gemetlus inferior has the following attachments, viz. from the surface of the ischium, near the tuberosity, to the trochanteric fossa (fig. 9, G.1.). The obturator internus is rather a small muscle, arising from the * Loe. cit. p. 399. T Loc. cit. p. 368. t Loc. cit. p. 361. § Loe, cit, p. 365. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. XXIII. 346 MESSRS. MURIE AND MIVART ON THE (Apr. 11, inner side of the ascending ramus of the pubes, close to the ilium, and from the inner surface of the ilium as high as the ilio-pectineal line. It is inserted into the trochanteric fossa by a delicate tendon, with which the gemelli are closely connected (fig. 9, O. 7.). Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 9. Inner view of left half of the pelvis. 0.7. Obturator internus. 0. fer. Obturator tertius. P.c. Pubo-coceygeus. C. Coccygeus. G.i. Ge- mellus inferior. 4.m. Abductor magnus. Fig. 10. Right side of pelvis, seen in front. J. Iliacus. P.m. Psoas magnus. P. Pectineus. O. ter. Obturator tertius. O.e. Obturator externus. The obturator externus is thick and fleshy, having its usual origin and insertion (fig. 10, O. e.). Obturator tertius.—This very peculiar and anomalous muscle, of which we have not met with any record, arises from the inner surface of the ischium, close to its junction with the pubes, passing through the obturator foramen. It is inserted into the trochanteric fossa, in common with the obturator externus (figs. 9 & 10, O. ter.). The diceps is of extraordinarily large dimensions, and, arising by a strong tendon from the tuberosity of the ischium, and spreading out into a wide sheet of muscle, separates into two main divisions. The anterior of these overlaps the gluteus maximus, with which it is closely connected, and is inserted by strong tendinous fascia into the patella and outer head of the fibula. The posterior division of the biceps, which is more separated from the anterior division than is this last from the gluteus maximus, is inserted into the fascia of the leg along the outer border of the fibula (fig. 11, B.). Meckel*, in his description of this muscle, takes no notice of the anterior division, which he appears to have interpreted as part of the gluteus maximus. The semitendinosus has a double origin, as in the Horset, one * Loe. cit. p. 390. t Loe. cit. p. 383. 1865.] MYOLOGY OF HYRAX CAPENSIS. 347 head arising from the tuberosity of the ischium, behind the last- described muscle ; the other, larger and broader, has an origin from the caudal vertebre fully an inch broad. These two flat heads unite to form a single roundish muscle, which is inserted by a thin tendon into the upper third of the front of the tibia, below the insertions of the gracilis and semimembranosus (fig. 11, S. ¢.). The semimembranosus, as Meckel* remarks, has an extraordinary breadth and thickness. It has, like the last, a double origin, one head arising from the ischium behind the semitendinosus, the other head arising from all the caudal vertebre posterior to the origin of the last named, and closely connected with the levator ani. These two flat muscular heads unite, like those of the semitendinosus, to form a large and powerful muscle, which is inserted into the inner condyle of femur and upper part of tibia (fig. 11, S. m.). Ries 11: Buttocks and lower limb, to below the knee. I. Iliacus. G. maz. Insertion of gluteus maximus. G. med. Gluteus medius. T.v. f. Tensor vagine femoris. C. Coccygeus. 0.2. Obturator internus. G.s. Gemellus superior. G.i. Gemellus inferior. Q./f. Quadratus femoris. Ad. mag. Adductor magnus. V.e. Vastus externus. JB. The insertions of the biceps, turned back. S.¢. Semitendinosus. S.m. Semimembranosus. G. Gastrocnemius. P./. Peroneus longus. £./.d. Extensor longus digito- rum. T.a. Tibialis anticus. The sartorius was not represented, even in the most rudimentary manner ; and, as above said, the muscle described by Meckel+ under this name is really the tensor vaginze femoris. * Loc. cit. p. 386. t Loe. cit. p. 399. 348 MESSRS. MURIE AND MIVART ON THE [Apr. 11, The gracilis is a broad muscle, arising from the symphysis pubis, being inserted into the inner side of the tibia between the insertions of the semitendinosus and the semimembranosus. The rectus femoris is a very strong muscle, arising from the anterior inferior spinous process of the ilium just above the acetabulum, and inserted as usual. The vastus externus (fig. 11, V.e.) and the vastus internus were not unusual, except that they were well separated from the next, and were almost entirely muscular to their insertion into the patella. The ecrureus is wonderfully distinct and strong, remarkably so if contrasted with its condition in Man. Fibres extend all along the front shaft of the femur, and are inserted into the patella and capsule of the joint. There is a strong glistening tendon in the middle of its front surface; but the sides are muscular down to its insertion. Meckel* notes the distinctness in this animal of the four component parts of the quadriceps extensor femoris. The adductor magnus arises from the symphysis pubis, its poste- rior half, and is inserted into the lower half of the lea aspera and the internal condyle of the femur (fig. 9, 4. m. and fig. 11, Ad. mag.). The origin of the adductor brevis is from the anterior half of sym- physis pubis, and its insertion is into linea aspera of the femur, above the last. The adductor longus arises by a distinct tendon from the anterior end of the symphysis pubis, and is inserted into the middle of the shaft of the femur anteriorly, and internally to the two last. It is this muscle which Meckel+ appears to have described as the pecti- neus, adding that there are only two adductors. He appears not to have noticed the next. The pectineus arises from the brim of the pelvis, from the junction of the ilium with the pubes to the middle line of the body. It is inserted into the line leading from the lesser trochanter to the linea aspera (fig. 10, P.). The tibialis anticus has origin from the inner side of tibia to about a quarter of its length from its summit. It is inserted into the inner side of the metatarsal of the second digit (figs. 11 & 12, 7. a.). Huxley says, this muscle is wanting in the Pig. The extensor longus pollicis is wanting. The extensor longus digitorum is smaller in size than the tibialis anticus, and it is situated on its outer side. It arises between the heads of the tibia and fibula, a few fibres of origin coming from both, but chiefly by a tendon from the outer condyle of the femur. It ends in three tendons, which are inserted into the three digits. Meckel§ says, this muscle does not arise from the femur either in the Hyraz or Pig; but we found it to do so distinctly in our specimen, and Prof. Huxley, in his recent Hunterian Course, described it as so doing in the Pig. (Figs. 11 & 12, #. 1. d.) The peroneus longus, which is comparatively a large muscle, arises from the head of the fibula, the external lateral ligament passing * Loc. cit. p. 403. t Loe. cit. p. 377. { Hunterian Course for 1865. § Anat. Comp. t. viii. p. 426. 1865.] MYOLOGY OF HYRAX CAPENSIS. 349 between the two slips of its origin. The tendon does not pass under the external malleolus, but on its outer side; it then passes through to the sole of the foot, between the naviculare and the head of the outermost metatarsal, the tendon dividing, one part being inserted into the navicular bone, the other running on between that bone and the head of the innermost metatarsal, to its inner side, where it seems to be inserted. The peroneus brevis extends from the outer margin of the fibula, and, passing as usual, has its tendon inserted into the distal end of the proximal phalanx of the outermost digit (fig. 12, P. 6.). Inferior part of lower limb. T.a. Tibialis anticus. H./.d. Extensor longus digitorum. P. 7. Peroneus longus. P.b. Peroneus brevis. S. Soleus. G. Gastrocnemius. /P. Plantaris. The extensor brevis digitorum occupies the outer half of the dor- sum of the foot. It arises from the external lateral ligament, the astragalus, and os calcis, and ends in three digitations, each termi- nating in a minute tendon. These tendons are inserted into the outer sides of the proximal ends of the three proximal phalanges, and not alone into those of the two internal ones, as Meckel* records. * Loc. cit. p. 429. 350 MESSRS. MURIE AND MIVART ON THE (Apr. 11, The gastrocnemius, which is a well-developed muscle, arises by two heads from the outer and inner condyles of the femur; these unite, as usual, to give origin to the tendo Achillis, which is broad (figs. 11 & 12, G.). The soleus arises from the head of the fibula, beneath the popli- teus, and is united to the tendo Achillis (fig. 12, S.). The plantaris is likewise a very strong muscle, arising from the external condyle. Its tendon passes to the inner side of the tendo Achillis, and then over the tuberosity of the caleaneum, being there separated from the last-named tendon, as are the homologous muscles of the hand. ‘The tendon then passes into the sole of the foot to form the plantar fascia, which last divides into three slips to be in- serted into the three toes (fig. 12, P.). The flewor longus digitorum is rather diminutive, and arises from the heads of the tibia and fibula, continuing its origin as far down as the popliteus—that is, to near the middle of the tibia. Its somewhat small tendon passes within the internal malleolus, and joins with that of the flexor longus hallucis about the middle of the foot, and although smaller than that muscle, appears to contribute the greater share to the formation of the perforating tendons of the two inner digits, these two mnscles blending together as in the Pig (fig. 13, FU. d.). The flexor longus hallucis is a much stronger muscle than the pre- ceding, rather beneath and external to which it takes origin, 7. e. from the neck of the fibula and interosseous membrane. Its broad and strong tendon, which, as in the Pig, is much larger than that of the flexor longus digitorum, passes in the groove between the os caleis and the inner malleolus, and thence into the middle of the foot, and joins the tendon of the last-named muscle, uniting with it to form the perforating tendons of the two inner digits, but sending a separate tendon to the outermost or fourth digit. (Fig. 13, F./. h.) The tibialis posticus is entirely wanting. The popliteus arises by a strong tendon from the groove on the outer side of the outer condyle, and is inserted into the tibia from its neck to almost the middle of the bone. The flexor brevis digitorum is of fair size, corresponding to the di- mensions of the foot. Origin, superficial plantar fascia, caleaneum, and external malleolus; while it is also attached to the deep plantar fascia. Anteriorly it divides into three thin and flattened tendons, which are very closely applied to the deep flexor tendons, and bi- furcate, as usual, to give passage to the latter. We could not but re- mark the very close correspondence between this muscle and the flexor brevis manus, both in appearance and attachment. (Pig. 13, F.6.d.) There is a small bundle of muscular fibre which arises from the plantar surface of the deep flexor tendon, and is inserted into the middle tendon of the fiexor brevis. This is, apparently, all that re- presents the accessorius (fig. 13, 4.). The lumbricales are two in number, as in the hand: one arises from the deep middle tendon close to the accessorius (of which it almost appears a continuation), and is inserted by a delicate tendon 1865.] MYOLOGY OF HYRAX CAPENSIS. 351 into the inner side of the proximal phalanx of the middle digit ; the other one arises from the outermost deep tendon, on the inner border of its plantar surface, and is inserted into the inner side of the proxi- mal phalanx of the outermost (fourth) digit (fig. 13, L, L.). Fig. 13. Sole of the hind foot. T.ach. Tendo Achillis. F.1.h. Tendon flexor longus hallucis. F.2.d. Tendon flexor longus digitorum. F.d.d. Flexor brevis digitorum, with one of its - perforated tendons cut through, and the whole muscle drawn to the one side to expose the deep flexor tendons. .4. Accessorius. LL. Lumbricales, As in the hand, so in the foot, the only muscle visible on the dorsal surface is that situated on the inner side of the innermost digit. The muscles on the plantar surface are seven in number, three being more or less double, and apparently corresponding to the four pairs of interossei above described as existing in the hand, the other four being single. The three more or less double muscles arise (as in the hand) from the fasciz covering the proximal ends of the lower surfaces of the metatarsal bones, and are inserted into sesamoid bones, one on each side of the distal end of each metatarsal, the sesamoids acting on the proximal phalanges by the connecting tendinous fascize (fig. 8, Z, Z, 1). The single interosseous muscles are also four in number, as in the fore foot. The first single interosseous is very large and strong. It arises from the inner half of the plantar surface of the metatarsal of the index, filling the concavity on the inner and dorsal surface of that 352 MR. P.L.SCLATER ON A NEW INDIAN PORCUPINE. [Apr. II, bone, and is inserted, by a small tendon, into the fascia adjoining the innermost sesamoid (fig. 8, I. 1). The second single interosseous arises from the plantar surface of the os naviculare and one of the cuneiform bones, and is znserted into the outer surface of the proximal end of the proximal phalanx of the index digit by a small tendon (fig. 8, J. 2). The third single interosseous muscle arises from the fascia on the under surface of the proximal end of the middle metatarsal bone, and is ¢nserted into fascia on the inner side of the imner sesamoid bone of the middle digit (fig. 8, I. 3). The fourth single interosseous muscle arises from the strong ten- dinous fascia covering the plantar surface of the cuboid, and is in- serted into the inner side of the proximal end of the proximal pha- lanx of the outermost digit (fig. 8, I. 4). The existence of the interossei of the foot is mentioned by Meckel (Joc. cit. p. 461), but nothing is said in the way of description. A very strong and thick ligamentous fascia covers the under and outer side of the caleaneum ; muscular fibre contained in and arising from this is inserted into the head of the outermost metatarsal bone (fig. 8, Ab. 0.m.g.). Query,—Does this represent Prof. Huxley’s abductor ossis metacarpi quinti, only here attached to the fourth instead of to the fifth metatarsal ? After having thus passed in review almost all the muscles of the Hyraz, it might perhaps be expected that we should express some decided opinion as to the value of these in reference to the zoological affinities of the animal. But this we are not prepared to do. Tt is true that such characters as the attachment of the sterno- mastoid to the mandible, the development of the sterno-scapular, the very small size of the deltoid, but enormous proportions of the triceps, and great extent of the brachialis anticus, together with the arrangement of the glutei, the vast size of the semimembranosus, the attachment of the extensor longus digitorum to the femur, &c., tend rather to confirm than otherwise those ungulate affinities which have been attributed to the Hyraz. But, on the other hand, we find so many resemblances to the Rodentia, as exemplified in the Guinea-pig (specially selected by us for comparison as the most Pachyderm-like of accessible Rodents), that we are indisposed, from the consideration of the muscular struc- ture alone, definitely to assign the Hyrax to one or other of the ewisting orders constituting the class Mammalia. 2. DrescrirtTion or A New Species or INDIAN PorcuriIne. By P. L. Scuarer, M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., SrecreTARY TO THE Society, (Plate XVI.) About three years ago I received a communication from our excel- Jent Corresponding Member, Colonel Sir William Thomas Denison, aVITW INL XX Sy VOIEVEVITVA SAS ae Vat 12 ‘19 P ZIOM'P ' } ‘ " bow 7 - ae: 1° ‘ cs - TAS Shs : i , “ a eu 7 1S aA \ ' j . « ‘ < 1865.] MR. P.L.SCLATER ON A NEW INDIAN PORCUPINE. 353 K.C.B., Governor of Madras, inquiring of me whether anything was known in Europe of a second Indian Porcupine, distinguished from the common species by having some of its quills of a deep orange- colour. Upon my replying that this Porcupine appeared to be un-- represented in our collections of animals either living or dead in this country, and would moreover probably prove new to science, Sir William promised to do his best to obtain living specimens of it for the Society’s Menagerie. The first examples of this animal obtained by Sir William for transmission to this country died, I believe, before they were shipped. But in the latter part of last year Sir William was successful in obtaining four other living specimens, which reached this country in safety on the 22nd of December last. Three of these Porcupines are still living in the Society’s Menagerie. The fourth died a few days after its arrival, and was found one morning already partially devoured by its carnivorous companions. Enough, however, remained of it to make a tolerably good skin, which, together with the skull, I now exhibit. Upon these materials I propose to attempt to give characters to this hitherto undescribed species. Before doing so, however, I should mention that this species, although it has never yet been described, and, as far as I can ascer- tain, has never reached Europe before, alive or dead, has been already provided with a name, which I do not propose to alter. Mr. Francis Day, Fellow of this Society, late of H. M. Madras Medical Service, in his work on the native Indian state of Cochin, called ‘The Land of the Permauls,’ published at Madras in 1863, has spoken of this animal as ‘‘ The Orange Porcupine, Hystrix malabaricus,” and given some details respecting it*. Mr. Day has also kindly supplied me with some further notes respecting it, which I shall give presently. I commence, however, by characterizing the species, which belongs to the typical Hystrices, and is very closely allied to H. leucura, as HystRix MALABARICA, sp.nov. (Pl. XVI.) H. criste setis purpurascenti-nigris, unicoloribus ; rostro pilis minutis obsito: colore corporis antici purpurascenti-rubro, spinis ad basin aurantiacis, inde ad apicem purpurascenti- nigris : spinis dorsi elongatis, aliis aurantiaco-rubro et nigro, aliis, sicut in specie vulgari, albo et nigro annulatis: dorsi postici linea mediali distincta, e spinis aliis albis, aliis auran- tiucis composita: cauda longa, spinis aliis albis, aliis auran- tiaco-rubris. Long. tota a rostro ad basin caudze 28°0 poll., caudze 8-0. Hab. India Meridionalis, prov. Cochin. Obs. Affinis H. leucure, sed spinarum colore, rostro minus setoso, et cauda longiore distinguenda. Although the general external appearance of this Porcupine is re- markably different from that of H. leucura, so that the living animal strikes one at the first glance as being undoubtedly distinct, I have been somewhat disappointed, on comparing the two skins together, to * Land of the Permauls, pp. 446, 447. 354 MR. P,L.SCLATER ON A NEW INDIAN PORCUPINE. [Apr. 11, find how difficult it is to detect any very decided differences in their structure. The muzzle in the present specimen of H. malabarica (which is the only individual I have been able to examine) seems to be decidedly less clothed with hair than in H.leucura. This is one of the few points in which H. leucura differs externally from H. cristata, and in this respect the present specimen seems more like H. cristata. The whole of the short spines and hairs of the anterior portion of the body in H. malabarica are dark reddish orange at their bases, growing into purplish brown at their tips; and the same is the case with those of the flanks and legs. The elongated spines of the middle of the back are some of them black, annulated with white, just as in H. Jeucura ; others, more especially towards the sides, where these latter rather predominate, have the white replaced by a bright orange-red. The medial line of the rump is well defined, as in H. leucura; but the white spines are mixed with others wholly orange. This is likewise the case with the spines round the base of the strong spines which terminate the tail: some of these are wholly white, and some wholly orange. The strong spines which surround the tail, and extend beyond its extremity, are mostly wholly white, with some wholly orange intermixed. In the centre of these are about twelve of the singular hollow truncated quills mounted on pe- dicels, just as in H. lewcura and H. cristata*. About one-fourth part of these abnormal quills are orange ; the others are white. As the cranial characters of the species of Hystriz are generally very well marked, and indeed the only test by which the species can be certainly distinguished, I was in hopes of finding in the cranium of Hystrix malabarica some more certain evidence of its real distinct- ness from H. leucura. Ihave therefore carefully compared the skull of the new species with a fine series of six skulls of H. /eucura in the British Museumf, in doing which I have received the valuable as- sistance of my friend Dr. Peters, who happened to be present at the occasion. The skull of Hystriv malabarica, which is that of a very old animal with the molar teeth worn very low and the cranial sutures nearly obliterated, agrees in the shape of the nasal and intermaxillary bones with H. leucura. As in the latter species, so in H. malabarica the nasal bones have their sides nearly parallel with the hinder mar- gin, terminating nearly in a line with the anterior edge of the orbit, and the nasal processes of the intermaxillaries are broad and truncated. At first I was inclined to think there was some difference in the pat- terns of the molar teeth of the two species, those of H. malabarica being surrounded by a complete cingulum of enamel, and the internal areas being completely isolated, which is not the case in H. leucura. But this, I suspect, is only due to the age of the specimen. It would therefore be desirable to have further specimeus of the skull of H. * T am not aware whether any explanation has ever been given of the use of these curious quills. My impression is that they serve to act as a rattle, which is thus formed, as in the Rattle-Snakes (Crotalus), by a cutaneous development at the end of the tail. t 4. cristata and H. leucurus of the ‘ Catalogue of the Bones of Mammalia in the British Museum’ (1862), p.191. 1865.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON A NEW INDIAN PORCUPINE. 355 malabarica for comparison upon this point ; but in other respects there seem to exist differences in the skulls of the two species which are amply sufficient to confirm their specific separation. Skull of Wystrix malabarica. 1. In H. leucura the total length of the molar series is greater than the distance between the molars and the tympanic bone; in H. malabarica it is rather less. 2. In H. malabarica the entopterygoid is more remote from the tympanic bone, and is of a different form. 3. The facial surface of the lachrymal is very small in H. mala- barica—much smaller than in H. leucura. 4. The rostral part of the cranium is more elongated and more compressed in H. malabarica, and the foramina incisiva are longer and narrower. These and other minor peculiarities will, I think, sufficiently serve to separate H. malabarica from its nearest ally, although it is of course desirable that further specimens should be obtained for com- parison. With regard to the habits of H. malabarica, Mr. Day has kindly furnished me with the following particulars :— “During my residence at Cochin I was informed by the natives that a species of orange-coloured Porcupine was found in the neigh- bouring hills, the flesh of which was more highly esteemed for food than that of the common variety. It was said to be a smaller species, and that the two never lived in the same locality. Small families of 356 MR.P.L.SCLATER ON A NEW INDIAN PorcuPINE. [Apr. 11, them, I subsequently ascertained, are found in various places along the ghawts of Cochin and Travancore. “At Trichooe, about forty miles north-east of Cochin, there was a colony of these animals. They had formed their burrows in the laterite rock, in a spot from which it was impossible to reach them by digging. As I was anxious to obtain one of them, the burrows were stopped and a pitfall dug before two, which were the most fre- quented ; brushwood was then heaped before the other apertures and set on fire, but the prisoners did not venture out until they had been smoked three days and nights. “The native sportsmen declare that the aroma from these burrows is quite sufficient to distinguish the different species. “In 1862 I placed a pair, about a third grown, in a cage, and kept them there nearly two months: although they permitted the dogs and cats to steal their food, they never became tame or even friendly with those who fed them. «They were omnivorous ; and, though quiet all day, as soon as it became dusk they commenced to gnaw their cage, and continued to do so until daybreak ; subsequently, when the bars were encased with tin, they passed the night scratching. “In captivity they lose much of their orange-colour; and its vividness greatly decreases when they are ill. ‘““ The natives consider wounds caused by their quills to be venom- ous, and the effects frequently fatal.” It may be useful to add to this paper a list of the known species of Hystriz, and their localities, arranged according to Mr. Water- house’s excellent system *. a. Species nucha cristata. 1. H. cristata, Linn. et auct. (Acanthion cuvieri, Gray) ; Water- house, 7. c. p. 448: ex Europa merid. et Africa bor. et occ. 2. H. arricm AUSTRALIS, Peters, Reise n. Moss. i. p. 170: ex Africa austr. orient. 3. H. neucura, Sykes (H. hirsutirostris, Brandt ; Waterhouse, l.e. p. 454; H. cristata et H. leucurus, Gray): ex Asia occiden- tali usque ad Indiam extremam. 4, H. MALABARICA: ex India merid. 6. Species nucha non cristata. 5. H. nopesoni, Gray ; Waterhouse, J. c. p. 461 : ex India supe- riore. 6. H. savanica (F. Cuy.) ; Waterhouse, /.c. p.465: ex Java. The Society’s collection contains at the present time fine living specimens of four of these, namely, H. africe australis, H. leucura, H. malabarica, and H. javanica. * Nat. Hist. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 446 e¢ seq. 1865.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE WHALES OF THE CAPE. 357 3. Notes oN THE WHALES OF THE Cape; By E. L. Layarp, Esa., or Care-Town, Corr. Mems. Wits Descriptions or Two New Srecises; sy Dr. J. E. Gray. Mr. E. Layard, the Keeper of the South African Museum at Cape-Town, has most kindly sent me descriptions and drawings, made by Mr. Trimen, of the skulls of the Cetacea contained in that museum. Amongst these is the drawing of a Porpoise or Grampus taken in Kalk Bay (Simon’s Bay). Unfortunately the skull of this animal was placed in the skin during Mr. Layard’s absence from the Cape ; so that it cannot be got at for description ; but, from what he saw of the dentition, he believes it is like a Grampus—very like the figure of the skull of G. cuvierii in the ‘ Catalogue of Cetacea in the Collection of the British Museum,’ t. 5. f. 1. He says that there is a separate skull, greatly resembling that figure, in the South African Museum. The Grampus (?) prepared with the skull in the skin, mentioned above, is represented as having a rounded head, without any appear- ance of a beak. ‘It is entirely deep brown black ; the skin smooth, with a few wrinkles behind the chin and on the front edge of the pectoral fin. ‘‘ The entire length, from the nose to the end of the tail, 8 feet ; from the nose to the front base of the dorsal fin, along the curve, 3 feet 9 inches; of the dorsal, 10 inches; of the back, from the hinder edge of the dorsal fin to the end of the tail, 3 feet 10 inches ; width of the tail, 1 foot 11 inches. ; “‘ Length from the front of the mouth to the base of the pectoral, 1 foot 55 inches ; of the upper edge of the pectoral, 1 foot 5 inches.” In the South African Museum are two smaller skulls from the coast of the Cape,—one apparently of a Steno, with % teeth; and the other of a Delphinus, probably the common one of Table Bay, which has teeth. 2 These are probably new species, to be described. Mr. Layard observes, ‘‘ These Cetaceans are constantly in the Bay ; but I cannot get the fishermen, who catch plenty of the Delphinus, to bring them to the museum. I have offered the market value, be- sides all the flesh and the blubber ; but they are so prized as food by the men that they are cut up instantly and sold by auction.” «Two, if not more, species of Whales come into our bays to calve. I have never been fortunate enough to see them entire; but, from the remains, I think them to be the “ Right Whale” (Balena) and Humpback (Megaptera). By the way, do you know the meaning of Peskop? The Dutch are the dirtiest-minded people I ever met with: they have heaps of such names for their animals and plants.” “I have seen off the coast several species of Whale (one near Agulhas) with an enormous elongated back-fin; which could it be? They are in sight for an hour at least.” **T send you a drawing, by our friend Mr. Trimen, of the skull of a Cetacean which I have taken to be a Ziphius, probably a very old Ziphius sechellensis; but the figure in your ‘ Catalogue of the Ce- 358 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE WHALES OF THE CAPE. [Apr. 11, tacea in the British Museum,’ t. 3. f. 2, does not convey any idea how the curious flattened teeth arch over the upper jaw, as shown in Mr. Trimen’s drawing. I stood by him all the time, so can answer for the correctness of the sketch ; and I took the measurements my- self.” The drawing shows that it is the skull of an animal more allied to Ziphius micropterus than to Z. seychellensis. It differs from Z. seychellensis in the lower jaw being elongate, slender, gradually tapering in front, like the lower jaw of Z. micropterus. It differs from the latter species in the tooth on the side of the jaw being elongated, strap-shaped, with a small process* in the front side of the truncated apex, and especially in these teeth being arched inwards, forming a high arch “over the upper jaw,” the crown of the lateral teeth being short and triangular in Z. micropterus. It is evidently quite distinct in the form of the rostrum of the skull and the shape of the teeth from the Ziphius micropterus of the coast of Europe. I therefore propose to call it Ziphius layardit. RETR eae ANY AY ° AS m7 —_— QQ WWW ss WUHAN AL AANANHANIAINN AIA NINES == 4 5 a, 6. Skull and lower jaw of Ziphius layardii. c. Teeth of lower jaw, from front. The entire length of the skull, from condyle to top of the rostrum, 3 feet 7 inches ; of the rostrum, from tip to the notch, 2 feet 6 inches ; the width at the widest part of the brain-case 1 foot 6 inches; the length in a straight line, from the tip of the rostrum to the crest over the blower, 2 feet 11 inches; the height of the skull, from the hinder part of the palate to the crest over the blower, 1 foot 2 inches. The entire length of the lower jaw 3 feet; the length of the con- dyle, to the hinder edge of the base of the tooth, 1 foot 114 inches; the length of the exposed part of the tooth along the anterior edge, 93 inches; the width below the teeth of the side of the lower jaw, measured from the inner part of their base, 3 inches. * The process is not so distinctly shown as it ought to be in the woodcut. STINVOTE EY STD Ce! dint aaryueHy’ te IW VUIT4® T8p FIOM L MLAS TA 99STIS Za SlWwSCre ow ey Sie AS | YUL 49'}9P FIOM dur qaeyirey' NW ' vU TIGA. TL GORE see oi oct ma? ae aii o pee iy! WOR AN fode Jee EE “SITVGHOM SNUNHLOTOLO dir queyuep yy Ww MHL}? Tep Flom o PSG Dir Tel 89.2 Ves Aue 1865.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON ENTOMOPHAGOUS EDENTATA. 359 There is a partial hollow, as if it were the cavity of an old tooth that had fallen out, on the margin of the inner jaw, behind the base of the elongated arched tooth. “In your letter you sent me a sketch of the skull of Ziphius in- dicus with two teeth in the front of the lower jaw, and a short stumpy head, totally unlike the skull of Ziphius figured in the ‘ Ca- talogue of Cetacea.’” ‘There is a skull in the South African Museum which I have got down as a Globiocephalus. It is the skull of a very old animal without teeth; but I think I can trace that it has had two front teeth in the lower jaw, if not also along (the edge of) the upper and lower jaw. The animal was taken on our coast.” The figures of the skull which accompany this note appear to me to represent the skull of a species of Hyperoodon, which differs from Hyperoodon of Europe in having only a low crest on each side of the maxillary bones. I would propose to designate the species Hyperoodon capensis. Skull and lower jaw of Hyperoodon capensis. The length of the skull, from the end of the rostrum to the occi- pital condyle, is 3 feet; the height of the skull, from the crest of the blower to the condyle, 2 feet; the greatest width of the brain- case 1 foot 7 inches. . 4. REVISION OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF ENTOMOPHAGOUS EDENTATA, FOUNDED ON THE EXAMINATION OF THE SPECI- MENS IN THE British Museum. By Dr. Joun E. Gray, F.R.S. (Plates XVII., XVIII., XIX.) The species of this family of animals have been so well described by Cuvier, Sundevall, Lund, Burmeister, and others, that I have only 360 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENERA AND species [Apr. 11, one or two new species to describe. I have attempted to arrange the genera, especially of the Dasypodine, in more natural groups. The osteological characters have been well studied by Cuvier, De Blainville, Owen, Rapp, Turner, and others. I have figured the skulls of a few species which have not before been published. Section EpentatTa ENTOMOPHAGA. Grinders rootless. Canines sometimes entirely wanting; if pre- sent, like the grinders. Face elongate ; mouth mostly small. Body armed with scales, spines, or rigid hairs. Limbs short and strong, hinder ones longest. Stomach simple; malar bone simple or wanting. Dasypide, Gray, Aun. Phil. 1825 ; Cat. Mamm. B. M. 188. Effodientia, Baird, N. A. Mamm. 621. Insektenfressende Edentaten, Rapp, Edent. Division 1. CATAPHRACTA. Body covered with scales, or with an external armour divided into rings or bands, generally revolute. Fam. 1. MAnipip&. Body covered with scales. “Tail expanded. Claws of feet bent on the sides in walking. 1. Manis. Upper part of fore feet hairy, without any scales. Tail very long, slender. Scales elongate, narrow, keeled ; central series of caudal scales continued to the end. 2. Puoxtiporus. Upper part of fore and hind feet covered with scales to the toes. Scales broad, short. Tail moderate, taper- ing; central series of caudal scales continued to the end. 3. Smutsia. Upper part of fore and hind feet covered with scales to the toes. Scales broad, short. Tail moderate, very broad to the end ; central series of caudal scales not continued to the end. Fam. 2. Dasyropip&. The body covered with a bony convolute armour, formed of tesserze. Tribe 1. Dasypop1na. The dorsal disk closely attached to the back of the animal, divided in the middle into three parts by free rings separating the scapular and pelvic shields ; pelvis free from the pelvic shield; scapular or pelvic shield moderate; central rings many; feet strong; hind toes free; claws large. Skull not soldered to the frontal shield. Tail elongate. Prxro- CHLAMYDES, 1865.] OF ENTOMOPHAGOUS EDENTATA. 361 A. Digitigrade. Backs of feet round, covered with plates ; toes of the front and hind feet separate ; claws conical. Head elon- gate ; ears close together. Chcerochlamydes. 4. Tarusta. Toes 5/4. Tail with rings of plates. B. Plantigrade. Soles of feet flat, callous, with a prominent heel ; toes of fore feet united to the claws, compressed ; claws com- pressed, sharp-edged below. Toes of hind feet separate ; claws elongate. Head broad; ears far apart. Platychlamydes. * Head conical. Teeth many, small. 5. Prionopos. Toes 5/5; middle front very large; outer front toes very small. Intermaxillary toothless. Four front bands of tesserze of the scapular shield partially free. ** Head flat, conical. Teeth few, nine or ten, large ; intenmastary with one tooth on each side. 6. Dasypus. Tail round at the base, tesserse convex. Marginal plates of the dorsal disk small; nuchal band linear, broad to the end ; first band of plates of the scapular shield fixed like the rest. *** Head broad, conical. Teeth few, nine or ten, large ; inter- maxillary toothless. 7. Evpuractvus. Tail ringed at the base; tesseree convex. Mar- ginal plates of the dorsal disk faleate ; nuchal band narrow at the sides ; first band of the scapular disk more or less free. 8. Xenurvus. Tail nakedish, with sunken shields. Tribe 2. Totypeutina. Scapular and pelvic shields large, convex ; central rings three, only attached to the middle of the back, which is covered with hair on the sides under the shield. Feet weak ; front with elongated unequal claws, on the tip of which the animal walks; hinder feet clavate, with flat ovate nails ; hind part of feet rounded, shielded, Skull attached to the frontal shield, Tail short. SpH#ROCHLAMYDES. 9. TOLYPEUTES. Tribe 3. CtamypopHorina. The dorsal disk divided behind into a dorsal and a pelvic shield. The pelvic shield agglutinated to the pelvis. Feet strong; toes united ; claws large. 10. CutamyporpHorvs. The dorsal shield only attached by the middle of the back, which is covered with hair on the sides. 11. BurmeisteriA. The dorsal shield attached to the skin to its edge. Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1865, No. XXIV. 362 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENERA AND SPECIES [Apr. 11, Division 2. Body covered with hairs or spines, not with scales or armour. Fam. 3. ORYCTEROPODIDA. Body covered with bristles. Head conical ; mouth small. 12. OryYCTEROPUS. Fam. 4. MyRMECOPHAGID. Body covered with hair, Head conical ; mouth small. * Terrestrial. Tail bristly. Teeth 5. 13. MyrmecopHaca. Tail covered with long hair. ** Arboreal. Tail conical, prehensile. 14. Tamanpva. Teeth 5/4, covered with short hair. 15. CycLornurvus. Teeth 2/5, covered with silky hair. Fam. 5. OrNITHORHYNCHID. Body covered with hair or spines. Mouth in the form of a flat or cylindrical beak. Hind feet of males spurred. 16. Puarypus. Head depressed. Body covered with fur. Feet expanded, webbed. 17. Ecurpna. Head slender, conical, tapering. Body covered with spines. Feet with long claws. Division |. CATAPHRACTA. Body covered with scales, or with an external armour divided inte ring bands, revolute. Fam. 1. Manripip. Body covered with scales. Tail flat, expanded. Toes bent up. Walking on the outer side of the feet. Fossorial ; slow; forming a globe when contracted. (Osteology.—See Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 99 ; Sundevall, Kong. Vet. Akad. Hand. 1842, p. 274; Turner, P. Z.S. 1851, p. 219.) Manina, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 188. Manide, Turner, J. c. 1851, p. 219. Vermilinguia, Giebel, Saugeth. p. 394. Cuvier only knew of two species, the long- and the short-tailed (see Oss. Foss. v. 98). Dr. Sundevall, in the ‘Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handlingar’ for 1842, p. 245, has published an excellent essay on the species, the anatomy and the history of the genus. This essay is nearly repro- duced by M. Ad. Focillon, ‘ Rev. Zool.’ 1850, pp. 465 & 513. 1865.] OF ENTOMOPHAGOUS EDENTATA. 363 Rafinesque has described a species under the name of M. c@onyz, because he believed it had a bifid claw; but he seems to have mis- taken the bone that bears the claw, which in all the species is bifid, for the claw. 1. Manis. The upper surface of the fore feet hairy, without any scales. Scales of the body slender, oblong, with nearly parallel striz. Tail much longer than the body, narrow. The central series of caudal scales continued to the end. Claws compressed; the first or outer claw of each foot very small, retracted behind. Africa. Manis, § 1, Sundevall, 7. ¢. 251. The nose bald; the side of the face, chin, underside of the body, the upper surface of the hands and wrist without scales, and covered with short hair ; the conch of the ear not developed. * Scales of the body dark brown, in eleven series. Manis. 1. Manis tonercaupa. Pangolin. B.M. Dark brown; hair of face and underside of body black. Scales of the body in eleven series; end rounded, with a central promi- nence. Tail very long. Body and head 11, tail 24 inches. Manis tetradactyla, Linn. 8. N. i. 53 ; Fischer, Syn. 394 ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B.M. 188; Turner, P. Z.S. 1851, p. 220. M. macroura, Erxl. Syst. 101. Var.? M. africani, Desm. Mamm. 376. M. longicauda, Geoff., Sundevall, 7. c. 251. Pholidotus longicaudatus, Briss. R. A. 31. M. longicauda B, Sundevall. M. longicaudata, Rapp, Edent. 15 ; Shaw, Zool. 180; t. 55. Pangolin d Afrique, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 98. Hab. Africa: Guinea, Gaboon. ** Scales of body horn-coloured, in twenty-one series. Phatagin. 2. Manis Tricuspis. Phatagin. B.M. Pale brown; hair of face and underside of body grey ; scales of the body in twenty-one series, truncated, with a central prominence, often appearing three-pointed. Body 12, tail 18 inches. Phatagin, Buffon. Manis tricuspis, Rafinesque, Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. de Bruxelles, vii. 214; Sundevall, 7. c. 1841, p. 252; Rapp, Edent. 15. M. multiscutata, Gray, P. Z.S. 1843; Cat. Mamm. B. M. 188; Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843; Zool. Typ. 15; Turner, P. Z.S. 1851, p. 220. M. 4-dactylus, Thompson, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 28. M. tridentata, Focillon, Rev. de Zool. 1850, t. 1; Rapp, Edent. Po;t. 2a. (5B.M.) Hab. West Africa; Fernando Po (Fraser) ; Guinea; Sierra Leone (Thompson), Skeleton and skull (B.M.). 364 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENERA AND species [Apr. 11, The face of the skull, from the front of the orbit, is rather more than half the length of the brain-case. A specimen of this species in spirits in the British Museum has the nose produced, conical, bald, smooth, with three series of plates on the front of the forehead, commencing about halfway between the tip of the nose and the eyes. The nostrils are lateral, covered with a well-developed flap. The cheeks and orbits with scattered, short, black hairs, like the hairs on the back of the hand and wrist. Ears without any external conch. The underside of the body with scat- tered, very short, rigid hairs. The skin of the back between the scales bald. The scales elongate, with straight sides for two-thirds of their length, then contracted, with rather concave sides, with two deep broad notches on each side of the tip, forming three more or less distinct projections, the middle one being the most produced. Soles of fore and hind feet bald and callous, covered with a hard skin, which peels off in spirits. Toes 5/5; the front ‘inner small ; the fifth, second, and then the fourth larger; the middle or third largest : hinder inner small, the outer larger; the second and fourth larger, and the third rather larger still, but not so much larger as in the front foot. The upper part of the fore feet and wrist unarmed, and covered with short, scattered hairs. The hind feet covered with scales nearly to the claws, and hairy on the sides and at the base of the claws. Professor Rapp separates the specimens from Fernando Po as a species, because in the latter the tail is shorter and all the scales are tricuspid ; but the specimens from West Africa vary in the length of the tail, and in perfect specimens all the scales are tricuspid. Fig. 1. Skull of Manis tricuspis (separate). In the British Museum there are a skull and a complete skeleton 1865.] OF ENTOMOPHAGOUS EDENTATA. 365 which were extracted from the skins of two animals from West Africa, which are so very much alike in form, and in the number and form of the scales and the length of tail, that I should have referred them without doubt’ to the same species. The skulls, however, are so exceedingly unlike that I believe they might be considered to belong to two species, unless the differences arise from a difference of sex, which the state of the specimens does not allow me to determine. The separate skull (fig. 1) is very ventricose, thin, light, and showing the sutures. The skull belonging to the complete skeleton (fig. 2) is smaller, narrower, more conical, solid, and with the suture much less distinctly visible. Fig. 2. Skull of Manis tricuspis (from the skeleton). A foetus of this species, 10 inches long, was noticed by Mr. Thompson under the name of M. tetradactylus (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 28). 2. PHOLIDOTUS. The fore and hind feet entirely covered with keeled scales; the internal claw of the fore foot nearly equal to the outer one, and not retracted behind. Scales of the body broad, short. Tail moderate, tapering at the end; the central series of caudal scales continued to the tip. 4 Haé. India and Asiatic Islands. Manis, 3. Pholidotus, Sundevall, /.c.253; Rapp, Edent. t. 6. f.1, 2, * Scales dark brown, in seventeen longitudinal series; the three or four series on each side shorter, keeled. Tail as long as body and head. Face of skull elongate, nearly as long as brain-case. 366 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENERA AND Species [Apr. 11, 1. PHOLIDOTUS JAVANUS. B.M. Dark brown; tail as long as body and head; scales of the sides and of the hind feet acutely keeled, the front and hinder claws nearly equal-sized. Head and body 15, tail 15 inches. Manis pentadactyla, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xii. 249. M. javanica (partly), Fischer, Syn. 400 (not of Sundevall). M. aspera, Sundevall, 1. c. 253; Rapp, Edent. t. 2a (good), t. 6. f. 1,2 (skull) ; Desm. Mamm. 377; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B, M. 285. Hab, Sumatra (Rafies). Male and female (B. M.). Teats two, pectoral; penis pendant. ~ Manis aspera is described from a single specimen in the Paris Museum, sent from Sumatra. It is evidently the same as that which Raffles described and figured under the name M. javanica, and which has been so named in the English Museums. The M. javanica of Dr. Sundevall, which he described as having fulvescent scales, is the same as his M. dalmanni and the M. aurita of Hodgson, which is common in India, and has been generally confounded with the larger-scaled M. pentadactyla or M. laticauda. Desmarest describes, under the name of M. javanica, the Java ani- mal with keeled scales on the legs, and refers to Raffles. Manis guy, Focillon, Rev. Zool. 1850, t. 10; Rapp. Edent. 17. “Tail shorter than the body and head; twenty-one longitudinal rows of scales; end of the tail naked on its lower surface; scales broad, ending in an obtuse point, striated to the tip; with bristles between the scales.” Described and figured from a young specimen preserved in spirit, said to have been received from Africa. Appears to me to be only a young specimen of Pholidotus javanicus. The front feet are covered with scales to the claws, and it has the conch of ear moderately developed, not so much so as in P. dalmanni. What is Manis leucura, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxx. 91; Rapp, Edent. 18, thus described, ‘‘ Tail as long as the body and head; scales of the tail adpressed, so that the margin is entire, not dentated.’?? The habitat is unknown. ** Scales horn-coloured; of the back, in seventeen longitudinal series. Tail as long as the body. Conch of ear produced. 2. PHOLIDOTUS DALMANNII. Pale brown; tail short, as long as the body without the head; scales of the young striated, of the middle of back truncated, of the sides of hind feet keeled; of the older specimen worn smooth; ears large ; hair of head and underside of body short, grey. Body and head 22, tail 15 inches. Manis, Dalmann, Act. Stockh. 1749, p. 265, t. 6. Manis, Forster, Act. Berol. 1789 (printed 1793), p. 90, t. 5, 6; Sundevall, J. ec. 262, 269. Manis dalmannii, Sundevall, 1. c. 256, t. 4a. f. 10 (toe-bones), 1842; Rapp, Edent. 17. 1865.] OF ENTOMOPHAGOUS EDENTATA, 367 MM. aurita, Hodgson. M. pentadactyla (partly), Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 285. MM. javanica, Sundevyall, J. ¢. 254, t.4a. f.11; Turner, P. Z. §, 1851, p. 219? Pangolin, Buffon, x. t. 34. Hab. India, Himalaya (Hodgson) ; China (Dalmann) ; ? Java (Sundevall). A small specimen of the species, preserved in spirits in the British Museum, may be thus described :—The head ovate, convex above and on the sides. The end of the nose, the side of the face, includ- ing the orbit, to the back of the ears, the throat, underside of the body, and the inside of the legs bald, with a few very slender, elon- gated hairs on the front of the chin, The forehead with one scale, and five series of scales behind it. The ears large, with a well-de- veloped, oblong, nearly flat conch behind ; an oblong prominence for a tragus in front of the small auditory aperture. The fore and hind legs covered with series of scales down to the base of the toes ; the toes united to the claws, The palms of the fore feet and the soles of the hind feet hard, callous, well developed. The fore feet with five elongated conical claws, which are strongly inflexed on both palms; the inner and outer small, then the second and fourth, and the centre or third the largest. The hind feet with five short, coni- cal, compressed claws; the inner and outer small, the three middle larger, the middle one being rather the largest. The skin of the back, between the bases of the scales, bald; the lower part of the scales and the middle of the scales striated. The tongue elongate, exsertile, flat, linear, tapering to the tip, which is rounded. The eyelids soft, distinct, not ciliated, but the outer surface entirely covered with very short bristles. Professor Sundevall, in his Monograph, places considerable re- liance on the form of the claws, and on the comparative size and form of the claws of the fore and hind feet, as a specific distinction. The specimens which I have examined from the same locality seem to differ very much in this respect. Manis dalmannii was described from specimens from China, which looked like the young of M. laticauda. It is probably the same as the many-scaled species from India, or at least must be very nearly allied to it, more especially as the large size of the ears, which caused Hodgson to call it M. aurita, is mentioned. Dr. Sundevall states that his M. javanica is from Java, and he believes that it is common there; but he describes all the scales as fulvescent. I have never seen any Javan or Sumatran specimen of that colour. They are always dark brown, while the Indian spe- cies is always pale-coloured ; and I am inclined to believe that it must have been the Indian species that was described. There are two skulls of this species in the British Museum, re- ceived from Mr. Hodgson as belonging to his M. aurita ; they are very solid, considerably stouter in proportion to their length than the skull of M. indica figured by Cuvier, and they have very broad nasal bones, which are rounded at the hinder end. 368 DR. J. E, GRAY ON THE GENERA AND SPECIES [Apr. 11, Professor Sundevall seems inclined to believe that the skeleton of Pangolin & courte queue, or, as he quotes it, ‘‘ Pangolin des Indes,” figured and described by Cuvier in the ‘Ossemens Fossiles,’ is the skeleton of his M. javanica. I think this a mistake. Compare the skull with the skull of M. javanica figured by Rapp, which I ’am assured was taken out of the skin which he figures (which is the true M. javanica of this essay). I believe that the M. javanica of Sundevall is an Indian and not a Javan species ; and it differs from the Indian species figured by Cuvier in the skull bemg shorter and broader, as mentioned above. *&* Scales horn-coloured, pale; of the back, in eleven or thirteen longitudinal series. Tail as long as the body. Ears with only a slightly raised edge, without any distinct conch. Phatages. 3. PHOLIDOTUS INDICUS. Pale brown; scales striated at the base; tail more slender than the body, tapering to the end, as long as the body without the head ; ears not prominent. . “Varies in the width of the tail and the curvature of the claw.’”’— Sundevall. Manis pentadactyla, Linn. 8. N. i. 51; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 285 (partly) ; Gray, Cat. B. M. 188; Turner, P. Z. 8.1851, . 219. : M. laticauda, Mliger ; Sundevall, J. c. 259. M. macroura, Desm. Mamm. 376. M. brevicaudata, Tiedem. Zool. i. 497. M. brachyura, Erxl. Syst. 98. M. crassicaudata, Gray in Griff. A. K.; Rapp, Edent. 16. Broad-tailed Manis, Penn. Pangolin a courte queue, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 8 (skeleton). Hab. Asia—India: Bengal, Madras, Pondicherry, Assam. The skull in Cuvier’s figure (Oss. Foss. v. t. 8. f. 2-4) is much more slender and less ventricose behind than the skulls of M. dal- mannii in the British Museum. The face is represented as being about two-fifths the entire length of the head; and the nasal bones are narrower and longer. In a foetus in spirits in the British Museum, the eyelids are soft, the ears are only fringed with a slightly raised edge, and there are a few bristles projecting between the scales of the back. Mr. MacClelland describes the Manis brachyura of Assam as having fifteen longitudinal series of scales, with bristles in pairs pass- ing out between the scalés. The lower part of the head and body and inside of the legs covered with coarse white hairs (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 153). Is this M. dalmannii? 4, Puouipotus Aarricanus. (PI. XVII.) B.M. Pale brown ; scales striated at the base; tail as long as the body, tapering to the end. Body and head 30, tail 25 inches. 1865. ] OF ENTOMOPHAGOUS EDENTATA. 369 Hab. West Africa, River Niger (Dr. B. Baikie). Very like P. indicus; but the scales are larger, and the tail is longer. NTN wilh Hi i ii ci Skull of Pholidotus africanus. What is Manis leptura, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. of Bengal, xvi. ; Arch. f. Naturg. 1849 ; Rapp, Edent. 18? 3. SMUTSIA. Upper part of the fore and hind feet covered with scales. Scales broad, short, and pale-coloured. Tail very broad, rounded at the end; central series of scales interrupted before reaching the end of the tail. SMUTSIA TEMMINCKII. Scales striated, elongate ; of the middle series only on the base of the tail. Manis temminckii, Smuts, Mamm. Cap. 54; Smith, Ill. 8. Afr. 370 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENERA AND Species [Apr. 11, Zool. t.7 (scales bad); Bennett, P. Z. S.1834, p. 81; Turner, P. Z. 8S. 1851, p. 219; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 285 ; Sundevall, /. c. 260, t. 4. f. 2 (young skull and toe-bones) ; Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. i. 174, t. 32. f. 8 (os hyoides) ; Rapp, Edent. 17; Rupp. Mus. Senck. ili. 179. Hab, Eastern Africa, Sennaar, Caffraria, Kordofan (Hedenéorg), Latakoo (Steedman). Sundevall figures the skull of a very young specimen of this species. It is short, ventricose ; the face broad, short, not half the length of the brain-case ; the nasal bones are short, broad, wide behind ; the lower jaw simple, without any process in the front of the upper edge (see Vet. Akad. Hand. 1842, t.4. f. 34). Fam. 2. DasyrpopiIp. Body covered with a bony convolute armour, formed of imbedded tesseree. Dasypus, Linn., Cuvier. Dasipina, Gray, Mamm. B. M. 189. Dasypodide, Turner, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 211. Fodientia, Mlliger, Burmeister, Thiere Bras. 208 ; Giebel, Saugeth. ANT. Loricata, Vicq d’ Az. Osteology (see Cuv. Oss. Foss.; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 211). Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. 117. 1) divides the Armadillos into three groups according to the number of the toes ;— I. Hind feet with four toes, the two central equal: Dasypus novem- cinctus, Linn. = Tatusia, D. tricinctus, Linn. = Tolypeutes. II. The hind feet with five claws, one of the middle ones larger: D. sexcinctus = Dasypus, Tatou pichey and Tatou velu = Eu- phractus. III. The hind feet with five claws, the three outer ones very large : D. unicinctus= Xenurus ; Tatou géunt=Prionodos. Cuvier observes, ‘The Armadillos with four toes have a short penis with a large three-lobed gland, and those with five toes a very long penis.” The Apar (D. tricinctus), which is arranged with those having four claws, has five claws, and has a penis like those of that division. These animals walk in three different manners, each having a par- ticular conformation of the foot for the purpose. The Tatusie@ are digitigrade. The Dasypodes are plantigrade. The Tolypeute walk on the tips of the front claws, and may be called unguligrade. The differences in the form of the bones of the feet are described and figured in Cuvier’s ‘ Oss. Foss.,’ but he does not appear to have been aware of the differences in the habit and mode of walking. 1865.] OF ENTOMOPHAGOUS EDENTATA. aya Dr. Burmeister, in ‘System, Uebers. der Thiere Brasiliens,’ p. 276, 1854, divides the genus Dasypus of Linné into two subgenera—Da- sypus and Praopus—the latter for D. 9-cinctus of Linneus, and synonymous with the genus Dasypus as restricted by Wagler. Tribe 1. Dasyrpopina. The dorsal disk closely attached to the back of the animal, divided in the middle by free rings into scapular and pelvic shields ; pelvic shield free from the pelvis. 1. Scapular and pelvic shields moderate ; central rings several. Feet strong; hind toes free; claws large. Skull smooth above, and separate from the frontal shield. Tail elongate. Pelto- chlamydes. A. Digitigrade. The toes of the front and hind feet separate ; claws conical, similar ; palms and soles covered with shields, without any marked heel. Head elongate, ovate; forehead rounded ; nose slender; eurs close together, on the top of the head. Body subcylindrical, Chcerochlamydes. These animals walk on their toes, and are very porcine in their character, as well as in the general form of the feet ; the hinder part of the wrist and feet is covered with plates like the rest of the legs. 4. TATusIA. Central rings 5 to 8. Toes 4/5, subequal, the two front and three hinder middle largest ; inner and outer small ; claws conical. Tail conical, elongate, annulated ; lower rings of two or three series of plates. Cutting-teeth none; grinders 8/8, moderate. Osteology, see Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. t. 10; Tumer, P. Z.S. 1851, p. 212. Tatus, Gesner. Tatusia, sp., F. Cuvier. Dasypus, Wagler. Dasypus 2 (Tatusia), Rapp, Edent. 8. Praopus, Burmeister, Syst. Ueber. d. Thiere Brasil. i. 295, 1854; Arch. f. Naturg. 1862, 98. The penis short, ending in a three-lobed gland (Cuvier, v. 118). * Face suddenly contracted ; the nose subcylindrical ; hinder part of palate rather narrow, flat, rounded on the sides. Tatusia. 1. TaTusiIA PEBA. Ears one-third of the length of the head; shields smooth ; under- side with scattered bristles; tail as long as the body. Tatusia septemcincta, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B.M. 189; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 286; Turner, P. Z.S. 1851, p. 212. Dasypus septemeinctus, Linn. Am. Acad. i. 281. ~ D. octocinctus, Schreb. Siugeth. t. 73. 372 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENERA AND SPECIES [Apr. 11, D. novemcinctus, Linn. 8. N. i. 54. D. niger, Mlliger. D. peba, Desm. D. longicaudus, P. M. Abbild. t. 83? T. afinis, Lund. D. peba, Desm. Mamm. 368; Owen, P. Z. 8. 1831, p.141; Krauss, Arch. fiir Naturg. 1862, p. 20, t. 3. f. (skull). Praopus 7-cinctus, Burmeister, La Plata, 428. Tatusia peba, Owen, Odont. t. 82. f. 2. D. tatusia peba, Lesson; Rapp, Edent. 8. Praopus longicaudatus, Burm. Thier. Bras. 298, 1854 ; Abhandl. Nat. Ges. zu Halle, 1861, p. 147. Tatou noir, Azara; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. t. 10 (skeleton). Cachicame, Buffon, H. N. x. 215, t. 57; Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 124, t. 10 (shield). ? Tatouele, Buffon, H. N. x. 212. : Hab. Central and South America: Texas (Baird); Guiana (Krauss) ; Brazil (Pr. Maz.) ; Paraguay (Azara). «Texan Armadillo. The people of Matamoras esteem its flesh, and the women attribute imaginary properties to its shell. Living on the kitchen refuse. Nocturnal; burying flesh and vegetable substances for food.” —Baird. The head of the animal and the skulls in the Museum collection seem to increase in width, compared to the length, as the animal increases in age. The width of the head and skull does not depend on the sex; for we have broad-headed and narrow-headed males in the collection. The sides of the stuffed specimens are pale whitish, with black backs. The specimens vary in the size of the scapular disk. In one male in the Museum it appears much smaller than in most of the other specimens; but they all vary more or less in this character. The tail varies considerably in length, compared with the length of the body ; but the shortest is as long as the body. See also Tatou verdadeiro, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 118; Turner, P. Z. 8S. 1851, p. 213. Dasypus uroceras, Lund, Dansk. Vedensk. Natur. Afh. viii. 65, 225; Rapp, Edent. 8. Hab. Brazil (M. de St.-Hilaire). Tail terminated by a horny sheath of one piece, the bands broader ; plates of pelvic shield larger. There is no specimen agreeing with the above description. May not the peculiarity of the tail be an accidental malformation ? Dr. Burmeister gives Tatu verdadeiro as one of the common Bra- zilian names of the species ; and he gives D. uroceras as a synonym * of his D. (Praopus) longicaudatus. * Dr. Peters, in the ‘ Monatsbericht’ for 1864, p. 179, very shortly indicates, but gives no diagnostic characters nor descriptions of, Dasypus pentadactylus, D. fenestratus, and D. novemeinctus, var. mexicanus. The latter is probably the animal described by Dr. Spencer Baird. It is to be regretted that every zoolo- gist who wishes to name a species does not append to it a diagnosis: in this re- spect the Scandinavian zoologists of Sweden and Denmark set a good example. 1865.] OF ENTOMOPHAGOUS EDENTATA. 373 2. TATUSIA HIRSUTA. Tail elongate, tapering ; the head, body, limbs, and dorsal shield covered with elongated hairs; the head elongate; nose slender ; ears large. Praopus hirsutus, Burm. Abhandl. Nat. Ges. Halle, 1861, p. 147; Reise durch d. La Plata Staaten, 1861, p. 228; Arch. f. Naturg. 1862, p. 144. D. hispidus, Burm. La Plata, ii. 428. Hab. Guayaquil (Mus. Lima, Burmeister). Length of head 44, body 114, and tail 10} inches. The rings and the plates of the shield are very indistinctly marked, indeed only shown at the shoulders and by slight folds on the lower part of the sides. See also Dasypus hispidus, Burm. Thiere Brasiliens, i. 287. Hab. Brazil; said to be distinct from D. hirsutus, Burm. 3. TATUSIA HYBRIDA. Ears above one-fourth the length of the head ; plates of the pelvic shield convex and elevated ; tail about half or one-third the length of the body. Dasypus hybridus, Desm. Mamm. 368; Martin, P. Z. S. 1837, p- 13 (anat.) ; Darwin, Voy. Beagle, i. 92. Tatusia hybrida, Less. Mamm. 311; Turner, P. Z. 8.1851, p. 213. D. (Tatusia) hybridus, Rapp, Edent. 9. D. septemcinctus, Schreb. Saugeth. ii. 220, t. 72 & 76. D. (Praopus) hybridus, Burm, La Plata, 428. Tatou mulet, Azara. Hab, Paraguay, very common; Rio Negro; North Patagonia. ** Face attenuated; nose elongate, conical ; hinder part of palate broad, concave, with raised edges on the side. Praopus. 4. TATUSIA KAPPLERI. Dasypus kappleri, Krauss, Arch, fiir Naturg. 1862, p. 24, t. 3. f. 1, 2 (skull). D. (Praopus) peba, Burm. Hab. Surinam (Krauss). Carapace very much like Tatusia peba; but there are two series of claw-like plates, with free projecting ends, on the anterior side of the lower part of the hind legs; there are five plates in the upper series. The skull is larger, and nose much more produced; the palate keeled on the sides in a line with the zygomatic arch. In D. peba (1. c. t. 3. f. 3, 4) the palate is rounded on the sides, without any keel, and the nose shorter and more slender. Neither of the four skulls in the British Museum is near as large as the one figured by Dr. Krauss ; but some of them have the palate keeled on the sides, more,as in his figure of 7’. kappleri than as the palate is represented in the one he calls 7’. peba. 374 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENERA AND species [Apr. 11, See also Dasypus punctatus, Lund.; Tatusia, sp., Turner, P. Z.S. 1851, p. 213. Defined from a denuded skin in Mus. Coll. Surg. B. Plantigrade. Palms and soles bald, callous, with a prominent heel. The toes of the fore feet united to the claws, compressed ; claws compressed, sharp-edged beneath. Toes of hind feet se- parate; claws elongate, acute. Head broad; forehead flat- tened ; nose short ; ears far apart, on side of the head. Body depressed. Platychlamydes. The body is depressed, expanded, more or less covered with hair, which sometimes almost hides the tesserze of the shield. Legs short, strong ; the whole of the feet applied to the ground in walking. * Head ovate ; forehead convex ; teeth numerous, small ; intermax- illaries toothless. The first three or four rings of tesser@ of the scapular rings partially free. Tail not ringed. The soles of the hind feet with tessera on the sides and behind. 5. Prionopos. The three or four front rings of the scapular shield deeply di- vided, free when young; central rings numerous. Tail not ringed, with the tesserze placed alternately. Plantigrade; soles of the feet partially covered with tesseree. Toes 5/5; two inner front toes small ; outer very small, rudimentary; second and third large; the third very large, with a very large claw. Skull broad; nose broad. Teeth a small ; intermaxillary toothless. Osteology, see Turner, P. Z.S. 1851, p. 215; Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 11. f. 1,3; Rapp, Edent. t. 11. Prionodontes, F. Cuv.; Less. Man. 309; Turner, P. Z.S. 1851. Priodonta, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. D. (Priodontes), Rapp, Edent. 10. Cheloniscus, Wagler ; Krauss. The skeleton is figured by Rapp, Edent. t. 46. f.1. The two inner toes of the fore feet elongate, slender, with small claws; the three others short ; the third very stout, with a very large claw ; the fourth similar, but smaller; the fifth or outer very small and short. The pelvis very broad behind ; the second cervical vertebra elongate, with a very high superior central crest, and very rudimentary lateral processes. Prionopos Gicas. Tatou. B.M. Dasypus gigas, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 128, t. 11. f.1,55; Pr. Max. Beitr. i. 516; Burm. Brasil. 277. D. giganteus, Desm. Mamm. 368. Priodonta gigas, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 120; Owen, Odont. t. 85. f. 1; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 287. Priodontes gigas, Tumer, I. c.; Gervais, Expéd. de F. Le Castel- nau, Mamm. t.18; Rapp, Edent. t. 4 6 (skeleton). 1865.] OF ENTOMOPHAGOUS EDENTATA, 375 P. giganteus, Less. Mamm. 309. - Cheloniscus gigas, Wagler ; Krauss, Arch. f. Naturg. 1862, p- 19. Kabalassou, Buffon, H. N. x. t. 41. El Maximo, Azara. Hab. Paraguay (Azara); Surinam (Krauss); Brazil (called ‘Tatu canastra’’). ** Head flat, conical. Teeth few, nine or ten, large ; intermaxillary bone with a tooth on each side behind. Tail shielded. 6. Dasyrus. Head broad, covered with large plates; a series of small shields under the eyes; frontal plate large, broad. Central rings six or eight. Two short bands of large equal plates, not so wide as the head, between the back of the head and the front edge of the sca- pular shields. Toes 5/5. Teeth = the first upper in the in- termaxillary. Encoubert, Buffon; Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. ; Rapp, t. 3, f. 4, 5. Dasypus, Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 214. Dasypus (Euphractus), Burmeister, La Plata, ii. 1861. Euphractus, Wag. Dasypus (1. Dasypus), Rapp, Edent. 7 (skull, tas * Dorsal shield with two short hairs on the hinder margin of each tessera ; under part of the body with scattered bristles. 1. Dasypus sEXcINCTUS. B.M. Dorsal shield bald, with two hairs on the hinder side of each of the dorsal tesserze. Dasypus sexcinctus, Linn. S. N. 154; Cuyv. Oss. Foss. y. CERT f. 456; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 286; Burm. Thier. Bras. 290; Owen, Odont. t. 85. f. 3, 4; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 189 ; Turner, P. Z.S. 1851, p. 214; Rapp, Edent. 7, t. 3. f.4,5 (skull). D. encoubert, Desm. Mamm. 370. D. setosus, P. Max. ii. 520; Abh. Bras. t. Encoubert, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 11. f. 4-6 (skull). Dasypus villosus, Giebel, Zeitschrift, 1861, 93, t. 345. f. 1 (skull), D. gilvipes, Wliger, Abh. Berl. Akad. D. octodecim-cinctus, Erxl. Hab. Brazil and Paraguay. One of the young specimens in the British Museum has only four toes on the hind feet ; but the outer toes on one foot appear to have been destroyed ; and on the other foot there is a scale where the fifth ought to be placed. This may be the normal state of a different species. Phe skull which Giebel figures as that of D. villosus, Burmeister, evidently belongs to this species. 376 DR. J. E, GRAY ON THE GENERA AND SPECIES [Apr. 11, ** Dorsal shield with numerous elongated bristles from the hinder edge of each tessera ; under, part of body very hairy. 2. Dasypus VELLEROSUS, sp. nov. (PI. XVIII.) B.M. The forehead convex, with many polygonal shields; the dorsal shield covered with abundant elongated bristly hairs ; the underside of the body covered with close hairs. Toes 5/5, the outer and inner hinder small. Hab. Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bridges). * Head broad, depressed ; nose very slender, broad, depressed ; intermaaillary toothless. 7. EUPHRACTUS. Head conical, covered with a shield of very many polygonal plates, with a tuft of hair under the eyes. Nape with a narrow short band of small plates. Dorsal disk very hairy, the first row of plates on the front of the scapular shield forming a free ring; the lower mar- ginal plates of the pelvic shield large, falcate. Tail conical, covered with rings of plates. Toes 5/5; claws acute, triangular, front largest. Skull broad, very depressed. Nose very slender, elongate ; intermaxillary bone toothless. Teeth —> moderate. Dasypus (Euphractus), partly, Burmeister. Euphractus, partly, Wagler. Dasypus, sp., Turner, P. Z.S. 1851, p. 214. Tatusia, sp., Burmeister. * Nose short, broad ; ears large. 1. EupHractus vituosus. Peludo. B.M. . Muzzle broad ; ears large ; forehead broad, covered with rugulose tubercular plates; back covered with abundant long black hairs, more or less deciduous. Dasypus villosus, Desm. Mamm. 370; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. 286; Turner, P. Z.S. 1851, p. 214. Tatusia villosa, Lesson, Man. 312. Dasypus (Tatusia) villosus, Rapp, Edent. 10. D. (Euphractus) villosus, Burmeister, La Plata, ii. 1861. El Peludo, Azara, ii. 140. Hab. Buenos Ayres, Pampas. The skull which Giebel (Zeitschrift, 1861, t. 345. f. 1) figures under the name of D. villosus is evidently that of D. seacinctus. *%* Nose slender, elongate ; ears small. 2. Evpyractus minutus. Pichy. B.M. Nose slender, elongate ; ears small ; forehead convex, covered with 1865.] OF ENTOMOPHAGOUS EDENTATA. 377 irregular smooth polygonal plates. Back with scattered, elongate, slender, black or grey bristles. Dasypus minutus, Desm. Mamm. 371; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 214. D. patagonicus, Desm. N. Dict. H. N. xxx. 11. 491. Tatusia minuta, Lesson, Man. 847; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 190; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 286. Dasypus (Euphractus) minutus, Burmeister, La Plata, ii. 427, 1861. D. (Tatusia) minuta, Rapp, Edent. 10. Tautou pichey, Azara. Hab. Chili; La Plata. Skull of Zuphractus minutus. “The four Chilian species of Armadillo (Dasypus) are nearly similar in habits. The Peludo (D. villosus) is nocturnal; while the others wander by day over the open plains, feeding on beetles, larvee, roots, and even small snakes. The Pichy (D. minutus) prefers a very dry soil and the sandy dunes near the coast, where for many months it can never taste water. In soft soil the animal burrows so quickly that its hinder quarters would almost disappear before one could alight from one’s horse.””—Darwin’s Journ. p. 96. 8. XENURUS. Head elongate. Scapular and pelvic shields convex ; central rings many, ten or eleven. Toes 5/5. Tail nakedish, with a few im- bedded tesserze. Teeth = ; intermaxillary teeth none. Skull elon- gate; brain-case constricted over the back of the orbit, swollen in front; forehead convex; nose conical, truncated. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. XXV. 378 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENERA AND SPECIES [Apr. 11, Cabassu, Buffon; Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 11. f. 7, 9. Xenurus, Wagler ; Turner, P. Z.S, 1851, p. 215 ; Krauss. The plates ow the inner side of the two inner toes of the fore and hind feet are ciliated with a series of bristle-like hairs. * Nose of skull elongate, produced. Tatoua. 1. XenuRuS UNIcCINCTUS. Kabassu. B.M. Tail nakedish, with some scattered shields ; those of the base of the tail immersed ; becoming more abundant, closer, and more deve- loped at the end, especially on the underside of the tip. Dasypus unicinctus, Linn. 8. N. i. 52. D. gymnurus, Uliger; P. Max. Beitr. ii. 529. D. tatouay, Desm. Mamm. 369; Tschudi, Faun. Peru, 206 ; Guérin, Icon. Mamm. t. 34. f. 2. D. duodecim-cinctus, Schreb. Saugeth. 225, t. 75, 76. Tatusia tatoway, Lesson, Man. 311. D. multicincta, Thunb. Vet. Acad. Hand. 1818, 68, t. 1. Xenurus unicinctus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 120; Turner, P. Z.8. 1851, p. 215; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 285. Dasypus xenurus et D. 12-cinctus, Krauss, Arch. Nat. 1862, p.19. Tatusia gymnura, Rapp, Edent. 9. Cabassou, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 120, t. 11. f. 7-9 (skull). Kabassou, Buff. H. N. x. 218, t. 40. Tatou Tatouay, Azara. Hab. Brazil, 8S Catharina; Surinam (Krauss); Guiana; Peru; Paraguay. In a young specimen, not in a good state in the British Museum, the plates of the dorsal shield are eroded, with a prominent ridge on each side. See also—1l. Dasypus verrucosus, Wagler, Seba, Thesaur. t. 30. f.4; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 120; Burm. Thier. Bras. 287. 2, D. gymnurus, P. Max. and Wagner. Appear like varieties or synonoma. What ‘is Xenurus nudicaudus, Lund, Turner, P. Z, 8S. 1851, p- 219, from ‘Tail shorter and more entirely naked” (Cuvier, Oss. Foss.) ? ** Nose of skull short, compressed. Xenurus. 2, XENURUS HISPIDUS. Skull short ; nose short, compressed; nasal bones short. Dasypus hispidus, Burmeister, Thiere Bras. i. 287 ; Giebel, Zeit- schrift, 1861, p. 93, t. 2, 34. f. 3, 4 (skulls of old and young). ? Tatu, Seba, Thes. i. t. 30. f. 2, according to Burmeister. Cabassu, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 120. Hab. Brazil. In our skulls of X. unieinctus the distance from the perforation under the orbit to the end of the intermaxillary is 1? inch ; in Gie- bel’s figure it is 1,4; inch. I have not seen this species. The skull figured by Giebel is that 1865.] OF ENTOMOPHAGOUS EDENTATA. 379 of a Xenurus, judging from the constriction of the brain over the orbit ; but the face is very much shorter than in the skulls of XY. unicinctus in the Museum Collection. C. The dorsal disk only united to the body by the centre of the back, free from the hairy skin on the sides. The scapular and pelvic shields large, convex, separated by three free central rings. Feet weak; front with elongated unequal claws, on the tips of which the animal walks; hind feet club-shaped, with flat ovate nails; palms and soles covered with plates. Tail short. Skull attached to the frontal shield by two or more bony prominences. Sphzrochlamydes. The animal has the power of bending the body so as to form a nearly perfect sphere, the shield on the head and the short tuber- cular tail filling up the aperture occasioned by the notches in the scapular and pelvic shields. ‘They walk on the small end of the elephant-like hind feet, and on the tips of the slender, elongated, middle claws of the fore feet. 9. TOLYPEUTES. Head with a flat frontal shield, hinder edge prominent ; ears gra- nular. Scapular and pelvic shields large, convex ; central rings three, free. Tail short, expanded at the base ; end conical, covered with close tesserze ; upper ones very convex. ‘Toes 4 or 5, before and behind ; inner and outer small; front claws unequal; two middle elongate, large. The hind feet small; toes indistinct, united; claws ovate, flat, nearly like the human nail. Skull elongate, slender ; nose conical; intermaxillary toothless, with a bony prominence above each orbit for attaching the frontal shield. Teeth large. Osteology, Cuy. Oss. Foss. v. 123; Turner, P. Z. 8.1851, p. 215. Apar, Geoff. Compt. Rend. 1847, xxiv. 572. Cheloniscus, Fabr. Column. Tolypeutes, Illiger, Prod. 1811. . The underside of the body covered with long bristly hairs; the outer plate of the moveable rings thin, with a frill of elongate rigid hairs on the outer edge. The bodies of the males are less ventricose and more elongate than in the female; the hair on the underside of the males is grey, in the females it is blackish ; the male organ is very large and, when contracted, cylindrical and pendulous. They are very active, running with rapidity, but looking very insecure, on their slender limbs. They are called “Tatu bola” by the Brazilians. * Toes 5/5. Tail conical ; base thick; end broad, flat, truncated ; underside flattish. Frontal shield broad and arched above. Cheloniscus. 1. ToLYPEUTES TRICINCTUS. Apar. B.M. Frontal shield flat, broad ; the hinder margin not produced above 380 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENERA AND Species [Apr. 11, the head; regularly arched. Nape with three bony plates in front of the scapular shield. Front claws five; the inner and outer ones small; the middle one moderately large. Dasypus tricinctus, Linn. 8. N. 1.53; Schreb. Saugeth. 215, t. 71. D. apar, Desm. Mamm. 367, t. 26. f. 3. Tatusia apar, Lesson, Man. 310. T. tricincta, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 181; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 286. Tolypeutes tricinctus, Turner, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 215. Dasypus (Tatusia) tricinctus, Rapp, Edent. 9. Apar, Buffon, H. N. x. 206. Hab. Bolivia; Buenos Ayres. Skull of Tolypeutes tricinctus. ** Toes 4/5. Tail conical; base broadly expanded ; end conical, rather compressed ; under surface convex. Frontal shield nar- row, produced above the head, and truncated behind. Nape without any plates. Tolypeutes. 2. ToLyPEUTES CoNURUS. Mataco. B.M. Frontal shield flat, narrow, produced behind the head into a kind of hood, and truncated on the hinder edge. Nape without any tes- seree. Front claws four, the outer one small, the middle one very large and strong. Dasypus (Tolypeutes) conurus, Is. Geoff. Compt. Rend. 1847 ; Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 135; Burmeister, d. La Plata, ii. 427 ; Giebel, Zeitschrift, 1861, p. 93, t. (skull). Mataco, Azara, 11. 161. Hab. South America, La Plata (Burmeister). 1865.] OF ENTOMOPHAGOUS EDENTATA. 381 The specimen living in the Gardens of the Zoological Society, I have been informed by Mr. Bartlett and Dr. Peters, has only three front claws; all those in the British Museum have four, which ap- pears to be the normal number. In other respects the animals are similar. The shell of the living animal is blackish brown. The skin between the central rings is brown, bald, and smooth. The animal sleeps rolled up with its head downwards. The skull that Giebel (Zeitschrift, 1861, t. 234. f. 2) figures as that of Dasypus conurus may belong to this species; it is unlike the skull of Tolypeutes tricinctus in not having any tubercles over the orbits ; but it is doubtful, as one of the skulls figured on these plates is wrongly determined, and the descriptions of the skeletons to which they belong, therefore, cannot belong to the species to which they are referred. The one named D. villosus is D. sexcinctus. Tribe 3, CutamypoPpHoriINA. The dorsal disk divided into two parts behind, forming an elongated dorsal and short pelvic shield; the latter is attached to the bones of the pelvis, 10. CHLAMYDOPHORUS. The dorsal disk free beneath, only attached to the middle of the back. Pelvic shield and the tail covered with tesseree. The sides of the back under the shield, the underside of the body, and limbs covered with silky hair. Osteology, Yarrell, Zool. Journ. ; Turner, P. Z.S. 1851, p. 213; Gray, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 8 (fig. pelvis); Ann. N. H. xix. 1857, p. 492. Chlamydophorus, Harlan; Rapp, Edent. 12. Dasypus (Chlamyphorus), Fischer, Syn. 394. Chlamyphorus, Gray ; Burmeister. CuHLAMyDoPHoRUs TRUNCATUS. Pichiciago. B.M. Chlamydophorus truncatus, Harlan, Acad. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, 1825, t.; Burmeister, Reise La Plata, i. 297, 11.429 ; Rapp, Edent. 22; Yarrell, Zool. Journ. iii. 544, 1837. Chlamyphorus truncatus, Gray, P. Z. S. xxv. 1857, p. 9 (skeleton) ; Burmeister, Ann. & Mag. N. H. xi. (1863) 308. Hab. Chili; Mendoza. 11. BURMEISTERIA. The dorsal shield attached to the skin of the back to the edge. The pelvic disk. and the tail only partly covered with tessere. The sides and under part of the body and limbs covered with woolly hair. Clamydophorus, sp., Burmeister. BuRMEISTERIA RETUSA. The plates of the dorsal shield with one or two bristles on the 382 DR. J. Es GRAY ON THE GENERA AND SPECIES [Apr. II, hinder edge; those on the sides of the back with many bristles on the lower edge. The upper part of the pelvic disk with pencils of bristles. Chlamyphorus retusus, Burmeister, Abh. Naturf. Ges. zu Halle, vii. 167, t. 1, 1863; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1863, xi. 308. Hab. Bolivia; Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Burmeister). Larger than Chlamydophorus truncatus. Division 2. Body covered with hair or spines, not with armour. Fam, 3. OrYCTEROPODID. Body covered with bristles. Head conical; mouth large. Toes 4/5; inner front wanting; three middle longest. Claws broad. Osteology, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 139, t. 12; Turner, P. Z. 8. 1851, p- 220; Rapp, Edent. t. 4; Sundevall, Kong. Vet. Akad. Hand. 1841, x. 236. t. Myrmecophagina (partly), Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 190. * Orycteropodide, 'Turner, 1. c. 220. Fodientia, Giebel, Siiugeth. 412. 12. OrRYCTEROPUS. Character of family. 1. OrycrERoOPUS CAPENSIS. Aard Vark. B.M. Facial line nearly straight ; the nose elongate, thick, scarcely attenuated. Myrmecophagus capensis, Gmelin, S. N. i. 53. M. afra, Pall. Mise. Zool. 64. Orycteropus capensis, Geoff.; Desm. Mamm. 372; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 190; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 287; Smuts, Man. Cap. 52; Sundevall, 7. c. 1841, p. 228; Owen, Odont. t. 76. f. 8, 9, 11, t. 77, 78; Rapp, Edent. 13, t. 1-4 (skull). 2 O. senegalensis, Lesson, Man. 277 ; Duvernoy, Ann. Sci. Nat. xix. 192, t. 9, 1853. Cochin de Terre Allemand, Buffon, H. N. v. t. 2; Camper, Act. Petrop. 1777, p. 222, t. 4. 6 (skull). Orycterope, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 12 (skeleton). Orycterope du Cap, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 117, t. 12 (skull). Hab. South Africa, Cape of Good Hope. 2. ORYCTEROPUS ZTHIOPICUS. Forehead, before the eyes, shelving; the nose short, thin; the first front toe longer than the rest. Orycteropus ethiopicus, Sundevall, Kong. V. Akad. Hand. 1841, p- 226, t. 3. f, 1-5 ; Rapp, Edent. 13. Hab. Sennaar ( Hedenborg). 1865.] OF ENTOMOPHAGOUS EDENTATA. 383 Fam. 4. MyRMECOPHAGID. Body covered with hair. Head conical, elongate ; mouth small. Edentata genuina, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 97. Myrmecophagide, Turner, 1. c. 217. Myrmecophagina, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 190. Myrmecophaga, Linn. 8. N. i. 52. Lipodonta, Nitzsch. Vermilingua, Ill. Prodr. The ribs of the animals of this family are flat and more or less dilated on the outer side; they are most dilated in the Cyclothuri, where they are expanded nearly their whole length, and so much so that they overlap each other, and form a complete armour to the thoracic viscera. The figure given by Rapp agrees with the skele- tons in the British Museum. ‘The ribs of the skeleton of Myrme- cophaga, figured by Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. t. 9) and Rapp (Edentata, t.6), are only dilated on the middle of the outer side, and not there to such an extent as in the above-named genus. * Terrestrial. Tail bushy ; walking on side of feet, with claws curved up. 13. MyRMECOPHAGA. Toes 4/5. Palatine and pterygoid bones united beneath the nasal canal for its whole length. Fur of body and tail elongate, flaccid. Tail very bushy, lax. Skull very long, very slender; nose very slender, much longer than the brain-case. Terrestrial, living solitary in marshes. Osteology, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 97, t.9; Rapp, t. 46. MyRMECOPHAGA JUBATA. Fur blackish grey, mixed; hind limbs and a mark running ob- liquely from the shoulders upwards and backwards black. Myrmecophaga jubata, Linn. S. N. i. 52; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 288; Rapp, Edent. 14. t. 46 (skull). M. tridactyla, Linn. S. N. ed. 10, p. 35. M. sciurea, Pallas, Misc. 65. Tamanoir, Buffon, H. N. x. 144, t. 29; Supp. iii. t. 55 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 97, t. 9. Great Ant-eater, Penn. Hab. South America, La Plata. Anatomy, see Owen, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 22; Ann. & Mag. N. H. xix. 59; Trans. Zool. Soc. iv. 117; Rapp, Edent. t.46 (skeleton) ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. t. 9 (skeleton). ** Arboreal. Tail conical, prehensile ; feet clasping the branches. 14, Tamannva. Toes 5/4. Palatine and pterygoid bones united beneath the nasal 384 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENERA AND SPECIES [Apr. 11, canal for the whole length. Fur of body and tail short, bristly. Tail tapering, prehensile. Skull long, slender; nose nearly as long as brain-case (Rapp, t. 5). Living on trees. Penis (figured by Rapp, Edent. t. 6. f. 4) is elongate, cylindrical, rather tapering, covered with rings of acute tubercles and with a glo- bular gland. 1. TAMANDUA BIVITTATA. Collared Tamandua. B.M. Head, shoulders, fore limbs, outside of hind limbs, and middle of the tail white ; a stripe from each side of the neck over the shoulder and remaining part black. ‘Tail but little longer than the body ; its terminal third scaly.”’—Turner. Var. Black less intense. Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Linn. 8. N. 51. M. tetradactyla, Linn. 8S. N. 52; Rapp, Edent. 14, t. 3, t. 5 (skull). M. tamandua, Cuv.; Desm. Mamm. 374; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. (skeleton). Tamandua tetradactyla, Lesson ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 191; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 288; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 218; Desm. N. Dict. H. N. xii. 107. M. bivittata, Desm. N. Dict. H. N. xii. 107. M. nigra, Geoff.; Desm. N. Dict. H. N. xii. 107. M. myosura, Pallas, Miscell. 64. M., ursina, Griff. A. K. 16. M. ecrispus, Riipp. Mus. Senck. iii. 179. Tamandua, Buffon, H. N. x. 144; Cuvier. Oss. Foss. vy. 101. Middle Ant-eater, Penn. Hab. Brazil; Paraguay. Myrmecophaga annulata (Desm. Mamm. 374, from Krusenstern, Voyage, t. fig., altered Griffith, A. K. t. 144) and” M. annulata et M. striata (Shaw, from Buff. H. N. Supp. iii. t. 56) are only a Coati (Nasua) disfigured. 2. TAMANDUA LONGICAUDATA. Yellow Tamandua. B.M. Uniform light ochraceous, with a paler vertebral line ; tail nearly double the length of the body, its terminal half covered with small scales and a few scattered black hairs; ears large, rounded, about one-third the length of the head; no shoulder-streak. Myrmecophaga longicaudata, Wagner ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p- 218; Burm. Thier. Bras. 304. Hab. ? (B. M. and Zool. Soc.). 15. CycLotHuRvws. Toes 2/5; the outer front one much the largest. Pterygoid bones meeting, presenting two long, parallel, and little prominent crests, and much extended backward, and not forming a canal. Skull short, 1865. | OF ENTOMOPHAGOUS EDENTATA. 385 broad; nose moderate, slender, shorter than the brain-case. The ribs are very broad, dilated, forming a solid armour to the chest, and overlapping each other (see Rapp, t. 5. f. 3, 4, 5). Cyclothurus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M.; Turner, P. Z.S. 1851, p- 218. CYCLOTHURUS DIDACTYLUs. B.M. Fulvous back, blackish-washed ; feet and tail grey, longer hairs with minute black tips. Myrmecophaga didactyla, Linn. S. N. i. 51 ; Rapp, Edent. 15, t. 5. f. 3-6 (skull) ; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. (skeleton). M. minima, Brisson, R. A. 28. Cyclothurus didactylus, Lesson ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 191. Little Ant-eater, Edw. Glean. i. 220, t. 220. Fourmoulier a deux doigts, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 103. Hab. South America, Brazils. CycLoruurus porsauis. (PI. XIX.) B.M. Golden yellow, silky, back with a broad, well-defined black stripe ; feet and tail yellow. Hab. Costa Rica (Salvin). The back and sometimes the sides are washed with blackish. Al- ways known by the distinct, well-defined, broad dorsal streak, and the yellow colour of the feet and tail. Fam. 5. ORNITHORHYNCHID2. Body covered with hair or spines. Mouth in the form of a flat, depressed, or slender beak, subcylindrical. Hind feet of the male spurred. Skeleton with marsupial bone, and a merrythought ( furcula) like that of birds. Monotrema, Geoff. Replantia, Mlliger. 16, Puatypus. Beak depressed. Body covered with hair. Tail broad, short, depressed. Feet very short. Toes 5/5; front toes united by a web. Hind feet with an acute spur on inner side. Platypus, Shaw, Viv. Nat. 1799. Ornithorhynchus, Blumenbach, Handb. 135, 1800. Ornithorhynque, Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 14. Demipus, Wiedem. Zool. Arch. i. 175. PLATYPUS ANATINUS. Platypus anatinus, Shaw, Nat. Misc. t. 385; Gen. Zool. i. 229, t. 66, 67, 1799; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 288. Demipus anatinus, Wiedm. Zool. Arch. i. 175, t. Ornithorhynchus paradowus, Blumenb. Handb. ed. 10, p- 135; Abbild. t. 41, 1800; Home, Phil. Trans. 1802, p. 87. 386 PROF. HUXLEY ON THE STOMACH (Apr. LI, O. anatinus, Gould, Mamm. Austr. i. t. 1. O. brevirostris, Ogilby, P. Z.S. 1831, p. 150. O. rufus, Leach, Zool. Mise. 136. O. fuscus, Leach, Zool. Misc. ii. 136, t. 111. O. crispus et O. levis, Macgillivray, Mem. Wern. Soc. v. 127. Duck-billed Platypus, Shaw. Ornithorhynche, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 143, t. 14 (skeleton). - Hab. South-eastern Australia and Van Diemen’s Land. 17. EcuipNa. Beak elongate, cylindrical, attenuated. Mouth small, terminal. Tongue very long. Body covered with spines. Tail very short Osteology, Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 13 (shield). Echidna, Cuy. Tabl. Elém. 143, 1797. Tachyglossus, Illiger, Prod. 1811. Ornithorhynchus, sp., Home. Myrmecophaga, sp., Shaw. EcuHIDNA ACULEATA. Echidna australiensis, Less. Man. 318. E. hystrix, Cuv. R. A. i. 226; Leach, Zool. Mise. ii. t. 90 ; Gould, Mamm. Austr. i. t. 2; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 288. E.. longiaculeata, Tiedem. Zool. i. 592. Myrmecophaga aculeata, Shaw, Nat. Misc. t. 109, 1792. Tachyglossus aculeatus, Ilig.; Schreb. Saugeth. t. 63 B. T. hystrix, Wagner; Schreb. Saugeth. iv. 242. Ornithorhynchus hystrix, Home, Phil. Trans. 1802, p. 348. Porcupine Anteater, Shaw. Echidne, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 144, 613 (skeleton). Hab. Australia. Var. More hairy. Echidna setosa, Cuv. R. A. i. 226; Gould, Mamm. Austr. i. t. 3. E. brevicaudata, Tiedemann, Zool. i. 392. Tachyglossus setosus, Iliger ; Schreb. Saugeth. t. 63. Hab. Van Diemen’s Land. 5. On THE STRUCTURE OF THE STOMACH IN DESMODUS RUFUS. By Pror. T. H. Huxuey, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. According to Cuvier (Lecons, ed. 2, t. iv. pt. ii. p. 31), the Chei- roptera exhibit three principal forms of stomach, which are related to their varied food. There is the transversely elongated tubular stomach possessed by those Cheiroptera which live on fruit ; the glo- bular stomach, with closely approximated cardiac and pyloric orifices, exhibited by the specially insectivorous Bats ; and the longitudinally elongated, conical stomach, with a pyloric cecum, found in those Bats which suck the blood of other animals. By way of commen- 1865. ] OF DESMODUS RUFUS. 387 tary on the last proposition, Duvernoy adds (J. c. p. 32) that the stomach of the blood-suckers is “ more or less straight and elongated, approaching in form and structure that of the Carnivora ;” while at page 33 he writes :— “In the Phyllostomes the stomach presents two principal forms. The group with bilobed median incisors has it elongated, without any pyloric cecum, but with a very long tubular pyloric part, the - pylorus and the cardia being situated at the apex and the base of a long recurved cone. This elongated form, which recalls that of the most voracious Carnivora, is also seen in a species with median, simple, anomalous incisors. In the Vampyre (V. spectrum) the stomach is larger and approaches a rounded form, having the py- lorus and the cardia closely approximated, though there is a short tubular pyloric portion. In two species of Phyllostomes, with simple median incisors, the stomach is altogether globular, with the two orifices approximated, and the czeca lost in the common cavity.” I find that Desmodus rufus presents a fourth kind of stomach, which is not only different from all these, but is unlike any form of that organ which has hitherto been observed in the mammalian series. The gullet (a) is exceedingly narrow, and opens into a transversely elongated tube (Py), which passes on the right side into the intes- tine (J, [,I). ‘The duodenum and the stomach are not outwardly separated by any pyloric constriction ; but as the gall-duct (2) is in- serted at a distance of not more than 0-2 inch from the cesophageal aperture, it is clear that the pyloric division of the stomach is ex- ceedingly abbreviated. The cardiac division, on the other hand, is enormously elongated, forming a vast caecum, sharply bent upon itself, and several inches in length (Ca, Cd). At first this cecum is not wider than that part of the stomach into which the cesophagus opens; but before it bends upon itself it has fully twice that diameter, and the recurved portion remains wide throughout, dilating, somewhat suddenly, to- wards its ceecal end, and then slightly narrowing again to its termi- nation. In one specimen which I examined, the body of the Desmodus, from the snout to the end of the coccyx, measured 3:2 inches in length; and the intestine, from the pylorus to the anus, was 11 inches long; while the gastric ceecum, straightened out, measured 6:5 inches in length, so that this remarkable diverticulum of the stomach was twice as long as the body, and nearly two-thirds as long as the intestine. In the ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle,’ Mr. Waterhouse, in concluding his description of a species of Desmodus (D. @ orbignyi), remarks— ‘Tt is desirable perhaps to separate the blood-sucking Bats from the insectivorous species, and place them between the latter group and the Pteropina (with which they agree in the large size of the thumb and the rudimentary interfemoral membrane) under a sec- tional name, which I propose to call Hamatophilini.” 388 PROF. HUXLEY ON THE STOMACH [Apr. 11, Desmodus rufus. The thoracic and abdominal cavities are laid open; and the alimentary canal is unravelled and displayed throughout its whole length. From a preparation in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. @. The cesophagus. Ca. The commencement of the cardiac sac of the stomach. Cd. The blind end of that sac. Py. The short pyloric division of the stomach. Sp. The spleen. L. The liver, with, x, the point at which the bile-duct opens into the ali- mentary canal. J, J, J. The intestine. The parts are represented of the na- tural size. It does not quite clearly appear whether by “ blood-sucking Bats” Mr. Waterhouse denotes the Desmodi only, or whether he includes the blood-sucking Phyllostomes with them. On the former suppo- sition I am disposed not only to agree with Mr. Waterhouse, but even to go so much further as to regard the Desmodine genera, Desmodus and Diphylla, as constituting, under the title of HaMATOPHILINA, one of the three primary divisions of the Cheiroptera, the other two being the Frueivora and the INsEcTIVORA. In the Fruervora the nose and ears present no unusual modifi- cation. With the exception of Hypoderma and Notopteris, the index digit is provided with a nail. The upper incisor teeth are of mode- 1865.] OF DESMODUS RUFUS. 389 rate size or very small. Before they are worn, the crowns of the molar teeth are divided into two ridges by a longitudinal furrow. The pyloric region of the stomach is greatly elongated; the uterus is two-horned. In the Insectivora, or ENromopHaGa, there are foliaceous de- velopments of the integument of the nose, or of the ears, or of both. The upper incisor teeth are of moderate size, or are very small. The molar teeth have V-shaped cusps, and do not exceed = or fall below = in number. The index is not only devoid of anail, but has frequently no bony phalanx at all, and never possesses more than two ossified phalanges. The stomach is either like that of the Carnivora or is globular, the cardiac and pyloric orifices being closely approximated. The uterus is pyriform. Lastly, in the Hamaroruixina the integumentary appendages of the nose and ears are small or rudimentary. The index is devoid of a nail, and has only a single phalanx. The median upper incisors are enormous, and are alone retained in the adult. The two pairs of lower incisors are small and pectinated. The molars are =, with crowns rising to a sharp longitudinal ridge. If the other species of Desmodus and Diphylla are like Desmodus rufus, the cesophagus is very narrow, and the stomach has an immense cardiac cecum in this group. The substance of the above remarks was contained in a lecture upon the organization of the Cheiroptera, which formed part of my course at the Royal College of Surgeons during the present year. I was not at that time aware that my friend Prof. Peters, of Berlin, had already noted the anomalous character of the stomach of Desmodus in the pages of a work upon the Mammalia which is at present un- published, but which we may hope will not long remain so; and from a proof-sheet of which I quote the following passage :— “4, Subfamily Desmodi...... The stomach is very small, and has, on the left side (not at the pylorus), an intestiniform ap- pendage 1 to 2 inches in length.” Further, I gather from this proof, and from conversation with Prof. Peters, that he regards Desmodus merely as a somewhat aber- rant member of the subfamily of the Phyllostomata, and not as the type of a primary division of the Cheiroptera. The peculiarities of the dentition of the Desmodi are, he considers, foreshadowed by the Stenodermata, containing the genera Stenoderma, Chiroderma, Sturnira, Brachyphylla, and Centurio, the true molar teeth of which are distinguished by having an external cutting, or notched margin, and usually acute cusps on the middle of the masticating surface ; while they never have the V-shaped cusps of their allies, and are said to live exclusively on fruits. In several of these genera the total number of molar and premolar teeth does not exceed four on each side, above and below—a character which is also to be regarded as an approximation towards the extreme reduction observed in Desmodus. Professor Peters’s acquaintance with the Bats is so extensive and 390 DR. J. MURIE ON A DEFORMITY OF THE (Apr. 11, profound that I feel bound to call particular attention to these views, which substantially constitute objections to the taxonomic sugges- tions I have ventured to throw out. 6. On Derormity or THE LoweR JAW IN THE CACHALOT (PHYSETER MACROCEPHALUS, Linn.). By James Murie, M.D. The great length, the graceful elegance, and the beautiful sym- metry of the lower jaws, as well as the regularity of the teeth, of the common Cachalot, are often striking objects of admiration in our museums. Occasionally, however, these jaws are found deformed in a very curious manner, and in such a way as at first sight cannot readily be accounted for. With the exception of the short graphic account given by Mr. Beale in his ‘ Natural History of the Sperm Whale’ (1839, p. 36), I am not aware of any original description or observation on this anomalous condition ; and as three examples of a well-marked kind have fallen under my notice, I have considered it might not be un- interesting to examine, as far as the specimens have permitted, their exact condition, in order, if possible, to elucidate the cause of this abnormality. The first specimen I have to mention I saw when I was in New York a few years ago. I then paid a visit to the Museum in con- nexion with the United States Navy Yard at Brooklyn ; and among the various curiosities exhibited I observed the right moiety of the lower jaw of a Cachalot, which arrested my attention from its pecu- liar shape. I made inquiries concerning the specimen, but failed to obtain any history in connexion with it. The unusual form of this half of a lower jaw (of a comparatively speaking young animal) consisted in the symphysis and anterior half of the body being twisted at nearly right angles to the ordinary di- rection of the bone. The ramus was perfectly normal ; and the body from thence onwards to about its middle seemed quite natural. From this latter part, however, it took a quick curve outwards almost rec- tangularly, then with a second larger sweeping curve it bent itself somewhat backwards, and further on towards the anterior end of the symphysis it again recurved itself a short way forwards, not unlike the manner depicted in fig. 2, of a somewhat similar-sized jaw in the British Museum. The specimen, no. 2452, vol. ii. of the Physiological Series in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons*, presented by Fred. D. Bennett, Esq., F.L.S., is described in the catalogue as « The right ramus of the lower jaw of a Physeter, the anterior part of which is curved strongly inwards and backwards, in consequence of some injury received in youth.” * My acknowledgments are due to the Museum Committee for permission to figure this most interesting object. 1865. ] LOWER JAW IN THE CACHALOT. 391 Fig. 1. This second specimen (fig. 1) is another illustration of the same kind of twisting as the one already described, and resembling it in being towards the right side; but in this case the jaw has been sawn across merely to preserve the interesting part of it ; though, from the proportional size of the piece, compared with adult specimens in the same museum, one has no hesitation in referring it also to a young animal. The total length of the bone in a straight line is 23 inches, but following the curve it is as much as 33 inches. It contains nine- teen sockets for the teeth. The ramus of the jaw seems normal as far forwards as the symphysis ; thence inclining at a slight angle out- wards for about a distance of 14 inches, it makes again a sudden sharp turn outwards, and then a second as quickly backwards, so as to resemble a hook in figure. The plane of the bone is also very much altered in position ; this is best observed by following the course of the alveoli and sockets of the teeth. The extremity towards the ramus (where the jaw is cut across) has the alveolus in the na- tural position; but the fourth and fifth sockets forwards from this exhibit a slight inclination outwards; and this alteration of the sockets and plane of the bone goes on to the centre of the concavity of the twist, where they are no longer above, but on the middle of the side, and with a direction backwards (fig. 1a). From this they still continue to alter in position to the extremity of the hook, where 392 DR. J. MURIE ON A DEFORMITY OF THE [Apr. 11, the inner surface of the bone, which ought to have been in approxima- tion with the left half, comes to be upon the upper surface (fig. 1 4),. while the sockets are thrown round, partly looking opposite to those in the hinder part of the jaw, and partly on the under surface. The bone in this instance is increased in density, and several of the sockets for the teeth have spongy bone thrown out upon their sur- faces, showing that the parts have suffered at one time or other from chronic inflammation. The bone otherwise is healthy, or such as if it had not suffered from rachitis or other softening causes. The third example is one which gives a better idea of this anoma- lous condition (see fig. 2). It is a specimen contained in the Osteo- logical Collection at the British Museum, which I was enabled to examine carefully through the kindness of Dr. Gray and Mr. Gerrard. There is no history attached to it. The two halves of the jaw are complete, but separated from each other. Their size shows the animal to have been young, although of considerable dimensions. The length of the two, placed in juxta- position, in a straight median line from opposite the posterior ends of the rami to the anterior surface of the bend, is about 65 inches, while the measurement following the curve of the right half to the tip of the jaw is 92 inches. Their anterior fourth has a curve to- wards the left side, in shape not unlike a shepherd’s crook ; and they have besides a twist upon themselves. Each lateral half of this inferior maxillary bone presents characters sufficient to make it worthy of a separate description. The left has twenty-two sockets in its alveolar process. Following these as the most simple guide to the nature of the twist, we find the posterior six alveoli to be nearly on the upper surface, or in natural position ; the next seven in advance (which occupy the hinder end of the sym- physis) by degrees change from the upright position, so that the foremost one at the middle of the crook comes to be on the outer side of the jaw, and points directly backwards to the condyles. The four alveoli anterior to these last return gradually from the outer side to the upper surface, and the remaining five in front continue as it were in their normal position, that is, directed upwards. The bone of the jaw, besides the double angular bend, has in the mean time rolled itself outwards along with the sockets, so that the internal edge of the symphysis at the sharp bulging curve (fig. 2.@) is upon the upper surface; then as the bone bends backwards and outwards the symphysis returns or rolls itself inwards (fig. 2.¢), so that at the anterior end it is first above and then comes to be almost on the inward and under surface. The symphysis has therefore a double bend and a double twist. The pathological condition of the left half of the jaw is as fol- lows :—The alveoli, as far forwards as the wide bend, are partially filled with spongy exostosed bone ; the rest of the anterior alveoli have likewise traces of spongy bone in them, but their cavities seem rather widened than otherwise. The bone of the symphysis at the outward bend is very much augmented in breadth, thickness, and density (fig. 2@); and internally it fits into a large hollow in the 1865.] LOWER JAW IN THE CACHALOT. 393 bone of the right side, which last is seemingly worn into a groove ‘by the continued pressure of the left half on it (fig. 26). Internally and below, the surface of the latter bulging part of the bone has a fibrous appearance, the lines being gently curved round, but in no way as if the jaw had been fractured or received a sudden single powerful twist. Above the last-mentioned place the surface of the bone is roughened and porous in appearance, like what is produced by periostitis. The remainder of the bone to the tip is diminished in thickness. The right half of the inferior maxillary bone has a similar shep- Fig. 2. Abnormal lower jaw of Catodon (Physeter macrocephalus, Linn.) in the British Museum. Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1865, No. XXVI. 394 DR. J. MURIE ON A DEFORMITY OF THE [Apr. 11, herd’s crook-like bend to the left side. Its six posterior alveoli are normal in position ; the seven or eight anterior to these incline out- wards to the middle of the side, and the two most advanced of these last have a direction directly forwards, therefore quite in an opposite manner to their fellows of the left side. The remaining front alveoli of the right side, from being placed laterally, curve back almost to the vertical. The posterior sockets forwards to where the bend begins, as in the left half, are lined with spongy exostosis; but on the outer surface of the bend itself, the alveolar cavity becomes exceedingly shallow and superficial, and three sockets at this place are nearly obliterated ; what cavities remain are merely narrow lengthened slits. The next three alveoli anterior to the bend are all but filled with bony matter, and those still more in advance have a similar deposition, but in smaller quantity. The inner surface of the symphysis at the bend, as already noticed, is scooped out (fig. 2 6), and the wall of the bone at this part is worn to a mere shell; but forwards from this the bone is much more dense and solid. Hence from this it results, that besides the difference in the di- rection of the alveoli in the two halves of the jaw, they also differ in the right being hollowed and atrophied at the bend and normal in density at the anterior part of the symphysis ; while, on the other hand, the left side has its bend considerably hypertrophied, with the tip atrophied. Of such rather extraordinary conditions of the lower jaw Beale, as previously referred to, says :— * Besides blindness, this Whale is frequently subject to deformity of the lower jaw, two instances of which I have seen myself, in which the deformity was so great as to render it impossible for the animal to find the jaws useful in catching such fish, or even, one would have supposed, in deglutition ; yet these Whales possessed as much blubber and were as rich in oil as any of a similar size I have seen before or since. “Tn both these instances of crooked jaws the nutrition of the ani- mal appeared to be equally perfect ; but they were different, in one case the jaws being bent to the right side and rolled as it were like a scroll; in the other it was bent downwards, but also curved upon itself. “Tt would be interesting here to inquire into the cause of this deformity ; but whether it is the effect of disease or the consequence of accident I am unable to determine. ‘* Old whalers affirm that it is caused by fighting. They state that the Sperm Whales rush head first one upon the other, their mouths at the same time wide open, their object appearing to be the seizing of their opponent by the lower jaw, for which purpose they fre- quently turn themselves on the side; in this manner they become as it were locked together, their jaws crossing each other, and in this manner they strive vehemently for the mastery. ‘ $409) fA se: 0-110 Length of the tail without hair................ 0°080 The specimen represented was obtained by the Rev. H. Baker, of Mundakyum, Alipi, in Southern Malabar, who gives the following note on the species (J. A. S. B. xxviii. p. 289) :— “«T was ignorant of the existence of this animal till about a year ago, when I found it in a range of hills about 3000 feet high. It lives in the clefts of the rocks and hollow trees, is said to hoard ears of grain and roots, seldom comes into the native huts, and in that par- ticular neighbourhood the hill-men tell me they are very numerous. I know they are to be found in the rocky mountains of Travancore ; but I never met with them in the plains.” DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XX. Fig. 1. Platacanthomys lasiurus, of the natural size. Fig. 2. Skull and lower jaw, side view. Fig. 3. Skull from above. Fig. 4. Skull from below. Fig. 5. Front view of the skull. Fig. 6. Lower jaw from above. Fig. 7. Upper molar teeth of the left side, magnified. Fig. 8. Lower molar teeth of the right side, magnified. Fig. 9. A bristle, magnified. 400 DR. W. PETERS ON THE MAMMALS OF ANGOLA. [Apr. 25, 2. Nore oN THE MAMMALIA OBSERVED BY Dr. WELWITSCH IN AnGouta. By Dr. W. Prrers, For. Meme. Our knowledge of the fauna of Angola is so very limited that any contribution to it may be welcome*. Some of the Mammalia collected by Dr. Welwitsch, during his sojourn in that country, and kindly submitted to my examination, are the following :— 1. CERCOPITHECUS SAMANGO, Sund. Near Sansamanda, district Pungo Andongo. 2, EPOMOPHORUS GAMBIANUS, Ogilby. One specimen from Loando. 3. PHYLLORHINA GiGas, Wagner. Three specimens from Loando. 4. Canis apustus, Sundevall. A skin and skull of a young specimen of this peculiar species (not yet in the British Museum) from Golungo Alto. 5. ZORILLA AFRICANA. One specimen from Golungo Alto. 6. ZoRILLA ALBINUCHA, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 69, pl. x. One specimen from Golungo Alto. I should have taken it for a variety of the former from the same locality. But Dr. Welwitsch tells me that he found them constantly different, and that the natives also distinguish them by different names, calling the Zorilla africana “‘Sangamba onene’”’ (the large Sangamba), and the Zorilla albi- nucha, Gray, simply ‘‘ Sangamba.” 7. FELis, sp. A skull of a species of this genus, perhaps belonging to F. caligata, from Ambaca. 8. Fexis (CyN2ZLURUS) GuTraTa, Hermann. Head, foot, and part of skin of a specimen found between Pungo- andongo and Cassange. 9. MERIONES SCHLEGELII, Smuts. Three specimens from the sandy hills near Loando. 10. PepeTEs CAFFER, Ill. An imperfect skin from the district of Golungo Alto, which shows the wide distribution of this species. * In the ‘ Proceedings ’ for 1860, p. 245, Dr. Sclater has given a list of nine species obtained by Mr. J. Monteiro in this country. 1865.] ON MAMMALS FROM WESTERN AFRICA. 401 11. Hyrax arsorerus, Smith. A perfect skin, with skull, from a specimen which was killed when it was climbing a tree. The white hairs surrounding the dorsal gland are partly rusty ; the hair of the upper parts is black, with a large white subapical ring and without any mixture of brown; the hairs of the sides are dirty brown, with a white ring. There is no specimen cor- responding in colour with Smith’s H. ardoreus in the British Mu- seum ; and although the skull has the same flattened form as that of H. capensis, and the whole animal is of the same size, the H. ar- boreus may prove to be a good species, not only differing in colour, but also in the greater shortness of the ear. Dr. Welwitsch tells me that this species is common in rocky loca- lities on the shores of the River Maiomba, in the district of Mossa- medes, and that it differs always by its larger size from a second species living in the interior of Angola. 3. Sur QuELQuEs MAMMIFERES RARES ET PEU CONNUS, D’AF- RIQUE OCCIDENTALE, QUI SE TROUVENT AU MusrtumM DE Lissponne. Par Dr. J. V. BARBoza pu BocaGce. Je viens de recevoir d’un de mes plus intelligents et plus zélés correspondants @ Angola, M. le lieutenant Baydo, les dépouilles de plusieurs mammiféres, dont je citerai les plus rares ou les moins connus. , 1. GaLaco MONTETIRU, Bartlett, P.Z.S. 1863, p. 231, pl. xxvii. Deux peaux, et un squelette complet. Hab. Le district du Duque de Braganca (Angola). 2. ZoniLLA ALBINUCHA, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 69, pl. x. Deux peaux, et un squelette complet. Hab. Le district du Duque de Braganga. La description et la figure citées de M. Gray conviennent parfaite- ment a mes deux spécimens, excepté ce qui a rapport & la coloration du dessus de la téte. D’aprés le savant directeur du Musée Britan- nique, le Z. albinucha a, comme son nom lindique, le dessus de la téte blanc, et les raies dorsales et la queue d’un jaune blanchatre, tandis que je trouve chez mes spécimens le dessus de la téte, aussi bien que les raies dorsales et la queue, d’une belle couleur jaune. Cependant, malgré ces légéres différences, je ne crois pas devoir rap- porter mes spécimens 4 une espéce nouvelle, car je suis persuadé qu elles sont 4 peine l’effet du différent état de conservation de mes peaux et de celle qui 4 servi 4 M. Gray pour sa description. J’ajou- terai que, d’aprés mes propres observations, le séjour dans |’alcodl un peu fort, et l’action constante d’une vive lumiére, attaquent sen- siblement cette coloration jaune, et doivent finir par la changer dans un blanc sale. 402 DR. BARBOZA DU BOCAGE ON [Apr. 25, Pour éviter les facheux résultats d’une dénomination inexacte, je propose de changer le nom de cette espéce dans celui de Zorilla flavistriata, qui lui convient parfaitement. 3. BpEoGALE niGripes, Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1855, p- 111; Arch. Mus. t. x. p. 120. Un individu trés-jeune, en alcool. Hab. Le district du Duque de Braganga. 4. CRociIDURA ZQUATORIALIS, Pucheran, Arch. Mus. t. x. p- 127, pl. 12. f. 3. 5. BayontIa VELOX. Cynogale velox et Potamogale velox, Du Chaillu, Journ. N. H. Soc. of Boston, 1860, p. 361. Mythomys velox, Gray, P. Z.S. 1861, p. 265. Une peau en trés-bon état, un squelette incomplet, un foetus de 14 centimétres 4 peau tout-a-fait nue. Hab. Le district du Duque de Braganga. Voici la déscription succincte de ce curieux Insectivore, que M. Du Chaillu a pris pour un Carnassier, et M. Gray pour un Rongeur. Corps allongé, bas sur les pieds, le ventre devant raser le sol pen- dant la marche. Téte longue, étroite, déprimée, 4 museau large et arrondi, avec un petit mufle nu profondement divisé par une dé- pression verticale. Oreilles de grandeur réguliére, arrondies, cou- vertes de poils courts et rares sur les deux faces. Yeux trés-petits. Moustaches longues, raides, implantées sur tout l’espace qui s’étend du bout du museau 4 l’ceil. Bouche médiocre, reculée, inférieure. Queue assez longue, égalant presque le tronc et la téte réunis, com- primée et couverte de poils longs comme ceux du corps dans sa premitre moitié, trés comprimée et couverte de poils trés-courts, ras, dans le reste de son étendue. Membres courts, plantigrades, penta- dactyles. Doigts libres, 4 peine réunis a leur base par un rudiment de palmure, tous comprimés; le premier le plus court, aprés lui le cinquiéme, le second et le quatriéme égaux, le troisiéme le plus long. Le second et le troisiéme orteils étroitement unis par la peau jusqu’a la base de la derniére phalange, les autres libres, tous comprimés ; le premier et le cinquiéme presque égaux et les plus courts, le se- cond, le troisiéme, et le quatriéme d’égale longueur. Deux mam- milles abdominales. Coloration.—Le dessus et les cotés de la téte, le dos et les flancs, la moitié supérieure de la premiere portion de la queue, et la portion apicale de cet organe en entier d’un brun foncé, comme chez notre Loutre vulgaire. Les lévres supérieures, le dessous de la téte, le cou, la poitrine, le ventre, et la moiti¢ inférieure de la premiére portion de la queue entiérement blanches. Sur les flancs des poils blanes sont mélé aux poils bruns, d’ot résulte une nuance moins foncée. a face externe des membres est, en partie, brune. Les ongles sont ancs. 1865.) . MAMMALS FROM WESTERN AFRICA. 403 Dimensions :— Longueur totale .............. 55°0 centimétres. ———=-_——) deilaitéten:). s).n106 ga os) 152 3 de la queue...... Bawa 27-0 “4 Diamétre des yeux ....... ..... 243 millimétres. Caractéres ostévlogiques.—Crane (fig. 6) trés-alongé, sans arcade zy gomatique et sans cadre orbitaire complet. Machoire inférieure plus étroite en arriére que la machoire supérieure, d’ot résulte que les dents molaires inférieures vont se placer, quand la bouche est fermée, dans les intervalles des dents molaires supérieures (comparer figs. ¢ et d). Bassin trés-ouvert inférieurement, les pubis trés-écartés. La portion caudale de la colonne vertébrale profondement modifiée pour la vie aquatique: les vertébres de cette région portent en dessus des apophyses épineuses trés-développées et trés-larges, et terminant supérieurement par une grande lame horizontale; en dessous, sur les intervalles des corps vertébraux, s’articulent des os en V trés- grands et d’une forme particuliére. Chacun de ces os est composé de deux branches, qui, aprés s’étre réunies inférieurement, se pro- longent de chaque cété en une lame horizontale. Ces vertébres ont aussi des apophyses transverses bien développées, horizontales, et en forme de lames. De cette facon la queue présente, des deux cétés, deux gouttiéres longitudinales, paralléles et profondes, l’une comprise entre les apophyses transverses et les lames horizontales des apo- physes épineuses, l’autre limitée par les premiéres apophyses et les lames horizontales des os en V. Deux longs muscles puissants sadaptent a ces gouttiéres. Dents 40 ; 20 4 chaque machoire, mais différemment disposées. A la machoire supérieure (figs. 6, c):—Une paire de dents anté- rieures longues, légérement courbes, prismatiques, rapprochées l’une de Pautre ; ensuite, de chaque cété, quatre dents intermédiaires 4 cou- 404 ON MAMMALS FROM WESTERN AFRICA. [Apr. 25, ronne trés-comprimée et triangulaire, presque égales, et cing molaires qui demandent une description plus détaillée. La premiére de ces dents, tout en conservant en dehors la forme des dents intermédiaires, au lieu d’avoir, comme ellesgla couronne simple et comprimée, porte en dedans un talon assez prononcé, Les quatre autres molaires trés- alongées dans le sens transversal, vont en se rétrécissant de dehors en dedans jusqu’a finir en pointe, de maniére que leur surface libre présente la forme triangulaire ; elles ont*en dehors, exactement sur le bord externe, une pointe*élevée accompagnée de chaque cété d’une autre pointe plus courte, au milieu de leur surface libre elles ont encore un tubercule pointu, et leur extrémité interne, ou le sommet du tri- angle, se prolonge en un autre tubercule vertical, également pointu. la machoire inférieure (figs. 4, 2): En avant deux dents longues et prismatiques, comme la paire antérieure de l'autre machoire, mais séparées par une paire de dents plus petites et étroites. De chaque cété, quatre dents intermédiaires, comprimées, triangulaires, toutes égales quant & la forme, mais de diverse longueur ; la premitre est la plus petite, la seconde et la quatriéme les plus grandes. Les molaires en nombre de quatre, sont grosses, 4 couronne de forme quadrangu- laire et armée de trois pointes; elles portent en arriére un talon bien distinct, qui s’éléve 4 la mi-hauteur de leurs couronnes. fam Dy FF : 3 am ae = =i <9 WA <7, L’esquisse rapide que je viens de présenter suffira, je l’espére, pour lever tous les doutes au sujet de la parfaite identité de l’animal que je viens de recevoir d’Angola et des espéces crées par MM. Du Chaillu et Gray. J’espére également que tout le monde sera d’ac- cord quant a le placer parmi les Insectivores, dont il restera, pour le moment, par ses dimensions la plus grande espéce vivante. Par son systéme dentaire et par ses autres caractéres ostéologiques il differe si complétement de tous les genres admis dans cet ordre de mammiféres, que j’ai di ne pas hésiter 4 en faire un genre nouveau. Puisse-t-il étre admis par les zoologistes, et perpétuer notre hommage de reconnaissance aux services rendus au Musée de Lisbonne et 4 la science par l’indéfatigable explorateur, M. le lieutenant Bayao! Je n’ai pas le tems de discuter ici la place qu’il convient de donner a ce nouveau genre dans l’ordre owt il doit étre admis. Je ferai seulement remarquer que par ses dents molaires supérieures il ne ressemble pas 4 aucun autre Insectivore, mais par d’autres caractéres ostéologiques il se rapproche un peu des Tenrecs et des Sorex. ~ P.Z.5.1865 PL: XX1. Sowerby. hth, Me ee a WALLACES NEW 12 M.&N Hanhart mp LAND-SHELLS. ry ya 1865.] ON THE LAND SHELLS OF THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. 405 4, List oF THE LAND SHELLS COLLECTED BY Mr. WALLACE IN THE Matay ARCHIPELAGO, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THE New Species spy Mr. Henry Apams. By Atrrep R. Wautace, F.Z.S., F.R.G.S. (Plate XXI.) The following list has been drawn up principally with the view of recording the localities of the various species collected by me, and thus furnishing materials towards a more accurate knowledge of the geographical distribution of these animals. Of the 125 species in the list, upwards of fifty were first obtained by myself; and of a considerable number of the others, accurate localities are now for the first time given. The restricted range so characteristic of land shells is well shown by my collection, no less than ninety species, or more than two-thirds of the whole, being confined each to a single island. The difference between the faunas of the Indo-Malayan and Austro- Malayan regions is also well marked, a number of characteristic genera and species of true Helicide being peculiar to the latter ; while only four of this family were found by me in the former re- gion. The true thick-lipped Bulimi are quite absent from the Mo- luccas and New Guinea, as they are from Australia; while they abound in the Indo-Malayan islands, and have extended thence into Celebes and through the islands east of Java as far as Timor. The various species have been named by comparison with the type specimens in Mr. Cuming’s collection; and to Mr. H. Adams’s kind assistance are due the determination and arrangement of the genera and families. He has also described the eight species which are unique in the collection. With a very few exceptions, all the shells comprised in this list now form part of the collection of William Wilson Saunders, Esq. STENOPIDZ. 1. HELICARION ID. Hab. Bouru ( Wall.) ; Celebes (Pfr.). 2. MicrocysTIS MISELLA, Fer. Hab. Aru Islands ( Wail.) ; Moluccas; Marian Islands (Albers). Remark.—Found on a rotten trunk. 3. MACROCHLAMYS CONSUL, Pfr. Hab. Borneo ; Bouru (Wail.). 4. MacrocHLAmys GLUTINOSA, Met. Hab. Borneo ( Waill.). Remark.—Found among fallen leaves. 5. NANINA CITRINA, Linn. Hab. Aru Islands (Wall.): var., small, yellow, without bands. 406 MESSRS. A. R. WALLACE AND H. ADAMS ON THE [Apr. 25, Ceram (Wall.): var., large, variously coloured and banded. Gilolo (Wall.): var., small, yellow, with pale bands. Mysol (Wall.): var., small, white, with milky bands. Ké Islands (Waill.): var., large, cream-coloured, with brown bands. Sulla Islands ( Wail.) : var., various, purple-tinged. Remark.—Found upon foliage and tree-trunks. 6. Nanina AvuLica, Pfr. Hab. New Guinea; Waigiou (Wail.). Remark.—Found in swamps, among roots and foliage of Sago- palms. 7, NANINA CINCTA, Lea. Hab. Menado (Celebes) (Wail.). 8. NANINA WALLACE], Pfr. Hab. Macassar (Celebes) (Wail.). 9. Nantna Luctuosa, Beck. Hab. Ceram; Goram; Batchian (Wall.). Brown-black variety, Aru Islands (Waill.). Remark.—On foliage. 10. NANINA IGNESCENS, Pfr. Hab. Batchian (Wall.). Pale and brown varieties. Remark.—Found on foliage. 11. Nanina TUMENS, Desh. Hab. Timor (Wail.). 12. HemiIpLecTA HUMPHREYSIANA, Lea. Hab. Singapore (Wail.). 13. HEMIPLECTA SCHUMACHERIANA, Pfr. Hab. Borneo (Wail.). 14. HemripeLecra PEASEANA, Pfr. Hab. Bouru; Timor (Wail.). 15. Hemretectra pura, Pfr. Hab. Waigiou (Wall.). Remark. Found on dead trunk of fallen tree. 16. HeEMIPLECTA NANINOIDES, Bens. Hab. Singapore (Waill.). Remark.—On walls and roads near the town. 17. Hemrevecta crparis, Lam. Hab. Celebes (Wall.) ; Timor (Lam.). 1865.] | LAND SHELLS OF THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. 407 18. Hemrerectra RAREGUTTATA, Mouss. Hab. Solor (Wall.): var., pale brown, more or less tinged and irrorated with ashy. Flores (Wall.): var., pale or dark brown, im- maculate. 19. HemipcLecta Bexa, Pfr. Hab. Ceram (Waill.). 20. Hemiretecra crrcuMpPIctTA, Mouss. = Jee us Hab. Macassar (Celebes) (Waill.). 21. Hemtipetecta SULPHUREA, Reeve. ~ Hab. Macassar (Celebes) (Wall.). 22. Hemipiecra NEMORENSIS, Mill. Hab. Lombock (Wall.). 23. HemIeLecta COFFE, Pfr. Hab. Lombock (Wail.). 24. Ryssota Brooker, Ad. & Reeve. Hab. Sarawak (Borneo) (Fall.). Remark.—Among fallen leaves in the mountain forests. 25. ? RyssorTa REGALIS, Bens. Hab. Borneo (Wail.). Remark.—Found in the swamps of Nipa-palm. 26. ? Ryssora sanus, Chem. Hab. Malacca (Wail.). 27. ?Ryssora nasuta, Met. Hab. Borneo (Wail.). HE.icip2. HELICELLIN:. 28. TrocHomorPHA LYCHNIA, Bens. Hab. Malacca (Wail.) ; Singapore (Bens.). Remark.—Found on rotten trunks. 29. TRocHoMORPHA CONICOIDES, Met. Hab. Borneo (Wail.). Remark.—Found on rotten trunks. 30. TrRocHomorPHA BATCHIANENSIS, Pfr. Hab. Batchian (Wail.). 408 MESSRS. A. R. WALLACE AND H. ADAMS ON THE [Apr. 25, 31. TROCHOMORPHA PLANORBIS, Less. Hab. Macassar ; Batchian; Aru Islands (Wall.); New Guinea (Less.). Remark.—Found on dead trees and rotten bark. 32. TROCHOMORPHA TROPIDOPHORA, Ad. & Reeve. Hab. Borneo (Wall.). Remark.—Found on and under rotten bark. «* From the observations of Mr. W. T. Blanford, the animal of 7’. lychnia is without a mucous pore at the extremity of the foot; and Trochomorpha therefore must be removed from the family Stenopide. The species infula, Bens., however, hitherto included in Trocho- morpha, is, according to Mr. Blanford, furnished with one, and must remain in that family, where it may be considered the type of a group, under the name of Sitala.”—H. Ad. HELIcINz. 33. DorcasiA ARGILLACEA, Fer. Hab. Timor; Flores (Waill.). Remark.—On rocks of coralline limestone. 34. Dorcasia FODIENS, Pfr. Hab. Macassar (Celebes) ( Wail.). 35. Dorcasia occuttTa, Pfr. Hab. Aru Islands (Wall.). 36. Dorcasta comet, H. Ad. (n.s.). Hab. Batchian (Wall.). 37. RHAGADA SOLORENSIS, Martens. Hab. Solor Islands (Wail.). 38. PLECTOTROPIS GABATA, Gould. Hab. Menado (Celebes) (Waill.); Birmah (Gould). Remark.—On trunk of a tree in mountain forest. 39. Panta pyrostToma, Feér. Hab. Gilolo (Wall.). Var. with yellowish lip, Batchian (Wall.). Remark.—Found by the natives on trunks of large forest-trees. 40. OsBA PAPILLA, Mill. Hab. Menado (Celebes) ( Wall.). 41. PLANISPIRA KURRI, Pfr. Hab. Batchian; Waigiou; Gagie Islands, and small islets near (Wall.). Remark.—On shrubby foliage. 1865.] LAND SHELLS OF THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. 409 42. PLANISPIRA ZONALIS, Pfr. Hab. Gilolo (Wail.). 43. PLANISPIRA ATACTA, Pfr. Hab. Gilolo (Wail.). 44, PLANISPIRA EXPANSA, Pfr. Hab. Batchian (Wail.). 45. PLANISPIRA COLUBER, Beck. Hab. Ceram (Wail.), var. white and banded. Amboyna(Waill.), var. mottled. Bouru (Wall.), var. dark and waved. Remark. Found upon foliage of shrubs. 46. PLANISPIRA CORNICULUM, Homb. & Jacq. Hab. Batchian (Wail.). 47. PLANISPIRA LATIZONA, Pfr. Hab. Ceram (Wail.). 48. PLANISPIRA MARGARITIS, Pfr. Hab. Ceram (Waill.). 49. PLANISPIRA ATRO-FUSCA, Pfr. Hab. Batchian (Wail.). 50. PLANISPIRA PHRYNE, Pfr. Hab. Gilolo (Wail.). Remark.—Upon foliage. 51. Puanisprra aspastA, H. Ad. (n. s.). Hab. Batchian (Wail.). Remark.—Upon foliage. 52. PLANISPIRA LOxOTROPIS, Pfr. _ Hab. Gilolo, var. (Wall.). 53. PLANISPIRA ZEBRA, Pfr. Hab. Ceram; Goram (Waill.). Remark.—Upon foliage. 54. PLANISPIRA MOLUCCENSIS, Pfr. Hab. Mysol, var. (Wail.). 55. PLANISPIRA MARTENSI, Pfr. Hab. Ceram (Wail.). 56. PLANISPIRA TORTILABIA, Less. Hab. Aru Islands ; New Guinea: white, dark, and banded varie- ties (Wail.). Remark.—Upon foliage. Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1865, No. XXVII. 410 MESSRS. A. R. WALLACE AND H. ADAMS ON THE [Apr. 25, ' 57. PLANISPIRA SCHEEPMAKERI, Pfr, Hab. Batchian (Wall.). 58. SEMICORNU UNGULINUM, Linn. Hab. Ceram (Wall.); “Java” (Albers). Err. loc. 59. SEMICORNU GRUNER], Pfr. Hab. Bouru (Wall.). 60. SeMIcoRNU UNGUICULA, Fér. Hab. Amboyna (Wall.) ; * Java” (Alders). Err. loc. 61. SEMICORNU CERAMENSE, Pfr. Hab. Ceram (Wall.), 62, SEMICORNU BIOMPHALUM, Pfr, Hab. Ceram (Wail.). 63. S—emIcorNU ZONARIUM, Linn. Hab. Ceram (Wall.). 64. Semicornv CIRCUMDATUM, Fer. Hab. New Guinea; Waigiou; Aru Islands; Mysol (WVall.). 65. SEMICORNU MOLLISETUM, Pfr. Hab. Mysol (Wail.). 66. S—EmMicorNvU concisum, Feér. Hab. Waigiou (Wall.). 67. Semicornv quoyt, Desh. Hab. Menado (Celebes) (Waill.). 68. SEMICORNU suLCosuM, Pfr. Hab. Aru Islands ( Wail.). 69. SEMICORNU MAMILLA, Fér. Hab. Menado (Celebes) (Wail.). 70. SEMICORNU RUBRUM, Albers. Hab. Aru Islands; Mysol (Wall.). 71. ALBERSIA GRANULATA, Quoy & Gaim. Hab. Waigiou ( Wail.). ‘The species granulata appears to be the type of a distinct group allied to Semicornu, for which I would propose the name Albersia,”’ —H. Ad. : 72. ALBERSIA ZONULATA, Fer. Hab. New Guinea; Aru Islands; Waigiou; Gilolo; Batchian (Wall.). 1865.] LAND SHELLS OF THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. 411 73. ALBERSIA NAJAs, Pfr. Hab. Goram ; Bouru (Wail.). Remark.—When alive, this shell is of a pure delicate pea-green, the colour of the animal showing through its transparent texture. It is found on the foliage of shrubs ofa similar colour. 74. Papurna LABIUM, Fer. Hab. Dorey (New Guinea) (Wall.). Varieties. occur without bands, and with the lip white. 75. PAPUINA NOVE-GUINEENSIS, Pfr. Hab, New Guinea (Wail.). 76. Parpurina warciouEnsis, H. Ad. (n. s.). Hab, Waigiou. 77. PAPUINA NODIFERA, Pfr. Hab. Batchian (Wall.) (Coll. Cum.). Remark.—I will not be answerable for this locality, as I seem to have overlooked the species. 78. ParpuIna MYSOLENSIS, Pfr. Hab. Mysol (Wail.). 79. Papurna Aurora, Pfr, Hab. Waigiou (Wail.). 80. Papuina viTREA, Fér. Hab, Gilolo (Wail.). 81. PapurIna LANCEOLATA, Pfr. Hab, Gilolo (Wail.). 82. PapuINA LEUCOTROPIS, Pfr. Hab. Aru Islands (Wall.). 83. Paruina ARUENSIS, Le Guil. Hab. Aru Islands (Wail.), 84. Grorrocuus TurRIs, H. Ad, (n.s8.), Hab, Waigiou (Wall.). 85. Georrocuus PILEvs, Mill. Hab. Aru Islands (Wall.); Amboyna (Mill., but prob. err, loc.). Remark.—Found among decayed vegetation on coral rock near the coast. 86. GEOTROCHUS GAERTNERIANUS, Pir, Hab. Aru Islands (Wall.). 412 MESSRS. A. R. WALLACE AND H. ADAMS ON THE [Apr. 25, 87. GEOTROCHUS PILEOLUS, Fér. Hab. Batchian (Waill.). Var. much depressed, Batchian (Wall). Remark.—On foliage. 88. Greorrocuus GABERTI, Less. Hab. Batchian (Wall.). Remark.—On foliage. 89. GroTROCHUS RHYNCHOSTOMA, Pfr. Hab. Batchian (Waill.). 90. Grorrocuus BLANFORDI, H. Ad. (n.s.). Hab. New Guinea (Vall.). 91. GroTrocuus FERUSSACTI, Less. Hab. New Guinea (Waill.). 92. CorAsIA CONFoRMIS, Fer. Hab. New Guinea (Wail.). BuLiMinz&. 93. AMPHIDROMUS INTERRUPTUS, Mill. Hab. Malacca (Wail.). 94. AMPHIDROMUS MACASSARIENSIS, Homb. & Jacq. Hab. Macassar (Celebes) (Wall.). * f° Ze 95. AMPHIDROMUS PERVERSUS, Linn. Hab. Macassar (Celebes) (Wall.). Var. citrinus, Brug. ory 96. AMPHIDROMUS INVERSUS, Mill. Hab. Malay peninsula (Waill.). 97. AMPHIDROMUS SINISTRALIS, Reeve. Hab. Menado (Celebes) ; Timor (Wail.). 98. AMPHIDROMUS CoNnTRARIUS, Miill. Hab. Macassar (Celebes) ; Timor (Wail.). 99. AMPHIDROMUS SINENSIS, Bens. Hab. Timor (Wail.). ACHATININAE. 100. CanycrA CRYSTALLINA, Reeve. Hab. Waigiou (Waill.). Remark.—Found on tree-trunks ; the animal green. «The Bulimus crystallinus of Reeve has been placed in Orthalicus by Pfeiffer, and in Limicolaria by Shuttleworth, but does not appear 1865.] LAND SHELLS OF THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. 413 to belong to either. It may be considered to form the type of a new group under the name of Calycia.”—H. Ad. 101. OprAs ACHATINACEA, Pfr. Hab. Borneo (Wail.). CYCLOPHORID. CycLoTiINn. 102. CycLotus Gutratus, Pfr. Hab. Aru Islands; Batchian (Wail.). 103. OpistHororus BrIRosTRIS, Pfr. Hab. Sarawak (Borneo) (Wail.). 104. OpistHoporus BicrLiaTus, Mouss. Hab. Sarawak (Borneo) (Waill.). 105. OpIsTHOPORUS ROSTELLATUS, Pfr. Hab, Sarawak (Borneo) (Waill.). 106. PrerocycLos BATCHIANENSIS, Pfr. Hab. Batchian (Wail.). CYCLOPHORINE. 107. CycLopHorws TUBA, Sow. Hab. Malacca (Wail.). 108. CycLOPHORUS BORNEENSIS, Met. Hab. Sarawak (Borneo) (Wail.). 109. CycLopHoRUS AQUILA, Sow. Hab. Malay peninsula (Wail.). 110. Lepropoma unpDATuM, Met. Hab. Borneo (Wail.). 111. LepropoMa CINCTELLUM, Pfr. Hab. Gilolo; Gagie Islands (Wail.). Remark.—On foliage. 112. LeproroMa PAPUANUM, Dohrn. Hab. New Guinea; Batchian; Ceram (Waill.). 113. Leprorpoma waLuacel, Pfr. Hab. Aru Islands (Waill.). 114. LeproroMA DECIPIENS, Pfr. Hab. Mysol (Wail.). 414 MESSRS. A. R. WALLACE AND H. ADAMS ON THE [Apr. 25, 115. LerropomMa LoweE!, Pfr. Hab. Malacca (Wail.). 116. LeprorpoMA MELANOSTOMA, Petit. Hab. Aru Islands (Wail.). 117. Leprorpoma scaLargE, H. Ad. (n.s.). Hab. Waigiou (Wail.). 118. DeRMATOCERA VITREA, Less. Hab. Aru Islands; Macassar (Wail.). PuPININE. 119. Pupina pretrrert, H. Ad. (n.s.). Hab. Batchian (Wall.). 120. CaLL1A WALLACE!, Pfr. Hab, Ceram (Waill.). POMATIASIN&. 121. OMPHALOTROPIS CERAMENSIS, Pfr. Hab. Gilolo (Waill.). HELICcINIDz. 122. HeLicinA ARUANA, Pfr. Hab. Aru Islands (Wail.). 123. Hexicina ALBOCINCTA, Jacq. Hab. Aru Islands (Wail.). 124, Hexicina ELECTRINA, Pfr. Hab. Batchian (Wail.). TRUNCATELLIDE. 125. Tauerria wauvacel, H. Ad. (n. s.). Hab. Waigiou (Wail.). — Remark.—On limestone-rocks. Descriptions of the New Species. By HENry Apams, F.L.S. Hexrx (Dorcasia) compra, H. Adams. (PI. XXI. fig. 8.) T. umbilicata, depressa, tenuis, cinnamomea ; spira brevissime conoidea, apice obtuso ; anfr. 5, convexi, lente accrescentes, ultimus via descendens, basi circa umbilicum infundibuliformem 1865.] LAND SHELLS OF THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. 415 compressus ; apertura obliqua, lunato-rotundata, intus palli- dior, nitida; perist. albidum, reflexiusculum, marginibus con- niventibus, basali arcuato, subreflexo. Diam. maj. 14, min. 11, alt. 63 mill. Hab. Batchian (Coll. Saunders). Hexrx (Pranisprra) aspasia, H. Adams. (Pl. XXI. figs. 2, 3.) T. imperforata, globoso-depressa, tenuiscula, epidermide tuteo- Sulva, pallido-fusca, fascia nigricanti et unica latiore alba ad suturam ornata; spira parum elevata, vertice planata ; anfr. 43, convewxiuscult, celeriter accrescentes, ultimus breviter descen- dens ; apertura obliqua, ovalis ; perist. album, marginibus con- niventibus, late expansum et reflecum, basali reflexo, intus tu- berculo prominente instructo. Diam. maj. 26, min. 20, alt. 15 mill. Hab. Batchian (Coll. Saunders). This species is nearly allied to Helix phryne, Pfr., which was col- lected by Mr. Wallace at Gilolo. It is, however, a rather more solid shell, is not so much depressed, and is furnished with a much stronger and more prominent tubercle within the aperture near the base. It also differs in the arrangement of the coloured spiral bands. Hevrx (Grorrocuus) waiciovensis, H. Adams. (Pl. XXI. figs. 6, 7.) T. subobtecte perforata, depresso-turbinata, tenuisculu, plicato- striata, pallido-fulva, ad suturam et peripheriam albo fasciata, et fasciis angustis fulvis ornata; spira conoidea, acutiuscula ; anfr. 5, convexiuscult, ultimus depresso-rotundatus, antice de- scendens ; apertura perobliqua, lunato-ovalis ; perist. album, late expansum et reflexiusculum, cum margine columellari angu- latim dilatato, supra perforationem reflexo, et intus tuberculo elongato munito. Diam. maj. 40, min. 32, alt. 21 mill. Hab. Waigiou (Coll. Saunders). Hexix (Greorrocuus) turris, H. Adams. (Pl. XXI. figs. 4, 5.) T. subobtecte perforata, solida, conica, sulcato-striata, luteo-fulva; spira elongata, acutiuscula ; anfr. 7, ad suturas convexiusculi, ‘medio subconcavi, ultimus non descendens, angulatus, basi sub- planatus ; apertura diagonalis, triangularis ; perist. simplea, late expansum, album, margine supero sinuoso, antrorsum ar- cuato, basali reflexo, cum columellari obliquo, triangulatim di- latato, supra perforationem refiexo, et intus subdentato. Diam. maj. 36, min. 30, alt. 37 mill. Hab. Waigiou (Coll. Saunders). Heuix (GeorrRocuvs) BLANFORDI, H. Adams. (PI. XXI. fig. 1.) T. obtecte perforata, conoidea, tenuiscula, oblique striata, et striis minutis spiralibus ornata, nitida, corneo-alba ; spira elongata, 416 ON THE LAND SHELLS OF THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [ Apr. 25, acutiuscula ; sutura marginata ; anfr. 6, convexiusculi, sensim accrescentes, ultimus non descendens, infra medium acute cari- natus, basi parum convexus ; apertura diagonalis, subrhombeo- lunaris ; perist. album, breviter expansum, margine supero acuto, basali arcuato, reflexo, perforationem tegente. Diam. maj. 20, min. 16, alt. 17 mill. Hab. New Guinea (Coll. Saunders). LerropomMa scALARE, H. Adams. (PI. XXI. figs. 9, 10.) T. perforata, globoso-conica, solidula, spiraliter confertissime striata et lirts 6 filiformibus cincta, carnea, ad peripheriam pallidior ; spira conica, acuta ; anfr. 5, convext, ultimus inflatus, plicis transversis, ad peripheriam fortioribus, munitus ; aper- tura obliqua, subcircularis ; perist. albidum, subinterruptum, marginibus callo junctis. Diam. maj. 11, min. 9, alt. 93 mill. Hab. Waigiou (Coll. Saunders). Purina pretrrer!, H. Adams. (Pl. XXI. figs. 11, 12.) T. ovata, tenuiscula, levigata, subpellucida, corneo-fulva ; spira obtuse conica ; anfr. 5, summi convexiusculi, sequentes planiores, ultimus spiram superans, antice non descendens ; sutura sim- plex; apertura subverticalis, circularis ; paries aperturalis lamella arcuata, tenui, margine dextro soluta munitus ; colu- mella dissecta, processum linguiformem triangularem exhibens ; perist. incrassatum, breviter expansum, margine dextro subsi- nuato. Long. 9, diam. 5 mill. Hab. Batchian (Coll. Saunders). TRUNCATELLA (TAHEITIA) WALLACEI, H. Adams. (Pl. XXI. figs. 13, 14.) T. elongata, subulata, tenuis, decollata, albida, clathris acutis undulatis confertissime instructa ; anfr. superst. 8, convexius- culi, ultimus penultimo late sejunctus; apertura rotundato- lunaris ; perist. continuum, subincrassatum, undique reflexius- culum, extrorsum expansum. Long. 18, lat. 4 mill. ; ap. diam. 3 mill. Hab. Waigiou (Coll. Saunders). DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXI. Fig. 1. Helix (Geotrochus) blanfordi. Figs. 2, 3. Heliw (Planispira) aspasia. Figs. 4, 5. Helia (Geotrochus) turris. Figs. 6, 7. Helix (Geotrochus) waigiouensis. Fig. 8. Helia (Dorcasia) compta. Figs. 9, 10. Leptopoma scalare. Figs. 11, 12. Pupina pfeifferi. Figs. 13, 14. Truncatella (Taheitia) wallacei. 1865.] MR. E. L. LAYARD ON A NEW ZEBRA. 417 May 9, 1865. Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The following extracts were read from a letter addressed to Dr. J. E. Gray by Mr. E. L. Layard, of Cape Town, Corr. Memb. :— ‘IT send you herewith figures and descriptions of a new species of Zebra. You have had a skin sent you* which you rejected as a ‘stray specimen of #. montanus, which had got down on the plains and had been shot by accident’+. Iam sure you will, on perusal of these notes, alter your opinion; and I shall be obliged to you to read them at the Zoological Society. I wish to name the animal Equus chapmanni, after its discoverer, my friend James Chapman, who has done so much for African discovery, and who has hitherto reaped no reward. I send you photographs of a horse and a mare of this Zebra in different positions to show the markings, which differ entirely from those of LZ. montanus (vel LZ. zebra) in the union of all the black stripes with a medial one on the belly ; also on the back, in wanting the ‘ gridiron’ pattern, as Baines calls it, on the rump. I also send coloured sketches by Baines to show the colour. This new animal also differs from the other Zebras in having the callo- sities on the legs far larger and of a more rounded shape, in having shorter and more equine ears, measuring only 6} inches instead of 113, and in having a shorter and more equine head and tail. The hoofs also are flatter than in EZ. montanus, and not adapted for mountain-work. The mane grows several inches down on the fore- head, and stands up between the ears, so that when seen in full face it stands far higher than them. Chapman and Baines give the di- mensions of several individuals; and all who have seen them here, who are competent to judge from knowing the other species well, at once detect the differences. I am quite convinced of them myself; and, if you still doubt, please read this letter and the notes, and ex- hibit the drawings, to the Zoological Society in my name. They roam in large herds, and are first met with about 200 miles from the coast inwards on leaving Walwich Bay, where Equus montanus (or rather a variety of that animal) prevails. I add some extracts from the journals of Mr. Chapman and Mr. Baines relating to this Zebra.” “ Extract from Mr. J. Chapman’s Journal, dated May 21, 1862. “The Quaggas here, I think, from about Sechellies’, though by no means new to me, are different to any we see described in books of natural history. The brush of the tail of one I shot to-day, and which is rather a young specimen, is a dark grey, while the base is * The skin sent me by Mr. Baines arrived in bad condition, with scarcely any hair on it. It was that of a very young animal, and I could not see any differ- ence, as far as I could judge in its very bad state, from that of a young Common Zebra.—J. E. G. + I have no recollection of having made such a statement as the latter part of this quotation.—J. E. G. 418 MR. E. L, LAYARD ON A NEW ZEBRA. [May 9, white. In older specimens the brush is black, with a few white hairs intermixed. It has a head band traversing the middle of the belly, from which the transverse bands diverge alternately. - The stripes are of a very deep rich brown, nearly black ; while the ground-colour is raw sienna on the upper parts (back, rump, sides, &c.), but gra- dually fading into white on the lower parts. It has an erect mane of alternate bands of white and black, edged with brown. The ears are white, with a dark band near the tip and broader band at the base. The muzzle is grey or lead-coloured, and behind the nostrils a brown coffee-colour. It has a bare spot on all four fetlocks, with a brown crescent-shaped spot on either side of it. A bare patch above the knee, on the inside of each fore leg. The pastern joints are brown, excepting at the back, where it is divided vertically by a white line from fetlock to hoof. The ears are decidedly equine. The mane is 6 inches long on the back; commencing from about 4 inches down the forehead, extends to the length of 23 feet down the back. The markings of it are continuations of the transverse lines which cross the back. The white bands on the mane are quite superficial, the hair underneath being actually black, edged with brown. Length of ears 6 inches. The head measures 2 feet from the top of the skull to the point of upper lip. From the root of the mane on the fore- head and from top of forehead narrow lines of white and black (the latter sometimes streaked with brown in the middle) diverge in a triangular manner towards the eyes, where the outside lines, making an angle, continue down the face, drawing closer towards the extre- mity of the face (the inside lines being straight), where they blend and form a dark brown patch behind and above the nostrils, the muzzle and the lips being grey. Broader bands emanate from this dark muzzle, and cross the chest in a crescent shape, leaving a white margin around the eyes, behind which the regularity of the lines is interrupted by those of the neck ; and the space from below the eye is filled up with markings of a hieroglyphical character. The stripes under the chin are light brown. The circumference of the neck is 2 feet. The dorsal line extends to the brush of the tail, which is of a dark grey; and on the base of the tail, which is white, it becomes narrower, and is dotted all the way down on either side with spots of black, edged with brown. The form of the tail approaches nearer to that of the Horse in the largeness of the brush than the Zebra or the Ass ; but it is still not exactly like a Horse’s tail. On the thighs the stripes are alternately pale brown and deep brown, horizontal, but curving and forming a right-angled triangle on the flank ; and an acute and more perfect triangle is formed on the shoulder-blades b the junction there of the stripes from the neck and breast with the transverse stripes. A longitudinal dark band traverses the whole length of the belly, becoming narrower and deeper on the breast, around which it winds and continues, forming one of the oblique lines, to the centre of the shoulder-blades. From out of this ventral line diverge the transverse lines tending towards the dorsal line, but not connected therewith. On the legs the stripes gradually assume a horizontal direction from the top downwards, but continuing the ob- 1865.] MR. E. L. LAYARD ON A NEW ZEBRA, 419 lique direction longer on the hind legs, and are distinctly, though sometimes only faintly, visible to the hoofs in this specimen. Others are more strongly marked. In some cases the transverse lines do run into the dorsal line; but in no two Specimens do the markings seem to be exactly alike, the lines sometimes branching into two or three as they approach the dorsal line on the flank, and the angle at the junction of the horizontal or oblique lines, these with the trans- verse being sometimes filled up with disconnected hieroglyphical characters. “The height of a young male shot in J une 1862, at the shoulder, was 42 feet, at the rump 5 feet.” “Notes of a supposed new variety of Quagga observed on the ele- vated flats between the Botletle and Zambesi Rivers during the late journey of J. Chapman and T. Baines. By T. Barnus. “Extract from my diary :— “ 20th May, 1862.—Chapman had shot a Quagga answering most nearly to the Bonte Quagga or Burchell’s Zebra, which is striped over the neck and body, the legs only, from the knees and houghs, being white; in this, however, faint markings were continued all the way down, and a peculiar line was run along the centre of the sto- mach, making me think it must be a new variety. Unfortunately it is already cut up by Damaras and Bushmen. “* As nearly as I can remember, Chapman, on returning, remarked, “The Quaggas here are not like those of Vaal River ; they have stripes on their legs ;’ then said, ‘and if they are not Zebras they must be new, for only two kinds are described—the common one of Kafirland with no stripes on the rump or legs, and E. burchellii, the Bonte Quagga, with no stripes on its legs’ *. Chapman considered they were not Zebras (as the animal is called here), LZ. montanus having longer ears and asinine head and tail, whereas the head and ears of these were more like those of a Horse, and the tail more bushy. Besides within many days journey. We determined on further investigation. “ Latitude of the camp 20° 5! 55" south, “June 26th.— Chapman shot a Quagga strongly marked, like the former ones, on the parts of the legs that are usually white; he sent to let me know; but John, who has no idea of anything that has not a market value, had called the Damaras to cut it up. “ 30th.—The head and legs of a Quagga were brought in, the latter being, as before, strongly marked quite to the hoofs, the re-. currence of this peculiarity showing that it cannot be a mere indi- vidual accident, such as is seen in difference of colour in domestic animals. “July 10th.—Chapman shot a Quagga and Sable Antelope at a * This passage reads obscurely. Baines means only two kinds of Quagga: the hunters call £. guagga and E. burchellii « Quaggas,” while E. montanus they call “ Zebra.” —E, L. L. 420 MR. E. L. LAYARD ON A NEW ZEBRA. [May 9, distance from the waggons. I sketched from the skin and horns of the latter, and the legs and ears of the Quagga. This had been a smaller animal, but of stouter and more compact build than those hitherto seen. I have already mentioned those at the Salt-pan with decided markings on the legs below the knees and houghs, while the two described species are perfectly white; and now this animal, besides being stouter and shorter of limb, is more strongly marked, the colours being distinct and pure black and white, the black spread- ing almost half over the pastern-joint and fetlock, and having a small white edging between it and the hoofs ; the ears are strongly banded and slightly tinted with brown. I thought at first it might be a Zebra; but Chapman considered it a true Quagga, and I am inclined to think so too. “This was at Daka (lat. 18° 40'1'). After coming down off the elevated plain into the mountainous valley of the Zambesi system, we were encamped on one.of the spruils of the Luisi, the first run- ning water we had seen since leaving the Botletle River. «Thursday, 17th, Matietue River.—Chapman had shot a Quagga mare; and, hastening to the spot, I found an eager group of natives with difficulty restrained from rushing at once upon the prey. In this case we had to omit the measurement ; but I sketched the stripes carefully, and the camera of course cannot be gainsaid. The general colour was a yellowish or raw-sienna brown on the upper parts, and deepest on the rump, fading into white on the neck, belly, and legs ; the stripes were of the deepest brown or nearly black, and the dif- ference between this and the known varieties consisted in their being continued quite down to the hoof on all four legs, slightly fainter on the inside ; the belly was marked by a broad black band along the centre, to which all the side stripes were joined ; on the back was a similar black line, but only the stripes above the shoulder were con- nected with it; the mane was upright, as usual (the neck-stripes being continued vertically through it); the ears small and equine, and a bare spot (rather small) was observable on the inside of the fore legs only, the Zebra, I believe, having it on all four, as well as large ears. “T made two sketches of this, and Chapman two photographs. There are intermediate brown stripes between the black ones on the hind legs above the hough. “Saturday, July 19th.—We proceeded about a mile north-east by north, when, near the small conical hill on our left, Chapman brought down a fine young Quagga stallion of the same kind as the mare previously killed ; but age, I suppose, not having deepened the colours, its whole body was of the purest white, marked with jet-black bands down to every hoof, in the manner of the other, but slightly fainter on the inside of the legs, and also where the stripes of the sides joined to the longitudinal line of the belly, some of those on the flanks having these points so faintly marked that the junction could not be called complete ; like the other, a central stripe ran along the back, with which two or three of the shoulder-stripes (on each side) were connected, the broad stripes of the hinder parts 1865. ] MR. E. L. LAYARD ON A NEW ZEBRA. 421 originating near the central line about the insertion of the tail, and diverging laterally over the hip, flank, and side till they completely or nearly reached the ventral line, the longest of them meeting on their way the ventral stripes of the sides, and forming the most beautiful possible combination of curves and angles, even the slight variation of regularity on either side conducing to the effect; the ears were small, and banded and tipped with black and dark brown ; the head well shaped, with a little sienna-brown towards the nose ; and the whole form lighter and more elegant than in the older spe- cimens. “Sunday, September 14th.—I shot two, which at first I took for Mountain-Zebras ; but on comparing notes with Chapman, I came to the conclusion they were also Quaggas. The stallion fell at a di- stance, and was cut up while I was sketching and observing the mare. She was full striped, somewhat smaller than most of those Chapman had killed; ears, if anything, shorter and more equine. Callosities or small bare patches of skin on the inside of the fore legs only, and not on the hinder legs ; striped right down to the hoofs ; inside more faintly marked than the outer. Dokkie and others thought it like the Wilde Paard of Ozembengue, and different to the Quacha of the plains. I believe they would have said anything, so that I would have done talking and let them begin to cut it up. «Sunday, December 7th.—Went out from Logu Hill, Zambesi River ; tracked spoor several hours ; wounded a mare, which was run down late in the afternoon, and killed with a stone. Fully striped, as before, down to the hoofs, all four legs, the inside of the forearm and thighs being more faintly marked; the ears small and tipped with black ; the stripes on the sides extended from the dorsal line to the ventral, which last, reaching from between the fore legs to the hinder, was of not quite so deep a black ; the ground-colour was light- yellowish brown on neck, back, and sides, passing into white on the cheeks, throat, and under parts of body; the teats, two in number, were situated in the after part of the black ventral lines. She had warts or callosities on the inside of the forearms only, and none on the inside of the thigh. “1 sketched carefully, and took the skin home, attempting to pre- serve it; but the weather was so damp that, even in a hut witha fire in it, I could not dry it. «Tuesday, 14th April, 1863 (after our return to the salt-pan on the elevated plain between the Zambesi and Botletle Rivers).—A few Quaggas were standing on the further plain, and creeping behind a point at 300 yards’ range. I shot one through the neck and fore- head: it proved to be a well-grown, handsomely marked filly of the first year ; and as the rest retreated, I noticed that the mare hung back and looked frequently round for her lost little one, returning when the others were out of sight and gazing wistfully at the spot where it lay. ~ “> > —- 7 3-3? Sy lel SIS \ ees ; ven fs when younger =~ > 3-7 =) it differs from Nyctinomus with — molars, and approaches more to Molossus. The lips also are not so much plicated as in Nye- tinomus. It is a species intermediate between Nyctinomus and Molossus, thus showing another instance of the relationship of the fauna of Madagascar to the American fauna. 1865. ] OF ANIMALS FROM MADAGASCAR. 469 veloped. Above brown, penicillated with black, with the bases of the hairs blackish grey; below white. In its colour and the length of the ear, this species is allied to the South-African Fieldmice, as Mus colonus, M. natalensis, &c. The Reptiles, which Dr. Giinther has named for me, consist of two Snakes (Dipsas colubrina and Herpetodryas bernieri), a Cha- meleon (Chameleon lateralis, Gray), several fine specimens of a Lizard of the genus Gerrhosaurus (G. lineatus, Cocteau = Cicigna ornata, Gray), and an example of another Lizard (Liolepisma belli, Gray). All these are species already known to the fauna of Mada- gascar. The Crayfish I have submitted to Mr. Spence Bate, as our lead- ing authority on this branch of natural history. Mr. Spence Bate pronounces it to be a new species of Astacus, which he proposes to call after its discoverer, with the following characters :— ASTACUS CALDWELLI, Spence Bate, sp.nov. (Pl. XXVII.) The eyes are planted on short peduncles. The first pair of an- tenn have the third joint of the peduncle reaching to the extremity of the rostrum. Both branches of the flagellum are slender; and the primary branch, which is half as long again as the secondary, is about half the length of the anterior division of the cephalon. The second pair of antennze are about three times the length of the first ; and the flagellum is minutely articulate, each articulus being, in length, less than half its breadth, and at the basal extremity being about half the breadth of the last joint of the peduncle. The squa- migerous process of the third joint is rounded and thickened upon the outside, straight, thin, and ciliated upon the inner, and obtuse at the apex. The rostrum reaches to the extremity of the penultimate joint of the peduncle of the external antennze, rounded at the ex- tremity, dorsally concave, the margins fringed within and above the actual edge with a rim of short, blunt denticles. The ocular orbit is deeply excavate, and armed posteriorly near the centre by a small denticle, and at the infero-lateral extremity by a short, sharp, curved, and anteriorly directed strong tooth. ‘The lateral walls of the cephalon are thickly covered with numerous, subequally distant, short, spinous protuberances, which gradually lessen in importance towards the dorsal surface of the carapace, which is perfectly smooth, except for the well-defined fissure that distinguishes the anterior portion of the carapace from the posterior—the demarcation between the antennal and mandibular somites. The first or large chelate pair of pereiopoda are subequal in size, but differ in form from those of every other species of the genus with which I am acquainted, and resemble more in general aspect those of the genus Homarus. The dactylos is curved inwards, and tipped with a sharp unguis ; the dactyloid process of the propodos is similarly formed, and meets the dactylos only at or near the apex; the approximating edges, how- ever, are armed with a few small and one large tubercle opposite to 470 MR. W. H. FLOWER ON PSEUDORCA MERIDIONALIS. [| June 13, corresponding ones. The inferior and external margin of the pro- podos, from the extremity of the dactyloid process to the carpal ar- ticulation, is convex, and longer than that of the intero-superior margin of the propodos and dactylos together. The carpus is armed with three blunt and one sharp anteriorly directed teeth upon the inner edge, and two sharp strong teeth upon the under surface. The meros is furnished with two rows of teeth, that converge toge- ther towards the ischium upon the inner surface. The other pereio- poda have little to attract attention. The second somite of the pleon has a tuberculous ridge just above the lateral margin. The inner scale of the posterior pair of pleopoda is furnished with a central row of short, sharp teeth; and the telson is armed with similar teeth, of which there are a few in the median line and others in two late- ral obsolete rows. The specimen from which the description is taken is a male. Of all the species of this genus, this form approximates the nearest to its marine allies, in the appearance of the great chelate pereiopoda, of any that we are acquainted with. The generally close resemblance of the several species of this genus is certainly very remarkable, when we take into consideration the vast geographical distribution that it. has—larger, perhaps, than that of any genus of Crustacea that is not of marine habits. Species have been taken in the frozen waters of North American rivers, in the hot latitudes of Chili, in temperate Europe and Tasmania, and now from the African island of Madagascar. We do not know of any having yet been recorded from the inland rivers of that continent. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXVII. Fig. 1. Astacus caldwelli. 2. Carapace, seen laterally. 3. Second pair of antenne. 4, Squamigerous process of the same. 2. NorE oN PsEUDORCA MERIDIONALIS, By W. H. Frower, F.R.S., erc. In the last volume of the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ (1864, p. 420) I described two Cetacean skulls from Tasmania, presented to the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons by Mr. W. L. Crowther, under the name of Orca meridionalis. Having obtained some further information regarding this species, I wish to add a few notes to my previous paper. As before mentioned, I had requested Mr. Crowther to obtain, if possible, a complete skeleton of the so-called “ Blackfish,” to which these skulls were said to belong. That gentleman, with a most praiseworthy desire to advance our knowledge of the Cetaceous ani- mals of the part of the world in which he resides, set to work with ereat energy to collect specimens; and among a most valuable 1865.] MR. W. H. FLOWER ON PSEUDORCA MERIDIONALIS. 471 consignment lately forwarded by him to the College Museum are two skeletons of animals called ‘“ Blackfish,’’ accompanied, however, by the following important note :——‘‘ The Blackfish skeletons are of a different variety to the heads I sent you. In these this portion is obtuse, in the former ones pointed at the snout, whence they are called by the whalers, for the sake of distinction, ‘ peaked noses.’ ”” We learn from this that two very different animals are included under the common name of Blackfish by the inhabitants of the Australian coasts, and that the description given by Mr. Crowther, quoted in my notice of Orca meridionalis, does not apply to that animal at all, but rather to the “ Blackfish”’ of which the skeletons are now sent, and which belong to the genus Globiocephalus. Of the external appearance, habits, and geographical distribution of the meridionalis we know, therefore, next to nothing at present ; but the fact of their having ‘peaked noses”’ corresponds with the external characters assigned by Reinhardt to the individuals stranded on the Danish coast, on which his genus Pseudorca is founded *, and entirely removes them from Globiocephalus. A perusal of the memoir of the distinguished Copenhagen Pro- fessor, a translation of which will shortly be published by the Ray Society, has convinced me that Pseudorca is a distinctly characterized genus, intermediate between Grampus and Orca of Gray, separated from the latter more especially by the pectoral fins being small and pointed, instead of large, very broad, and oval+, and by the different form and very inferior size of the dorsal fin. Until the remainder of the skeleton can be examined, or an accu- rate description of the external form obtained, there may still be some uncertainty as to whether the new Tasmanian species should be referred to the genus established by Reinhardt, although the probabilities are very greatly in favour of such a supposition. As to its specific distinction from P. crassidens, of course the external characters formerly given are now of no value; but from a compa- - rison of the figures of the cranium in the ‘ Proceedings’ with the specimens at Copenhagen, Professor Reinhardt has arrived at the same conclusion with myself. I should take this opportunity of mentioning that in the figure of the upper surface of the skull (P. Z. S. 1864, p. 421) the artist has neglected to reverse his drawing on the block; the consequence is that the distortion of the nasal apertures is represented in the wrong direction. * “ Pseudorca crassidens, et for den Danske Fauna nyt Hvaldyr,” K. Danske Vid. Selsk. Nov. 1862. + The genus Orca, as Reinhardt has mentioned, is distinguished from other Cetaceans by haying all the phalanges broader than long. 472 MR. W. H. FLOWER ON PHYSALUS SIBBALDII. [June 13, 38. On PHYSALUS SIBBALDII, GRAY. By W. H. Fuower, F.R.S., Etc. This species of Fin-Whale was founded by Dr. Gray (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 92) upon a skeleton preserved in the Museum of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Hull, which up to the present time has remained the only known representative of the species. Passing through Hull a few days‘since, I availed myself of the op- portunity of examining the skeleton, not perhaps with sufficient minuteness to be able to give a detailed description of its osteological characters, but closely enough to satisfy myself upon two important points,—first, that it is quite distinct from the Common Fin- Whale (P. antiquorum, Gray) ; secondly, that it agrees very closely with the specimen recently acquired by the Trustees of the British Mu- seum, from the collection of the late Professor Lidth de Jeude, of Utrecht, to which I have given the name of P. latirostris (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p.410). The two specimens certainly belong either to the same species, or to two nearly related species forming a dis- tinct section of the genus. As the former supposition is probably the correct oue, I lose no time in withdrawing the specific name of latirostris‘in favour of the prior one given by Dr. Gray. I will now give a sketch of the principal characters of the two skeletons, showing where they agree with each other, and differ from P. antiquorum. 1. Size—The Hull and the Utrecht skeletons are at nearly the same stage of growth; the epiphyses are disunited in almost all the vertebree, as well as on both ends of the humerus, radius, and ulna. In the Hull specimen the ossification of the transverse process of the second cervical vertebra has proceeded so far as to surround the vertebral foramen ; in the Utrecht skeleton the foramen is still open, though only by a narrow fissure on one side. I should judge from this that the former is rather the older of the two. In both, the transverse processes of all the remaining cervical vertebrae are incom- pletely ossified, and not united at their ends by bone. In general size and proportions the two specimens very nearly correspond, the advantage being in favour of the Hull one, which is stated to have a total length of 47 feet, the cranium being 10! 6'; while the Utrecht specimen is about 43 or 44 feet long, the skull being 9'10". Either example when full-grown would probably be not far short of 60 feet, or somewhat less than the average size of the common species. 2. Number and Characters of the Vertebra.—-The two skeletons agree in possessing sixty-four vertebrae, both being in this respect, - fortunately, complete. In P. antiqguorum the number never appears to exceed sixty-two. In the Hull skeleton the foramen in the transverse process of the axis is very small, and nearly circular, about 2" in diameter; in the Utrecht specimen it is more oval, 33" high, and 43" long. This difference in so variable a part is proba- bly only individual. The four following vertebree have in both a converging upper and lower process, which are, as said before, in- complete and ununited. In the Hull specimen the seventh has a 1865.] = MR. W. H. FLOWER ON PHYSALUS SIBBALDII. 473 short but distinct inferior process, which in that at Utrecht is re- presented by a mere tubercle. In the terminal caudal vertebre there is a great similarity: the last is very small, short, and disk- like; the second from the end is of similar form, but somewhat larger ; the third presents a sudden increase of size in every direction, so marked that, if it did not occur in both skeletons, one might easily suppose that a bone had been lost from this region. 3. Skull.—The principal peculiarity of the skull, which I pointed out in the Utrecht specimen, was the breadth of the rostral portion ; this is repeated, though to not quite the same extent, in the Hull skeleton. The breadth across the middle of the beak of the former is to the length of the skull as 27 to 100, in the latter as 26 to 100. In six specimens of P. antiquorum it varies between 18 and 21 to 100. The actual breadth (measured across the upper surface fol- lowing the curve) in the Hull specimen is 33", each maxillary being 10" and the premaxillary 5", the space between the latter 3, The nasal bones agree together, and differ from P. antiquorum in being but slightly hollowed on their upper surface and anterior margins. This character is most strongly marked in the Hull specimen. 4. The stylo-hyals are thicker, especially near the lower,end, in both the Utrecht and Hull skeletons than in the common Fin- Whale. 5. The sternum, which is so remarkable in the Utrecht specimen for its almost rudimentary state, is, unfortunately, wanting in the Hull skeleton; but even this absence may not be without signifi- cance, for if it had been a large, well-developed bone, it is most un- likely that it should have been lost in a skeleton prepared with such care as to be in every other respect perfect. 6. Rzbs.—In the Utrecht skeleton (not articulated) I counted but fifteen pairs; while in that at Hull there are sixteen, the last well developed—as long, in fact, as those which precede it. If one could be certain that one pair had not been lost in the former case, this difference might be of some importance ; but in different specimens of P. antiquorum the last rib is in some completely developed, and in others represented by a mere splint of bone totally unconnected with the vertebral column, and therefore easily overlooked in pre- paring the skeleton. If sixteen is the normal number of the pairs of ribs in P. sibbaldii, this makes a good specific distinction from P. antiquorum, which has never been known to have more than fifteen. The first rib agrees in both specimens, and differs from P. antiquorum in wanting a well-developed capitular process. In the Utrecht specimen this process is present in the second, third, and fourth ribs—longest in the third. In the Hull skeleton it is found from the second to the sixth, being longest in the third and fourth. In P. antiquorum it is usually longest in the second, and obsolete in the fourth. 7. The phalanges of the digits of both skeletons are articulated artificially, and yet they correspond exactly in number and arrange- ment, except that the Hull specimen has an additional bone on digit III. The numbers are—II. 4; III. 5 (Utrecht), 6 (Hull) ; IV. 5; V.3,—an arrangement differmg somewhat from that of P. Proc. Zoox. Soc.—1865, No. XXXI. 474 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON NEW BIRDS [June 13, antiquorum. But one of the most striking and characteristic differ- ences in this part of the skeleton is the greater length of the meta- carpal bones and phalanges, which in both the Hull and Utrecht specimens, not only relatively but even actually, exceed those of the full-grown P. antiquorum, 70 feet in length. 8. Lastly, the daleen. This is not preserved in the Utrecht spe- cimen; but in the Hull skeleton it is in excellent condition, and shows a striking difference from that of the common species in being, of a uniform deep black, instead of dark olive-brown or horn-co- lour, variegated towards the ends of the series with patches and stripes of a lighter colour. 4, Descriptions oF New Birps From THE Matay ARCHI- pELAGO. By ALrrep R, Wauuace, F.Z.S. (Plates XXVIII., XXIX.) I have here given the characters of twenty-one species of birds which appear to be new, and which, together with those already de- scribed by Mr. G. R. Gray and myself in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society, and also a few described by Mr. Gould and Dr. Sclater, make up the number of 212 new species collected by me in the islands of the Malay archipelago. - Of those now described, eight are from Ce- lebes, and the rest from Sumatra, Borneo, the Moluccas, and the New Guinea group. ACCIPITER ZQUATORIALIS. Supra cinereo-plumbeus, subtus cum torque humerali rufo-casta- neus ; capitis lateribus cinereis, gula pallide rufo-cinerea, cauda alisque immaculatis. Above slaty ash-colour ; beneath light chocolate-brown, which ex- tends in a broad collar between the shoulders ; sides of the head ash- colour ; throat light ashy, tinged with rufous ; wing and tail uniform light ash-colour beneath ; under wing- and tail-coyerts scarcely paler than the belly ; bill and claws black ; cere, eyelids, and legs orange- yellow ; iris golden orange-yellow. : 3. Total length 143 inches; wing 72; tail 6; tarsus 2; bill, to ape, 14. : 0 . Total length 163 inches; wing 9; tail 72; tarsus 22; bill, to gape, 15%. Hab. Batchian, Gilolo, Morty Islands, Waigiou, and Salwatty. Remarks.—This species was pointed out to me by Mr. Gurney as being near A. rufitorques, Peale, which inhabits the Feejee Islands. It differs from that species in its rather larger size, different propor- tions, and coloration. It is also near 4. griseogularis, G. R. G., which inhabits the same district ; but differs from that species by its much smaller size, and in the entire absence of bands on the body, wings, or tail in the adult birds. Both these seem to be included Spe D NEM Tela 99:0 Tenis Diaia Beats VOIHHOL VRiNMardine YF 4? T2P FIOM XXX oS WES oi tek Skee J Wolf del et hth. MAN Harhert Amp {. PRIONOCHILUSG AURBOLIMBATUS. 2. NECTARINIA FULAVO-STRIATA 1865.] FROM THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. 475 by Prof. Schlegel, in the ‘Muséum des Pays-Bas’ (Astures, p. 41), as forms of 4. cruentus, Gould, which is confined to Australia and the adjacent island of Timor. ACCIPITER MUELLERI. Supra fusco-plumbeus, subtus rufo-cinnamomeus, capite plumbeo, gula albo-rufescente, cauda tenuiter fasciata. Very like Accipiter hiogaster, Miller, but much larger, the throat less distinctly rufous, the under parts faintly white-banded, and the tail with about ten narrow bands; bill black ; cere and feet bright yellow. The comparative dimensions of the two species will best show the difference between them. Total | wing. | Tail, | Bill to peep Tarsus, |Middle length. point. sionals toe. inches.| inches.| in. | inch. inch. |inches.| inch. -A. hiogaster, 2 ..| 153 63 | 14 22 2745 | 14% A. miller, 9 ..| 183 | 93 |9 | 1h | Ts Jat | 1 Hab. Gilolo. GERYGONE NEGLECTA. Viridi-olivacea, subtus alba flavo tincta ; remigibus rectricibusque Suscis flavo-viridi marginatis, rostro pedibusque pallidis. Above rich greenish olive ; beneath white, tinged with yellow, deepest on the belly ; under wing-coverts white; quills and wing- coverts dusky, margined with olive-yellow; tail dusky, the feathers more obscurely margined ; bill dusky ; lower mandible very pale ; feet pale. Total length 43 inches; wing 21; bill, to gape, 4. Hab. Waigiou; Mysol. Remarks.—This species is most like G. chloronota, Gould. It is rather abundant in the island of Waigiou, frequenting thickets and bushes, catching insects on the wing, or picking them from the bark, and may often be heard snapping its bill like the larger true Fly- catchers. GERYGONE PALPEBROSA. Supra olivaceo-viridis, subtus flava ; gula alba, loris et tectricibus aurium albo-cinereis, palpebris nigris ; remigibus rectricibusque Suscis flavo-viridi marginatis. Above olivaceous green; beneath bright yellow; throat white; lores and ear-coverts ashy white ; eyelids black ; under wing-coverts light yellow ; quills and tail-feathers dusky, margined with olive- yellow ; bill black ; feet lead-colour ; iris reddish brown. Total length 4 inches ; wing 2; bill, to gape, 3. Hab. Aru Islands. 476 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON NEW BIRDS {June 13, MuscICAPA HELIANTHEA. Olivaceo-flava, corpore subtus, cum fascia uropygiali, loris et pal- pebris, flavo ; tectricibus alarum, remigibus rectricibusque fuscis olivaceo-flavo marginatis. Above olive-yellow ; beneath bright yellow ; band across the rump, eyelids, and space before the eye yellow; wing and tail dusky, with the feathers yellow-margined ; bill black above, beneath and feet dusky orange ; claws pale ; iris dark. Total length 43 inches; wing 2;,; tail 2; bill, to gape, 3. Hab. Menado (Celebes). CyorNIS RUFIGULA. Cinereo-plumbea, gula et pectore rufis, abdomine et tectricibus caude inferioribus albis, genis plumbeo-nigris, lateribus cinereis, remigibus rectricibusque fuscis cinereo-marginatis. Dark ashy blue; throat and breast bright rufous, becoming pale on the belly and pure white on the under tail-coverts ; front of the eye and ear-coverts blackish ; under wing-coverts rufescent white ; quills and tail-feathers dusky, ashy-margined ; iris dark ; bill black ; feet nearly white. Total length 5 inches; wing 23; tail 2; bill, to gape, 7%. Hab. Menado (Celebes). CyoRNIS RUFIFRONS. Obscure cyanea; uropygio tectricibusque caude superioribus ceruleis ; fronte, loris, linea superciliari et corpore subtus, rufis; mento genisque cyaneo-nigris ; tectricibus caude infe- rioribus albis rufo tinctis ; alis caudaque fusco-nigris, remigi- bus rectricibusque ceruleo marginatis. Above dusky blue ; bright blue on the rump and edges of the tail- feathers ; forehead, a line above and below the eye, and the under surface bright rufous; under tail-coverts whitish ; chin and cheeks blue-black ; wings dusky, the quills narrowly blue-edged ; the lesser wing-coverts tipped with rufous spots; tail black, the feathers blue- margined ; bill large and broad, black above, pale beneath ; feet pale purplish. Total length 6 inches; wing 2]; tail 23; tarsus 5. Hab. Borneo. RuHIPIDURA LONGICAUDA. Fusca ; capite, mento, fascia gulari, lateribus pectoris caudaque fusco-nigris ; gula, pectore et supercilits albis; ventre ochraceo- albo; alis fusco-nigris, tectricibus alarum rufo terminatis ; cauda longa, rectricum extimarum utrinque trium apicibus albis. Very near Rhipidura javanica, from which it differs in the longer tail, narrower white tips to only three outer tail-feathers, and the black chin ; iris dark ; bill and feet black. . Total length 73 inches; wings 34; tail 4 (R. javanica, 34 inches). Hab. Sumatra. 1865.] FROM THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. 477 RurpPrpuRA ToRRIDA. (Pl. XXVIII.) Rufo-fusca, subtus alba; pectore nigro, parte inferiore albo squa- mata; fronte, superciliis, uropygio et caude dimidio basali in- tense rufis; rectricibus omnibus albo terminatis. Olive-brown ; beneath white ; vent and under tail-coverts rufous- tinged ; in front of and beneath the eye, ear-coverts, lower part of the neck, and breast black ; on the lower parts each feather is white- edged ; forehead and a short stripe above the eye, lower part of the back, upper tail-coverts, and half the tail (less on the outer feathers) rust-red ; ower eyelid white ; all the tail-feathers, decreasing to the _ middle ones, white-tipped; bill dusky, very short, bristles from gape very long ; feet dusky olive ; iris dark. Total length 63 inches; wing 3; tail 33. Hab. Ternate, on the summit of the volcano, 4000 feet above the sea. Remarks.—Near R. semicollaris, Miull., from Banda, from which it differs in the shorter bill, as well as in the arrangement of the colours. RHIPIDURA CINEREA. Fusco-cinerea ; alis caudaque fuscis ; subtus alba, pectore cinereo albo maculato. Dusky ash-colour; head rather darker; wings dusky brown ; tail rather darker ; over the eye a nearly concealed white stripe; neck and throat white; breast and sides ash-colour, feathers on upper art of the breast with each a white oval spot; middle of the lower breast, belly, under tail- and wing-coverts white ; bill black, large and strong ; feet dusky. Total length 62 inches; wing 33; tail 33. Hab. Ceram. Remark.—Nearest to R. assimilis, G. R. Gray, from which it may be at once distinguished by its want of any terminal white spots on the tail-feathers. PRIONOCHILUS AUREOLIMBATUS. (PI. XXIX. fig. 1.) Fulvo-olivaceus, alis caudaque nigris ; fascia a fronte ad aures fusco-nigra; subtus albus, pectore grisescente, lateribus corporis tectricibusque caude inferioribus luteis. Fulvous olive ; wings and tail black ; a band over the eyes and ears dusky black ; chin and throat white; breast greyish white ; sides of the breast and body rich yellow, leaving a median stripe white ; under tail-coverts yellow; iris light reddish brown; feet black ; bill black in the male, with the base of the lower mandible plumbeous in the female. Total length 33 inches; wing 2; tail 1. Hab. North Celebes, in the mountains of Minahassa. Remarks.—About low bushes and shrubs, feeding on fruit. 478 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON NEW BIRDS [June 13, PACHYCEPHALA BRUNNEA. Supra rufo-brunnea, subtus brunneo-alba ; gula alba, capite fusco- cinerea, remigibus fuscis brunneo marginatis, tectricibus alarum inferioribus albis. Above earthy brown ; crown slaty ash-colour ; space before the eye darker; throat white; rest of body beneath dirty brownish white ; under wing-coverts and inner margins of secondaries and tertiaries pure white; quills dusky, brown-margined ; bill black ; feet pale brown. Total length 63 inches; wing 3;4,; bill, from gape, 44. Hab. Banda Islands and Salwatty. Remark.—The Banda specimen is rather lighter-coloured on the sides of the head, and the brown of the back is a little brighter, but in other respects it exactly agrees with that from Salwatty. DicrRuRUS LEUCOPS. Trides alba ; D. pectorali paulo major. Exactly like D. pectoralis, Wall., in coloration, except the irides, which are milk-white. As every other species of the genus I have met with has eyes of a crimson-red colour, and as I found this species abundantly both at Macassar in the south and at Menado in the north of Celebes, and in every individual having the eyes milky white, I think it right to separate it under a distinct name. It is, however, rather larger in all its dimensions than the allied form. Total length 127 inches ; wing 63; tail 53; bill, from gape, ,},. Hab. Celebes. PTILOTIS ROSTRATA. Ptilotis megarhynchus, G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 155. Fusco-rufa, subtus cinereo-olivacea ; gula pallidiore, ventre rufes- cente, tectricibus alarum inferioribus marginibusque rectricum pallide rufis ; mandibule superioris apice forte serrato. Dark brown; crown dusky ; beneath ashy olive ; belly rufescent ; under wing-coverts and inner margins of the quills light rufous ; bill black, long, and strongly serrated at the end of the upper mandible ; iris salmon-red ; feet pale lead-colour. Total length 93 inches ; wing 3?; bill, from gape, 13. Hab. New Guinea, Waigiou, and Mysol. Remark.—This differs from P. megarhynchus, G. R. Gray, from Aru, in the want of the yellow ring round the eye and the markings of the under surface, as well as in the remarkably serrated bill. NECTARINIA FLAVO-STRIATA. (Pl. XXIX. fig. 2.) Fronte et vertice ceruleo-metallicis; occipite, collo et dorso rubris, uropygio flavo, tectricibus superioribus et rectricibus mediis ceruleo-metallicis, rectricibus lateralibus nigris ceruleo mar- ginatis; alis fuscis, remigum et tectricum marginibus luride rubris, gula (utrinque ceruleo vittata) et pectore coccineis flavo 1865.] FROM THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. 479 striatis; partibus inferioribus fusco-olivaceis, tectricibus alarum inferioribus albis. Very near N. siparaja, Rafil., from which it differs by the yellow- striped throat, the red-margined quills, the blue instead of violet tail- coverts, the darker under parts, and the shorter tail. The whole bird is also larger. Bill olive, reddish below; feet dusky. Total length 43 inches; wing 2,1;; tail 12; bill, to front, 35. Hab. Menado (Celebes). NECTARINIA PORPHYROLEMA. Purpureo-nigra ; pileo aureo-viridi ; dorso infimo, uropygio et humeris @neo-ceruleis; jugulo violaceo, linea eneo-cerulea utrinque marginato. Purple-black ; crown golden green ; bend of the wing, lesser wing- coverts, lower part of the back, upper tail-coverts, and outer edges of the tail-feathers steel-blue; throat changeable violet-purple, with a line from the gape on each side steel-blue. Total length 43 inches; wing 2;%,; tail 1}; bill, from gape, =8;. Hab. Macassar. NECTARINIA GRAYI. Purpureo-nigra ; pileo aureo-viridi ; nucha, dorso supremo et pec- tore purpureo-ferrugineis ; dorso infimo, tectricibus alarum et caude superiortbus ceruleo-eneis ; jugulo violaceo-amethystino linea eneo-cerulea utringue marginato. Purple-black ; crown golden green; nape, back, and breast rich purplish rust-colour ; rump, upper tail- and wing-coverts, and mar- gins of the tail-feathers steel-blue; throat violet-red, margined on each side by a line from the gape of steel-blue. Total length 43 inches; wing 2}; tail 1,9; bill, from gape, 58). Hab. Menado. Remark.—Mr. G. R. Gray had proposed to name this richly coloured species after myself; but as he has left it hitherto unde- scribed, I have called it after him. MuNIA TRISTISSIMA. Fusco-brunnea ; alis caudaque fusco-nigris ; plumis medio singulis pallide striatis, tectricibus alarum superioribus tenuiter pallide marginatis, inferioribus remigumque marginibus ochraceo-albis. Dusky brown; wings and tail blackish ; the feathers of the head and body with a fine median pale line ; upper wing-coverts very nar- rowly tipped with whitish ; under wing-coverts and margins of the quills buffy white ; bill black; feet dusky. Total length 4 inches; wing 1+}; tail 13; bill, from front, 1, Hab. New Guinea (north-western extremity). Remark.—This is the first Finch that has been recorded from New Guinea, and its sombre plumage contrasts strongly with the many 480 ON NEW BIRDS FROM THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [June 13, brilliant birds which inhabit the same great island, whose surface, clothed with perpetual forests, seems ill-adapted to this grass-loving group of birds. TURNIX RUFILATUS. Supra olivaceo-rufescens, tenuiter nigro undulato-fasciatus; plumis capitis et in medio dorsi nigro maculatis ; fronte nigra, linea superciliari, facie et gula nigro et albo punctulatis ; pectore et lateribus nigro et albo fasciatis ; abdominis medio albescente ejusque lateribus et tectricibus caude inferioribus rujfis, tectri- cibus alarum albo et nigro fasciatis et maculatis. Above olive-brown, the feathers very finely undulated with black ; forehead black ; feathers of the head towards the sides black-spotted, and towards the middle of the back a few largish round black spots ; a line over each eye to the nape of black-and-white-spotted feathers ; the throat and breast ashy, banded regularly with black and white ; the middle of the belly whitish ; the flanks and under tail-coverts light rufous; the outer margin of the first primary is white, and the wing-coverts and tertiaries have a roundish black spot and one or two white and black bands towards the end of each feather ; bill and feet are pale greenish yellow; claws pale. Total length 6 inches; wing 3} ; bill, from gape, ;8;; tarsus 1 ; middle toe and claw 1. Remark.—The bill varies much in thickness, in old birds being 4; inch high. It resembles most 7. fasciatus, Temm., which has a black head and darker belly. Hab. Macassar (Celebes). PorZANA MOLUCCANA. Supra olivacea ; uropygio, alis eaudaque olivaceo-brunneis; subtus cinerea, gula pallidiore ; femoribus, crisso et tectricibus caude inferioribus pallide cinnamomeis. Dusky olive, shading into olive-brown on the wings, rump, and tail; beneath ashy; throat whitish; thighs, vent, and under tail- coverts light cinnamon-brown ; bill greenish, tinged with reddish at the base of the culmen ; feet olive, tinged with yellow or purplish ; iris brown. _ Total length 114 inches ; wing 52; bill, to front, 1,45; tarsus 2353 middle toe and claw 23. Hab. Amboyna; Ternate. PoRZANA RUFIGENIS, Supra olivaceo-fusca, subtus rufescens; fronte genisque rufis, gula alba, abdomine medio albescente, crisso lateribusque fuscis albo- fasciatis, tectricibus alarum exterioribus tenuiter, inferioribus late albo-fasciatis, remigibus fuscis, prima externe albo margi- nata, cauda fusca immaculata, Above dark olive-brown, with a bronzy tinge; beneath palish 1865.] ON NEW SPECIES OF RHOPALOCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA. 481 rufescent ; forehead, cheeks to above the eye, and sides of the neck rufous; middle of the belly whitish ; vent, flanks, and under tail- coverts dusky, with rather broad white bands; wings dusky olive, the first quill white-edged, the upper coverts narrowly banded with whitish, the under coverts with more white; tail entirely dusky ; bill greenish, pale beneath ; legs reddish ; iris yellowish brown. Total length 9 inches; wing 5; bill, to front, 1; tarsus 13; middle toe and claw 12. Hab. Sarawak (Borneo). Remark.—This species seems near P. fasciata, Raffles, and P. rubiginosa, Temm., but differs considerably from both in coloration. 5. DescrRIPTIONS OF THE CHARACTERS OF S1x New Species or RuopaLocerovus LEPIDOPTERA IN THE COLLECTION OF THE British Museum, witH Notes ON THE ALLIED SPE- cies. By A. G. Burter, Esa., F.Z.S. 1. DANAIS INUNCTA. Upperside. Front wings greasy white, semitransparent, yellow clouded with olivaceous at the base ; anterior margin rich brown, en- closing two elongate white spots, one before and one beyond the end of the cell; hind margin rich brown, deeply sinuated and dentated, enclosing four white spots near the apex, between the nervules, the last one just before the first median nervule ; three small white spots close to the edge, one between the first and second, and the other two between the second and third median nervules ; a large quadrate white spot and asmall marginal spot between the third median ner- vule and the submedian nervure ; all the nervures brown. Posterior wings white, basal half greasy white, base yellow; nervures brown, from the anterior margin to the first median nervule connected by a broad, irregular, rich-brown transverse band which runs into the hind margin; hind margin rich brown, sinuated on its inner edge between each of the folds, enclosing twelve spots near the edge be- tween the nervules, the first and second and the eleventh and twelfth brown, the others white. Body, head, and thorax black, spotted with white ; abdomen pale brown. Underside. Front wings as above; but with three additional, small spots on the hind margin. Posterior wings as above ; but all the marginal spots white. Body as above. Hab. Waigiou. 2. CYRESTIS ACHATES. Upperside. Front wings white, with faint roseate reflection ; ante- rior margin, basal portion ochreous, the remainder olivaceous ; an oblique, glaucous, elongate-triangular patch close to the base, its point touching the interior margin; a second similar larger patch crossing the centre of the cell, two converging narrow oblique lines, apparently closing the cell, uniting into a single line beneath it, and 482 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW SPECIES [June 13, enclosing a small triangular glaucous patch, its base resting on the anterior margin ; an irregular oblique line crossing the middle of the wing ; apical portion of the wing and outer margin brown, enclosing two grey ocelli, and interrupted by three longitudinal paler brown lines, the two inner ones varied with white; three blue-grey lunules near the anal angle and parallel to the outer margin, bordered by a black band on their inner edge, the upper one, between the second and third median nervules, larger than the other two, and having an oval black spot on its outer edge, which gives it the appearance of an ocellus; the two lower ones bordered on their outer edge by a broad bright ochreous dash, widening below and extending to the anal angle, enclosing two minute transverse white spots. Posterior wings white, with faint roseate reflection; hind margin deeply sinu- ated, with two caudal projections, the one at the extremity of the first nervule acute, slightly inclining inwards, elongate, the other, at the anal angle, obtuse, nearly quadrate ; interior margin slightly emarginate ; a narrow oblique line crossing the middle of the cell, and terminating just below it ; two converging narrow oblique lines apparently closing the cell, and disappearing in an ochreous patch at the anal angle; a broad ocellated band crossing the wing at two- thirds of the distance from the base, following the direction of the outer margin, its inner edge deep brown, intersected by a blue-grey line which runs into the outer edge at the median nervules, forming the lower portion of the brown into ovate spots, its outer edge pale brown, enclosing small white spots between the nervules ; outer margin deep brown, intersected in the middle by a pale line, brown to beyond the tail, where it becomes violaceous; anal angle, inner margin, and a broad, irregular, elongate fascia above the outer margin suffused with bright ochreous ; the patch changes to deep brown near the apex; the anal caudate projection ferruginous, en- closing, with the anal ochreous suffusion, three irregular roseate markings. Underside. Front wings white, with faint roseate reflection, bright ochreous at the anal angle; the markings the same as above, except that they are all brown, and the narrow trigonate basal patch is wanting. Posterior wings as above; but the ocellated band more distinctly separated into ocelli. Hab. Mysol. The allies of this species are Cyrestis menalis, Erichs. (Philippine Islands), and Cyrestis nivea, Zinck (Java, Borneo, &c.). 3. CYRESTIS SERICEUS. Upperside. Front wings white, with roseate reflection ; six oblique, irregular, double ochreous lines, extending to the middle of the wing at nearly equal distances from each other, crossing from the anterior margin to the median nervure, the third and fifth enclosing a fine central line; the fifth one deeper-coloured; three paler ochreous irregular, oblique, double lines at regular distances below the cell, the outer one extending as far as the fifth supramedian double line; an ablique pale ochreous band crossing the wing at two-thirds of the 1865.] OF RHOPALOCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA. 483 distance from the base; a paler, irregular, double ochreous band not far from, and parallel to, the outer margin, enclosing two minute lon- gitudinal brown spots near the apex ; outer margin pale ochreous, longitudinally intersected by a white line, enclosing a fine black line. Posterior wings white, with roseate reflection ; outer margin sinuated, with two caudal projections, the anal one short, rounded, obtuse; a pupillate cream-coloured spot at the analangle ; two obliquely placed black spots just above the anal projection ; four double, irregular, oblique, ochreous lines crossing the cell, the first and third only ex- tending to the median nervure, the third darker-coloured, the fourth deeply dentated and angulated near the inner margin, the second meeting the fourth near the anal angle; five ochreous bands follow- ing the direction of the outer margin, converging towards the anal angle, where they disappear in a bright ochreous anal suffusion ; the second, third, and fourth intersected at the nervures, the third and fourth enclosing an ovate black spot near the anterior margin, and four oblong black lines between the nervures; outer margin pale brown, with a narrow black line just above it following the direction of the outline of the wing. Underside. Front wings the same as above ; but the extremities of the nervures of the outer margin tipped with brown, and all the markings much paler. Posterior wings the same as above, except that all the markings are much less distinct, and there is a large, nearly circular, black spot just above the anal projection. Hab. Borneo. Allied to Cyrestis cocles, Fabricius (Sylhet). 4. VICTORINA APHRODITE. Upperside. Front wings falcated, elongate, deeply sinuated on the outer margin, especially below the first discocellular ; rich brown, paler towards the apex ; crossed in the middle by a broad silky-white band ; four oblong indistinct copper-red spots between the nervules, halfway between the band and the apical portion of the hind mar. gin; four paler brown lunules between the nervules near the hind margin, extending from the first discocellular to the anal angle, Posterior wings rich brown, very deeply sinuated, forming a short tail at the end of the second subcostal and the second and third me- dian nervules, and a long tail at the end of the first median nervule; wings rich brown, crossed beyond the middle by a broad white band glossed with pink, margined with blue at its lower extremity and outer edge, extending from the anterior margin to near the end of the first median nervule, broader above than below; a pale brown lunule over each of the sinuations, blue ones at the anal angle ; indi- cations of blue lunules above each of the marginal ones; two con- nected dull red lunules above the two small anal ones; a dull red streak close to the inner margin, just below the end of the abdomen. Body rich brown. Underside. Front wings golden brown, paler a little beyond the middle, crossed in the middle by a broad silky-white band, glossed with pink, deeply sinuated and dentated on its outer edge; a large 4184 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW SPECIES [June 13, lunular white mark glossed with pink near the apex; three very in- distinct white lunules glossed with pink between the nervules, the upper one placed obliquely to the apical lunule ; an indistinct white mark just beyond the cell; four distinct white lunules glossed with pink, the lowest one geminate, between the nervules, near the hind margin, extending from the first discocellular to the anal angle ; outer margin and basal portion of anterior margin dull red; cell crossed in the centre by four small blue-white spots, the two upper ones placed vertically, the lower ones obliquely ; a small blue-white spot and an obliquely placed, elongate, elbowed line at the end of the cell; base marked by three small cream-coloured spots ; outer margin dull orange. Posterior wings rich golden brown, deeper beneath ; crossed beyond the middle by a broad white band glossed with pink, broader above than below, extending from the anterior margin to near the end of the first median nervule, where it turns off at an angle towards the inner margin, becoming rufous brown at its outer extremity ; an indistinct cloudy band of white scales glossed with pink from near the anal angle to the end of the cell; base dull rufous, outer margin dull orange; a marginal row of eight white lunules, glossed with pink, near it; above them, and contiguous to them, a series of blue lunules with rufous centres. Body reddish ; palpi white. Hab. Mexico. This species, which is the most beautiful in the genus, somewhat resembles Victorina trayja, Hiibner (Brazil), on its upper surface ; on the underside it is nearer to Victorina epaphus, Latreille (South America and Mexico)*. * Victorina aphrodite differs from the description given by Mr. Bates of 4. superba in the following particulars :— A. SUPERBA. “ Above: both wings crossed by a white belt, much broader on the fore than hind wing, and edged with light blue. “‘ Beneath light brown; belt same as above; fore wing, outer border has a row of brownish-white lunules, not reaching the apex; the hind wing has a similar row placed between two lunulated red streaks, both edged on each side with dusky.”—Ent. Month. Mag. vol. i. p. 161, sp. 61. V. APHRODITE. Above: both wings crossed by a white belt, edged with blue; that of the hind wing blue below for one-fourth of its length. The wings with reddish markings in various parts; there is no mention made of any such markings in the description of 4. superba. Beneath: hind wing, outer margin reddish; above it a row of white lunules reaching the apex, and not similar to those of the upper wing ; and above these lunules not a lunulated red streak edged with dusky, but a lunulated blue streak with a reddish spot in the centre of each lunule. The belt is not the same as above on either of the wings; it is sinuated and dentated on the outer edge of the upper wing; and in the hind wing it turns off at an angle at the first median nervule, and continues to near the anal angle, where it becomes suffused with reddish. There is also a broad indistinct dusky band of white scales reaching from near the anal angle to the end of the cell, which does not appear to be the case with A. superba. 1865.] OF RHOPALOCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA. 485 5. ZEUXIDIA AMETHYSTUS. Upperside. Front wings deep brown glossed with purple ; a broad lilac band glossed with purple near the apex, extending from the anterior margin, just beyond the cell, to the third median nervule, wider above than below ; outer margin pale. Posterior wings, anal angle caudate ; wings rich brown, lower portion glossed with purple ; a broad lilac patch, glossed with purple, bisinuate on its inner edge, at the anal angle, extending from just below the body to the fold between the second and third median nervules; cell hirsute, hair ochreous ; outer margin pale. Underside. Front wings golden brown, dusky towards the inner margin ; a narrow, irregular, oblique, deeper-brown band crossing the middle of the wings; three irregular paler brown bands crossing the cell at equal distances ; a pale brown spot on the anterior margin, just beyond the central band; two similar spots near the apex. Posterior wings golden brown ; a deeper, oblique, narrow, irregular, brown band crossing the wings at the end of the cell, from near the end of the costal nervure to beyond the middle of the third median nervule ; two indistinct, pale brown, irregular bands near the base, the inner one extending to the median nervure, the outer one to the middle of the cell; a large, oval, ochreous ocellus, pupillated with white, between the first and second subcostal nervules, and a circular ochreous ocellus pupillated with white between the second and third median nervules. Hab, Sumatra. This species is the third of the genus, unless we include in it 4ma- thusia amythaon, Doubleday (Sylhet), which should, as I think, belong to it. The latter appears to be allied to my species, which, however, seems to be intermediate between Zeuzxidia luxeri, Hiibner (Java), and Zeuxidia doubledaii, Westwood (India), though evi- dently quite distinct from both of them. 6. HeTEROCHROA CALIFORNICA. Upperside. Front wings deep brown, crossed beyond the middle by an irregular band of cream-coloured spots ; hind margin pale ; two short orange transverse bands margined with black, the one crossing the middle, the other the end of the cell, between them a short black band; a large subapical orange blotch ; a lunulate pale brown submarginal band, extending from the subapical blotch to the anal angle; cell blue-grey. Posterior wings dee) brown, crossed before the middle by a cream-coloured band tapering to just above the anal angle, slightly trisinuate on its outer edge, its inner edge slightly undulating ; outer margin pale, a lunulate submarginal pale brown band ; an orange lunule at the anal angle. Underside. Front wings, apical half deep brown; cell pale blue, interrupted as above; front margin pale ochreous; beneath the cell pale brown; a pale orange spot below the median nervure near its origin, angulated on its outer edge ; cream-coloured band as above ; subapical blotch extending to the middle of the wing, bordered by 486 MR. F. MOORE ON DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA [June 13, a submarginal band of white; hind margin pale, bordered with dark brown on its inner edge. Posterior wings:bright orange-ochreous, crossed before the middle by a cream-coloured band bordered with deep brown; basal half to just below the cell violaceous, crossed before the middle of the cell by an orange band extending along the front margin to the cream-coloured transverse band, and from the front margin to the median nervure ; a second orange band beyond it, and touching the cream-coloured band, bounded on both sides by the cell ; a pale blue band extending from just above the anal angle along the outer edge of the central band to the first median nervule, where it becomes suffused with dusky, and continues up to the an- terior margin; hind margin edged with a lunular brown band enclo- sing a narrow, grey, lunular, submarginal band, and margined within by a broad blue-grey band, having a narrow, interrupted, irregular black line on its inner edge. Hab. California. Closely allied to Heterochroa bredowii, Hiibner (South America and West Indies); but differs from it above in having the lowest cream-coloured spots of the fore wing very small, so as to separate the band from that of the lower wing. In the hind wing it has a simple orange lunule at the anal angle, instead of a double one. On the underside orange takes the place of rich reddish brown, blue of grey ; the orange subapical blotch only extends along the outer margin to the middle of the wing, and does not terminate below in two lunules. The basal upper half of the hind wing is crossed by an additional short orange band; the wings are much more rounded than those of H. bredowii, and are not produced at the end of the second median nervule. 6. List or DiurNAL LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED BY Capt. A. M.. Lane 1n THE N.W. Himatayas. By Frepertc Moore. (Plates XXX., XXXI.) The following list comprises an enumeration of the Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera recently collected by..Capt. Lang, together with his notes as to the particular locality, &c., of the several species. PAPILIONIDA. 1. Papriiio pissimiLis, Linn. The only place in which I have seen this species is Subbathoo, altitude 4000 feet, in June, frequenting a grassy undulating down, flying rapidly in long circuits, pitching occasionally on grassy knolls, and generally returning by the same route to the same spot after a flight. 2. PariLio GOvINDRA, Moore. Papilio agestor, Kollar in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, pl. 3. f. 1, 2 (nec Gray). M&N Ilanhart. imp 35. Erehia HKalinda 6. Epmnephile (heena. 33. ‘Mane Davendras.¢. ‘ “” E. Cooke ihe Argynis lanadeva 2 Meltrew Sindura: 3 Lastommata Momava ‘ Baldivas &. 8 Famphilw Danna. ™ Lng SE 2 Pamphila Masa: * P.Z.5. 1865, PLQ0C dole Jith.. M.& NHanhart imp ue 7. Folyommaius Hasmira.s 7 Lolyommatus Harsandtra. 18 Colvas Shipkee . é. _____ Arvana 8 8. lycena Dipora 4 Arthocharis Daphabs. eee Nota. 9. sere 15 Preris Halorw. eo: .__Nazira. _ 0 Chrysqphanus Hasyapa.. 6 __ Ayaka. ® So ._-_ —sthandala 4 TheclaDeria UP LO 6. ecramas 12 Iterda Cada? (8 Gorenteryx Laneka 1865. ] FROM THE NORTH-WEST HIMALAYAS. 487 Allied to P. agestor, and figured as such by Kollar, but differs from that species in being somewhat smaller. Markings similar, but grey instead of a slaty colour, those on the disk of the hind wing being defined by three graduating series of pale spots, the interspaces being black. Exp. 3} inches. Hab. N.W. Himalayas. Note.—‘‘ Appears rare, as I have only taken two specimens, both in identically the same spot, in April, at Kussowlie, on the first range of the Himalayas, 6000 feet altitude. Each of these individuals affected a high spray of bramble, whence it dashed off for a rapid soar for a short distance, returning to its post.” 3. PAPILIO PAMMON, Linn. Rare in the N.W. Himalayas, and at low elevations. 4, Papiuio poxytes, Linn. Rare in the N.W. Himalayas, and at low elevations. 5. Papitio potycror, Boisd. Spéc. Gén. Lép. p. 205; Jacque- mont’s Voy. dans I’Inde, Ins. t. 1. f. 1, 2; Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. 2. tab. 1. Abundant about springs, rivulets, and on the damp sandy margins of larger streams in all parts of the N.W. Himalayas, at least as far as the crossing of the Sutlej at Wangtoo; but as we approach the bleaker Tibetan uplands it disappears. Larva feeds on Yanthoxrylon hostile. 6. PaprLio ERITHONIUS, Cramer, Pap. iii. t. 232. f. A, B. This is constant to the Aurantiaceze, mountains and plains. 7. PariLio MACHAON, Linn. Abundant in the N.W. Himalayas, on grassy downs and slopes, from 6000 to 10,000 feet altitude. 8. PapiLio SARPEDON, Linn. (Cramer, Pap. t. 122. f. D, E). Seen but in few places, and never more than one at a time. It is bold and rapid in flight, and not easily captured. 9. ParPILio CLOANTHUS, Westwood, Arc. Ent. pl. 11. f. 2. Equally rare with P. sarpedon, affecting the same localities, and can hardly be distinguished from it when on the wing. Both species taken sitting with closed wings by the moist margins of a trickling rill, Altitude 5000 to 7000 feet, N.W. Himalayas. 10. Paprtio PROTENOR, Cramer, Pap. t. 49. f. A, B. A considerable number seen together, floating and flapping their wings lazily and then settling on the blossoms, in waste marshy ground overgrown with Compositz (thistles). I have also seen a number congregated with P. polyctor on the damp sandy margins of 488 MR. F. MOORE ON DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA [June 13, streams in the hills. On these occasions, if disturbed, they disperse, only to collect in groups again. N.W. Himalayas ; elevation 4000 to 7000 feet. 11. PARNASSIUS JACQUEMONTI, Boisd. Spéc. Gén. Lép. p. 400; Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. t. 2. f. 3,4; Gray, Catal. Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. l. pl. VA, tf. 1s 2: Replaces P. hardwickii on the high passes of Upper Kunawur, Spiti, and Tibet. I first saw it on the “ Kongma”’ pass, leading from Kunawur into the Chinese province of Gughe in Tibet, at an altitude of 18,000 feet. This pass is 16,000 feet; but I ascended up its flank another 2000 to enjoy the far view over the distant Ti- betan ranges, brown and treeless, closed to European foot, and back- ward among the sharp icy pimacles of our own more familiar Hima- layan ranges: and here I saw this Parnassius coursing rapidly up and down the frozen snow-beds, where beaches, as it were, of boul- ders and stones cropped out. What could tempt Parnassius there I know not, for I saw not a Sedum, nor a Saxifrage, nor any other vegetation. I met this Parnassius again at high elevations in simi- lar regions along the confines of Kunawur and Tibet. It does not occur, apparently, with the next. 12. Parnasstus HARDWICKII, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepal, pl. 4. f. 1, la; Catal. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pap. pt. 1. pl. 12. f. 8-11. Commences at the Runang Pass, becoming commoner as we travel south and west towards Lower Kunawur and Simla, not extending nearer the plains than Simla, however. It is tolerably abundant on the Mahisoo ridge, near Simla, on bare grassy hill-tops, just clear of oak-woods: grassy open downs it certainly affects, and at a high elevation—8000 feet. Has a slow. flight, somewhat like that of Pieris, although it has a strong as well as slow flight. It flies low over the turf and rocks which crop up amidst the grass. There ap- pear to be two broods, early spring and late autumn. The red and blue spots vary much in different specimens, being quite obsolete in some. I have seen it in December and February, on bright days succeeding weeks of snow-storms. 13. PaRNAssIvs, sp.? This is a more handsome and rarer species. I caught it on but two passes, the “ Runang”’ and ‘ Hungrung,”’—at the former in company with P. hardwickii, and at the latter with Ponéza nina, thus apparently occupying the debateable ground between the two, and linking them together. Isaw many more than I caught, for, as may be imagined, rapid pursuit, now up a steep hill-side, now down, and then up again, at 14,000 to 15,000 feet altitude above the sea, is trying to the best of lungs. This species has a peculiar flight, swimming very fast and close to the ground im a zigzag course, as if beating - the ground like a hen harrier beating a meadow. 1865.] FROM THE NORTH-WEST HIMALAYAS. 489 Pirrip#. 14. Aporta acatuon, Gray, Lep. Ins. of Nepal, pl. 8. f. 1. This is a mountain-insect, frequenting forests and shady glens, At Simla I saw it in considerable numbers in June. Its flight much resembles that of Danais chrysippus, and it is of easy capture. It appears local, as I have seen it only at Simla, and in some richly wooded glens upwards of 100 miles in the interior of the Himalaya. 15. Avoria soracta (Boisd.); Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. poes: An Himalayan species, and may be seen in some abundance in forests, at altitudes of 6000 to 8000 feet. It is essentially a forest insect, not affecting gardens or grassy slopes. 16. Prerts papuipicer, Linn. Note.—‘‘I saw this Pieris in considerable numbers, flying about the village-fields of cereals and turnips, in the villages on the Spiti River, Leo, Chango, Shialkur, &c., and in the Chinese frontier vil- lage of Shipkee.” 17. PieRIs MESENTINA, Cram. Pagntc70.G. Ay be Obtained at Kussowlie, 6000 feet elevation, on the first plainwards range of the Himalayas. 18. Preris KALoRA, n.sp. (Pl. XXXI. fig. 15.) White. Male. Fore wing with a transverse quadrate black spot at end of discoidal cell; apex and submarginally before it with a series of ill-defined blackish spots. Underside dull white ; fore wing as above; hind wing with all the nervures broadly margined with pale greenish brown, with a submarginal series of lanceolate marks of the same colour, the intermarginal spaces being white. Female. Base of wings, nervures, and exterior margin of hind wing suffused with greenish grey. Fore wing with the discoidal, black, transversely quadrate spot large, the black marginal and sub- marginal band broad, the interspaces forming a series of white out- wardly pointed spots. Hind wing with a similar submarginal, apically black, zigzag band, the intermarginal spaces forming a series of white inwardly pointed spots. Expanse of g 1} inch, 9 14 inch. Hab. Passes over the spurs of the Himalayas which run from Spiti southward to the Sutlej. Allied to P. calidice of Europe. Note.—‘‘ This insect I saw but twice ; once on the ‘ Hungrung’ Pass (15,000 feet elevation), where I saw but one, flying very fast at the top of the pass over the dwarf Tibetan furze (Carayana versi- color). On the next pass, the ‘ Runang,’ about 14,800 feet, I saw a good many of this species flying very fast up and down the bare stony slopes just at the summit of the pass. I never saw the insect Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1865, No. XXXII. 490 MR. F. MOORE ON DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA [June 13, again, unless on the Tari pass into Spiti, 15,000 feet, over glaciers and snow-beds, where the rarified air prevented any pursuit of insects, but where I saw some fast-flying white Butterflies which I could not secure.” 19. Preris NrpALENSI!s, Gray, Lep. Ins. of Nepal, pl. 6. f. 1, 3. Everywhere in the N.W. Himalayas, up to 10,000 feet altitude. 20. Preris GiicrriaA, Cram. Pap. t. 171. f. E, F. Abundant in the same localities as preceding. 21. Preris AJAKA, n. sp. (Pl. XXXI. fig. 16.) White. Male with the costal margin for half its length from the base and extreme base of both wings suffused with black ; a patch at the apex of fore wing, and a suffused spot beneath it between the third and second median branches, an indistinct spot at the end of the costal, and the tips of the nervures of hind wing fuliginous black. Female. Base of the wings suffused with black ; fore wing with the apex, two large spots on the disk, the upper one being be- tween the third and second median branches, the lower on the poste- rior margin before the angle, the submedian and median nervures, and branches black ; hind wing with the nervures and patch near the apex, between the costal and subcostal, black. Underside yellowish white ; nervures and the two discal spots on fore wing blackish. Body and antenne black. Hab. Lower Kunawur. «© Somewhat local, and not common. Of weak flight, affecting damp glens, and flying low amidst wet herbage. Occurs chiefly in autumn.” Allied to Pieris gliciria, but decidedly distinct from that common species. 22. Pieris HRA, un. sp. (PI. XXXI. fig. 17.) White. Male. Base of wings and half of costa greyish. Fore wing with the exterior margin irregularly black, this colour com- mencing from the costa one-third from the apex, extending obliquely across it, enclosing a white spot between the third and second median branches, and then running to the posterior angle. Hind wing with or without indistinct blackish spots on the margin. Female. Fore wing with the base and costal margin fuliginous grey, the exterior marginal black band with two white spots within at the apex; a small black spot near posterior angle; the nervures closing the discoidal cell black. Hind wing with indistinct blackish marginal spots. Underside—hind wing and apex of fore wing yel- lowish ; fore wing with a streak at the end of discoidal cell and two spots on the disk blackish. Expanse 13 inch. Hab. Punjab and Oudh. Allied to P. durvasa (P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 103, pl. 44. f. 6). 1865.] FROM THE NORTH-WEST HIMALAYAS. 491 23, Preris sanaca, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 103, pl. 44. f. 4, 2. Very rare; obtained only in one richly wooded glen far in the in- terior of the N.W. Himalayas. Its flight was very strong and fast. 24. ANTHOCHARIS DAPHALIS, n.sp. (Pl. XXXI. fig. 14.) White. Male. Fore wing with the costal margin and apex deli- cately chequered with black ; a transverse black spot at end of dis- coidal cell. Hind wing traversed with irregular pale-greenish bands ; a slight apical streak, a small spot at end of the cell, and small spots on cilia black. Body blackish. Underside—fore wing with costa chequered with black ; the discoidal black spot with a white centre ; the apex chequered with pale greenish brown, the interspaces being pale silvery white. Hind wing yellowish brown, interspersed with numerous large and minute silvery-white spots. Expanse 1} inch. Hab. Middle Kunawur. : Note.—“ An early spring insect, among cliffs ; not common. 25. THESTIAS HNIPPE, Cram. Pap. t. 105. f. C, D, ¢; t. 229. PBC, oO. This species is subject to considerable variation, and the varieties seem constant to localities. The larve feed on Capparis. I observe a constant difference in the Himalayan and plains varieties, apparently coexistent with and dependent on the species of Capparts growing in their separate habitats. The Himalayan specimens from the Sutlej valley are much greyer and finer insects than those from the plains, as the luxuriantly growing, large-leaved, and finely coloured lilac-flowered Capparis (sp.?), which covers like ivy the bold cliffs over the Sutlej, and affords pabulum to the hill enippe larve, is a handsomer plant than the coarse straggling thorny bush of the Cap- paris sepiaria of the dry plains with its small white flowers. None but an entomologist, who knew the species well, would say that the two insects were of the same species, were I to put side by side an immense black female from Wangtoo and a small clean white female from Umballa. The upper surface of anterior wing of the former is dark black, with an interrupted white fascia transverse ; the posterior _ wing dull black, with a dusky-white disk ; whereas the whole upper surface of the Umballa female is clean white, the anterior wing only having the outer margin and apex black, and a short black streak from the middle of the costa. The two insects are wonderfully un- like. The males are similarly, though not to so great an extent, unlike. Some females have the apical half of the anterior wing pale yellow. 26. THESTIAS MARIANNE, Cram. Pap. t. 217. f. C, D, E. Abundant in the Himalaya. The females vary a good deal, as in T. enippe. I have seen no large black variety, however, to match my Wangtoo 7. enippe. 492 MR. F. MOORE ON DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA [June 13, 27. CoLtAs EDUSA, var. myrmidone, Abundant in the Himalayas. 28. CoLtAs HYALE, Linn. Note.—“ Tolerably abundant in the Himalayas, 5000 to 10,000 feet. Common in the meadows and pasture-lands of the Simla Hills and Kunawur ; of rapid flight, coursing over the turf and beds of thyme, not dawdling so much as C. edusa, which affects the same grounds.” 29. CoLias NERIENE, Fischer, Ent. Russ. Lep. t. 11. f. 3, 4. Note.— This white Colias is very common in Lower and Middle Kunawur ; an early spring insect, scouring over the gentian-studded turf of the pasture-lands, 6000 to 10,000 feet altitude. It is a very fast flyer, faster than C. edusa.” 30. CoLiAs SHIPKEE, n. sp. (Pl. XXXI. fig. 13.) Colias shipkee, Lang, MS. Upperside. Fore wings rich primrose-yellow, some individuals with a warmer tint on the disk ; exterior margin broadly black, broadest at apical angle, and having a sinuous inner edge, within which is a series of slightly curved yellow spots, the four upper spots rather lanceolate, the three lower more square; a black spot closing the discoidal cell, which spot in some is annular, enclosing a yellow centre; cilia at apical angle and along exterior margin rosy. Hind wings primrose-yellow, more or less suffused in different individuals with dusky irrorations ; a series of acute oval yellow spots within the ex- terior margin, their edges more or less defined with black ; base black ; discoidal cell closed by a very faintly defined orange spot ; cilia rosy. Underside. Fore wings yellow, the black margin of upperside ap- pearing faintly beneath of a greenish grey colour, and having also indistinctly the series of yellow spots as above; costal margin greenish grey, black spot closing the cell as above. Hind wings dull greenish grey ; exterior margin yellow, showing the form of the spots of the upperside ; a rufous spot with silvery centre at end of discoidal cell. Antenne, legs, head, with frontal tuft, and fore part of thorax rosy ; palpi greenish yellow ; thorax and abdomen greenish grey. Expanse 2 inches, Hab. Tibet. Note.—* Flies with rapidity over the pastures on the mountain- slopes above the Sutlej, near Shipkee, at an altitude of 13,000 to 15,000 feet, frequenting the meadow-land, rich in grasses and flowers, just below the melting snow-beds in June.” The species of Colias that appears to be nearest allied to this is C. vauthiert from Chili. 31. Tertas HECABE, Linn, Has a wide range; Himalayas and plains. 1865.] FROM THE NORTH-WEST HIMALAYAS. 493 32. Trrias sari, Horsf. Same habitat as the preceding. 33. Tertas LzTA, Boisd. Spéc. Gén. Lép. p. 674. Taken at Kussowlie, in the Himalayas. It has a very weak flight, amongst low herbage on the skirts of woods and gardens. 34. GoNEPTERYX NIPALENSIS, Doubleday, Gray’s Lep. Ins. of Nepal, pl. 5. f. 1. Abundant in the N.W. Himalayas, 3000 to 10,000 feet altitude. 35. GONEPTERYX ZANEKA, n.sp. (PI. XXXI. fig. 18.) Anterior wings falcate ; the costal margin constricted at half its length. Hind wings with the outer margin deeply sinuated. Male. Upperside—fore wings brimstone-yellow ; posterior wings pale cream-yellow, almost white in old specimens. Females duller- coloured ; costal margin of fore wing and the whole of hind wing covered with delicate minute corrugated strie ; costal and subcostal veins terminated with minute dark-brown dots; a small ochreous- yellow discocellular spot on both wings. Antennze and head red- dish brown; thorax white, covered with long silky-white hairs; ab- domen yellow. Underside paler and duller cream-colour, having the delicate cor- rugated striz as above; the veins of both wings terminated with a dark brown dot; the discocellular spot pale dull brown; both wings with a lower discal series of four small black dots, one between each vein, Expanse 2 inches. Hab. N.W. Himalayas. Note.—‘ This is local, and I have seen it in June only in the thick dark forests about Kotgurh and Narkunda, fifty miles from Simla.” 36. CALLIDRYAS PHILIPPINA, Cram. Pap. t. 361. f. C, D. 37. CALLIDRYAS PYRANTHE, Linn. Both species taken in the Himalayas. 38. CALLIDRYAS ALCMEONE, Cram. Pap. t. 141. f. E. 39. CALLIDRYAS HILARIA, Cram. Pap. t. 339. f. A, B, d; t. 229. fi, ©, 2. Both the preceding seem to frequent the Cathartocarpus fistula, which is an indigenous plant to the lower slopes of the outer Hima- layan ranges, 2000 to 5000 feet. Danaip&. 40. Euptaa core, Cram. Pap. t. 266. f. KE, F. Not common in the N.W. Himalayas. 494 MR. F. MOORE ON DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA [June 13, 41. Evete@a mipamvs, Linn. (Cram. t. 127. f. C, D, d; t. 266. ap CCD F A single specimen obtained in a valley in the N.W. Himalayas. It appears to be rare in these regions. 42. Danats curysippus, Linn. (Cram. Pap. t. 118. f. B,C). Abundant everywhere. 43. Danas pLExtppus, Linn. (Cram. Pap. t. 206. f. C, D). Tolerably abundant everywhere. 44, Danats LImNIACH, Cram. Pap. t. 59. f. C, D. 45. Danats MELISSA, Cram. Pap. t. 377. f. C, D. Same localities as above. 46. Danats TyT1A, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepal, pl. 9. f. 2. Entirely Himalayan. Obtained in wooded glens, 6000 to 7000 feet altitude. Flight high and soaring. NyMPHALID. 47. VANESSA CHARONIA, Drury, Ins. i. t. 15. f. 1, 2. This is a thoroughly Himalayan forest-insect, of swift flight. 48. VANESSA XANTHOMELAS, Denis et Schiff. A local Himalayan forest-insect. 49. VANESSA KASCHMIRENSIS, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. ee mone As abundant in the Himalayas as V. urtice in England. 50. PyraAMEIS CALLIRHOE, Hiibner (Cram. t. 84. f. E, F). Abundant in the Himalayas, 5000 to 10,000 feet. 51. PyraMEIs CARDUI, Linn. Everywhere common in the Himalayas at all seasons. 52. JUNONIA LEMONIAS, Linn. (Cram. Pap. t. 35. f. D, E, F). Observed in the Himalayas. 53. JuUNONIA @NONE, Linn. (Cram. Pap. t. 35. f. A, B, C). Same localities as preceding. 54. Junonia orituyiA, Linn. (Cram. Pap. t. 32. f. E, F, d; t. 19. f. C, D, 2). Same localities as preceding. Partial to bare, dry grass-land. To be seen in the hottest hot winds, and in the bleak wintery weather pitched on the grass, flitting quickly away and pitching again after a short circuit. Larva reared on Antirrhinum orontium. 1865.] FROM THE NORTH-WEST HIMALAYAS. 495 55. Precis 1puita, Cram. Pap. t. 209. f. C, D. Rather abundant in the Himalayas. 56. Precis HARA, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. pl. 3a. f. 1. An Himalayan species. Not so abundant as the preceding. Ge- nerally seen on the banks of streams. 57. ATELLA PHALANTA, Drury, Ins. i. t. 21. f. 1, 2. Tolerably abundant up to 8000 feet elevation. 58. Laocona Hyppocta, Cram. Pap. t. 220. f. C, D. 59. ARGYNNIS NIPHE, Linn. (Cram. Pap. t. 14. f. C-E; Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pl. 13. f. 12). Tolerably abundant in certain localities, 6000 to 8000 feet in the Himalayas. The males seem much more abundant than the females. 60. ArRGYNNIS Iss“A, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepal, p. 11. Very abundant in the Himalayas, 5000 to 8000 feet. At all seasons of the year, even in winter, when snow lies deep on sheltered slopes, this insect may be seen on open sunny sites. 61. ARGYNNIS CHILDRENI, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepal, pl. 11. An Himalayan species, frequenting grassy slopes near woods, open copses, and gardens, 7000 to 10,000 feet elevation. Flight bold and very fast. Affects Composite aud Crucifere. Not avery com- mon species. 62. ARGYNNIS KAMALA, Moore, Catal. Lepid. Mus. E. I. C. i. p- 156. Abundant throughout a tract of 120 miles, at an altitude of 6000 to 10,000 feet, in the summer and autumn months, in the Simla district and Lower Kunawur. It affects open glades and the borders of forests, pitching on low shrubs, brambles, and banks of thyme, thistle, scabious-heads, &c. 63. ARGYNNIS JAINADEVA, n. sp. (PI. XXX. fig. 1.) Male. Upperside rich fulvous; markings black ; fore wing with four discoidal streaks, the fourth double and closing the cell; a transverse discal series of narrow lunulated spots irregularly disposed, but each joined to the other by being continued in a line on the vein; a small suffused spot before the apex ; a second discal series of round spots, a submarginal row of lunules, and a double marginal line. Hind wing with a double mark closing the cell ; an irregular trans- verse discal series of lunules; a second discal series of three round spots and an upper intermediate dot; a submarginal row of well- defined lunules, and a double marginal line; cilia pale fulvous yel- low. Underside—fore wing pale fulvous, greenish yellow apically ; markings as above, except that those at the apex and the margina 496 MR. F. MOORE ON DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA [June 13, line are pale green, the inner apical spaces being silvery white. Hind wing pale green, yellowish across the disk and along exterior margin ; basal and a transverse discal series of spots, and a marginal row of lunules, silvery white, those of the two former more or less with a black border, the latter bordered by a black marginal line; a few rufous-brown spots outside the discal series. Female of a deeper colour; markings the same, but larger. Expanse of ¢ 17, 2 2 inches. Hab. Upper Kunawur. Very common in Upper Kunawur ; not appearing in Lower Ku- nawur. This is a companion to the above (4. kamala)}, but only for some twenty miles of its furthest northern range, appearing first on the meadows of ‘“ Cheni,’’ the finest village of Kunawur ; this and the next ten miles appear its head quarters. I caught it, however, far to the eastward, on the bare, treeless, shrubless regions of the Zungcham River, in Tibet (an affluent of the Spiti). It flies from May till November. This species is allied to 4. clara, Blanchard, figured in Jaeque- mont’s ‘ Voy.’ Ins. pl. 2. f. 2, 3. 64. MeniTma sINDURA, nD. sp. (Pl. XXX. fig. 2.) Wings ferruginous ; costa and base of wings blackish. Fore wing with narrow marginal band, two marks within discoidal cell, and two transverse series of discal spots black ; a series of black-margined, pale-centred submarginal lunules. Hind wing with the marginal black band and submarginal lunules as in fore wing, also a series of three small black spots from anal angle. Cilia white, spotted with black. Body ferruginous black. Underside—fore wing elear fer- ruginous, yellowish about the apex, with the discal markings as above, but less defmed, and a marginal series of yellowish lunules. | Hind wing with ferruginous base, yellow disk, a pale ferruginous submarginal and marginal band (each with bright ferrugmous spots), and an intermarginal series of yellowish lunules. Sexes alike. Expanse 12 ineh. Hab. Kongma Pass, N.W. Himalayas. This is very local, apparently. I have seen it but im one place, on one acre of ground I may say, on a patch of very stony pasture- land, at 16,000 feet altitude, on the “‘ Kongma”’ pass, leading from Kunawur into the Chinese province of Gughe in Tibet: ground not clear of snow for more than four months in the year. Here one day I saw a great number of these insects flying, an icy-cold wind blowing all the time, so that the insects were blown about, and never more than an inch or so above the ground. No other Lepidoptera near them did I see but a stray Colias edusa, and several Parnassii coursing up and down the snow-banks a little higher up. 65. Cyresris THyODAMAS, Boisd. in Crochard’s edit.; Cuv. Rig. An. Ins. t. 138. f.4; Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. t. 7. f. 3, 4. An Himalayan forest-insect, difficult to capture at ail. It gene- rally frequents a well-wooded glen ; and in such a place I have often 1865.] FROM THE NORTH-WEST HIMALAYAS. 497 watched its elegant soaring flight, far out of reach, as it floated over the blossoms of the horse-chestnut (Pavia indica), or rested on its broad leaves in the sunshine. I have also seen it floating up and down the foliage-covered face of a steep cliff overhanging a hill-tor- rent, and rarely would it come within reach, 66. Nepris aceris, Esper, t. 81. f. 3,4; t. 82. f. 1. Common in woods and gardens in the Himalayas. It has a beau- tiful flight, floating in and out of the sunlight in the shade of trees, occasionally basking on the sun-bathed foliage, or resting, in groups of half a dozen or more, on the moist fern-covered rocks in the midst of the stream in some Himalayan glen. 67. NEpTIs NANDINA, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. pl. 4a. f.-7, 68. Neprtis zarpa, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 35. f. 3. An Himalayan species. Has somewhat the same flight as N. aceris, but more fond of pitching on the ground in the shade of trees or rocks, as the two following species. 69. ATHYMA LEUCoTHOi, Linn, (Cram. Pap. t. 203. f. E, Ky: 70. ATHYMA OPALINA, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iy, p- 427; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. pl. 5 asf 2: 71. LimeNniTis LicyEs, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 3rd ser. ii. p. 246 (Nov. 1864). Limenitis trivena, Moore, Ent. Monthly Mag. November 1864, p. 131. Not common, although it has a wide range of some 200 miles north and east of Simla ; appearing to prefer the rich woods and forests of the moister ranges, but continuing as far as the cedar- and Gerard’s pine-forests extend, to Soongnum, the capital of Upper Kunawur. On the wing from May to July; flight quick—some- times slow, floating in and out of the sunlight. 72. Hesrina PERsIMriis, Westw. Doubleday & Hewitson, Diurn, Lep. p. 281. Rare, N.W. Himalayas, 4000 to 7000 feet. One I caught in a narrow glen, well wooded with undergrowth ; others in an orchard of plum and apricot, on the ripe fruit of which these insects (with Castalia and Athyma) were settling, both on the trees and on the fallen fruit below the trees. 73. CasTaia picuroa, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iy. p- 429, G8=f, 1,2. Same habits and somewhat the same locality as the former; but I have also seen it in open woods further in the interior of the Hima- layas, pitching on the sprays of tall shrubs ; making rapid flights, and returning to the same spot. 498 MR. F. MOORE ON DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA [June 13, 74, Apouias GARUDA, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. n. s. v. ple sefABjad iP N.W. Himalayas. 75. ADOLIAS DOUBLEDAYI, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepal, pl. 13. Adolias epiona (Gray), Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. v. Frequents oak-forests, at altitudes of 6000 to 8000 feet, in the Himalayas during the rainy season, July and August. It flies very swiftly over the tops of the trees, with a skimming flight like a Swal- low. Two or three may be seen chasing one another in and out of the shade, among the branches of the trees. They pitch abruptly, often with expanded wings, basking in the sunlight, until some pass- ing insect—another Adolias or a Neptis floating near—tempts the quarrelsome insect to dash off, buffet the passer-by, and, after a rapid skim, return to pitch again suddenly near its former resting-place, and bask again. It soon gets battered, and is difficult to capture. 76. NyMPHALIS ATHAMAS, Drury, Ill. i. t. 2. ses Pers An insect of extremely rapid flight, flashing like lightning up and down rocky-bedded streams in Himalayan glens, 3000 to 5000 feet. It pitches on rocks in mid-stream, and flashes off again if ap- "proached. It is not common, and very difficult to capture ; yet one very hot day in June I saw seven individuals sitting with closed wings motionless on a foul spot (by the damp sandy margin of a stream), so close together that I might have put my hat on all of them. Ex- cept on that occasion, I have never seen more than one at a time. SATYRIDZ. 77. Desis EUROPA, Fabr. (Cram. Pap. t. 313. f. E, F, d; t. 79. f. C, D, 2). A common species, obtained at Kussowlie (6000 feet), frequenting grassy slopes in the shade or near hedges ; constantly pitching under bushes or at roots of trees, and lying perdu. 78. Desis ROHRIA (Fabr.). Satyrus isana, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, t. 16. f. 3, 4, p. 448. This frequents another region, 200 miles from Kussowlie, in damp glens, where tall rocks cast a shadow all day : this insect affects the shade, pitched on the rocks or at their foot, or in the rank vege- tation near, never seeking the broad sunshine. 79. DEBIS VERMA. Satyrus verma, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, t. 16. f. 1, 2, p. 447. Frequents the same region as Debis rohria, but is more autumnal, and affects trees in preference to rocks, pitching on the trunks of rhododendrons and oaks. 1865.] FROM THE NORTH-WEST HIMALAYAS. 499 80. EnorE puLana, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 227. Observed only in two localities far apart in the interior of the Hi- malayas, in dark forests of oak, sycamore, and horse-chestnut, affect- ing shade, and pitching on trunks of trees. 81. LastoMMATA SCHAKRA. Satyrus schakra, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, p. 446, t.15. f. 3, 4. A very common Himalayan species, to be seen at all seasons flit- ting about the rocky roadside, and pitching on the rocks or banks ; more abundant on the outer Himalayan ranges, on bare grassy slopes. 82. Lastommata satricus, Doubleday; West. & Hewits. Diurn. Lep. pl. 64. f. 4. Observed only late in the autumn, in a forest glade in the Hima- layas, near a stream with rich vegetation about its banks. 83. LaAsIoMMATA MENAVA, n.sp. (Pl. XXX. fig. 3.) Male fuliginous brown; fore wing with a large apical jet-black ocellus, with white pupil and ferruginous iride ; alsoa much smaller ocellus between it and the apex. Hind wing with two similar ocelli, placed submarginally midway between the anterior and posterior angles. Underside with the discal portion of the fore wing ferru- ginous ; a series of four transverse discoidal streaks and a submar- _ ginal line dark brown, each bordered with pale grey ; the ocelli as above, but with yellow irides. Hind wing pale greyish brown, with irregular transverse basal brown lines ; a series of six black submar- ginal ocelli, the first five with each a white pupil and a double brown- bordered yellow iris; the sixth, at the anal angle, without the white-pupilled black centre; a submarginal series of whitish-grey lunules. Expanse 14 inch. Hab. Middle Kunawur. Allied to L. schakra, Kollar (Hiigel’s Kaschmir, pl. 15. f. 3, 4). Remark.—Is this a geographical variety of L. schakra? It comes from Middle Kunawur, the pleasant villages of Pangi and Rarung, where the last showers of rain fall, at rare intervals. It does not venture to the drier regions above described ; and its uniformly dark colour remains constant, and seems to distinguish it from the more fulvous L. schakra so common on every rocky roadside in Lower Ku- nawur and the Simla Hills. 84. LasIomMATA BALDIVA, n. sp. (Pl. XXX. fig. 4.) Male. Upperside—fore wing fuliginous grey; hind wing ashy grey ; both wings with a broad, irregularly margined, discal ferru- ginous band, which has on the fore wing an upper and a lower black- ish spot, on the hind wing a small spot at its lower end. Female paler; the fore wing with the spots on the discal band larger, there being also a third intermediate smaller spot ; the spot 500 MR. F. MOORE ON DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA [June 13, on the hind wing with a white pupil. Underside grey, of the female greyish white, with numerous short blackish striz ; fore wing with the disk pale ferruginous, the margins of the band (as seen from above) defined by irregular black lines; fore wing in the male with a single, in the female with two black spots; the apical with white pupil and yellow iride; the black dot on the hind wing also with white pupil and yellow iride. Cilia silvery grey. Expanse 14 inch. Hab. Spiti and Tibet. Allied to L. telephassa. On the bare, brown, stony mountain-slopes of Spiti, Upper Ku- nawur, Tibet; this species seems to delight in the hot weather of June and July. 85. Saryrus swaHa, Kollar, Higel’s Kaschmir, p. 444, t. 14. felis Very common during the rains (August and September) in the interior of the Himalayas, chiefly ou grassy slopes and in fields near woods ; also in open woods. 86. Saryrus saraswat], Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, p. 445, t. 14. f. 3, 4. Frequents the same ground as the preceding, at the same season, and has the same flight. 87. Saryrus AvATARA, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p.229. N.W. Himalayas, 8000 to 10,000 feet; frequenting bare grassy, rocky slopes close to oak-forests. A bolder insect than the prece- ding: Nymphalidan in flight and habit, and appearing in May and June before the rainy season. 88. HippARCHIA PARYSATIS. Satyrus parysatis, Kollar, Ins. Faun. S. Persia (Mem. Acad. Vienna), i. p. 11. Obtained on steep precipices over bare hill-sides above the Sutlej ; and these Himalayan precipices are not quite the ground for the en- tomologist, net in hand, and -eye fixed on the soaring insect. The aspect of the insect on the wing is quite Nymphalidan—a soaring flight, swift-if frightened, pitching in all sorts of inaccessible spots. Subsequently found very common in Upper Kunawur, always on steep cliffs, pitching on rocks. 89. EreBIA ANNADA, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 226. The species of Hredia are autumnal insects of weak flopping flight, with an irregular pitching action, frequenting bare grassy slopes. 90. Eresia scanpA, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. p. 452, to17: f. 334. Hab. Lower Kunawur. 1865.] FROM THE NORTH-WEST HIMALAYAS. 301 This species appears in the height of the rainy season (July and August) about the hedges and banks in Lower Kunawur, altitude 6000 to 7000 feet. Good fresh specimens are of a velvety black- brown above, and beneath have the lower wing very whitely salted, so that as they fly they look distinctly party-coloured. 91. EREBIA NIRMALA, nN. sp. Male. Upperside uniform dark brown; fore wing with a sub- apical black ocellus, having two white pupils and a dark ferruginous iride ; hind wing with a similar but single-pupilled ocellus near anal angle. Underside greyish brown, discal portion of fore wing ma- roon-brown ; ocelli of both wings as above, but with the iride yel- low ; a white dot below the ocellus of fore wing, and a discal series of four white dots anterior to the ocellus of hind wing. Cilia brown. Expanse 2 inches. Hab. N.W. Himalayas. Remark.—Allied to £. scanda, Kollar ( Higel’s Kaschmir, p- 452), but differs in having a somewhat more elongated fore wing. On the underside it may be distinguished by the absence of the numerous white striz on the hind wing, and by there being a single ocellus only near the anal angle. 92, EREBIA KALINDA, n. sp. (PI. XXX. fig. 5.) Female. Upperside greenish velvety brown ; both wings with a ferruginous discal patch, that on the fore wing being subapical ; fore wing with an apical black spot, having a white pupil and yellow iride, Underside dull brown ; fore wing as above, but the ferruginous colour extending anteriorly across the discoidal cell; hind wing with a submarginal series of white dots; ferruginous patch obsolete. Expanse 14 inch. Hab. N.W. Himalayas. This is local, and I saw very few ; at two places, on the hill-sides below the Runang and Werang passes—not at the summit of the pass, but some 2000 feet lower down. A weak low flight it has, amongst the grass and flowers. 93. EPINEPHILE CHEENA, n.sp. (Pl. XXX. fig. 6.) Dark brown. Male with a subapical, black, ferruginous-encircled spot ; also a similar minute spot some distance below it. Underside pale greyish brown ; fore wing with its discal portion ferruginous ; a medially submarginal dark brown streak and an ill-defined discal transverse line; the subapical ocellus as above, but with a white pupil and yellow iride ; hind wing covered with minute delicate brown strize. Female with three black ferruginous-encircled ocelli, the upper and lower large, the central small. Underside as in male, but having the lower ocellus as in upperside, the central one being obsolete. Expanse of ¢ 1£ inch, 2 2 inches. Hab. Kunawur. Allied to 2. janira. 502 MR. F. MOORE ON DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA [June 13, “The ‘ meadow-brown’ of the meadows of Rogi and Cheeni in Kunawur. It is limited in its range, not appearing to the westward, nor venturing further north and east into the drier lands affected by the other two Satyri (Epinephile davendra and Lasiommata bal- diva).” 94. EpINEPHILE DAVENDRA, n. sp. (Pl. XXX. fig. 7.) Male greyish brown ; fore wing with the space within the dis- coidal cell to near the apex and then descending to near the posterior margin ferruginous, this colour being distinctly defined ; within it is a single black apical spot. Underside with the costal and exterior margins of fore wing greyish brown, the inner space pale ferruginous, the apical ocellus with white pupil and brown-bordered yellow iride, which latter, however, does not encircle the spot, being cut off as it were posteriorly ; a short streak before the ocellus, and a submarginal line, dark brown. Hind wing grey, with delicate minute brown striee ; a discal and a submarginal line dark brown, the former irre- gularly across the disk from middle of anterior to posterior margin, both bordered outwardly with pale white, and having a single ante- rior and two posterior black ocelli, each with a yellow brown-bor- dered iride, and the anterior with a white pupil. Female pale grey ; the ferruginous space in the fore wing ill defined; and with a second black spot situated near the posterior angle. Underside as in male, but with the lower black spot on fore wing as above, the anterior ocellus on the hind wing being mi- nute or nearly obsolete. Expanse 1? inch. Hab. Spiti and Tibet. Allied to #. eudora. This is a Tibetan and Spiti insect, affecting the dry hot summer of the rainless region of the Chinese frontier. On a hot June or July day, these sober insects may be seen flitting about the stony hill-sides, 9000 to 12,000 feet altitude—hill-sides where the Gra- minaceze are scarce and brown, and grey Artemisia and Ephedra form the principal vegetation. They do not occur in the moister and more wooded regions of the Himalayas ; but first appear on the confines of Upper Kunawur, in Spiti, and the Chinese provinces of Gughe (? Cughe) and Nari Khorsum (Tibet). 95. YpHTHIMA SAKRA, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, p- 236. Hab. Simla Hills and Lower Kunawur. 96. YPHTHIMA, sp.? The species of Yphthima are all Himalayan insects of very feeble flight, frequenting banks, hedges, and grassy land. 97. LisyTHEA MYRRHA, Godt, (Gray’s Lep. Ins. Nepal, pl. 12. f. 4). Not wncommon in Himalayan woods. 1865.] FROM THE NORTH-WEST HIMALAYAS. 503 ERYCINIDZ. 98. DopoNnA DURGA. Melitea durga, Kollar, Higel’s Kaschmir, p. 411, t. 13. f. 3, 4. Dodona durga, Hewitson. Common on pasture and grassy slopes in the Himalayas, 5000 to 8000 feet. Fond of sunshine ; flight quick, almost Hesperidan. 99. DopoNna EGEON. Emesis egeon, Boisd. ; Doubleday & Hewitson’s Diurn. Lep. pl. 69. f,°2: Observed once only, in September, in a richly wooded Himalayan glen, full of horse-chestnut, maple, sycamore, oak, and rhododen- dron, through which fell, in numerous little cascades, a clear stream, bordered with bushes (Rubus, &c.) and an undergrowth of grasses, ferns, &c.—quite a different country to that of the preceding, I passed this glen once in September. In former or subsequent months I never saw this insect there ; it appears therefore to have but one short-lived, autumnal brood. The insects were pretty numerous, seated on tall Umbelliferze, and flitting from plant to plant with short quick flights, in an open glade in the glen, close to the stream. LyYca&NID. 100. Potyommatus KAsmrrRa, n. sp. (PI. XXXI. fig. 1.) Male. Upperside purplish lavender-blue ; exterior margin of both wings blackish. Underside cream-white ; fore wing with an indi- stinct discocellular streak, beyond which, one-third from the apex, a single white-encircled black spot; a transverse discal series of four white-encircled black spots; a marginal double row of indistinct blackish lunules ; hind wing with twelve basally disposed, white-en- circled, black spots ; a marginal row of blackish spots, bordered by a submarginal series of indistinct blackish lunules. Female brighter blue above ; costa and exterior margin of fore wing and anterior margin of hind wing broadly dull black ; hind wing with a marginal row of blackish spots, bordered by a submar- ginal series of lunules. Underside as in male, Cilia white. Expanse 1 to 17 inch. Hab, N.W. Himalayas. 101. Potyommartus nycuLa, n. sp. (PI. XXXI. fig. 3.) Upperside dark lilac-blue; cilia and inner margin of hind wing whitish. Underside—fore wing pale purplish cream-colour, bluish grey along exterior margin; a spot closing the discoidal cell and a linear series of five spots medially across the disk white; hind wing metallic bluish-grey. Body white. Expanse 17 inch. : Hab. Kunawur. This species is not common. It frequents the beautiful flower- 504 MR. F. MOORE ON DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA [June 13, carpeted pasture-lands on the mountain-sides in Kunawur, at 11,000 to 12,000 feet—those smiling “alps”? where the villagers drive their herds when the early summer has set in, and the melting snow leaves this gay carpet of flowers on spots which for many months had re- mained hidden beneath a thick snowy mantle. 102. PoryoMMATUS NAzIRA, n. sp. (Pl. XXXI. fig. 4.) Upperside satin-brown ; fore wing with a black spot closing the discoidal cell; both wings with a marginal series of blackish dots, bordered inwardly with a submarginal row of deep-red lunules. Underside purplish cream-colour; both wings with a submarginal red band, bordered exteriorly with black dots, internally with blackish lunules, and margined on both sides with white lunules ; fore wing with a spot closing the cell, five and a geminated sixth irregularly across the disk; and hind wing with eight spots also irregularly across the disk, three basal and one closing the cell black, each en- circled with white ; a dash of white longitudinally on the disk o hind wing. Cilia broad, white, with black spots. . Expanse | inch. Hab, Kunawur. 103. PoLYOMMATUS ARIANA, n. sp. (PI. XXXI. fig. 2.) Male. Upperside brilliant blue; anterior margin of hind wing black, inner margin whitish ; cilia broad, white. Underside purple- grey, suffused with metallic greenish grey at base of hind wing ; fore wing with a small spot within discoidal cell, another closing the cell, a submarginal discal series of six spots (the posterior, sixth, gemi- nated), black, each encircled with white ; a marginal series of ill- defined double whitish spots, the posterior having slight dark centres ; hind wing with two basal and a submarginal discal series of seven black spots encircled with white ; a marginal row of whitish spots, each centred exteriorly with a dark and interiorly with a red- dish spot ; a triangular spot in centre of the wing, and a streak from middle of exterior margin, whitish. Body white. Female duller lilac-blue, with the exterior margin of both wings brownish. Underside as in male. Expanse of ¢ 14 inch, 9 13 inch. Hab. Kunawur. An abundant species, frequenting pasture- and meadow-land in the summer months, at altitudes of 8000 to 10,000 feet, lighting on the gentians which stud the green turf. 104. Potyommatus CHANDALA, n. sp. (PI. XXXI. fig. 5.) Male dull silvery blue, with purplish-brown exterior margins. Underside pale grey, with a spot within discoidal cell, a discocel- lular streak, a transverse discal linear series of six clear-wiite-en- circled black spots, between which and exterior margin a series of indistinct pale-bordered lunules ; hind wing with basal and discal 1865.] FROM THE NORTH-WEST HIMALAYAS. 505 series of pale brown, whitish-encircled spots, and a marginal row of indistinct pale-bordered lunules: cilia purplish brown. Expanse | inch. Hab, Lower Himalayas and plains of N.W. India. This is a generally distributed species, affecting both the plains and the Lower Himalayan valleys, occasionally ascending the moun- tain slopes to 6000 feet altitude. I have taken it in the later au- tumn months in Oudh, the Punjab, and Lower Himalayas. 105. Potyommatus vicrama, n. sp. (Pl. XXXI. fig. 6.) Male dull greyish blue; exterior margins brown; cilia broad, white, with brownish spots. Underside greyish cream-colour, exte- rior margins defined by a black line : fore wing with a central dis- coidal spot, another closing the cell; a series of spots recurving transversely from costa to posterior margin and a submarginal row of spots black, each encircled with white: hind wing with thirteen white-encircled black spots, and a marginal double row of red-inter- spaced black lunules : cilia as above. Female bluish-purple brown ; marked as in male. Expanse of $14 inch, 2 14 inch. Hab. Kunawur; Tibet. An uncommon species ; to be seen flitting from flower to flower on moist. meadow-land fed by streams from melting snow-beds. Cheeni in Middle Kunawur, and the Alps above the Chinese village of Shipkee in Tibet, are the localities ; May, June, and July the season. 106. PoLyoMMATUS KARSANDRA, 0. sp. (Pl. XXXI. fig. 7.) Upperside purple-brown. Underside greyish brown, exterior mar- gins defined by a brown line: fore wing with a spot within discoidal cell, a discocellular streak, a spot above it, and a transverse discal series of six spots black, each encircled with white ; a marginal and submarginal row of pale brown, white-bordered lunules : hind wing with a series of twelve black spots, and a pale discocellular streak, encircled with white ; a marginal row of pale brown, whitish-encircled spots, and a submarginal row of whitish lunules: cilia greyish brown. , a; Expanse +4 inch. Hob. Platte of N.W. India. A common species in the plains, from Oudh to the Punjab. 107. Lyc“na zena, n. sp. (Pl. XXXI. fig. 9.) Upperside pale purple-brown ; hind wing with a small brown spot near anal angle of exterior margin. Underside pale grey, exterior margins defined by a brown line: fore wing with a black dot on costa, one-third from the apex ; a discocellular spot, an interrupted transverse discal band, and a submarginal lunulated line pale brown, each with whitish borders: hind wing with three subbasal spots, another on anterior margin, and two from anal angle black, encircled Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. XXXIII. 506 MR. F. MOORE ON DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA [June 13, with white ; a discal series of pale whitish lines, and a marginal row of white circles. Expanse 58; inch. Hab. Plains of N.W. India. Common in Oudh in the winter months, November to February. I have caught it also at Umballa, in the Punjab. It is not an Hi- malayan insect. 108. Lyca@Na pipora,n.sp. (Pl. XXXI. fig. 8.) Upperside dull violet-blue ; hind wing with a tail; a discocellular spot on fore wing and exterior margins of both wings broadly brown ; cilia grey, with a narrow medial brown line. Underside greyish cream-colour, exterior margins defined by a brown line: fore wing with a narrow discocellular streak, and a transverse discal straight series of white-encircled black spots; a submarginal row of pale brown spots: hind wing with three basal and a thrice-interrupted discal series of eight white-encircled black spots ; a medially disposed marginal orange-red band, bordered inwardly with brown lunules, outwardly with (two clear, the rest ill-defined) black spots: cilia as above. Expanse +2 inch. Hab. Kussowlie, N.W. Himalayas. A slight delicate species, from Kussowlie ; not very common ; generally found near water. 109. CuryYSOPHANUS TIMEUS. Pap. timeus, Cramer, Pap. t. 186. f. E, F. C. phleas of India. This has a wide distribution in the N.W. Himalayas; common in the outward ranges, Kussowlie, &c. ; appearing here and there, up to Upper Kunawur, in very various climates. It, however, disappears in certain gaps, as it were, which are occupied by C. pavana. 110. CurysopHaNnus PAVANA, Kollar in Hiigel’s Kashmir, iv. p- 416, t. 5. f. 5, 6. Hab. N.W. Himalayas. 111. CurysOPHANUS KASYAPA, n. sp. (PI. XXXI. fig. 10.) Male bright coppery red, with purple reflexions : fore wing with the extreme edge of the costa and exterior margin black, the latter submarginally bordered with purple ; a black spot within discoidal cell, a second transversely closing the cell, four near the apex ob- liquely from the costa, and four others descending the disk : hind wing with the anterior and exterior margins black, bordered sub- marginally with purple, which latter colour also borders the anal margin ; a minute dot within discoidal cell, a narrow streak closing the cell, and a series of five discal spots black: body black. Under- side metallic greyish blue, with greenish reflexion at base of hind wing ; fore wing with the black spots as above, also a short black 1865.] FROM THE NORTH-WEST HIMALAYAS, 507 submarginal streak from posterior angle, between which and the discal spots the space is ferruginous ; hind wing with a discal series of minute black dots: body and legs white; cilia white. Expanse 12 inch. Hab. Lower Kunawur. Very uncommon. It occurs in June, in richly wooded country, in Lower Kunawur, 7000 to 8000 feet altitude. The female is much darker brown. 112. Taecua DERIA, n.sp. (Pl. XXXI. fig. 11.) Upperside purple-brown ; hind wing with the exterior margin de- fined by a narrow black line; tail black; cilia grey. Underside dark greyish cream-colour ; fore wing with a clear white transverse discal line, with black inner border, from before the apex, between which and exterior margin are two or more black spots ; hind wing with a similar transverse discal white line, extending from anterior ‘to inner margins, between which and a marginal white line is a series of more or less distinct black spots, and two ocellated black spots, one at anal angle, the other beyond, the space between which is grey; cilia greyish. Expanse 12 inch. Hab. Upper Kunawur. ; I but once caught two or three of this species, on the steep bare mountain-sides over the Spiti River, altitude 11,000 feet, on a hot fine day ; they were flitting about the low shrubs. 113. Dipsas opara, Hewitson. Dipsas odata, Hewitson, Ilust. of Diurnal Lep., Lyceenidee, pt. 2, pl. 30. f. 13, 14. Male. Upperside—basal half of both wings violet-blue ; the outer half dark brown, paler on the posterior wing; cilia white. Under- side grey white: fore wing with a pale linear spot closing the cell ; two small dark-brown spots near the middle of inner margin; a transverse rufous band beyond the middle, bordered on both sides with white; a submarginal band of pale brown terminating near the anal angle in two large black spots: hind wing with a spot closing the cell; a central transverse rufous band and a submarginal brown band, both bordered with white; two lunular orange spots near the base of the tail, bordered above and below with black; the outer margin brown. Female marked asin male, except that the whole of the hind wing is rufous brown. Expanse 1,4; inch. Hab. Upper Kunawur. This species I have caught in Upper Kunawur, in July and Au- gust, frequenting the orchards of the charming villages of that fine country, at altitudes of 8000 to 10,000 feet. They settle in great numbers ou the walnut-trees; sometimes on neighbouring apneots and poplars. As one strikes the boughs, troops of these little black- 508 MR. F. MOORE ON DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA [June 13, purple hair-streaks, with silvery-grey underside, flit about the thick foliage like a cloud of tortrices shaken out of an oak: they settle again at once. They fly about thus till very late. 114. Drpsas syLa. Thecla syla, Kollar, Higel’s Kaschmir, p. 414, t. 4. f. 7, 8. Hab. N.W. Himalayas. Observed in the same locality as Dodona egeon, flitting up and down the stream, pitching on moist rocks or pieces of wood in mid- stream. 115. ILerpa ova, Hewitson, un. sp. (Pl. XXXI. fig. 12.) Tlerda oda, Hewitson, Ilust. of Diurnal Lep., Lyczenide, pt. 2, pl. 24. f. 9, 10. Male. Upperside black ; basal portion of both wings clear blue ; hind wing with or without indistinct reddish streak at anal angle. Underside greenish saffron-yellow ; fore wing with three decreasing black, white-bordered spots, ascending from posterior angle; hind wing with a broad ochrey-red marginal band, bordered on both sides with white black-bordered lunules: cilia black, slightly margined with white. Female. Upperside blackish brown ; fore wing with a short, sub- apical, medially oblique, broad red band, a distinct black spot closing the discoidal cell; hind wing with a broad, marginal, sinuous red band ; cilia brown. Underside dull greenish yellow: fore wing with the medial portion reddish yellow ; a short narrow blackish line sub- apically from costa, and asecond elongated spot closing the discoidal cell; a black spot, with white inner border, at posterior angle: hind wing with a broad marginal red band, bordered inwardly with a linear series of white, and exteriorly with black lunules; an indistinct transverse discal dark line. Expanse | 7 inch. Hab. North of Simla. Frequents rich deep forests north of Simla, occurring with I. tamu in sunny glades carpeted with strawberry-blossoms, in May. 116. ILERDA TAMU. Polyommatus tamu, Kollar, Higel’s Kaschmir, p. 417, t. 5. f. 7, 8. Hab. North of Simla. HEsPERIDz. 117. PampHILA DANNA. (PI. XXX. fig. 8.) Pyrgus danna, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 249. Upperside dark greenish brown ; fore wing with a narrow longi- tudinal streak within discoidal cell, terminating in two small spots ascending towards the costa, a small geminated spot before the apex, and three irregular-shaped spots obliquely on the disk pale yellow ; 1865.] FROM THE NORTH-WEST HIMALAYAS, 509 hind wing with a slightly defined longitudinal discoidal streak, a nearly parallel spot, and a transverse series of four discal spots pale yellow ; cilia whitish. Underside grey; basal portion of fore wing and broadly on inner margin of hind wing brown-black, the latter with a pale yellowish inner border; base of costa of fore wing, with spots and marks on both wings, as above, but more clearly defined, pale yellow; cilia grey. Expanse 1 inch. Haé. Simla Hills and Kunawur. Frequents thistle-heads and banks of thyme, at hot midday, with a rapid, flashing, skipping flight. June. 118, PaMpHina Masa, n. sp. (Pl. XXX. fig. 9.) Upperside blackish brown ; fore wing, with base of costa, discoidal cell, a spot before the apex, a discal oblique row of spots, and middle of inner margin pale orange-yellow ; hind wing with a streak within discoidal cell, inner border of abdominal fold, and a curved row of discal spots pale orange-yellow ; cilia brown, yellowish white from anal angle. Underside greenish grey; base of fore wing brown; markings as above, pale yellow. Expanse 14 inch. Haé. Simla Hills and Kunawur. 119, Hesperia Levcocera, Kollar, Higel’s Kaschmir, p. 454, pl. 18. f. 3, 4. : Hab. Lower Kunawur. Not common ; flying, at very early dawn or in the evening, about the long wet grass and rank herbage which luxuriantly clothe the hill-sides in Lower Kunawur, at altitudes of 6000 to 7000 feet. EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXX., XXXI, PraTE XXX. Fig. 1. Argynnis jainadeva. Fig. 6. Epinephile cheena, $ 9. 2. Melitea sindura. 7. davendra, $ 2. 3. Lasiommata menava. 8. Pamphila danna. 4 baldiva, g. 9. mesa. 5. Erebia kalinda. Puate XXXI. Fig. 1. Polyommatus kasmira, 3. Fig. 10. Chrysophanus kasyapa. 2. ariana, 3. 1l. Theela deria. 3. —— nycula. 12. Ilerda oda, 2. 4, —— nazira. 13. Colias shipkee. 5. chandala. 14, Anthocharis daphalis. 6. —— vicrama. 15. Pieris kalora, 3. de karsandra. 16. ajaka, 2. 8. Lycena dipora. 17. hira. 9. —— zena. 18. Gonepteryx zaneka. 510 MR. BUSK ON THE FOSSTL ELEPHANTS OF MALTA. [June 27, June 27, 1865. Professor Huxley, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The following extracts were read from a letter addressed to the Secretary by Robert Swinhoe, Esq., H.B.M. Vice-Consul, Formosa, dated Takow, S.W. Formosa, 27th March, 1865 :— «A friend of mine, who has been some time located in the river Yangtsze, at Chinkiang, tells me that large herds of a Hog Deer are found periodically on an island in that river. These animals have coarse bristles and pig-like faces, with tusks. I have never seen the animal, but from his description should take it to be the Hyelaphus porcinus. It swims across to the island at the flooding of the great river, and when the water sinks is left isolated, owing to the high banks of the island. It then lurks about the bushes and high coarse erass. Parties of Europeans and Chinese then land on the island with fire-arms and make easy prey of the poor beasts, driving them from one end of the island to the other. Every season large numbers of them are thus slaughtered. They are rather coarse eating, but are said to make pretty fair venison when hung for some days. I have lately procured you a fine female of the Cervus taivanus; it has gone on to Hongkong, and I trust will be thence forwarded all safe to you. “I am sorry I cannot give you any particulars as to the where- abouts exactly of the pair of Sus*, which I obtained for the Society in July 1862, and one of which reached you in safety. The person from whom I got the pair told me he purchased them off a boat in Dampier’s Straits. This is all, I regret to say, I can tell you about. their origin.” The Secretary announced the safe arrival in the Society’s Gardens, on the previous evening, of a young male African Elephant, received in exchange from the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. Mr. G. F. Busk communicated a memoir upon the fossil Elephants of Malta, based upon collections formed in that island by Captain Spratt, R.N., which had been originally placed in the hands of the late Dr. Faleoner for examination. Upon Dr. Falconer’s decease, Mr. Busk had undertaken the task of identifying these remains, which he was induced to refer to three species of the genus Hlephas. One of these, not much inferior in bulk to the existing Indian Ele- phant, was, as Dr. Busk believed, probably referable to Elephas antiquus. The two others were both of diminutive stature as com- pared with the existing species of Elephant, neither of them having exceeded 5 feet in height. To one of these, slightly the larger of the two, Mr. Busk proposed to restrict Dr. Falconer’s name Elephas melitensis, and to call the other and smaller one after the lamented naturalist who had done so much towards increasing our knowledge * Sus, sp. 235 of ‘ List of Vertebrated Animals,’ 1865, p. 37. 1865.] DR. P. P. CARPENTER ON CHITONID2. 511 of these animals, Elephas falconeri. The two latter species were distinguished by very well-marked dental and other characters. This paper will be published in full in the Society’s ‘ Trans- actions.” A paper was read by Professor Owen containing descriptions of new species of Indian Cetaceans, which had been observed and col- lected on the eastern coast of the Indian peninsula by Walter Elliot, Esq., F.Z.S. Of the seven species described as new, six belonged to the family Delphinide ; the seventh was referred to the Sperm- Whales (Physeteride), and proposed to be called Physeter (Eu- physetes) simus. This paper will likewise be published in full in the Society’s ‘ Transactions.’ The following papers were read :— 1. Description oF Two Species oF CHITONID#, FROM THE CoxLLecTion or W. Harper Pease, Esa. By Purp P. Carpenter, B.A., Pu.D. Cuiron (Loruyrus) PeRviRIpDIS, Cpr. C. ¢. parva, angustiore, elevata, jugo acuto ; colore intense prasi- nato ; tota superficie sub lente minutissime squamuloso ; areis diag. et valv. externis radiatim liratis, liris obtusis, parum con- spicuis, lateraliter iv.-v., antice et postice xx.—xxv.; areis centr. sulcis distantibus, jugo parallelis, circ. xii., parum im- pressis ; mucrone antice subcentrali, satis conspicuo: intus laminis insertionis valv, term. viii.—xi.-, centr. unifissatis ; den- tibus acutioribus, alte pectinatis, subgrundis curtis; sinu latiore, planato, ad jugum dentato: pallio squamis magnis, solidis, im- bricatis sed striatis instructo. Long. *45, lat. 25, alt. -12 poll. Hab. Central Pacific (Pease) (no. 299). A solitary specimen of this interesting species is very like C. vi- rescens, Rve.*, in general appearance ; but the mantle of that species is nearly smooth, and the valves scarcely sculptured. This shell is of a uniform bright green. It has the aspect of Lepidopleurus ; but the insertion-plates, though sharp, are deeply pectinated.- It differs from most other Chitons in having the scales distinctly striated, as in C. striatosquamosus, Maz. Cat. no. 250. ACANTHOPLEURA NIGROPUNCTATA, D. S. A. t. parva, satis elongata, olivaceo et fusco eleganter nebulosa ; satis fornicata, jugo obtuso ; areis later. satis definitis, rugis radiantibus et longitudinalibus irregulariter decussantibus or- natis, inter quas punctula nigra subradiatim sparguntur ; ar. centr. rugis subparallelis, subdecussatis, via regularibus, ad * Four out of the five specimens in Mus. Cuming. have a brown-marbled ante- rior valve, with brown dots along the sutures. 512 MR. W. HARPER PEASE ON NEW MARINE SHELLS [June 27, jugum obsoletis ; mucrone postico, elevato: intus lam. wsert. v.-, ant, viii.-x-., post. xii.—xiv.-, centr. unifissatis ; dentibus v. post. solidis, declivibus, reliquis acutioribus, omnino pectinatis ; subgrundis latioribus, curtis ; sinu latiore, denticulato ; pallia squamulis subpilulosis copiose induto. Long. °48, lat. °25, alt. ‘07 poll. Hab. Society Islands (Pease) (no. 298). This curious little species, with the aspect, but not the posterior insertion-plates, of Onithochiton, is closely related to confossus, Gld. The details of sculpture, however, do not agree ; and the U.S. Expl. Exp. species is said to have nine posterior and twenty-five anterior insertion-plates, in addition to which the artist has (probably for uniformity’s sake) sketched five on each of the central valves! The plates are those of Acanthopleura, but the mantle is scarcely bristly, the minute hair-like scales being more akin to those of Leptochiton. 2. Descriptions oF New GENERA AND SPECIES OF MARINE SHELLS FROM THE ISLANDS OF THE CENTRAL Paciric. By W. Harrer Pease, or Honoutuiv, Corr. Mems. (Com- MUNICATED BY P. P. CARPENTER.) Genus Lisratuta, Pse. (Family GaLromMip#.) T. equivalvis, valvis planis, semilunaribus, medio ligamento junctis ; margine cardinali recto, serrato. Like Galeomma ; but with the valves flattened as in Placuna, and without the ventral gape. They lie wide open. LIBRATULA PLANA. L. ¢. parva, equilaterali, albida; valvis levibus, marginibus tenuibus ; lamina cardinali subprominente, subtilissime serrata; umbonibus medianis, parvis, contiguis. This singular creature was found living on coral. When at rest, the valves are perfectly horizontal, and so closely connected that it has the appearance of, and may have been heretofore mistaken for, an operculum. The animal does not extend beyond the shell. When in motion, however, it protrudes a round lobe to a distance as great as its own length, by which it draws itself along, at the same time depressing its valves to an angle of about 90°, and raising them again when reaching the end of the lobe. This motion of the valves is so rapid that, without observing closely, the progress of the animal might be supposed to depend on it altogether. It is very active in its habits—a rare thing among bivalves—in this respect re- sembling Solemya. MiITRA SALTATA. M. ¢. parva, fusiformi, subulata, tenui, nitida, pellucida, cornea ; basi subtruncata, transversim striata, longitudinaliter subti- 1865.] FROM THE ISLANDS OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC, 513 lissime striata ; anfractibus planis seu subconvezis, marginatis ; columella tri- seu quadriplicata, plicis obliquis ; apertura am- pliore, dimidium longitudinis teste a@quante ; labro tenut. Long. °3, lat. -09 poll. This elegant little species was found living in the hollows of coral- rock. When disturbed, the animal would skip 5 or 6 inches in a horizontal line, from one side of the cavity to the other, at the same time spinning out a very fine web. When held in the hand, it would jump off, suspending itself by a thread to a distance of 2 or 3 feet *. ENGINA FUSIFORMIS. E. t. fusiformi, utringque attenuata, medio angulata, basi con- tracta, canali recurvata, spira acuminata, longitudinaliter nodoso-costata, transversim sulcata et striata 3 anfractibus superne parum concavis ; columella superne subexcavata et pli- cata ; nigra, luteo irregulariter maculata et Sasciata ; aper- tura dimidium longitudinis teste equante, purpureo-rufescente. Long. °6, lat. -34 poll. ENGINA OVATA. E. ¢. abbreviato-ovata, utrinque acuta, basi parum recurvata ; longitudinaliter costata, transversim nodoso-lirata et striata ; apertura superne regulariter arcuata, infra contracta 3 nigra, lirarum interstitiis albis vel pullide luteo-fuscis, denticulis aperture albis. Long. °5, lat. -32 poll. NASSA OBLIQUA. N. t. crassa, solida, oblique globoso-ovata, transversim nodoso- lirata ; nodis parvis, compressis, longitudinaliter oblique costu- lata, et striis rugata ; spira curta, acuta; anfr. superne con- cavo-indentatis ; apertura parva, oblique ovali ; columella levi, excavata ; callo amplo, incrassato, spira tenus extenso ; labro calloso, intus lirato ; pallide fulva, liris transversis castaneis, nodis albidis ; apertura et columella aurantiaco-luteis ; callosi.. tate albida. Long. 14, diam. 12 mill. CoRALLIOBIA SCULPTILIS. C. t. alba, valde depressa, planulata, ovata; labro continuo, ex- panso, radiatim costulato ; spira minima, in labro inclusa 3 lon- gitudinaliter imbricatim laminata, transversim costata, costis tribus rotundatis ; labro radiatim costulato 3 canali brevi, an- gusta. Long. 9, diam. 7 mill. This elegant little species, of a rare genus, was brought up on coral from a depth of 90 fathoms. * From the large size of the nuclear whorls, which are seldom seen in adult Mitrids, it is probable that this delicate little shell is not mature.—P, P. C, 514. MR. W. HARPER PEASE ON NEW MARINE SHELLS [June 27, TorRINIA CONICA. T. . conica, elevata, ad peripheriam obtuso-angulata, concen- trice sulcata et creberrime striata ; sulcis tribus, punctulatis, longitudinaliter vix oblique insculpta ; umbilico angusto ; aper- tura subcirculari ; albida, irregulariter pallide purpureo vel cinereo strigata et maculata. Alt. 10, diam. 10 mill. TuRRICULA PUTILLUS. T. ¢. abbreviato-fusiformi, subventricosa, sulcis angustis decus- sata, sulcis longitudinalibus tenuiter striatis ; spira breviuscula, acuta, suturis valde impressis ; apertura intus valde lirata, labro denticulato ; columella quadriplicata; nigra, spira et anfractu ultimo superne albo maculatis, interdum fascia inter- rupta alba cingulatis, sulcis transversis rufo-fuscis. Long. 10, diam. 5 mill. The shell has some of the characters of Mitra alveolus, Rve. Genus MirrorpEa, Pease. Testa mitriformis ; columella multiplicata ; antice valde truncata. MITROIDEA MULTIPLICATA. M. ¢. oblonga, subfusiformi, solida, transversim tenuiter striata ; spira brevi, acute acuminata ; basi truncata; columella pro- ducta, recurvata, subcontorta ; labro simplici, intus levi, extus incrassato, subvaricoso ; apertura angusta, longissima, duobus trientibus longitudinis teste adequante, antice vix dilatata ; columella decemplicata, plicis confertis, regularibus, vix obli- quis ; albida, epidermide tenui straminea induta, lineis casta- neis distantibus cingulata. Long. 25, diam. 9 mill. This very remarkable little shell differs from all other known Mi- trids (1) in having ten plaits crowded on the anterior half of the pillar-lip, and (2) in having the base truncate, in a manner some- what approaching Terebellum, beyond which the projecting columella is somewhat recurved. MIrrRA NIGRICANS. M. ¢. fusiformi, elongata, levigata, transversim tenuiter striata, striis subdistantibus punctatis ; epidermide tenut induta ; spira gracili, elongata, acuta ; labro simplici ; columella quadripli- cata; nigrescente, fascia angusta castanea cincta; apertura plumbea. Long. 20, diam. 7 mill. NERITINA RUBIDA. N. t. oblongo-ovata, tenui, striis incrementi rugulosa; spira parva; area columellari levi, cinerea ; fuscescenti-rubida. Long. 5, diam. 3 mill. 1865.| FROM THE ISLANDS OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC. 515 - This species may be compared with N. succinea, inhabiting the West Indies. EvLIMA SUBPELLUCIDA*, E. ¢. elongata, pyramidali, alba, nitida, subpellucida, polita, tenuiore, apice submucronato; anfr. ix., plano-convexis, vir tenuiter decussato-striatis, ultimo ventricoso, ad peripheriam subangulato ; suturis subimpressis, marginatis ; apertura elon- . gato-ovata ; labro tenut. Long. 16, diam. 7 mill. PuRPURA MARMORATA. P. t. oblongo-ovata, solida, spira acuminata, acuta, conica ; anfr. transversim impresso-striatis, infra suturas vix concavis, ultimo medio biseriatim, spira uniseriatim tuberculatis, tuberculis compressis ; anfr. ultimo infra biseriatim obsolete noduloso ; apertura supra subcanaliculata, intus lirata ; albicanti-rubra, Jusco marmorata. Long. 50 mill. This form is allied to P. mancinella. CypR2A FUSCO-MACULATA. C. t. oblongo-ovata, vie umbilicata, latere dextro subangulato, marginato, extremitatibus productis; apertura subflexuosa, angusta, dentibus parvis; albicante, ad dorsum irregulariter castaneo-fusco picta, lateribus fusco punctatis, extremitatibus _ maculis castaneo-fuscis conspicue ornatis. Long. 13, diam. 7 mill. We have a number of specimens of the above species in our col- lection from different localities, all of them more or less worn. It is allied to ‘* C. goodallit,” from which the spots on both sides of the extremities serve to distinguish it ; they are conspicuous and never absent, even on those most weathered. CypR#A CANDIDAT. C. t. oblongo-ovata, omnino alba, lateribus subincrassatis rotun- datis, basi rotundata; extremitatibus vix productis, subre- flexis ; longitudinuliter tenuissime striata ; apertura subflex- uosa, dentibus fortibus subdistantibus instructa, interstis pro- funde incisis. Long. 15, diam. 8 mill. PLANAXIS ABBREVIATA. P. ¢. ovata, solida, purpureo-nigrescente, intus purpurea; spira brevi, acuta; suturis bene impressis ; anfr. V., convexis, spira- liter striatis, striis interdum in medio anfractus ultimi evanes- centibus ; apertura ovata, superne sulcata ; labro margine in- * —Stylifer pyramidalis, Pse., MS.; allied to Eulima pyramidalis, A. Ad. T Not to be confounded with Trivia candida.—P. P. C. 516 MR. W. HARPER PEASE ON NEW MARINE SHELLS. [June 27, terno crenulato ; labio superne calloso, levi ; canali brevissima ; basi spiraliter sulcata. ~ Long. 10, diam. 6 mill. : =P. buccinoides, Pse., A prima manu, nom. preeoc. PEDICULARIA PACIFICA*. | P. ¢. tenuiuscula, oblonga, irregulart, in medio contracta, radiatim striis elevatis ornata, strits concentricis decussata, apice con- spicuo involuto ; rubida, interdum omnino violacea vel cornea. Long. 7 mill. The following list of synonyms, drawn out from a careful compa- rison with the Cumingian Collection, and with the types described in Dr. Gould’s ‘ Otia,’ which happened fortunately to be temporarily in my possession, may be useful to those who have received the shells under Mr. Pease’s MS, names.—P. P. C. Atys debilis appears to be identical with 4. suecisa, Ehr., and simply a slender variety of 4. alicula, A. Ad. Fissurella granifera, Pse., is a good species of Glyphis. Rimula fenestrata, Pse., is a very young Glyphis. Conus fusiformis, Pse. (=C. pusilla, Pse., olim), is a small species of Conella, Swains. . Daphnella bella, Pse., belongs to one of the Columbelloid genera, probably to Anachis. Cithara costulifera, Pse., = Anachis atomella, Sby., var. C. varia, Pse., is probably an Anachis :=Columbella virginea, Gld. (from type). C. garrettii, Pse., is a Mitrella. Borsonia corrugata, Pse.,=(Clathurella) nebulosa, Pse. (teste H. Cuming). Torinia corrugata, Pse.,=T. variegata, Lam. (teste H. Cuming). Natica undulata, Pse., appears to be the young state of the Pacific variety of N. maroccana, Chemn. Nassa plicata, Pse., is a dwarf, strongly sculptured variety of NV. olivacea, Brug. (teste H. Cuming). The characters of the mouth exactly agree. N. microstoma, Pse., is a white variety of N. dermestina, Gld. N. turricula, Pse., and N. unifasciata, Pse., appear to be varieties of N. paupera, Gld.,=plebecula, Gld. (from types). Columbella pellucida, Pse., is probably a Nitidella (or Mitrella). C. flammea, Pse., belongs to the same section: it appears to be a variety of C. teniata, Ad.& Rve. (non Phil.). C. lineolata, Gld., and C. decolor, Gld., are conspecific, (teste type specimens in Mus. Smiths. ). Columbella, sp. ind. (like australis), Pse.,=C. araneosa, Gld., var. It belongs to Amycla. * This shell, when first examined by Mr. Cuming, was pronounced to be a va- riety of P. sicula. Similar forms have been found on both sides of the North~ American continent.—P. P. C. P. 2. 6 1665. Pl eae Si G.B. Sowerby. lith M &NHanhart imp NEW SPECIES OF SCINTILLA, PYTHINA AND CONUS. 1865.] MR. G. B. SOWERBY ON SCINTILLE AND A PYTHINA. 517 C. sagitta, Gask., is also an Amycla. In Mr. Pease’s series of specimens, the arrow-pattern gradually passes away. Sistrum seminodosum, Pse.,=elatum, Blainv., var. Mitra brunnea, Pse.,= Strigatella fuscescens, Pse., var. (teste H. Cuming). M. tessellata, Pse.,=M. puella, Rve. (teste H. Cuming). Triton crenulatus, Pse.,= Epidromus antiquatus, Hds. 3. Descriptions or Four New ScintTILL& AND OnE New Py- THINA FROM THE COLLECTION OF Mr. H. Cumine. By G. B. Sowersy, F.L.S. (Pl. XXXII.) ScinTILLa semictausa. Pl. XXXII. f.1, 2. Testa oblongo- subquadrata, subventricosa, paulo obliquata, succinea, ad mar- ginem ventralem clausa ; lateribus vix hiantibus; apice acumi- nato; latere antico breviore et angustiore. Hab. Borneo (Mus. H. Cuming). Less obtusely angled on the anterior side than S. en and deeper than S. erocea. ScinTILuA LacTeA. Pl. XXXII.f.4. Testa oblique ovalis, alba, clausa, subventricosa, latere postico subextenso. Hab. Borneo (Mus. H. Cuming). More oblique and less obtuse at the sides than S. layardi. Scintr“ya RosgA. Pl. XXXII. f. 5, 6. Testa ovali-oblonga, compressa, rosea, antice subacuta, breviuscula, postice lata rotundata ; margine ventrali expanso. Hab. Lizard Islands (Mus. H. Cuming). More expanded at the ventral margin, and more pointed anteriorly, than S. pudica. ScrnTILLa oBLONGA. Pl. XXXII. f.3. Testa pallide straminea, oblonga, lateribus subquadratis, marginibus dorsalibus et ven- tralihus rectis. Hab. Borneo (Mus. H. Cuming). More quadrately oblong than S. borneensis and similar species. PyTHINA STRIATISSIMA. Pl. XXXII. f. 7. Testa pallide stra- minea, minutissime divaricatim striata ; complanata, subtrigona, marginibus latero-dorsalibus declivis, margine ventrali rectius- culo, medio vix sinuato. Hab. Borneo (Mus. H. Cuming). 518 MR.G. B. SOWERBY ON NEW SPECIES OF Conus. [June 27, 4, Descriptions oF Two New Spxcies or Conus FROM THE Cotuection or H. Cuming, Ese., anv Two From THE COoL- LECTION OF THE LATE Mr. Dentsson. By G. B.Sowersy, F.L.S. (Plate XXXII.) Conus suspcARINATUS. Pl. XXXII. f.12,13. Testa turbinata, sublevigata, infra rude sulcata, alba, pallidissime purpureo tincta, flammulis fuscis irregulariter angulatis longitudina- libus, medio interruptis plus minusve in fascias latas duas junctis ; lateribus rectis ; angulo subcarinato ; spira prope an- gulum convexa, apice acuminato. Variat fasciis duabus latis, lineis interruptis cinctis ornata. Hab. Nicobar Islands (Mus. Cuming). With something of the aspect of C. voluminalis, this shell differs from that species in being much more solid and broad. The angle is sharpened so as to form almost a keel. The two specimens in Mr. Cuming’s cabinet are distinct varieties, one of which has two broad chestnut bands, girt by white-spotted brown lines. ’ Conus straturatus. Pl. XXXII. f. 14. Testa oblonga, sub- pyriformis, supra subinflata, infra angustata subtorta, alba, pallidissime ceruleo tincta; maculis subquadratis pallide fuscis, in fascias duas latas dispositis, et aliis irregularibus ornata ; suleis distantibus supra medium subevanidis, infra profundis, ad fascias albas apparentibus cincta ; angulo subrotundo ; spira via elevata, spiraliter striata, maculis fuscis linearibus radiata; apice acuminato ; apertura lata; columella lineari, distincta. Hab. Borneo (Mus. Cuming). This species belongs to the same group with C. spectrum, but most nearly resembles C. collisus. From the latter, however, it is distinguished by the thread-like white lines of sulci crossing the interrupted bands of colour, giving a paved appearance to the orna- mentation. Mr. Cuming possesses several specimens. Conus sacitratus. Pl. XXXII. f. 8,9. Testa gracilis, longi- tudinaliter minute striata, spiraliter liris leviter elevatis sub- distantibus cincta ; alba, fammulis fuscis longitudinalibus seu angulatis et super liras maculis sagittatis regulariter picta ; lateribus medio paululum coarctatis; spira conica, apice mu- cronato; anfractibus minute cancellatis, marginibus internis versus apicem elevatis ; sutura lineari. Hab. ? (Mus. Denisson) (olim). Although this elegantly formed, neatly sculptured, and delicately painted shell belongs to the same group with C. marginatus, C. can- cellatus, &c., there is no known species with which it comes into immediate comparison. It has a cancellated sculpture formed by very delicate raised longitudinal lines crossing more raised and distant spiral ones ; and besides the longitudinal flames and angular patches of light brown-colour, the spiral ridges are ornamented by a series 1865.] MR. AUSTEN ON THE HABITS OF THE WATER-SHREW. 519 of minute arrow-headed markings of brown with white intervals. Purchased at the Denisson sale, and not yet placed. Conus MULTICATENATUS. Pl. XXXII. f.10,11. Testa brevis, solida, acutangulata, levis, alba, prope angulum distanter nigro maculata, fasciis latis duabus interruptis et linea textili interrupta mediana cincta ; super fascias lineis fuscis, maculis rotundis albis catenatis ornata; lateribus rectiusculis ; spira brevi, distanter et late maculata, anfractibus supra concavis. Hab. ? (Mus. Denisson) (olim). A rather short shell, with straight sides ; the spire flat, excepting close to the apex, where it becomes accuminated ; but the top of the whorls are excavated. The angle is marked with distant angular black spots; above it is formed a sort of star by the centripetal bearing of six large chestnut spots. Upon the broad chestnut bands are chain-like cinctures formed of round or oval white spots inter- rupting dark lines. Purchased at the Denisson sale, and not yet placed. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXII. Figs. 1, 2. Scintilla semiclausa. Figs. 8, 9. Conus sagittatus. 3. —— oblonga. 10, 11. multicatenatus. 4. lactea. 12, 13. subcarinatus. 5, 6. rosea. 14, straturatus. 7. Pythina striatissima. 5. On tHe Hasirs or tHe Warer-SHrew (Crossopus Fo- DIENS). By N. L. Ausren, Esa. I am induced to offer you the following account of the Water- Shrew, as the animal in question, though tolerably abundant in many localities, may not have come under the personal observation of some of my hearers. I have also never seen it mentioned as having been kept with success in confinement, and therefore will attempt to de- scribe as accurately as possible the habits of a pair that lived in my possession for a considerable time, hoping that the details may not prove altogether uninteresting. In form this Shrew closely resembles the common species, the snout being lengthened in the same manner, and the fur having the same velvety softness of texture. In size, however, it is superior, a full-grown male measuring a little more than 5 inches in total length, whereas the Field-Shrew rarely exceeds 4 inches; the feet and tail are fringed with stiff white hairs, which are of great assistance to the creature when swimming. The colour on the head and back is commonly of a rich jetty black, on the sides and underparts pure white; the line of demarcation between the two colours very distinctly defined, adding much to the beauty of the fur ; a small tuft of white hairs is also noticeable at the corner of the ear. The Water-Shrew, as its name implies, is usually found in the vicinity of pools and rivulets, where it forms in the banks long and winding burrows, which penetrate for a considerable distance into 520 MR. AUSTEN ON THE HABITS OF THE WATER-SHREW. [June 27, the loose soil, and end in a small chamber, furnished with a bed of moss and dry grass. In this secluded retreat the young are produced about the middle of May, there being usually from six to ten in the litter. When first born, they are curious pinky-white little animals, with round blunt noses and semitransparent bodies, bearing as little resemblance as possible to their parents. A small colony of these Shrews frequently inhabit the same spot, and towards the cool of the evening may be observed searching for food, and sporting with each other in the water, now hiding behind stones or large leaves to elude their companions, and then darting out to engage in a general skir- mishing chase, diving and swimming with the greatest activity, and occasionally taking a plunge into their holes. By constantly traver- sing the same ground, in going and returning from their burrows, they gradually tread down a path among the grass and herbage, by which their presence may readily be discovered by an experienced eve. When under water their fur is covered with multitudes of tiny air-bubbles, that shine like silver, and have a beautiful effect when seen against the dark surface of the body. Spots where the stream in some bend of its course forms a little pool are the favourite re- sorts of this pretty little creature; and, although easily startled by the slightest noise, their range of vision seems far from extensive, as, by quietly approaching, I have often succeeded in watching their ambols without causing alarm among the small community. The food of the Water-Shrew includes insects, worms, young frogs, and small fish, which latter it pursues and captures with all the graceful dexterity of the Otter. Iam enabled to speak with certainty as to this fact, by observing the mode employed by my own pets in seizing their prey. I obtained them in the following manner :—Having no- ticed a very fine pair that frequented a small pond, | set several circular wire mouse-traps, baited with small frogs, in what I supposed to be their favourite runs, and secured both male and female by the next morning. I had already had a cage constructed as much as possible in accordance with what I knew of their mode of life. It was shaped like an ordinary arched dormouse-cage, but considerably larger than those used, being 12 inches in height by 18 in length ; a zine tank was also adapted to hook on to the doorway, so that they might enjoy the comfort of a bath. When first introduced into their new dwelling, the Shrews evinced no symptoms of fear, appearing quite at home, and feeding freely on worms, raw meat, and insects. A few days after I procured them, I placed three or four minnows in the bath attached to the main part of the cage. Directly the Shrews caught sight of the fish, they both plunged instantly into the water, and quickly reappeared, each having secured a victim, which they proceeded to discuss with great apparent gusto, having first killed it by a bite through the head. I remarked that while feeding they held the fish firmly between their fore paws, in the same manner as the Otter, and, commencing at the head, ate gradually downwards, by a succession of sharp snapping bites. Their appetites were very good, as they frequently consumed two or three minnows each in one day—a very tolerable amount, considering their size. When 1865.] MR. AUSTEN ON THE HABITS OF THE WATER-SHREW. 521 running about their cage, these Shrews often uttered a shrill sibilant chirp, resembling the note of the Grasshopper-Lark. They would also play in the water, half rearing up and striking with their fore paws, or rolling over and over each other on the surface. Though appearing perfectly reconciled to captivity, they manifested no attach- ment, nor especial tameness, biting viciously when touched. They lived with me in this way several months in perfect health, till, the cage-door being accidentally left open one day in my absence, the inmates levanted, as a matter of course, and were never seen or heard of afterwards. I hope, however, shortly to obtain more, as when treated properly, and supplied with plenty of water, they thrive, and might probably be induced to breed in confinement. Besides the Common Shrew, which is exclusively terrestrial, another species, the Oared Shrew (Crossopus remifer), is found in Britain. For some time this animal was confounded with the Water-Shrew, as its habits are similar, and it frequents the same situations. It differs, how- ever, in colour, the black on the back and sides being flecked with white hairs, the throat and abdomen blackish grey tinged with yel- low. Though scarcer than the two other kinds, the Oared Shrew is more abundant than is often supposed by naturalists, as I have several times caught it in different parts of Hertfordshire and Surrey. I must here remark that the ears of both the Oared and Water- Shrew are furnished with a peculiar and beautifully contrived appa- ratus by which the water is excluded from those organs. It consists of three small valves, which fold together when the animal dives, effectually preventing the entrance of a single drop of moisture. As soon, however, as the pressure is removed, on the Shrew rising to the surface, they reopen spontaneously. Without this provision of nature, the animal would constantly be annoyed by the water filling the cavities and irritating the delicate membranes of the ear. The dimensions of full-grown individuals of the three species are as follows :— Common Shrew. in. lines. Watal lene Pe ie. PEGE he le ex 4 1 (leader nein a ahs Bee o's 2, 1 2 FLAT LPL Sars, Noe MUNN a A Sigel toms SE 8 ci 1 9 1B Ueno 18 (5(0] Rose Hn Gon SE Rea eee ee Onur W ater-Shrew. ocallenm tga setts et o)2o Beles ole ponte Oo wile 1B AGG leet Rees coe Bea A Sa ei, Pe empee wen ot ] 5 TET SS, lo aA beech aie ch ne re oe ice 24 al inpetoob nase ae res oe ee OP 5 Oared Shrew. SEE MEMC RAE ye taicta ey sn tceke sere oe Oval Header ee, bs. es SERS ] 7 Pall wesprers eee | 1° OREN © 008 00 RE Rae i he | Hind" foot testes Sets. PES FRR 0): 24887 Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. XXXIV. 522 DR. J. E. GRAY ON CETACEA (June 27, 6. Notices or A New Genus or De_pHinotD WHALES FROM THE Care or Goop Horr, AND OF OTHER CETACEANS FROM THE SAME Seas. By Dr. Jonn Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S. Mr. Layard has most kindly sent to me for examination and com- parison the skulls of the Cetacea which are contained in the South- African Museum, under his charge. A short notice of them, ex- tracted from a letter from him, was read at a former Meeting of the Society (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 357). As the specimens are to be returned to Africa, I intend to have a cast made of each of the skulls here described, as a well-made cast is the best substitute for a real skull that we can have for compa- rison. The collection consists of six skulls, which belong to the following species :— 1. Delphinis doris, Gray, Zool. Erebus & Terror. 2. Delphinus euphrosyne, Gray, Zool. Erebus & Terror. 3. Steno frontatus, Gray, Zool. Erebus & Terror. 4. The skull of a species of Steno with numerous small slender teeth, which appears to be distinct from any that I have before seen. It may be thus described :— STENO CAPENSIS. The beak of the skull elongate, rather compressed, tapering, and more compressed in front. Teeth a small, slender, about five in an inch. Lower jaw slender, attenuated, and without any gonyx in front ; the symphyses nearly one-fifth the length of the jaw. « Delphinus obscurus, Gray,” Cat. S. A. Museum. Hab. Cape of Good Hope ( Cap#. Carew, South-African Museum). Length of the skull 16, of beak from the notch 10, of the lower jaw 13, of symphyses 27 inches; width of the beak at the notch 33, of the brain-case at the hinder part of the orbit 62 inches. The skull is somewhat like that of Steno attenuatus in the British Museum ; but the beak of the skull is longer compared with the size of the brain-case, and it is more gradually attenuated and slender, and higher in front. 5. Grampus richardsonii, Gray, Zool. Erebus & Terror; Cat. Cetacea Brit. Mus. 85. Hab. Cape Seas (South-African Museum). The skull resembles in most particulars that of Grampus cuvieri, and may be considered that of a typical species of the genus. It agrees with Beluga in the convexity of the triangle in front of the blowers, and in the general form; but it differs from that genus in the elevation of the margins of the maxillze over the orbits, and on the side of the hinder part of the beak in front of the notch, showing that the genus is intermediate in form between Beluga and Orca. 1865. ] FROM THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 523 Grampus and Beluga are peculiar for having teeth only in the front part of the lower jaw, as in Globiocephalus ; but the teeth of Gram- pus are permanent, while those of Beluga are early deciduous. The lower jaw is so nearly like the lower jaw which the British Museum received from the Museum at Haslar Hospital, without any habitat, and which I described in the ‘ Catalogue of Cetacea’ under the name Grampus richardsonii, that I have been induced to refer the skull to that species. The lower jaw from the Cape Seas only differs from the lower jaw of the typical specimen of G. richardsonii in being rather more slender in front, just behind the gonyx and the end of the teeth- line, and in the teeth being apparently rather shorter and more ~ slender; but the base of the teeth of the typical specimen is en- tirely exposed, and in the one from the South-African Museum they are still imbedded in the dried gums; so that the difference is more apparent than real. The upper edge of the orbit is raised into a decided marginal ridge. The maxillary bones in front of the notch are rather ex- panded and well bent up on the edge. The triangular space in front of the blower is convex, evenly rounded, and with a well-marked oblique groove on each side in front. The intermaxillary bones are very broad, with a hard, shining, smooth, rather convex upper surface; they cover fully two-thirds of the upper part of the hinder portion, and much more, or at least four-fifths, of the front part of the beak. The palate is flat in front, and rather convex behind. The upper jaw is rather bent down at the tip, and is destitute of teeth, but has a submarginal line with a few small pits. The lower jaw has four conical teeth on each side in front, placed over the gonyx. Length of the skull 18, of beak from the notch 103, of lower jaw 142 inches; width of the brain-case at the centre of the orbit 11, of beak at the notch 73 inches. The triangle in front of the blowers in the skulls of the European species is much elongated, the slender front part being produced between the intermaxillaries nearly to the end of the beak. (1) G. rissoi, of Nice, with 5—5 teeth on the front of the lower jaw (Gervais, Zool. et Paléont. Frang. t. 57. f.1, 2). | (2) G. griseus, of Brest, with only 2—2 teeth on the front of the lower jaw (Gervais, J. c. t. 57. f. 5). . In the Cape species the triangle is shorter and much broader com- pared with its length, the front side-margin being more transverse. (3) G. richardsonii. In G. rissoi the outer edges of the intermaxillaries are sinuous and rather contracted to nearly the middle of their length. In G. richard- sonii the outer edges are rather slightly arched and bent out, the bones are widest in the middle of their length, and the nostrils are bent to the left side, the right side of the skull being most developed. 6. The skull which I described from the notes of Mr. Layard and the drawing of Mr. Trimen, under the name of Ziphius layardii (see 524 DR. J. E. GRAY ON CETACEA [June 27, Proc. Zool. Suc. 1865, p. 358), proves on examination to be a very distinct species of the genus, allied to Z. micropterus, as I decided from the notes and drawing. The peculiar form of the teeth, which are elongated and arched over the outer surface of the upper jaw, so as to prevent the animal from opening its mouth beyond a very limited extent, it has been suggested to me, may be only an indi- vidual peculiarity or malformation. I scarcely think this is the case ; but even if it should be, it will not in the least militate against the distinctness of the species, as the proportion of the beak to the size of the brain-case, and the form of the beak and position and form of the teeth, with a small point near the tip, are sufficient to clearly characterize the species. The front edges of the lower teeth are absorbed or worn away by the friction of the upper jaw against them, and the vomer forms a large fusiform prominence on the upper surface of the base of the beak, in front of the blowers, between the narrowed part of the elongate, slender intermaxillaries, which are enlarged and thickened behind, forming the outer sides of the blowers. In this respect it agrees with the figure of the skull of Z. densi- rostris from the Indian Seas, given by M. Gervais (Zool. et Paléont. Frang. t. 40. f. 3-6) ; but the vomer is more prominent in the Cape species. The Cape species has the slender, elongated, tapering lower jaws, and a very much longer beak to the skull, like that of D. mi- cropterus of Havre (Gervais, /. c. t. 49. f. 1). 7. The skull which, from the inspection of the drawing of Mr. Trimen, I was inclined to regard as a new species of Hyperoodon, forming a peculiar section of the genus, and which I had provisionally named Hyperoodon capensis (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 359), proves on examination to be an entirely new form, which appears to be inter- mediate in structure and form between Hyperoodon and Catodon. It agrees with Catodon and Kogia in having a large concavity on the crown of the skull, to contain the spermaceti (or “ head-matter,”’ as it is called by the whalers), over the blowers, and with Hyperoodon in having an elongated beak, with thick prominent nasal bones over the blowers, and in having none or only two or four deciduous teeth in the front of the lower jaw. What I believed, in the small drawing made by Mr. Trimen, were the slightly developed lateral expansions of the maxillaries, which are characteristic of the genus Hyperoodon, prove on examination of the skull to have represented the much thickened intermaxillaries and the very large callous prominent vomer which is between them on the upper surface of the beak. The skull, as is generally the case in the Cetacea, is considerably distorted, the left side being much the smallest and least developed. The genus may be thus defined :— PrETRORHYNCHUS. The skull beaked ; the brain-case hemispherical, margined behind and on the sides by the prominent edges of the maxillz, occipital, 1865.] FROM THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 525 and other bones, with a large oblong concavity under the prominent enlarged nasal bones in front of the deeply seated blowers; the inner surface of the concavity lined on the side by the expanded hinder end of the intermaxillaries, and edged on the sides by the raised edges of these bones and the inner margins of the hinder parts of the maxillee, the confines of the concavity being separated from the side-margin of the brain-case by a deep impression. The beak elongate, slender, compressed on the sides, fringed on the upper part of the sides by the edges of the enlarged callous intermaxillaries, which contain between them a much-enlarged callous vomer, which tapers in front into the end of the beak, and is truncated behind, filling up the narrowed fore part of the frontal concavity. The upper jaw toothless. The lower jaw slender, produced in front, toothless ; it may have had two teeth in front in the young state, as there are obscure indications and two pits. The skull is much more like the usual form of that of the Del- phinoid Whales than that of Catodon or Kogia, and somewhat like that of an Hyperoodon without the elevated ridges of the maxille on the sides of the beak. The peculiarity of the genus is the great development of the inter- maxillaries and the large size and callous state of the upper surface of the vomer. The intermaxillary bones which fringe the upper part of the sides of the beak are thick, hard, and shining, forming with the enlarged vomer the upper part of the beak ; they are expanded behind so as to form the large hemispherical cavity in the crown, with nostril and blower at the base of its hinder part. This cavity is lined on the inner side with the expansion of the intermaxillaries, which are supported on each outer side by a wall formed by the elevation of the inner edge of the hinder part of the maxilla. The wall of the cavity is separated from the outer margin of the maxilla, which forms the inner part of the outer edge of the brain-case, by a deep concavity. The upper part of the spermaceti-concavity is arched over by the thickened prominent nasal bones, and by the dilatation of the thick hinder edge of the walls. In Catodon and the allied genus Kogia the spermaceti-cavity oc- cupies the whole upper surface of the skull, and is surrounded by an erect wall formed by the elevated hinder and lateral edges of the maxillee. It is continued in front to the end of the broad expanded beak of the skull. The blowers are in the base of the hinder part of the concavity. The intermaxillary bones are narrow, elongate, with the linear vomer forming a sunken groove between them on the upper surface of the beak. In Catodon the hinder part of the intermaxillary is only slightly dilated, and forms but a small part of the base of the crown concavity, as shown in Cuvier’s figure (Oss. Foss. v. t. 22. f. 1-3); and from Mr. Macleay’s description they seem to form a smaller part of the surface of the concavity in Kogia (see p. 39). 526 DR. J, E. GRAY ON CETACEA [June 27, Skull of Petrorhynchus capensis. (By a mistake of the artist, the sides of the skull in the figure are reversed.) 1865.] FROM THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 527 Skull of Petrorhynchus capensis (side view). (By a mistake of the artist, the sides of the skull in the figure are reversed.) 528 DR. J. E. GRAY ON CETACEA [June 27, PETRORHYNCHUS CAPENSIS. Hyperoodon capensis, Gray, P. Z.S. 1865, p. 359. Hab. Cape Seas. The skull of this Whale resembles in several particulars the skull of Ziphius cavirostris, figured by Gervais (Zool. et Paléont. Frang. t. 39); but the cavity on the crown of that species is only slightly developed, though it is apparently rather more developed in the other specimens figured on the plate (t. 38. f. 1, 2) of that work ; and the vomer is sunk in a groove as in the other Ziphioid genera, except in the specimen figured at t. 38. f. 2, which has the most developed frontal cavity, and in this there is an appearance as if the vomer was larger. Phe study of this skull and of the Ziphius described by M. Van Beneden, received from the Cape, has induced me to reconsider the arrangement of the genera of Ziphioid Whales, which I have formed into a family, Ziphiide, which may be thus characterized :— Head beaked ; blower linear, transverse, on the back of the head. The upper jaw toothless, or with a few rudimentary teeth, which are not or only rarely developed. Lower jaw with a few teeth on the side or in front, which are sometimes early deciduous or not exposed. Body elongate ; dorsal fin faleate ; pectoral fins small, low down, and rather close together on the middle of the chest ; fingers five, of four or five phalanges. Skull with an enlarged nasal over the blowers, which are more or less sunken. This family may be divided into three sections. 1. Hyperoopontina. Teeth in front of the lower jaw conical. Beak with a high crest on each side, formed by the elevation of the maxillary bones. Hyrreroopon. Beak of skull straight ; crest of beak short, edged, only as high as occiput. H. butzkop/f. Lacenocetus. Beak of skull ascending; crest of beak flat, tipped, higher than the occiput. L. latifrons. 2. Erropontina. Teeth in front of lower jaw cylindrical or conical. Beak conical ; the intermazillary enlarged behind, forming a more or less large cavity round the blowers. ALiAMA. Vomer simple; intermaxillary only slightly elevated on the sides of the blower. Teeth large. A. indica=Ziphius in- dicus, Van Beneden. Cape of Good Hope. Erropon. Vomer forming a sunken groove ; intermaxillary form- ing a moderately high basin round the blower. H. desmarestu= Ziphius cavirostris, Cuvier. Mediterranean. Perroruyncuus. Vomer swollen, forming a large elongated tubercle between the callous intermaxillary ; intermaxillary form- ing a high basin round the blower. P. capensis. Cape of Good Hope. 1865.] FROM THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 529 3. Zipuiina. Teeth in the side of the lower jaw compressed. Beak subcylindrical, simple; intermaxillary linear, slender, rather swollen on sides of blower. Berarpivs. Teeth in the front of the side of the lower jaw conical. B. arnouzii. Zipuius. Teeth in the middle of the sides of the lower jaw of the male large, compressed ; of the female small, cylindrical, rudi- mentary. Lower jaw slender, tapering. Z. micropterus; Z. capensis. Diortopon. Teeth in the middle of the lower jaw conical, com- pressed. Lower jaw broad behind, suddenly narrowing in front. D. sechellensis. On reconsidering the account of the Short-nosed Physeter of the Cape, I have been induced to believe that the Physeters should be separated from the Catodons into a separate family called Physete- ride, characterized by the oblong rounded form of the head with the blowers on the hinder part of the crown, with a small narrow inferior mouth, and by having an elevated compressed dorsal fin and an ovate pectoral one. The skulls of the species known confirm this idea, as they have the concavity on the crown divided by a more or less central bony ridge into two cells or cavities, instead of being simple like that of the Catodons. M. de Blainville has figured and shortly described a skull that is in the Paris Museum, received from the Cape of Good Hope, under the name of Physeter brevirostris. On this skull I established the genus Kogia. Mr. William 8. Macleay, in his account of the skeleton of.the Au- stralian Sperm Whale, described and figured the skeleton of a Phy- seter thrown ashore on the coast of Australia, which is in the Au- stralian Museum at Sydney, under the name of Euphysetes grayit. It has been thought that these two genera are synonymous; but from the study of the figures and of the photograph of the bones of the Australian species, which have been kindly sent to me by Mr. Krefft, I am induced to believe that the genera are distinct, and that both ought to be adopted. They may be characterized thus— 1. Koc1a. The septum that divides the cavity on the crown of the skull very sinuous, folded so as to form a central funnel-shaped concavity. Beak as long as broad at the base. Kogia brevirostris (= Physeter brevirostris, Blainv. Annals d’ Anat. et de Phys. ii. t. 10, 1835). Cape of Good Hope. Skull Mus. Paris. 2. Evpuyseres. The septum that divides the cavity on the crown of the skull simple, longitudinal, only slightly curved. Beak shorter than broad. Euphysetes grayii, Macleay, on a New Sperm Whale, 1851, t. 2. Australia. Skeleton, Australian Museum, Sydney. 530 MR. H. B. TRISTRAM ON THE TERRESTRIAL [June 27, 7. ReEPorT ON THE TERRESTRIAL AND FLUuvIATILE MOLLUSsCA OF Patestine. By H. B. Tristram, Corr. Mems. The character of the Molluscan fauna of Palestine partakes, as might have been expected, of the same variety which marks the other branches of its fauna and flora. There are, however, fewer exceptions to its general character as a part of the Mediterranean basin, and fewer traces of the admixture of African and Indian forms. Northern types, especially of the genus Clausilia, are frequent in the Lebanon and on its southern spurs in Galilee. The Molluscan fauna of the maritime plains and the coast posesses no features distinct from those of Lower Egypt and Asia Minor The shells of the central region are scarce and not generally interesting ; while on the borders of the Jordan valley and in the southern wilderness we meet with very di- stinct groups of Helix and of Bulimus, chiefly of species peculiar, or common in some few cases to the Arabian desert. The fluviatile Mollusca are of a type very much more tropical in its character than that of the terrestrial shells. There are here but few species similar to those of the east of Europe. Most of the spe- cies are identical with, or similar to, those of the Nile and of the Euphrates ; and some ‘of the genus Melanopsis are peculiar to the Jordan or its feeders. It seems probable that the inhabitants of the waters were better able to sustain the cold of the glacial epoch than the mollusks of the land; and from the post-tertiary remains found by the Dead Sea we may infer that the species now existing have been transmitted from a period antecedent to the glacial ; while the more boreal forms introduced at that epoch have maintained their existence in the colder districts of Northern Palestine to the exclu- sion of the southern species, which have not succeeded in re-esta- blishing themselves. The beautiful group Achatina, requiring a de- gree of moisture not generally found in Palestine, is only represented by a few insignificant and almost microscopic species. The Molluscan fauna of this country has been less neglected that other branches of its natural history. Olivier first published a few species through Férussac in 1821. Ehrenberg added many more, of which eighteen were described as new. Boissier published his list in the ‘ Zeitschrift fiir Malakologie’ in 1847. Bourguinat pub- lished and figured in 1853 the collection made by M. de Sauley; and Dr. Roth, in his ‘ Molluscorum Species,’ in his ‘ Spicilegium Mol- luscorum,’ 1855, and ‘ Coquilles Terrestres et Fluviatiles,’ edited by A. Mousson, 1861, has supplied us with a catalogue far more com- plete and exhaustive than any of his predecessors. It will be seen that while we have not, as the result of our expedition last year, to report many entirely new species, we suc- ceeded in obtaining very many which had not occurred to Dr. Roth, and several which had escaped the observation of all our predecessors. As it seems probable that several species have been redescribed by authors who were not acquainted with the works of previous writers, I have thought it advisable to confine my report to the Zoological 1865. ] AND FLUVIATILE MOLLUSCA OF PALESTINE. 531 Society to such species as were collected by ourselves, simply append- ing a list of reputed species not found by us. 1. Limax pHenicracus, Bourg. Very common in the maritime plains from Beyrout to Jaffa, and in the valleys which abut on them. Not observed in the interior. Easily distinguished from L. agrestis by its larger size and its crowded black spots. It is very slightly wrinkled, and reaches a length of upwards of 2 inches. 2. Limax BERYTENSIS, Bourg. In the same localities as the preceding, but by no means so plen- tiful. It is of much smaller dimensions, and may be at once distin- guished by its deep black colour, and its mantle placed not in front, but almost on the centre of its back. 3. Limax TENELLUS, Mill. I found several specimens of a slug in moist valleys south of the Lebanon, which I can in no way distinguish from the European species. . 4, TESTACELLA sauccyl, Bourg. I dug up four fine specimens of this interesting species-in the Wady Kurn, near the plain of Acre. 5. SucCINEA PFEIFFERI, Rossm. Among reeds near Beyrout. 6. SuccINEA GLOBOSA, nN. sp. T. ovato-globosa, fragilis, tenuis, nitida, delicatissime striata, aurantiaco-rubra ; spira acuta, vix elongata ; anfrac. 34, con- vexi, ultimus subito accrescens, inflatus, basi expansa; aper- tura rotundo-ovalis, superne rotundata; peristoma simplez, margine columellari superne reflexiusculo. Long. 14, diam. 10, alt. 83 mill. This beautiful and most peculiar species was obtained by me on papyrus-stems in the marshes of Huleh (waters of Merom), in the Upper Jordan. In the rotundity of its form and the diaphanous redness of its coloration it is widely removed from any other of the group which I have seen. The animal is very large for the shell. - 7. Hexrx sancta, Bourg. Near Jerusalem. Mousson considers this only a giant variety of H. cellaria. The differences, however, appear constant, both in colour and convexity. 8. Heirx nivELLINA, Bourg. Searee throughout the country. 532 MR. H. B. TRISTRAM ON THE TERRESTRIAL [June 27, 9. Henix ceiiaria, Mill. In the north only. 10. Hexix sesusitica, Roth. : Near Jerusalem, Sarepta, and Nazareth. Easily distinguishable from H. sancta by its less regular and less delicate striation, and by its much larger umbilicus—and from the following species by its rounded umbilicus and the less rapid increase of its whorls. 11. Hevrx #aquata, Mouss. Only in the north, near the coast. 12. Hexiix cAMELINA, Bourg. Near Nazareth, Jericho, and Jerusalem. 13. HeLrx HIEROSOLYMITANA, Bourg. Not uncommon close to Jerusalem; not met with elsewhere. 14. Hexrx putcueuia, Mill. We found a single specimen of this worldwide species under a stone in the plain of Acre. 15. Hexrx conspurcata, Drap. On the coast near Sidon. 16. Hexrx ERDELI, Roth. (=H. flavida, Rossm. ’) Near Jerusalem. 17. Hewix syriaca, Ehrenb. One of the most abundant shells in every part of the country. 18. Hexrx oLiviert, Fér. Very common everywhere. 19. HEeLIx CARMELITA, Nn. sp. T. imperforata, depressa, flavida, vix pellucida, nitida, regula- riter et pulcherrime striata; anfract. 6, convexi, lente accres- centes, sutura profunda, ultimus ad aperturam deflecus ; aper- tura compressa, obliqua, lunaris ; perist. reflexo, flavido, intus albescente, densato ; basi rotundata. Diam. maj. 8, min. 7, alt. 4 mill. Two adult and several young specimens of this very distinct and pretty little shell were collected by us on Mount Carmel. It seems to bear no affinity to any other species in the country ; but is some- what like H. partita, Pfr., from Ceylon, which, however, is umbi- licated. 20. HELiIx BERYTENSIS, Fér. Generally distributed in small numbers through the country. 1865. ] AND FLUVIATILE MOLLUSCA OF PALESTINE. 533 21. Heuix Lenticuta, Fér. Near the coast. 22. Henix nummus, Ehrenb. (=H. hedenborgi, Pfr.) Very abundant in the Nahr el Kelb, near Beyrout. 23. Hexix sotirupinis, Bourg. Ceele Syria. 24, Hexix prsana, Mill. Plentiful along the coast, to which it is strictly confined. Speci- mens from the north are very richly coloured, while from the di- strict near Gaza they are blanched and colourless in life. 25. Hexiix caspitum, Drap. On the coast and the hills near it, in the north of Palestine. 26. Hexix vARIABILIS, Drap. Very common on Mount Carmel, and with many variations of colours and size. The eastern specimens seem generally to be smaller than those of Europe. Probably several of the species not recog- nized by us may be referred to varieties of this widely spread and most variable shell. M.de Saulcy does not appear to have met with it, but perhaps distinguished it under some other name. 27. Hexrx maritima, Drap. Found on the hills along the coast. From the study of a long series of intermediate varieties, I should feel disposed to diminish very greatly the number of described species of this variable group, 28. Hexrx caperata, Mont. (= H. langloisiana, Bourg. ?) Common near Jerusalem. 29. HELIx HIEROCHUNTINA, Roth. Takes the place of the preceding species in the Jordan valley. It may be at once distinguished by its red peristome and flattened spire. 30. Hexiix TURBINATA, Jan. Scarce on the coast. 31. Hewix apicina, Lam. In the north, on the dry rocks near the coast. 32. HELIx CAMPESTRIS, Ziegl. Found on the high plateau of Moab and Eastern Gilead. 33. HeLrx Protea, Ziegl. Common and variable from the coast to the southern deserts. I have many specimens corresponding to H. langloisiana of Bour- guinat, which appears to be only a strongly marked desert and blanched variety of the present species. 534 MR. H. B. TRISTRAM ON THE TERRESTRIAL [June 27, 34, Hextrx vEsSTrAtis, Parr. Abundant in a few localities. 35. Hexrx TUBERCULOSA, Conrad. Erroneously identified by Bourguinat with H. despreauxii from the Canaries. This is the most peculiar and interesting Helix in Palestine, and is found only sparingly in very restricted localities in the highlands west and south-west of the Dead Sea. 36. HEeLix LEDERER], Pfr. In a few places on the coast, on sand-banks. 37. Hewix seETZzENI, Koch. In immense numbers over the southern deserts, where it is the food of Sea-Gulls. 38. Hextx arasica, Roth. Very scarce, and only south of the Dead Sea, taking the place of the preceding species. 39. Hexrx canprpissimA, Drap. Very common. Var. hierochuntina, Boiss., granulated at the apex. Var. 3, extremely glossy, and less than one-third the size of African specimens. 40. Hewix rimspriata, Bourg. Found in a few restricted localities north and west of the Dead Sea. 41. Hexrx propHetTarvM, Bourg. Scattered in several localities west and south of the Dead Sea, near Sebbeh and Jebel Usdum. 42. Heuix sorsstert, Charp. This fine example of a desert species, with its thick cretaceous shell, its solid contracted mouth and black interior, is widely dispersed in different localities over the Judeean desert, but not so generally as H. seetzent. 43. Hexrx ritia, Mouss. This beautiful desert species has strong affinities both with H. prophetarum and H. boissieri. It is extremely scarce, and is found only in a few localities near the Dead Sea. 44. Hexrx cariosa, Oliv. Extremely abundant in the mountain districts of Western Pales- tine ; not observed in the east. The three varieties, (1) amphicyrta, (2) nazarensis, (3) crassocarina, are easily recognizable. The third 1865. ] AND FLUVIATILE MOLLUSCA OF PALESTINE, 535 is the prevailing type in the north, distinguished by its depressed spire and broad flattened keel. About Nazareth it gives way to the second variety, rounder, with the keel more compressed, but still the spire depressed. Specimens about Jerusalem and Carmel partake of the character of the first variety, with elevated spire ; while at Hebron, the southern limit we observed for this shell, the northern form crassocarina reappears unchanged in the slightest particulars. 45. HEeLix CHSAREANA, Parr. Abundant in the plain of Sharon and about the Sea of Galilee. The specimens from Gennesaret are much larger and more richly marked than those from Judea. 46. HELrx sprripLana, Oliv. (H. guttata, Bourg.) Generally distributed, but not numerous—in the higher grounds of Southern Palestine, and not found in the same localities as the preceding. 47. HELIX MASAD&, N. sp. T. umbilicata, depressa, solida, albida, transversim regulariter et profunde striata, et superne et infra; zonis evanescentibus Juscis albo interruptis aliquando ornata ; anfract. 5 superiores carinati, plani, sutura protracta, ultimus antice valde deflexus ; apertura obliqua, rotundata ; perist. reflexo, expanso, sepe um- bilicum celante. Diam. maj. 30, min. 25, alt. 14 mill. Apert. diam. maj. 13, min. 11 mill. Hab. Sebbeh (ant. Masada), and the most barren and sterile moun- tains from there to Jebel Usdum, the salt-mountain. The deep and regular striation of this shell distinguishes it at once from H. spz- riplana, for a small variety of which (such as that which Conrad has described under the name H. lithophaga) it might otherwise be mis- taken. 48. Hewix aspersa, Mill. Very common in the gardens of Tyre, Sidon, Beyrout, Jaffa, and all places on the coast. We did not meet with it inland. It reaches a very large size—quite equal to the specimens from Algeria, and far surpassing those of the Greek islands. This as well as all the follow-. ing species and H. cesareana are collected and sold in the markets for food. 49. Hewix cavata, Mouss. Common in the interior; not plentiful near the coast. 50. Hexix pRAsInATA, Roth. We did not find this species ourselves ; but I possess three speci- mens given me at Jerusalem by my lamented friend, its discoverer, Dr. Roth. ; 536 MR. H. B, TRISTRAM ON THE TERRESTRIAL [June 27, 51. Hexurx wtieata, Mill. In the Lebanon. 52. Hewix soxipa, Ziegl. Between Nablous and the Jordan. 53. Hexrx pacuya, Bourg. Near the Lake of Gennesaret, and north of Beyrout. 54, Hetix ENGADDENSIS, Bourg. In the wilderness of Judzea. These six species appear to me to be very closely allied, the most important differences being in the aperture, which is almost circular in H. cavata (a species closely allied to H. figulina), and is oval and elongated in H. prasinata and H. engaddensis. The differences in size and colour are certainly very great; yet I am inclined to believe that they are attributable rather to climate and locality, and that further research will embrace all in two or at most three species. In the immense series we collected, it is difficult anywhere to draw a satisfactory line. 55. Hewix verRmMicutaTA, Mill. A dwarf form of this widely spread and variable shell occurs be- tween Beyrout and Tripoli. In Northern Syria it is as large as in North Africa. 56. Butimus acutvs, Drap. Common on the sandy banks near the shore between Beyrout and Sidon; scarcer to the southward. 57. BuLimus DECOLLATUS, Brug. Found by us sparingly in the plain of Sharon. This is, so far as I am aware, the most eastern locality hitherto noticed for this shell. I cannot altogether agree with the remark of Bourguinat, that B. decollatus does not vary in the east and west, excepting in size, those from the east being considerably larger than from the west. I pos- sess an extensive series collected by myself in every country border- ing on the Mediterranean, from Spain and Morocco to Asia Minor, Cyprus, and Syria. The specimens from Algeria and Tunis are very much larger than any on the northern side, reaching the length of 2} inches without the rejected portion of the apex. The Spanish specimens are much more obtuse, and with fewer whorls, than those from countries further east; and the further we proceed eastward, the longer and the more attenuated do we find the shell, till in Cy- prus and Palestine it reaches its extreme attenuation, though not approaching African specimens in size. It does not appear to occur in Egypt. 58. BuLimus FAscio.atvs, Oliv. (var. eburnea). Scarce, in the neighbourhood of the Wady Kelt, near Jericho. 1865. ] AND FLUVIATILE MOLLUSCA OF PALESTINE. 537 59. Buxtimus LABRosus, Oliv. The finest and most characteristic shell of Palestine. It is found, generally concealed in small fissures of the limestone rocks, some- times under stones, throughout the whole of Western Palestine, as far as the edge of the Ghor or Jordan valley, but not beyond. It is most abundant near the coast, where it attains its greatest size. A very small variety is found in the southern wilderness. 60. Butimus cARNEUs, Pfr. This beautiful shell takes the place of the preceding species in the basin of the Dead Sea towards the south; but we never found it north of Engedi, nor on the east side. It is most plentiful about the famed rock of Masada, the modern Sebbeh. We brought a con- siderable number home alive, which are now depositing their eggs, and feeding on succulent plants. It is impossible, after observing a large series, to have any hesitation in separating B. carneus specifi- cally from B. labrosus. The elongated form, the mouth proportion- ally less than half the size of the other species, and circular instead of being extended towards the right, the solidity of the peristome, and the callosity largely extended over the last whorl at once distinguish every specimen; nor have I ever detected any intermediate forms. The typical B. carneus of Dr. Pfeiffer is from Lycia. I have not been able to compare my specimens with the type, though they ap- pear to coincide exactly with the diagnosis and the figure. It is possible that our Dead Sea species may be distinct. 61. BuLimus HALEPENSIS, Pfr. Generally diffused, but scarce in number of individuals. Collected near Jerusalem and by the Dead Sea. 62. Butimus syriacus, Pfr. Extremely abundant in certain localities of the Lebanon. 63. Buitimus s1pontiEnsis, Charp. In the plain of Pheenicia and the neighbouring hills. 64. BuLimus ATrENvATUS, Mouss. Erroneously identified by Bourguinat with B. obesatus, Webb and Berthelot, from the Canaries. Frequent throughout the wooded hills and under brushwood in Western Palestine. The rich olive- green epidermis of the living shell seems to have escaped the notice of its describers. 65. BULIMUS URIA, Nn. sp. T. cylindracea, ventricosa, oblique arguteque striolata, nitidius- eula, corneo-olivacea vel cornea; anfract. 7, plano-convecis, ultimo anfractu dimidium longitudinis vix aquante; apertura obliqua, rotundata, contracta ; peristomate albo, intus labiato, reflexo ; margine columellari vix dilatato. Long. tota 15, lat. 7; apert. long. 53, lat. 43 mill. Hab. The Wady of Amman (Rabbath Ammon). Proc. Zoou. Soc.— 1865, No. XXXV. 4 538 MR. H. B. TRISTRAM ON THE TERRESTRIAL [June 27, This Bulimus, the Transjordanic representative of B. attenuatus, is intermediate in character between it and B. pupa of Greece and Algeria. From the latter it may be distinguished at once by its olive-green colour and by its suddenly expanding fifth whorl, which gives it a peculiar obese appearance. From the former it is distin- guished by the sixth and seventh whorls increasing instead of con- tracting. 66. Butimus (Cuonprvs) Tricuspis, Pfr. Not uncommon near Beyrout. 67. Butimus (CHONDRUS) SEPTEMDENTATUS, Roth. Common throughout the whole country, and subject to great varia- tions in size. The mouth is frequently six-toothed, and sometimes only five-toothed. 68. Butimus (CHONDRUS) OvULARIS, Oliv. Common. For the distinctions between this and the last species, see Mousson, Coq. p. 46. 69. Butimus (CHonpRvs) sAautcyl!, Bourg. About the plain of Gennesaret and the Dead Sea. Confined, ap- parently, to the Jordan valley. Like B. ovularis, but invariably sinistral, and found in distinct localities. 70. Butimus (CHoNDRUS) NUCIFRAGUS, Parr. Scarce ; found at Jaffa and near Jerusalem. 71. Pura DELESSERTI, Bourg. Scarce, in the Anti- Lebanon. 72. Pura sauucyt, Bourg. Two specimens found near Tyre, in the hills. 73. Pupa ruonpia, Roth. Scarce near Jerusalem. Very abundant on a rock near the Lake of Gennesaret, but extremely local. ? 74. Pura Granum, Drap. Near Sidon, in the plain of Pheenicia. 75. Pupa scypuus, Friv. (?). A single dead specimen in the Lebanon. 76. Pupa LIBANOTICA, n. sp. T. cylindrico-oblonga, cornea vel albidula, sub lente irregulariter striata, apice obtusissimo ; anfract. 10, convexiusculi, sutura impressa, anfractus quinque primi obtusissimi, et rapide cre- scentes, anfractus sextus septimum subequans, ultimus et pe- nultimus valde coarctati, ultimus basi carinatus, et prope aper- — 1865.] AND FLUVIATILE MOLLUSCA OF PALESTINE. 539 turam coarctatus ; apertura semiovali unidentata, dente in callo sito; peristomate albido, reflexo, in callum continuo. Long. tota 11, lat. 44 mill. Found at Ainat, in the Lebanon. 77. Pura micuonut, Bourg. One dead specimen found near Nazareth. 78. PupA HEBRAICA, N. sp. 1’. minutissima, oblonga, regulariter et pulcherrime sulcis striata, apice abbreviato et obtusissimo, nitida, cornea, pellucida ; an- Jract. 6, tertio ultimum in turgiditate superante, sutura pro- Sunda, ultimo ad aperturam forte coarctato ; apertura pene rotunda, sed infra contracta, peristomate continuo, supra callo simplict via reflewo, tridentata, uno in callo, duobus ad mar- ginem sinistrum sitis. Long. 24, lat. 13 mill. Found in a tomb near Jericho. The beautiful and regular trans- verse ridges on the whorls, as seen through a magnifying-glass, at once distinguish this from every other species of Pupa. 79. CLausiLia Masta, Fér. Near Jaffa, near Beyrout, and occasionally in the hills behind the plain of Pheenicia. 80. CLAUSILIA STRANGULATA, Fér. Plentiful in the ravine of the Nahr-el-Kelb, Lebanon. 81. Ciaustira sauLcyi, Bourg. Only found by us at the Ladder of Tyre. Collected by M. de Saulcy near Jerusalem. 82. CLAUSILIA DELESSERTI, Bourg. In the Nahr-el-Kelb, in damp caves; scarce. 83. CLAUSILIA ALBERSI, Bourg. In the valley of the Kadisha, Lebanon. 84, CLausILia BorssiERI, Charp. Excessively abundant near the Nahr-el-Kelb and on the rocks near Beyrout. Found abundantly on rocks, a few yards from the spray of the sea. It reaches a larger size here, and the peristome is more expanded, than in specimens from Crete and other parts of Greece. 85. CLAUSILIA GENEZERETHANA, 0. sp. T. rimata, fusiformis, elongata, gracillima, confertim et acute la- mellata, fuscescenti-albida ; spira regulariter attenuata, apice cornea, acutiuscula ; sutura profunda, lamellis prominentibus ; anfractibus 15, minime convexis, ultimo infra suturam com- presso, antice rugoso-costulato, breviter vix obsolete bicristato; 340 MR. H. B. TRISTRAM ON THE TERRESTRIAL [June 27, crista rimali obsoleta; apertura parva, pyriformi; lamellis exiguis approximatis ; lamella inconspicua ; plica palatali 1, subcolumellari, emersa ; peristomate continuo, tenui, soluto, vix expanso. Long. 203, diam. 3 mill. Found only on rocks near the plain of Gennesaret. 86. CLAUSILIA MEDLYCOTTI, 0. sp. T. rimata, fusiformis, elongata, gracilis, acute et fortissime nec semper regulariter lamellata, fuscescenti-albida ; spira regula- riter attenuata ; apice corneo, acutissimo ; sutura profunda, lamellis interdum alternatis; anfract. 13-14, vix convexiusculis, ultimo latere impresso, basi bicristato ; crista rimali, profunda, antice rugoso-costulata; upertura contracta, pyriformi ; la- mella inconspicua; plica palatali 1, subcolumellari, inconspicua ; peristomate continuo, expanso, soluto. Long. mill. 19, diam. 33 ; apert. long. 3, lat. 23 mill. This most beautiful Clausilia, which I have great pleasure in de- dicating to my friend and fellow-traveller Mr. W. C. P. Medlycott, was found by us only in one place, but in considerable plenty, in the hills behind Surafend (Sarepta). It may at once be distinguished from all others by the boldness of its sculpture, and by its very deep and distinct, though sometimes irregular, ridges. 87. ToRNATELLINA (Beck) HIEROSOLYMARUM, Roth. Scarce, in tombs in various parts of the country. 88. GLANDINA (C&HCILIANELLA) TUMULORUM, var. judaica, Bourg. In tombs at Jerusalem. 89. PLANORBIS HEBRAICUS, Bourg. Ain Mellaheh, near Lake Huleh. 90. PLANORBIS PISCINARUM, Bourg. Near Zebdany, in Ceele Syria. 91. LimnzuUs TENER, Parr. Near the Lake Huleh. 92. Limna&us syr1acus?, Mouss. Near Baalbec. 93. CyCLOSTOMA OLIVIERI, Pfr. Very common in the neighbourhood of the plains of Pheenicia and Acre, but not met with further south or east. 94. BITHINIA HEBRZORUM, Bourg. Ain Fijeh, and other fountains in the Bukdéa; very common. 1865.] AND FLUVIATILE MOLLUSCA OF PALESTINE. 541 95. Brrninta (PaLupINA) PHIALENSIS, Conrad. Birket-er-Ram (Lake Phiala). 96. Brrainia RUBENS, Menke. Lake Huleh. There are several other species of minute Paludinide, which | have not been able to determine. 97. MELANIA TUBERCULATA, Mill. Occurs living in various streams, and semifossil in great numbers on the marl-deposits by the Dead Sea. By the shores of the Lake of Galilee dead and bleached specimens are very common. 98. MELANIA ROTHIANA, Mouss. We obtained several dead specimens of this shell by the Sea of Galilee ; but Iam more than doubtful of its specific value, believing it to be merely an elongated form of M. tuberculata. 99. MreLaAnia pyrAMIs, Bursch. In the Nahr-el-Kelb. Always a deep brown-black, and differing from M. tuberculata in the absence of the longitudinal ridges and tubercles on the spire. 100. MELANIA RUBRO-PUNCTATA, 0. sp. T. elongata, fusiformis, tenuis, pellucidior, corneo-albida, punc- turis rubris in lineis longitudinalibus dispositis ornata, costulis numerosis spiralibus exarata; anfract. 12, sed apice sepe eroso; anfract. convexiusculis, summis solis costulis longitudi- nalibus (sicut in M. tuberculata) sculptis ; apertura subellip- tica, coarctata, effusa ; columella alba. Long. 21, diam. 5 mill.; altera 17 long., 33 diam. Hab. Buried in the sand, in fountains near the Dead Sea. Had I not consulted more experienced naturalists than myself, I should have felt disposed to have included this as a delicate and very beautiful variety of the variable M. tuberculata.. The distinctive characters are the extreme smallness of the aperture and the sudden termination of the longitudinal sculpture, which does not extend to the lower whorls. 101. Metanopsis pr#RoSA (L.). Very abundant in almost all the streams of Palestine, and found subfossil in the old marl-deposits by the shores of the Dead Sea. There is a distinct variety peculiar to almost every district. Var. A, from the Nahr-el-Kelb, near Beyrout, is horn-colour, with three dark brown bands. Var. B, from streams near Engedi and other streams flowing into the Dead Sea, is much larger than any other specimens I have seen, and may be at once recognized by a compression on the right side of the peristome, near the columella. It is rarely black, but of a rich 542 MR. H. B. TRISTRAM ON THE TERRESTRIAL [June 27, brown colour, and the inside of the mouth a pale purple. It may be hereafter separated as a distinct species. Var. C, from the waters of Merom and the Lake of Galilee, is very large, almost approaching the specimens of Engedi in size, but black, more inflated and obtuse, and with a rich deep purple colour inside the mouth. Those from the Kishon are similar, but smaller. 102. MELANOPSIS AMMONIS, 0. Sp. T. oblonga, nitida, nigrescens vel fusco-cornea, apice acuto, raro eroso ; anfract. 7-9, planis, regulariter crescentibus, non gra- datis, levibus ; costis vel striis indistinctis et interdum obso- letis sculpta; apertura ovali ; perist. simplici, acuto; callo albo, effuso ; columella albida et inflexa. Long. 25, diam. 10; apert. long. 7, larg. 5 mill. I was at first inclined to place this shell as a variety of M. pre- rosa; but its more elegant and elongated shape, the smallness of its mouth, and the traces of longitudinal ridges appear to me sufficient to justify its separation. Found only in streams at Heshbon and Ammon, east of Jordan, where the other species does not occur. 103. Me.anopsis sautcyi, Bourg. In a few restricted localities; chiefly at Ain Sultan, Jericho. 104. MreLanopsis CoOsTELLATA, Fer. In the Kishon. The differences between this and the preceding are clearly pointed out by Bourguinat. This species is less fusiform, more inflated, does not increase regularly, and its last whorl is three times the size of the others united ; while that of M. saulcyi is not more than once and a half as large. 105. Mrxanopsis costaTA, Oliv. Very abundant in the Huleh (waters of Merom), the Lake of Ga- lilee, and the Upper Jordan. In immense quantities in a subfossil state round the Dead Sea. 106. Mrexanopsis soRDANICA, Roth. Peculiar, so far as we could ascertain, to the Lake of Galilee and the Jordan below it. Rossmissler, as well as Roth at an earlier period, considered this to be a variety of the preceding species. ‘There is, however, a striking difference, not only in the shape and coloration, but in the habit of the living animal. M. costata is always found adhering to the stems and the under surface of the leaves of aquatic plants ; while the obtuse and striped form, M. jordanica, adheres only to rocks and stones. M. costata we never met with south of the entrance to the Lake of Galilee in a living state, nor M. jordanica to the north of it. 107. MELANOPSIS EREMITA, 0. sp. T. fusiformis, semipellucida, elongato-pyramidalis, nitida, resplen- dens, vitreo-cornea, longitudinaliter trregulariter sed delica- 1865.] AND FLUVIATILE MOLLUSCA OF PALESTINE. 543 tissime striolata; apice acuto, nunquam eroso; anfractibus 6-8, planis, regulariter crescentibus; sutura parum impressa ; apertura ovalis ; peristomate, simplici, acuto ; callo albescente ; columella albida et inflexa. Long. 16, diam. 6} mill. ; apert. long. 5, lat. 33 mill. Collected only in the little stream of the Wady Um Bagkek, be- tween Sebbeh and Jebel Usdum, at the south-west corner of the Dead Sea, where it was very abundant. This beautiful and very small species of Melanopsis may be at once recognized by its peculiarly brilliant gloss. It may be remarked, that in the same region which supplies the smallest of its group, the common Melanopsis prerosa attains its greatest magnitude. 108. NeriTIna sorDANT, Buttler. Found only in the Jordan and its two lakes, Huleh and Galilee; but chiefly under the leaves of water-lilies in the Huleh. We never discovered it living in the lower course of the Jordan. 109. NeriTina micuoni, Bourg. Abundant in almost every stream and spring throughout the whole of Palestine, east and west, except in the Jordan and its lakes. It attains its greatest size in the thermal springs of the Ghor. 110. Neririna BELLARDI, Mouss. Ihave not had the opportunity of examining a type specimen ; but, from the diagnosis, I believe this species to be that which is found in the Jabbok and its affluents. It is certainly different from N. michonii, as may be at once recognized by an examination of its operculum. 111. Cyrena cor, Lam. Abundant in the Jordan and the Lakes of Huleh and Tiberias. In the latter it attains a very large size. 112. Cyrena FLUviATILis, Mill. This species, if it be really distinct, is not uncommon in the J ordan. What is the Cyrena crassula of Mousson, found near Jaffa? 113. Unto TERMINALIS, Bourg. This is the common Unio of the Lake of Galilee, and I found it also in the Litany (Leontes) River. The Unio jordanicus, Bourg., seems to be only a thinner and shorter variety of U. terminalis. I have obtained so many intermediate specimens that it appears to me impossible to separate the two. U. terminalis also seems to be identical with the U. dignatus, Lea, from the Tigris, as I find on comparison of type specimens in Mr. Cuming’s collection. 114. Unto DELESSERTI, Bourg. In the Zerka or Crocodile River, in the plain of Sheron. Found by M. de Saulcy near Jaffa, in the same plain. 544 MR. TRISTRAM ON THE MOLLUSCA OF PALESTINE. [June 27, 115. Unto micnonti, Bourg. In the Zerka or Crocodile River. Figured by Bourguinat from the neighbouring streams of Jaffa. Appears to be but a variety of the U. marginalis, Lamarck, a variable species found in India, Mau- ritius, and China. 116. Unto sauucyt, Bourg. From the Kishon. Found by M. de Saulcy in the streams near Jaffa. This species is very like U. mosalensis, Lea, from the Tigris, if indeed it be not the same species. 117. Unto stmonis, n. sp. T. ovato-rotundata, supra arcuata, infra subrecte arcuata, antice posticeque rotundata, ventricosa, crassissima, concentrice striata, epidermide nigra vel nigrescente, vel in juvenibus fusco- virescente ; umbonibus valde prominentibus, recurvis, extremi- tate anteriore approximatis, striis undulantibus sculptis ; dente cardinali crasso, altissimo, denticulato, sulcis rigidis impresso ; dente laterali crasso, producto; sinu pallial profunde impresso ; t. infra nacreo-roseo pulcherrime resplendente. Long. 66, lat. 44, diam. 32 mill. This shell is found in the Jordan, the Sea of Galilee (where it reaches its greatest dimensions), the Orontes, and the Leontes (Lita- ny). Its rotundity, thickness, solidity, and the brilliant rosy tint of its nacreous interior distinguish it at once from every other spe- cies. The massive solidity of the young shells is very remarkable. The rosy tint is equally brilliant in all the specimens I have seen. 118. UNio EPISCOPALIS, 0. sp. T. elongato-ovalis, valde inequilateralis, subcomplanata, crassa, supra recta, infra compressa, postice rotundata, antice elon- gata, concentrice striata; epidermide nigerrima ; umbonibus prominulis ; dente cardinali alto, crasso, subacuto, fortissimo, laterali forti, elongato, nacreo, purpureo-episcopali pulcher- rimo; sinu palliali profundissime impresso. Long. 98, lat. 56, diam. 35 mill. This, the prince of Oriental Unionidae, is not uncommon in the Orontes. I found a dead valve by the Leontes, but did not meet with it in the Lake of Galilee. From its brilliant purple hue, which is preserved in the most worn valves, from its size, its jet-black epi- dermis, and the peculiar compression, it is a remarkable and isolated species. I can find no Unio in the collection of Mr. Cuming which at all resembles it. 119. Unio rripouiranus, Bourg. Near Tripoli. The following is a list of species mentioned by previous writers, but not found or identified by us; many of them are doubtful :— 1865.] | ON THE AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. 545 Limaz variegatus, Ehrenb. Daudebardia syriaca, Roth. Helix pratensis, Fér. obstructa, Fér. —— arenosa, Ziegl. — simulata, Fé. — genezerethana, Mouss. improbata, Mouss. crispulata, Mouss. joppensis, Roth. neglecta, Drap. Bulimus benjamiticus, Benson. (Chondrus) lamelliferus, Rossm. Pupa chondriformis, Mouss. Clausilia ehrenbergii, Roth. Glandina liesvillei, Bourg. Limneus truncatulus, Gm. Cyclostoma elegans, Drap. = Bithinia sauleyi, Bourg. gaillardoti, Bourg. hawadieriana, Bourg. moquiniana, Bourg. Melania judaica, Roth. Neritina syriaca, Bourg. Cyrena crassula, Mouss. Unio requieni, Mich. litoralis, Lam. I may state that I have seen type specimens of Helix joppensis, Bulimus benjamiticus, and Melania judaica, the two former of which are unquestionably good species. Helix genezerethana is perhaps only a large variety of H. nummus, Ehrenb. 8. CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A MORE COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF THE AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PrRimATES. By St. GEorGE Mrvart, F.Z.S. & L.S., LecrurerR on ComparaTIve ANA- Tomy AT St. Mary’s Hospitau. The great interest which has been felt of late as to the value and extent of the anatomical resemblances and differences between Man and the rest of the Primates has led to many researches, which have, however, been mainly directed to a consideration of the head and extremities, and especially of the bony framework of those parts. To the various details given by Cuvier and others, respecting the cranial structure of the highest Apes as compared with each other and with Man, such careful and minute comparisons have from time to time been added by Professor Owen, in his well-known and justly esteemed memoirs on the subject, published in the ‘Transactions’ of this Society, and last of all by Professor Huxley, in his elaborate 546 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE © [June 27, comparison of their immature condition (soon to appear in the So- ciety’s Transactions), that little remains to be added to our know- ledge on the subject; while the differences between the skulls of the highest Apes and those of the lower forms of the order have been investigated by Professor Vrolik, M. de Blainville, and other writers. As regards the bones of the limbs, there is again but little to add to the comparisons already instituted between Man and the highest Apes in this respect, though perhaps some additional points of inter- est may yet result froma further investigation of the details of these. structures in the lower groups. The spinal column of the Primates has also been more or less noticed by Cuvier* and by Meckel+; and the structure of the lower Apes, in this respect, compared with that of the higher, by Professor Vrolikt and by M. de Blainville§. Also Professor Huxley, in his Hunterian Lectures for 1864, has given many further details|| on the subject. But the most complete and detailed description and comparison of the spinal column, as it exists in Man and in the highest Apes, is to be found in Professor Owen’s memoir on the skeleton of the Gorilla ; and it has appeared to me probable that the results of an extension of similar minute observations carried through every family of the order, comparing the various forms with each other and with Man, may not be without a certain interest as exhibiting the manner in which the human vertebral column becomes modified (so to speak) into that of the ordinary mammal, as adding a further clue to the~ affinities of the different groups composing the order, and, finally, as another contribution (however small a one) to a more correct ap- preciation of the anatomical and zoological value of the structural differences between Man and the highest of the Apes. In the following summary of such results, many facts are stated which are already well known, or have been previously noticed, but the mention of which, nevertheless, could not be omitted. Rich as are the collections of the British Museum and the Royal College of Surgeons, there are nevertheless several genera of the order of which no skeleton exists in either, and others of which there is no skeleton wnmounted—deficiencies necessarily rendering the fol- lowing account still more imperfect than it would otherwise be. As a preliminary, it is necessary to state the arrangement here adopted, with respect to the families, subfamilies, and genera of the order, though this is not the place to give the characters on which this classification reposes. The Primates seem to me to be most naturally divisible as follows :— * Lecons d’Anat. Comp., 2nd edition, 1836. + Traité Général d’Anat. Comp., traduit de Allemand par MM. Riester et Alph. Sanson, 1828. ¢ Recherches d’Anat. Comp. sur le Chimpansé. Amsterdam, 1841. § Ostéographie—Mammiféres, Primates, Pithecus, Cebus, Lemur. || Reported in the ‘Medical Times’ for 1864. {| Trans. Zool. Soe. vol. iv. p. 89, pls. 33, 34, 35, 36. 1865.] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. 547 Suborder I, AntnroproreEa*. AAT ool om EA MENTIONS, « cca sass easeoeseneavonstemedaoksocet eins okenssa'us Homo. Troglodytes. Simia. Hylobates. L. GStmtine .....000:000 P Spyies Semnopithecus, II. Sump ..... atte Subfam.t Be ene {Cane Cercopithecus. acacus. Inuus. Cynocephalus. Atel teles. {Na Celaney aceevecnice Lagothrix. 3. Cynopithecine ... 2. Mycetine ......... Mycetes. HTT CREBUD A wieses se.neh es Subfam. . a Bais ee { ea rachyurus. Callithrix. \ 4. Nyctipithecine 4 Chrysothrix. Nyctipithecus. NV MELA DAN TD eRe LOS sennee sad soils ss peaees cee ca eee eae Hapale. Suborder II. Lemvurorea t. (1. Indrisine ......... Indris, &e. 2. Lemurin® ......0.. Lemur, &e. pie Bychieghns, ubfam, . she p eta ia oris. 4 3. Nycticebine ...... Perodictitan: Arctocebus. 4, Galaginine ...... Galago. VI... TARSIIDR ........00c00e ienpnsiadshivd apastise chen seag igteseayves Tarsius. FUE OM RURG MBAR EE consh ho cus sshiuanuniddnoiidendpaden=adoses%ee Cheiromys. V. Lemurip# ......... Throughout the Primates the spinal column consists of the same regions as it does in Man, the most obvious difference being the very considerable increase of the coccygeal vertebrae, both as re- gards number and size, in the great majority of species. With the exception of this coccygeal or caudal region, the other parts of the spine bear more or less the same proportions one to another as in Man. CreryicaLt VERTEBR&. The length of the cervical region, as compared to that of the dorsal region, is throughout the Anthropoidea pretty uniform, the first being from rather more than a third to about half the length of the second. In the Lemuroidea we find a greater variation, the propor- tion of the cervical region to the dorsal ranging from considerably less than a third, e. g. Loris, to as much as two-thirds, as in Indris. The proportion of length to breadth of the cervical region is gene- rally as about two to one in the Anthropoidea; but in Hylobates it * See P. Z. S. 1864, p. 635. + This subdivision was, I believe, first proposed by my late lamented friend, Mr. Martin, in his unfinished work on Mammals, entitled ‘A Natural History of Man and Monkeys,’ p. 361. I am doubtful whether the Simiine should not be raised to the rank of a family. { For complete list of the genera of this suborder, see P. Z. S. 1864, p. 637. 548 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27, is sometimes as three to one. In the Lemuroidea we again find a much greater range of variation; for in Loris and Nycticebus the length is not nearly twice the breadth (shorter relatively than in Man), while in Indris the cervical region of the spine is almost five times as long as broad. ‘ In most of the Primates this region bears about the same propor- tion to the rest of the spinal column, exclusive of the tail or coccy- geal vertebree. In Hylobates, Cynocephalus, and Ateles it is rather more elon- gated relatively than it isin Man. It attains its maximum of rela- tive length, however, in Indris, where it exceeds one-fifth of the total length of the spine as above limited. On the other hand, in Loris it attains its minimum, the cervical region scarcely constituting more than one-tenth of the total length of the spine. Thus in the pro- portion of the cervical region to the whole trunk, as in its proportion to the dorsal region only, we find both extremes to exist in the sub- order Lemuroidea, which contains the relatively longest, as also the relatively and absolutely shortest, neck to be found in the whole order. Atlas——This bone has a very similar form throughout the Anthro- poidea. . In the Lemuroidea there is a greater range of variation. In the highest Apes, Troglodytes and Simia, the atlas is exceed- ingly like that of Man, only the transverse process is relatively rather smaller and shorter, and its extremity more upeurved*. This dorsal curvature of the extremity of the transverse process continues throughout the Anthropoidea’; but in the Lemuroidea the ends of the transverse processes are generally bent more or less down- wards. The length of the transverse process, as compared to the total transverse diameter of the atlas, varies even in the same species ; but in some of the Semnopithecine, Cynopithecine, and Cebide it is re- latively less than in the Simiine, being in Ateles, Mycetes, and some Macaci but little, if any, more than one-fifth of the latter. In the Lemuroidea this process attains its greatest relative size, being almost as long as one-third the total transverse diameter in Indris. In Loris and Nycticebus, on the other hand, it is less than one-fourth. In all the Anthropoidea the transverse processes are more or less conical; but in the Lemuroidea they have often a flattened, plate- like form, being antero-posteriorly expanded at the distal end. In the Simiine and in Ateles, as in Man, the neural arch is some- times perforated, sometimes only grooved, by the vertebral artery ; but in all the other generat it is always perforated by it, and often two short bony canals exist on each side. In the lower Simiide (e. g. Cynocephalus) the vertebra is thick and massive, the relative size of the canals being much reduced by the extent of ossification. * T.e. bent dorsally, the spine in all cases being supposed to be horizontal, a it is in quadrupeds. + Ihave only found one exception, 8. zasalis, in the British Museum. 1865.] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES, 549 Ateles presents the opposite extreme, the canals being always of large size, if not, as has been mentioned, replaced by a mere groove. A spinous process is very rarely present; but in a skeleton of Cynocephalus mormon*, in the Royal College of Surgeons’ Museum, there is a distinct and pointed, though small, spinous process to the atlas ; and Professor Owen+ speaks of a distinct tubercular rudiment of such a process on the atlas of an old male Orang at Paris. A hypapophysial tubercle or ridge, however, is very generally pre- sent, sometimes, as in Mycetes and Lagothriz, attaining a very large size, being produced backwards, beneath the axis, in a very remark- able manner. In all the Anthropoidea the two articular surfaces for the axis are quite distinct and separate from each other. In many of the Lemu- roidea, however, they are confluent and united together in the middle line, so as to form but one articular surface for the axis ; this is the case in Lemur, Indris, Galago, Perodicticus, and Arctocebus. In Cheiromys, Nycticebus, and Loris, however, we again find two sepa- rate articular surfaces. Avis.—This vertebra, though in all Primates essentially similar to the axis of Man, has, in most species, but a simple unbifurcated spinous process ; but in this, as in so many other details of vertebral struc- ture, there is considerable individual variation. The process is strongly bifurcated in Man, and more or less so in the Orang, Afeles, Hapale, Nycticebus, and Galago§. In Myeetes (fig. 1, page 553) it is distinctly trifid; and it is sometimes more or less so in the Potto||, Chimpanzee, and Gorilla, and sometimes even in the Orang]. This process is produced forwards, curving over anteriorly in some, especially in At¢eles (fig. 6) and Mycetes, Lemur, and Indris. It is more or less backwardly produced in the lower Simiide, very much so in Lemur, but not at all in Indris. Throughout the Anthropoidea the neural lamin of this vertebra have very similar proportions; but in some Lemuroidea we find a great increase in their antero-posterior as compared with their trans- verse diameter, e. g. in Lemur and Indris. The transverse process curves more or less upwards at its extre- mity throughout the Anthropoidea ; but scarcely so in Lemur and Indris, in which, moreover, the two transverse processes are so sharply bent backwards as to form an acute angle with each other, instead of nearly a rectangle as in the higher forms. The extremity of this process is scarcely ever bifurcated**. * No. 4720 in the Osteological Collection. t Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. iv. ¢ It is nearly as much developed in two skeletons in the British Museum-—one of Colobus satanas (no. 1180 a), and the other of Colobus temminckii (no. 778 0). Besides the above forms, it is decidedly bifurcated in Cercopithecus ruber (no. 154) in the British Museum. f In skeleton no. 743 ¢ in the British Museum. {| As in skeletons of Orangs (nos. 37 and 43, 10, 2,1) in the British Museum. ** In a Mandril’s skeleton in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons (no. 4719) there is such a bifurcation, though only on one side. A trace of bi- furcation exists also in Perodicticus and Arctocebus. 550 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27, The odontoid process in some forms, e. g. Ateles, Lemur, and In- dris, is much shorter relatively to the length of the axis than in Man; it is generally continued forwards nearly or quite in the same plane with the centrum, but rises anteriorly, forming a marked angle with the centrum, in Lemur, Arctocebus, and Perodicticus, but not so in Nycticebus. The axis has, of course, two anterior zygapophysial articular sur- faces in those forms in which the atlas has two posterior articular surfaces, and but one in those in which the latter are confluent. The body is very much prolonged backwards in many forms, so that its posterior articular surface looks more or less upwards. This is well seen in A¢eles; but there is much individual variation in this respect. The third Cervical Vertebra.—The spinous process of this ver- tebra presents great variations in different forms. In most races of Men* it is strongly bifurcated ; but in none is it much elongated. In Simia and Troglodytes, however, it is very greatly elongated, and shows no trace of bifurcation. In all the other Anthropoidea it is the shortest of all the cervical spines, is sometimes directed forwards, and sometimes backwards, but is always quite simple, except in Mycetes (fig. 1), where it is more or less trifid, and therefore formed on the same type as is the spine of the axis in that genus. In the Lemuroidea we again meet with a distinctly bifurcated spinous process in Nycticebus ; and it is curious, that, while we find in this form a return in this respect to the human structure of the process, we find in other genera of the same subfamily (e. g. Pero- dicticus and Arctocebus) a lofty very elongated spine, similar to that existing in the Anthropoid genera Troglodytes and Simia. In Lemur and Indris the process is short and simple, as in most Anthropoidea ; but in Loris, Tarsius, and Cheiromys it is very rudimentary. In Galagot+ it is absent ; but two minute projections appear to repeat in this vertebra, and be serially homologous with, the lateral parts of the spine of the axis. The neural laminze have much the same proportion as in Man till we come to Ateles, where the antero-posterior as compared with the transverse diameter is first notably increased; but this elongation does not exist in the lower Cebide. In Lemur the relative antero-posterior diameter is greatly aug- mented, reaching to nearly half the total breadth; and in Indris this proportion is still further increased to two-thirds. In the Mye- ticebine it again decreases. In Indris the neural lamine are sepa- rated behind by an antero-posteriorly directed cleft or fissuret, the neural spine arising from the anterior end of the vertebra only, and not from its middle or posterior end as in Lemur and Ateles. The transverse process generally ends simply, without any bifurca- * In the skeleton of a male Boschisman, preserved in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, the spinous process is simple (Osteological Catalogue, vol. ii. p. 832, no. 5357). The same is the case in the skeleton of a female in- dividual of the same race which is also in that museum. t See skeleton of Galago aillenti (no. 68 d) in British Museum. t Noticed by Prof. Owen, ‘ Osteological Catalogue,’ vol. ii. p. 717, no. 4631. 1865.] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. 551 tion ; but in Man it appears constantly to bifureate ; it does so also almost constantly in the Nycticebine, often in Hapale, and some- times in Simia, Colobus, and Cynocephalus. In Lemur, the transverse process being developed concomitantly with the antero-posteriorly extended neurapophyses, the vertebral artery may be said rather to traverse a bony canal than merely to pass through a foramen. This condition is still more marked in Indris. The lowest part of the neurapophysis is, on each side, produced so as to embrace the posterior part of the body of the axis. In all the Anthropoidea, in Lemur, and in the Nycticebine these produced parts extend about as far forwards as do the anterior zygapophyses, sometimes a little beyond them (e. g. Chimpanzee, Orang, and Ateles), sometimes not quite so far forwards (e. g. Lemur); but in Indris we for the first time meet with anterior zygapophyses which extend much more forwards than do the roots of the neurapophyses. The fourth Cervical Vertebra.—In none but Man, and not con- stantly in him, has this vertebra a decidedly bifurcated spinous pro- cess, though a trace of bifurcation is sometimes found in that of the Chimpanzee. In the Gorilla this process is exceedingly produced, being the absolutely longest neural spine attached to any vertebra of that or of any other species of the whole order. In Simia, Perodicticus, and Arctocebus it is also very much pro- longed. In Hylobates and all the lower Simiide it is shorter than that of the axis. In some of the Cebide, especially Ateles (fig. 6) and Chrysothriz, it is, like the spine of the third cervical vertebra, somewhat curved forwards. In Mycetes (fig. 1) it is rather longer than in the other Cedide, and still shows an indication of that trifid character presented by the axis and third cervical vertebre. In the Lemuroidea, except Perodicticus and Arctocebus, it is, as already mentioned, short, and in Loris, Tarsius, Galago, and Chei- romys almost or quite obsolete. The transverse process is always bifurcated at its extremity, except in Lemur and Indris. Even in Lemur there is a slight incipient bi- furcation ; but this is never the case in Indris. The fifth Cervical Vertebra.—In Man alone is the spinous process of this vertebra ever distinctly bifurcated. In none but Indris is its transverse process constantly without even a trace of bifurcation. On the whole, this vertebra repeats the characters of the fourth cervical. Its spine* is generally as long as, or rather longer, rarely (e. g. sometimes in the Gorilla and Orang) it is somewhat shorter, than that of the fourth vertebra. The transverse process has its upper and lower extremities rather more produced and separated than in the preceding vertebra, the bi- fureation becoming thus deeper and more marked. Occasionally in A¢eles (fig. 6) and Mycetes the upper portion of * In the skeleton of a young Chimpanzee in the British Museum (marked 27) the spinous processes of this and the following vertebra are quite anchylosed together, the neural laminz remaining distinct. 552 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27, the bifurcated transverse process itself more or less bifureates, deve- loping a small backwardly projecting secondary process, which is perhaps a nascent anapophysis. The sixth Cervical Vertebra.—This very characteristic vertebra is in none but Man ever provided with a bifurcated spinous process, and it is often simple in him. It is very long in J’roglodytes and Simia, also in Perodicticus and Arctocebus. In Tarsius it is rudi- mentary, and in Galago (fig. 8) and Cheiromys obsolete. In the other forms it is moderate, sometimes exceeding and sometimes fall- ing short of the length of the spine of the axis. The transverse process is subject to much individual variation as to the extent of development and the form of its pleurapophysial portion. It is mostly more extended than in Man, either trans- versely or antero-posteriorly, or both. Thus even in the Gorilla it is rather more antero-posteriorly, and much more transversely, pro-> duced than in him ; it also diverges much more from the upper part (diapophysis of Professor Owen) ; but in the adult Chimpanzee it is very human in its proportions. In none above Hylobates does the antero-posterior extent of the costal element equal the antero-poste- rior length of the under surface of the centrum. In the Simiide, other than the Simiine, however, this element generally becomes much antero-posteriorly extended, exceeding the centrum in length. But sometimes it is only its outer border which is so expanded, the hinder margin being more or less deeply excavated, so that the costal parts take the form of two long processes, one springing from beneath each vertebral foramen, and the two running back parallel to each other, beneath the transverse processes of the seventh cervical ver- tebra. Amongst the Cebide there is considerable variation. Some- times in Afeles (fig. 6), as also in Nyctipithecus and Pithecia, the costal part of this vertebra is scarcely larger than the corresponding part of the fifth vertebra; and the same is the case in Loris, Pero- dicticus, and Arctocebus. In Lemur, on the other hand, it is large, and exceeds the centrum in length. In Aéeles (fig. 6) and Mycetes the upper part of the transverse pro- cess, or diapophysis of Owen, often presents a distinct anapophysis. In Indris the diapophysial process, which projects from above quite the anterior end of the costal element, so much resembles the entire transverse process of the more anterior vertebree that the pleurapo- physial part seems, in this genus, to make its appearance for the first time in this sixth vertebra. It depends from the outer side of the back part of the under surface of the centrum, and is very conspicuous. In the Orang the transverse process is sometimes only grooved, instead of being perforated, by the vertebral artery. The seventh Cervical Vertebra.—The neural spine of this vertebra never bifurcates. Except in the Gorilla, the Orang, and the Aye- Aye, it is the longest, or equal to the longest, of the cervical spines posterior to the axis. It generally exceeds, but sometimes falls short of, the spine of the axis in length. In Perodicticus and Arctocebus it very considerably exceeds it; but in Tarsius, Galago, and Ohei- romys it very greatly falls short of it, in the last-named the spine 1865. ] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. 553 being here more conipletely absent than even in the third and fourth cervical vertebree. The neural lamine repeat the characters of those of the preceding vertebrae, except in Loris and Indris. In the first of these genera this vertebra* has the neural lamine more antero-posteriorly ex- tended than have the other cervical vertebrae. In the second genus, Indris, the opposite condition obtains, the antero-posterior extent of the neural laminz of this vertebra being distinctly less than that of the other and more anterior ones. The transverse process varies much, as to its perforate or imper- forate condition ; but I have never seen it perforated in Hylobates, Mycetes, Brachyurus, Nyctipithecus, Chrysothrix, Hapale, Lemur, Galago, Arctocebus, and Cheiromys. Thus we find that in the cervical vertebre the spinous processes present their maximum of bifurcation in European Man, where that condition generally obtains from the second to the sixth vertebra inclusive. In no other genus besides, except Nycticebus, do we meet with a distinctly bifureated spine to the third cervical vertebra; but a more or less trifid axis exists in Troglodytes, aud a similar struc- ture is distinctly marked in Mycetes, and repeated in the third and fourth vertebree also (fig. 1). In most species of the order, as also Axis and three following cervical vertebree of Mycetes, from the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. Nat. size. at least sometimes in certain races of Man, the cervical spines are simple and rather short, generally increasing gradually in length from the third to the seventh. Some of the Cedcde (fig. 6) present us with a remarkable bending-over in a forward direction of the summits of their cervical spines. In Indris they are of a subequal height, and somewhat enlarged at the distal end. Some genera, e. g. Tarsius, Cheiromys, and Galago (fig. 8), are remarkable for the atrophy of these parts ; while others, e. g. Troglodytes+, Simia, Pe- * In no. 67a, in the British Museum, the neural laminz of the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrx are anchylosed together. t In the skeleton of a young 7. niger (no. 22), in the Osteological Collection of the British Museum, the spines of the fifth and sixth cervical vertebre are completely anchylosed together, though the neurapophyses of the two vertebrae are distinct and separate. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. XXXVI. 504 MR. ST, GEORGE MIVART ON THE {June 27, rodicticus, and Arctocebus, are distinguished by their excess of deve- lopment, the Gorilla exceeding all other mammals, even Didelphys, im the great preponderance of the cervical spines over those of the rest of the vertebral column. The neural laminee have in most Anthropoidea nearly the same proportions ; but they are thickened in those forms which possess immense spinous processes ; and in Hylobates and Ateles they are relatively more extended in the antero-posterior direction. This ex- tension is yet greater in Lemur, where, at least sometimes, the length is more than half the breadth ; and greatest in Indris, where it equals or exceeds two-thirds of the breadth, the elongated neurapophyses being medianly split behind in all the vertebrae from the second to the seventh. In Indris also the anterior zygapophyses are much in advance of the most anterior part of the bases of the neurapophyses. The whole series of neural laminz in each individual are pretty equal, except in Loris and Indris, the seventh vertebra having its neural laminz in the first of these two forms mostly larger, in the second smaller, than those of the preceding cervical vertebrze. Beneath the anterior zygapophysis a more or less marked promi- nence often exists; it is to be seen in many forms, but is particularly conspicuous in the genera Afeles (fig. 6), Perodicticus, and Arcto- cebus. This prominence is the metapophysis. The transverse processes have their extremities bifurcated in a varying number of the cervical vertebree, and in a varying degree. In none do they bifurcate so evenly and uniformly from the third to the sixth vertebree as in Man, thus forming an even and equable groove on each side of the neck. In all the Anthropoidea, except Cynocephalus and Hapale, this groove does not commence until the fourth vertebra; but in those two genera and in the Nycticebine it often begins at the third, sometimes in Cynocephalus even at the second. In Lemur this groove does not begin till the fifth vertebra; and in Jndris it exists in the sixth vertebra only. The ends of the diapophysial parts of the transverse processes are upeurved in the Anthropoidea. In the Lemuroidea the transverse process is bent more downwards and more directly backwards, and, being more extended antero-posteriorly, forms a longer bony canal for the vertebral artery. The diapophysis, in the more posterior cervical vertebrze, often gives off a secondary backwardly directed process, which is perhaps a rudimentary anapophysis. This is particularly well seen in Ateles* (fig. 6) and Mycetes. The costal plate of the sixth cervical vertebra is almost always larger than the homologous part in the other cervicals ; but it predominates least in Man, the Chimpanzee, Nyctipithecus, and the Nycticebine. In Indris it predominates more than in any other genus of the order. The bodies of the vertebree have their articulating surfaces more * See no. 4695 in the Osteological Collection of the Royal College of Surgeons (Osteological Catalogue, vol. ii. p. 729). 1865. ] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. 555 or less oblique ; but there is great, apparently even individual, varia- tion in this respect. This character appears least marked in Man. In Lemur the under surfaces of the second, third, and fourth ver- tebrz have often a marked median ridge, such as is found in no An- thropoidea. This is wanting in the Slow Lemurs, but is greatly de- veloped in Indris, the posterior part of each centrum being produced so as to underlap the centrum next behind in a remarkable manner. The breadth of each centrum (taking the third cervical vertebra as the standard of comparison) rarely exceeds its antero-posterior dimension so much as it does in Man. Yet it does so in Nycticebus, where the breadth is twice and a half the length. In Troglodytes and Simia the length is already greater in propor- tion to the breadth than in Man; in Hylobates the two dimensions are nearly equal, as also in the other genera, if the length does not slightly exceed the breadth as it does in Cynocephalus, Ateles, and Mycetes. In Lemur and Indris the length exceeds once and a half the breadth. DorsaL VERTEBRE. The number of dorsal or rib-bearing vertebree varies from a mini- mum of 1] to a maximum of 16. In Man and the Simiade there are generally 12 or 13, and rarely 14 or only 11 dorsal vertebre. In Man the number is normally 12, very rarely 13. In the Gorilla it is, apparently, always 13. In the Chimpanzee there are normally 13 dorsal vertebrz ; but occasionally there are 14*, or only 12+. In the Orang there are 12. In Hylobates 12, 13, or rarely 14f. In Semnopithecus and Colobus 12. In Cercopithecus 11, 12, or 13. In Macacus 11 or 12, very rarely 13§. In Cynocephalus 12 or 13. In the Cebide@ the range is different, namely from 12 || to15, thus :— In Ateles 13 or 14. : In Lagothrix 14, In Cebus 13, 14, or rarely 12. In Mycetes 13 or 14. In Pithecia, Brachyurus, and Chrysothrix 13. In Nyctipithecus from 13 to 15. * Cur. Lecgons d’Anat. Comp. vol. i. p. 177. t In a skeleton recently added to the Hunterian Collection (and to which Mr. W.H. Flower kindly directed my attention) there are but twelve dorsal vertebra, and only the usual number of lumbar vertebre, that answering to the fifth lum- bar of Man forming part of its sacrum. ¢ No. 5029 in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons (Osteological Catalogue, vol. ii. p. 756). § Nos. 4860 and 4942 in the Collection of the Royal College of Surgeons (Osteological Catalogue, vol. ii. pp. 744 & 749). || In one instance I have found only eleven—namely, in Callithrix personatus (no. 51d in the Osteological Collection of the British Museum). 556 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27, In the Hapalide there are 12 or 13 dorsal vertebre. In the Lemuride the range is greater, namely, from 12 to 16. Thus in Lemur the number is either 12 or 13. in Indris it is 12, rarely 13. in Galago and Microcebus 13. in Loris and Perodieticus 14 or 15. in Arctocebus 15. in Nycticebus 16. in the Tarsiide it is 13 or 14. in the Cheiromyide 13. The proportion of the dorsal to the other regions of the spinal column (exclusive of the caudal) does not imerease regularly with the number of dorsal vertebree, not being quite so great even in Loris as it is m Man. This region attains its greatest relative length in Ateles, where it is over nine-twentieths of the total length of the spine, without the tail; and it is least in Indris, where it scarcely exceeds six-twentieths of such total length. Nyctipitheeus, even when possessing fifteen dorsal vertebrze, has a relatively shorter dorsal re- gion than exists in Homo, Trogledytes, or Simia. Neural Spines.—The more anterior are always the narrowest (2. e. least antero-posteriorly extended), and are generally more perpendi- cular and Jess overlapping than in Man. The increase in antero-posterior extent, as we proceed from before backwards along the dorsal series of vertebrze, is already greater in the Simiine than in the Hominide, and becomes still more so in the lower forms. R The summits of the dorsal spines are sometimes expanded and flattened, as in Cynocephalus, Macacus, Simia, and Troglodytes, espe- cially the Gorilla, the last four in which sometimes almost bifurcate ; on the other hand, they are sometimes very antero-posteriorly ex- tended near the apex, almost bifurcating in that direction in some*. The inclination of the majority of the dorsal spines is always back- wards. They are all so inclined in some of the lower races of Man, in the Simiine and Nycticebine, as also almost invariably in Ateles. In the higher races of Man the spines of the eleventh and twelfth dorsal vertebree are nearly at right angles to the long axis of the spine. In Indris the spines are very little inclined, but the twelfth some- times bends slightly forwards. In all the other forms the last dorsal spines are decidedly inclined. anteriorly, the twelfth being always so, and sometimes in Hapale even the tenth. The neural laminz possess very similar proportions throughout the Anthropoidea. In Lemur they very little exceed those of the cervical vertebrze in length (7. e. in antero-posterior extent), only as six to five, and in Indris are actually (and for the first time) shorter, being as three to four. The opposite extreme is found in Loris, where the dorsal neural lamine are double the length of those of the cer- vical vertebrae, except the seventh. * This character is very marked in a skeleton of C. albogularis (no. 17) in the British Museum ; and to a less degree in another individual of the same spe- cies (no. 17 #), also in the British Museum. Ca 1865.] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. 597 In Galago (fig. 8, h), Lagothria (fig. 11, h), and Mycetes (fig. 2, h) there are certain extra and backwardly projecting processes, which are more conveniently to be described with the lumbar region, where they are more developed. The transverse processes do not project so much upwards (i. e. dorsally) in any other genus as they do in Man. Therefore the longitudinal groove existing on each side of the series of spinous processes, and bounded externally by the series of ends of the trans- verse processes, is deepest in Man. The width of this groove conti- nues from before backwards most equal in the Nycticebine, then in the Simiine, and then in Man, where it appears narrowed at its posterior (lower) part, owing to the great difference existing between the length of the transverse processes of the most anterior (upper) and that of those of the most posterior (lower) portions of the dorsal vertebrae. In Hylobates the dorsal vertebral groove is slightly interrupted by an accessory process at the thirteenth vertebra. It is so also in Nyctipitheeus ; but in Ateles at the twelfth. In the other forms this interruption takes place at the eleventh, or even, as generally in the lower Stméiade and Hapale, at the tenth vertebra. The distal ends of the dorsal transverse processes are often more or less enlarged antero-posteriorly, though the extent of this enlargement varies much. In the Gorilla it is considerably more marked than in Man ; but often very much more so in Hylobates, and above all in Ateles. This expansion is due to the nascent metapophyses and anapophyses, which will be described later. The increase in breadth (transverse diameter) of the bodies of the vertebre, as we proceed from before backwards, is exceptionally great in Man, Hylobates, and Cynocephalus; it is considerably less in Stmia and Troglodytes, and is at its minimum in the Nycticebine, as is also the increase in antero-posterior extent. The spinal nerves pass out by notches in almost all species. In Man, Nycticebus, and Loris these notches are deeper than in the other forms; but in Perodicticus (fig. 12) and Arctocebus we meet with quite a peculiar condition, namely the direct perforation of the neurapophyses in all the dorsal vertebree. This foramen is situated behind the capitular and beneath the tubercular process. In 4re- Zocebys another, smaller perforation, running from before backwards, pierces the root of the transverse process in each dorsal vertebra, except the first and the thirteenth. Lumpar VERTEBRE. The lumbar region varies considerably both as to the number of its component vertebree and as to its relative extent compared to that of the other regions of the spine. The greatest number is presented by Loris and Indris, viz. 9 ; the least in Troglodytes, where there are sometimes only three. In Man, the Orang, and Gibbons* there are normally 5; in Ateles sometimes 5, though more generally 4; in Lagothrix 4. In all the other * Daubenton records six (see Buffon’s Hist, Nat. t. xiy, p- 104). 558 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27, genera there are 6 or 7 lumbar-vertebree*, except Cebus, which has sometimes as few as 5, and Nycticebus and Perodicticus, which have often as many as 8. The lumbar region attains its greatest length in proportion to the other regions of the spine, exclusive of the tail, in Nyctipithecus, Chrysothrix, Colobus, Semnopithecus, Cynocephalus, and Loris. It is least in the Gibbons, Man, Ateles, Simia, and Troglodytes. ‘The last two genera, with Perodicticus and Arctocebus, are remarkable for the very slight increase in size of the lumbar series of vertebrae from before backwards, These vertebree have their length and breadth about equal in the Nycticebine and Tarsius; in Man, Troglodytes, and Simia, breadth is In excess, while length is so in most of the other forms. The length of the individual lumbar vertebrze compared to the dorsal (selecting the ninth dorsal and longest lumbar for comparison in each species) is greatest in the lower Cebid@ (more than double in Nycéipithecus, Chrysothriz, and Brachyurus), rather less in the lower Simiide aud Lemurina, still less in the Simiine and Nycticebine, and least in Man. The number of dorsal and lumbar vertebra, taken together, is greatest in Loris and Nyeticebus (23 or 24); small in Man, Troglo- dytes, and Simia (17), and Ateles and Hylobates (mostly 18). In the other Simiade there are almost invariably 19 trunk vertebreet. The proportion borne by the lumbar to the dorsal region is greatest in Indris, then in Nyctipithecus, Chrysothrix, and some Simiade (e.g. Colobus). In most forms the two regions are about equal ; but the lumbar is the shorter in Man, the Gibbons, and Orang, Ateles, and Troglodytes, in the Gorilla being less than half the dorsal region in length. ‘The beautiful sigmoid curve formed by the dorsal and lumbar vertebrze of Man exists in no other species; but the nearest approximation to it is found not in the highest Apes, but in Cynocephalus f. The neural spines are all vertical, or project more or less backwards, in Man, the Simiine, Ateles, and in the Nycticebine ; in some of the lowest Simiide some of them are also more or less vertical. In Indris the spine of the first lumbar vertebra is inclined slightly for- wards. All the lumbar spines project forwards in the other forms, especially in the lower Cebide, in Hapale, and in Lemur, in all of which they are very long, and arch over the vertebra next in front in a very marked way. In Galago (fig. 8,) a process projects back- wards on each side of each lumbar vertebra, above the posterior zyga- pophysis, the two of each vertebra closely embracing the forwardly * De Blainville mentions a Baboon in the Paris collection with eight lumbar and twelve dorsal vertebrae (Ostéog. Primates, Pithecus, p. 40). + Ina Macacus radiatus, in the British Museum (no. 1103 ¢), the vertebrae are 12 d.+61.=18; in a Cynocephalus babouin (no. 36c in the same collection) the number is 13d.+71.=20. De Blainville mentions 12d.+81.=20. See Ostéog, Primates, Pithecus, p. 40, above referred to. t E.g. Cynocephalus porcarius (no. 35d in the Osteological Collection of the British Museum), which is a xatura/ skeleton, having all the ligaments, inter- vertebral cartilages, &c. See also the Mandril, no. 4719 in the Osteological Collection of the Royal College of Surgeons. 1865.] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. 559 projecting spine of the vertebra next behind. Rudiments of these processes exist in the posterior dorsal vertebree, as has been mentioned. In Mycetes (which has some of the cervical spines trifid) these extra Last two dorsal and first two lumbar vertebra of Mycetes, from the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. Nat. size. h. Hyperapophysis. _ processes are also developed in certain of the lumbar vertebrze, as also in Lagothriz (fig.11,h), and sometimes in Hapale* and Chrysothrizx. The neural laminz are much less relatively extended, in the antero- posterior direction, in Man, the Simiine, and Ateles than they are in the other Anthropoidea. In Lemur their length is not so prepon- derating, because of the elongation of the cervical neurapophyses. In Indris they are exceptional, inasmuch as they are scarcely, if at all, longer than are the neural lamin of the cervical vertebree of that genus ; as is always the case, however, they are longer than the dorsal neurapophyses. The Transverse Processes.—These processes always project out- wards, more or less at right angles to the long axis of the spine, or else forwardst. In Man, the Simiine, and Ateles they are never inclined ventrally ; but in some of the lower Simiide they begin to be so; in the lower Cedide, in Hlapale, and Lemur they are so very decidedly. In the Nycticeéine and Indris they are nearly horizontal; but only in Man, Troglodytest, and Simia do they incline somewhat upwards. They spring from a higher point, with regard to the centrum, in Man than in any other Primate; Troglodytes in this respect ap- proaches him the most, and then Simia,—Hylobates, in spite of the relative length of the legs to the spine, being much less like Man in this respect ; and the same must be said of the long-legged Indris. * Asin H. midas (no. 1889 a in the Osteological Collection of the British Museum) and H. edipus (no. 53 a in the same collection). t In those cases where they project strongly backwards, a rib is anchylosed and included, as in the skeleton of a Chimpanzee in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, obtained from M. du Chaillu, and in skeletons of Mycetes seniculus and of Semnopithecus nasalis in the British Museum. ¢ In a specimen of 7 niger (nos. 2c, 4, 6, 10, 33, 11) in the British Museum the first lumbar vertebra has a distinctly double, though very small, transverse process on each side. 560 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27, The lumbar transverse process has sometimes its distal end antero- posteriorly expanded* ; and sometimes a process is developed from its posterior margin similar in form and direction to the anapophysis, but external to it, as in Cheiromyst and often in Lemur. In the last-mentioned genus there is generally a second posterior transverse process to each lumbar vertebra ; it projects from the posterior part of the side of the centrum, and appears to be serially homologous with that part of the centrum of a dorsal vertebra which articulates with the anterior part of the head of the rib. A trace of this pro- cess exists in Indris. The metapophyses and anapophyses are always, except in Tarstus, most conspicuous in the lumbar region. They are exceptionally rudimentary in Man, Troglodytes, and Simia. But the condition of these proeesses will be more fully described later. SacruM. This region attains its greatest relative length in the Gorilla; but in the Chimpanzee, the Orang, and the Gibbons it is longer relatively than in Man, i. e. longer compared to the total length of the cer- vical, dorsal, and lumbar vertebrze. It is shortest in the lower Simzide and true Lemurs. Of all the Anthropoidea below Hylobates, Ateles has considerably the longest sacrum relatively. The human sacrum is remarkable for the coexistence of certain characters, such as the very marked sacro-vertebral angle formed by it, the transverse and antero-posterior (vertical) concavity of its an- terior surface, the concurrence of as many as five or six vertebrze in its formation (three of them generally contributing to form the auricular surface), its great breadth and the gradual way in which it narrows posteriorly (below) without any sudden contraction, the large size of the foramina, and the small development of the spinous and other processes. Each of these characters, taken separately, is shared by some other form or forms of the order. Thus, as to the number of sacral vertebrze (a character which varies more or less with age), all the Simzine have almost always five at the least ; but in 7’r0- glodytes and Simia there are always five, without counting the last lumbar vertebra, which commonly anchyloses with the sacrum ; while in Hylobates there are rarely more than fivet in all, the first of these being probably in all cases the vertebra which answers to the last lumbar of Man. In all the other Anthropoidea there are generally only two or three sacral vertebree—rarely four, as sometimes in Oy- nocephalus, Ateles, and Brachyurus. Inthe Lemuroidea two or three is still the normal number; but in Jndris there are four, and in Pe- rodicticus and Arctocebus five. Inthe Simiine three vertebre § arti- culate with the ilium, as mostly in Man; but then the upper one of * E. g. Inuus in British Museum, no, 32d. + See Prof. Owen’s Memoir on Cheiromys, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. y. pl. xxi. figs. 7, 8. { De Blainyille mentions seven sacral vertebrae (Ostéog. Primates, Pithecus, p. 24). § De Blainville, 7. ¢. p. 25. 1865.] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. 561 the three is the homologue of the Human last lumbar vertebra*. In all the rest of the order, but one or two vertebrz articulate with the ilium, except sometimes in Afeles and in Indris, when three again share in that office. The Sacro-vertebral Angle.—In most Primates the sacrum and lumbar vertebrae appear (as far as one can judge from skeletons alone) to lie almost, or quite, in one line, so that the promontory is very slightly marked. Troglodytes presents in this respect a great contrast to the Human structure. In Simia the sacro-vertebral angle is rather more marked ; but sometimes in Cynocephalus it is so much so as almost to rival that of Man+. The same may be said of the concavity of the anterior surface of the sacrum, though this is subject to great individual variation. It is most marked in Man and the Cynocephalit ; and is more so in Simia§ than in Troglodytes. t The foramina vary greatly as to their relative size; but they ap- pear to be generally small in Troglodytes and Cynocephalus, and especially large in Man, Simia, Ateles, and Indris. The sacrum gradually tapers posteriorly in T’roglodytes and Simia, and more or less in Hylobates, also in the Nycticebine and in Indris, as well as in Man; but in very many forms of the order it is very wide at its anterior end (the transverse processes standing out like a pair of expanded wings), and then suddenly contracts, so that the transverse diameter of the third sacral vertebra is very much smaller than that of the first. This is especially the case in the Semnopithe- cine and Cynopithecine; in the Cebide generally, especially in A teles, the contraction is not so marked ; and in some, as also in many Lemuroidea, the transverse processes of the last sacral expand so as much more nearly to equal those of the first sacral vertebra in breadth. On account of these wing-like transverse processes, the breadth of the sacrum, in the Semnopithecine and Cynopithecine, generally exceeds its length. In Troglodytes, Simia, and Indris, and still more in the Nyctice- bine, the length exceeds the breadth. In the other genera these dimensions are generally more or less subequal. The spinous processes of the sacrum tend generally, with age, to run together and form a ridge. They are relatively least developed in Man, Simia, and Nycticebus. They are relatively larger in Loris, Tarsius, and Indris, attaining their maximum in Lagothriz ||. * Prof. Owen remarks that in a young Chimpanzee four vertebre articulate with the ilia. See Osteological Catalogue, vol. ii. p. 781, no. 5173. t See the skeleton of a Mandril (no. 4719) in the Museum of the Royal Col- lege of Surgeons; also Cynocephalus porcarius (no. 35d) in the British Museum. t It is strongly marked in Macacus speciosus (no. 1085 a in the British Mu- seum); and in Cynocephalus porcarius (no. 35d in the same collection) the transverse concavity of the sacrum is quite as great as in Man. § Yet in the skeleton (nos. 43, 10, 2, 1) in the Osteological Collection of the British Museum the anterior surface of the sacrum is quite flat. In nos. 45, 10, 2, 2, 3c, in the same collection the sacrum, on the other hand, is as concave an- tero-posteriorly and transversely as in Man. || See the skeleton (no. A. 4718 @) in Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. 562 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27, The metapophyses are generally more developed and more distinct than in Man; but in Simia, Indris, and most of the Nycticebine they are very inconspicuous. Except in Man, the sacrum generally bears at its posterior end the lateral diverging processes (termed diapophyses* by Prof. Owen) : they are very slightly marked in Hylobates and the Nycticebine ; but in most of the genera they are strongly so, especially in Cyno- cephalus and Ateles. It appears to me not improbable that these processes may include, if they do not even represent, anapophyses. The neural lamine of the sacral vertebree always form complete neural arches, except in the Hominide and Simiine, in which that of the last sacral is very often incomplete, and sometimes even those of the last two sacral vertebree. CauDAL VERTEBR. In the great majority of species of the order these vertebrze are numerous. Only in Homo, Inuus, and the Simiine is the number ever reduced to 3+ or even to 4. In some of these, however, there are sometimes 5, and very rarely even 6{, caudal vertebre. Then follow the Nycticebine, Loris, and Nycticebus, having some- times as few as 5 or 6 caudal vertebra, though the latter has some- times as many as 7 or 8, which is about the number possessed by the very short-tailed Cynocephali, although, according to Cuvier§, the Mandril has sometimes only 5. Then comes Indris, which has from 9 to 14||, closely followed by the short-tailed Macaques and American Brachyuri—e. g. in Macacus rhesus 15, in M. nemestrinus and in Brachyurus 17—the shortness of the tail being occasioned rather by a diminution in size of the component vertebrz than by a decrease in their number. In all the other forms the number ranges between 20 and 33, but sometimes with much variation in the same genus, as in Hapale 25 to 31, as also in Semnopithecus, this being the highest number in any of the Simiid@ ; the greatest number in the whole order is found in Afeles, namely 33. Amongst the Lemuroidea such high num- bers are not attained, Lemur having 29 at most, while Galago and Cheiromys have about 22 or 23. The proportion borne by this region of the spine to all the more anterior part is greatest in Ateles, almost 3 to 1; in the other longest- tailed genera it is rarely so large as 2 to 1. The absolute length of the tail is greatest in Semnopithecus and Colobus, in which genera the individual vertebrz attain their greatest length, namely, sometimes as much as 1°9 inch. * Fg. in Trans. Zool. Soe. vol. iv. p. 107. + De Blainville says of Znuus, “ deux coccygiennes” (Ostéog. Primates, p. 39). The only case in which I have met with but two distinct caudal vertebrae is Jnwus, no. 32d in British Museum; and there the second is evidently composed of two anchylosed together. + See skeleton of Troglodytes niger in British Museum (nos. 2 h, 48, 11, 20, 5). § Lecons d’Anat. Comp. vol. i. p. 178. || In the skeleton in the British Museum there are fourteen caudal vertebrix. 1865.] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. 563 The caudal vertebree generally increase in length as we proceed backwards from the sacrum, till about the 7th, 8th, or 9th, which, with the 10th and 11th, are the longest caudal vertebree in most lone. tailed forms. In Ateles, however, it is the 11th, 12th, 13th, and 14th vertebrze which are the longest. But while in the long-tailed Simitde* the increase begins to be decidedly marked at the third In Man, the Simiine, the Nycticebine, Inuus (fig. 10), and In- dris the caudal vertebrae decrease in length as we proceed backwards, constituting a more or less prolonged coccyx. In Man and the Simiine the neural lamin never or very rarely form a closed canal, nor do those of all the first four caudal vertebree do so in Inuus and Indris ; but in the other groups the first four caudal vertebree always possess a complete neural arch. Sometimes in Semnopithecus, Cebus, &e., six are so formed ; but in Afeles alone are there as many as eight caudal vertebrze, each provided with such a structure. Neural spines are often developed on the first two or three caudal vertebrz in the long-tailed Simiide, on the first five in Lagothriz, and even on six in Afeles, but only on the first three or four of the other Cebide, and apparently on not more than three in the other genera of the order. ‘ In all the long-tailed Simiide and Cebide, except Inuus, the first four caudals are united together by distinctly articulating zygapo- physes. Sometimes in Inuus the second caudal vertebra has its Semnopithecine and Cynopithecine this failure first occurs in the fourth or fifth vertebra; in the Cebide generally, and in Hapale, not till the fifth or sixth ; In Lemur and Tarsius at about the fifth ; in Mycetes and Lagothrie at the sixth or seventh ; but in Ateles alone not till the eighth. In Man and the Simiine these processes are absent or quite rudi- mentary ; the same is the case as regards the metapophyses, which are scarcely more distinct in Inuus, the short-tailed Cynocephali, and Indris. Tn all the long-tailed forms they are more or less prominent, retaining their distinctness from the anterior zygapophyses longest in Ateles—namely, till the ninth caudal vertebra. The transverse processes of the caudal vertebre are peculiar and interesting. At first they are undivided, and project more or less 564 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27, backwardly ; but in the middle and posterior parts of the caudal re- gion we find, in nearly all long-tailed forms, two nearly equal-sized transverse processes on each side, one projecting from the anterior part, and the other from the posterior part of each side of each cen- trum. It would be well if we could certainly determine to what parts of the dorsal and lumbar vertebrze these caudal processes correspond. If we were to examine the skeleton of Lemur only, we might con- sider that each posterior caudal transverse process corresponds with the peculiar posterior lumbar transverse process existing in that genus, and therefore also, as already indicated, with that part in each dorsal vertebra which articulates with the anterior part of the head of each rib. On the other hand, a consideration of such forms as Pithecia* and Brachyurus+ shows how, in many cases at least, the anapophysis, which is distinct in the penultimate lumbar vertebra, comes in the ultimate one to unite again with the true transverse process, and to form the posterior part of its proximal portion, so that we might re- gard the anterior part of each divided caudal transverse process as answering to the true normal lumbar transverse process, and the posterior part of each divided caudal transverse process as answering to the lumbar anapophysis, here once more reappearing as a distinct element. Nor would this view be irreconcileable with the interpreta- tion derived from Lemur, as in that genus the peculiar extra lumbar transverse process appears to coalesce with the anapophysis, so that we might consider the posterior caudal transverse process equivalent both to the anapophysis and to the Lemurine extra process at one and the same time. The interpretation of the anterior caudal transverse process as the serial homologue of the true lumbar transverse process, and of the posterior caudal transverse process as an anapophysis is rather strengthened by the examination of the skeleton of Hydromys chry- sogastert, in which the transverse processes of the anterior caudal vertebre are quite similar in form, size, and direction to the more posterior lumbar transverse processes, with which evidently they are completely homologous (no anapophysis existing in either§) ; while the middle and posterior caudal vertebre have the transverse process much enlarged antero-posteriorly, the added and backwardly project- ing part apparently representing the anapophysis of the middle trunk vertebrae. Again in the Pangolin||, where anapophyses are entirely absent in the vertebrze of the trunk, the caudal vertebrae are simple and undivided, not projecting backwardly or developing any part an- swering to the posterior caudal transverse process found in long- tailed Primates. I am disposed therefore to regard the anterior * See skeleton in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. t See skeleton in the British Museum (no. 806 6). { See skeleton (no. 2243) in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. § Owen remarks, ‘‘ The anapophysis is obliterated in the last four lumbar ver- tebrie ” (Osteological Catalogue, vol. ii. p. 401). | See skeleton (no. 2863 4) in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. 1865.] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. 565 transverse process of each caudal vertebra of a long-tailed Primate as answering to the ordinary transverse process of the lumbar vertebra, and the posterior transverse process of such a vertebra as answering to, and consisting of, a modified anapophysis. A more or less distinctly marked process is often developed from the anterior part of the transverse process of the anterior caudal ver- tebree—from those, in fact, or some of them, in which the bifurcation ae we meet with as we proceed backwards has not yet taken place. Fig. 3. Four caudal vertebrxx of Azeles, from the Museum of the Royal College of Sur- geons (no. 4698). Nat. size. ¢. “ Tubercles analagous to metapophyses.” These are spoken of by Professor Owen* as “tubercles analogous to metapophyses, and representing a second series of those pro- cesses,” and are very well seen in the caudal vertebrae of Ateles pa- niscus, preparation no. 4698 in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons (fig. 3). The lumbar true transverse process, as we have seen, sometimes bifurcates more or less at its distal end; and this tendency to division of that part of the caudal transverse process which answers to such true lumbar transverse process is, perhaps, a similar bifurcation. _ In Man and the Simiine the whole caudal transverse process is very obscurely represented, and is in a very rudimentary condition. In Inuus (fig. 10) it is strongly and largely developed, yet shows no tendency to divide into an anterior and a posterior portion; neither does it do so in the short-tailed Cynocephali or in Macacus nemestrinus. In all the long-tailed Simiad@, however, the trans- verse process (which, as has been said, is at first simple) is given off from about the middle of the first two vertebre ; but in those behind, which have the transverse process still undivided, it arises from nearer the posterior end of each vertebra. An indication of the division into anterior and posterior caudal transverse processes ap- pears in the transverse process of the fourth or fifth vertebra, and about the sixth the division is complete, the two parts, which may perhaps be spoken of as the true transverse and the anapophysial caudal processes, being about equal in size. In the Cedide this separation and equality is not so early attained, taking place in Cebus at about the seventh caudal vertebra, but in Ateles not till the ninth. In most long-tailed forms the transverse processes of the first * Osteological Catalogue, vol. ii. p. 730. 566 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27, three or four caudal vertebrae stand strongly out, but in A¢eles those of all the first six do so. Chrysothriz is an exception, and differs from all other long-tailed genera in that the caudal transverse processes do not divide into two separate parts, but, remaining united, form an elongated plate-like process on each side of each vertebra almost throughout the caudal region, giving a quite peculiar aspect to the skeleton of the tail in that genus. Caudal heemapophyses and hypapophyses (that is, ‘‘ chevron” or «“Y-shaped” bones, or their rudiments, and processes for the attach- ment of such) are quite wanting in Man, the Simine, Inuus, the Nycticebine, and Indris. They are more or less developed in all the other forms, attaining, as might be expected, their maximum in A teles, where they present almost every variety of development in one or other part of the caudal region. At the root of the tail they are represented by long and completely detached Y-shaped bones, the two branches of the Y being attached to two scarcely perceptible processes (hypapophyses) developed from the anterior end of each centrum ; these processes become more and more developed as we proceed backwards, the Y-shaped bones, however, continuing to be distinct till about the eighth or ninth caudal vertebra, where they are completely anchylosed to the vertebral processes. At about the tenth vertebra, and thence backwards, the processes are still com- pletely anchylosed. They are, however, no longer Y-shaped*, but bifurcating and open inferiorly. The processes in question are, in this genus, the longest of any which arise from the posterior caudal vertebrze, and they continue to be developed throughout the series. In the Semnopithecine, Cynopithecine, and Cebide, except Ateles and perhaps Lagothriz, these processes are less developed. In the Simiide, they appear to be most so in the genus Macacus. They exist throughout Cynocephalus, there being, even in the Mandril, bifurcated inferior processes in the mid-caudal region. Very often in both Anthropoidea and Lemuroidea these parts exist in the form of pairs of little bones moveably articulated to the bodies of the vertebrze, and quite disunited in the middle line. STERNUM. In most genera of the order, the sternum in the adult consists of a more or less enlarged manubrium, followed by a chain of subequal and antero-posteriorly elongated bones from three to six in number. In Man and some of the Simiine alone do we find a sternum in the adult consisting of a manubrium followed by one bone only, such being the case in the Siamang, the Lar, variegated and perhaps other Gibbons. In Man and the Simiine the sternum is broader, in proportion to its length, than in any other form ; and this relative breadth attains its maximum not in Man, but in the Siamang (Hylobates syndactylus). * Sometimes, however, Y-shaped bones reappear posterior to open and bifur- cating hypapophyses. 1865. ] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. 567 The Ape which appears to approach Man most closely in the pro- portions of its sternum is Hylobates lar*. In Troglodytes the body of the sternum remains, in the adult, more or less divided—sometimes, as in the skeleton of the large Go- rilla in the British Museum, the manubrium anchylosing with the first bone of the body of the sternum, while its posterior component bones remain still distinct. The sternum of 7. gorilla is much broader than that of 7. niger. In Stmia the body of the sternum is at first divided in a singular but varying manner, which is well known, and has been often noticed F. The manubrium has its anterior margin greatly thickened in Simia, Man, Cynocephalus, and the Siamang. In Indris its anterior margin is prolonged downwards in a peculiar manner. In Lemur this part is sometimes narrow, pointed, and produced tf. In Chrysothrix the manubrium has a strong process standing out on each side, and serving for the attachment of the first rib. In a specimen of Mycetes preserved in the British Museum (no. 44a) the manubrium is completely divided in the middle line, Fig. 5. Anterior part of sternum of Mycetes. Nat. size. m. Divided manubrium. Fig. 4. Specimen in the British Museum. 5. Specimen in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. each half supporting a clavicle and first rib§. It is also completely divided in the specimen in the Museum of the College of Surgeons. * No. 5027 in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. t Owen, Trans. Zool. Soe. vol. i. p. 363, and Osteological Catalogue, vol. ii. pp. 763 & 765, nos. 5058 & 5071; Vrolik, Recherches d’Anat. Comp. sur le Chimpansé, p. 11; De Blainville, Ostéog. Primates, Pithecus, i. p. 30. ° { Eg. in no. 5027 in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. Vrolik says (/. c. p. 12) that in the Mongous the manubrium quite disappears. I have not observed this. § De Blainville says, “Le manubrium parait plus profondément bifurqué en avant que chez les autres Sapajous” (1. c. Cebus, p. 16). 568 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27, In Galago the manubrium is somewhat T-shaped, as in the skele- ton of G. allenii in the British Museum. The number of distinct bones posterior to the manubrium and anterior to the xiphoid cartilage varies, in the Primates below the Simiine, from four to six, except in Nycticebus. As to the number found in each genus, it is subject to some varia- tion. Thus in Semnopithecus and Colobus there are generally four in adults*, but sometimes five; in Cercopithecus almost always five, but rarely there are six even in adults; in Macacus and Cy- nocephalus five or six; in Afeles six, but in Cebus generally five,. and in the other Cebide and in Hapale four or five; the same in Galago, Indris, and Lemur, but in Loris and Perodicticus as many as six. In Nycticebus alone have I seen more than this, namely, as many as nine; but this was in an immature specimen. Riss. Almost all Primates have more true than false ribs. In the highest forms the number of pairs of true ribs is seven, but in Hylobates there are sometimes eight pairs. In Semnopithecus and Colobus there are generally seven, but sometimes eight pairs of true ribs. In the Cynopithecine the normal number is eight. In the Cebide there are generally seven or eight pairs, but in Ateles sometimes nine. In Hapale there are sometimes as few as six, sometimes as many as eight; seven or eight in Galago, Lemur, and Indris; nine in Chetromys. The highest number, as might be expected, is found in the Nycticebine, there being as many as ten pairs of true ribs in Perodicticust and Loris§. The total number of pairs of ribs is not always constant in the same species, there being in Man sometimes thirteen, sometimes only eleven pairs; in the Chimpanzee sometimes only twelve, and so on. The ribs of Man are distinguished from those of the other genera of the order by their more marked “ angles,’’ and by the greater arching backwards of their proximal parts. In these respects the Gibbons approach most nearly to Man. The remarkable sigmoid twist in a vertical direction, which exists in the ribs of Man, exists also markedly, though in a less degree, in Troglodytes. In Simia and the lower Primates it is much less no- ticeable. Pithecia\| is distinguished from all the rest of the order by the great relative breadth of the ribs, They are also wide, but to a less extent, in Hapale midas. In Man the ribs form a thorax which in its shape and proportions differs from that of all other forms of the order, it being half as broad again as it is vertically (¢. e. from back to breast) deep. * Tn an adult Colobus satanas in the British Museum (no. 1180 a) there are five. + E.g.in @. ruber (no. 15g) in the British Museum. { No. 745 in the British Museum. § No. 4632 in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. Noticed by Prof. Owen, ‘ Osteological Catalogue,’ vol. ii. p. 718. || See the skeleton of this genus in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, 1865.] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. 569 In all the Simiine the transverse diameter is still considerably in excess, exceeding the vertical depth by from about one-fourth to a little under one-third of the latter. In Indris the transverse diameter is also decidedly in excess, though to a less degree, and it is so also in Ateles and even some- what in Mycetes; but in all the other genera the vertical depth equals, or more or less decidedly exceeds, the transverse diameter of the thorax. Having now reviewed the different regions of the spine, we may consider certain parts not as confined to those regions, but as ex- tending throughout the vertebral column; and, first, the NEURAL SPINES. These processes attain both their greatest absolute and relative length in Troylodytes and Simia, but above all in the Gorilla. On the other hand, they are wanting in all caudal vertebree* but a very few, and also in some of the cervical vertebrae of Galago and Cheiromys. Generally it is the seventh cervical and most anterior dorsal ver- tebree which bear the most elongated spines ; but, besides Troglodytes and Simia, Perodicticus and Arctocebus form exceptions, and Tarsius also, in which the longest neural spines are sacral, or in the most posterior part of the lumbar region. The spines of the trunk vertebree are vertical, or directed back- wards, in Man, the Simiine, Ateles, and the Nycticebine; but in all the other genera of the order the spines of the more posterior vertebrze are inclined forwards, the change of inclination taking place sometimes (e. g. Hapale) at the tenth, sometimes (e.g. Chei- romys) not till the thirteenth vertebra. The amount of inclination of the spines of the posterior trunk vertebree reaches its maximum in the lower Cedzda, in Hapale, and in Lemur. The summits of the spinous processes are often more or less flat- tened. This is generally very marked in the lumbar vertebre of Troglodytes and Simia, also in Macacus, Inuus, and Oynocephalus, and to a less degree in Hylobates, Ateles, Indris, and others. In all forms the antero-posterior extent of the spinous processes of the anterior region of the trunk is less than in those of the more posterior portion ; but this increase is least in Man and the Simiine: in all the rest (the Wycticebine in this forming no exception) it is much greater. Occasionally the antero-posterior extent of the summit consider- ably exceeds that of the part below, so that the spinous process may almost be said to bifurcate antero-posteriorly +. * In Afeles the first five caudal vertebrz support spinous processes ; and some- times even the sixth does so. + This is well seen in the dorsal vertebre of Cercopithecus albogularis (no. 176) in the Osteological Collection of the British Museum, and to a less degree in an- other individual (no. 17 /) in the same collection, as has already been mentioned. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. XXX VII. 570 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27, In the greater number of vertebre in all species, and in all the vertebrze of the greater number of species, the spmous processes are simple, ending sometimes sharply, sometimes with a blunt termina- tion. In certain vertebree, however, there are two more or less dis- tinct processes (when the spinous process is said to bifurcate) ; more rarely (fig. 1) there are three such projections (when the spinous process is spoken of as trifid). The first condition is very often seen in the axis vertebra, espe- cially in Man, Simia, Hylobates, Ateles, Hapale, and the Nyctice- bing. It is rarely found in the third cervical vertebra; it is so in European Man and Nyeticebus, and in the fourth and fifth cervical vertebree of European Man. An imperfect bifurcation also exists sometimes in the most posterior dorsal or in some of the lumbar vertebrze, as occasionally in Man and in Troglodytes. The second condition, or trifid spinous process, exists in the axis and in one or more of the succeeding cervical vertebrae of Mycetes (fig. 1); also to a greater or less extent in the axis of the Chimpanzee. The peculiar processes which have been mentioned as existing in the lumbar vertebrze of Galago (fig. 8, h), Lagothria (fig. 11, h), and Mycetes (fig. 2, h) appear to be serially homologous with the two lateral portions of the trifid spinous process. NeEevurRAL LAMIN&. The neural laminze always form a complete arch, except in the greater part (or, as in Man, the whole) of the caudal (coccygeal) region, and sometimes, as in him and mostly in the Simdine, in the most posterior part of the sacrum. They always, except in the sacral and most or all caudal vertebree, present the usual zygapophyses, and in some, especially in Galago, Lagothriz, and Mycetes, support the peculiar additional processes just mentioned (figs. 8, 11, & 2, h). They are invariably more or less notched, for the exit of the spinal nerves, except in some Nycticebine, where (fig. 12) they are actually perforated by them. The increase in antero-posterior extent of the neurapophyses in the Jumbar region varies, of course, with that of the whole vertebree,—A¢eles differing from the rest of the Cebide and from the long-tailed Simiide, and returning towards the Gibbon type, in the smallness of this increase. In Lemur, and still more in Indris, the cervical neurapophyses dispute with the lumbar as to supremacy in antero-posterior deve- lopment. Sometimes two contiguous neural laminze become anchylosed to- gether, as in a skeleton of Loris gracilis (no. 67 a) in the British Museum. TRANSVERSE PROCESSES. The true transverse process attains its maximum of development in the lumbar region. After contributing to form the sacrum, these true transverse pro- cesses reappear as separate parts in the caudal vertebre of all the 1865. ] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. 971 long-tailed species, dividing in the more posterior caudal vertebrze in the way that has been described. In Lemur alone, and not always in that genus, a second and more posterior transverse process appears in the hinder part of the lumbar region, as has already been noticed. Sometimes the transverse process becomes much antero-posteriorly expanded at its distal end; and sometimes (as in Cheiromys) a back- wardly directed process is developed from its posterior margin, similar in form and direction to the anapophysis, but external to the latter, The mammillary and accessory supplemental processes (7. e. the metapophyses and anapophyses), which are more or less visible in the dorsal transverse processes, must be separately noticed. MeTApopnysss. These processes generally attain their maximum of development in the lumbar region, and are sometimes with difficulty distinguish- able except in that portion of the vertebral column. ‘This is parti- cularly the case in Man and the Simiine, though there is consider- able variation in this respect. In Man these processes, in rare instances, begin to be well marked as high up as the tenth dorsal vertebra, sometimes at the eleventh, but generally, perhaps, at the twelfth. They are always tolerably distinct on the first and second lumbar vertebrze, but sometimes cease to be distinguishable at the third lumbar ; in other instances, how- ever, they may be distinctly traced throughout the lumbar region. In Troglodytes and Simia they become distinct at about the twelfth dorsal, remaining visible in all ‘the lumbar vertebree of the Gorilla, but generally disappearing at the second or third lumbar in the impanzee and Orang, especially in the latter, In Hylobates these processes are sometimes already very marked in the eleventh dorsal vertebra, sometimes only slightly so even in the thirteenth ; they are mostly, but not always, distinct in the lumbar region. In the great bulk of the order—that is to say, in the Semnopithe- cine and in the Cynopithecine (except Inuus), in the Cebide (ex- cept AZeles), in the Hapalide, and all the Lemuroidea (except In- dris, Tarsius, and the Nycticebine)—they are developed to a more or less similar extent, and always to a much greater one than in Man and the Simiine ; for they begin to be conspicuous at the eighth or ninth dorsal vertebra, though sometimes much earlier ; they mount as it were on the summit of the anterior zygapophysis at from the tenth to the twelfth, or very rarely thirteenth dorsal vertebra, They then continue very marked in the lumbar region, projecting strongly upwards and forwards from the summits of the anterior zygapo- physes ; they are distinguishable in the sacrum, and are visible, as a process more or less distinct from the anterior zygapophysis, in the first few caudal vertebre ; but further back they coalesce with, or replace, that process. In Ateles the metapophyses are’ distinguishable throughout the dorsal series, but are very little marked in the lumbar region. 572 MR. ST, GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27, In Indris they do not become easily discernible till the last two dorsal vertebrze, but they are marked in the lumbar vertebree. In Tarsius these processes attain their maximum, not in the dorsal or lumbar, but in the anterior part of the caudal region. In the Nycticebine the metapophyses are not conspicuously * de- veloped in the trunk vertebrae, most so perhaps in Perodicticus. As to the extent to which the metapophysis can be traced back- wards along the spinal column, as might be anticipated, it is in Ateles that it can be furthest followed; its amalgamation with the anterior zygapophysis sometimes not taking place, in that genus, till the ninth caudal vertebra. In the other Cebid@ this union takes place gene- rally at from the fifth to the seventh, though in Mycetes not till the eighth caudal vertebra. In Lemur it generally occurs at about the seventh caudal. In almost all the long-tailed Simiide the metapo- physes are distinct in the first three, four, or five vertebrze, the amal- gamation with the anterior zygapophysis taking place at the fourth, fifth, or sixth caudal vertebra. In Jnuus and the very short-tailed Cynocephali, as in Man and the Stmiine, metapophyses are not at all or scarcely to be traced backwards beyond the sacrum ; in Indris they are scarcely distinct in the second caudal vertebra. As to the extent to which the metapophysis can be traced forwards along the spinal column, there is considerable variation. As has been already recognized by others+, it can often be easily distinguished even in the first dorsal vertebra; but I am not aware that its exist- ence in the cervical vertebree of any Primate has yet been observed ; Fig. 6. \aez [" I \\ 74 i Z yn \ iY 0) G i re O-< ay i) i Mati’ Us ay - Shug im mh Axis and four following cervical vertebree of Areles, from the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons (nos. 4694, 4695). Nat. size. m. Metapophysis. nevertheless it is often more or less traceable in the cervical region, but most distinctly so in the genera Ateles, Perodicticus, and Arcto- cebus, and sometimes in Simia. In Afeles this process is plainly distinguishable f as far as the third * They are really well developed, but extend so little upwards as to be com- paratively inconspicuous. + Prof. Owen on the Megatherium, ‘ Phil. Trans.’ part 2 for 1851, p. 727. } Especially in the cervical vertebre (nos. 4694-4696) preserved in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, and in nos. 808d & 808 ¢ in the British Mu- seum, where the first two dorsal vertebra show the metapophyses advancing inwards and preparing, as it were, to underlap the anterior zygapophyses of the cervical vertebre. 1865.] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES, 573 cervical vertebra, appearing as an obtuse prominence developed from beneath the anterior zygapophysis. In both Perodicticus and Arctocebus it is also plainly to be recog- nized in the corresponding vertebre, and is similar in form and posi- tion to the cervical metapophysis of A¢eles. That this prominence is really metapophysial in its nature is made evident by the fact that in the Edentata, where these as well as the other vertebral processes are carried to their maximum of develop- ment, the metapophyses are continued into the cervical region in the very same situation (viz. dipping beneath the anterior zygapophyses), as may be well seen in the two-toed Sloth (in spite of the poor deve- lopment of the metapophyses in its trunk vertebree*), also in Orycte- ropust, and especially in the Pangolint. The existence of similar tubercles in the cervical vertebrae of Myrmecophaga tamandua and Myrmecophaga jubata has already been recorded by Professor Owen, who has fully recognized their metapophysial nature§. In this last- mentioned genus the metapophyses are very marked in the cervical region, and are developed with a singular uniformity from the ante- rior cervical to the posterior caudal vertebre. In the other genera of Primates|| this process is not so distinctly to be traced in the cervical vertebree ; yet often the under surface of the anterior zygapophyses of the fourth, fifth, or sixth cervical ver- tebrz is strongly convex, as is, at least sometimes, the case in the genus Homo]; and doubtless this prominence in all cases is, so to speak, a latent metapophysis. In the Orang ** I have noticed a condition which is common enough in many genera of Mammals, namely, such an extension of the cervical metapophysis, that part of it is continued on to the posterior part of the vertebra next in front, part of a cervical metapophysis occupy- ing its normal position beneath the anterior zy gapophysis of one ver- tebra, the other part being situated outside and partly upon the posterior zygapophysis of the vertebra anterior to it. Ihave not ob- served this in any other Primate besides the Orang, except Man, in whom, at least sometimes ++, a more or less similar condition obtains. * Noticed by Prof. Owen, ‘ Memoir on the Megatherium,’ p. 740. t See detached cervical vertebra: (no. 2339) in the Museum of the Royal Col- lege of Surgeons. { No. 2363. in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. § Memoir on the Megatherium, pp. 745, 746. || In the British Museum there is a skeleton of an Orang (nos. 43, 10, 2, 1) in which the seventh cervical vertebra shows distinctly the metapophysis closo to and just outside of the anterior zygapophysis, ready to dip beneath it in the sixth, Also, in a skeleton of Cercopithecus albogularis (no. 17 6), the metapo- physes are distinctly visible throughout the dorsal vertebrze, those of the first two dorsal being more internally situated than are those behind, so that the margin of the anterior zygapophysis of the first dorsal vertebra seems quite in series with them. The same approach of the metapophyses to the anterior zy- gapophyses takes place in a very marked way in the first dorsal vertebra of a skeleton of Mycetes (no. 44 a), and in that of Ateles subpentadactylus (no. 38 b). { Well seen in the fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical verlebree of a human spine in the Museum of St. Mary’s Hospital. . ** See skeleton (nos. 45, 10, 2, 2, 3c) in the British Museum. tt £. 9. a set of human cervical vertebrae in my own collection. 574 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27, This peculiar condition of the cervical metapophysis is well seen in large specimens of the genus Canis*, in which (figs. 7 & 9, m) the third dorsal vertebra, like all those posterior to it, bears its own metapophysis only, and supports the whole of it. The second dorsal Fig. 7. First three dorsal vertebrz and all the cervical vertebra, except the atlas, of Canzs dingo. One-half nat. size. m. Metapophysis. %. Hyperapophysis. vertebra bears but a portion of its metapophysis, which is continued on to the first dorsal vertebra. This first dorsal supports the other part of the metapophysis of the second dorsal, but scarcely any of its own, which, on the other hand, is almost entirely borne by the seventh cervical vertebra upon its posterior zygapophysis. The sixth cervical vertebra similarly supports the metapophysis of the seventh cervical ; but in addition it bears, beneath and outside its anterior zygapo- physis, a marked portion of its own true and proper metapophysis. The same is the case in the fifth cervical vertebra; the fourth, how- ever, bears scarcely any of the metapophysis of the fifth cervical, but, on the other hand, has its own metapophysis well developed, and situated in its normal position, beneath the anterior zygapophysis. In the Malay Tapirt the cervical metapophyses are strongly marked, and are somewhat divided, the greater part of each being in the normal position beneath the anterior zygapophysis, but part also being above the posterior zygapophysis next in front, in the last five cervical vertebree. In the Indian Rhinocerost the cervical metapophyses are almost entirely confined to the anterior zygapophyses. * See mounted skeleton of C. occidentalis in the British Museum. Also no, 4364 (Arctic Wolf) in the Osteological Collection of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. t No. 2866 of the Osteological Collection in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. t No. 2969 ™ the same collection. 1865.] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. 575 In the Sumatran Rhinoceros*, however, they are pretty equally divided. A similar prolongation forwards of the cervical metapophyses takes place in the Oxf. In Ursust I have found the cervical metapopliyses very strongly marked, and entirely confined to their normal position beneath the anterior zygapophyses. In the Megatherium§ they are situated rather behind the anterior zygapophyses of the cervical vertebre. ANAPOPHYSES. These processes are also, in the main, lumbar processes. In Man they are generally confined to the first two lumbar and last dorsal vertebree, though they are sometimes distinct at the eleventh dorsal and rarely even on the fifth lumbar. In all cases, however, they are very feebly developed, as is the case also in the Simiine. In Troglodytes and Simia they are distinct from the eleventh dorsal to the second lumbar, but less marked in the lumbar than even in the dorsal region, especially in Simia. In Hylobates there is much variation; but generally they are pretty distinct from about the tenth to the fifteenth trunk-vertebra, sometimes, however, as early as the third dorsal. In all the rest of the order (except some of the Nycticebine) they are much more developed, forming long processes in the lumbar re- gion, each process projecting backwards outside and beneath the an- terior zygapophysis of the vertebra next behind. In the Semnopithecine and Cynopithecine they are generally di- stinct processes as early as the eighth dorsal vertebra, and continue such to the penultimate lumbar; in the Cebid@ they are generally distinct at about the ninth or tenth, but in Nyctipithecus not quite so till the fourteenth dorsal vertebra. In A¢eles they are shorter than in Lagothriz and the other Ce- bide, and disappear at the fourth lumbar. In Lemur they become marked at about the eleventh dorsal ver- tebra; in Indris at the twelfth. In the Nycticebine they are not distinct till we come quite to the end of the dorsal region, and, except in Perodicticus, they are little marked even in the lumbar vertebre. In Tarsius they are inconspicuous throughout the whole of the trunk-vertebree. The anapophyses appear to attain their maximum of relative size in the lower Cebide. Generally, in the last lumbar vertebra, the process in question ap- pears to coalesce with the base of the true transverse process ; and if we may consider the terminal lateral processes of the sacrum the * No. 2933 in the same collection. Tt No. 3825 in the same collection. ¢ A skeleton in my own collection. § See Professor Owen’s memoir on the Megatherium, ‘ Phil. Trans,’ 1855, vol. exly. p. 375, and pl. 20. fig. 5. 57 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27, single. backwardly projecting transverse processes of the first few caudal vertebrae, and the hinder part of each divided transverse pro- cess of the more posterior caudal vertebre as serially homologous with the lumbar anapophyses, then this process continues to be de- veloped almost to the posterior extremity of the spinal column. The extent to which the anapophysis may be traced forwards varies much. In some Gibbons it can be plainly distinguished on the transverse process of the third dorsal vertebra. It can often, in the Simiade, be traced to the first dorsal; but in Cynocephalus* it sometimes appears as a minute projection on the dorsum of the outer end of each of the upper or diapophysial transverse processes of the four posterior cervical vertebree. I am not aware that the serial homologues of the lumbar anapo- physes have before been noticed in the cervical region; but I have no doubt that they do exist in many forms, and that they may even be represented in Man himself by the backwardly projecting extre- mities of the upper part of each bifurcated transverse process. In Ateles+ these processes are distinctly traceable in the cervical region (fig. 6) as tubercles backwardly projecting from the distal ends of the upper (diapophysial) transverse processes of the fifth, sixth, and seventh cervical vertebree. In many individuals of different speciest, in which the dorsal ana- pophyses are well marked ; by following these latter forwards it be- comes pretty evident that the more or less backwardly projecting extremity of the upper portion of the cervical transverse process is in series with these dorsal anapophyses, and therefore that these pro- cesses do in fact sometimes extend almost from one end of the ver- tebral column nearly to the other—that is, of course, if the interpre- tation previously suggested for the caudal transverse processes be correct. HyPrreRAPOPHYSES. A more or less trifid neural spine, as has been said, exists in the axis vertebra of T'roglodytes and some others. In Mycetes (fig. 1) the same vertebra has a distinctly trifid spine; and this charactcr is repeated in the two or three following vertebree. . . In Mycetes also, as has likewise been mentioned, lateral backwardly projecting processes spring from the neural arch in the lumbar ver- * EF. g. in no. 4719 in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. + No. 4695 in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. This, I think, is plainly to be observed in the following skeletons preserved in the British Museum :—In an Orang (nos. 3B, 45, 10, 2, 8), where the back- wardly projecting point of the seventh cervical vertebra appears to continue for- wards the dorsal anapophyses. The same may be said of two specimens of Colobus (no. 138716 and no. 1180). In Cercopithecus albogularis (no. 176), where the anapophyses of the ninth, tenth, and eleventh dorsal vertebra bifur- cate, these processes are plainly visible throughout the dorsal series; and the points of the cervical transverse processes are, I think, evidently their serial ho- mologues. Perhaps this is even more marked in another individual of the same species (no. 17%). The same thing is plainly visible in a young Cynocephalus babouin (no. 86c), in Macacus rhesus (no. 30g) to the fifth and sixth cervical vertebree ; and in Jruus (no. 32d) it is distinctly traceable to the seventh. ~ 1865.] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. 577 tebrze, one on each side of the neural spine (fig. 2,2). Such pro- cesses are also found in other forms, e. g. Lagothrix* (fig. 11, A), Chrysothrix+, Nyctipithecust, and Hapale§; but they attain their maximum in Galago|| (fig. 8, 2), where they exist both in the poste- rior dorsal and in the lumbar vertebree, and are very marked, each pair of such backwardly projecting processes embracing between them the spinous process of the vertebra next behind. These extra processes4] are somewhat similar to anapophyses, but are placed much higher, being above and within the posterior zygapophyses. Now these lumbar extra processes, as they exist in Mycetes, seem certainly to be the serial homologues of the lateral parts of the cer- vical trifid spines. In Galago there is no cervical spinous process whatever, except that of the axis vertebra, which is more or less bifid ; yet the cervical neural lamine in that genus develope two faintly marked processes on the dorsum of each vertebra, which pro- cesses appear to continue backwards (7. e. to be serially homologous with) the lateral parts of the spine of the axis, in the same way that the extra processes of the cervical vertebree of Mycetes** are evi- dently serially homologous with the lateral parts of the spine of the axis in that genus. Now, without doubt, the before-mentioned lumbar processes of Mycetes are the serial homologues of the cervical extra processes and of the lateral parts of the axis-spine ; and there- fore the same lumbar processes in Galago are also the serial homo- lognes of the faintly marked processes of the cervical neural laminze and of the lateral parts of the axis-spine in that genus. Thus we have processes backwardly directed, and springing from the neurapophyses, which processes attain their maximum in the lumbar and third and fourth cervical vertebrze, and appear to be seri- ally homologous with the lateral portions of a so-called bifid or trifid spine, whether of the axis or of some other vertebra. Professor Owen remarks +f, in speaking of the axis of an Australian Woman, “ The neural spine is much less developed ; in fact, what ‘is usually described as the bifurcated spine of the axis seems rather * See the skeleton of Lagothriz (no. A 4718 @) in the Museum of the Royal Col’ ze of Surgeons, and that in the British Museum (numbered 43 d, 50, 11, 22, 61). t See no. 9326 in the Osteological Collection of the British Museum. These processes are present in the last dorsal and first four lumbar vertebrie. ¢ See the skeleton of NV. vidlosus in the British Museum. They are very distinct in the last dorsal and first five lumbar vertebre of H, midas (no. 1889a). They are also marked in H. edipus (no. 53 a) and H. auritus, all in the Osteological Collection of the British Museum. || See the skeleton of G. adlendi in the British Museum (no. 68 @). {| The processes in question are spoken of as “‘ griffelformige Fortsitze”’ by Creplin, the German translator of Retzius, in describing the spinal column of Callithrix (Chrysothrix?). See Miller’s ‘ Archiv’ for 1849, Heft vi. p. 614. ** In a Macacus rhesus (no. 309) in the same collection, the spines of the four last cervical and first dorsal vertebra show traces of these processes, although the spine of the axis is in the same individual quite simple. In a skeleton of a Potto (no. 745 a) in the British Museum, there are also faint indications of these processes in the fourth; fifth, sixth, and seventh cervical vertebrie. tt Osteological Catalogue, vol. ii. p. 807, preparation no. 5187. 578 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27, to be the upper slightly produced extremities of the not completely - coalesced neurapophyses of that vertebra in Man.” I do not for a moment pretend to assert that there is any funda- mental distinction between a single, a bifid, and a trifid neural spine ; at the same time it may be well to note these varieties of structure, and the fact that, as has been said, it is with the lateral parts of such trifid spines, or with the halves of such bifid spines, that these extra processes appear to be serially homologous. In the genus Canis the axis and three following cervical vertebree support processes, decreasing in size as we proceed from before back- wards, which project posteriorly, and are situated upon, and rather internally to, the posterior zygapophyses. They are quite distinct from the cervical metapophyses, and disappear at the sixth cervical vertebra (figs. 7 &9,/). Similar processes exist in other Carnivora, as the genus Felis, and in Ursus labiatus*. On the other hand, they are quite wanting in the large marsupial Carnivore Thylacinust. Are these processes the homologues of those just described as ex- isting in Mycetes and others? I am disposed, provisionally at least, so to regard them; but, whether they are so or not, the extra processes existing in Primates are so marked in some species, and serve so well to distinguish cer- tain groups one from another, that I cannot but think that it would be convenient and every way proper to bestow on them a distinct appellation ; and recognizing fully as I do the great convenience, as Professor Owen has pointed out, of terms capable of being inflected adjectively, and desiring that the new term should harmonize with those already so happily devised, I propose for the process in ques- . tion the term Ayperapophysis. CENTRUM. Speaking broadly, the bodies of the vertebrze of the different re- gions of the spine have much the same relative proportions through- out the Anthropoidea. They are relatively widest transversely in the cervical vertebrae, narrowest and shortest in the dorsal region, and expanded both in length and breadth in the lumbar. In the Lemuroidea, except the Nycticebina, the elongated cervical centra alter the proportion. The Nycticebine differ from all the other forms in the small increase in breadth of their lumbar vertebrze, in which respect they are most nearly approached by the Gorilla. I have not been able to detect in the vertebral column any di- stinetive characters separating the whole of one of the two primary divisions, or suborders, of the Primates from the whole of the other, parallel to the cranial and dental distinctions which so well charac- terize those two groups respectively. It is the great variety of struc- ture presented by the second suborder (Lemuroidea) which renders it difficult or impossible to give satisfactory spinal distinctive cha- racters; for the typical Lemurs present marked differences enough * E. g. skeleton (no. 4037) in the collection of the Royal College of Surgeons. t EH. g. skeleton (no. 1984) in the same collection. 1865.] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. Spine of Galago alleniz, from the British Mu- seum. Nat. size. z. Posterior zygapo- physis. h. Hyperapophysis. First three dorsal vertebrze and all the cervical verte- bree, except the atlas, of Canis dingo. One-half nat. size. m. Metapophysis. h. Hyperapophysis. 580 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27, from the whole of the Anthropoidea, which last have much uniformity of structure, aud may be characterized as follows :— ANTHROPOIDEA. Cervical vertebrze always short; atlas with the extremities of its transverse processes always bent upwards, and its two posterior arti- cular surfaces always separated by an interval ; transverse processes of the fifth cervical vertebra always bifurcating; ribs sometimes as few as eleven pairs, but never more than fourteen ; lumbar vertebrze scarcely ever more than seven*; increase in breadth of the bodies of the poste- rior as compared to the anterior dorsal vertebree generally consider- able; third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebra always with di- stinct neural spines ; sternum sometimes formed of as few as two bones in the adult ; neurapophyses never perforated by the spinal nerves. The first family, Hominide, possesses many characters in common with the Simiine; in fact, were we to consider the spinal structure only, the Simiine would be united to the Hominide, or would rank as a family by themselves, so widely do they differ from the rest of the Simide. HoMINID& AND SIMIINZ&. A more or less perceptible sigmoid curve in the spinal column ; the vertebral artery sometimes grooves, sometimes perforates the neural arch of the atlas; dorsal vertebree normally twelve; thirteen, or four- teen; no dorsal or lumbar neural spines forwardly directed; lumbar transverse processes short and never bent ventrally ; metapophyses and anapophyses but very little developed+; sacrum large and solid, always consisting of four vertebre at the least, and tapering gra- dually backwards ; caudal vertebrae never more than seven, and de- stitute of complete neural arches, metapophyses, anapophyses, and hypapophyses, and always decreasing in length from before back- wards; sternum broad and short, often with only one bone between the manubrium and the xiphoid cartilage; spine of axis generally more or less distinctly bifid or trifid; imerease in antero-posterior diameter of spinous processes (as we survey the spine from before backwards) at its minimum ; last sacral vertebra with its neural arch generally imperfect. HomINIpD&. Spinal column with a strongly marked sigmoid curve ; dorsal and lumbar vertebree together seventeen in number ; transverse processes of dorsal and lumbar vertebree inclined upwards (backwards) ; lumbar transverse processes arising at a high level, through elongation of the crura of the neural archest ; metapophyses not distinct before the * De Blainville mentions a Baboon with eight lumbar vertebrae. + Prof. Owen, in his interesting ‘ Memoir on the Gorilla,’ recently published, gives as the most conspicuous osteological characters of his group Pithecina (my Simiine) “the great relative breadth and flatness of the sternum, the reduction of the caudal vertebrae to a non-projecting ‘ os coccygis,’ and the feeble met- and anapophyses in the lumbar vertebre.” See ‘Memoir on the Gorilla,’ 1865, p. 46. t Noticed by Prof. Owen, ‘ Trans. Zool. Soe.’ vol. iv. p. 105. 1865.) . AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. 581 tenth, and anapophyses not before the eleventh, dorsal vertebra ; sacrum always consisting of five vertebree, without counting the last lumbar, which rarely anchyloses with it ; three sacral vertebrae gene- rally articulate with the ilium; sacrum concave anteriorly, both antero- posteriorly and transversely ; sacro-vertebral angle very marked ; no anapophysial process at posterior end of sacrum ; ribs twelve pairs, with strongly marked angles, and with their proximal portions arch- ing much backwards, more so than in any other Primate, also with the vertical sigmoid twist at its maximum ; breadth of thorax to its depth as about three to two; transverse process of third cervical vertebra always bifurcated ; spinous processes of second, third, fourth, and fifth cervical vertebrze generally bifurcated, never very elongated ; of the cervical spines, that of the seventh cervical vertebra the longest. Simin &. Spinal column with a scarcely perceptible sigmoid curve; sacrum very elongated relatively, and generally flattened anteriorly. If three sacral vertebree join the ilium, then one answers to the last lumbar of Man. Sacro-vertebral angle very slightly marked; an anapophysial process on each side at posterior end of sacrum; ribs twelve or thir- teen (rarely fourteen) pairs, and forming a thorax the transverse dia- meter of which is still very considerable ; spinous processes of third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebree never bifid; transverse process of third cervical vertebra very rarely bifurcating. The first two genera of this family have much in common, thus:— TROGLODYTES AND SIMIA. Dorsal and lumbar vertebrze, taken together, seventeen in number; ribs twelve or thirteen pairs ; transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae inclined somewhat upwards ; spines of most cervical vertebree very elongated, but not bifurcated ; axis-spine more or less bifid or trifid ; anapophyses very slightly developed; bodies of dorsal vertebre in- creasing but slightly in breadth posteriorly ; last lumbar vertebra very often anchylosed to sacrum; lumbar vertebra never more than five in number. TROGLODYTES. Ribs normally thirteen pairs ; neural foramina of sacrum much smaller than in Man; sacro-vertebral angle exceedingly slight ; sa- crum very flat anteriorly. Sternum of 7. gorilia much wider (below the manubrium) than that of 7. niger. Sruta. Ribs only twelve pairs; neural foramina of sacrum as large or larger than in Man; sacro-vertebral angle more marked than in T’ro- glodytes ; antero-posterior concavity of anterior surface of sacrum generally very marked ; anterior margin of manubrium much thick- ened; sternum peculiarly composite ; anapophyses often scarcely perceptible in lumbar region; transverse process of sixth cervical vertebra sometimes imperforate. 582 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27, HYLoBATES. Dorsal and free lumbar vertebree, taken together, generally eighteen in number; ribs twelve to fourteen pairs; last lumbar vertebra always anchylosed to sacrum ; sometimes as many as six lumbar vertebree ; spines of cervical vertebre neither elongated nor bifureating ; ana- pophyses generally more developed than in the higher forms. This genus presents us, in the Siamang (H. syndactylus), with the broadest and relatively shortest sternum to be found in the whole order. Nearly all the rest of the Primates—that is to say, all the Sim1ip x (except the Simiine), all the Cesrp, Hapatip#, and LemurorpeEa, with a few exceptions, present the following common characters :— Dorsal and lumbar vertebre, taken together, almost always exceed eighteen in number ; the vertebral artery perforates the neural arch of the atlas*; metapophyses and anapophyses generally very con- spicuous ; caudal vertebrae generally numerous, and always one at least has a complete neural arch; spines of last dorsal and of lumbar vertebree forwardly directed (except the Nycticebine and Ateles) ; lumbar transverse processes often inclined downwards; sacrum not tapering gradually (except Indris and the Nycticebine), and very rarely consisting of as many as four vertebrae. Except in a very few, the caudal vertebree increase in length after the first two or three. Caudal vertebrze with well-marked transverse processes, generally di- vided ; hypapophyses present in caudal region, except in Inuus, In- dris, and the Nycticebine ; sternum elongated, and always with three or more bones, in the adult, between the manubrium and xiphoid cartilage ; thorax deeper and less broad relatively than in the two first families ; fourth, fifth, aud sixth cervical spines never bifurca- ting, and (except in Perodicticus and Arctocebus) never very elon- gated. Characters presented by all the Simi1p%, except the SIMIIN&. Dorsal vertebree from 11 to 13; lumbar vertebrze 6 or 7; together generally 19, rarely 18 or 20 in number ; generally 2, rarely 3, very rarely 4 sacral vertebree; neural spines begin to incline forwards at the eleventh or twelfth dorsal vertebraT ; the metapophysis interrupts the dorsal vertebral groove by mounting on the anterior zygapophysis at the tenth or eleventh dorsal vertebra ; anapophysis distinct, at the latest, at the ninth, and long at the eleventh dorsal vertebra; only one or two true sacral vertebree articulate with the ilium; caudal vertebree begin to increase in length at the second or the third caudal vertebrat. Neural spine of third cervical vertebra short and simple §; * Not so in Semnopithecus nasalis (no. 6c) in the British Museum. + At the thirteenth in C. porcarius (no. 35d) in the British Museum. { This, of course, is not the case in Znwus; and there are exceptions, as the Macacus nemestrinus and M. speciosus in the British Museum, already mentioned, § This process very rarely exhibits an incipient bifurcation, as in Colobus vel- lerosus (no. 1391) in the British Museum, and in Cynocephalus sphinx (no. 34c) in the same collection. 1865. ] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. 583 that of seventh cervical the longest, or equal to the longest of the cervical spines; transverse process of third cervical vertebra very rarely bifurcating, those of fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae always so; relative extent of lumbar region great, that of sacral region very small. SEMNOPITHECINE. In the two genera composing this subfamily we find the greatest absolute length of tail existing in the order, also the absolutely longest individual caudal vertebree ; there is also generally one bone less to the sternum than in the Cynopithecine*, there being mostly but four bones interposed between the manubrium and thesxiphoid cartilage. CyNOPITHECINE. Macacvs. In this genus the hypapophyses and chevron bones are more de- veloped than in any other of the Simiide. Invuvs. This form (which, when considering the structure of the spine alone, it is convenient to rank as a separate genus) is very distinct from the Semnopithecine and from all the other Cynopithecine as regards the structure of the posterior end of the vertebral column, though Fig. 10. Caudal vertebree of Inwus (no. 326) in the British Museum. Nat. size. from the atlas to the posterior end of the sacrum it is quite like the other Macaques. Thus the most marked characters are—caudal ver- tebree from twot to four in number; caudal transverse processes * This has been noticed by De Blainville, ‘ Ostéog. Primates,’ p. 22. + Vrolik says two (see /.c. p.10). In the skeleton (no. 32d) in the British Museum there are only two caudal vertebre, but the second is evidently com- posed of two anchylosed together; it has a very narrow, yet complete, neural arch. In the specimen no. 32f, also in the British Museum, there are four caudal vertebrae, the two first having complete neural arches. In no. 520 there are also four caudals (the two last being anchylosed together), and three have each a complete neural arch. 584 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27, undivided ; no hypapophyses ; caudal vertebree flat and broad, each successive vertebra being less than its predecessor in all dimensions, like those of the coccyx of the Simiine. In the allied Japanese form, Macacus speciosus*, there are ten caudal vertebrze ; the third caudal is scarcely, if at all, longer than the second ; but the fourth is longer than the third caudal vertebra; there are slight hypapophyses and chevron bones. CyNOCEPHALUS. Transverse process of axis and that of third cervical vertebra some- times bifureating ; dorsal and lumbar vertebre, taken together, some- times only eighteen in number; sometimes as many as four sacral vertebree ; sacro-vertebral angle often strongly marked, as also the antero-posterior concavity of sacrum; relative breadth of sacrum at its maximum; hypapophyses present; anterior margin of manu- brium much thickened; atlas vertebra occasionally developing a short neural spine. In some at least there appears} to be a de- cided return towards the sigmoid curve of the spinal column existing in Man. The American Anthropoidea have but very few characters in com- mon tending to distinguish them from the Old-World forms. CEBIDz. Three first caudal vertebree quite short, the increase in length not taking place till the fourth ; dorsal vertebree from twelve t to fifteen in number ; twelfth dorsal spine turned forwards (except in Afeles); spines of the third and fourth cervical vertebree often curving over in a forward direction ; spine and transverse process of third cervical not bifurcating ; spine of the seventh cervical § the longest, or equal to the longest of the cervical spines ; lumbar spinous processes (ex- cept in Ateles) very long, and curving over in a forward direction in a very marked manner; generally two, rarely three, very rarely four, sacral vertebree ; only one or two sacral vertebree articulate with the ilium (except sometimes in IN 1865.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE SPECIES OF CHARAXES. 623 Genus CHARrAxeEs, Ochsenheimer. Div. 1. Alze subtus variis characteribus albis difformibus basi scriptz, maculas griseas includentibus. Ale supra fusce ; margo posticus ferrugineus, nervis nigris inter- ruptus ; postice margine caudisque nigris: subtus fascia me- dia nivea ; basi ferruginee, variis characteribus scripte ; margo posticus maculis ceruleis submarginatus, superior maculis tri- coloratis, hastatis: corpus fuscum ; antenne nigre, filiformi- clavate; palpi extus albi; caput magnum, lanare, supra in- cirratum, oculis exstantibus, nudis. 1. CHARAXES JASON. Papilio jason, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 749. n. 26; Cramer, Pap. t. 329. f. A, B; Westw. in Drury, Ill. 2nd edit. i. p. 2. Papilio jasius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii. pt. 1. p. 61, pt. 2. p. 191; Drury, Ill. i. t. 1. f. 1; Ochs. Schmett. von Eur. i. 151, iv. 18; Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 350. n. 1. Nymph. jason, Boisd. Ind. Meth. p. 24. n. 180. Charazes jason, Boisd. Spéc. Gén. Lép. pl. 7. f. 12, pl. 3 A. f. 9. Papilio eques, Drury, Abbild. und Beschreib. exotisch. Insekt. ae es oe P. rhea, Hibner, Europ. Schmett. Pap. figs. 111, 112, 580, 581. Eribea unedonis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. n. 423. Nymph. jason, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 308. n. 1, Hab. Southern Europe; Asia Minor; Barbary. B.M. 2. CHARAXES EPIJASIUS. Charaxes epijasius, Boisd. MS.; E. Doubl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. App. p. 28; Feisth. in Annal. Soc. Ent. France, 1850, p. 257. Nymph. epijasius, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p- 308. n. 2. Hab. Senegal; Cazamanca. B.M, Ale supra fusce, fascia media ad marginem interiorem coarctata; antice elongate, aliquando margine ferrugineo; posticarum margo posticus maculis ceruleis submarginatus. 3. CHARAXES POLLUX, Papilio pollux, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 63. n. 197; Godart, Enc. M. ix. pt. 1. p. 352. n. 5; Lucas, Hist. Nat. Lép. Exot. pl. 62. f. 1. Nymph. pollux, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 308. n. 4. Papilio castor, Cramer, Pap. 37. f. E, F. Hab. Ashanti; Guinea. 624 MR.A.G. BUTLER ON THE SPECIES OF CHARAXES. [Nov. 14, Ale basi pallide ; corpus pallidum. 4. CHARAXES PELIAS. Papilio pelias, Cramer, Pap. p. 3. f. C, D; Godart, Enc. M. ix. p- 351. n. 2. Nymph. pelias,Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 309. n. 20; Trimev, Rhop. Afric. Austr. i. p. 175. n. 101. Eribea pelopia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. n. 424. Hab. Cape of Good Hope. 5. CHARAXES SATURNUS, sp. n. (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 1.) Upperside—front wings, basal half ferruginous, apical half black ; crossed beyond the middle by a broad deeply dentated orange band, broader above than below, running nearly parallel to the hind margin; three orange spots along the front margin near the middle; outer margin orange, intersected with black at the nervules. Hind wings, basal half ferruginous, apical half black ; crossed in the middle by an orange band tapering towards the middle of the inner margin, which is brown ; outer margin with a submarginal row of six lunular orange spots, the three lower ones white at the sides and angular ; a dull green marginal streak at the anal angle ; three blue spots between the nervures towards the anal angle, the lowest one elongate. Body ferruginous. Underside—basal half dull red, curiously marked, as in C. epi- jasius, with white streaks and spots with dusky centres; a white irregular central band. Front wings, outer margin broadly viola- ceous grey, enclosing a row of eight orange spots between the ner- vules, the two lower ones contiguous, all of them margined by black spots on their outer edge, and the six upper ones on their inner edge ; outer margin with a marginal row of nine orange spots between the nervules ; central band faintly roseate, enclosing an orange spot near the front margin. Hind wings, outer margin broadly olivaceous, separated from the central band by a row of six elongate dull red spots; marginal edge black, broadly bordered inwardly by white varied with orange ; a submarginal row of seven elongate violaceous spots margined outwardly with black ; a short curved elongate ochre- ous band at the anal angle, above the last violaceous spot. Body creamy white. Hab. Interior of South Africa. B.M. Note.—This species is closely allied to C. pelias ; it hardly differs in the front wings of the upperside ; in the hind wings the spots of the submarginal band are more lunulate and become nearly white towards the anal angle, and the central band is much narrower and tapers towards the inner margin. Below, the submarginal orange spots of the front wings are bounded by black spots on both sides, the band of the hind wing has no cen- tral spot, an inner submarginal row of large dull red spots takes the place of the small black ones in C. pelias, a submarginal row of purple lunular spots takes the place of the blue line, and the basal markings are quite different from those in the figure by Cramer. 1865.) MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE SPECIES OF CHARAXES. 625 Ale supra ferruginee ; postice sine maculis ceruleis ; subtus maculis submarginalibus obscurissimis. 6. CHARAXES PHRAORTES. Charazes phraortes, E. Doubleday in Ann. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 65; Doubl., Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 309. n. 22. Hab. Madagascar. B.M. 7. CHARAXES CASTOR. Papilio castor, Fabricius, Gen. Ins. Mant. p- 251; Ent. Syst. di. pt. 1. p. 63. n. 196; Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 351. n. 4. Nymph. castor, Donovan, Nat. Repos. iv. pl. 16; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 308. n. 3. Papilio pollux, Cramer, Pap. t. 37. f. C, D. Charazxes pollux, Feisthamel in Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1850, p- 255. pl. 9. f. 1. Papilio camulus, Drury, Ill. iii. t. 30. f. 2. Hab. Sierra Leone ; Congo. B.M. 8. CHARAXES PH@BUS, sp.n. (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 2.) Upperside—front wings ferruginous, paler just beyond the middle, with a broad submarginal black band along the outer margin ; apical part of submarginal edge intersected with black at the nervures; a triangular black spot, its base resting upon the first subcostal ner- vule near the apex ; a black elongate spot closing the cell ; two spots, one above the cell, the other halfway between the subapical spot and the end of the cell ; two black spots placed obliquely just below the end of the cell. Hind wings as above, but without any spots, and with black marginal edge. Body ferruginous. Underside reddish olivaceous, basal half curiously marked with silvery spots and streaks with dark centres ; central band silvery, very narrow, tapering from the inner margin of hind wing near the anal angle to the front margin of anterior wing near the apex. Front wings with a submarginal row of eight dusky black spots between the nervules along the outer margin; a row of six dusky spots on the central band. Hind wings with a submarginal olivaceous band varied with silver ; anal angle ochreons, enclosing a violaceous spot. Hab. Abyssinia. B.M. Ale supra atre, fascia media nivea ad apicem anticarum coarc- tata ; corpus fuscum. 9. CHARAXES BRUTUS. Papilio brutus, Cramer, Pap. t. 241. f. E, F; Godart, Enc. M. ax.op. 351. 0.3. Nymph. brutus, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 308. n. 5; Trimen, Rhop. Afric. Austr. i. p. 173. n. 100. Eribea brutus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 47. n. 422. Hab. Sierra Leone; Coast of Guinea. B.M. C. brutus, var. Port Natal. B.M. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. XLI. 626 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE SPECIES OF CHARAXES, [Nov. 14, Ale supra atre, margine postico ferrugineo ; fascia media ferru- ginea, marginem posticum approximante ; antice basi ferru- yinee : subtus ferruginee, antice variis maculis nigris ; postice fascia pallida submarginate. 10. CHARAXES EUDOXUS. Papilio eudocus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 65. n. 203 ; Jones, Icon. v. t. 53; Drury, Ill. iii. pl. 33. f. 1, 2 ; Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 352. n.6; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 309. n. 12. Hab. Sierra Leone. . Div. 2. Ale subtus basi lineis nigris seripte. Note.—C. eudoxus is closely allied to the following species, but has the same marking underneath at the base of the wings as in the former species. 11. CHARAXES LUCRETIUS. Papilio lucretius, Cramer, Pap. t. 82. f. E, F; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ili. pt. 1. p. 84. n. 261 ; Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 352. n. 7. Nymphalis lucretius, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn, Lepid. p. 308. n. 6. Eribea lucretia, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. n. 425. Hab. Coast of Guinea. B.M. 12. CHARAXES CYNTHIA, sp.n. (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 3.) Upperside black-brown, crossed by a central ferruginous band, as in C. lucretius, divided into spots by the nervures towards the apex of the front wings, and incurved towards the anterior margin ; outer margin deeper ferruginous, divided into marginal spots by the ner- vures in the front wings; base reddish brown ; inner margin of hind wings covered with long brown hairs ; front marginal edge of anterior wings reddish brown, with four spots of the same colour in couples just below it, two at the end of the cell, and two just beyond. Body golden brown ; abdomen pale; head and prothorax reddish ; palpi white externally. Underside—front wings reddish grey, crossed beyond the middle by a band of large pale oval ferruginous spots, tapering towards the apex, and curving at the top towards the anterior margin, enclosing ochreous lunules, and bordered outwardly by faint silvery lunules ; the last three spots bordered inwardly, the lowest one with green- grey deeply margined with black, the other two with ochreous bor- dered outwardly with ferruginous; a large irregular black patch marked with three silvery streaks near the anal angle; a reddish elongate spot at the anal angle ; front marginal edge silver from the base to the end of the cell; cell ochreous, enclosing four irregular reddish spots ; two similar spots at the end of the cell, margined outwardly with ochreous, and three similar lunular spots placed ob- liquely just beyond; a black and ferruginous spot just below the 1865.] MR. A. G, BUTLER ON THE SPECIES OF CHARAXES. 627 middle of the median nervure. Hind wings ferruginous ; basal half crossed by three wavy bands of grey, the central one distinct, silvery ; apical half with irregular reddish grey submarginal bands, bordered outwardly by a lunulate line of violaceous; wings crossed by a cen- tral irregular silver band from the middle of the front margin to the inner margin just above the anal angle; an irregular row of eight spots between the nervures, outside the central band, the seven upper ones ochreous, lunular, the eighth silver, linear ; a yellowish green spot at the anal angle, bounded inwardly by a fine pale blue line and two black dots; inner margin streaked with grey. Body whitish ochreous. Hab. Ashanti. B.M. Ale maris sine fascia media, basi non ferruginee. 13. CHARAXES PROTOCLEA. Charaxes protoclea, Feisthamel in Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1850, p. 260; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 309. n. 14. Hab. Cazamanea, Western Tropical Africa. B.M. 14. CHARAXES ANTICLEA. Papilio anticlea, Drury, Ill. iii. t. 27. f. 5, 6; Godart, Ene. M. ix. p, 353. n. 9. Nymph. anticlea, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 309. n. 13. Papilio horatius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 64. n. 202 ; Jones, Icon. v. t. 16. f. 3, 4. Nymph. horatius, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 354. n. 13. Charaxes horatius, Feisthamel in Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1850, . 259. x Hab. Sierra Leone. B.M. 15. CHARAXES ETHALION. Charazes ethalion, Boisduval in Delegorgue, Voy, Afriq. ii. p. 593. Nymph. erithalion, Boisduval, MS. N. ethalion, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 309. n. 21, pl. 48. f. 1; Trimen, Rhop. Afric. Austr. i. p. 170. n. 98. Hab. Zooloo, Port Natal, &e. B.M 16. CHARAXES VIOLA, sp. n. (PI. XXXVI. fig. 4.) Female. Upperside—front wings brown; outer margin reddish ; a broad ferruginous band near the hind margin, interrupted above by a brown patch and by the nervures. Hind wings, basal half brown, apical half white tinted with blue-green ; outer margin brown, with orange upper edging, green below the outer tail ; a submarginal row of violaceous lunules; two black spots at the anal angle. Underside only differs from C. ethalion in the brighter red of the submarginal lunules, in the central white band being only indicated by a paler shade of brown, and the less distinct black markings. Hab. West Africa. B.M. 628 MR. A.G. BUTLER ON THE SPECIES OF CHARAXES. [Nov. l4, Ale maris fulve, fasciis nigris maculatis. 17. CHARAXES BOUETI. Charaxes boueti, Feisthamel in Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1850, p- 261. Nymph. boueti, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p- 309. n. 15. Hab. Gambia. 18. CHARAXES CANDIOPE. Nymphalis candiope, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 353 ; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 309. n. 16. Hab. Congo. B.M. Ale fusce, maculis pallidis submarginate ; fascia media fulva, apice anticarum interrupta: postice margine angusto pallido: subtus lunulis viridi-flavis fasciate. 19. CHARAXES FABIUS. Papilio fabius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 69. n. 201; Go- dart, Enc. M. ix. pt. 1. p. 353. n. 8. Nymph. fabius, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p- 309. n. 28. Hab. India ; Indian Islands. B.M. 20. CHARAXES LAMPEDO. Eribea lampedo, Hiibner, Samml. exot. Schmett. Band ii. pl. f. 3, 4. . Nymph. lampedo, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p- 309. n. 31. Hab. q Note.—This species is closely allied to C. fabius, but does not agree with it in the subapical portion of the band of the fore wing, or the submarginal spotting on the underside. 21. CHARAXES IOCASTE. Charazes iocaste, Boisduval, MS. ; E. Doubl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. App. p. 28. Npmph. iocaste, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p- 309. n. 17. Hab. Senegal. B.M. 22. CHARAXES SOLON. Papilio solon, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 69. n. 216; Jones, Icones, v. t. 63. f. 2; Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 357. n. 24; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 309. n. 26. Hab. 2 1865.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE SPECIES OF CHARAXES. 629 Ale fusce, fascia media alba, ceruleo-viridiscente. 23. CHARAXES ETEOCLES, Papilio etheocles, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 64. n. 200; Cramer, Pap. pl. 119. f. D, E; Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 355. n. 17. Nymphalis etheocles, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 308. n. 7. Eribea etheoclessa, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. n, 431. Hab. Coast of Guinea; Sierra Leone. 24. CHARAXES EPHYRA. Nymphalis ephyra, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 355. n. 18. Charaxes ephyra, Feisthamel in Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1850, p- 258. Nymph. ephyra, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p- 308. n. 8. Hab. Cazamansa, West Coast of Africa. 25. CHARAXES ETESIPE. Nymphalis etesipe, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 355. n. 19. Papilio etheocles, Drury, Il. iii. pl. 10. Nymph. etesipe, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p- 308. n. 9. Hab. Sierra Leone. Ale maris fusce, maculis ceruleis viridibusve submarginate : Semine antice plerumque fascia obliqua media alba, raro fer- ruginea. 26. CHARAXES CACUTHIS. Charares cacuthis, Hewitson, Exot. Butterf. v. 3, pl. 48. f. 12, 13. Hab. Madagascar (Coll. Mr. Hewitson). 27. CHARAXES ETHETA. Nymphalis etheta, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 356. n. 20; Guérin, Icon. R. An. Ins. p. 477, pl. 78. f.4; Gmffith’s An. Kingd. Ins. Lep. pl. 2. f.4; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p- 308. n. 10. Hab. West Coast of Africa. 28. CHARAXES TIRIDATES. Papilio tiridates, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 11. n. 43; Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 26. n. 195; Cramer, Pap. t. 161. f. A, B; Drury, Il. iii. t. 23. f. 1, 2; Donovan, Ins. of India, pl. 23. f. 3; Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 354. n. 14. Nymphalis tiridates, Lucas, Hist. Nat. Lép. Exot. t. 62. f. 2; Boisduval in Delegorgue, Voy. Afriq. ii. p. 593; Trimen, Rhop. Afric, Austr. i. p.172. n. 99. 630 MR. A.G, BUTLER ON THE SPECIES OF CHARAXES. [Nov. 14, Charaxes tiridates, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p- 508. n. 11. Q@. Papilio marica, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 113. n. 346; Donovan, Naturalist’s Repos. 11, pl. 37. f.1; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 310. n. 31. Nymphalis marica, Mus. Banks. Hab. Sierra Leone; Ashanti. B.M. 29. CHARAXES NUMENES. Nymphalis numenes, Hewitson, Exot. Butterf. ii. pl. 38. f. 9,10,11. Hab. Sierra Leone. B.M. 30. CHARAXES AMELIA. Charaxes amelia, Guérin Méneville, sér. 2. t. 13. (1861) p. 171, pl. 5. f. 1. Hab. Gaboon ; Sierra Leone. B.M. 31. CHARAXES BOHEMANI. Charaxes bohemani, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monatschr. (1859) p- 321, pl. 6. f. 3. Hab. South Africa ? 32. CHARAXES SMARAGDALIS, sp. n. (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 5.) Male. Upperside—front wings deep brown, inner margin glossed with greenish blue; a submarginal row of six pale blue-green spots along the outer margin, the two nearest the apex very pale, placed obliquely from the costal nervure Wings crossed in the middle by a broad oblique blue-green band, very broad below, becoming abruptly narrower above the third median nervule. Hind wings, basal half deep brown, glossed with greenish blue; apical half pale green ; outer margin deep brown, with a pale green sinuate lunulate edge and a submarginal row of seven pale green spots with white centres between the nervures. Tails very short; inner margin densely clothed with pale brown hairs. Body deep brown. Underside olivaceous ; front wings, basal portion ochreous; cell erossed by three small irregular angulated black bands, margined with grey ; three similar markings below the cell; a similar line margined outwardly with ochreous at the end of the cell, and a lunu- late black band, also margined with ochreous, placed obliquely from just below the end of the cell to the submedian nervure, the outer edge of the lowest lunule bluish below; outer margin ochreous, with a submarginal row of spots, the two uppermost ones white, the two lowest ocellate, tricoloured (grey, ochreous, and black), the rest ochreous. Hind wings olivaceous, marked with various lines and spots as in C. ¢iridates; but the lines are a little more angular, and the inner submarginal ochreous lunules are better defined. Hab. Congo. B.M. This species is allied to C. tiridates, from which it scarcely differs underneath. 1865.] MR. A.G. BUTLER ON THE SPECIES OF CHARAXES. 631 33. CHARAXES CITHERON. Charazes citheron, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monatsschr. p. 308, pl. 8. f. 2, 3. Hab. Port Natal. B.M. 34. CHARAXES THIESTE. Papilio thieste, Stoll, Suppl. Cramer, pl. 32. f. 2, 2B. Eribea thiestessa, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. n. 432. Nymphalis thieste, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p- 307. n. 18. N. thurias, Godart, Enc. M. ix. pt. 1. p. 354. n. 15. Hab. Caffraria. 35. CHARAXES XIPHARES. Papilio xiphares, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 71. n. 221; Cramer, Pap. t. 377. f. A, B; Godart, Enc. M. ix. pt. 1. p. 357. n. 25. Nymphalis xtphares, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 309. n. 19; Trimen, Rhop. Afric. Austr. i. p. 167. n. 97. Hab. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. Note.—This species will probably prove to be the female of thieste. Ale maris nigre ; postice margine albo-viridiscente, ocellis nigris albo-pupillatis : subtus omnes fusco ceruleoque variegate, Sascia flava distincta. 36. CHARAXES EURYALUS. 3. Papilio euryalus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 70. n. 218; Cramer, Pap. t. 74. f. A, B. Eribea euryale, Hiibner, Voy. bek. Schmett. n. 435. @. Papilio nisus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iit. pt. 1. p. 70. n. 219; Cramer, Pap. pl. 150. f. A, B; Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 357. n. 23; Lucas, Hist. Nat. Lép. Exot. pl. 63. f.1; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 309. n. 25, Hab. Amboyna. B.M. Ale ferruginee ; postice oceéllis nigris albo pupillatis: subtus ochree, basi lineis nigris variegate, postice ocellis violaceis submarginate, lunulisque ferrugineis. 37. CHARAXES LATONA, sp.n. (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 1.) Upperside ferruginous, paler towards the outer margin; a sub- marginal row of black spots with white centres along the outer mar- gin in the hind wings; outer marginal edge brown; a zigzag pale brown submarginal line extending from the front margin of the front wings to the middle of the hind wings, in the hind wings scarcely perceptible. Front wings elongate; a black spot at the end of the cell; three lunular spots placed vertically just beyond it, and ex- tending to the third median branch ; two contiguous hastate spots a 632 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE SPECIES OF CHARAXES. [Nov. 14, little way beyond the cell; apex brown. Body ferruginous; an- tennee black. Underside ochreous; basal half with two irregular, oblique, dull ochreous bands outlined with black, much the same form as in C: euryalus ; a lunulate line, extending from the anterior margin near the apex of the front wing to the anal angle of the hind wing, mar- gined inwardly with dull ochreous. Front wings, outer margin dull ochreous, with a paler marginal line and a row of indistinct ferrugi- nous submarginal spots, getting smaller and less distinct towards the front margin. Hind wings, marginal edge dull ochreous ; a sub- marginal row of violaceous ocelli; the pupil black, surrounded with greenish on the outer edge of each ocellus ; a submarginal row of ferruginous lunules below the common lunulate lme ; between the lunules and ocelli dull ochreous. Hab. Timor. B.M. Div. 3. Ale subtus albo, fusco, rubro atroque varie striga ceerulea; margo posticus posticarum plerumque lunulis flavis. Ale supra fusce, maculis ochreis submarginate, fascia media ochrea ad anteriorem interrupta; margo posticus posticarum maculis rubris ochreisque submarginatus, lunulis flavis marginatus. 38. CHARAXES CAPHONTIS. Charazes caphontis, Hewitson, Exot. Butterf. i. pt. 48. f. 14, 15. Hab. Fiji Islands (Coll. Mr. Hewitson). Ale supra albe; margine atro, albo-punctato; corpus album, antennis nigris. 39. CHARAXES PYRRHUS. Papilio pyrrhus, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. ii. p. 749. n. 25; Clerck, Icones, t. 25. f. 2; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 61. n. 192; Cramer, Pap. pl. 220. f. A, B; Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 356. n. 22; Lucas, Hist. Nat. Lép. Exot. pl. 63. f. 2. Nymphalis pyrrhus, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 309. n. 24. Eribea pyrrhichia, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. n. 433. Hab. Amboyna. Note.—The specimen in the Banksian Collection has no connexion whatever with this species, it certainly has the old label attached to it with the name “pyrrhus” inscribed upon it; but it is only a variety of C. athamas. The specimen described and figured by Lucas as C. pyrrus (sic) is so different in aspect to all the other figures of this species that I am almost inclined to think it distinct ; the anal tail is almost gone, the submarginal spots and bands all seem to meet at the anal angle, and the whole of the outer marginal portion of the hind wing is suffused with purple; these differences may be occasioned by a desire of the artist to improve upon nature ; but if not, there is no doubt as to its being a new species. 1865.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE SPECIES OF CHARAXES. 633 40. CHARAXES GALAXxtA, sp.n. (PI. XXXVII. fig. 2.) Upperside—front wings, basal half cream-coloured, apical half black-brown ; four cream-coloured spots in couples placed beyond the cell ; a submarginal row of eight similar spots along the outer margin. Hind wings, basal half broadly cream-coloured, becoming greenish along its outer edge ; apical half brown-black ; a marginal row of green lunular spots from above the third subcostal nervule to the anal angle; an orange spot at the anal angle. Tails long. Body, head brown, spotted with cream-colour; thorax greenish grey ; abdomen cream-coloured. Underside—front wings olivaceous, with irregular central white band and greyish anal angle. The markings are the same as in C. sempronius, excepting that the submarginal spots are smaller and further from the edge of the wing, and the black spot at the end of the cell is much larger and continued below the cell. Hind wings olivaceous, with a small central white patch tapering from the front margin to the end of the cell. The markings the same as in N. sempronius, excepting that the hind marginal yellow lunules are very small, the narrow black band at the end of the cell is more irregular and terminates a little below the cell, and the three subapical blue spots are wanting. Hab. Timor. B.M. 41. CHARAXES KADUNII. Charaxes kadunii, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monatsschr. (1860) pl. 3. 2; Hab. Caraccas. 42. CHARAXES SEMPRONIUS. Papilio sempronius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iti. pt. 1. p. 62. n. 194; Jones, Icones, v. t. 67 ; Donovan’s Drawings in Bibl. Hope, Oxford ; Godart, Enc. M. ix. pt. 1. p. 354. Nymphalis sempronius, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 309. n. 27. Jasia australis, Swainson, Zool. Ind. 2nd ser. t. 114. Churaxes tyrteus, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monatsehr. (1859) p. 399, pl. 9. f. 3. Hab. Australia. B.M. Ale nigre, basi fusce, fascia communi alba ceruleo marginata ; postice, et sepe antice, maculis albis submarginate ; caudis ceruleis : corpus fuscum. 43. CHARAXES SCHREIBERI. Nymphalis schreiberi, Godart, Enc. M. ix. App. p. 825. n. 11,12; Horsfield, Deser. Cat. Lep. East India Comp. pl. 6. f. 3,3 a; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 309. n. 30. Hab. Java. B.M. 634 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE SPECIES OF CHARAXES. [Nov. 14, 44, CHARAXES COGNATUS. Charaxes cognatus, Van dey Hoeven, Tijdsch. voor Entom. pt. 1—4 (1859-61), pl. 9. f. 1, 2. Hab. Moluccas. Ale supra fusce, fascia communi sulphurea ; postice aliquando omnino sulphuree, margine fusco, maculis albis submarginate. 45. CHARAXES ATHAMAS. Papilio athamas, Drury, Ill. i. t. 2. f. 3, 4; Cramer, Pap. t. 89. f. C, D; Godart, Enc. M. ix. pt. 1. p. 353, n. 11; Swainson, Zool. Til. 2nd ser. t. 90. . Jasia athamas. Nymphalis athamas, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p- 309. n. 29. Papilio athamas, Drury, Abbild. und Beschreib. exotisch. Insek. t, 2.8 4: P. pyrrhus, Donovan, Ins. India, pl. 29. f. 3. Eribea athamis, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. n. 430. P. pyrrhus, Mus. Banks. Hab. India; China; Java. B.M. 46. CHARAXES HEBE, sp.n. (PI. XXXVII. fig. 3.) Upperside—front wings, basal half, except the cell, pale greenish ; base and inner margin ochreous; cell grey, brownish in front ; apical half dark brown, with a green oval spot halfway between the end of the cell and the apex. Hind wings pale greenish, base grey ; inner margin brownish ochreous ; outer margin grey, with brown marginal edge and two submarginal rows of black spots with white spots between them; a narrow blue line down each of the tails. Body fuscous ; thorax grey ; head spotted with ochreous ; antennee brown, tipped with red. Underside pale reddish brown ; outer margin deeper-coloured ; a broad central greenish silky patch, rounded in front, widest at the inner margin of front wings, in the hind wings angulated at the median nervure and abruptly tapering to a point at the third median nervule, margined with rich brown, and outwardly by a row of red- dish spots extending from near the apex of the front to the anal angle of the hind wings, lunulate from the middle of the front, to the anal angle of the hind wings, the lunule at the angle of the central patch margined inwardly with white and outwardly with blue, those below it margined with blue inwardly; a greenish oval spot on the front wings, as above ; a black line near the base, crossing the cells obliquely ; two black lunules on the lower part of the abdominal fold ; a submarginal row of small black spots and a blue and yellow line along the outer margin of the hind wings. Tail brown. Body brownish ochreous. Hab. Sumatra. B.M. This insect is closely allied to C. athamas, but is much more ro- 1865.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE SPECIES OF CHARAXES, 635 bust ; the upper wings are much more rounded and longer, the sinu- ation of the outer margin is not so deep, and the wing is more ob- liquely slanted inwards at the anal angle; the apex is very much rounded ; the hind wings are longer, and the outer tail half as long again as the inner one ; underneath, the central band is very much further from the outer margin, only extending to the end of the cell. Div. 4. Alz supra albee, margine fusco, albo-maculato; subtus nivee, fulvo rubrove virgatze, raro variis coloribus maculatee. Ale subtus nivee, fulvo rubrove virgate. 47. CHARAXES EUDAMIPPUS. Charaxes eudamippus, E. Doubleday in Ann. Soc, Ent. France, 1843, p. 217, pl. ®& Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p- 309. n. 32. Hab. Silhet; Assam. B.M. 48. CHARAXES NARCEUS. Nymphalis narceus, Hewitson, Exot. Butterf. i, p. 87, pl. 44. 1, 4. Hab. North China. B.M. 49. CHARAXES DOLON. Charaxes dolon, Westwood, Cabinet, Orient. Entom. p. 55. pl. 27. f. 2, 3; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 309. n. 34. Hab, East Indies. B.M. Ale supra albe, apice late fusco, unimaculato : subtus variis coloribus maculate. 50. CHARAXES DELPHIS. Charazes delphis, E. Doubleday in Aun. Soc. Ent. France, 1843, p- 217, pl. 7; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 309. n. 33. C. concha, Van der Hoeven, Tijdsch. voor Ent. (1859-61), pts. 1-4. pl. 10. f. 1-3. Hab. Silhet; Assam. B.M. Div. 5. Alee basi ferruginez, raro fulvee, apice atree, subtus lineis, punctis strigaque pallida variegate. Ale basi fulve ; apice atre, maculis fulvis submarginate ; corpus Suscum. 51. CHARAXES NITEBIS. Nymphalis nitebis, Hewitson, Exot. Butterf. ii. p. 75, pl. 38. f. 7,8. Hab. Celebes. B.M. 636 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE SPECIES OF CHARAXES. [Noyv. 14, Ale ferruginee, antice apice atre ; postice ocellis nigris albo punctatis submarginate : corpus ferrugineum. 52. CHARAXES PSAPHON. Charaxes psaphon, Westwood, Cabinet Orient. Entom. p- 43, pl. 21. Nymphalis psaphon, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p- 309. n. 36. Hab. Ceylon. B.M. 53. CHARAXES BAYA. (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 5.) Nymphalis baya, Moore, Cat. Lepid. East India Comp. p. 207, sp. 424, Horsf. Coll. Hab. Java; India; Borneo. B.M. 54. CHARAXES BERNARDUS. Papilio bernardus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 71, n. 223; Jones, Icones, iv. t. 65. f. 2; Donovan, Ins. of China, pl. 34. Nymphalis bernardus, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 309. n. 35. Satyrus bernardus, Godart, Ent. M. ix. p. 477. n. 2. Papilio polizena, Cramer, Pap. t. 54. f. A, B. Nymphalis polizo, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 399. n. 169. Doxocopa epilais, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 464. Hab. Northern India; China. B.M. 55, CHARAXES AMYCUS. Ohuraxes amycus, Boisd. in litt.; Felder in Wien. Entom. Mo- natschr. (1861) p. 303. n. 21. Hab. Philippine Islands. 56. CHARAXES SON. Charaxes eson, Herrich-Sch. Samml. Aeussereurop. Schmett. iii.? f. 9, 10. Hab. Gold Coast. 57. CHARAXES MARMAX. Charaxes marmazx, Westwood, Cabinet Orient. Entom. p. 43, pl. 21; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 309. n. 37. Hab. Silhet; Assam. B.M. 58. CHARAXES AFFINIS, sp.n. (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 4.) Upperside—front wings, basal half ferruginous, apical half black. Hind wings ferruginous ; hind marginal edge black, with a submar- ginal row of black spots. Body ferruginous. Underside pale ferruginous, varied with ochreous; hind margin glossy, bounded inwardly by a lunulate ferruginous line ; basal half varied with angulated black lines ; a submarginal ferruginous band, interrupted with ochreous at the nervures, tapering to the anterior 1865.] MR. A.G. BUTLER ON THE SPECIES OF CHARAXES. 637 margin of the front wings, where it becomes very indistinct ; on the hind wings distinct, close to the common lunulate line. Front wings, apex with a silver dash ; a silver streak at the anal angle. Hind wings, a marginal ferruginous line and asubmarginal row of greenish ocelli, the pupils black, at the outer edge of each ocellus. Hab. Celebes. B.M. Closely allied to C. baya, and only differs from it above in the absence of a ferruginous spot on the black near the anal angle of the front wing: on the underside the black lines are very differ- ently placed, the continuous submarginal lunulate line is more re- gular and very close to the outer margin, and none of the lines are so angular. We have two specimens in the Museum Collection ; and I have carefully compared them with all the other allied species, and find none that agree with them; and all these species resemble one another so closely in the coloration of the underside that, if the linear markings, which are locally constant (as far as I have been able to judge), are not taken into account, nothing is left to distin- guish the species but the depth of the black margin of the upperside. Note.—C. psaphon and C. baya exactly agree in the marking of the underside. We have a variety of C. baya that resembles C. marmax on the upperside. I think it very doubtful whether any of the species included in the present subdivision are more than varieties of one form; and Mr. William Atkinson, who has studied these insects in their native country and has compared numbers of specimens, assures me that they are all of one species. Div. 6. Ale ferruginez, nigro maculate ; postice bicaudatz : subtus maculis argenteis. 59. CHARAXES JAHLUSA. Nymphalis jahlusa, Boisd. MS.; Trimen, Rhop. Afric. Austr. p. 177. n. 102: Charaxes argynnides, Westwood, Proc. Ent. Soc. London, 1864, p- 10. Hab. Zambesi; Cape of Good Hope. Div. 7. Alz subtus plurimis maculis strigisque variegate ; postieze dentatze, obtuse caudatee. Ale nigre, fascia communi rubra: postice subtus nigro, albo, Serrugineo flavoque maculate. 60. CHARAXES BERENICE. Nymphalis berenice, Drury, Ill. iii. t. 11. f. 1, 2; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii. pt. 1. p. 114. n. 350; Donovan, Nat. Repos. iii. pl. 107; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 310. n. 39. Papilio zingha, Cramer, Pap. pl. 315, f. B, C. Tigridia zingha, Hiibuer, Verz. bek. Schmett. n. 355. Hab. West Coast of Africa; Sierra Leone. B.M. 638 MR. A.G. BUTLER ON THE SPECIES OF CHARAXES. [Nov. 14, Ale nigre, fascia communi alba: postice subtus nigro, albo, caruleo rubroque maculata, et viridi rubroque fasciate. 61. CHARAXES CALYDONIA, Nymphalis ealydonia, Hewits. Exot. Butterf. p. 86, pl. 43. f. 3, 4. Hab. Malacca (Coll. Mr. Wallace). Div. 8. Alze anticee sub apice angulatee ; posticee caudis dilatatis, Ale albe viridiscentes, nigro varie. 62. CHARAXES ZOOLINA. Nymphalis zoolina, Westwood, MS.; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 309. u. 23, pl. 53. f. 1; Angas, Illustr. Port Natal Ins. pl. 1. f. 7; Trimen, Rhop. Afric. Austr. i. p. 178. n. 103. Hab. Amazoulu ; Port Natal. B.M. Ale ferruginee, nigro varie. 63. CHARAXES NEANTHES. Nymphalis neanthes, Hewits. Exot. Butterf. p. 88, pl. 44. f. 2, 3; Trimen, Rhop. Afric. Austr. i. p. 179. n. 104. Hab. Port Natal. B.M. Div. 9. Alz non caudate, virides ; supra basi nitentes, apice anti- carum tenebrosze. 64. CHARAXES EUPALE. Papilio eupale, Drury, Ill. iii. t. 6. f. 3 (1783). Nymphalis eupale, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 310. n. 41. Papilio amasia, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ili. pt. 1. p. 136. n. 419 (1793) ; Jones, Icones, v. t. 15. f. 2; Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 389. n. 137; Lucas, Lép. Exot. t. 69. Hab. Sierra Leone ; Ashanti. B.M. Div. 10. Alee non caudatee ; supra nigree, anticee maculis czeruleis submarginatz ; corpus fuscum ; subtus cinerez, fasciis fuscis. Ale antice cella cerulea maculisque duabus ceruleis; margo posticus maculis quatuor ceruleis: postice fascia cerulea. 65. CHARAXES MYCERINA, Nymphalis mycerina, Godart, Ene. M. ix. p. 369. n. 65; Lucas, Hist. Nat. Lép. Exot. pl. 65. f. 2; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn, Lepid. p. 310. n. 40, pl. 53. f. 2. Hab. Sierra Leone. B.M. 1865.) MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE SPECIES OF CHARAXES. 639 Ale supra nigre, maculis ceruleis submarginate ; postice den- tate. 66. CHARAXES NESIOPE. Nymphalis nesiope, Hewitson, Exot. Butterf. p. 88, pl. 44. f.5,6. Hab, Sierra Leone (Coll. Mr. Hewitson). The two following species are doubtful :— 67. CHaraxes? THERSANDER. Papilio thersander, Donoyan, Nat. Repos. iii. t. 75. Nymphalis? thersander, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 310. n. 42, N. lampedo ?, id. Hab. Sierra Leone. 68, CHaRAxes? MILTIADES. Papilio miltiades, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 66. n. 205; Jones, Icones, v, t. 80. f. 2; Donovan, Drawings in Bibl. Hope. Oxford ; Godart, Enc. M. ix. p- 358. n. 26. Nymphalis? miltiades, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 310. n. 43. i ———— Note.—Charaxes rayi of Van der Hoeven (Tijdschft voor Ento- mologie, pts. 1-4, 1859-61, pls. 9, 10) is identical with Megistanus beotus of Boisduval (South America) ; there must be some mistake as to the specimen described by him having come from Amboyna. This species is rather variable : specimens from Ega have a greenish tint on the underside; whilst those from New Granada are tinted with violaceous; there is also a difference in the number of black spots on the front margin of the anterior wings below. New Gra- nadian specimens have eleven to twelve, Ega specimens eight to nine ; they are also shorter in the wing; the central band of the upper wings is more regular, the submarginal lunules of the hind wings vary from two to three in number, and the submarginal spots are Sometimes entirely wanting. The specimen figured as C. rayi is probably from Bolivia. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES XXXVI, XXXVIL Pirate XXXVI. | Puate XXXVII. Fig. 1. Charazxes saturnus, p. 624. Fig. 1. Charazes latona, p- 631. 2. phebus, p. 625. 2. galaxia, p. 633. 3. cynthia, p. 626. i 3. hebe, p. 634, 4. viola, p. 627. 4, affinis, p. 636. 5. smaragdalis, p. 630. 5. baya, p. 636, 640 DR. J. E. GRAY ON NEW AFRICAN LIZARDS. [Nov. 14, 3. Descriptions or Two New GeEnerRA or LizARDS FROM DAMARALAND. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S, V.P.Z.S., ETC. (Plate XX XVIII.) The British Museum has lately received from Mr. Andersson some Lizards from Damaraland, among which there are two which ap- pear to have hitherto escaped being described in the Catalogues. As they are both remarkable forms, I proceed to lay the descriptions and figures of them before the Society. The first Lizard belongs to the family dgamide, and to the ter- restrial group of that family, with a depressed body, covered with minute granular scales, and destitute of any anal and femoral pores, which has been called Phrynocephaline (see Cat. Lizards B. M. p- 259). It differs from Phrynocephalus, and all the other genera of that group, in having distinct, though small, sunken ears, with a distinct linear erect opening. The animal is very like the nocturnal Lizards, or Geckotide, in the form of the body, the kind of scales, and the large size of the eyes. But the eyes are covered with distinct valvular lids; and the toes are not dilated, but edged on the outer side with a series of projecting slender scales. PrENOPUS. The head and body depressed; head, body, and limbs covered with uniform, minute, smooth granular scales. The tail conical, with rings of rather larger, smooth, squarish scales. The head rather large. Lips with a single series of very small shields. Eyes large, with distinct valvular lids; pupil roundish. Ears small, linear, open in front of the rather swollen parotoids. Body depressed, covered with minute, small, uniform granules, like scales; scales of the chin and belly rather larger, flatter. Limbs moderate. Toes 5/5; the front subequal, rather broad and depressed, with three series of scales on the upper surface, with a single series of rather convex band-like scales beneath; the hinder unequal, the second the longest, rather depressed, with three or four series of smooth scales above, and three or four series of keeled scales beneath, and with a series of elongated subulate scales forming a fringe on each side of the toes on the sides. The soles of the hind feet covered with minute, small, acute scales. Claws conical, elongate, acute, brown. Prenopus macuuatus. (Pl. XXXVIII. fig. 1.) Grey brown (in spirits), with irregular-shaped groups of small black spots, the spot on the back being subsymmetrical on the two sides ; underside of the tail with irregular blackish cross bars; the underside of head, body, and tail uniform brown-white. Hab. South Africa, Damaraland (Mr. Andersson). The second Lizard belongs to the family Zonuride, with distinct femoral pores, and unarmed caudal scales, which I have called Ci- Salhi abides a7 aruda. — be ee ee eer ee =? = ar a a ee eee a ee SAC SITAIN sT.me sopAps07y 7 ‘snyepnoeu sndowezy T Gurr 38344" eesisbdal w S v * INAXYX Td G98T SZ d ”~ " . “=, — ‘ ek Lite , al c mai ea 4 av % " i id t Ta yb 1865.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON NEW AFRICAN LIZARDS. 641 cignina in my ‘ Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum’ (see p. 49), and to the group of the genera of that family which have large flat dorsal scales, and five toes to each foot. CorRDYLOSAURUS. Head depressed, elongate. Occiput covered with a pair of elon- gated occipital shields, sometimes united into one; interparietal shields absent. Temple covered with several unequal-sized small scales. Body depressed, with a very narrow impressed fold occupy- ing two-thirds of the hinder part of the sides. Back covered with rings of close, square, very obscurely keeled uniform shields, placed in longitudinal series. The tail elongate, conical, tapering, with rings of strongly keeled, rather elongate scales. The limbs covered above with obscurely keeled scales. The belly with four series of thin square shields. Toes 5/5, elongate, slender, linear, sharply clawed ; femoral pores 4/4 or 5/5, large; subanal pores none. The chin and throat covered with hexagonal, thin, smooth scales. The underside of the tail with larger, smoother scales. CorpDYLOSAURUS TRIVIRGATUS. (Pl. XXXVIII. fig. 2.) Whitish (in spirits), with a central broad and a narrow black streak on each side, commencing from the end of the nose, and con- tinued rather beyond the base of the tail ; limbs brown above ; under- side silvery white (in spirits); the frontal nasal shield elongate, nearly as long as the frontal. Hab. South Africa, Damaraland (Mr. Andersson). This Lizard has somewhat the appearance of Platysaurus of Sir Andrew Smith; but the back of that Lizard is covered with small granular scales. It is also like the Gerrhosaurus subtessellatus of Sir Andrew Smith, but differs in the system of coloration and in the form of the frontal nasal shield. The Lizards of this group may be thus divided :— I. The back covered with small granular scales; head depressed, elongate ; interparietal and occipital plates similar, square. PLATYSAURUS CAPENSIS, A. Smith, Ill. Z. S. A. t. 40. PLatysauRus eGuTtatus, A. Smith, App. Ill. Z. S. A. t. 8. II. Back covered with smooth, or only slightly keeled, square scales ; head elongate, depressed ; interparietal shield none; occipital shields elongate, rarely united. CoRDYLOSAURUS. CoRDYLOSAURUS TRIVIRGATUS, 0. S. Frontal nasal elongate. CoRDYLOSAURUS SUBTESSELLATUS. Frontal nasal transverse. Gerrhosaurus subtessellatus, A. Smith, Ill. Z. 8, A. t. 41. f. 1. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. XLII. 642 DR. J. E. GRAY ON NEW AFRICAN LIZARDS. [Noy. 14, G. tessellatus, A. Smith, Ill, Z. 8. A. t. 42. f. 17-20. Pleurostrichus subtessellatus, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M, p. 51. III, Back covered with keeled, square scales ; head short, high; occipital plates broad, short. PLEUROSTRICHUS, Interparietal shield none. PLEUROSTRICHUS BIFASCIATUS. Gerrhosaurus bifasciatus, A. Smith, Ill. Z. 8. A. t. 42. f. 25-27 (head). GERRHOSAURUS. Interparietal shield moderate, polygonal ; occipital short, broad, subtrigonal. GERRHOSAURUS FLAVIGULARIS, A. Smith, Ill. Z. S, A. t. 37, t. 42. f. 1-4 (head). GerruosaurRus Typicus, A. Smith, Ill. Z. 8. A. t. 38. f. 2, t. 42. f. 5-8 (head). GERRHOSAURUS BIBRONII, A. Smith, Ill. Z. S. A. t. 38. f. 1g, t. 42.-f. 9-12 (head). GERRHOSAURUS SEPIFORMIS, A. Smith, Ill. Z. 8S. A. t. 41. f. 2, t. 42. f. 13-16. GERRHOSAURUS LINEATUS, A. Smith, Il. Z. 8. A. t. 42. f. 21-24. GERRHOSAURUS PALLIDUS, Sundevall; A. Smith, Ill. Z. S. A. App. 9. I may here observe that the Lizard which I described as Homo- dactylus turneri (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 59, t. 9. f. 2) is the same as Pachydactylus (Tarentola) bibroni of Sir A. Smith (Illus- trations of the Zoology of South Africa, Reptiles, t. 50. f. 1). I cannot conceive how I overlooked this plate when describing the animal. Sir Andrew Smith observes it is not a typical Tarentola ; this explains why I did not look in that genus for the species. It must now be called Homodactylus bibronit. The Lygodactylus strigatus of the same paper (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 59) is the Hemidactylus capensis of Sir A. Smith, de- scribed and figured in the same work. Dr. Peters, who pointed out these synonyma from the examina- tion of Sir Andrew Smith’s typical specimens, which have been sent to the British Museum since the species were described, informs me that he has “found the latter animal in ‘a fossil state’ in copal received from the coast of Zanzibar, showing that it has a very ex- tensive geographical range.” The figures of both the Lizards given in Plate XXXVIII. are double the natural size. 1865.] ON THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 613 4, On THE Marine Mouuvuscan FAUNA OF THE PROVINCE OF Sourn AUSTRALIA: WITH A LisT OF ALL THE SPECIES KNOWN UP TO THE PRESENT TIME; TOGETHER WITH ReE- MARKS ON THEIR HABITATS AND DISTRIBUTION, ETC. By GeorGE Frencu Anaas, C.M.Z.S., ETc. (Part II.*) CONCHIFERA. Fam. PHOLADID. 1. BARNEA AUSTRALASIZ, Pholas australasie, Gray, MS. Brit. Mus. ; Thesaurus Conchy- liorum, pl. 107. f. 73. Station. Burrowing in soft rock beyond tide-marks. Hab. Spencer’s Gulf. 2. BARNEA SIMILIS. Pholas similis, Gray, MS. Brit. Mus. ; Thesaurus Conchyliorum, pl. 103. f. 12, 13, 14: Station. In soft rock. Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf, Port Adelaide Bar. Abundant also near Auckland, New Zealand. Fam. SoLENIDz. 3. SOLEN VAGINOIDES. Solen vaginoides, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vi. p. 54. Station. Burrowing in sandy flats in sheltered places. Hab. Port Adelaide Creek ; Nepean Bay, Kangaroo Island; also Tasmania. A pretty species, slightly curved, and mottled with flesh-purple. Fam. SAxICAVID&. 4, SAXICAVA AUSTRALIS. Sazicava australis, Lam. Anim. sans. Vert. vi. p. 153. Mactra crassa, Péron. Station. Imbedded in sponges. Hab. Rapid Bay, St. Vincent’s Gulf. 5. *SAXICAVA ANGASI. Saxicava angasi, A. Adams, MS. Col. Cuming. Station. On oyster-banks, living in sandy mud at from 5 to 8 fathoms. Hab. Port Lincoln. This species resembles a gigantic S. australis, some specimens being 23 inches in length. Its difference of station would, however, * For Part I. see P. Z. S. 1865, p. 155. 644 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON THE MARINE [Nov. 14, independently of its large size, induce me to regard it as a distinct species. Fam. ANATINIDZ. 6. *ANATINA ANGASI. Periploma angasi, Crosse et Fischer, Journal de Conchyliologie, 1864, tome iv. no. 4, p. 349. Station. In sandy mud in sheltered bays. Hab. Hardwick Bay ; Spencer’s Gulf. It has been also found at Oyster Bay, on the east coast of Tas- mania. This fine species, which has been described by Messrs. Crosse and Fischer as a Periploma, to which genus, on account of the inequality of its valves, it bears some resemblance, must nevertheless, from its gaping and beaked posterior extremity, be placed in the genus Anatina of Lamarck. 7. ANATINA CRECCINA. Anatina creccina, Valenciennes. Station. In sandy mud. Hab. Hardwick Bay; Spencer’s Gulf; Port Phillip; lawarra Lake and Port Jackson, New South Wales. 8. ANATINA GRACILIS. Anatina gracilis, Reeve, Conchologia Icon. Station. In estuary mud. Hab. Port Adelaide Creek. 9. Myopora OVATA. Myodora ovata, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1844; Conch. Icon. pl 1}i. 4. Station. Dredged on sandy bottom at 2 fathoms, Hab. Port Adelaide Creek, north arm; middle harbour, Port Jackson, New South Wales. 10, CHAMOSTREA ALBIDA. Chama albida, Lam. Cleidotherus chamoides, Stutchbury, Zool. Journal; Sowerby, Genera of Shells, f. 1-3. Station. On oyster-banks. Hab. Port Lincoln ; Rapid Bay ; Port Jackson, New South Wales. Hitherto the locality of this peculiar shell was supposed to be exclusively Port Jackson. Fine large specimens have been obtained by the dredge from the oyster-banks near Port Lincoln. Fam. Macrrip#. 11. TRIGONELLA RUFESCENS. Mactra rufescens, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. (Deshayes’s edit.) vi. p- 102. a an 1865.] MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 645 Station. Burrowing in sand, on shores exposed to the surf. Hab. Encounter Bay, near the sea-mouth of the Murray ; also Tasmania. A solid, flexuously-wrinkled species. 12. TRIGONELLA POLITA. Mactra polita, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vi. p. 222, f. 216, 217. M. glabrata, Schroter. M, australis, Lam. Station. Burrowing on sandy shores, beyond tide-marks. Hab. Spencer’s Gulf and Encounter Bay. This species is more or less banded with light ashy and violet. 13. TRIGONELLA PURA. Mactra pura, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 15. Station. The same as the preceding. Hab. Spencer’s Gulf; Hardwick Bay. A solid, ivory-white species, which ranges westward to Swan River. 14. *TRIGONELLA AMYGDALA. Mactra amygdala, Crosse et Fischer, Journ. de Conch. 1864, p-. 349. Station. In sand, near tide-marks. Hab. Head of Spencer’s Gulf. A small, white, oval species. 15. *SpPISULA ADELAIDE. Spisula adelaide, Angas, MS. Station. In estuary mud, amongst mangrove-swamps. Hab. Port Adelaide Creek. 16. *MuLINIA PINGUIS. Mactra (Mulinia) pinguis, Crosse et Fisch. Journ. de Conch. 1864, p. 349. Station. Unknown. Hab. Port Lincoln. 17. LurRARIA RHYNCHANA. Lutraria rhynchena, Jonas, MS. (Mus. Cuming.) ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. (Lutraria) pl. 4. f. 16. Station. Dredged on oyster-banks. Hab. Port Lincoln. A fine species, obliquely arched, with the anterior end beaked and openly gaping. 18. LurrRARIA PHILIPPINARUM. Lutraria philippinarum, Deshayes, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 71. Station. Same as the preceding. Hab. Port Lincoln. 646 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON THE MARINE [Nov. 14, Fam. TELLINIDZ. 19. H1aruLA BIRADIATA. Solen biradiatus, Wood, Gen. Conch. pl. 33. f. 1; Index Test. pl. 3. f. 26. Station. In the sands at low-water mark. Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf. 20. HiaruLA EPIDERMIA, Soletellina epidermia, Desh. MS. (Mus. Cuming.) ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 1. f. 3. Station. Buried in sand at low water. Hab. Port Lincoln; St. Vincent’s Gulf; Swan River; Port Phillip; Tasmania and Port Jackson. 21. HiaTULA NYMPHALIS. Soletellina nymphalis, Deshayes, MS. (Mus. Cuming.) ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. (Soletellina) pl. 1. f. 2. Station. Same as the preceding species. Hab. Hardwick Bay and St. Vincent’s Gulf. This may perhaps prove to be only an orange-coloured variety of H, biradiata. 22. H1ATULA VITREA. Sanguinolaria vitrea, Desh. P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 326. Station. In deeper water than the other Hiatule. Hab. Port Lincoln; Spencer’s Gulf; also Tasmania. 23. TELLINELLA DELTOIDALIS. Tellina deltoidalis, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vi. p. 206. T’. lactea, Quoy, Voyage de ]’Astrol. Station. In sandy mud, in estuaries. Hab. Port Adelaide Creek. This species has a wide range. It occurs not only in South Au- stralia, Port Phillip, and Tasmania, but in Illawarra Lake and Botany Bay in New South Wales—and also in New Zealand, where it attains a larger size than in the other localities. 24. PERONZODERMA ALBINELLA. Tellina albinella, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vi. p. 194. Station. Buried in the sands at low water on shores exposed to the ocean surf. Hab. Encounter Bay, along the beach towards the sea mouth of the Murray. . There are several varieties in colour of this beautiful shell,—the white variety (Lamarck’s type) being the one most seldom met with, whilst those of a deep rose-colour and an orange flesh tint are com- paratively abundant. 1865.] MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 647 25. MacoMA UMBONELLA. Tellina umbonella, Lam. no. 48 ; Hanley, Desc. Cat. p. 70; Sow. Thes. Conch. pl. 56. f. 13. Station. In sandy bays. Hab. Port Lincoln. 26. ARCOPAGIA DECUSSATA. Tellina decussata, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vi. p. 205. Station. Amongst rocks and stones at low tides. Hab. Rapid and Aldinga Bays; Tasmania and Port Phillip. 27. LATONA EPIDERMIA. Donazx epidermia, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vi. p. 243. D. deltoides, Lam.; Sow. Genera of Shells, no. 10. D. levigata, Dillwyn. Station. In sand at low water. Hab. Encounter Bay ; the Coorong. This species is abundant on most of the sandy shores of the southern portion of Australia. On the coasts of New South Wales and along the Coorong it is eaten by the natives; and large heaps of the shells may be seen about their old fires and camping-places. 28. SEMELE EXIGUA. Semele exigua, H. Adams, P. Z.S. 1861, p. 385. Station. In sand near tide-marks, Hab. Spencer’s Gulf. This beautiful little species is an aberrant form of the genus, and has much the aspect of a Tellina. 29. *SEMELE ADA. Semele ada, Adams & Angas, P. Z.S. 1863, p. 426. Station. Dredged in 3 fathoms water. Hab. Port Adelaide Creek, north arm. 30. DONACILLA PRECISA. Mesodesma precisum, Desh. MS. (Mus. Cuming.); Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 4. f. 31. Station. Sands at low water. Hab. Salt Creek; St. Vincent’s Gulf; Tasmania. 31. DoNACILLA ELONGATA. Mesodesma elongatum, Desh. MS. (Mus. Cuming.); Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 1. f. 5. Station. Sands at low water. Hab. On most sandy shores in both gulfs; New South Wales; Tasmania; Bass’s Straits; Swan River. 648 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON THE MARINE [Nov. 14, 32. *DONACILLA OBTUSA. Mesodesma obtusum, Crosse et Fischer, Journ. de Conch. 1864, p- 350. Station. Sands at low water. Hab. Port Lincoln and St. Vincent’s Gulf. 33. ANAPA TRIQUETRA. Mesodesma triquetrum, Hanley, P. Z. 8. 1843, p. 101. Anapa triquetra, Gray. Station. In sand at low water. Hab. Head of Spencer’s Gulf; Tasmania. 34. ANAPA CUNEATA. Mesodesma cuneatum, Desh. Anim. sans Vert. vi. p. 133. Crassatella cuneata, Lam. Station. In sand at low water. Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf; New Zealand. Fam. VENERIDZ. 35. Car1one (CIRCOMPHALUS) LAMELLATA, Venus lamellata, Lam.; Reeve, Conch. Syst. pl. 68. f. 3. Station. Deep water, on oyster-banks. Hab. Port Lincoln. This magnificent species, with its broad flesh-coloured lamelle, is, when in good condition, one of the most beautiful of bivalve shells. Tt occurs likewise in Bass’s Straits and on the coast of Tasmania. 36. Cu1one (CIRCOMPHALUS) TIARA. Venus tiara, Dillwyn; Reeve, Conch. Syst. pl. 67. f. 3. Station. Deep water ; dredged from oyster-beds. Hab. Port Lincoln. This species occurs at Moreton Bay, on sandbanks. 37. CHI1oNE (CIRCOMPHALUS) ALTA. Venus alta, Sow. Station. Dredged from oyster-beds. Hab. Port Lincoln. Large specimens of this species are found at Shark’s Bay, North- west Australia. 38. Ca1one (TIMOCLEA) AUSTRALIS. Venus australis, Sow. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1835, p. 22. Station. Deep water. Hab. Port Lincoln and Kangaroo Island; Swan River ; Tasmania; Port Jackson, New South Wales. 39. Curtonr (CHAMELEA) APHRODINA. Venus aphrodina, Lam. ; Delessert, Recueil, pl. 11. f. 1. 1865.] MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 649 Station. In sand beyond tide-marks. Hab. Port Lincoln ; Tasmania. A chalky-white species, purple inside, with the valves transversely ridged or striated. : 40. Cuionr (CHAMELEA) CONULARIS. Venus conularis, Lam. Station. On sandy beaches at low tide. Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf; Salt Creek; York’s Peninsula. Similar in form and sculpture to the preceding, but with the valves stained with bluish purple and chestnut. 41. Catonr (CHAMELEA) PERONIT. Venus peroni, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vi. p. 369. Station. In sandy bays at low tide. Hab. Rapid Bay; Aldinga Bay ; Salt Creek ; Tasmania and Port Philip ; also King George’s Sound (large specimens). Like the preceding, but larger and more inflated, and frequently ornamented with zigzag brown lines and spots. 42. Cu1one (CHAMELEA) STRIGOSA. Venus strigosa, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vi. p. 368. Station. Sandy bays at low tide. Hab. York’s Peninsula; St. Vincent’s Gulf; Port Lincoln; King George’s Sound (very large) ; Port Phillip. More elongated, with the ridges waved and crenated. The speci- mens from Port Phillip are beautifully ornamented with a network of dark lines and spots, especially near the ventral margin. 43. Cu1one (CHAMELEA) SCALARINA. Venus scalarina, Lam.; Deless. Recueil, ple 10: f 12. Station. In sand at low-water mark. Hab. Very abundant near the semaphore jetty outside Port Ade- laide. It ranges westward to Swan River. At the head of Spencer’s Gulf a solid white variety occurs, beau- tifully tinged more or less with violet, and wanting the wavy spots which are so characteristic of the ordinary type of this species. Another variety is remarkable in having the ridges wide apart, thin, and erect at the sides. 44. Cuione (Marcia) rasa. Tapes faba, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Station. In estuary mud. Hab. Port Onkaparinga, St. Vincent’s Gulf. Somewhat resembling V. levigata, Sow., but more gibbous and rounded at the sides. 45. *SuNETTA ALICIZ&. Sunetta alicia, A. Adams & Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 425, pl. xxxvuit. f. 18. 650 MR. G. F, ANGAS ON THE MARINE [Nov. 14, Station. Deep water. Hab. Encounter Bay. A very beautiful species, painted with blotches and rays of rose or purple on a flesh-coloured ground. 46. Circe RIVULARIS. Cytherea rivularis, Born ; Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. p. 42. Station. Deep water ; dredged on oyster-banks. Hab. Port Lincoln. Found also at Moreton Bay, on the north-east coast of Australia. 47. *DosINIA DIANA. Dosinia diana, A. Adams & Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 424. Station. Deep water. Hab. Hardwick Bay ; Spencer’s Gulf. A fine species, of a pure white colour, gibbous, and very smooth towards the beaks. 48. Tapes (CUNEUS) GALACTITES. Venus galactites, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vi. p. 359. Station. In deep water. Hab. St. Vincent’s and Spencer’s Gulfs. Of a uniform white colour, with the surface of the valves longi- tudinally striated. 49. RUPELLARIA CRENATA. Venerupis crenata, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vi. p. 164. Station. In holes and crevices of rocks, and at the roots of man- grove trees. Hab. Port Adelaide Creek ; Port Jackson, New South Wales. 50. RuPELLARIA CUMINGI. Rupellaria cumingi, Deshayes. Station. In crevices of rocks and hollow stones. Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf, Rapid Bay, and Encounter Bay. A reddish violet-coloured species, with the transverse ridges ele- gantly frilled. 51. RueELLARIA OBESA. Venerupis obesa, Desh. P. Z. 8. 1853, p. 5. Station. In rocks beyond low water. Hab. Port Elliott; Encounter Bay; also Port Phillip and Tas- mania. Fam. PeTrRIcoLIDA. 52. *NARANIO DIVARICATA. Naranio divaricata, Chemnitz. Station. Deep water. Hab. Aldinga Bay, St. Vincent’s Gulf. 1865.] MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 651 Fam. CarpDIaADz&. 53. Carpium (TRACHYCARDIUM) CYGNORUM. Cardium cygnorum, Desh. Station. Deep water. Hab. Rapid Bay; Holdfast Bay, dredged in 5 fathoms; Swan River. 54, PApyRIDEA TENUICOSTATA. Cardium tenuicostatum, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. (Desh. edit.) vi. p- 372. Station. Deep water. Hab, Hardwick Bay; Spencer’s Gulf; Kangaroo Island; Port Phillip; Port Jackson. Fam. CHAMID. 55. CHAMA FRAGUM? Chama fragum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 9. f. 48. Station. Adhering to dead Pinne and Malleus. Hab. Head of Spencer’s Gulf. 56. CHAMA CRISTELLA? Chama cristella, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. (Deshayes’s edit.) vi. p- 585. Station. On mussel-beds, adhering to one another. Hab. Head of Spencer’s Gulf. Fam. Lucrnip&. 57. *LUCINA CONCENTRICA. Lucina concentrica, A. Adams & Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p- 426, pl. xxxvir. f. 19. Station. Deep water. Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf. 58. *Lucina (CycLas) CUMINGI. Lucina (Cyelas) cumingi, A. Ad. & Angas, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 426, pl. xxxvir. f. 20. Station. Deep water. Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf. A large handsome species, in which the divaricating ridges are acute and imbricate upwards, and are wider apart than in most of this group, which is the Cyclas of Klein. 59. LorIPEsS ICTERICA. Lucina icterica, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Station. In sandy bays. Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf; Hobson’s Bay, Victoria. A small white shell, having the ligament in an oblique internal pit, as in the British L. leucoma. 652 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON THE MARINE [Nov. 14, Fam. LasE1p2&. 60. PyTHINA DESHAYESI. Lucina deshayesi, D’Orb. Station. Deep water. Hab. Rapid Bay, St. Vincent’s Gulf. A very beautiful little shell, in which the ribs divaricate from the centre of the valves, and form erect vaulted scales at the sides, leaving the umbones smooth. Fam. SOLEMYID. 61. SoLEMYA AUSTRALIS, Solemya australis, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vi. p. 124. Station. In sandy mud, 2 to 4 fathoms. Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf. This is the largest species of the genus. Its delicate shells, con- taining the animal, are frequently cast ashore at Holdfast Bay and on the semaphore beach after heavy gales. Fam. ASTARTID. 62. CRASSATELLA CASTANEA. Crassatella castanea, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842, p. 42. Station. Deep water. Hab. Port Lincoln. This magnificent species is the largest Crassatella known. One of my specimens measures 43 inches in length. 63. MyTILicARDIA CRASSICOSTATA. Cardita crassicostata, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. (Desh. edit.) p. 430. Cardita tridacnoides, Menke. _ Station. Amongst rocks and stones beyond tide-mark. Hab. Rapid and Aldinga Bays; St. Vincent’s Gulf. This beautiful shell, which varies considerably in growth and dis- tribution of colour, is also met with in the Philippines. Occasionally specimens occur of a bright rose-colour, or saffron-yellow. 64. *Myriuicarpia (THECALIA) MACROTHECA. Thecalia macrotheca, A. Ad. & Angas, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 39. Station. Under stones at low tide. Hab. Rapid Bay. Fam. MytTinip&. 65. Myritus (AULACOMYA) HIRSUTUS. Mytilus hirsutus, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vil. p. 38. Station. Adhering to rocks and stones at low water. Hab. Head of Spencer’s Gulf. This hairy species is also found in New South Wales and New Zealand. 1865. | MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 653 66. Myrizus (AuLACoMYA) MENKEANUS. Mytilus menkeanus, Phil.; Dunker, MS. in Mus. Cuming. Station. Adhering to stones in clusters. Hab. St. Vincent’s and Spencer’s Gulfs. 67. Myritus (AULACOMYA) ROSTRATUS. Mytilus rostratus, Dunker, MS. Mus. Cuming. Station. In clusters on rocks. Hab. Encounter and Guichen Bays. 68. *CRENELLA PAULUCCIZ. Crenella pauluccie, Crosse, Journ. de Conch. 1863, p. 89, pl. 1. f.8. Station. Nestling amongst Zostera on sandy flats. Hab. Head of Spencer’s Gulf and St. Vincent’s Gulf. Varying in colour from bright green to orange. 69. CRENELLA (MopIoLaRIA) CUMINGIANA. Modiola cumingiana, Dunker, MS. Mus. Cuming. Station. 1 to 3 fathoms, amongst Zostera. Hab, St. Vincent’s Gulf. 70. PERNA AUSTRALIS. Modiola australis, Gray, Appendix to King’s Voyage. Station. Abundant at the roots of seaweed, and on Zostera flats in moderately shallow water. Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf. A large species somewhat resembling in colour M. tulipa, Lam., from the West Indies ; but of a more contracted growth on the posterior side, and convexly dilated anteriorly. 71. PERNA FLAVIDA. Volsella favida, Dunker, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 364. _ Modiola flavida, Reeve, Conch. Icon. (Modiola) pl. 10. f. 77. Station. With P. australis. Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf; Bay of Manilla (Cuming). Fam. VULSELLID&. 72. VULSELLA LIM#®FORMIS. Vulsella limeformis, Reeve, Conch. Icon. (Vulsella) pl. 2. f.10a& 6. Station. Imbedded in sponges. Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf. 73. VULSELLA RUDIS. Vulsella rudis, Reeve, Conch. Icon. (Vulsella) pl. 2. f. 12. Station. In sponge. Hab. Port Lincoln. 654 MR, G. F. ANGAS ON THE MARINE [Nov. 14, Fam. AvIcuLIDz. 74. AVICULA SCALPTA. Avicula scalpta, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 11. f. 38. Station. Attached to bunches of Zoophytes and Algz. Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf; Guichen Bay ; Tasmania. 75. AVICULA PULCHELLA. Avicula pulchella, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 8. f. 22. Station. Same as preceding. Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf; Port Phillip. 76. AVICULA RUTILA. Avicula rutila, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 8. f. 19. Station. Same as preceding. Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf. 77. AVICULA PUNCTULATA. Avicula punctulata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 12. f. 42. Station. Same as preceding. Hab. Port Lincoln and St. Vincent’s Gulf. All the foregoing are delicate, subtransparent species, varying con- siderably in colour and markings. 78. MARGARITIFERA MARGARITIFERA. Mytilus margaritiferus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1153. Margarita sinensis, Leach. Avicula meleagrina, De Blainv. A. radiata, Leach. Station. Deep water. Hab. Spencer’s Gulf; Coffin’s Bay ; and the Great Australian Bight. This is the “ Pearl Oyster,” a species generally distributed through- out the Indo-Pacific marine mollusean province. 79. MALLEUS ALBUS. Malleus albus, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vii. p. 91. Ostrea malleus-albus, Chemn. Var. Malleus normalis, Lam. Station. On oyster-banks, buried in the sand, in from 2 to 5 fathoms water. Hab. Port Lincoln. This species occurs also at Moreton Bay and the Philippines. 80. MALLEUS REGULUS. Ostrea regula, Forsk. Desc. Anim. p. 124. O. ocrea, Martini. Vexillum moluccanum, Chemn. Ostrea vulsella, Gmel. 1865.] MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 655 Malleus vulsellatus, Lam. Station. Same as preceding. Hab. Head of Spencer’s Gulf. 81. PINNA ZEYLANICA. Pinna zeylanica, Gray, Appendix to Dieffenbach’s Travels. Station. Buried in sandy mud on flats in shallow water. Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf; Kangaroo Island ; New Zealand ; More- ton Bay ; Shark’s Bay. Fam. ARCADZ. 82. BaRBATIA LIMA. Arca lima, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1844. Station. Deep water. Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf; Philippines (Cuming). 83. BARBATIA RADULA. Barbatia radula, A. Ad. Station. Deep water. Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf. Common in Port Phillip. 84. *Barsatia (ACAR) LAMINATA. Barbatia (Acar) laminata, Angas, MS. Station. Deep water. Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf. In this species (which belongs to the same group as 4. divaricata, Sow., and 4. gradata, Brod. & Sow.) the sculpture consists of re- gular layers of frilled laminz, overlapping each other like tiles on a roof. 85. AXINIA RADIANS. Pectunculus radians, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. (Desh. edit.) vi. p-. 495. Station. Deep water. Hab. Port Lincoln ; Bass’s Straits. 86. AXINIA OBLIQUA. Pectunculus obliquus, Reeve, P. Z. 8. 1843. Station. Deep water. Hab. St. Vincent’s and Spencer’s Gulfs; Swan River and King George’s Sound. Fam. Lepip#. 87. LEDA CRASSA. Nucula crassa, Hinds, P. Z. 8S. 1843, p. 99. Station. Deep water. Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf. A very fine species, of great rarity. 656 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON THE MARINE [Nov. 14, Fam. PECTINID. 88. PrcTEN AUSTRALIS. Pecten australis, Sow. Thesaurus Conch. i. p. 76, pl. 19. f. 210 & 220. ? P. asperrimus, Lam. Station. On sandy banks amongst ooze, and in sponge, 2 to 5 fathoms. Hab. St. Vincent’s and Spencer’s Gulfs; at Hardwick Bay, large; also King George’s Sound and Swan River, Western Australia. Like many of the species of this genus, P. australis is very vari- able in colour: dark violet-brown or orange-rose are its prevailing tints, but occasionally specimens are found of a bright scarlet, and also of a peculiar vivid lemon-yellow. The large specimens from Hardwick Bay are curiously like P. asperrimus, Lam. ; but after comparing a series I should hardly like to separate them, the tripar- tite character of the ribs being visible in all. 89. Pecren (CHLAMYS) BIFRONS. Pecten bifrons, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. (Desh. edit.) vii. p. 131. Station. Deep water, on oyster-banks. Hab. Port Lincoln, Port Adelaide, and Kangaroo Island. This fine species is more or less of a lilac-bloom colour, ribbed with dark purple or rose, whilst the interior is universally of an in- tense purple throughout. The granular shagreen character of the valves is peculiar. 90. VoLA LATICOSTATA. Pecten laticostatus, Gray, Yates’s ‘ New Zealand,’ Appendix. Station. In deep sheltered bays. Hab. Port Lincoln. This species is without doubt the P. laticostatus of Gray, from New Zealand. The ribs of the right valve are broad, flatly convex, and smooth, as in P. medius, Lam., to which it is closely allied. Fam. RADULIDA. 91. RADULA LIMA. Ostrea lima, Linn. Lima squamosa, Lam.; Sow. Thes. Conch. pl. 21. f. 17, 18. Station. In sponges and clefts of rocks, deep water. Hab. Rapid Bay. 92. RapuLta (MANTELLUM) ANGULATA. Lima angulata, Sow. Thesaurus Conch. p. 86, pl. 22. f. 39, 40. Station. Deep water. Hab. Port Lincoln. 93. RapuLa (LIMATULA) BULLATA. Lima bullata, Sow. Genera of Shells, f. 3. 1865.] MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 657 Ostrea bullata, Born. Lima fragilis (var. 6), Lam. Station. Deep water, and under rocks and stones at low spring tides. Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf; Port Jackson, New South Wales. Fam. SPoNDYLID. 94. SPoNDYLUS TENELLUS? Spondylus tenellus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 18. sp. 67. Station. Adhering to dead shells and stones in deep water. Hab. Rapid Bay, South Australia. This pretty red-tinted Spnodylus comes so near to the S. tenellus of Reeve, from the Pacific, that I am inclined to regard it as belong- ing to that species. : Fam. OstREIDz. 95. OsTREA EDULIS? Ostrea edulis, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1148. Station. On mud-banks in moderately deep water. Hab. St. Vincent’s and Spencer’s Gulfs. This species, which is procured in abundance for the Adelaide market, approaches so closely to the European O. edulis as scarcely to be distinguished from it. 96. OsTREA CUCULLATA. Ostrea cucullata, Born, Mus. Cees. Vindob. O. mordazx, Gould’s ‘ Otia.’ Station. On rocks between tide-marks. Hab. Common everywhere on rocky shores, from King George’s Sound to New South Wales. It is excellent eating and of a deli- cious flavour. BRACHIOPODA. Fam. TEREBRATULIDZ. 97. WALDHEIMIA FLAVESCENS. Terebratula flavescens, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vii. p. 330. T. dentata, Lam. T. australis, Quoy. T. recurva, Quoy. Station. Attached to the under surface of shelving rocks partly exposed at low spring-tides. Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf; South Australia. This species is also found in comparative abundance in some parts of Sydney Harbour, New South Wales. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. XLIII. 658 RITTER V. FRAUENFELD ON NEW ViviPAR#. [Nov. 14, 5. DescripTions or SevEN New Spectres or THE Genus Vivi- pARA, Linx. By Georce, Rirrer v. FRAVENFELD. When passing some time at London in the summer of 1865, I found among the last acquisitions from Africa and Eastern India, made by the late Mr. Hugh Cuming for his splendid collection, some new species of Paludina, which, with wonted kindness, the most regretted possessor entrusted to me for description and publication. These are— 1. Vivrpara scLATERI. Testa obtuso-conica, olivacea, imper- forata, anfractibus quinque, modice convexis ; costis duabus paribus intervallis distantibus instructis, costa tertia sutu- rali; anfractibus ultimis supra angulum aperture superiorem obtusioribus ; apertura altitudine teste dimidio breviore, ovali, parum producta, intus cerulescente. Obs. From Japan, of ashape intermediate between V’. ingallsiana, Lea, and V. oxytropis, Bus. I have named this species in honour of Mr. P. L. Sclater, to whose kindness I owe so many obligations. 2. VivipaRA SIAMENSIS. Testa depressa, solida, acute conica, late umbilicata, pallide olivacea, margine anfractuum superiore subalbescente, inferiore anfractus tertii et quarti purpureo- fusco, parum nitente; anfractibus quinque, valide convenis, subdivaricatis, sutura profunda ; apertura valide dextrorsum directa, magna, ampla, margine valide incrassato, intus alba ; anfractibus obscure et interrupte sptraliter striatis : operculo tenui, pallide fusco, nucleo excentrico. Obs. The only species with equally thickened peristoma is, as far as I know, V’. columna, a fossil form lately described by Von Martens. 3. VivipARA HELICIFORMIS. Testa subglobosa, umbilico an- gusto profundo, saturate olivacea, parum nitente ; anfracti- bus quingue (?), parum convewis, sutura impressa; anfractu ultimo extra angulum aperture superiorem declinato, ceteris lineis punctatis subtilissime spiraliter striatis; apertura me- diocri, pyriformi, intus sordide cerulea, margine nigro nitido. Obs. From Central Africa; most nearly related to V. ethiops, Reeve. 4. Vivrpara puncTaTa. Testa conica, tenui, umbilico magno amplo, olivacea, subtilissime flavo punctata ; anfractibus quin- que, subconvewis, supra subcostatis, lineis creberrimis undulatis obscure striatis, sutura impressa ; apertura modice ovalt, intus fuscescente, diaphana, maculis flavis extraneis intus opacis, margine, subtili, acuto, nigro marginato. Hab. Western Africa. 5. VIviPpARA JEFFREYSII. Testa turbinata, subsolida, olivacea subnitente, anfractibus superis purpureo-pruinosis ; umbilico profundo, amplo ; anfractibus quinque et dimidio, ad suturam 1865.] DR. J. MURIE ON TROCHETA SUBVIRIDIS. 659 profundam impressam convexis divaricatis, deinde plane decli- vibus, ultimo medio subimpresso sicuti in V. sadleri, infra sub- angulato; apertura ovali, cerulescente, margine acuto: oper- culo concavo, castaneo. Obs. Through Dr. Kirk, from Lake Nyassa. Ihave named it asa mark of respect to the author of the newest publication concerning British conchology. I do not know any recent species of Paludina with which it could be parallelized. 6. VivIPARA CAPILLATA. Testa conica, tenui, ampliter umbili- cata, olivacea, parum nitente; anfractibus quinque et dimidio, supra obliquis, angulariter subplane declivibus, sutura parum impressa, anfractu ultimo infra geniculato, costis seriebus tribus intermediis paribus intervallis distantibus pilis brevis- simis ornatis; apertura mediocri, orbiculari, intus albescente, margine acuto, nigro. Obs. Through Dr. Kirk, from Lake Nyassa. 7. VIvIPARA ROBERTSONI. Testa acuta, conica, solidiuscula, umbilico amplo, callo circumducto, olivacea vel eburnea; an- Sractibus sex, supra modice convexis, obliquis, sutura haud im- pressa, anfractu ultimo infra geniculato; apertura magna, rotundo-ovali, intus albescente, plerumque maculis dilutis fuscis picta, margine acuto, precipue ad labium internum nigro. Obs. Through Dr. Kirk, from Lake Nyassa. I have given to this species the name of Mr. David Robertson of Glasgow, in acknow- ledgment of the very effectual assistance which he was pleased to lend me in my deep-sea dredging-operations at Great Cumbray. 6. On a Lercu (Trocuera susviripis, Durrocu.) FOUND IN THE VisceRA OF A Monuccan DEER (CERVUS MOLUCCEN- sts, Mtxuer). By James Murisz, M.D., Prosectror to THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. In the month of July of this year, while a post mortem examina- tion was being made of a Moluccan Deer at the Society’s Gardens, there was found among the viscera a Leech of such dimensions as to excite the astonishment of the various parties present at the opera- tion. Unfortunately the viscera were somewhat disturbed and con- fused when the Leech was first observed, so that it might be rash to say whether it was attached to the stomach, the intestines, or to the organs of the chest. At the time this specimen of Leech was obtained I myself was out of town; but as to the credibility of those present I need only men- tion Mr. A. D. Bartlett’s name as an authoritative witness, to allay suspicion of error or deception. When first shown me I was surprised at its large dimensions, but for the moment was inclined to believe it an unusually large specimen of the Horse-leech (Hemopis sanguisuga, Sav.), which might have 660 DR. J. MURIE ON TROCHETA SUBVIRIDIS. [Nov. 14, been accidentally swallowed by the Deer while drinking water. My attention was further called more fully to ascertain its specific iden- tity by its recalling to my mind a notice of a large Leech found in the neighbourhood of the Regent’s Park by Mr. Hoffmann, and de- scribed by Dr. Gray as being entirely new to the British fauna (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 52). With the assistance of Dr. Baird at the British Museum, I was enabled by comparison to ascertain that this Leech which had been found in the Deer was no other than the species commented on by Dr. Gray, namely the Trocheta subviridis (Dutroch.) referred to by Lamarck in An. sans Vert. vol. v. 2nd edit. p. 523, and also de- scribed and figured by De Blainville in the Dict. de Scien. Nat. xlvii. 246, lviii. 559, Atlas pl. Hirud. fig. 6. Besides, im the monograph of the family by M. Moquin-Tandon (p. 309, pl. 4), there is a de- tailed account and excellent figures of the external appearance and internal anatomy of this species of Leech, where 8 to 12 or 13 cen- timétres is given as the size it occasionally reaches, and it is said not to be terrestrial, as the author kept one fifteen days in water in good health. The specimen first found by Mr. Hoffmann near or in the Regent’s Park now forms part of the National Collection, and is referred to in the ‘ Catalogue of British Non-parasitical Worms,’ 1865, p.45. It is there stated to have been 7 inches long when in the fresh condition, and now, after being preserved in spirits, as much as 6 inches in length with a breadth of half an inch. The distinctive features of Trocheta subviridis are its great size, its large shield-like sucker, the uniformity and narrowness of the rings, and the tail-sucker being upon the ventral aspect—with all of which our present specimen agrees. It also differs from Hirudo medicinalis and Hemopis sanguisuga in the form of its jaws, and in having but eight eyes, whereas these have ten. The eyes I could not detect ; but, according to M. Tandon, they are occasionally absent or with difficulty made out. Obtaining this second specimen of a large and rare Leech in the same vicinity as the last, it might be looked upon as conclusive that it was an animal indigenous to Britain, as Dr. Gray has surmised, had I not other facts to detract from this supposition. It may either be said that the specimen obtained from the Deer found its way thither by being swallowed among the food or water, as the animal partook of these in the Gardens; and this fact would strengthen the belief of its British habitat ; or, in opposition to this, it may be suggested that the ova, or Leech while young, may have been taken into the viscera of the Deer in its own native country previously to being shipped for England. Dr. Baird holds that this last opinion is not tenable, upon the grounds that in a voyage of several months it would be sure to die itself or pass through the Deer. But in contradiction to his judg- ment, Mr. Bartlett relates to me the case of a similar large Leech having been obtained from a Yak (Bos grunniens, Lim.) on board ship, and before the animal had set foot on these shores. This oc- 1865. | DR. J. MURIE ON TROCHETA SUBVIRIDIS. 661 curred in a female Yak that afterwards formed part of the Collection at Knowsley of the late Earl of Derby. The man in charge of the Yak, and who brought it to England, told Mr. Bartlett that for several weeks in the first part of the voyage the animal seemed to lose flesh fast, and altogether have the appearance of a wasting and decline. One afternoon while watching it, he was surprised to see a large Leech descend one of the nostrils and, curling itself round, proceed to ascend the other, when he seized it and withdrew it from the Yak’s nose. He brought the Leech with him to England, and showed it to Mr. Bartlett, who supposes it to have been not much less than 9 inches long ; but, not suspecting it to be an animal of spe- cial interest, he did not preserve the specimen. After the Leech had been abstracted from the Yak’s nose, the latter animal seemed to thrive well, and it was afterwards landed in England in excellent condition. Since then, namely in June last, and soon after three Yaks had arrived at the Society’s Gardens belonging to Mr. Stone, there was found in the water-trough where the newly imported Yaks drank, another large Leech, the same which I now exhibit, and which ap- pears also to be a specimen of Trocheta subviridis. Mr. Bartlett immediately suspected this must have come from one of the new animals; and his thoughts were so far verified, that Mr. Stone in- formed him that Leeches of a similar character had been discharged or obtained from the Yaks during the voyage. Although from what I have said it cannot be affirmed with cer- tainty that this Leech does not belong to the British fauna, yet, with this somewhat contradictory testimony before us, it may be as well to suspend judgment until at least more accurate evidence is given, whether it has not thus casually been imported to these islands. My own belief, from the statements made, inclines me to the idea of its importation by the medium of some large animal—especially as I myself on one occasion took several small Leeches from the posterior nares of a large Hippopotamus killed by our party in the river Aye, an upper tributary of the White Nile—and also as several authorities have mentioned the occasional occurrence of Leeches in the nasal passages of other large animals. Apart from the decision of this point, it still remains undecided whether Trocheta subviridis is to be regarded as belonging to Bri- tain, or whether it has an Asiatic habitat*. M. Moquin-Tandon, p- 309, records it as being found in several places in France, as the district of the Loire, ‘Toulouse, Dordogne, Xc., also in the environs of Algiers, but he does not mention its geographical distribution to the East Indies. Respecting the name of this genus, in an article in the October number of the ‘ Natural History Review,’ 1865, reviewing Dr. John- * In the discussion following the reading of this paper, Dr. Sclater stated that the Moluccan Deer had not been imported direct from the East, but had been received from the Zoological Society of Amsterdam. If so, it more readily ac- counts for this Continental species of Leech being now found in England, and, moreover, adds to the probability of a similar Eastern importation. 662 ON HYALONEMA LUSITANICUM. | Nov. 14, son’s ‘Catalogue of Worms in the British Museum,’ already referred to, fault is found that T’rocheta is given therein as the generic term, whereas the writer considers that Trochetia is proper. But the critic himself is in reality at fault, as I find that Dutrochet named the genus Trocheta in his paper, Bull. Phil. 1817, while Lamarck a year later alters this to Trochetia, An. sans Vert. 1818. 7. Sur uv Hasirat pu HYALONEMA LUSITANICUM. Par J. V. Barsoza pu Bocaer, F. M. Z.S. A Yépoque ou j’annoncais la découverte dans nos mers d’une espéce nouvelle du genre Hyalonema, HH. lusitanicum (P. Z.8. 1864, p- 265), je ne possédais qu’un seul spécimen de cette curieuse espéce. J’étais bien stir que cet individu avait été réellement trouvé dans les mers du Portugal, mais je ne me dissimulais pas que pour faire partager complétement ma conviction 4 cet égard, 11 me faudrait obtenir d’autres spécimens. J’ai done redoublé d’instances auprés de mes correspondants a Setubal pour qu’on fit de nouvelles recherches, et mes efforts ont été couronnés d’un heureux résultat. Aujourd’hui le Muséum de Lisbonne posséde deux autres spécimens complets de H. lusitanicum, outre un grand nombre de filaments isolés, appartenant 4 3 ou 4 individus. Tous ces objets m’ont été envoyés de Setubal dans des conditions telles qu’elles ne permettent pas le moindre doute quant a Vauthenticité de leur provenance. Des deux individus complets, lun est & peine long de 47 centi- métres, mais l’autre est un exemplaire magnifique, parfaitement conservé, et d’A peu prés 80 centimétres. Le corium polypigerum de celui-ci recouvre complétement l’axis, sans aucune solution de con- tinuité, depuis l'une de ses extrémités jusqu’aux 2 de sa longueur. J’ai recu le premier individu en mai de 1864 de M. Gamitto, a qui je devais déja le spécimen type de ma description ; l’autre m’est parvenu, ainsi qu’un gros paquet de filaments isolés, en Septembre de 1864 par un autre de mes correspondants de Setubal, M. Brito. Maintenant j’espére que la nouvelle espéce de Hyalonema restera définitivement acquise 4 la faune du Portugal. Elle ne me parait pas d’une grande rareté dans nos mers. S’il n’est pas facile d’en obtenir autant d’exemplaires qu’on puisse désirer, c’est que nos pécheurs, trés-superstitieux comme ceux de tous les pays, croyent d’un mauvais présage pour leurs péches la prise de ces produits singuliers, quwils connaissent fort bien et qu’ils appellent avec beaucoup de propriété eravaches de la mer (en portugais, chicotes do mar). Quand ils les trouvent dans les appareils dont ils se servent pour la péche des squales, ils s’empressent a les rejeter 4 la mer, aprés les avoir mis en pitces. Les zoologistes ne sont pas d’accord sur les véritable producteurs des filaments hyalins dont se compose l’axis des Hyalonemas. Quelques uns regardent comme tels les polypes, tandis que pour (autres, en plus grand nombre, les polypes ne sont que des parasites, 1865.] MR. J. GOULD ON NEW BIRDS FROM EASTERN Asia. 663 et certaines éponges, dont laxis de quelques spécimens du Japon se présente couvert par places, les modestes fabricants de ces admirables produits. Quoique l’hypothése du parasitisme des polypes soit aujourd’ hui en faveur, soutenue qu’elle est par de grandes autorités scientifiques, les résultats de mes observations sur les spécimens du Portugal me semblent plus favorables 4 Phypothése contraire. Sans vouloir m’engager pour le moment dans une discussion qui exige de grands développements, je demande la permission d’énoncer quelques faits bien constatés, et qui me semblent de quelque valeur. 1°. La cohabitation ou l’existence simultanée sur le méme axis de polypes et d’éponges, qu’on a remarquée sur quelques spécimens du Japon, n’a pas lieu sur aucun des exemplaires du Portugal. 2°. Chez ces derniers le corium polypigerum enveloppe l axis d’une maniére uniforme ; il recouvre parfaitement l’une des extrémités de Paxis, la plus étroite, et de la il s’étend sans aucun interruption jusqu’aux 2 ou les 2 de la longueur totale. Les polypes placés sur Pextrémité de l’axis sont les plus petits de tous. 3°. Le corium polypigerum et les polypes sont formés de plusieurs tissus en couches superposées, dans lesquels on trouve une quantité trés-considérable de spicules silicieux, dont les caractéres morpho- logiques varient pour chaque couche. 4°, L’aspect granuleux, chagriné, que présente la surface extérieure du corium et des polypes n’est pas le résultat d’une simple incrustation de détritus de sable (comme on Paffirme pour les individus du Japon), mais il est di a la présence d'un nombre infini de spicules réguliers, en forme de massue et hérissés de pointes. Ces spicules font partie intégrante de la couche la plus extérieure ou téguinentaire. 5°, Chaque polype est soutenu par une charpente silicieuse de spicules filiformes, disposés longitudinalement et a intervalles égaux sur la paroi interne de la cavité du corps. 8. Descriptions or Four New Species or Birps From Eastern Asta. By Joun Govuxp, F.R.S., erc. NECTARINIA (ARACHNECHTHRA) INsIGNIS, Gould. Crown of the head deep shining green; shoulders, wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts shining green, tinged with purple; a narrow line down each side of the throat, breast, and abdomen rich glossy blue, tinged with purple; chin and centre of the throat rich purplish red; on each side of the breast a tuft of rich gamboge- yellow feathers ; nape and back deep velvety black; primaries and secondaries glossy brownish black; tail rounded at the end, of a deep bluish black, some of the outer feathers narrowly margined externally with shining green ; lower part of the abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts deep black ; Banks smoke-grey ; bill and feet black. Total length 14% inches, bill 2 +3, wing 23, tail 24, tarsi 2. Hab. Penang. 664 MR.J.GOULD ON NEW BIRDS FROM EASTERN ASIA. [Nov. 14, Remark. The fine adult male of this beautiful species now in my possession formed part of a collection of birds made at Penang. In size it is intermediate between Nectarinia (Arachnechthra) lotenia and N. (4.) asiatica, from both of which it differs in the green colouring of its crown and in the beautiful purple tint of the breast and abdomen. OrocoMPsA FUSCICAUDATA, Gould. Forehead, crown, crest, occiput, and sides of the head brownish black ; below the posterior portion of the eye a small tuft of bright blood-red feathers, and below this a large oval-shaped spot of white bordered with black; upper surface of the body and wings light olivaceous brown; tail uniform fuscous; on each side of the neck an irregular crescentic mark of blackish brown, the two nearly meeting on the centre of the chest ; chin and throat white ; abdomen and under surface of the shoulder creamy-white, washed with light olivaceous brown on the flanks; under tail-coverts scarlet; bill and feet brownish black. Total length 7 inches, bill 2, wing 33, tail 32, tarsi f. Hab. The southern portion of the peninsula of India. Remark. This species, which is very common in many parts of the Madras Presidency, appears to have been hitherto undescribed. It differs from the O. emeria of Bengal, the O. jocosa of China, and all the other species of the genus with which I am acquainted in the uniform colouring of the tail. I had been led to believe that it might be identical with the bird of this form described and figured in Sonnerat’s ‘ Voyage to China ;’ but I find that this is not the case, the bird there represented and described having the tail-feathers conspicuously tipped with white. Enicurvus Gutratus, Gould. On the forehead a large spot of white; head, neck, throat, and breast deep black; at the nape and down the sides of the neck a series of silky white feathers, narrowly bordered with black ; upper half of the back black, with a small round spot of white at the tip of each feather ; lower half of the back and upper tail-coverts white ; wings black, the tips of the greater coverts and the bases of the secondaries white, forming a band across the wing, innermost se- condaries also tipped with white ; primaries dark brown ; two lateral tail-feathers white, the remainder black, tipped with white; lower half of the abdomen and under tail-coverts white; bill black; tarsi and toes fleshy-white. Total length 83 inches, bill 4, wing 33, tail 7, tarsi 1. Hab. Sikim? This species must not be confounded with the Enicurus maculatus, to which it is very nearly allied ; for it differs from that bird in having a much shorter and smaller tail, in having a round spot instead of a crescentic mark of white at the tip of each of the feathers of the mantle, and in the spot on the forehead being of less size. A J.Jemmens | hit 2,.F, ICTEROPUS. CRANTII: COLINUS FRAN | 1865. ] DR. G. HARTLAUB ON A NEW FRANCOLIN. 665 The £. guttatus may be regarded as the Eastern representative of the ZL. maculatus of the great Himalayan range. ENICURUS SINENSIS, Gould. Forehead to the middle of the crown, lower part of the back, rump, upper tail-coverts, tips of the greater wing-coverts, bases of the secondaries, two outer tail-feathers, the tips of all the others, the under coverts of the shoulder, the abdomen, and under tail-coverts pure white ; primaries blackish brown; the remainder of the plumage deep black ; bill black ; feet fleshy-white. Total length 11 inches, bill 1, wing 41, tail 64, tarsi 14. Hab. China. Remark. By some ornithologists this species may perhaps be considered too similar to the L. leschenaulti of Java to admit of its being recognized as distinct from that bird; and, while I admit that there are grounds for such a supposition, I may state that only half the crown is white in the China bird, while the entire crown is white in the Javan species. 9. On a New Species oF FRANCOLIN DISCOVERED BY Messrs. SpEKE AND GRANTIN CrenTRAL Africa. By Dr. G. Hart- LAUB. (Plate XXXIX.) FRANCOLINUS GRANTH, sp. nov. (Plate XXXIX. fig. 1.) Pileo fusco ; regione parotica rufescente ; gutture et superciliis late albis; collo albido, maculis subtriquetris fusco-rufis pulchre torquato ; dorsi plumis pallide rufescentibus, nigro transversim notatis vel subfasciatis, scapis conspicue albis; pectore et ab- domine albidis subconcoloribus, plumis lateralibus intensius tinctis, obsolete subfasciolatis, scapis albidis ; remigibus fusco- rufescentibus, pogoniis externis pallide rufis ; rectricibus fuscis, pogontis externis basin versus rufescentibus, mediis in fundo pallide fulvo nigricante vermiculatis et irregulariter subfascia- tis ; subcaudalibus isabellinis ; pedibus pallidis ; rostro corneo, apice et tomiis pallidioribus. , Long. cirea 123", rostr. a fr. 7!", al. 54", caud. 31", tars. 16!", dig. med. 14!". ' Hab. Unyamuezi (Speke). This new species, the unique specimen of which is now in the Bremen Museum, was collected by the much lamented traveller Capt. J. H. Speke in Unyamuezi. It comes very near to F. pileatus of Smith, but is much smaller and is besides differently coloured. In F, pileatus the dark brown-red spots of the neck are much more widely distributed, the whole upper part of the breast being covered by them ; in F. grantii they only form a broad collar. The transverse black irregular markings of the dorsal feathers, so conspicuously visible in F. grantiz, are entirely wanting in F. pileatus. 666 DR. G. HARTLAUB ON A NEW FRANCOLIN. [Nov. 14, Mr. Sclater, from whom we received the specimen, has included this species in his list of Capt. Speke’s birds given in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ (1864, p. 113), without giving it a name. T add a list of the known species of African Francolins. . Francolinus rubricollis, Riipp......... Mus. Brem. nudicollas, (Gain enveciie ee ... Mus. Brem. swainsoni, Sm................. Mus. Brem. cranchi, Leach ,............. Mus. Brem. —— humboldtii, Pet. erkelit Ripe. <3 ve isc oe oe pS TEM CONIA oO& Wb clappertoni, Childr. .......... Mus. Brem. rueppelli, G. R. Gray (=clappertoni, Riipp.). . —— levaillantii, Val. 10. albigularis, Gr. Vik bicalearatus, L. (=adansoni, Temm.=albiseapus, Heche) Lk. heen e .... Mus. Brem. 12% GATLEPENSIS SAS Men sia «, wiaseee oer Mus. Brein. 13 natalensis, A. Sm. ......... .. Mus. Brem. 14. ahantensis, Temm...........-. Mus. Brem. 15 afer Teming; \iid.2\a'.4s ns odes >, SRS Dreme 16 capensis, Gm. (=clamator, Tem.) Mus. Brem. V7 adspersus, Waterh. 18 subtorquatus, Sm. 19 pileatus, Soe [Ree aigit-b > - -s< Mus. Brem. 20 grant, Hartls:. 22... sia’ « GALS Bremi, 21 icterorhynchus, Heugl. ........ Mus. Brem. 22 schlegeli, Heuel sist eis ... Mus. Brem. 23 gutturalis, Riipp. 24 lathami, Hartl. (peli, Temm.) .. Mus. Brem. 25 VULGATIS Et nak gore ee ...- Mus. Brem. Of F. icteropus, Heugl. (described Journ. f. Orn. 1862, p. 412), only one female specimen was obtained. This specimen was un- fortunately lost, but I am enabled to give a figure of it from Herr von Heuglin’s original drawing. The following are von Heuglin’s notes upon this species. FRANCOLINUS IcTEROPUS, Heugl. (PI. XXXIX. fig. 2.) Q. Similis F. erkelii, sed diversus; statura minore, cauda pro mole longiore; pedibus flavis; pileo nigricanti-fusco, subcristato, postice ferrugineo-limbato ; stria supratemporali utrinque nigra ; colli postici plumis conspicue ferrugineis, striis duabus longitu- dinalibus albis; abdominis et hypochondriorum plumis utrinque fascia lata longitudinali castanea notatis, subcaudalibus fas- ciolatis ; rectricibus fasciis alternantibus 12-16 isabellinis fus- cisque ; rostro fusco. Long. tot. 11", rostr. ab ang. or. 10!", rostr. a fr. 9!", al. 4! 9!", caud. 3! 5!!, tars. 1! 4!!, Lives in flocks of three to six on the southern slope of the moun- 1865.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON SIX NEW BUTTERFLIES. 667 tains of Semién, in Abyssinia, in an absolute altitude of from 10,000 to 11,000 feet. The only individual I ever shot was an adult female. It was in the month of February in 1863. I did not succeed in ob- taining a male, these birds living exclusively near the margins of colossal precipices, into which, when once alarmed, they dive with a bewildering velocity. The drawing was made from the freshly killed bird, several specimens of F. erkelii and F. gutturalis being near me at the time. 10. Descriptions oF Stx Buttrerriies New To SCIENCE, BE- LONGING TO THE GENERA HETEROCHROA AND ROMALEO- soma. By Artuur G. Butter, F.Z.S., Assistant, Zoouo- GIcAL DEPARTMENT, BritisH Museum. 1. HererRocurRoa saALmonevs. (Fig. 1, p. 668.) Upperside—front wings, basal half rich brown, varied with black lines ; apical portion deeper-coloured, with a black submarginal line along the outer margins ; crossed beyond the middle by an irregular bright orange belt. Hind wings rich brown, crossed by five broad black bands converging towards the anal angle, the two nearest the base divided in the middle; a narrow submarginal black line along the outer margin. Underside—front wings golden reddish brown, anterior margin and anal angle paler; crossed beyond the middle, from the anterior margin to the anal angle, by a broad, oblique, irregular silver band, broader above than below, interrupted by the nervures, which are fuscous, and by a faint ochreous streak crossing the space between the first and second median nervules ; three bluish-silver spots, placed obliquely between the nervules and extending from near the apex to the central silver band ; a submarginal row of silver spots between the nervules, close to the outer margin, the two lowest ones lunular ; a large wedge-shaped bluish-silver patch margined with rufous at the base, interrupted by the median nervure and an oblique orange streak ; a smaller curved elongate patch, intersected by a rufous lunular line, and margined with rufous, closing the cell; a small bluish-silver spot below the base of the third median nervule, a second oblong spot of the same colour below the middle of the same ner- vule, and a small silver lunule just above it margined on its inner edge with rufous. Posterior wings golden reddish brown, basal half and anterior margin paler; crossed by four irregular violaceous silvery bands, bordered with rufous, converging towards the anal angle and interior margin; the second from the base short, bounded by the median nervure, its upper half contiguous to the third band; the fourth somewhat dusky, broadest in the middle; a submarginal row of silver lunules intersected by a rufous line along the outer margin, between the nervures. Hab. Venezuela. Allied to H. irmina, Doubl. & Hewits. (from the Amazons), but 668 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON SIX NEW BUTTERFLIES. [Nov. 14, very distinct ; we have, however, a variety of 1. irmina that is almost identical with it in the colour and markings of the upperside, al- though very different beneath. Fig. 1. Heterochroa salmoneus. 2. H. boreas. 3. H. sicheus. 2. HeTrrRocHroa BoREAS. (Fig. 2.) Upperside—front wings rich brown, crossed beyond the middle by a broad oblique dull orange band; the two extremities curved, the upper end, which touches the anterior margin, outwardly, the lower and smaller end, at the anal angle, inwardly; the outer edge produced just before the middle, forming two irregular sinuations ; a row of three orange spots between the nervures connecting this projection with the anterior margin near the apex, the lowest spots very minute ; cell crossed by five oblique black lines, the two central ones continued below the median nervure and meeting each other ; two indistinct, converging, submarginal black lines along the outer margin near the apex. Posterior wings rich brown, crossed by a paler brown band just beyond the middle, broad at the anterior mar- gin, and gradually tapering towards the anal angle; outer margin pale, intersected by two submarginal darker bands. Underside—front wings deep reddish brown, paler towards the outer margin; central band similar to that of the upperside, but roseate white, and interrupted by the nervures, which are red-brown, and by a faint brown streak intersecting the band between the upper disco-cellular and the second median nervules ; a row of three white spots, the two upper ones tinged with roseate, the lower one with blue, meeting the projection of the central band, and connecting it with the anterior margin near the apex; the second spot divided into two, the third into three, by central brown lines; two dark 1865.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON SIX NEW BUTTERFLIES. 669 quadrate spots parallel to the outer margin, one between the disco- cellular, and the other between the first and second median nervules ; a large triangular violaceous spot edged with brown at the base, intersected by the median nervure and an oblique brown line; a smaller curved elongate patch, enclosing a brown spot and margined with brown, at the end of the cell, anda third similar small indistinct spot beyond it ; a small violaceous spot just below the middle of the median nervure. Posterior wings, basal half white glossed with violaceous, apical half pale reddish brown; crossed beyond the middle by a broad irregular oblique dark reddish brown band, broadest just above the middle, its outer edge following the direction of the outer margin; a submarginal row of white lunules edged with ru- fous between the nervules along the outer margin ; cell crossed by three rufous lines, extending from the anterior margin to the median nervure, and closed by an oblong pale brown spot edged with rufous ; interior margin pale rosy brown. Hab. Bolivia. ‘ Allied to H. leucophthalma, Latr. (Bogota). 3. HeTerocuroa sicuzxus. (Fig. 3, p. 668.) Upperside—front wings rich black-brown, the cell crossed by two oblique black lines, and closed by two similar lines ; a submarginal black line near the outer margin ; a broad bright orange band ex- tending from the upper disco-cellular to the interior margin near the anal angle, wider above than below, dentated on its inner edge at the nervures, connected with the anterior margin by three orange spots extending from its outer upper angle to near the apex, and with the costal nervure by two orange spots from its inner upper angle. Posterior wings rich black-brown, crossed in the middle by a white band tapering from the anterior margin beyond the middle to near the anal angle; two submarginal pale brown lines parallel to the outer margin. Underside—front wings red-brown, crossed beyond the middle by a broad irregular white band tinged with violaceous, broader above than below, divided through the centre by a fuscous line extending from the upper disco-cellular to the third median nervule, connected with the anterior margin by three white spots on either side between the nervules, and bordered on its outer edge by a row of pale blue- white spots edged outwardly with brown, extending from the apex to the anal angle; a white spot at the anal angle; a large triangular blue-white patch at the base, bordered with brown, and interrupted by the median nervure and by an oblique brown line ; cell closed by an oblong blue-white patch margined with brown ; two similar spots just beyond it and touching the central band; a small spot of the same colour below the cell. Posterior wings red-brown, crossed in the middle by a white band as above; basal half crossed by two violaceous bands bordered with brown, the outer one bounded by the median nervure; a marginal row of violaceous lunules between the nervures on the outer margin, and a similar row of larger lunules just above them ; a deep-brown band, tapering tu the anal angle and 670 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON SIX NEW BUTTERFLIES. [Nov. 14, intersected by the nervures, between the submarginal row of lunules and the central band. Hah. Bogota. Allied to H. cocala, Cramer (Brazil, &c.), but very distinct. Fig. 4. Romaleosoma phaéthusa. 5. R. gausape. 4. RoMALEOSOMA PHAHTHUSA. (Fig. 4.) Male. Upperside—front wings blue-black, with anterior and interior margins of metallic golden green, crossed beyond the middle by abroad oblique pale orange band, which extends from just beyond the middle of the anterior to near the middle of the outer margin. Hind wings golden green, bluish at the base and hind margin; an indistinct blue-black band along the hind margin, and a small spot of the same colour at the end of the cell; inner margin fringed with long chocolate-brown hairs. Body brown, palpi orange. Underside—front wings golden-green, crossed beyond the middle by a pale ochreous band ; edge of front margin, cilia, and nervures orange; apex faintly tipped with white; three large black spots within the cell, one near the base, the other two placed obliquely just beyond it ; cell closed by four obliquely placed black spots, the two upper ones small, circular, the lower ones oblong, irregular, the outer couple touching the ochreous band; a subtriangular black dash below these spots, also touching the band, with another blackish brown dash below it and between the second and third median ner- vules; hind margin somewhat grey. Hind wings golden-green, basal half deeper-coloured; an oblique, irregular, pale ochreous band crossing the middle of the wing from the middle of the ante- rior margin to near the anal angle, its outer edge gradually shading off towards the outer margin, bordered on its inner edge by three black dashes between the nervules ; the first large, oblong, oblique, crossing the space between the costal nervure and first subcostal ner- 1865.] | MR. A. G. BUTLER ON SIX NEW BUTTERFLIES. 671 vule; the second small, nearly triangular, oblique, between the first and second subcostals ; the third indistinct, very small, between the second and third subcostals ; costal nervure margined outwardly with black, broadest near the base ; two small oval black spots within the cell, one in the middle just below the subcostal nervure, the other at the end of the cell; inner margin rich golden-green. Body—thorax orange ; legs pale ochreous. Hab. Ashautee. Near R. ceres, Fabr. (Ashantee); differs from it above in the more produced fore wings, and the absence of the submarginal band of spots near the outer margin ; beneath, in its paler colouring, the ab- sence of the snbmarginal spots of the outer margins, the indistinct black dash near the interior margin, the white dots at the outer ter- minations of the folds between the nervules, and the two black spots, one at the base and the other just above the median nervure within the cell. 5. RoMALEOSOMA GAUSAPE. (Fig. 5, p. 670.) Male. Upperside—front wings, apical half, front and hind mar- gins broadly black, the nervures tinted with greenish ; lower basal half and inner margin broadly golden green; an irregular orange band, faintly bordered on its inner side with greenish, crosses the wing obliquely from near the anterior margin, at two-thirds of the distance from the base, to near the outer margin just before the middle. Posterior wings golden green, apical portion inclining to cupreous, anal portion bluish green; outer margin broadly blue- black, getting paler towards the anal angle, and discovering black submarginal spots between the nervules; interior margin fringed with rich-chocolate hairs. Body brown ; palpi orange. Underside—front wings golden green, apical portion greenish ochreous ; interior margin dusky, violaceous near the anal angle ; three large spots within the cell; cell closed by an oblique oblong black dash ; an oblique row of four black spots crossing the wing from the anterior margin, at nearly two-thirds the distance from the base, to near the outer margin just below the middle, the lowest spot somewhat hastate; a marginal row of eight black spots near the outer margin; a small indistinct black spot just below the end of the cell; cilia of outer margin brown. Posterior wings ochreous, basal half and outer margin greenish ; anterior margin to near the apex broadly peach-red ; inner margin broadly orange ; three black spots within the cell, placed close to the subcostal nervure, one at the base, one in the middle, and one at the end of the cell; a minute circular black spot also within the cell and just below the central larger spot ; a row of three large spots placed obliquely just beyond the cell and beneath the subcostal nervules, meeting a row of three minute circular black spots placed obliquely beneath the submedian nervules ; a submarginal row of eight black spots near the outer margin. Body orange ; legs ochreous. Hab. West Africa. Allied to R. cyparissa, Cramer (Ashantee) ; but differs from it 672 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON SIX NEW BUTTERFLIES. [Nov. 14, considerably beneath in the arrangement of the black spots on all the wings, in the further extension of the red patch of the lower wings, and the more brilliant colouring ; above in the presence of a subapical orange band and different disposition of the green patches in the fore wing and the narrower black bordering to the hind wing. 6. RomMALEOSOMA AGNES. Upperside—front wings rich chocolate-brown, crossed beyond the middle by an irregular orange or white band ; apex white ; a violet patch on the inner margin beyond the middle. Hind wings choco- late-brown, with a central curved band of violet; inner margin pale brown. Underside—front wings greenish or brownish olivaceous, crossed beyond the middle by an irregular white band; a submarginal row of seven very ill-defined greyish spots near the hind margin ; apex white ; nervures and extreme edges of wings ochreous ; three small black spots within the cell. Hind wings the same as the front wings, but with a much narrower central white band, bounded below by the first median nervule. Hab. Ashantee. This species, from the similarity of the underside-markings, has been confused with R. medon of Linnzeus, but I feel certain that it is distinct. It differs from R. medon in being shorter in the wings, less robust, the ground-colour of the underside uniform greenish or brownish olivaceous, the black spots much larger, and the bands longer. The upperside is quite different. It is figured in Drury’s ‘Illustrations of Natural History,’ ii. pl. 15. The description given by Linnzeus of R. medon is so insufficient that, without Clerck’s figure, it would suit about two-thirds of the insects in the genus; and as there have been several mistakes made concerning it, I give a fuller description of it below. Cramer has figured a variety of R. ceres as R. medon (pl. 205. f. C, D). 7. RoMALEOSOMA MEDON, Linn. (Fig. 6, p. 673.) Female. Upperside—front wings rich chocolate-brown, glossed with steel-blue ; crossed beyond the middle by an irregular chrome- yellow band, narrower above than below, extending from just beyond the middle of the anterior to just beyond the middle of the outer margin ; apex white; interior margin silvery blue-green ; front mar- ginal edge irrorated with orange. Hind wings steel-blue, changing to silvery blue-green beyond the cell ; outer and inner margins cho- colate-brown glossed with purple. Body brown; antennz with orange club ; palpi orange. Underside—front wings pale greenish, varied with dull chocolate- brown, crossed beyond the middle by an irregular white band, nar- rower above than below, extending from just beyond the middle of the anterior margin to near the outer margin just beyond the middle, and interrupting a submarginal band of ill-defined brown spots ex- tending from the anterior margin near the apex to the interior mar- gin near the anal angle; apex white, cilia and basal half of front 1865.] | MISS STAVELEY ON THE MAXILL# OF SPIDERS. 673 marginal edge brownish ochreous ; three large black spots within the cell. Hind wings pale green varied with brown ; an irregular white band just beyond the middle, sinuated on its inner edge and gradu- ally shaded off on its outer edge, extending from the front margin, towards the anal angle, to the second median nervule ; a submarginal row of seven large,ill-defined brown spots a little way from and fol- lowing the direction of the outer margin; three large black spots within the cell, one near the base, the other two placed obliquely just beyond the middle of the cell; cilia, anterior and interior mar- ginal edges brownish ochreous. Body orange ochreous ; legs pale ochreous ; palpi and club of antenne orange. fab. Congo. Fig. 6. Romaleosoma medon, Linn. e 11. Nore oN THE PRESENCE OF TEETH ON THE MAXILL& OF Spipers. By Miss Stavetey. ComMuNICATED By Dr. J. E. Gray*. I do not find in Dr. Blackwall’s ‘ Monograph of the British Spi- ders,’ nor in M. Simon’s ‘Histoire Naturelle des Aranéides,’ nor in any other work which I have had an opportunity of consulting, that the occurrence of teeth on the maxille of Spiders has been noticed. On the maxillee of six out of seven Spiders which I have examined, belonging to various genera, there is a row of very regular and per- fectly-formed teeth on the outer edge of the extremity of the maxilla. These teeth vary slightly in form in the different species, and the * Since this paper was read, Miss Staveley has examined several other species of Spiders, and found these teeth developed in all of them.—J. E. G. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. XLIV. 674 MISS STAVELEY ON THE MAXILLZ OF SPIDERS. [Nov. 14, first of the row is sometimes unlike the succeeding teeth. The species examined were :— Agelena labyrinthica, 9. Theridion quadripunctatum, Q. Salticus scenicus, 9. Epeira callophylla, °. Theridion nervosum, Q. Tetragnatha extensa, 9. lineatum, Q. Of these only one of the Theridions showed no teeth; but the Specimen was not satisfactory, being ill prepared and mounted. The jaw of one (Agelena labyrinthica) presented an appearance of a second row of teeth, forming a waved line running down the surface of the maxille, and quite distinct from the marginal row; but as this occurred in no other species examined, nor even in another in- dividual of the same species, as it seemed much less substantial than the marginal row, and presented other suspicious appearances, and as the specimen was prepared and mounted before the teeth were observed, I cannot be sure, without the examination of other speci- mens, that this is a genuine row of teeth. Unfortunately the fellow jaw was thrown away without being looked at. In one or more specimens the teeth appear to have been worn or broken by use. All the specimens referred to are mounted in Canada balsam, and are now in the collection of the British Museum. Fig. 1. The jaw of Agelena labyrinthica magnified. 2. The beginning of the row more highly magnified. 1865.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 675 November 28, 1865. Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P. in the Chair. Mr. P. L. Sclater called the attention of the Meeting to the additions made to the Society’s Menagerie since the last Session. Amongst the more noticeable of these were 1. Two Pondicherry Vultures (Vultur calvus) and a Neophron (Neophron percnopterus) from Calcutta, purchased July 3rd. The acquisition of these specimens rendered the series of Vulturide in the Society’s collection very complete, as it now embraced examples of not less than 14 species, namely, Cathartes atratus. Vultur auricularis. aura. Gyps fulvus. Sarcorhamphus gryphus. rueppellit. Gyparchus papa. Neophron percnopterus. Vultur monachus. occipitalis. occipitalis. Gypohierax angolensis. calvus. Gypaétus barbatus. Mr. Sclater called attention to the differences noticeable between the two specimens of Vultur auricularis in the Society’s collection. In the example acquired from Eastern Africa along with the Hip- popotamus in 1850 (specimen a of the Catalogue of Vertebrata, ed. 3. p. 45), there was barely any appearanc of ear-wattles, and the occiput was slightly feathered. In the larger specimen lately pur- chased, and believed to be from Natal, the ear-wattles were well developed, and the head and face were alike naked and red in colour. These differences had already been commented upon in Mr. Gurney’s Catalogue of the Raptorial Birds in the Norwich Museum (p. 58). Mr. Sclater also called attention to the two specimens of Neophron percnopterus in the Society’s collection. In the smaller specimen, lately received from Calcutta, the whole bill and claws were white ; in that acquired from the Cape Colony in 1863 (spec. 8a of the Cat. of Vert. p. 45) the point of the bill and claws were black. 2. A male Chimpanzee (7roglodytes niger), purchased of a dealer in Liverpool on the 15th of August last, making up a pair of this animal, which, together with the female Orang (acquired in May 1864), were all living in good health in the new Monkey-house. 3. A pair of Dama Antelopes (Antilope dama, Licht.), purchased ’ of the Zoological Gardens, Antwerp ; new to the Society’s collection, though probably specifically identical with the Antilope mhorr, Bennett. 4. A collection of birds from Djeddah, Arabia, presented to the Society by Henry H. Calvert, Esq., of H. M. Consular Service, on September 5th. The collection embraced 19 specimens of the fol- lowing species : — Péerocles lichtensteini, Temm., Caccabis heyi (Temm.), and Gina capensis (Linn.). The two former of these species had not been previously exhibited in the Society’s collection, 676 MR. SCLATER ON CONTINENTAL ZOOL. GARDENS. [Nov. 28, 5. A young female African Elephant (Hlephas africanus), making a pair of these animals now in the Menagerie. Two examples of this Elephant had come into the London market for sale, having been remitted here from Vienna, where they had been brought from the Soudan, along with other animals, by the well-known traveller Casanova. The best of these two had been purchased for the So- ciety’s collection for the sum of £500. It was a female, now stand- ing about 3 feet 6 inches high, and measuring 6 feet 3 inches in girth round the middle of the body. The male of the same species (ac- quired in June last) measured 5 feet 6 inches in height, and 9 feet 6 inches in girth. 6. An Abyssinian Hornbill (Bucorar abyssinicus), purchased along with the African Elephant. Specimens of this fine bird, on two former occasions, had reached the Society’s Gardens alive; but in each case in bad condition, and only to die shortly afterwards. The present example was in excellent health, and made the fifth species of this peculiar family of birds now exhibited in the Society’s Aviaries, the series being composed as follows :— Buceros cavatus. Toccus erythrorhynchus. rhinoceros. Bucorax abyssinicus. albirostris. 7. A Tree-Kangaroo (Dendrolagus inustus, Mill.) from New Guinea, received in exchange from the Zoological Gardens, Rot- terdam. 8. A Black-necked Screamer (Chauna nigricollis, Sclater), received November 16th, having been purchased in New Granada for the Society by Mr. Edward Greey, Corr. Memb., to whom the Society had likewise been indebted for their original specimens of this bird. Mr. Sclater stated that since he had described the species, he had noticed another fine example of it in the Museum at Bremen. He was also of opinion that the Chauna derbiana of the Leyden Museum (if the locality assigned to it, New Granada, were correct) would probably turn out to belong to this species. 9. A young female Jew-Monkey (Pithecia satanas) (also acquired through Mr. Greey), exhibited the well-marked dorsal patch and other peculiarities of the adult, and had induced Mr. Sclater to believe that he had been in error in referring the specimen figured in the Society’s Proceedings for 1864 (pl. xL1. p. 712) to the same species. Mr. Sclater promised a further communication on these two Pi- thecie as soon as he had made the necessary investigations into their somewhat confused synonymy. Mr. P. L. Sclater made some remarks on the animals he had noticed in several of the continental zoological gardens which he had visited during the summer. The Gardens of the Zoological Society of Hamburg, established only about two years since, were stated to be in a very flourishing state, and to contain several very noticeable varieties. Among them 1865.] LETTERS FROM MR. R. SWINHOE. 677 might be mentioned a fine Indian Tapir (Tapirus indicus), a pair of scarce American Deer (Cervus gymnotis) received from Venezuela, examples of two rare Spizaéti (S. isidori, Des Murs, from Bogota, and S. bellicosus (Vieill.) from Zanzibar), and a fine specimen of the the rare Guinea-fowl (Numida vulturina, Hardw.) from the eastern coast of Africa (about 4° S. lat.), received likewise from Zanzibar. At Rotterdam the Zoological Gardens, under the care of Mr. P. H. Martin, were stated to contain a pair of the rare Bovine animal of Celebes, Bubalus depressicornis (Antilope depressicornis, Temm.). At Amsterdam Mr. Sclater had had the pleasure of inspecting a fine young male Hippopotamus, born in the Gardens of the Royal Zoological Society ‘‘ Natura artis Magistra”’ on the 9th of July last. Under the special care of the excellent director, Mr. G. F. Westerman, this little animal (of which several photographie por- traits were exhibited) was stated to be rapidly increasing in size and strength. Although several previous instances of the birth of a Hippopotamus in captivity had occurred, both in Antwerp and Paris, this was the first instance of one having been successfully reared. The following abstract of a letter of Capt. J. M. Dow, C.M.Z.S., addressed to Dr. Albert Giinther, was read :— “ New York, Oct. 30, 1865. “You will be gratified to see amongst the collection two fine ex- amples of Thalassophryne which I obtained at Panama. One of the specimens was picked up on the sand beach of one of the small islands in Panama Bay, cn which our American seamen have their dépots ; the second example I purchased in the native fish-market in the City of Panama. I took advantage of the occasion of the purchase of the fish to inquire of the native fishermen as to the effect produced in a human subject on being wounded by one of the spines of Thalasso- phryne. The natives seemed quite familiar with the existence of the spines, and of the emission from them of a poison which, when introduced into a wound, caused fever, an effect somewhat similar to that produced by the sting of a Scorpion; but in no case was a wound caused by one of them known to result seriously. “‘T had no opportunity, myself, to try the effect of the poison on another fish or small animal. The slightest pressure of the finger at the base of the spine caused the poison to jet a foot or more from the opening of the spine.” The following extracts were read from letters received from Mr. R. Swinhoe, F.Z.S., H.M. Consul for Formosa :— * Takow, Formosa, May 18, 1865. ‘«T have lately been very energetic on the Society’s behalf, and have forwarded two Deer for shipment home. They are two females of the Cervus taévanus. I have also on hand eleven Swinhoe’s Phea- sants (Euplocamus swinhoii), which I am preparing to ship away. They are cocks and hens, in nearly equal numbers. The cocks are 678 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF CHRYSOCHLORIS. [ Nov. 28, magnificent birds, and Iam sanguine about getting them home. As soon as they are shipped I will advise you, and enclose you the captain’s receipt, so that you will be able to cover the risk. Most of the Pheasants come here from a distance of 200 miles, from the mountain-range near Tamsuy. I have spared no labour in getting them; and as they appear pretty hardy birds, there is no reason why they should not reach home. I am also trying to get a couple of females of Cervus swinhoti, and live specimens of the Capricornis, the Bear, and the Leopard.” “ Takow, July 25, 1865. “From some Chinese notes which I have lately been reading on the Zoology of Formosa, I learn of the existence here of some animals to me hitherto unknown,—among others a Porcupine and a wild Bos which occurs in herds of hundreds and thousands. I think in this last I shall discover the wild stock of the small Yellow Cow of South China. I shall spare no pains, you may be sure, to investigate this interesting fact.” “ 'Takow, Formosa, 8th August, 1865. “* Chinese books tell of a Porcupine that occurs in this island. I have not yet seen it, but I suspect it will be the same as that found throughout India and in South China. In Mammals all that I have lately secured are several specimens of the pretty Kerivoula Bat, and a nearly unicolor variety of the Red-bellied Squirrel, Sciurus erythreus, from the southern mountains. In birds I have lately got several examples of the Green Dove (male and female), my Sphenocercus formose, and a skin of the Pitta oreas. The latter I got before from the northern mountains; my latest acquisition shows the species to extend also to the south.” The following papers were read :— 1, A Revision or THE SpEecius or GoLpEN Motes (Curyso- cHLoRIs). By Dr. Joun Epw. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. Several species of Golden Moles have been described by various zoologists on specimens procured from different parts of Africa— the size and form of the muffle, the size and form of the claws, and slight differences in the colour of the fur being regarded as sufficient to separate the species. I have examined the large series of speci- mens which is contained in the British Museum, received from various parts of Africa, and I find that the form of the mufile greatly depends on the art, or amount of care on the part of the persons who skinned and stuffed the specimens, and that its form can be altered at pleasure. The form ot the claws of the front feet seems to vary according to the age, and probably also according to the sex of the specimens; but ‘unfortunately the sex is seldom marked on the specimens in Museums. The general colour and, especially, the distinctness of the white and dark marks on the head seem to vary greatly in specimens from the same locality. Moreover this animal is often put into spirits on 1865.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF CHRYSOCHLORIS. 679 account of the brilliant colours which it exhibits when so preserved, and animals so preserved are sometimes taken out and stuffed. Specimens which have been so treated have a very different appear- ance from those which have been skinned fresh and the skins pre- served dry, the colour being more or less changed according to the strength of the spirits or the length of the time that the animal may have been kept in the fluid. I have carefully compared the series of skulls in the Museum, which have in most cases been extracted from the specimens which are preserved in the collection ; so that the results of this paper are founded on the comparison of the skulls as well as the skins in the Museum collection. The specimens and skulls in the British Museum appear to be all referable to the two following species, and most easily separated by the character of the fur. 1. CHRYSOCHLORIS AURATA. Fur short, very dense, erect, with more or less metallic reflections, brown ; sides of the face whitish; the front claws subcylindrical. Hab. South Africa. : This species varies in the extent and pureness of the white colour on the sides of the face and crown, and in the presence or absence of the intensity of the blackness on the forehead. The fur is much more iridescent when the specimens are preserved in spirits. This species includes the Ch. aurata and Ch. rubra of Fischer, and the synonyma he attaches to these species; and I am also in- clined to refer to it Ch. hottentotta, A. Smith, Ch. holosericea, Licht., Ch. albirostris, Ch. rutilans, Wagner, and Ch. damariensis, Ogilby, which appear to have been bleached by exposure; nor do I see any distinction to induce me to separate from it Ch. obtusirostris, Peters. 2. CurysocuLoris vititosa, A. Smith, South African Journal, ii. 33. The fur elongate, very thick, coarse, villose, brown, with an abun- dant under-fur ; lips, chin, and streak from the angle of the mouth white ; the outer front claw rather large, broad, high ; the hind claws large. Hab. South Africa: Natal. This is considerably larger than the former species. The examination of the skulls has helped me to this determina- tion. I find that it has been supposed by some zoologists that I undervalue the study of fossil bones, or Paleontology as it is called ; as if the study of fussil bones were distinct from the study of osteology in general. Nothing can be more contrary to my feelings; indeed I have been doing all I can for years to facilitate the study of fossils, as well as recent osteology, by ferming a large collection of wedl- determined skeletons of vertebrated animals for the purpose. What I do object to is, that persons who pretend to be scientific men 680 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE MUSTELIDZ. [Nov. 28, should proceed to describe species of fossil animals without having properly studied the osteology of the recent species and the varia- tions that the bones, teeth, horn, and other parts of the skeleton assume in the recent species, which they have the opportunity of studying in a more complete manner than they can have in the case of fossil species. More especially I object to the practice of such students as describe species of fossil animals from fragments, which it would be very unwise to declare to be distinct if they belonged to some recent species which there was an opportunity of examining in a complete state and of comparing with other skeletons of allied species. Yet many fossil species have been described from such spe- cimens, so that our catalogues are thereby encumbered with useless names. 2. Nore on THE Hasits oF THE Kinkasou (CERCOLEPTES CAU- DIvoLvuLus). By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., etc. The Kinkajou was formerly considered a Lemur, and the manner in which it uses its feet as hands might well mislead a casual ob- server, I saw one the other evening in the Zoological Gardens rest- ing on its rump with the tail coming out in front between its hind legs. It was holding in its fore feet a slice of bread, and every now and then it would take off a piece with one or the other of its fore feet, and hold it as in a hand to its mouth, or take from it small pieces with the other hand like a child eating a cake, and quite as handily ; yet this animal has no opposite thumb on any of the feet, and only short fingers and toes webbed nearly to the claws. 3. SupPLEMENTARY NoTES ON THE MUSTELID2. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., erc. In my Revision of the Mustelide (P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 100) I find that I neglected to give the external characters by which the two species of Ratels might be distinguished ; they are as follows :— Mellivora indica. Black; the back iron-grey ; crown of the head white. India. Mellivora capensis. Black ; the back iron-grey ; the crown and a broad stripe down each side of the back to the tail white. South Africa. The latter species is easily known by the greater quantity of white on the head and the broad white lateral edge to the iron-grey colour on the back. I take this opportunity of giving two illustrations of the skull of Arctonyx collaris, which should have accompanied my descriptio of that species (J. c. p. 138). ; 1865. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE MUSTELID&. 681 Skull of Aretonyx collars, described antea p. 138, 682 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON LEPTOSOMA DISCOLOR. [Nov. 28, / 4. Note oN THE Hasits oF THE Musquasu or NortH AMERICA. By Capt. G. E. ButcGer, Corr. Mems. One day, during the early part of the spring of 1849, I was ram- bling about the neighbourhood of the village of St. Valentines, near Isle-aux-Noix, in Canada East, with two friends, one of whom was accompanied by a tiny Spaniel of the King-Charles breed. Presently the little dog, which had been running on in front of us, began to bark, and, looking up, I beheld him engaged in a combat with some small darkly-coloured animal, of about his own size. I hastened to the spot, and soon ascertained the dog’s opponent to be a large Musk- rat (Fiber zibethicus), which showed no disposition to retreat on my approach, but maintained the conflict with a courage and ferocity I was quite unprepared for. Indeed, after some minutes, the little rodent was so evidently getting the best of the battle, that I judged it right to interfere, and, consequently, struck him with my stick. Instead of causing him to beat a hasty retreat, as I fully expected, this assault of mine only appeared to change the current of his rage, and render him still more angry than before. He at once quitted the dog (an arrangement apparently very gratifying to the latter), and attacked me, rising on his hind legs, and making charges at my stick, which, of course, I kept between us. This strange battle, solely defensive on my part, was maintained until I thought fit to terminate it by killing my savage little adversary, which I did easily with a blow on the head. The incident appeared to me to be so odd and unaccountable, that I at first fancied it must have been the re- sult of some peculiar idiosyncrasy on the part of the individual Musk- rat, and not characteristic of his race. However, I was soon disabused of this idea; for almost immediately afterwards I saw two more of my warlike little foes under the transparent ice. I broke the latter with my stick, just above where one of the animals was standing, and, possibly, touched him with some of the fragments. However, the result was an instant onslaught on his part, though he did not appear inclined to leave the water. Whenever I held the stick to him, he attacked it furiously, but he would not follow it out of the stream, and I eventually killed him in the same manner as the first one. 1 only met with one more during the remainder of the walk ; and with him also I had a spirited contest, similar, in most respects, to the one last described. 5. On tHe SrructrureE or Lerrosoma piscotor. By P. L. Scuater, M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., SecreTary TO THE SOCIETY. Since the time of Brisson and Levaillant, I am not aware that any original observations have been made upon one of the most abnormal types of the strange avifauna of Madagascar—the Leptosoma of Vieillot—although several attempts have been made to fit it into dif- ferent parts of the natural system. The collectors whe have re- cently obtained access into the interior of Madagascar have sent 1865.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON LEPTOSOMA DISCOLOR. 683 home many examples of both sexes of this bird, and I am thus en- abled to offer a few remarks upon some remarkable points in its structure which have hitherto escaped observation. The Leptosoma was first made known to science by Brisson*, who describes both sexes in his usual accurate manner from speci- mens in the museum of M. Abbé Aubry. Brisson remarks upon the obvious differences between this bird and the ordinary Cuculz, which might entitle it to constitute a genus by itselff. Buffon figures both sexes in the ‘ Planches Enluminées’ (pl. 587, 588), and in the text thereto copies parts of Brisson’s description. Levaillant also figures both sexes of this bird in his ‘Oiseaux d’Afrique’t, and pretends to have met with it in “ Cafferland,” as in the many other cases where the falsehood of his statements is equally glaring§. Several scientific appellations have been bestowed upon the bird upon the faith of these authors, such as Cuculus afer, Gm. S. N. i. 418, Cueulus discolor, Hermann, Bucco africanus, Stephens (Zool. ix. p. 25), and Leptosomus viridis, Vieill. Ene. Méth. iii. p. 1342||. Of these it becomes necessary to adopt discolor as the permanent specific designation of the species, although not the first given (as Gmelin’s term involves a gross error in the locality), and to combine it with Vieillot’s generic term Leptosoma, so that the correct name of the bird will be Leptosoma discolor. Lesson in 1831 (Traité d’Ornithologie, p. 134) conceived the un- happy idea that the older authors had been wrong in regarding the somewhat dissimilar sexes of this bird as belonging to the same species, and accordingly made of the female a separate species under the name Leptosomus crombec. Prof. Reichenbach, not satisfied with this, has gone so far as to establish a new genus (Crombus) on the female, and to place it in a different part of the system! In his ‘Conspectus,’ Prince Bonaparte retains this form near the Cuculide, but makes an independent family of it (Leptosomide). In his more recent ‘Conspectus Systematis Ornithologie’ ** he has removed it into the neighbourhood of the American Bucconide. Before at- tempting to solve the question as to which of these two views is most correct, I must ask leave to call the Society’s attention to some remarkable points in its structure, which appear to have been hitherto unnoticed. The first thing which strikes one as remarkable in examining the * Ornith. iy. p. 160, pl. xv. f. 1 & 2. + ‘ Species ista rostro donatur multo rectiore quam relique omnes hujus generis species - quod rostrum nequaquam est SUpeTNe CONVELUIN, sed angulosum. Nares habet longas, et versus mediam longitudinem mandibule superioris oblique positas. _ Ab aliis speciebus insuper discrepat cauda duodecim rectricibus conflata, dum in alteris decem tantum nee amplius unquam observavi. Hee species posset suum genus constituere.” + Le Vourougdriou, v. t. 226 et 227. § Cf. Sundevall’s Commentary on Levaillant in Kong. Sy. Vet. Ak. Handl., N. S:, ii. pt. 1. \| ie and in his ‘ Analyse’ Vieillot writes the name Lepfosomus. But Lep- tosoma is correct. § Handb. d. Sp. Orn. ii. p. 51. ** Ann. d. Sc. Nat. ser. 4. Zool. i. (1854). 684 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON LEPTOSOMA DISCOLOR. [Nov. 28, external characters of Leptosoma discolor is the extreme elongation of the feathers of the lores and their projection forward over the bill on each side. The bill is in reality long and strong, and the gape Fig. 1. Head of male Leptosoma. very wide; but the basal half is entirely concealed from view by this extraordinary development of the loral plumes. It is, I sup- pose, for the purpose of getting the nostrils out of the way of these that the openings of them are carried so far forward. They are placed laterally, rather nearer the apex of the beak than the front Fig. 2. Outline of the skull of Leptosoma. 1865.) MR. P. L. SCLATER ON LEPTOSOMA DISCOLOR. 685 (where the feathering commences), and consist of a narrow diagonal slit, just as in the genus Hurystomus. But in Hurystomus the aper- tures lie, as is the case in the majority of birds, at the base of the beak close to the frontal plumes. On examining the skeleton of Leptosoma we see at once that this remarkable formation has been effected by the elongation of the basal portion of the beak, and that the lateral coverings of the nasal passages (alee nasi), which in most birds are entirely membranous, have in this form become completely ossified, so as to add very materially to the strength of the upper mandible. A very similar formation occurs in Eurystomus, but is not carried to the same extent, the covering of the nasal passages remaining membranous in this form. The wings of Leptosoma are of moderate length, reaching to about half the length of the tail from its base. The primaries are ten in number, the third, fourth, and fifth being nearly equal and longest, the second half an inch shorter, and the first more than an inch shorter again, being about equal to the eighth. The first six are narrowed towards the apex ; the remaining four are broad-tipped like the secondaries. The secondaries are twelve in number. The tail consists of twelve rectrices of nearly equal length, and squared at the apices. The feathering of Leptosoma presents some remarkable characters. The body-feathers have a long downy auxiliary plume, longer than Fig. 3. Fig. 4. half the length of the feather itself. In Hurystomus there is a similar auxiliary plume, but not quite so highly developed. In the Cuculide, 686 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON LEPTOSOMA DISCOLOR. [Nov. 28, I believe, the auxiliary plume is always deficient*. The upper ptilosis also appears nearly similar to that assigned by Nitzsch to Coracias and Eurystomus. The spinal tract bifurcates between the shoulders, leaving a wide featherless space. The branches are then discontinuous for a short distance, but reappear in two gradually con- verging lines, which unite on the rump. But here a very abnormal Fig. 5. feature presents itself, which is found neither in the Coraciide nor in any other family of the Order Picariz. This is two large and highly developed powder-down patches (p, p), which are placed on the flanks, on each side of the rump. They are of an oval shape, and measure about 12 inch in length by an inch in breadth. The deve- lopment of these lubricating organs may perhaps account for the atrophy and almost total disappearance of the oil-gland, which can scarcely be recognized in the minute papilla (0, fig. 5), situated at the base of the two medial tail-featherst. * Cf. Nitzsch, Pterylographie, p. 129. + This is, I believe, the first instance of powder-down patches having been noticed to occur in any species of the Order Picariz. Nitzsch (Pterylographie, p- 53) describes them as met with in the following genera :— ONATICIELNS character of equal importance, and that by an increased knowledge of these structures a nearer approach to the perfect arrangement of this important group will be made. In concluding, I think I have shown— Ist. That the Prongbuck is not a true Bovine animal. 2ndly. That this animal sheds its horns. 3rdly. That the structure of these organs appears to be imperfectly understood. DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES. Fig. 1. Perfect horn when shed, November 7th. 2. Old horn in process of being thrown off, showing the separation between the old and the new horn. 3. New horn, as it appeared when the old horn had been shed. 4, New horn after twenty-one days’ growth. 17. Sort Account oF PART OF a SKELETON OF A FINNER WHALE, SENT BY Mr. SwWINHOE FROM THE Coast oF For- mMosA. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z.S., erc. Mr. Swinhoe has sent to the British Museum part of the head, three cervical vertebree, the first and seven other dorsal vertebree, and eight ribs of a large Finner Whale which was thrown ashore on the coast of Formosa. The bones are nearly of the size of similar bones of the European Finner (Physalus antiquorum), which often reaches to the length of 60 or 70 feet, and they most probably belong to an animal nearly of that size. The second and third cervical vertebree are united, as in the small Finner (Balenoptera rostrata) of Europe, while in all the larger Finners which are as yet known these two bones are always free. This union of the second and third cervical vertebrze is one of the characters by which the genus Balenoptera is separated from the genus Physalus. The front part of the neural canal has the sub- circular form of that of the genus Balenoptera, and not the oblong, transverse form of the neural canal in Physalus. I am therefore in- clined to refer these bones to the genus Balenoptera until we know more of the skeleton and external form of the animal. I am, however, inclined to believe that when the animal and its skeleton are better known it will be found to have some particular characters, as the forms of the bodies of the vertebre and the lateral processes show some alliance to the genus Physalus. It is to be regretted that the number of the vertebrae, the form of the lumbar vertebrze, and the form.of the first ribs were not observed ; and they are all required to determine with certainty to what genus it must hereafter be referred. It may for the present be designated BALZNOPTERA SWINHOII. The second and third cervical vertebr are united by the anchy- 726 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW FIN-WHALE. __ [Nov. 28, losis of the neural arches. The second cervical vertebra (figs. 1, 2) has large, broad, truncated lateral processes with a large, oblong, subcentral perforation ; the lateral processes are each two-thirds of the transverse diameter of the articulating surface of the body of the vertebra. The neural canal of the second cervical vertebra subcir- cular, rather less high than broad, and not quite so wide as half the diameter of the front sides of the body of it. The third cervical vertebra (see figs. 1, 2) has a thin, oblong, transverse body, which is broader than high; the lateral processes are slender, truncated at the end, not so long as the transverse diameter of the body, curved towards each other at the end, but not united so as to form a ring. The neural canal of the third cervical vertebra is oblong, transverse, rounded above, as wide as half the transverse diameter of the body of the vertebra, and about one-third broader than high. The rest of the cervical vertebre are free, not anchylosed either by the bodies or neural arches. The fifth or sixth cervical (see figs. 3, 4) has a thin body, with slender, nearly straight upper lateral processes, and es " 1865.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW FIN-WHALE. 727 Fig. 3. only a very short tubercle on each side below. The first dorsal ver- tebra (figs. 5, 6, p. 728) has a very high dorsal spine, a rather small, oblong body, a strong lateral process on each side above, which is expanded at the end. The eight ribs have simple heads. These bones seem to show an animal three times as large as the Balenoptera rostrata of Europe. 728 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW FIN-WHALE. [Noy. 28, DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES. Fig. 1. Back view of the second and third cervical vertebrae united together by the neural arches. . Side view of the same vertebra. . The back view of the fifth or sixth cervical vertebra. . Side view of the same vertebra. . The back view of the first dorsal vertebra. . Side view of the same vertebra. our, WN 1865. | MR. A. G. BUTLER ON A NEW CETONIA. 729 18. Description or a New Species or Ceronta, witn Re- MARKS ON THE ALLIED Species. By Artuur G. Butier, F.Z.S., Assistant, ZooLoGicaL DeparRTMENT, Britisn Mu- SEUM. ScHIZORHINA EBENINA. Crassa, lata, tota nigro-ebenina ; clypeus elongatus, emarginatus; thorax marginatus, a latere depressus ; scutellum triangulare ; elytra marginata ; pedes spinosi. Clypeus black, elongate, triangularly notched in front, laterally reborded, coarsely and densely punctured, depressed behind the eyes; mandibles clothed with reddish hairs; eyes lateral, pitchy. Thorax shining black, with marginal ridge ; emarginate in front ; narrower in front than behind ; nearly as broad as the elytra; punc- tured all over, more densely and coarsely at the sides. Scutellum shining black, nearly triangular, a patch of coarse punctures on each side. Elytra shining black, with a marginal ridge and longitudinal equidistant lines of small but regular punctures. Pygidium trans- versely wrinkled. Body beneath shining black ; head and centre of thorax clothed with black sete; mesosternum compressed, pro- duced, abruptly pointed in front; abdomen coarsely punctured. Legs black ; femora compressed, those of fore and middle legs coarsely and rather densely punctured, that of fore leg densely clothed with black setze ; femur of hind leg more sparsely and finely punctured ; middle and hind legs with fewer sete ; tibia of fore leg compressed, coarsely punctured, outer edge trispinose, inner edge with a marginal line of minute black setee and terminated by a long spine ; tibia of middle leg cylindrical, coarsely punctured above, smooth below, its inner side clothed with black sete, its outer edge unispinose, its apex tridentate and unispinose ; posterior tibia elon- gate, subcylindrical, strongly punctured except at its apex, outer edge unispinose, inner edge clothed with long black hairs, apex tridentate and bispinose ; tarsi five-jointed. Length 18 lines. Hab. Oceania. Exact locality unknown. Closely allied to Cetonia flammula (Voyage au Pdle Sud, Zool. iv. p- 132, pl. 9. f. 4), but differs from it in the following particulars :— The thorax is punctured all over, but much more coarsely at the sides ; the scutellum is only punctured at the sides, not at the base; the elytra have no red patch, and are distinctly and regularly pune- tured. It also differs from the figure of that species in being much broader and more robust, the thorax also being much broader in front and much more deeply sinuated behind. The legs in the figure are so badly executed, and the description of them goes so little into detail, that it is impossible to say whether they agree or not. Also closely allied to Schizorhina ide, White (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 16, pl. xu1. f. 7), but differs from it in its entirely different colouring, greater proportionate length, more perfectly punctuated and more distinctly margined elytra, in having the sternum much 730 LETTER FROM PROF. LILLJEBORG. [Dec. 12, more abruptly pointed in front, and the thorax more depressed in front and more distinctly margined. This species is the largest in the genus, being longer by two lines than S. nortoni, the species which I described in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ September 1865. S DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES. Figs. 1, la. Schizorhina ebenina. 3, 3a. S. nortoni. 2. Back of thorax of S. flammula. December 12, 1865. Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. Dr. Gray communicated the following extract from a letter recently received from Prof. W. Lilljeborg, For. Memb. :— “‘A Paris j’ai été trés-intéressé de voir les squelettes des Cétacés, qui sont 14 dans le Jardin des Plantes, et avant tout de voir les sque- lettes des Balénidés. J’ai vu 1a un exemplaire empaillé et le sque- lette appartenant d’un jeune individu de Balenoptera musculus (ou Physalus antiquorum) dune longueur de 14 métres, échoué a l'em- bouchure de la Seine en 1847. Au commencement j’étais convaincu de trouver dans cet exemplaire une autre espéce que Physalus anti- quorum et la méme que votre Benedenia knoxii, puisqu’il montrait du cété gauche la méme forme d’épistropheus et des autres vertébres cervicales; mais j’ai vu aprés cela qu’il avait les procés transvers d’épistropheus du cété droit annuliformes, ou formant un anneau 1865.] LETTER FROM DR. C. J. SMITH. 731 complet, quoique l’anneau analogue du cété gauche de l’épistropheus n’avait pas encore été achevé. Le nombre des vertébres était 62 (justement le méme que j’ai trouvé au squelette du Physalus anti- quorum 4 Bergen en Norvége); dont 7 cervicales, 14 dorsales, 16 lumbosacrales, et 25 caudales. Les cdtes étaient 14 paires. Les os d’antibrachium (radius et ulna) étaient un peu plus minces que chez l’adulte Physalus antiquorum, mais pourtant pas si minces que chez Sibbaldius laticeps. La premiére paire des cétes avait tout- a-fait la méme forme que celle que vous avez décrite et figurée (P. Z. S. 1864, p. 214, fig. 2) comme la seconde ; peut-étre la 1*° était perdue. Outre cela en voyant que les procés transvers de l’épistro- pheus du cété droit etaient soudés et annuliformes je me trouvais nécessité d’accepter opinion du Mr. Flower que votre Benedenia knowii est la forme jeune du Physalus antiquorum. *‘T] y avait 4 la cour auprés du muséum d’anatomie comparée un presque complet, mais pas justement articulé, squelette d’un Lubalena, qui avait échoud sur la céte de Nouvelle Zélande et qu’on avait étiqueté comme une Balena australis; mais c’est une espéce tout- a-fait différente, sans doute votre Hubalena antipodarum. Elle n’a qu’un rudiment d’acromion 4 l’omoplate, et la forme du méme os est en outre trés distinctive. La caisse (os tympanicum) était perdue. Les fanons étaient fixés 4 leur place sur ce squelette. Il y avait aussi un petit modéle en platre de l’animal.” In reference to his note on the supposed occurrence of the European Sea-Eagle in North America, published in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for 1863*, Mr. P. L. Sclater stated that the second Eagle of the pair obtained by Mr. A. W. Crichton in Nova Scotia had died in Lord Lilford’s possession in immature plumage, and that the skin of the bird had been transmitted to Prof. Baird for the collection of the Smithsonian Institution. Prof. Baird was of opinion that it was probably referable to Haliaétus leucocephalus. The bird obtained in Newfoundland and presented to the Society’s collection by Mr. J. Rendall, which Mr. Sclater had supposed to be H. albicilla, had now completed its autumnal moult, and had turned out to be a female of the American Sea-Eagle (H. leucocephalus). It followed, therefore, that Mr. Sclater had made a great error in supposing these birds referable to H. albicilla, and that there was at present, as far as he was aware, no authority for the occurrence of that bird on the mainland of North America. The Secretary read a letter addressed to him by Dr. C. J. Smith, late Inspector-General of Hospitals, Madras Army, calling his atten- tion to the following paragraph in the ‘ Times of India :’— “ Capt. B. F. Heysham writes as follows :—‘ Should you deem the following facts worthy of notice, I have much pleasure in placing them at your disposal. One of the Government Elephants of the Thyetmyo establishment gave birth to a fine male calf on the 3rd of August, 1865; and as, I believe, the period of gestation with Elephants * Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 251. 732 DR. J. E. GRAY ON NEW SPECIES OF ATELES. ([Dec. 12, is not generally known, the following particulars may prove interest- ing :—She first paired, with a wild Elephant, on the 18th of Decem- ber 1863, and on various occasions between that and the 8th of January 1864, which gives 593 days from the first date. For the first twelve months, although we carefully watched her, there was no such increase of size or alteration of shape as would indicate that she was in calf; but in the thirteenth month, z.e. January 1865, it was discovered that she had milk; and this was the first reason we had to consider her in calf. The secretion of milk so long before calving seems extraordinary and worthy of remark. The young Elephant when born weighed 175 lbs., and was 2 feet 10 inches high.’ ” Mr. A. Newton read a letter addressed to. him by Mr. George Clark, announcing the discovery in Mauritius of some bones of the Dodo (Didus ineptus), which would shortly be transmitted to this country for sale. The following papers were read :— 1. Notice or some New Species or Spiper MOonkrys (ATELES) IN THE CoLLECTION OF THE British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z.S., erc. The first two of these Spider Monkeys, when they were alive, were considered to be unlike any that had before been in the Society’s Gardens. Since they have passed into the collection of the British Museum, I have carefully compared them with all the specimens we have in that collection; and they seem to be distinct from any we before possessed, or that have been noticed in the ‘Systematic Catalogue.’ The first three species here described belong to the section of the genus that has the inside of the leg of the same colour as the out- side. The first has been named by Dr. Sclater, in the last edition of the ‘ Catalogue of the Vertebrated Animals in the Gardens of the Society,’ the ‘Grizzled Spider Monkey ;” and I gladly adopt the specific name he has proposed. 1. ATELES GRISESCENS, Sclater, MS. Fur moderately long, black, with many silvery-white hairs inter- spersed; tail black, underside greyish; hair of the forehead mode- rately long; face ? thumb none. “« Grizzled Spider Monkey,” Sclater, List of Vert. Anim. in Zool. Gard., edit. 3, 1865, p. 6. Hab. ? British Museum. This species is very like A. ater and A. paniscus, but is at once known by the silvery hairs intermixed with the black ones, and the pale colour of the underside of the tail. There is no approach to these characters in any of the specimens of these species in the Museum. 1865.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON NEW SPECIES OF HAPALE. 733 2. ATELES CUCULLATUS. Fur very long and flaccid, blackish silvery grey; the crown and nape, the hands, and feet black ; sides of the rump blackish ; hair of the crown very long, forming a large hood expanding over the eye- brows ; face reddish, large; orbits black. Hab. ? British Museum. The colour of the back is produced by the intermixture of a nearly equal quantity of very long blackish and grey hairs; the hairs of the crown and the hands and feet are short and black to the base. 3. ATELES FUSCICEPS, Fraser, MS., 1848. Black ; hairs rather long, shining, crisp, some of the longer ones of the back with indistinct brown tips; crown of the head rusty- brown ; hands stout. Hab. South America. British Museum. Received from the Museum of the Zoological Society. The fourth species belongs to the group that has the inside of the legs and the under part of the belly white, of which 4. belzebuth is the type. In that species the underside of the tail is white in all the specimens we possess, while in the one now described the underside of the tail is black at the upper part. But the present species is at once distinguished from that and all the other dteles I have seen by the thickness, softness, and length of the fur. I therefore pro- pose to call it 4. ATELES VELLEROSUS, Sp. nov. Black, loins rather browner; head, outside of the limbs, the upper and lower surface of the tail deep black ; throat, chest, belly, and inside of the limbs greyish white; hair very abundant, soft, and flaccid ; thumb none. Hab —Brazil?— The white on the inside of the arms does not approach so near the hands as in A. delzebuth ; and the fur on the head and body is much longer, and spreads out in all directions. 2. Notice or some New Species or Marmoset Monkeys (Hapate anp Mipas). By Dr. J. Epw. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., ETC. The species of the American Monkeys are extremely difficult to distinguish, and perhaps the Marmosets are as difficult as any; at least, if we are to judge by the works of preceding zoologists, they must be so. Some have formed them into a multitude of species, every slight variation being regarded as a species; others, as Lesson, who only worked from books, have reduced them to a small number. In doing this, they have evidently been misled by the descriptions, and have placed together species that they would never have united if they had seen them in life or ina museum. I have been naming a few 734 DR. J. E. GRAY ON NEW SPECIES OF HAPALE. [Dec. 12, of the lately received specimens in the Museum ; and this has induced me to re-examine several that have been in the collection for years. The species of Hapale may be separated into four groups :— I. Ears naked, external, exposed, with a band of elongated hairs across the inner surface of the conch, forming a tuft. Tail annu- lated. WHapale. Hapare avurita, Geoff. Blackish, minutely punctulated with yellow or red; sides of the head, limbs, and hinder part black-brown; face more or less white ; ear-tuft grey, varies; back blackish, without any indication of cross bands. Var. Back punctulated with red and with faint pale cross bands, especially on the loins. Hab. Brazil. A large and strong species, much larger than H. iacchus. Lesson united it to that species, and Isidore Geoffroy in his Catalogue places it with them, not having observed the peculiarity in the position of the tuft. I do not know H. humeralifer, Geoff. Il. The ears naked, with a tuft of elongated hairs on the front edge of the ear-opening. Hair of sides of head elongated. Tail annulated. Iacchus. HaPALeE IACCHUS. The back cross-banded ; face with a white spot ; the ear-tuft black, white, or grey. I am inclined, from the examination of a large series of specimens, to believe that this species varies in the colour of the ear-tuft and also in the extent of the white on the face. From these characters M. Geoffroy divides it into four species, viz. I. vulgaris, I. albicollis, I. penicillatus, I. leucocephalus ; but these appear to me to be only slight local or accidental varieties. They are all of the same size, and they gradually pass into each other. Ill. Lars small, with scattered short hairs, without any ear-tuft ; sunk in the long fur of the head. Tail annulated. Cebuella. HapaLte pyGm#a, Spix, Bras. t. 24. f. 2; Castelnau, ie Amér. Sud, t. IV. Ears naked, exposed, without any ear-pencil. Tail uniform black. Mico. HAPALE MELANURA, Geoff. Pale brown ; head, limbs, and front of body pale; front edge of thigh and band across loins white ; tail black. 1865.) DR. J. E. GRAY ON NEW SPECIES OF DOLPHINS. 735 Tacchus leucomerus, Gray. Albino var. Simia argentata, Linn. Hab. Bolivia. To the species of Midas described by M. Isidore Geoffroy may be added, from the British Museum Collection. 1. MIDAS LEUCOGENYS. Black ; back and outside of hinder limbs washed with reddish grey ; face and lips black, with a large triangular white spot under each cheek. Hab. Brazil. 2. MipAsS RUFOVENTER. Midas elegantulus, Slack, Proc. Acad. N.S. Philad. 1861, p. 463. Jacchus rufoventer, Gray, Ann. N. H. xii. p. 398 (1843), Hab. Brazil. This species is at once distinguished from M. labiatus, with which it has been confounded in the collection, by the spot on the crown of the head and the nape, and by the rufous colour of the under part coming much more forward, nearly to the throat. In M. ladbiatus the black terminates on the front of the chest, ina straight line. It differs from M. mystax in the small size of the whiskers, andin the body not being black, but red below. 3. DESCRIPTION OF THREE SPECIES OF DOLPHINS IN THE Free Museum At Liverroou. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z.S., etc. Mr. Thomas Moore, the Curator of the Free Museum at Liver- pool, has kindly submitted to my examination the skeletons of three Dolphins, which have lately been most liberally presented to that institution by Captain Walker, of the ship ‘Trenton.’ During a voyage from India to Liverpool the Captain not only collected the specimens, preserved the bones, the tails, and the pectoral fins, but he also made drawings of the animals when they were first caught. These drawings Mr. Moore has sent to me with the skeletons for examination and comparison. A reduced representation of each of these accompanies this paper. The drawings are accompanied by models cut in pasteboard of the dorsal fins, evidently made by tracing the fins on the paper. In two of these the end of the fin is much produced backward, leaving a concave hinder margin. In the other the end is not so much produced, as the hinder edge is nearly straight. The skull of each of the animals has the bladebones attached to it. The skulls indicate two very distinct species of Dolphins, belonging to different sections of the genus; and the drawings show that two animals having nearly similar skulls are very differently coloured—a fact which it is very interesting to have so verified. 736 DR. J. E. GRAY ON NEW SPECIES OF DOLPHINS. [Dec. 12, Two of the skulls belong to the restricted genus Delphinus, which has D. delphis for its type. These have a very deep groove on each side of the palate. Both the figures of the animals belonging to these species have a narrow black streak from the base of the upper part of the beak to the eye; but the colours of the sides of the animals are differently distributed. There is also a very slight difference in the form of the bladebones (and this cannot be sexual, as they were both females), and in the form of the back part of the palate just in front of the hinder entrance to the nostrils. Considering that the colouring of the animals shows that they re- present two species, one is struck with the very small difference ex- hibited in the skull by species showing such marked external dif- ferences, and can only conclude by thinking how hasty we have been in referring skulls received from very distant parts of the world all to Delphinus delphis, and saying that that species has a very wide geographical distribution, more especially when we consider that these two species were obtained, the one in lat. 35° 38’ S., long. 10° E., and the other in “lat. 34° S., long. 7° W.*—Grote.” birt. Delphinus moorii. 1. DELPHINUS MOORII. Beak of skull elongate, depressed, once and three-quarters the length of the brain-cavity, and five times as long as the width at the notch at the base. The intermaxillary bones rather convex. Teeth small, slender, ‘> five in an inch length of margin; the front upper very small. The groove on the palate deep and wide, reaching nearly to the lip, and wider and very shallow in front. The hinder part of the palate in front of the inner nasal opening with a broad, triangular, longitudinal groove, having flat sides and convex outer sides. The bladebone rather produced behind the ridges and truncated at the lower part of the hinder edge. Coracoid process large, subtrigonal, the front edge being truncated, the lower one oblique. Length of skull 173 inches, of beak 11, of brain-case 63, of * The captain seems to have had a Swedish assistant; for the model of one of the dorsal fins is marked in Swedish, and the measurements are altered from Swedish to English feet and inches. 1865.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON NEW SPECIES OF DOLPHINS. 737 lower jaw 142; width over condyles 7, at notch 3 inches 7 lines, at middle of beak 11 inches. The upper surface of the beak, a narrow lunule over base of beak to the eye, the back, dorsal fin, and upper surface of tail black ; a narrow lunule over the face-streak, the sides of the head, and sides, including the pectoral fin, grey; the chin and belly to the vent white. Dorsal fins high ; tip rounded. Hab. Lat. 34° S., long. 7° 3! W. Length of a female from mouth to tip of tail 6 ft. 32 in., of mouth 11 in., of snout 53 in., to eye 1 ft. 1 in., to snout-hole 1 ft. 1 in., to pectoral fin 1 ft. 64 in., to back fin 2 ft. 9 in. ; length from end of tail to back fin 2 ft. 3in., to vent 1 ft. 8 in., to privates 1 ft. 9 in. ; diameter of back-fin 1 ft. 23 in. Pie. 2, Delphinus walkeri. 2. DELPHINUS WALKERI. The skull similar to the former, so similar that it is not easy to point out any difference in words. The teeth are rather more name- aa AF ta * Oe P| ig rous, viz. 5 : A rather smaller, being six in an inch length of margin. The hinder part of the palate in front of the inner nasal opening narrower and very sharply keeled on the sides; the sides of the narrower and shallower central groove convex, smaller, and of the outer sides concave and shorter. The bladebone not so much produced behind the ridge, and with an oblique hinder margin, without any truncation at the lower part. The coracoid process is similar, but broader in the middle of its length, the lower edge being nearly straight. Length of skull 164 inches, of beak 11, of brain-case 64, of lower jaw 141; width over condyles 6 inches 7 lines, at notch 3 inches 4 lines; at middle of the beak 1 inch 10 lines. The back-fin, snout, the dorsal fin, a wavy streak from base of beak to eye, and upper surface of tail black; sides of the face and body to near the base of the tail grey, with an elongated triangular patch beginning below the pectoral fin and extending near to the base of the tail, the broadest part over the vent. Dorsal fin high, as high as long at the base; tip acute, bent back. Chin and body be- neath, as high as the base of the pectoral fin and to the vent, white. Hab. Lat. 35° 38'S., long. 10'E. A female. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. XLVIII. 738 DR. J. E. GRAY ON NEW SPECIES OF DOLPHINS. [Dec. 12, Length from end of snout to tip of tail 6 ft. 74}in.; the other measurements are nearly the same as in D. moorii. The third skull belongs to the section of the genus Delphinus which I have named Clymene, which has the palate of the skull flat, without any lateral groove. The figure represents this animal as black, greyer beneath, and with small white spots on the sides. Fig. 3. Clymene punctata. 3. CLYMENE PUNCTATA. The beak of the skull once and one-half the length of the brain- cavity, depressed behind, and gradually tapering and rather slender in front; its length nearly three times the width at the notch. Lower jaw attenuated and slender, and rather bent up in front, without any gonyx. Teeth small, slender, =. 7 five in an inch of margin. The palate flat ; the hinder part of the palate in front of the internal nostrils broad, swollen, having a very shallow central groove with rather convex inner, and very oblique, flat, external sides. Length of skull 154 inches, of beak 94, of brain-case 614, of lower jaw 122; width over condyles 64 inches, at notch 3 inches 4 lines, in middle of beak 1 inch 8 lines. The two bladebones are rather different in general form, one being more truncated behind than the other; they are both truncated in front ; and in both the coracoid process is large, with a short upper and a long, straight lower edge; one has a long, regularly arched, and the other an equally long, but sinuous, upper edge, showing that, in considering these distinctions as specific, some allowance must be made for occasional variation. The skull is much like some of the skulls I have named Clymene doris; but perhaps I have included several species under that name, as some of the skulls differ in the form of the hind part of the palate. The one here described differs from all of them in having a more slender and attenuated beak. Dorsal fin high, rather acute at the tip. General colour of body black ; sides with minute white specks; the side of the body above the base of the pectoral to the base of the tail blackish grey, which colour is obliquely extended as a lunate band from behind the vent to the back near the base of the tail. Length from end of snout to tip of tail 6 feet, to blowhole 1 ft. 3 in., 1865.] DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF ATELES, 739 to the eye 1 ft. Lin., to front of dorsal fin 2 ft. 83 in., to base of pectoral fin 1 ft. 32 in. ; length from tip of tail to back-fin 2 ft. 42 in., to vent 1 ft. 6Zin.; diameter of body behind back-fin 1 ft. i in.; of snout 42 inches, of mouth 93. Hab. “ Lat. 16° 40' N., long. 21° W.—Grote.” 4. Nores on a Sprper Monkey (ATEtEs cucu.tatus, Gray) LATELY LIVING IN THE Socrety’s MenaGerisz. By Dr. J. Mouriz, Prosecror To THE Society. An adult male specimen of this Spider Monkey was purchased by the Superintendent of the Society’s Gardens from a dealer in Liver- pool in May 1865. It was said to have come from South America. The animal seemed in a fair state of health until shortly before its death, which took place on the 23rd of August, 1865. Immediately on receipt of the body, notes were taken of the co- lour and general appearance, wherein it differed somewhat from the known species of the genus; and Dr. Gray has thought these suffi- ciently characteristic to entitle the animal to a separate specific name. His description of the same from the skin* embodies the distinctive differences. It, however, may be worth while remarking that while alive the skin around the orbits and upon the nose was bare, and of a brownish flesh-colour with darker freckles intermixed (somewhat sunburnt-like). The cheeks and lower jaw were also nearly bare of hair, but the skin more decidedly of a black shade. The following measurements were taken shortly after the animal had died :— inches Body: Length from vertex of cranium to root of tail ...... 143 Obie PALO NAS i Bk Jie) y’ BFE Girth at chest, widest part... $20. J60. 00500. 00s ees 1] aGuibrioneH 55 alate PES, 34 @ibekd We), 9 Sfitadl ab roo biel es oul icbenlods the oe 4 a few inches from the point .......... 2 Head: Depth from vertex to base of lower jaw (barely) .... 3 Antero-posterior diameter ..0...6......0 50000005 04 Breadth of vault at opening of ears .............. from one to the other of external edges of orbits 22 Fore limb: Length of shoulder to elbow-joint .... Hai ah Ge Cubital region, elbow-joint to wrist............ 7 Length, palm of hand to tips of fingers........ 4? Greatest breadth, palm of hand .............. 1 + Hind limb: Length from hip to knee-joint ... fire ney BE ———, knee to sole of foot ................ 64 ——-, sole of foot, heel to tip of middle toe 64 Sole of foot, average breadth................ 14 ——— greatest breadth at ball of great toe .... 2 Post-mortem Examination.—The viscera did not exhibit any marked * See anted, p. 733. 740 DR. J. MURIE ON SPECIES OF [Dec. 12, lesion sufficient to have caused death. The various organs, particu- larly the intestinal tract, had their tissues watery and flabby. The absorbent and mesenteric glands were somewhat enlarged, and con- tained strumous deposit within them. Death evidently resulted from defective nutrition, which I have already several times observed to occur in those South American Monkeys. Anatomy of Viscera,—These were compared with those of Aleles Frontatus and Ateles belzebuth. The lungs agree with the first spe- cies, excepting in having the upper lobe of the left side smaller than the lower; in A. frontatus they are about equal in dimensions; all three species have four holes in the right, and two in the left lung. Liver.—This measured across, from the outer margin of the right to that of the left lobe, 5 inches, and from the anterior to the posterior border 4} inches. As in A. frontatus and A. belzebuth, this organ is large according to the size of the body. The right half, as in them, is divided into two equal-sized portions, with an anterior deep fissure their whole breadth. The left half is separated from that of the right side by a very deep superior and inferior cleft. It also is divided into two lobes, the upper or cystic of a somewhat heart-shape, and as large as the two on the right side taken together. The gall-bladder, which is capacious and long, lies in a wide and deep fissure, excavated in the cystic lobe. The lower lobe of the left half is about equal in size to one of those in the right half. The lobus Spigelii is very small and wedge-shaped ; there are two slight lateral indentations behind ; this lobe is rather more deeply divided in Ateles belzebuth and A. frontatus. The stomach is similar to what is found in Afeles belzebuth— namely, a moderately rounded cardiac end, and with the pyloric extremity narrowed and, as it were, drawn out. Length 77 inches ; greatest breadth at cardiac end 25 inches, at centre of viscus 13 inch; pyloric end narrowed, fully 3 inches long, and 3 an inch in diameter. Small intestines 72 inches in length. Large intestines, including the caecum, 18 inches; the cecum itself is of a simple elongated conical form, and 33 inches long. Spleen wedge-shaped, with an additional elongated process at base ; length 2 inches, and 2 of an inch across at the broadest part. Kidneys simple, uniform, and agreeing with the two above-named species; the same may be said of the suprarenal bodies. Brain not examined. 5. OBSERVATIONS UPON PRESBYTES ALBIGENA, GRAY, AND Conopus GUERBZA, Riiperetyt. By James Murisg, M.D., PROoSECTOR TO THE SOCIETY. The distinctive relation of the group of Indian Monkeys first generically arranged by M. Fréd. Cuvier* under the name of Semnopithecus, chiefly upon the essential character of a quinque- cuspidate posterior molar, has been subsequently, and on better * €Histoire Naturelle des Mammiféres,’ &c., livr. 30. 1865. ] PRESBYTES AND COLOBUS. 741 grounds, confirmed by the dissections of M. Otto* and Prof. Owent, who have described the very peculiar sacculated condition of the stomach belonging to this genus. Another group of African Monkeys, Colobus, Illigert, separated on account of the rudimental development of the thumbs of the an- terior extremities, illustrated in species by Ogilby § and other autho- rities, has also been shown by Prof. Owen|| in one species, the Colobus ursinus, Ogilby, to possess a pouched stomach and other viscera almost identical with that of Semnopithecus entellus. In the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society for 1850, p. 77 and plate xvr., Dr. Gray defines and figures what he considers a new species of Semnopithecus (supposed to have come from West Africa) under the designation Presbytis albigena. This, in external appearance, bears resemblances to P. obscurus, although it is more like P. melalophus, but differing from this in being black, and, as he says, “can scarcely be a black variety of that species.” There was some doubt as to the African habitat of this new species, until M. du Chaillu brought home some skins of the animal from Gaboon, which cleared up that point. In remarking upon these specimens, a writer in the ‘ Natural History Review’ J expresses doubts as to the propriety of the species being classed along with the genus Preshytes. ‘The writer remarks—< Now that its African habitat is fully established, a more accurate examina- tion will probably show the necessity of removing this Monkey from the Asiatic group Presbytes, with which it has been hitherto arranged.” To a certain extent this has already been done, although clear reasons, so far as I am aware, have never been given. The stuffed skin of the typical specimen, mentioned above, is at present in the British Museum, marked Presbytes albiyena, Gray; but the skull of the same I find, on reference to the published ‘ Catalogue of Bones of Mammalia,’ 1861, p. 14, to be named Cercocebus albigena. A specimen of this rather rare creature having lately died at the Society’s Gardens, my attention has been called to its greater affinities with Cercocebus than that of Semnopithecus (Presbytes). The ani- mal in question was a female from Africa, about half-grown, and sent on approval by Mr. Cross, dealer, Liverpool. It lived in the Gar- dens for a period of two months, and died the latter end of October (1865). From the first it was weakly and delicate, but took its food tolerably well. As the creature was apparently younger than the typical specimen described by Dr. Gray, it may be worth while noting the differences. His description of colour and general appearance agrees closely ; but in the present one the throat, sides of neck, and front of chest were * Zoological Journal, vol. iii. p. 249. + Transactions Zool. Soe. vol. i. p. 65. t Prodromus Syst. § P. Z. 8. 1835, p. 97. | PB. ZS. 1841, p. 84. §| “The Fauna of Equatorial Africa” (N. H. R. 1861, p. 292), being a eri- tical review, chiefly based upon the works of the traveller M. P. B. du Chaillu and of the naturalist Dr. G. Hartlaub of Bremen. 742 DR. J. MURIE ON SPECIES OF [Dec. 12, not quite greyish, but rather of a dirty-brown colour; hair of the cheeks also of the same shade, some of them black and not greyish ; iris yellowish brown, pupil dark blue. The following are the dimensions, as taken after death :— inches Length, body, back of neck to root Ofetail. wee 11 i Ma Mies atte eee tothe Serenata 223 , head, muzzle to occiput .............- 63 , head, muzzle to base of ear in straight line 3 , head, across cranial vault to meatus 54 , arm, shoulder-joint to wrist .......... 84 ———., palm of hand to tip of fingers.......... 34 , leg, trochanter toankle .............. 94 = , sole of foot, heel to tip of third toe...... 5 ———,, ear, from above downwards............ l 1 cy , ear, from before backwards............ q Post-mortem examination disclosed death to have been caused by tuberculous disease, which affected the peritoneum, intestines, spleen, portions of the left kidney and stomach, which were partly aggluti- nated together, preventing a minute anatomical investigation of these organs ; but the stomach to all appearance seemed simple, and with- out the sacculi peculiar to Semnopithecus and Colobus—so far, there- fore, distinct from either of these genera. I have compared the skull of the adult type specimen of Presbytes albigena with the series of crania in the British Museum of Semno- pitheci, Colobi, Cercocebi, &c.; and the following are my notes re- specting them :— The cranium of P. albigena is altogether longer than that of either of the two species of Semnopithecus, S. melalophus and 8. obscurus, to which it bears resemblances outwardly, this length being in great part due to the elongation of the face, especially the maxillary and inter- maxillary bones. The upper incisors are also in a more horizontal plane. ‘The greater backward extension of the parietal and occipital region also helps to increase the antero-posterior diameter. This difference is best seen in profile. Looking downwards upon the vertex, the parietal region in P. albigenais broader, and at the sagittal suture higher than in S. melalophus and S. obscurus. On the con- trary, in these two species the frontal region appears higher than in P. albigena, by reason of the parietal flattening in them; their skulls are also more compressed laterally. In P. albigena the zygo- matic arches are placed nearly in two parallel lines with the sides of the skull; but in S. obscurus, S. melalophus, and other Semnopithect they are considerably arched. In these several cranial differences P. albigena corresponds to Cercocebus ethiops and CO. fuliginosus, which possess these cha- racters. e In every one of the skulls of the species of Semnopithecus in the British Museum the orbits are comparatively wider, rounder, and more staring than in P. albigena, which agrees with the Cercocebi in 1865.] PRESBYTES AND COLOBUS. 743 this respect. The supraciliary ridges are higher and more marked in P. albigena; in the Semnopitheci the frontal bone is depressed immediately behind the ridges, which are thinner, projecting slightly forwards. The nasal bones in the genus Semnopithecus are short, nearly straight, and flat ; in P. albigena, asin the genus Cercocebus, they are more elongated ; in the latter they are wider inferiorly, in the former relatively somewhat wider superiorly, so that Semnopithecus has the widest root of nose. The nasal cavity in all the Semnopitheci extends rather higher than the lower margin of the orbit, in Cerco- cebus ethiops and C. fuliginosus it does not reach the orbit by as much as the other genus goes above, and in P. albigena, while agree- ing with these last species, it is even slightly lower. The compa- rative breadth of the face opposite the two maxillary bones is rela- tively broadest and more entirely truncated in the Semnopitheci, while P. albigena again corresponds to the Cercocebi in the progna- thous and narrower appearance of these bones. Some species of the genus Semnopithecus present a curious character in the remarkable truncation of the occipital region, S. johnii and S. maurus having it nearly perpendicular ; this gives the cranium, when resting on the mandible, a curious forward expression. P. albigena, like Cerco- cebus, has this part more shelving; Semnopithecus melalophus and S. obscurus make an approach to this in their contour. The bony palate in Cercocebus fuliginosus and C. ethiops is longer and not relatively so broad as in Semnopithecus; the length of the premaxillary produces this. P. albigena has this character well marked. The depth of the lower jaw in Semnopithecus is greatest, the same only being found in the genus Colodus. In the P. albigena and Cer- cocebus the angle of the mandible is less perpendicular and more rounded than in S. melalophus and S. obscurus; in many of the other species of Semnopithecus, e.g. in S. johnit and S. entellus, it is even inclined backwards. The teeth in the several genera spoken of are alike in number. The two inner and upper incisors are very much the largest, and project considerably in the two species of Cercocebus examined ; they are precisely similar in the specimen of P. albigena. The Semno- pttheci have all the incisors small and of nearly equal size. In the true species of Semnopithecus, as likewise in Colobus, the canines, as compared with the other teeth, are considerably larger ; in Cercocebus and in P, albigena they are not so massive. In the last-named genus and species the cusps of the molars are more rounded, while they are acuminate from before backwards in Sem- nopithecus and Colobus. The upper penultimate molar in Cercoce- éus and the species under consideration is largest ; in all the Semno- pitheci the molars are more nearly alike in size. P. albigena and the Cercocebi can hardly be said to possess a fifth cusp in the upper posterior molar; in their lower jaw it is very rudimentary. The lower incisors in P. albigena are more horizontally set, and the ca- nines less curved, than im any of the Semnopitheci; in this respect, 744 DR. J. MURIE ON SPECIES OF [Dec. 12, and in the less developed size of the lower incisors, the former cor- responds with the genus Cercocebus. The anterior premolar is longest in Semnopithecus, while in the adult P. albigena and the two species of Cercocebus it is rather smaller than the tooth posterior to it. The skull of the young specimen of Presbytes albigena, which has partly been the occasion of the present remarks upon the several genera, shows characters, even in its juvenile condition, which would prevent its being ranked with the genus Semnopithecus, although, at the same time, it must be admitted, as might naturally be ex- pected, that the distinguishing prominent points of difference are not so well marked as in the adult skull of the same species. Never- theless it bears out, though in a less forcible manner, what I have said, as a whole, of its closer resemblance to Cercocebus than to Semnopithecus. With respect to the genus Colobus, the skulls correspond in every particular to the genus Semnopithecus ; the three individual skulls of the former in the British Museum may be said to correspond with their African representatives as follows :—C. guereca with S. entellus, C. temminchii with S. melalophus (but not so laterally compressed), while C. polycomus may be likened to S. maurus or S. entellus. The crania of the Cercopitheci in some characters agree with Cer- cocebus, and in others slightly with Semnopithecus. As related to the present subject, I shall introduce some notes I made in January 1863, of the dissection of an adult male specimen of Colobus guereza, Riippell.. While at Nyambura, a village in the Moro territory, about sixty miles due west of Gondokoro, on the White Nile, an animal of the above species was shot by one of our party, and on my examining the viscera the following peculiarities were observed :— Stomach in dimensions : inches. Length of greater curvature ADOUGH © «. siedusse Ribs 29 of lesser curvature about ............ ie Greatest breadth of organ............- Bache, Sa The viscus, when laid out flat, was of an elongated, somewhat pyriform shape, with many transverse sacculi, as in the first part of the great intestines of the human subject. The cardiac extremity was rotund and expanded ; there was a constriction to the left of the cesophagus, about as far distant as was the cardiac end from it; to the left of this constricted part the stomach was much narrower, and the sacculi less in capacity ; a third still narrower and more in- testiniform part stretched to the right of the last, and about equal to it in length. The accompanying diagram, which I lay before the Society, is from a sketch made at the time, and may convey a better idea of the appearance of the organs than a lengthened description. Small intestines, in length 8 feet 73 inches; the large intestines, including ceecum, 5 feet 9 inches. Czecum simple, very like the re- presentation given by Prof. Owen of that of Semnopithecus entellus ; length 1} inch, cireumference 4? inches. 1865. ] PRESBYTES AND COLOBUS. 745 The lungs had five lobes on the right side and four on the left ; length of each about 7 inches. Pancreas short, with a bifid extre- mity ; length 23 inches, breadth 14 inch. The right and left lobes of the liver were very disproportionate in size, the left being very much the larger of the two. I omitted to note the relative position of the liver to the stomach in situ; but from my sketch of the organ when taken out, it showed that whenever the stomach was distended with food it would press the left lobe of the liver over the much smaller right one, and this overlapping would produce the same irregular position of the liver in the right hypochondriac region as is recorded by Owen in S. entellus. The length of the left lobe, in C. guereza, was 73 inches, of the right 4 inches. First. My observations, though not extensive, may help there- fore to bear out the fact that Presbytes albigena, Gray, is rather allied to the genus Cercocebus (where the skull has already been placed) than to the Indian group Semnopithecus, with which it was originally arranged ; so that I consider the animal in future ought to be known by the name of Cercocebus albigena. The fresh specimen, moreover, adds to the certainty of its African habitat ; but this, since M. du Chaillu’s collection has been known, could hardly be disputed. Secondly. The anatomical examination of Colobus guereza corro- borates what Owen has recorded of C. ursinus, and strengthens belief in the visceral peculiarities belonging to the entire genus. These apparent constant characters, when taken along with those of the cranium and dentition, add wonderfully to the family likeness of the genus Semnopithecus and Colobus ; and it seems that if they are not quite identical they run closely parallel, and are separated more by geographical than by anatomical characters*. * Tn ignorance of a short statement of Dr. Pucheran, that he believed the Presbytes aibigena of Dr. Gray to be a species of Cercocebus, I had, while writing the above paper, not consulted this authority. I find, however, that the first- named naturalist, in the ‘Revue et Magasin de Zoologie’ for June 1857, p. 242, expresses himself as follows as regards this species: —‘‘ Présentement cet indi- vidu est-il un Semnopithéque, comme I’a admis M. Gray, comme parait l’ad- mettre M. J. A. Wagner? Ce que nous pouvons certifier, c’est que son estomac est simple. Quant a la téte osseuse l’état des sutures atteste un individu encore jeune, et les derniers molaires sont encore renfermées dans leurs alvéoles; mais, nonobstant cette circonstance de jeune age, le crane et la face sont plus allongés que dans les tétes des Semnopithéques adultes. Par la forme de sa téte osseuse, le Presbytis albigena est un Cercocébe.” As I have not assumed the merit of being the first to point out that the Grey- cheeked Preshytes of Dr. Gray in reality possessed nearer affinities to the genus Cercocebus than to Semnopithecus, seeing that I make mention of the typical skull in the British Museum being now placed in the Osteological Collection along with the Cercocebus under the name C. albigena, I trust that it may not be con- sidered disrespectful towards M. Pucheran that I did not earlier refer to his opinion ; but as the volume of the ‘ Catalogue of the Bones of the Mammalia in the Collection of the British Museum,’ published in 1862, contains no reference to Dr. Pucheran’s paper, printed in 1857, I believe that I may, to a certain extent, throw the onus on the former publication, which, adopting the newer generic classification of the animal, gives no clue to the more recent authority. Looking at the matter in a broad light, and with no other desire than the 746 DR. G. HARTLAUB ON NEW SAXICOLZ. [Dec. 12, 6. Nore vpon THE ABNORMALITY OF A TAIL-FEATHER IN A MALE SaMMERING’s PHEeasANtT. By James Muriz, M.D., PRosECTOR TO THE SOCIETY. An adult male Scemmering’s Pheasant (Phasianus semmeringit, Temm.) which died and was examined by me on the 29th of Novem- ber last, presented the following irregularity :—— The middle and longest tail-feather of the bird was completely turned upside down. The groove of the shaft was uppermost ; the outer edge of the vane of the feather and the down at the base of the shaft were curled upwards. The brilliant colour of the reversed upper side was in no way affected by its unusual position or partial want of light. At the posterior third of the feather there com- menced to be a twist, which as it reached the pointed extremity, was seen to have made a half turn of a circle, bringing what was the uppermost side at the root of the feather to be the undermost at the tip; in other words, the feather at its posterior third seemed to endeavour to right itself to its normal condition. At the root it was firmly attached to the skin, proving it not to have been the result of mere accident. On first consideration it may be supposed that this feather had grown from the first in an inverted manner, but the spiral form, I am inclined to believe, demonstrates that when young it must have shot forth in the normal manner, and that the turn took place sub- sequently during the process of growth. The feathers of birds, I understand, are occasionally found some- what twisted at the base of the wing; and the Friesland Fowl is remarkable for the frizzly appearance of its plumage. But several gentlemen, who have had much practical experience with birds, tell me they have never met with a case wherein tail-feathers were so placed as I have related, for which reason I have thought it worthy of being mentioned. oo 7. On Two New Species or SoutH AFRICAN SAxIcoLez, By Dr. G. Hautiaus, For. Memes. Zoot. Soc. In a small collection of birds from different parts of the Cape Colony recently submitted to my examination by Mr. E. L. Layard I find two apparently new species, which I describe as follows :— search after truth, I conclude by pointing out that my more detailed comparison of the skull of Presbytes albigena with the true Indian Semnopitheci endorses the opinion of Dr. Pucheran and the correctness of the present name attached to the cranium in the National Collection. With regard to the complicated stomach of the genus Colobus, I have further to add the testimony of Mr. Flower, that the C. vellerosus dissected by him, besides those examined by Professor Owen and the C. guereza described in this paper, all point to the certainty of this feature being common to the genus ; and therefore, besides the analogy of the cranial character, this undoubtedly marks the Colobi and Semnopitheci as being but individual members of one group. 1865.] MR. FLOWER ON THE GULAR POUCH OF THE BUSTARD. 747 1. SaxrcoLa castor, ¢. Major ; cinerea, remigibus fuscis ; corpore subtus viz pallidiore ; tectricibus caude superioribus albis ; rectricibus 4 intermediis Jusco-nigris, ternis lateralibus albis, apice late Susco-nigris, quarta nigricante, basi alba; rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. circa-7", rostr. 7", al. 4", caud. 2" 10!", tars. 13h", Hab. Karroo; Afr. mer. (Layard). 2. SAXICOLA POLLUX, ¢. Minor ; cinerea, gutture pectoreque pallidioribus ; abdomine imo, erisso et subcaudalibus albis; remigibus fuscis, primo apice conspicue emarginato-attenuato ; rectricibus 4 mediis Susco- nigris, ternis lateralibus pogonio externo albis, interno Suscis, extima apice tota fusca, quarta apice latius fusca ; rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. 63", rostr. 6!, al. 4" 1!, caud. 2" 10, tars. 14", Hab. Karroo (Layard). Obs. Primo aspectu simillima preecedenti, sed minor, cauda alis et tarsis pro mole longioribus, subcaudalibus albis ; rectricum coloribus alio modo dispositis. 8. On THe Guxar Poucu or THe Great Bustarp (Orts TARDA, Linn.). By W. H. Frower, F.R.S., etc. In ‘ The Ibis’ for 1862 (p. 107) Mr. Alfred Newton gave an ex- haustive summary of the literature of the much-vexed question of the presence or absence of the “ gular pouch”? in the male Bustard, toge- ther with an account of a dissection performed by several competent persons (the author included), in which no trace of this remarkable organ was found. Stimulated to the research by Mr. Newton’s re- marks, Dr. W. H. Cullen of Kustendjie, in Bulgaria, took advantage of the frequent occurrence of the bird in his neighbourhood to renew the investigation, and found in each of the two specimens which he dissected a distinct and largely developed pouch. A description and figures of these were communicated to ‘ The Ibis’ (April 1865, p. 143). The identical specimens having, through Dr. Cullen’s kindness, been sent to the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, I have now the pleasure of exhibiting them to the Members of the Society, and of making a few observations upon their form and structure, con- firmatory of, and supplemental to, those of Dr. Cullen. Of the specimens received, the one consists of the lower mandible, the tongue, the hyoid apparatus, the upper portion (about 2 inches) of the cesophagus and trachea, and the gular pouch dissected away from all its attachments, except at its neck ; the second is the pouch alone cut off through the neck ; and this being therefore of comparatively little interest, I shall chiefly confine my observations to the first. In the mesial line of the floor of the mouth, immediately under the root of the tongue, is a distinct and unquestionably natural opening. In what appears.to be the usual contracted condition of 748 MR. FLOWER ON THE GULAR POUCH OF THE BUSTARD. [ Dec. 12, the parts, the opening is reduced to a T-shaped slit (the crosspiece, two lines long, being turned backwards), surrounded by well-marked deep folds of mucous membrane, which coming into apposition with each other close the orifice. These folds have a perfectly definite arrangement : traced up from the mouth of the orifice, the posterior ones are lost on the under surface of the tongue ; those coming from the two sides diverge from each other, and run round the lateral parts of the base of the tongue; those from the anterior wall of the opening are continuous with the longitudinal folds on the middle of the floor of the mouth. The arrangement of these folds admits of great dilatation of the aperture, so that it will quite readily admit the introduction of the finger. When slightly distended, the opening becomes triangular, the hinder border straight and placed transversely at the base of the tongue; the apex, turned forwards, is continuous with the groove in the middle line of the floor of the mouth. The pouch to which this opening leads is suspended by a some- what constricted neck to the floor of the mouth, between the hinder part of the rami of the mandible; it may indeed be looked upon as a dilatation of that part of the floor situated immediately in front of the base of the tongue. A distinct but not very strong band of muscular fibres runs immediately beneath the mucous membrane of the mouth, on each side of the neck of the sack, meeting before and behind—evidently the sphincter mentioned by Dr. Cullen. It ap- pears, however, to be only a part of the general muscular layer ex- tending between the mandibles and the hyoid bone. The sack itself when empty measured 9 inches in length, and, when moderately distended by allowing water to run in by its own weight, without any forcing, was found to hold three imperial pints ; probably it could have been easily made to contain more, but that I did not wish to run any risk of bursting it. When thus distended it had an elongated pyriform shape, the larger end being turned upwards. Rather below the middle there was a gentle constriction. The walls of the sack are formed of a thin but perfectly distinct and tolerably strong membrane, composed of intersecting bundles of pale unstriped muscular fibres, united by connective or areolar tissue, and having numerous blood-vessels ramifying upon it. Externally it has evidently been but slightly connected with the surrounding parts by a loose areolar tissue. Internally it is smooth and lined by a dis- tinct epithelium, continuous above with that of the mucous mem- brane of the mouth. Both of the sacks had within them a few short pieces of grass and leaves*. There appears to be no glandular structure connected with the walls; indeed the whole character of the sack points to its being a simple reservoir, probably for fluid, more analogous to the submandibular pouch of the Pelican than to anything else in the class Aves. But in the absence of fuller information as to the economy and habits of the bird, I refrain from speculating upon the purpose of this singular and apparently inconstant organ. * Grass-seeds have been observed by Naumann in the pouch of a Bustard (Newton, Joc. cit.). 1865.] DR. J. HECTOR ON THE BONES OF DINORNIS. 749 9. Notes ON THE MOaA-BONES IN THE NEw ZEALAND EXHIBITION or 1865. By James Hector, M.D., F.G.S., Direcror or THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF New ZEALAND*, In a collection of the natural resources and curiosities of New Zealand like that recently gathered together in the Exhibition which has just closed, as might be expected, the large wingless birds which once were so abundant in these islands were well represented by numerous specimens of their remains. Still, considering the pro- fusion of Moa-bones which not only occur imbedded in the alluvial soil, but in parts of the country actually lie strewn on the surface, it is to be regretted that a more systematic search is not conducted by settlers and others possessing the necessary facilities, in order not only to obtain more perfect sets of the bones of the skeleton, but also, by amassing a large number of specimens from various districts, to afford a means of determining how many distinct kinds of these interesting birds existed. No extensive collection has ever, so far as the writer is aware, been made since that by Mr. Walter Mantell, which formed the basis for the admirable series of monographs on the structure of these birds by Professor Owen. Many fragmentary collections have doubtless been sent by private hands; but little or nothing has been added to our knowledge on the subject, with the exception of that which, I suppose, has been derived from the study of a remarkably fresh skeleton, which was sent from this province in the beginning of last year to the York Museum, and which has since been described by Mr. Allis in the ‘Journal of the Linnean Society,’ and by Prof. Owen in the ‘ Transactions of the Zoological Society.’ This specimen is chiefly remarkable from being the first instance where any part of the integument or ligaments still remained attached to the skeletont. The following notes and the measurements of the various Moa- bones in the Exhibition are intended to direct attention to the sub- ject, and to show the immense variety of those interesting remains which might be collected without an effort, if their true value to science were only properly known and appreciated. List of the various collections of Moa-bones in the New Zealand Exhibition at Dunedin, 1865. In the Otago Museum :— 1. Complete (or nearly so) skeleton of Dinornis casuarinus, set up by the writer. This skeleton stands about 5 feet 8 inches in height. The head is from a different locality, and may belong to a different species. The rest of the bones were all found together in relative position in digging in the Botanic Gardens in Dunedin. The bones were imbedded in a deposit of ‘“ Vivianite,”” or phosphate of iron, derived from their decomposition in contact with ferruginous waters. It is extremely common to find the cells in Moa-bones filled with crystals of this mineral. 2. A complete set of leg- and foot-bones of D. giganteus, exhibited * Communicated to the Society by Mr. W. H. Flower, F.R.S., F.Z.S. t See Mr, Dallas’s paper anted, p. 265. 750 DR. J. HECTOR ON THE BONES OF DINORNIS. [ Dee. 12, by Mr. Payne. This specimen was restored by the writer, and mea- sured when together 6 feet 2 inches, the length of the tibia being 353 inches. It formed one of the most striking objects in the museum part of the Exhibition. It was found in alluvial soil at Ommaru; and it is not improbable that the rest of the skeleton might be found if searched for. 3. The three heads of Dinornis ingens(?), figures of which are en- closed, were exhibited by Mr. Coates of the gold-fields department. They were found in digging a ditch in alluvial soil. They were ac- companied by imperfect skeletons of at least three different birds. 4, A large collection of bones, principally tarso-metatarsals, from marine ovens on the sandhills along the coast, where they are mixed with bones of Seals and fish and with native implements of chert, hornstone, and nephrite. 5. Collections of bones from different parts of the interior, where they lie on the surface or are imbedded in shallow alluvial deposits. Either collected by the writer, or contributed by the settlers and persons on the gold-fields. Among them is a splendid pelvis of D. giganteus. 6. Case of bones containing three heads, collected by F. Fenwick, Esq. ; also a number of fragments of egg-shells and small leg-bones of D. ingens. 7. The gold-fields department exhibited a collection of very fine bones of D. ingens from the Wahatepu Lake. 8. In the Canterbury collections exhibited by Dr. Haast there were some fine bones of the following species, according to the cata- logue :—D. robustus, didiformis, elephantopus, casuarinus, struthi- oides, and Palapteryx ingens. These were principally leg-bones, one sternum, and some vertebree. Among the latter there is one unique specimen in which the crushed vertebree are intermixed with smooth pebbles of quartz of the size of large beans, and which must, from their position, have been within the body of the animal, thus proving these smooth pebbles, that are so frequently found with Moa- bones, to be really “‘ crop-stones,”’ as has been conjectured. 9. The only other collection of Moa-bones in the Exhibition was that of M. Colenso from Hawkes Bay, being the only Moa-bones shown from the north island. They were very fine specimens of leg- bones, apparently of D. ingens. 10. One of the most curious objects of natural history in the Exhibition was a nearly complete Moa’s egg, which was found in a cave in the Waizon valley, in the province of Marlborough. This egg was found resting in the hands of the skeleton of a native, who, ac- cording to the usual custom, had been interred in a sitting posture. It measures 94 inches in length and 7 in breadth, and is complete, all but a few fragments a little over an inch in diameter, which have been broken from one side. The fragments have, however, been preserved and are shown along with the egg; and, from the manner in which the egg is placed, the fracture cannot be perceived. Fragments of Moa’s eggs are frequently found in various parts of the country, and Mr. Mantell satisfied himself that they must have been used as food by the natives. He inferred this from finding 1865.] DR. J. HECTOR ON THE BONES OF DINORNIS. 751 that the fragments towards one end of the shell were scorched when they were found in the native cooking-ovens, which correspond to the « kitchen-middens” of Europe. His inference, therefore, receives remarkable confirmation from the manner in which this perfect spe- cimen of the egg has been found. In order to approximate to the number of species represented in these different collections, the following table has been constructed to show the comparative measurements of the principal bones. As the species have been determined only from the scale of mea- surements given in Owen’s Monograph, the nomenclature is not to be implicitly relied on. No. of | Length | Girth, |Girth of} Girth, : SUES pi bane. oeiciiaal mfidille: distal, Species. mens, in in. in. in. Femur. 1 16 16 75 18 D. giganteus. z 11 (a3) 85 45 10°5 D. didiformis. ” 1 9 9 5:7 hes pete id 13 9-5 9-7 47 10°5 \ D. dromioides. 5 2 14 16°5 a 14 » 1 14 16 4 14 D. ingens. + 3 12°5 15 7°5 15°5 3 2 11 13:3 67 14 D. crassus. | . . - 99 i fh * 3 = 5 o ea \ D. struthioides. 55 1 6 se 2°5 he ~ D. curtus. Tibia. 1 28:5 13-7 57 13 J 1 28 15°5 6-5 13°5 D. ingens, vay. » 1 29°5 19°5 45 12 robustus. rd 2 29 18 6 13°5 9 a ’ ae a, es ry bo. dromioides. = : Be le Be 127 i D. giganteus. » 2 Vib 13 4:3 10 D d ¢ 5 16°5 12:7 43 82 1, CASUATUNUS. ” 1 15°7 11 5:5 14 - 1 19 12°5 5 a D. struthioides. 8 1 13a; 9°5 : 12-5 z2 ; 13 As Z = to. curtus. Tar.-metatar. 1 185 wae Dae Xs 3 1 19 12 6 15 D. giganteus. ne 1 18°5 12 6 15 oe 1 15) at ay i A 4 16:3 ae 57 13°3 D. ingens (?)*. 7. 14 12 105 5 11-5 | D.struthioides(?). ag 6 775 8 48 10 Fc 1 75 8 4 8 * 1 73 85 | 45 10 \ D. casuarinus. f 1 (eri A woe on ” 2 8 85 4-5 10 Es 3 8-5 9°5 53 11:5 D. crassus. = 1 9-5 10°5 58 13 (2) 2 10°5 11 12:5 (2) a 2 ll 13 6:5 14:5 (?) = 2 10 105 2-7 10:7 D. curtus (?). ee ee ae * These four are along with tibie of D. angens; otherwise they would agree better with D. giganteus. 752 MR. W. K. PARKER ON SOME FOSSIL BIRDS. [Dec. 12, 10. Pretiminary Notes on some Fossit Birps FROM THE ZEBBUG Cave, Matta. By W. K. Parken, F.R.S., F.Z.S., evc. Four or five years since, the late Dr. Falconer and Capt. Spratt put into my hands a box of fossil bird-bones from the Zebbug Cave, Malta. Amongst these was the anterior part of a sternum showing part of the large cavity into which the trachea had entered, This structure made the determination of this particular bone easy, as it must have belonged either to a Crane or toa Swan. Dr. Fal- coner and I compared this and the other bones with those of the Cranes and Swans in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, and we agreed that these treasures were the remains of ‘ Lamellirostral”’ birds. Afterwards I went over them all in detail and transmitted, through my friend Prof. Rupert Jones, a list of them to that great paleontologist. A few months since, Capt. Spratt requested me to describe these bones, so as to form a paper which should be illus- trated by a plate of the best of the fossils, and the paper itself to be an accompaniment to a larger and more important memoir by Mr. Busk, on the remains of the three species of Elephants, which he has worked out, from the same cave. This latter gentleman has recently given me for description some additional bird-bones from the same source. These newer specimens have among them the hinder part of the skull which corresponds to one of the three species which I have been able to determine. A great proportion of these bird-bones are those of the limbs, many of the shorter being nearly perfect, whilst the longer bones are mostly broken in pieces about three or four inches in length. The first species was a gigantic Swan, nearly one-third larger than average individuals of the Mute Swan (Cygnus olor). The head and more than half of the long bones belong to this kind. Its wings appear to have had the same relative length as those of the tame Swan; but the thigh-bone was relatively shorter, the tarso- metatarse (shank) was considerably longer in proportion. The most remarkable difference, however, between this extinct species (which I propose to call C. falconeri) is to be found in the comparative length of the phalanges ; for whilst the proximal joint of the middle toe is one-fourth thicker than that of the Mute Swan, it is only three- fourths the length; so that whilst C. falconeri was between one- third and one-fourth larger than the common kind, it stood on longer legs, and had the comparatively short toes of a Goose. The next species, that to which the important sternal fragment belonged, showing it to be a species of Hooper, I have doubtfully named C. musicus(?). Having recently examined the osteological specimens in the Museum of the College of Surgeons which are attributed to C. ferus* (see Cat. Mus. Coll. Surg. vol. i. p. 233, nos. 1241-1248), I am strongly inclined to think, from the extreme difference of size, that some of the smaller ones belong to C. bew- ickit. The smaller bones from Malta may either belong to small individuals (perhaps females) of C. mustcus, or perhaps to the smaller C. bewickit. Besides the piece of sternum and many shaft-bones * A synonym of C. musicus. 1865. ] MR. H. ADAMS ON NEW MOLLUSKS. 753 and phalanges, there is a large piece (two-thirds) of a sacrum, and two upper cervical vertebree. The remaining determinable fragments belonged either to a Duck, more than one-fourth larger than the Common Mallard (Anas bos- chas), or, which is more likely, to a small Goose, about the size of the Brent Goose (Bernicla brenta). There were a nearly perfect thigh-bone, the lower part of a tibia, the distal and middle part of a radius, the middle part of an ulna, the largest metacarpal, and the upper half of a coracoid, belonging to this small Anserine bird. Mr. Erxleben, who has so beautifully figured the best of these remains in the plate which is now exhibited, suggests, from the size of the fragments and the generally injured condition of the condyles even in the unbroken bones, that the birds had been carried into the cave and eaten by foxes. 11. Descriptions or A New Genus AND soME New SPECIES OF Mo.uvusks. By Henry Apams, F.L.S. Macron wrieati, H, Adams. M. testa ovato-trigona, solidissima, subumbilicata, alba ; spira brevi, anfr. 4, convexiusculis, superne tabulatis, anfractu ultimo magno, transversim sulcato, sulcis postice evanidis, antice tribus valde distinctis ; sutura canaliculata ; apertura ovali, 2 totius longitu- dinis teste; columella arcuata, callo postice copioso, canali brevi, recurvo ; labro postice inflexo, antice sinuato-dentato. Long. 75, lat. 52 mill. Hab. Coast of Patagonia (Coll. mea). The specimen from which the above description is taken was obtained, I am informed by Mr. Wright, from the coast of Pata~ gonia. It is very much beach-worn, but when in a fresh state was, I have no doubt, covered with a thick dark epidermis like the other species of the genus. MW. wrightii differs from M. hellettii, which it most resembles, in being larger and more solid, and in its short spire and trigonal form. The genus Macron has hitherto been considered a subgenus of Pseudoliva; but having recently seen the operculum of M. kellettii, which is unguiculate, while that of P. levis (the type of Pseudoliva) is purpuroid, Macron must be separated, and take rank as a genus. EGLISIA MACANDRE&, I. Adams. E. testa subsolida, pallido-fulva; anfr. 13, rotundatis, cingulis obiusis spiralibus (quorum tres majores sunt) ornatis ; interstitiis lamellis acutis, tenuibus, subdistantibus, longitudinalibus cancel- latis ; apertura orbiculari ; columella incrassata, antice effusa et refleva ; labro simplici, acuto, intus sulcato. Long. 15, lat. 83 mill. Hab. Gibraltar (Coll. M‘Andrew.). A single specimen of this interesting addition to the genus Eglisia Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. XLIX. 754 MR. H. ADAMS ON NEW MOLLUSKS. __ [Dec. 12, was dredged by Mr. M‘Andrew off Gibraltar. It is in the finest possible condition, and the nucleolar whorls, which are sinistral and somewhat planorbular, show that the place of Hg/isia is in the family Pyramidellide, and not in Turritellide, in which it has been hitherto included. AMPHITHALAMUS OBESUS, H. Adams. A. testa obesa, dense rufo-cornea, nitida, levi, subdiaphana, mar- ginibus spire excurvatis ; verlice nucleoso normali, haud sculpto, apice mamillato; anfr. 5, subplanatis, rapide augentibus ; bast tumida, haud sculpta; apertura subovali; labro acuto; labio (¢. adulte) a pariete separato, thalamum altissimum formante, ad marginem recto, ad junctionem labri antice curvato. Long. 14, lat. ¢ mill. Hab. Lord Hood’s Island (Coll. mea). AMPHITHALAMUS PUpOIDEUs, H. Adams. A. testa angusta, dense rufo-cornea, nitida, levi, subdiaphana, mar- ginibus spire irregularihus ; vertice nucleoso valde mamillato, tumente, haud sculpto; anfr. 4, subnlanatis, vie augentibus, ul- timo paulum angustiore ; basi prolongata, haud sculpta; apertura (¢. adulte) subcirculari, peritremate rufo, continuo; labro vix angustato ; labio a pariete parum separato, thalamum lacunatum formante, ad junctionem labri antice curvato. Long. 13, lat. } mill. Hab. Lord Hood’s Island (Coll. mea). This species stands on the confines of the genus, and passes towards Stenothyra, in shape, however, resembling Hyala. HETEROCARDIA DENNISONI, H. Adams. H. testa ovata, subcompressa, tenui, equilaterali, hiante, albida, transversim inequaliter striata; latere antico rotundato, margine superiore paulo incurvato; latere postico arcuatim subtruncato, inferne rotundato ; umbonibus parvis, subprominentibus. Long. 37, alt. 27, lat. 15 mill. Hab. ? (Coll. mea). This species, which is the largest of the very rare genus Hetero- cardia, is most like H. cumingii, Desh., but is much more oval in form, and has tlie umbones central. The specimen described formed part of the collection of the late Mr. Dennison, and is the only one I have seen. Genus Tuyriua, H. Adams. Testa equivalvis, subtriangularis, postice subtruncata, vie flexuosa, ventricosa, epidermide tenui pallido-fulva induta, superficie val- varum decussata. In valva dextra dentes duo cardinules, quorum anterior triangularis, bifidus, posterior minor, compressus ; in valva sinistra dens cardinalis solitarius, triangularis, bifidus ; ligamentum internum, in fovea subcentrali vix declivi positum ; dentes laterales nulli. Impressiones musculares satis conspicui, posterior rotundata, anterior elongata ; linea pallialis sinuata. tat ae ane aa LEePINOP EE aS bs JP TE DA TALLEY N Hanhart amp NEW INDIA i L \ LEPIDOPTERA M.# N Hanhart.imp 1865.]| MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA, 755 THYELLA PULCHRA, H. Adams. T. testa subequilaterali, antice longiore, candida, valvarum super- ficie costis tenuibus radiantibus et liris excentricis decussata ; um- bonibus parvis, subrecurvis ; margine dorsali excavato ; sinu pal- liali profundo. Long. 13, alt. 11, lat. 7 mill. Hab. Singapore (Coll. Cuming.). This genus appears to have most affinity with Semele, but differs in the absence of lateral teeth, in its more ventricose form, and in the position of the internal ligament. The surface of the valves of the species described is decussately sculptured by radiating ribs and thin concentric lire. I avail myself of this opportunity to state that the genus Leu- conyx, some time since described by my brother and myself, must be cancelled, as we have recently had an opportunity of proving that it is founded upon the internal spathulate appendage of Pholas costata. The name Plectostoma also, which I gave lately to a very peculiar form of Helix from Labuan, must be considered a synonym of Opisthostoma, Blanford, which was established to receive a small shell from India, much more Pupa-shaped than the type of Plec- tostoma, but, I think, belonging to the same group, and which has hitherto been supposed to be furnished with an operculum, and to be allied to Diplommatina. 12. On THE LEpIpDoPTEROUS INSECTS OF BENGAL. By Freperic Moore. (Plates XLI., XLII., XLIII.) Excepting a brief list of Lepidopterous Insects from the N.W. Himalaya, compiled by Kollar and published in Hiigel’s ‘ Kaschmir,’ and another by myself, printed in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society for the present year, of a collection of Diurnal Lepidoptera recently made in nearly the same districts by Capt. A. M. Lang, no record has appeared of the many very interesting ‘‘local”’ Indian collections that have so frequently been formed. In the following pages a list is given of the species contained in a very extensive collection made in the Province of Bengal by Mr. A. E. Russell, of the Bengal Civil Service, who has kindly placed them in my hands for this purpose, and of others collected in the same Province by Mr. W. 8S. Atkinson and the late Capt. J. Lind Sherwill. Sect. I. RHOPALOCERA. Tribe 1. PAprLioneEs. Fam. PariLionip&. ORNITHOPTERA RHADAMANTHUS, Boisd. Spéc. Gén. Leép. i. p. 180. 756 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [Dec. 12, O. pomprtus, Cram. Pap. t. 25. f. A. Papitio mMAcAREUsS, Godt. (Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. 1829, t.5 £1). Hills, Darjeeling. P. xenoc.es, Doubleday (Westw. Arc. Ent. pl. 92. f. 1). Hills and plains, P. pissimivis, Linn. (Cram. t. 82. f. C, D). P. panope, Linn. (Cram. t. 295. f. E, F). Bauleah. Note.—P. dissimilis and P. panope taken in coitu.—A. E. Russell. P. castor, Westw. Arc. Ent. pl. 80. f. 1, 2. P. potiux, Westw. ib. pl. 90. f. 1. P. acestor, Gray, Ins. of Nepal, pl. 4. f. 2 (Westw. Arc. Ent. pliiG. <2). Darjeeling. P. epycrpes, Hewits. Exot. Butt. pl. 6. f. 1. Hills, Darjeeling. P. scuaTeRt, Westw. Darjeeling. P. pammon, Linn. (Cram. t. 141. f. B.) Bauleah. P. rotytes, Linn. (Cram. t. 265. f. A-C.) Bauleah. P. romuuus, Cram. t. 43. f. A. Bauleah ; plains of Bengal. P. necror, Linn. (Cram. t. 141. f. A). Central Bengal. P. pipxitus, Esper, Ausl. Schmett. t. 40. f. I. Bauleah ; plains of Bengal. P. varuna, White (Westw. Arc. Ent. pl. 66. f. 1, 2). P. RHETENOR, Westw. Are Ent. pl. 16. f.1, la. P. prorenor, Cram. t. 49. f. A, B. P. poLyMNESTOR, Cram. t. 53. f. A, B. Plains of Bengal. 1865.] | MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA, 757 P. anpRoGeos, Cram. t. 91. f. A,B. Dacca. P. PHILOXENUS, Gray, Ins. of Nepal, pl. 2; Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent. pl. 40. f.29,3¢: P. pasarapa, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 96 (Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent. pl. 40. f. 5, 3). P. 1carrus, Westw. ib. pl: 2: P. HELENvs, Linn. (Cram. t. 153. f. A, B). P. cHaon, Westw. Arcana Ent. ph 72. fi Hills, Darjeeling. P. paris, Linn. (Cram. t. 103. f. A, B). Lower hills. P. canes, Doubleday, Gray’s Zool. Mise. p. 73. Lower hills, Darjeeling. P. arcrurus, Westw. Arc. Ent. pl. 27. High hills. P. xrisuna, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. pl. 2a. f. 6. High hills, ‘ P. crino, Fabr. (Guérin, Rev. Zool. 1840, t. 1. f. 1.) Plains of Bengal ; near the sea. P. ERITHONIUS, Cram. t. 232. f. A, B. Bauleah. P. aGAMEMNON, Linn. (Cram. t. 106. f. C, D). Hill-tops. P. curron, Wallace, Linn. Trans. xxv. p. 66. P. bathycles of India, auctorum. Foot of hills. P. sason, Esper, Ausl. Schmett. t. 58. f. 5. Balasore. Larva feeds on Michelia champa and Uvaria longifolia.—A. Grote. P. sarPepon, Linn. (Cram. t. 122. f. D, E). P. cLoantuvs, Westw. Arc. Ent. pill. f 2, P. ANTIPHATES, Cram. t. 72. f. A, B. Balasore ; lower hills. 758 MR. F, MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. ([Dec. 12, P. anticrates, Doubleday (Catal. Lep. B. M. pt. 1, pl. 3. f. 3). Hills. 5. P. nomius, Esper, Ausl. Schmett. t. 52. f. 3. Plains. Abounds in the vicinity of Calcutta and other parts of Bengal during the dry hot season.—F. Blyth. P. erycerrion, Gray, Ins. of Nepal, pl. 3. f. 2; Westw. Are. Ent. pl. 55. f. 3. High hills. Leptocircus curtius, Fabr. (Donov. Ins. of Ind. pl. 47. f. 1; Genera of Diurn. Lep. pl. 4*. f. 1). Found only on the slopes of the hills to the eastward and north- eastward.—d. Grote. L. meces, Zink. Sm. Nova Acta, xv. p. 161. ? Bengal. TEINOPALPUS IMPERIALIS, Hope, Trans. Linn. Soe. xix. pl. 11. f. 1,2,¢; Westw. Arc. Ent. pl. 60, 9. Hills over 9000 feet elevation. CaLINAGA BUDDHA, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. pl. 3 a. f. 5. Lower hills. Fam. Pirrip&. Prerts pasirHo#, Linn. (Cram. t. 43. f. D, E). P. THISBE, Cram. t. 233. f. C. P. pecuaponna, Fabr. (H.-Schff. Pap. Exot. f. 13, 14). Valleys of the lower hills. P. evcuaris, Drury, Ins. ii. pl. 10. f. 5, 6. Larva feeds on Loranthus.—A. Grote. P. nierTE, Hiibn. Zutrige, f. 77, 78. Plains of S.E. Bengal. P. acostina, Hewits. Exot. Butt. pl. 1. f. 1, 2. Lower hills and upwards to 7000 feet. P. pescomssst, Boisd. Spéc. Gén. Lép. i. p. 465. Lower hills. P. cLemantue, Doubleday, Ann. Nat. Hist. xvii. p. 23. Valleys of the lower hills. 1865.] MR. Fr. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. “NI Or S P. tHEstyLts, Doubleday, Gray’s Zool. Misc. p. 76, 3. P. seta, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1857, pl. 44. f. 3,9. Hills. P. rovuxt, Boisd. Spéc. Gén. Lép. i. p. 481. P. sipeo, Cram. t. 195. f. B, C. Hill (Darjeeling). P. trsyTHEA, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 190. P. zelmira, Cram. t. 320. f. E, F, 2, nec f. C, D. P. nerissa, Fab. Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 192. P. zelmira, Cram. t. 320. f. C, D,¢. Plains. P. neomso, Boisd. Spéc. Gén. Lép. i. p. 539. P. cotimsa, Boisd. ¢. P. indra, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1857, pl. 44. f.5,9. P. ratace, Doubleday and Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 6. i So. P. durvasa, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1857, pl. 44. f.6, 3. Rare in the plains ; common in the hills. P. mESENTINA, Cram. t. 270. f. A, B. Common everywhere but hills. Larva feeds on Zizyphus and ou Capparis sepiaria.— A. Grote. P. coronts, Cram. t. 44. f. B. P. urea, Moore, P. Z. 8.1865, p. 490, pl. 31. f. 17. P. nama, Doubleday (Moore, P. Z.8. 1857, pl. 44. f. 1,2, ¢ 2). Lower hills. P. Guicrria, Cram. t. 171. f. E, F. Hills (Darjeeling). Pontia nina, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 194. Hesomora Giavcirrr, Linn. (Cram. t. 164. f. A-C.) THESTIAS ZNIPPE, Cram. t. 105. f. C, D. t. 229. f. B, C. Balasore ; Malda. T. MARIANNE, Cram. t. 217. f. C-F. T. pyrene, Linn. (Cram. t. 127. f. A-C). CALLIDRYAS PYRANTHE, Linn. (Cram. t. 58. f. A-C.) Malda. 760 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [Dec. 12, C. puiuipprna, Cram. t. 361. f. C, D. C. minaria, Cram. t. 339. f. A, B. Bauleah ; Malda. C. aLcMEong, Cram. t. 141. f. E. Bauleah; Dacca. Drrcas VERHUELLTI, Van der Hoeven, Tijd. voor Nat. Gesch. t. 8. f, 3, 4. CoLiAs EDUSA, var. C. fieldii, Ménétr. Catal. Lep. Mus. Imp. Acad. St. Petersb. t. 1. act, Ipmars cauats, Cram. t. 53. f. C, D. Balasore ; plains near the coast. TERIAS HECABE, Linn. (Cram. t. 124. f. B, C). T. prona, Horsf. Catal. (1829) t. 1. f. 13, T. rate, Boisd. Spéc. Gén. Lép. i. p. 674. Cuttack. T. warina, Horsf. Cat. (1829) p. 137. Eronta VALERIA, Cram. t. 85. f. A. Plains. E. avatar, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. 1. pl. 2a. f. 1. Hills. Fam. DaANAID&. TreLcHINIA ViOL&, Fabr. (Cram. t. 298. f. D, E). Plains. ParesBa vesTA, Fabr. (Cram. t. 228. f. A-C). Hills, Darjeeling. Larva feeds on Passiffora and Thunbergia.—A. Grote. DANAIS LIMNIACR, Cram. t. 59. f. C, D. Hills. D. meuissa, Cram. t. 377. f. C, D. Plains. D. mevanevs, Cram. t. 30. f. D. Hills. D. acura, Oram. t. 377. f. E. Hills. 1865.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 761 D. rytra, Gray, Ins. of Nepal, pl. 9. f. 2. Hills. D. prexiprus, Linn. (Cram. t. 206. f. C, D). Plains. D. uecesirrus, Cram. t. 180. f. A. Plains, South Bengal. D. curysippus, Linn. (Cram. t. 118. f. B, C). Plains up to the lower hills. EvurL@a RHADAMANTHUS, Fabr. (Jones, Icon. t. 45. f. 2). Hills. Does not occur in the plains. E. core, Cram. t. 266. f. EB, F. Plains. E. mipamvs, Linn. (Cram. t. 127. f. C, D, d; t. 266. f. C, 9). E. poUuBLEDAYI, Westw. E. pE1one, Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent. pl. 37. f. 3. Fam. NyMPHALID&. VANESSA CASHMIRENSIS, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. t. 9. f. 3, 4. V. cnaronta, Drury, Ins. pl. 15. f. 1, 2. Hills, PyRAMEIS CARDUI, Linn. Plains. P. caturrnot, Hiibn. (Cram. t. 84. f. E, F). JuNONIA GNONE, Linn. (Cram. t. 35. f. A-C). Plains. J. pemMonras, Linn. (Cram. t. 35. f. D-F). J. ontTHy1A, Linn. (Cram. t. 19. f. C, D, d). J. LaomeEDIA, Linn. (Cram. t. 8. f. F, G). J. ASTERI#, Linn. (Cram. t. 58. f. D, E). Plains. J. aumaAnaA, Linn. (Cram. t. 58. f. F, G). Plains. Larva feeds on Gloxinia and Osbeckhia.—A. Grote. Precis rpHirTa, Cram. t. 209. f. C, D. ~ 762 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [Dec. 12, P. warA, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C.i. pl. 3a. f. 1. Hills. ERGOLIS ARIADNE, Linn. (Cram. t. 144. f. G, H). CynTHIA ARSINOE, Cram. t. 160. f. A, B, d. Lower hills. CyrESTIS THYODAMUS, Boisd. (Doubleday & Hewits. Diurn. Lep. pl. 32. f. 3; Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. pl. 7. f. 3, 4). Hills. Settles on the underside of leaves, with the wings distended.— W. 8S. Atkinson. C. risa, Doubl. & Hewits. ib. p. 262, pl. 32. f. 4. : pe aa GaMBRisIvs, Fabr. (Doubl. & Hewits. ib. pl. 51. eee Bengal. Crrrocuroa Aoris, Doub]. & Hewits. ib. pl. 21. f. 1. Hills. Crernosi B1BLIs, Drury, Ins. i. pl. 4. f. 2. Hills. C. cyan, Fabr. (Drury, Ins. i. pl. 4. f. 1). Plains and Terai. ARGYNNIS CHILDREN, Gray, Ins. of Nepal, pl. 11. Higher hills, Darjeeling. A. n1pHE, Linn. (Cram. t. 14. f. B-E). Hills. A. 1ssmA, Gray, ib. pl. 11. Hills. MEsSARAS ERYMANTHIS, Drury, Ins. i. pl. 15. f. 3, 4. Plains, ATELLA EGISTA, Cram. 281. f. C, D. Hills. A. pHaxanta, Drury, Ins. i. pl. 21. f. 1, 2. LAOGONA HIPPOCLA, Cram. t. 220. f. C, D. L. nypsexis, Godt. (Doubl. & Hewits. Diurn. Lep, pl. 25. f. 1). Diapema Bottna, Linn. (Cram. t. 65. f. E, F). Var. inaria, Cram. t. 214. f. A, B.—Taken at Balasore. 1865.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 763 D. aver, Cram. t. 190. f. A, B. PENTHEMA LISARDA, Doubl. & Hewits. Diurn. Lep. pl. 39. f. 3. Evripus HALITHERSES, Doubl. & Hewits. ib. pl. 51. f. 2. E. 1sa, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 161, 2. EL. haliartus, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monat. iv. p. 234. E. nycrerus, Doubleday, Ann. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 182, 2. Hestina NAMA, Boisd.; Doubleday & Hewits. pl. 39. f. 2. Higher hills. H. rersimixis, Westw. & Hewits. Diurn. Lep. p. 281. Neptis HoRDONIA, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. t. 33. f. 4. Plains. N. mtaun, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. pl. 4a. f.1. Hills. N. vixast, Horsf. Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. 1829, pl Gate 2: Hills. N. conumerta, Cram. t. 296. f. A, B (Moore, P. Z. 8. 1858, pl. 49. f. 5, Q). N. soma, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1858, pl. 49. f. 6. N. nanprna, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. pl. 4 a. f. 7. N. maruta, Hiibn. (Cram. t. 296. f. E, 1 ATHYMA LeucorHo#, Linn. (Cram. t. 203. f. E, F). A. maHESA, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. plat fa A. pAHULA, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1858, pl. 50. f. 2. Darjeeling. A. susrata, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1858, pl.51. f. 1,9. A. CHEVANA, n. sp. (Pl. XLL. f. 1.) Male. Upperside dark brown ; markings pale buff yellow. Fore wing with uninterrupted discoidal streak, terminated by two oblique spots ; a transverse discal series of irregular-shaped spots, a submar- ginal row of small spots, and indistinct marginal narrow streaks. Hind wing with a broad transverse band, a submarginal lunulated band, and indistinct marginal narrow streaks. Body with pale buff- yellow waist-band and abdominal rings. Underside—fore wing with _ the markings as above, the interspaces ferruginous brown suffused with dark brown posteriorly, except along the base of the costa and triangularly before the apex, which is pale nacreous blue ; hind wing 764 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [Dec. 12, with a narrow transverse discal and marginal ferruginous-brown band, the rest of the wing pale nacreous blue, the broad transverse and lunulated submarginal band being paler nacreous white ; a black dot on lower part of disk. Expanse 23 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. Remark.—The whole underside of this species is very similar to that of Apatura ambica; and Mr. W. S. Atkinson has informed me that in fresh-captured specimens the upperside has also the beautiful reflected purple gloss visible in that insect. A. s1na, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i. pl. 5a. f. 3. A. sELENoPHORA, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. t. 7. f. 1, 2,3. A. rnarA, Doubleday & Hewits. Diurn. Lep. pl. 34. f. 3, ¢ (Moore, P. Z. 8. 1858, pl. 50. f. 6, d 2). A. cama, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i. pl. 5a. f. 5. Axsrota GANGA, Moore, ib. i. pl. 6a. f.1,d 9. Adolias confinis, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monat. iii. p. 183, t. 4. f. 3, © (1862). Hills, Darjeeling. A. JUMNA, N. Sp. Male. Similar to A. ganga; but differs on the upperside in being of a pale yellowish ferruginous, the black markings much less de- fined, and in having the submarginal and medial lunulated bands of the hind wings geminated. On the underside the markings are much less prominent, the geminated sinuous band being apparent as on the upperside. Female. Differs from that sex of A. ganga on the upperside in being brown, and in having the markings ferruginous; whereas in A. ganga the upperside is olive-brown, and the markings suffused olive-green. Expanse of ¢ 2, 2 33 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. Limenitts procris, Cram. t. 106. f. E, F. Plains of S.E. Bengal and lower hills. L. zutema, Doubl. & Hewits. Diurn. Lep. pl. 34. f. 1. Hills. L. 1sMENE, Doubl. & Hewits. ib. pl. 34. f. 2. Hills. L. zayxa, Doubl. & Hewits. ib. pl. 35. f. 4. Hills. -1865.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 765 L. paraxa, Doubl. & Hewits. Diurn. Lep. pl. 34. f. 4. Hills. Rare. L. panava, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. pl. 6a. f. 2. Hills. L. pupv, Westw. & Hewits. Diurn. Lep. Mus. p: 276. Hills. Herona maratuvs, Doubl. & Hewits. ib. pl. 51. f. 3. CasTALIA CHANDRA, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. pl. 6 a. f. 4 Lower hills. Apatura AmBIca, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. t. 8. f. 3, 4. A. parisatis, Westw. & Hewits. Diurn. Lep. p. 305. Lower hills, A. PARVATA, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. pl. 6a. f. 6. A. sorp1pA,n. sp. (Pl. XLI. f. 2.) A. sordida, Atkinson, MS. Male. Upperside fuliginous brown, the fore wing black at the apex ; fore wing with oblique discal bands of white spots, adjoining which is a single and before the apex two white dots; hind wing with a dark-brown pale-bordered marginal line and submarginal spots. Underside brownish grey, brown apically ; fore wing with the oblique discal band of white spots, the lower spot having a black yellow-bordered ocellus; apical spots and marginal streaks white ; hind wing with a transverse discal brown line bordered anteriorly with white spots, a marginal pale-bordered brown line, on the lower part cf the disk is an ocellus having a black pupil streaked with blue, yellow iride, and brown outer border. Female. Upperside paler, with a broad oblique uninterrupted white band ; otherwise as in male. Underside pale brownish grey ; the broad oblique band of fore wing as on upperside; the rest as in male. Expanse of ¢ 21, of 2 24 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell ; F. Moore. Hetcyra nemina, Hewits. Ent. Trans. 1864, pl. 15. f. 1. Darjeeling. ADOLIAS ALPHEDA, Godt. (Moore, Ent. Trans. v. pl. 3. f.4, ¢ 2). A. Garupa, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 186; Ent. Trans. v. pl. 3. f. 2,5 9. Plains. fod 766 MR. F, MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [Dec. 12, A. puemius, Doubleday, Westw. & Hewits. Diurn. Lep. pl. 41. f. 4,3 (Moore, Ent. Trans. v. pl. 3. f. 3,5 2). A. xesava, Moore, Ent. Trans. v. pl. 3. f. 5 (male only). A. sananpA, Moore, ib. v. pl. 7. f. 3,3. A. aprApes, Méné¢triés, Lep. Mus. Acad. Sci. Petersb. t. 9. f. 4, (1857). A. sedeva, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. v. pl. 4. f. 3, 2. A. tetcuiniA, Ménétriés, ib. t. 9. f. 3, ¢. A. apuipas, Hewits. Exot. Butt. (1862) pl. 8, 9. ? A. telchinia, female. Hills. A. BALARAMA, n. sp. (Pl. XLI. f. 3.) Male. Upperside dark olive-brown ; fore wing with the basal marks black, two transverse discal suffused black lines, the inter- space anteriorly being brownish white; hind wing with the basal marks and two transverse discal sinuous lines black, the space be- tween the outer line of the latter and the exterior margin of the wing slaty blue. Underside greenish grey, suffused with yellow; fore wing dull chrome-yellow medially ; markings as above, black, the transverse series on the fore wing formed inwardly by irregular- shaped marks, and outwardly by suffused spots terminating anteriorly with white spots, those on the hind wing by increasing black spots surrounded with slaty blue. Expanse 25 inches. North India. In Coll. F. Moore. A. LUBENTINA, Cram. t. 155. f. C, D,9; Donov. Ins. China, pl. 36. f. 3,3. Plains. A. cocytus, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 29. A. nestmacuus, Boisd.,Croch. edit. Cuv. Rég. Anim. t. 139. f. 1. Argynnis hippomenes, H.-Schff. Lep. Exot. f. 11, 12. A. nicEA, Gray, Ins. of Nepal, pl. 12. f. 1. A. rEuTA, Doubleday & Hewits. Diurn. Lep. pl. 44. f. 2. . FRANCI&, Gray, Ins. of Nepal, pl. 14. . raja, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monat. iii. p. 397, t. 9. f. 2. . pbuRGA, Moore, Ent. Trans. v. pl. 9. f. 2. > FP Re . SAHADEVA, Moore, ib. pl. 8. f. 3. 1865.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 767 A. conructius, Westw. in Doubl. & Hewits. Diurn. Lep. p. 291. Darjeeling. A. stva, Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent. pl. 37. f. 4. Lexias prrtTea, Fabr. (Doubl. & Hewits. Diurn. Lep. pl. 44. aly SyMPH2ZDRA THYELIA, Fabr. (Donov. Ins. Ind. pl. 31. f. 3). NyMPuHALIs FABIvs, Fabr. (Esper, Ausl. Schmett. t. 59. f. 1). N. aruamas, Drury, Ill. i. pl. 2. f. 3, 4. N. BERNARDUS, Fabr. (Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. pl. 11. f. 1, 2). N. MARMAX, Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent. pl. 21. f, 3-5. N. potion, Westw, ib. pl. 27. f. 2, 3. Hills, N. rupamirpus, Doubleday, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, t. 8. Hills. Katia rtnacuis, Boisd. Croch. Cuy. Rég. Anim. t. 139. f. 3 (Hiigel’s Kasch, iv. t. 9). Hills. DoLESCHALLIA BISALTIDE, Cram. t. 102. f. C, D. THAUMANTIS DIORES, Doubleday, Ann, Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 234. T. camaDEva, Westw. Orient. Ent. pl. 4. f. 1. DiscOPHORA TULLIA, Cram. t. 81. f. A, B. D. zau, Westw. Ent. Trans. iv. pl. 21. f. 5, 6. D. cexinpe, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. t. 37. f. 1. ENIsPE EUTHYMIvS, Doubl.; Westw. & Hewits, Diurn. Lep. pl. AQ. 1. 2. Nroria HILDA, Westw. & Hewits. Diurn. Lep. pl. 65. f. 2, 3. Fam. SATYRIDZ. Desis evropa, Fabr. (Cram. t. 79. f. C, D). Plains. D. NEILGHERRIENSIS, Guérin, Deless. Voy. Ind. pl. 21. f. 1. D. verma, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. t. 16. f.1, 2. 768 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. ([Dec. 12, D. rourtiA, Fabr. D. isana, Kollar, ib. iv. t. 16. f, 3, 4. D. mexara, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 219. Darjeeling. D. cuanoica, Moore, ib. i. p. 219. Darjeeling ; Cherra Poonjee. D. visrava, n. sp. (Pl. XLI. f. 4.) Male. Upperside dull brown ; fore wing with three small black white-centred ocelli before the apex, and a marginal white line ; hind wing with six submarginal blackish spots, the third and last small, bordered outwardly with white; a marginal narrow white lu- nulated band, and outer dark double line. Underside pale dull brown; fore wing with each apical dot encircled with white ; mar- ginal band white ; hind wing with purple-white irregular basal lines, seven ocelli, each composed of a black spot with white centre and yellow outer circle, the two last ocelli geminated, all bordered with white, a marginal narrow white lunulated band, and extreme outer marginal yellowish line. Expanse 2 inches. N.E. Bengal. In the Coll. of A. E. Russell. D. stponis, Hewits. Exot. Butt., Dedis, pl. 3. f. 16. Darjeeling. D. nicetas, Hewits. ib. pl. 3. f. 17, 18. ZopuHoessa suRA, Doubl. & Hewits. Diurn. Lep. pl. 61. f. 1. Z. GOALPARA, 0D. sp. Male. Upperside glossy olive-brown, palest on the exterior mar- gin ; fore wing with a marginal suffused brown line ; hind wing with a transverse discal line, a submarginal series of round spots, and mat- ginal lunulated line dark brown. Underside pale glossy greyish olive-brown, suffused with darker brown exteriorly ; fore wing with two short bands within the cell, a transverse discal band, and suf- fused submarginal line dark brown ; hind wing with subbasal trans- verse bifid line and transverse discal sinuous band dark brown, a submarginal series of seven dark brown ocelli, the last two at anal angle geminated, each with a white central dot and yellowish border, the whole having an outer pale whitish border along each side, a marginal line of pale lunules. Female dark olive-brown, pale greyish brown exteriorly ; fore wing with a marginal suffused brown line; hind wing with a sub- marginal series of brown pale-bordered spots, a marginal narrow lu- nulated pale line bordered with brown. Underside glossy greyish olive-brown, palest exteriorly ; markings as in male, but more suf- fused, those of the hind wing each with a pale border; the submar- 1865.] | MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA, 769 ginal ocelli less defined, the three upper partially covered with blue, the two next wholly so, the geminated last jet-black, the whole of them having each a separate pale-white outer circle; fore wing with three small indistinct subapical ocelli. Expanse of ¢ 23, 2 3 inches. ? N.E. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell. Z. BALADEVA, n. sp. (PI. XLI. f. 5.) Male. Upperside greenish olive-brown; fore wing with three pale apical bands, the first oblique, each extending from the costa to near the posterior angle, the medial band having a linear series of small dark spots: hind wing with a submarginal series of black, pale-fer- ruginous-bordered spots, the lower spot with a central white dot; a narrow marginal double black line. Underside yellowish olive-brown; fore wing with bands crossing the cell, the oblique discal and sub- marginal band and marginal line pale yellow, the medial band com- posed of six small uniform ocelli, each with a black spot having a white dot and pale ferruginous outer circle, the whole bordered in- wardly by a silvery-white band: hind wing with a straight silvery- white band from inner margin extending across the cell, beneath which it terminates with yellow ; a basal streak, discal and marginal lines yellow ; the ocelli seven in number and very prominent, each composed of a jet-black spot with white central dot (the lowest spot with two) and pale ferruginous outer circle, the upper spot bordered with yellow, the others with a silvery-white inner band ; space below the last two ocelli ferruginous ; marginal lines black. Expanse 21 inches. N.E. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell. CyLuLo Lepa, Linn. (Cram. t. 196. f. C, D). Plains. C. panxstA, Fabr. (Donov. Ins. t. 25. f. 1). Plains. C. vamana, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 223. C. sexa, Moore, ib. p. 223. C. aswa, n. sp. Male. Upperside uniform dark brown, without spots or other markings. Underside brown, uniformly covered with short grey striz : fore wing with four or five more or less defined apical ocelli, each composed of a black spot, white pupil, pale ferruginous iride, and dark-brown outer circle ; a marginal band ferruginous brown : hind wing with a transverse discal line and broad marginal band fer- ruginous brown ; a submarginal series of six well-defined ocelli, each composed of a black spot, white pupil, ferruginous iride, and dark- brown outer circle. Expanse 3 inches. N.E. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. L. 770 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. ([Dec. 12, C. surapeva, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 225. Saryrus avaTarA, Moore, ib. p. 229, Lastommata satricus, Doubleday & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 64. f. 4. Neore (olim Enopr) putana, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Cae p. 227. N. pHapra, Moore, ib, p. 227. ZipARTIS SCYLAX, Hewits. Exot. Butt. Ernore (olim THeore) nrmacnara, Moore, ib, p. 234. Neorina sita, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monat. iii. p. 403. Tisiphone sufta, Boisd. MS. in Coll. B.M. Hills. MycaLesis ANAXIAS, Hewits. Exot. Butt. M. maxsara, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i. p. 231. M. samsa, Moore, ib. p. 234. M. lalassis, Hewits. Exot. Butt., Mycalesis, pl. 4. f. 35. M. westone, Cram. t. 11. f. C, D. M. runeka, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 234. M. visaxa, Moore, ib. p. 230. M. orrea, Cram. t. 314. f. A, B. M. nicotiA, Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 66. f.4; Exot. Butt., Myc., pl. 1. f. 1. M. prusta, Cram. t. 84. f. C, D. Yeutruima BaLpus, Fabr. (Donov. Ins. Ind. pl. 36. f. 2). Y. purtomeEca, Hiibn. Zutrage, f. 83, 84. MELANITIS UNDULARIS, Fabr. (Cram. t. 256. f. A, B, d; t. 189. | a CaS M. vasupEvA, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 238. Silhet. M. maxe.as, Hewits. Exot. Butt. M. patna, Westw. & Hewits. Diurn. Lep. pl. 68. f. 2. ORINOMA pamaris, Gray, Lep. of Nepal, pl. 7. f. 2 (Doubleday & Hewits. Gen. pl. 63. f. 3). 1865.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 771 Fam. Lispyruerp2. Lipytuea myrrua, Godt. (Gray, Lep. of Nepal, pl. 12. f. 4; Boisd. Spéc. Gén. Lép. i. pl. 10. f. 8). L. teprtra, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p- 240. Fam. Erycrnips. ZEMEROS FLEGYAs, Cram. t. 280. f. E, F. SosPiTA ECHERIUS, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. v. t. 31. f. 1. S. ry, Boisd. (Westw. & Hewits. Diurn. Lep. pl. 69. f. 3). S. nropuRon, Boisd. (Hewits. Exot. Butt. 1860, f. 3). Dovona EGxon, Boisd. (Westw. & Hewits. Diurn. Lep. pl. 69. t3): D. ovrpa, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. pt. 57 (1863), f.4,5,6¢ Or Tazila erato, Boisd. MS. Male. Upperside brownish black : fore wing with three transverse discal equidistant ferruginous bands, the medial one broadest, the first two oblique; two white dots at apex: hind wing with trans- verse discal and two narrow marginal ferruginous bands ; anal lobe with a white bar and border. Underside dark ferruginous : fore wing with the transverse bands less defined, yellow, terminating on the costal margin in white spots; two apical white spots: hind wing with bluish basal and purplish medial transverse discal interrupted bands, the latter with an inner border of brown, each having a white spot on the costal margin, that of the latter with a black inner border; two narrow marginal brown bands, two black purple-bordered dots at anterior angle, and black and white lines bordering the black lobe. Female. Dull fuliginous brown, somewhat black apically: fore wing with medial broad transverse discal oblique white band, and an outer or submarginal narrow interrupted ferruginous-white line ; two apical dots white: hind wing with two marginal pale-brown lines, terminated at the anterior angle with two pale-bordered black spots ; anal lobe black. Underside as in male. Expanse 1? inch. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell. Fam. Lycanipz. PirHecops HYLAXx, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 304. Potyommatus puspa, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. (1828) p. 67, P. xasmira, Moore, P. Z.S. (1865) p. 503, plod. fode P. KARSANDRA, Moore, ib. p- 905, pl. 31. f. 7. 172 MR. F, MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [ Dec. 12, P. vARUNANA, n.sp. (Pl. XLI. f. 6.) Male. Upperside dull purple-blue ; exterior margins with aslight pale brown border ; hind wing with two or three ill-defined blackish, pale-bordered, marginal spots from anal angle. Underside grey ; fore wing with a brown, white-bordered spot closing the cell, a trans- verse row of blackish, white-bordered discal spots, and a double row of marginal white-bordered lunules ; hind wing with three transverse subbasal jet-black, white-bordered, round spots, and a fourth on the middle of the costa; a pale-brown streak closing the cell, a discal series of dark-brown spots, a submarginal row of brown lunules, and a marginal series of blackish triangular spots, all bordered with white. Palpi and legs above black, beneath white. Female. Upperside brown ; fore wing with a lower basal blue patch, and a narrow black spot closing the cell; hind wing with the black white-bordered marginal spots more defined. Expanse 15%; inch. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. P. KANDURA, n. sp. (Pl. XLI. f. 7.) Upperside bright purple-olive: fore wing pale brown on apical and exterior margins; a row of small rounded darker-brown marginal spots. Underside white, at the base greyish white: fore wing with a dark-brown white-bordered spot closing the cell, and a transverse discal series beyond ; two marginal rows of dusky lunules : hind wing with a large dark-brown patch on the lower exterior quarter of the wing; a marginal and an irregular discal series of dark-brown white-bordered spots, those crossing the brown patch bordered with darker brown; a double row of marginal dusky lunules. Expanse 12 inch, Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell. P. SANGRA, n. sp. (Pl. XLI. f. 8.) Male. Upperside pale purple blue, the. exterior margin pale purple brown. Cilia pale grey, Underside pale grey ; fore wing with a blackish white-bordered streak closing the cell, a row of transverse discal spots, a marginal and submarginal row of lunules ; hind wing with markings the same, and with an additional subbasal row of three similar spots. Palpi and body beneath and legs white. Expanse {ths of an inch. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore, LycZNaA parruasius, Fabr. (Cat. Lep. BE. 1.C. i. pl. 1. f. 3). L. rLuto, Fabr. (Donov, Ins. Ind. pl. 45. f. 2). L. pxintus, Fabr. (Donov. ib. f. 1). L. rHEopHrRastus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 1. p. 281. L. roxus, Godt. (Catal. Lep. E. I. C. (1828) pl. 2. f. 4). Plains and lower hills. 1865.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 773 L. rostmon, Fabr. (Cram. t. 340. f. C-E). Plains. . PANDAVA, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. (1828) p. 84. . KANDARPA, Horsf. ib. p. 82. . cnEJuS, Fabr. Ent. Syst. v. Suppl. p. 430. . BzTica, Linn. (Hibn. Eur. Schmett. t. 74. f. 373). . ELPIs, Godt. (Catal. Lep. E. I. C. (1828) pl. 1. f. 4). . ALEXIS, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. t. 38. f. 3. Sees) Beeb Geile tet . ELIANUS, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 280. ILerpDA eEpictes, Godt. Enc. Méth. p. 646. Darjeeling. I. srauma, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1I.C.1i. pi. la. f. 4, o. I. ramu, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. pl. 5. f. 7, 8. Darjeeling. LyczNESTHES, n. g., Moore. Eyes hairy. Palpi long, compressed, porrect ; third joint long, attenuated, half the length of the second. Legs moderate; femora slightly pilose beneath ; mid and hind tibize with two short apical spurs. Antenne slender at the base, thickened near the end, which is finely pointed. Thorax and abdomen robust. Wings moderately broad ; fore wing with costal margin arched at the base ; apex rather acute, exterior margin slightly oblique; subcostal vein with first branch arising at one-third the length of the wing, second and third equidistant, fourth remote, fifth joined at the base to the third ; hind wing rounded exteriorly; two small very fine tail-like fascicles of hair near anal angle. LyCHNESTHES BENGALENSIS, n. sp. (PI. XLI. f. 9.) Male. Upperside dark purple blue, exterior margins defined by a narrow suffused black line; a small indistinct black spot at anal angle; abdominal margin brown. Underside pale greyish brown ; fore wing with a short transverse double white line at the extremity of the cell, enclosing the discal veinlet, beyond which are a transverse discal chain-like white band and an outer indistinct brownish sub- marginal and a narrow white marginal line: hind wing with basal, discoidal, and a curved discal series of chain-like white bands; an indistinct, inwardly angled, double-lunulated, white marginal line ; a black spot bordered above with orange-red near anal angle of ex- terior margin ; a small white-encircled black spot on middle of ab- dominal margin. Head above brown; eyes encircled with white. 774 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [Dec. 12, Palpi above and beneath brown, at the sides white. Thorax, body, and legs beneath white. Female. Upperside pale purple brown, with suffused bluish patch at the base; exterior margins suffused with darker brown ; hind wing with an inner narrow white exterior marginal line. Underside as in male. Expanse 14 inch. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. Note.—Allied to Dipsas lycenoides, Felder, Lep. Amboin., Sitz. der Akad. Wiss. (1860). Drersas syta, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. t. 4. f.7, 8, ¢ (Hewits. Ill. Lep. Lye. pt. 2. pl. 26. f. 3, 2). Darjeeling. Drvuporix MELAMpvs, Cram. t. 362. f. G, H, od. Thecla sorya, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. t. 5. f. 1, 2. Plains, Calcutta. D. eprsarsas, Boisd. (Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p.32); Hewits. Ill. Lep. Lye. pt. 1. pl. 7. f. 16-18, 3 2. D. 1socrates. Fabr. (Westw. Linn. Trans. ii. t. 1). D. nissa, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. t. 4. f. 3, 4; Hewits. ib. pl. 10. f. 42-44, 3 9. D. rersr, Hewits: ib. pl. 8. f. 24-26, 5 9. D. rrmoeon, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. t. 32. f.4 ; Boisd. Spée. Gén. Lép. t. 22. f. 4. Amblypodia rochana, Horsf. (Catal. Lep. E. I. €.1. pl. 1 a. f. 10). AMBLYPODIA NARADA, Horsf. Catal. Lep. E. I. C. (1828) pl. 1. f.8,2. A. ameriA, Hewits. Cat. Lyc. B. M. pl. 8. f. 85, 86, ¢. A. asseus, Hewits. ib. pl. 5. f. 51,52, 9. A. areste, Hewits. ib. pl. 5. f. 43, 44, 9. Darjeeling. A. aTrax, Hewits. ib. pl. 7. f. 80-82. Calcutta. A. amanTEs, Hewits. ib. pl. 2. f. 1-3. A. cuinensis, Felder. Darjeeling. A. numotrvs, Cram. t. 299. f. G, H (Hewits. ib. pl. 8. f. 89). 1865.] | MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 775 A. campeo, Doubleday (Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. pl. 1 a. f. 6 ; Hewits. Abeipl.. 35f.°25; 26; s: A. cenTaurus, Fabr. (Hewits. ib. pl. 2. f. 10-13, 3; f. 11,9 i A. nakula, Felder, Lep. Mal. Wien. Ent. Monat. iv. p- 395. Camena cresta, Hewits. Ill. Lep. Lye. pt. 2. ple 20.4. 1, 2, 3. Darjeeling. Poritta, n. g., Moore. Pseudodipsas (part.), Felder. Eyes naked. Palpi long ; third joint slender, one-third the length of the second, finely pointed at the tip. Legs short, stout; femora slightly pilose beneath. Antenne slender at the base ; club mode- rate. Thorax stout; abdomen moderate, extending to two-thirds of the length of the hind wing. Wings short, very broad; costa of fore wing slightly concave in the middle, exterior margin straight, slightly oblique, posterior margin nearly as long as the costa, poste- rior angle acute: hind wing very convex near the base, concave in the middle ; apex, exterior margin, and anal angle rounded, scal- loped ; subcostal vein with first branch arising at one-third from its base and extending to the costa beyond one-third of its length, third remote, fourth arising from the second at one-fourth of the length of the first. PoriTIA HEWITSONI, n. sp. (Pl. XLI. f. 10.) Male. Upperside jet-black : fore wing with the lower part of the base from beneath to beyond the cell and extending into the black of the exterior margin brilliant deep blue, or in some lights emerald- green, in the middle of which is an elongated black spot; a row of very small similar brilliant blue spots obliquely before the apex and along the exterior margin: hind wing with the same brilliant blue extending from the base beneath the cell (in some specimens en- croaching within) to the exterior margin, within which is a row of more or less defined marginal and submarginal black spots ; exterior margin defined by a black line; abdominal and anterior margins greyish black ; a tuft of fine greyish hairs near the base. Thorax above greenish black ; abdomen black. Antennze black, ringed with white. Head and palpi above hoary. Palpi and thorax beneath and legs white ; tibiae and tarsi with black spots. Underside very pale ashy colour ; both wings covered with numerous transverse irre- gular-shaped black-bordered pale-brown markings, those at the base short, a series across the disk zigzag, others along the exterior margin with narrow inner white lines; posterior angle of both fore and hind wings with a black spot bordered above with orange-red. Female. Upperside brownish black ; fore wing with a pale orange- yellow streak in the middle, above and beneath which are purple- blue connected streaks ; hind wing with ill-defined purple-blue mar- ginal and discal spots, exterior margin defined by avery narrow yel- 776 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [Dee. 12, low line, which is bordered within by a similar white line. Cilia in both sexes alternate brown and white. Expanse 1-3, inch. Bengal. In Coll. A. K. Russell; F. Moore. IoLaus Loneinus, Fabr. (Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. (1829) pl. 1. f.7; Hiibn. Zutr. f. 933). I. cLeosts, Godt.(Hewits. Ill. Lep. Lyc. pt. 2. pl.17. f.8-10, 3 @ ). Amblypodia hypatada, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. 1. C. i. p. 45. I. peva, Moore (Hewits. ib. pt. 2. pl. 17. f. 3-5, d 2). APHNAUS ETOLUS, Cram. t. 208. f. E, F (Hewits. ib. pt. 1. pl. 25. f. 3): A. rourra, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. (1829) p. 106 (Hewits. ib. pl..25,4..11). A. syama, Horsf. ib. p. 107 (Hewits. ib. pl. 25. f. 7). Hyrotyc#na oTHona, Hewits. ib. pt. 2. pl. 22. f. 17, 18). Darjeeling. H. amasa, Hewits. ib. pl. 22. f. 19, 20. Papilio etolus, Fabr. (Horsf. ib. pl. 1. f. 9). H. erytvs, Fabr. (Hewits. ib. pt. 2. pl. 21. f.1,3, 5 2). Myrina garra, Godt. (Horsf. ib. pl. 2. f.5). M. acre, Doubleday (Hewits. ib. pt. 1. pl. 12. f.8, 9). M. rriopas, Cram. t. 320. f. G, H (Guér. Icon. Rég. Anim. Ins. t, 81.4, 6). Calcutta. M. saninpra, Horsf. ib. p. 109, 9. Sython thymbreus, Hibn. Zutr. f. 671 (1832), 3. Balasore. M. manparina, Doubleday (Hewits. ib. pt.1. pl. 11. f. 6, 7). M. saneata, Horsf. ib. i. pl. 1 a. f. 11). Darjeeling. M. ravata, n.sp. (Pl. XLI. f. 11.) Female. Upperside purple brown ; discoidal cell and space below purple-blue. Tails two, bordered and tipped with white. Underside chrome-yellow ; fore wing with a transverse discal pale-brown narrow line: hind wing with discal pale-brown line terminated with con- tinuous white spots ; a large black spot above each tail, interspaced with brown, bordered above by a broken line of metallic green, and 1865. | MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. TRG. below by a white line; cilia from anal angle to beyond the tails black, edged with white. Expanse 1} inch. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell. Loxura atymnvs, Cram. t. 331. f. D, E (Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. 1.C. (1829) pl. 2. f. 6). L. rrrpunctata, Hewits. (Westw. & Hewits. Diurn. Lep. pl. 74. f. 2). Awnors THETYS, Drury, Ill. Ins. iii. pl. 9. f. 3,4; Cram. t. 238. f,D, 9. Papilio cinyra, Cram. t. 238. f.C, 3. A. Buuis, Boisd. (Westw. & Hewits. Diurn. Lep. pl. 75. f.5; Hewits. Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. pt. 1. pl. 4. f.1, ¢). Mivetus Boispuvaut, Moore, Cat. Lep. K. I. C. i. p. 19. pl. 1a. fA. Darjeeling. M. prumita, n. sp. (Pl. XLI. f. 12.). Male. Upperside dull fuliginous white, exterior margins scal- loped ; fore wing with the apex from the middle of the costa obliquely to below and near the middle of the exterior margin and thence re- tracing to posterior margin dark fuliginous brown, with the tips of the veins on the costa brownish white ; hind wing dark fuliginous brown along anterior margin, with paler fuliginous marginal lunules. Cilia pale buff-colour. Antenne black. Body pale brown. Under- side very pale fuliginous brown: fore wing with the disk broadly dull white; three short transverse brown bands within the cell; an irregularly margined curved brown submarginal band; along the costa and exterior margin numerous small brown speckles: hind wing with basal transverse pale-bordered marks; a short row of black-bordered dark-brown pointed lunules proceeding from anal angle across the disk, with numerous brown speckles beneath it, and also on the anterior margin. Palpi and body beneath and legs pale brown. Expanse 1? inch. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. Fam. HesPerip&. GoNILOBA CHROMUS. Papilio chromus, Cram. t. 284. f. E. Male and female dark vinaceous brown. Male with suffused blackish subbasal patch ; both wings greyish brown basally. Cilia greyish brown. Head and thorax greenish brown. Abdomen brown. Underside with the apex of fore wing suffused with purple blue ; hind wing with a narrow transverse discal 778 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [ Dec. 12, bluish-white band, a blackish patch on anal lobe, exterior to which the cilia have a short white line. Third joint of palpi and legs brown; palpi and thorax beneath dull yellow. Female paler brown; fore wing with two yellowish semitrans- parent discal spots, and a very small similar spot before the apex. Expanse 2 inches. Bengal. G. sapra, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. 1. p. 245. Male and female yellowish brown. Male with a suffused blackish subbasal patch; fore wing with three conjugated very small yellowish semitransparent spots near the costa, one-fourth from the apex. Cilia pale greyish brown. Underside brown, suffused with purple; fore wing with a blackish costal patch before the apex, posterior margin yellowish ; hind wing with a subbasal and submarginal suffused blackish band, the latter terminating in a black patch on anal lobe; above the patch is a purple-white streak, and within the cell a small bluish-white spot. Palpi and body beneath dull yellow. Legs pale brown. Female above brown, suffused with vinaceous, yellowish-brown basally ; fore wing with the three small subapical spots (as in male) and three rather large obliquely quadrate spots, two being disposed on the disk, the third above and within the cell. Underside with the spots on fore wing as in upperside ; hind wing as in male. Expanse, ¢ 2, 9 2+ inches. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore; Brit. Mus. (Horsf. Coll.) G. sena, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. 1. C. i. p. 245. Male. Upperside dark chocolate-brown. Cilium of hind wing carmine-red. Underside maroon-brown; fore wing with a large buff-white patch from the middle of posterior margin, bordered above with purple; hind wing with a broad transverse purple-white band terminating before the anal angle, the inner border of which is sharply defined, the outer suffusing itself on the disk. Cilia carmine- red. Palpi and thorax in front beneath, and anal tuft dull yellow. Thorax beneath greyish brown. Expanse 2 inches. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore; Brit. Mus. (Horsf. Coll.) PreRYGOSPIDEA FOLUS. Papilio folus, Cram. t. 74. f. F. Hesperia cicero, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 358. P. MENAKA. Goniloba menaka, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. 1. C. i. p. 246. Male and female dark brown. Male. Fore wing with six minute semitransparent white spots recurving before the apex, and two similar spots from near middle 1865.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 779 of the costa; hind wing with a large discal quadrate space pure white, a series of blackish brown marginal spots with their inter- spaces greyish, and within the white space two smaller paler spots. Base of abdomen white. Female. Marked as in male, but having the semitransparent spots on the fore wing larger, the black marginal spots of hind wing more distinct and apart, and with the two spots on the white space. Under- side as the upperside, both sexes having the base of the hind wing, palpi beneath, legs, and body greyish white, and the black spots on the hind wing extend towards the base of the anterior margin. Palpi above brown. Expanse, ¢ 13, 212 inch. N.E. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell ; F. Moore; East Ind. Mus. P. RAVI. Goniloba ravi, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 246. Male and female fuliginous brown. Male. Upperside—fore wing with three minute semitransparent spots before the apex, two larger similar spots on the disk diverging inward below the extremity of the cell ; across the disk are three ill-defined blackish spots, and one before it near the base ; apex and exterior margin blackish: hind wing with a curved series of small blackish discal spots. Underside brown; fore wing with the semi- transparent spots as above; hind wing suffused with greyish white, and having a curved series of small blackish discal spots. Palpi, body, and legs beneath greyish white. Female similar, but having two very minute additional spots be- neath the subapical series, those on the disk being large, and above the latter is a transverse spot at the extremity of the cell. Cilia brown throughout. . Expause, ¢ 12, Q 2 inches. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore; East Ind. Mus. P. PRALAYA. Goniloba pralaya, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 246. Male and female yellowish brown, veins paler on the disk. Upper- side—fore wing with a numerous series of variously shaped small semitransparent white spots, five of which are placed obliquely before the apex, the rest disposed from near middle of the costa and extend- ing across the disk, three of which are in the form of elongated streaks: hind wing with the exterior half orange-yellow, having a subbasal series of longitudinal black streaks between the yellow veins; apex with suffused blackish spots. Abdomen with yellow segmental bands. Underside as above: fore wing with the veins from the base lined with yellow; a series of submarginal ill-defined yellow spots. Palpi, body, and legs yellowish brown. Expanse, ¢ 13, 2 2 inches. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore; Brit. Mus. (Horsf. Coll.). 780 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [Dee. 12, P. GANA, N. sp. Male and female dark brown. Male. Upperside with three minute semitransparent spots ob- liquely before the apex ; a transverse discal series of streaks, a small patch within the cell, one near the base of the wing, and exterior margin blackish: hind wing with the lower third pure white, which is straightly separated from the brown of the basal portion ; apical margin and three spots on the upper part of the disk, and two spots on the middle of the white exterior margin. Underside paler brown, semitransparent spots on fore wing as above: hind wing white, suf- fused with brown along the anterior margin; upper discal and mar- ginal spots as above, black. Female paler. Upperside somewhat greyish brown; fore wing with spots and blackish discal streaks, and hind wing with upper discal spots as in male; exterior margin of hind wing greyish white. Underside as in male. Cilia of both sexes pure white on the lower portion of the hind wing, the rest brown. Expanse, ¢ 13, 9 14 inch. Bengal. In Coll. F. Moore; Brit. Mus. (Horsf. Coll.) SaTaRupPaA, n.g., Moore. Palpi stout, densely pilose, erect, projecting in front of the head ; third joint minute, conical. Antenne moderate. Body very stout. Legs slender; femora slightly pilose beneath ; hind tibize pilose at the side and beneath ; middle tibice with a pair, and hind tibize with two pairs of apical spurs. Wings—fore wing acute; costa nearly straight, exterior margin oblique ; hind wing rounded exteriorly in the male, angled at the apex, and in the middle of exterior margin of the female. SaTARUPA GOPALA. (Pl. XLII. f. 1.) Goniloba gopala, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 246. Male and female dark maroon-brown. Upperside—fore wing with aseries of eight semitransparent irregular-shaped whitish spots recurving transversely from costal margin before the apex to near posterior margin, being there joined by a white longitudinal streak ; a similar triangular-shaped spot within the discoidal cell: hind wing pure white, with the base and narrowly along anterior margin ma- roon-brown ; a double row of black marginal spots, the interspace between the rows being suffused with bluish grey. Abdomen with broad white band ; tip brown. Cilia of hind wing white. Under- side as above, but with base of hind wing greyish white, and the double row of marginal spots more defined and blacker. Palpi above brown, beneath orange-yellow. Thorax and legs beneath dull white; legs in front black. Expanse, ¢ 23, 2 3 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore; East Ind. Mus. 1865.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 781 S. SAMBARA. Goniloba sambara, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p- 246. Male and female. Upperside dark maroon-brown; fore wing with a series of seven semitransparent white spots, three being small and obliquely subapical, the rest transverse to near posterior mar- gin and there joined by a short white longitudinal streak ; hind wing with a broad central transverse whitish band, bordered by a semi- circular discal series of black spots. Abdomen with whitish band. Cilia spotted with white. Underside as above, but paler; the white band on the hind wing less defined, but of a purer white. Palpi above and at the side, and legs in front blackish. Palpi and thorax beneath, legs, and abdomen whitish ; tip of the last brown. Expanse 12 inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell ; F. Moore; East Ind. Mus. S. BHAGAVA, n. sp. Upperside dark olive-brown : fore wing with a triangular series of three discal semitransparent white spots, the first being large and within the extremity of the cell, the second quadrate and beneath the first, the third exterior to their juncture ; beneath these are small black spots bordering a brownish-white streak from middle of poste- rior margin; a recurved series of small similar white spots before the apex: hind wing with a broad brownish-white subbasal trans- verse band, bordered by a semicircular series of black spots, those ex- teriorly assuming the form of streaks between the veins. Abdomen with a white band. Underside as above. Palpi and thorax in front beneath orange-yellow. Cilia brown. Expanse 12 inch. N.E. Bengal. In Coll. East India Museum. Darpa, n. g., Moore. Palpi stout, densely pilose ; third joint small, conical, hidden by the hairs. Antenne moderate, hooked at the tip. Legs short ; femora slightly pilose ; fore tibize short and rather stout; mid tibize slightly, and hind tibiz densely pilose; mid and hind tibise armed with a pair of short spurs (the usual second pair on the latter invi- sible). Body stout ; abdomen short. Wings small; costa of fore wing nearly straight ; exterior margin irregularly scalloped, pro- duced in the middle: hind wing somewhat quadrate; exterior mar- gin irregularly scalloped, produced to an angle in the middle. Darra wANRiA, n. sp. (Pl. XLII. f. 2.) Upperside black, with minute bluish-grey scales in patches between the veins and narrowly along the veins: fore wing with a series of semitransparent irregular-shaped spots, the largest of which is within the extremity of the cell, others above and beneath it; before the apex are three small similar conjugated spots: hind wing with a pale-yellow space broadly occupying the lower portion of the exterior 782 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [Dec. 12, margin ; apical and two medial angles with a black spot ; base of wing adorned with very long brown and yellow hairs. Underside paler ; fore wing with markings as above, densely irrorated with bluish-white scales: hind wing bluish white at the base, yellowish white exteriorly ; anterior margin and apex blackish ;_ below the an- terior margin are three black spots, and a spot on the two medial angles of exterior margin. Palpi and body beneath, and legs, white. Expanse 12 inch. N.E. Bengal. In Coll. F. Moore. IsmMENE JAINA, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I.C. i. p. 247. Male and female dark vinaceous brown. Male. Upperside—fore wing with an orange-red subcostal basal streak, and an indistinct blackish patch beneath the cell; front of thorax, anal tuft, and cilia of hind wing bright orange-red ; thorax and base of abdomen clothed with bluish-grey hairs. Underside paler brown; both wings with a small black orange-red-bordered basal spot: fore wing with a well-defined purplish-white spot within the cell, and a curved discal series of narrow less-defined spots ; posterior margin broadly yellow: hind wing with the veins towards the abdominal margin and cilia orange-red ;_ a curved ill-defined series of narrow purplish-white discal streaks. Third joint of palpi brown ; thorax beneath greyish ; middle of abdomen beneath and sides of the bands, and legs, orange-red. Female similar, but with darker bluish-grey hairs, without the orange-red subcostal streak and black discal patch. Expanse 23 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore; East Ind. Mus. I. vasuTana, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 247. Male. Upperside deep purple brown, paler on the base of the wings; fore wing with orange-yellow costal basal streak. Cilia of hind wing broad, and bright orange-yellow. Underside glossy greyish green, the veins and narrow intermediate parallel lines blackish; a patch on posterior half of fore wing brown, bordered above with blue. Third joint of palpi brown, the rest orange-yellow. Head, thorax in front and beneath, legs, middle of abdomen beneath, and anal tuft bright orange-yellow. Female. Upperside darker brown, the base of the wings greyish blue ; fore wing with two small semitransparent spots obliquely be- neath the extremity of the cell. Underside as in male, with the two spots as above. Expanse, ¢ 24, 2 23 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. East India Museum and F. Moore. I. wartsa, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 247. Male and female brown. Male. Upperside dull vinaceous brown, palest on the disk ; fore wing with an orange-yellow costal streak ; hind wing broadly along 1865. MR. F, MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 783 anterior margin pale buff yellow. Body greyish. Cilia of hind wing orange-yellow. Underside paler, suffused with orange-yellow ; fore wing with a curved series of pale-purple narrow streaks between the veins before the apex, and a broad pale buff patch along the posterior margin ; hind wing with the veins and lines between them and cilia orange-yellow; a black orange-yellow-encircled basal spot on both wings; a discal series of pale-purplish streaks. Third joint of palpi brown ; palpi beneath, front and sides of thorax, legs, and streak along side of abdomen orange-yellow ; middle of thorax and abdomen and anal tuft orange-yellow. Female. Upperside dark purple brown; the base of wings greyish, with steel-blue gloss. Body greyish. Cilia of hind wing pale orange-yellow. Underside as in male; posterior margin of fore wing with a less-defined pale patch. Expanse 2 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore; East Ind. Mus. I. amara, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 247. Male and female. Upperside brown, with a greenish gloss ; costal streak of fore wing ochreous yellow in the male, less prominent in the female; male with a blackish subbasal patch. Cilia of both wings short, and brownish white. Body dark brown; abdomen with greyish segmental bands. Underside—fore wing brown, becoming: bluish black along the base of the cesta; posterior margin broadly brownish white: hind wing bluish black; veins of both wings brownish white, the space between them having a greyish-blue par- allel line running their entire length. Both wings also with the black ochreous-yellow-encircled basal spot. Thorax in front and beneath, head, palpi, legs, middle of abdomen, and anal tuft ochreous yellow. Femora and tibiz with a black spot; sides of abdomen black, the segmental bands prominent. Cilia greyish. Expanse 2+ inches. N.E. Bengal. In Coll. A. KE. Russell ; F. Moore; East Ind. Mus. I. BENJAMINI. Hesperia (Thymele) benjaminii, Guér. Mén. in Deless. Voy. dans VInde, pt. 2. t. 22. f. 2. H. xanthopogon, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. 2. t. 18. f. 1, 2 (1844). Darjeeling. I. GoMATA, n. sp. Male. Upperside pale vinaceous brown; both wings with pale brownish-yellow streaks longitudinally between the veins. Abdomen blackish brown, with yellowish bands. Cilia yellowish. Underside dark brown, with the veins and longitudinal streaks between thein greyish green, the brown showing only along each side of the veins ; posterior margin of fore wing broadly pale vinaceous ; exterior mar- gin of both wings defined by a brown line. Third joint of palpi and 784 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [Dec. 12, edge of sides brown, the rest yellow. Thorax, legs, and abdomen beneath orange-yellow. Expanse 27 inches. N.E. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. I. MURDAVA, 0. sp. Upperside olive-brown; fore wing with the base grey, with six small yellow spots, two within the extremity of the cell, two near the costa one-third from the apex, and two midway beneath ; hind wing grey to beyond the middle. Underside pale yellowish brown ; disk of fore wing blackish, spots as above ; hind wing with indistinct submarginal and discal pale-yellowish spots. Abdomen above with greyish-brown segmental bands. Palpi, abdomen, and legs beneath dull yellow. Expanse 2 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. I. ARIA. Hesperia aria, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. 1. C. i. p. 254. Male and female chocolate-brown. Male. Upperside pale brown ; fore wing with a short impressed comma-like grey streak obliquely beneath the cell. Cilia yellowish white. Underside bright ferruginous brown. Palpi ferruginous brown. Female. Upperside dark chocolate-brown, without the impressed streak ; cilia of hind wing pale orange-yellow. Underside bright ferruginous brown. Expanse, ¢ 18, 9 24 inches. Bengal. In Coll. A. } Russell; F. Moore; Brit. Mus. (Horsf. Coll.) I. pRUNA. Hesperia druna, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. 1. C. 1. p. 254. Male. Upperside dark olive-brown ; fore wing with a well-defined obliquely-curved discal impressed grey streak ; cilia of fore wing greyish white, of hind wing orange-yellow. Head, palpi, and legs beneath ferruginous brown. Underside dark purplish brown. Expanse 14 inch. Bengal. In Coll. F. Moore; Brit. Mus. (Horsf. Coll.) I. ? SASIVARNA, N. sp. Male and female. Upperside dark vinaceous brown. Male. Fore wing with a short impressed comma-like greyish- white streak obliquely beneath the cell; cilia of fore wing greyish white, of hind wing broadly, from anal angle to two-thirds of the margin, orange-yellow, thence to the angle brown. Underside dark fuliginous brown; cilia as above. Palpi and body blackish brown ; abdomen with slight orange-yellow tuft. 1865.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 785 Female as in male, but without the oblique greyish-white streak. Expanse, ¢ 13, 2 2 inches. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell ; F. Moore. I. Lapon, Cram. t. 248. f. G. Capiz, n. g., Moore. Palpi large, porrect, projecting beyond the head, densely pilose ; third joint conical, half the length of the second. Antenne extend- ing to half the length of fore wing. Body moderately stout. Ab- domen extending to near anal angle. Legs slender; femora slightly pilose beneath ; hind tibize with a dense tuft of very long’ hairs at the side; mid tibize with a pair, and hind tibie with two pairs, of apical spurs. Wings large, broad. Male. Costa nearly straight ; apex acute; exterior margin very oblique ; posterior margin abbre- viated, half the length of the costa. Hind wing with the apex angled; exterior margin convex, with slight angle in the middle. Female larger. Costa slightly arched ; exterior margin oblique; posterior margin two-thirds the length of the costa.. Hind wing nearly qua- drate, the exterior margin being produced to an abrupt angle in the middle. CapiLa JAYADEVA. (Pl. XLII. f. 3.) Ismene jayadeva, Moore, Cat. Lep. E.1. C. i. p. 248. Male and female brown. Upperside—base of wings clothed with orange-yellow hairs; both wings with a narrow longitudinal semi- transparent streak between the veins, the discoidal cell having two streaks, and a third but short streak arising from its extremity. Thorax, head, and palpi orange-yellow. Abdomen brown, with nar- row white segmental bands ; third joint of palpi and a few surround- ing hairs and a spot on forehead brown. Underside paler brown, the semitransparent streaks being less prominent. Body and legs brown. Female similar, but with the thorax and base of wings brown. Expanse, ¢ 22, Q 3 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore; East Ind. Mus. Ptsoxa, n. g., Moore. Palpi large, erect, projecting beyond the head, densely pilose ; third joint minute, conical. Antenne rather long, curved backward at the apex. Body very stout; abdomen extending to within one- third of the length of hind wing. Legs moderately slender; femora pilose beneath ; mid tibize armed with a pair, and hind tibize with two pairs, of slender apical spurs. Wings large, broad; costa of fore wing slightly arched ; exterior margin oblique; posterior margin straight. Hind wing convex at the base of anterior margin; apex, exterior margin, and anal angle convex. Subcostal vein of fore wing six-branched ; second and third arising at equal distances from the first ; fourth to sixth contiguous at their base to the third. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. LI. - 786 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. ([Dec. 12, PisoLa ZENNARA, n. sp. (PI. XLII. f. 4.) Male and female. Upperside brown; fore wing with a broad yellowish-white semitransparent irregular-margined discal band ob- liquely from middle of costa to posterior angle; hind wing, in the male, exteriorly with two greyish longitudinal streaks between each vein, these being absent in the female. Abdomen with pale greyish anal tuft. Underside uniform brown, with oblique discal band as above. Front of head and palpi dull orange-yellow. Body and legs brown. Cilia brown. Expanse, ¢ 24, 9 3+ inches. N.E. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. ACHLYODES suRA, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 251. Male and female vinaceous brown, palest on the hind wing. Male. Fore wing dull chestnut-brown along exterior margin, with a black transverse band one-third from the base; a geminated semi- transparent spot on costa before the apex, surrounded by suffused black ; a semitransparent lunule and a small spot on the lower part of the disk, bordered without by a black band: hind wing with a transverse subbasal, an elbowed discal, and a lower submarginal pur- plish-white line ; apex of wing with suffused black patch and lower marginal blackish pale-bordered spots. Underside brown: fore wing suffused with greyish white at the base; markings as above: hind wing greyish white, the transverse lines less defined, marginal spots blacker, and a blackish spot near base of wing. Palpi above black. Palpi and body beneath and legs greyish white. Female paler, marked on upper and underside as in male. Expanse, ¢ 18, 2 14 inch. N.E. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell ; F. Moore. A. vasava, Moore, Cat. Lep. E.I. C. i. p. 252. Upperside dull ferruginous, palest on the hind wing: fore wing slightly suffused with blackish along the posterior margin ; an irre- gular series of various-shaped semitransparent spots disposed across the disk, with an exterior blackish transverse streak : hind wing with the base suffused with blackish ; a subbasal agglomerated series of irregular-shaped semitransparent spots. Underside paler, marked as above, but without the transverse black outer streak on the fore wing. Palpi and body beneath whitish. Legs ferruginous. Expanse 1} inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. East India Museum. NISONIADES SALSALA, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. 1. C. 1. p. 250. Male and female dark brown, with olive-brown gloss. Male. Upperside—fore wing with two or three ill-defined yellow- ish spots ascending obliquely from beyond middle of posterior margin. Female. Fore wing with an oblique series of small semitransparent white spots curving across the disk (more or less distinct), and ter- minated below by an ill-defined yellowish spot. Underside chestnut- 1865.] | MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA, 787 brown, suffused with black on the disk ; fore wing with minute white spots, one at extremity of the cell, and two or three obliquely beyond; hind wing with a series of three spots disposed in a curve across the disk ; cilia greyish brown. Palpi, body, and legs yellowish beneath. Expanse 12 inch. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. N. DASAHARA, N. sp. Male and female. Upperside dark olive-brown, with three indi- stinct suffused blackish transverse bands, the interspaces being slightly grey ; fore wing with a minute semitransparent white spot at the extremity of the cell, another immediately above it, and three others curved before the apex. Underside brown; spots and indi- stinct blackish bands as above, but with the latter on the hind wing somewhat broken, with the interspaces grey, thus giving it a tessel- lated appearance. Expanse 1 inch. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. N. DIOCLEs. Hesperia diocles, Boisd. MS. Male and female. Upperside uniform dark glossy olive-brown, without markings. Underside pale brown, with a well-defined paler brown exterior border. Antenne, palpi, and body dark olive-brown. Expanse, 5 13, 2 22 inches. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. PLESIONEURA SUMITRA, Nl. Sp. Male and female dark olive-brown, paler at the base. Male. Fore wing with an oblique discal series of four conjugated semitransparent white spots, the first and second large and quadrate, the other two very small, first one within the extremity of the cell, second and third beneath it, fourth exteriorly before the juncture of the first and second; a series of five small similar spots obliquely before the apex: hind wing with a submarginal row and a few discal bright orange-yellow spots; cilia of hind wing broadly alternate brown and orange-yellow. Underside as above; the orange-yellow spots on the hind wing more clearly defined. Antennz above silvery white. Palpi and front of thorax beneath pale yellow. Abdomen with narrow orange-yellow segmental bands. Female as in male, but having also a yellow costal spot above the oblique discal series of white spots. Expanse, ¢ 2, 2 23 inches. N.E. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. P. PULOMAYA. ~ Hesperia pulomaya, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 252. Male dark olive-brown, yellowish olive basally : fore wing with four oblique discal semitransparent white spots, the two upper large, 788 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. ([Dec. 12, one within and the other beneath the extremity of the cell, the third small and beneath the second, fourth also small and exterior to the juncture of the upper two; obliquely before the apex are five small similar spots, the upper three being conjugated; near posterior margin are two small orange-yellow spots, the first being one-third from the base, the other one-third from posterior angle: hind wing with three rows of irregular-shaped well-defined bright orange-yellow spots; cilia of hind wing broad, alternate brown and orange-yellow. Underside as above. Top of head black, with a marginal yellow narrow line on each side._ Palpi above black, tipt with yellow. Palpi, thorax, and legs beneath yellow. Antenne with yellow sub- apical streak. Expanse 2 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. East India Museum ; F. Moore. P. AMBAREESA, 0. sp. Upperside dark olive-brown, the whole surface irrorated with de- licate yellowish-olive scales: fore wing with an oblique transverse discal series of pale yellowish-white semitransparent spots, the first large and within the extremity of the cell, being indented exteriorly, the second small and some distance beyond, the third large and beneath the latter ; below the last are two other small spots ; and one-third from the base beneath the cell is a small round similar spot ; above the first on the costa is a small brighter yellow spot, which is not semitransparent ; before the apex are five rather large similar spots, the three upper conjugated, as are also the other two; one or two lower submarginal very indistinct orange-coloured spots: hind wing with a row of ill-defined orange-coloured submarginal spots, and others still less defined nearer the base: cilia of both wings broad, alternate brown and yellowish white. Underside paler, more uniform in colour ; markings as above. Expanse 2 inches. Bengal (Maungbhoom). In Coll. F. Moore. P. CHAMUNDA, N. sp. Female. Upperside dark brown; base of fore wing and the whole hind wing except exterior margin dark olive-brown; fore wing with an oblique transverse discal series of semitransparent silky-white spots, the first small and above the extremity of the cell, the second large and within the cell, the third beneath also large, the fourth facing the posterior angle, and a fifth exterior to and facing the juncture of the second and third; a series of five small similar spots obliquely recurving before the apex; cilia brown, on the hind wing alternated with white. Underside as above. Expanse 2 inches. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell ; F. Moore. P. PUTRA. Hesperia putra, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 253. Upperside dark fuliginous-brown ; fore wing with an oblique = 1865.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 789 discal series of three conjugated semitransparent whitish spots, the first-and second large, the first within the extremity of the cell, the second beneath it, the third very small and at the lower outer angle of the latter ; exterior to the junction of the upper two is a very mi- nute spot, and before the apex is an interrupted series of five very small similar spots, the three upper being conjugated; hind wing with a submarginal and discal series of indistinct orange-yellow spots ; fore wing with ill-defined, and hind wing with prominent, alternate yellowish-white and brown cilia. Underside dark brown, the semi- transparent spots whiter, and the submarginal and discal spots of the hind wing pale yellow. Palpi beneath pale yellow. Body and legs beneath brownish yellow. Antenne white in front. Expanse 2 inches. ‘Bengal. In Coll. Brit. Mus. (Horsf. Cabinet); F. Moore. P. ALYsos, n. sp. Hesperia alysos, Boisd. MS. Upperside dark fuliginous brown ; fore wing with a broad oblique discal irregular-margined semitransparent white band, and with one or two, and in some specimens three, very small similar conjugated spots obliquely before the apex, also one or two reversely oblique lower spots; cilia paler brown. Underside paler; band and spots as above; along exterior margin of fore wing and exterior half of hind wing suffused with purple grey. Antennze brown, with a sub- apical white streak. Palpi and thorax beneath greyish brown. Expanse 12 inch. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell ; F. Moore. P. DHANADA, 0. sp. Upperside dark yellowish olive-brown; the base of the wings brighter olive-brown: fore wing with an oblique transverse discal irregular-margined semitransparent yellowish band, joined above by a yellow costal spot; a small narrow streak of three conjugated similar spots obliquely before the apex: cilia brown, on the hind wing alternated with yellow. Underside—fore wing as above, the lower portion of the oblique band terminating in a suffused yellow spot ; hind wing with three transverse discal series of ill-defined yel- lowish-olive spots ; cilia as above. Antenne: minutely spotted with yellow at the base, and with a subapical yellowish band. Palpi and thorax in front beneath yellow. Abdomen with narrow yellowish segmental bands. Expanse 1? inch. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell ; F. Moore. P. pan, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 88. Hesperia fatih, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. t. 18. f. 5, 6. P. rnpRANI, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 253. Upperside bright golden-yellow : fore wing with a discal series of four semitransparent white black-bordered spots, the first small and 790 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [Dec. 12, above the extremity of the cell, the second large, quadrate, and within the cell, the third elongate and beneath the latter, the fourth exterior to their juncture ; beneath these is a pale golden-yellow black- bordered spot ; before the apex is a series of four similar white spots with black border, the three upper of which are conjugated ; a well- defined black spot beneath the cell near the base; exterior margin and cilia blackish, the latter white at the posterior angle: hind wing with a semicircular submarginal series of black spots, and two similar inner discal spots; exterior margin black: cilia alternate black and white. Underside blackish brown, suffused with golden yellow, brightest on the hind wing; markings as above, but more clearly defined. Tip of palpi black; thorax, body, palpi (except tip), and legs yellow. Antennze yellow, tip black. Expanse 13 inch. Bengal. In Coll. East India Museum; F. Moore. P. PRABA. Hesperia praba, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. 1. p. 253. Male and female dark chocolate-brown. Upperside—fore wing with three small conjugated subapical semitransparent white spots, three similar and larger discal spots, and a fourth above them within the cell. Underside darker brown basally, paler exteriorly ; fore wing with spots as above, bordered externally by a suffused dark-brown streak ; hind wing with a double series of white dark-brown-outer- bordered lunules crossing the middle of the wing, beyond which is a submarginal series of suffused dark-brown spots. FPalpi, thorax, and abdomen beneath pale greyish brown. Legs brown. Cilia yellowish white, spotted with pale brown. Expanse, ¢ 13, 2 14 inch. N.E. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. Hesperia THRAX, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2. p. 794; Donov. Ins. Ind. pl. 49. f. 2. H. panp14, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 254. Male and female dark chocolate-brown. Fore wing with bright- yellow semitransparent quadrate spots, disposed triangularly, the first large and occupying half the cell, the second also large, obliquely beneath and partly beyond, the third small and obliquely above the second ; above the last are three smaller spots obliquely before the apex, the two upper being geminated; in some specimens, beneath the subapical spots is a small dot, and on the posterior margin another, both similar to the rest; cilia at posterior angle brownish white; hind wing with the cilia at the anterior angle brownish white. Underside—fore wing irrorated with grey scales near the apex, posterior margin pale brownish white, spots yellow as above ; hind wing irrorated with grey scales in a series of bands across the wing. Expanse 23 to 33 inches. Bengal. In Coll, A. E. Russell; F. Moore; East Ind. Mus. 1865.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 791 H. sEMAMORA, 2. sp. Female. Upperside dark vinaceous brown; fore wing with a curved discal series of five semitransparent white spots, the two upper minute ; hind wing with a broad pure-white patch extending half across the wing from abdominal margin. Cilia of fore wing brown, of hind wing broadly white. Abdomen with white apex. Underside —fore wing dark brown posteriorly, ferruginous brown anteriorly ; spots as above; a small suffused patch on the middle of exterior margin, and cilia, brownish white: hind wing with a straight inner- bordered ferruginous-brown anterior margin, the rest of the wing pure white ; a marginal series of blackish spots; cilia white. Palpi and legs in front brown. Thorax, abdomen, and legs beneath white. Expanse 2 inches. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell. H. prvopasa, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 255. Upperside dark olive-brown ; base of fore wing and lower part of hind wing suffused with greenish olive: fore wing with a series of six yellowish semitransparent spots, three of which are small, con- jugated, and obliquely before the apex, the fourth lunular and within the extremity of the cell, the fifth elongated, beneath and exterior to the latter, the sixth smaller and exteriorly above the last; beneath these are two yellow spots (which are not semitransparent), the first small, the other large and elongated. Head, thorax, and abdomen above greenish olive. Cilia pale brownish yellow. Underside grey, the disk of the fore wing brownish; fore wing with the spots as above; hind wing with a curved discal series of four or five black spots, and a single spot within the cell. Palpi, body, and legs be- neath whitish grey. Expanse 1} inch. Bengal. In Coll. East Ind. Mus.; W.S. Atkinson; F. Moore. Larva feeds on Date.—Atkinson. H. cuaya, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 255. Upperside brown: fore wing with a series of seven (in some spe- cimens eight) small whitish semitransparent spots disposed trans- versely from anterior margin obliquely before the apex, then retreat- ing to near middle of posterior margin ; two similar spots within the cell. Cilia pale brownish white. Underside paler; fore wing with spots as above; hind wing with a curved series of white dots (which in some specimens are semitransparent, and when so are visible on the upper side) on the disk, and a single dot near the base of the wing. Palpi and body beneath pale brownish white. Expanse 14 inch. Bengal. In Coll. East Ind. Mus.; W.S. Atkinson; F. Moore. H. aena, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 255. Upperside glossy olive-brown; fore wing with a series of six very small rather indistinct whitish semitransparent spots curving from 792 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [Dec. 12, before the apex to the middle of the wing; beneath these is a short oblique pale impressed streak, which is suffused with black on its anterior margin. Cilia pale brown. Underside pale brown; spots on fore wing as above, but less defined; hind wing with a curved discal series of white dots, and a single dot near the base. Palpi and body beneath pale brownish yellow. Expanse 14 inch. Bengal. In Coll. East Ind. Mus.; F. Moore. H. ere Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 255. Upperside dark brown; fore wing with six small whitish semi- transparent spots curving from before the apex, also two small simi- lar spots within the cell; hind wing with a discal linear series of four conjugated semitransparent spots. Cilia pale brownish white. Underside paler, suffused with greenish yellow ; fore wing with spots as above; hind wing with an additional spot (which is not semi- transparent) at the extremity of the cell. Palpi and body beneath dark yellowish green. Expanse 13 inch. Bengal. In Coll. East Ind. Mus.; F. Moore. PAMPHILA SAGARA, 1. Sp. Upperside pale olive-brown, markings pale yellow, divided by crossing veins: fore wing with a small streak within the cell, joined above at the end by smaller streaks which reach the costa; obliquely before the apex are two separate spots, the upper one near the costa, the other below the apex, beneath and between these an oblique discal streak: hind wing with a small spot within the cell, anda discal streak. Underside paler, marked as above; veins lined with yellow. Cilia yellowish white. Antennze minutely spotted with white. Abdomen with narrow pale-yellow segmental bands. Expanse 13 inch. N.E. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. P. averas, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2. p. 794. Pyrous suPERNA, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 249. Upperside olive-brown ; markings pale yellow; fore wing with three spots within the cell, two beneath it, a transverse discal series, and a submarginal row of smaller spots; hind wing with subbasal, large medial, and small submarginal spots. Cilia of both wings alternate brown and pale yellow. Abdomen with narrow pale-yellow segmental bands. Underside paler olive-brown ; fore wing with the costal margin and spots as above, pale yellow; hind wing with a transverse subbasal, medial, and a narrow submarginal pale-yellow maculated band. Cilia as above, but paler. Palpi and body be- neath, and legs, pale yellow. Expanse, ¢ 3, 9 1 inch. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell ; F. Moore. 1865.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 793 Sect. II. HETEROCERA. Tribe 1. SpHinces. Fam. Spaincip. SMERINTHUS DRYAS, Boisd. (Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. pt.8. p- 250). S. pentartus, Cram. t. 125. f. G. Levcopuiesia Lineata, Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent. pln 22vif. 2. Bastana CErvina, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. pt. 8. p. 237. B. suPERBA, 0. sp. Female. Upperside—fore wing at the base, within the discoidal cell, costal margin to the apex, and along the lower portion of the disk green, varied with pale yellow on the latter and at the apex ; the disk from below the apex and lower portion of the wing brown ; a dark line proceeding from the apex and separating the green and brown, a transverse irregular dark line near the base of the wing from costa to inner margin, and a second inner similar shorter line ; a dark mark on disco-cellular nervure: hind wing rose-pink, darkest at the base, with a transverse suffused brown band, and two short dark lines at anal angle: thorax and body brown, the latter with greenish segmental bands. Underside dull chrome-yellow ; fore wing at the apex, and below a dark longitudinal line from the apex, brown, crossed by three discal zigzag pinkish lines ; hind wing pale brown at the apex, with three inner transverse discal zigzag pink lines. Expanse 6 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. Grote, Calcutta; F. Moore. AMBULYX SUBSTRIGILIS, Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent. pl. 30. f. 2. ACHERONTIA styx, Westw. ib. pl Az. £3. A. saTanas, Boisd. Spéc. Gén. Lép. pl. 16. f. 1 (Westw. ib. pl. 42. f. 2.) Balasore. SPHINX CONVOLVULI, Linn. MacrosiLa piscistrica, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. pt. 8. p. 209. ZONILIA MORPHEUS, Cram. t. 149. f. D. Perigonia obliterans, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. Suppl. p. 28. Panacra viGiL, Guér. Deless. Voy. dans I’Inde, ple2a: tk Panacra lignaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. p- 156. P. susiris, Boisd.; Walk. ib. p- 270. PHILAMPELUS ANCEUS, Cram. t. 355. f. A. 794 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA, (Dec. 12, P. waGa, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 271. DaRAPSA BHAGA, 0. sp. Upperside purple brown: fore wing with dark-purple-brown pink- bordered inwardly oblique basal streak, beyond which a broad darker- coloured outwardly elbowed streak, bordered anteriorly with pale pink and posteriorly with purple blue; from the costa before the apex two pale-pink curved lines, terminating jointly at posterior angle: hind wing dark purple brown, with a short pale-pink streak ascending from anal angle. Body purple brown, with pale-pink segmental bands; end of abdomen and fan-like tuft dark purple brown. Underside purple brown, with dark-brown outer margins and oblique discal streaks. Expanse 32 inches. N.E. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. Darunis NERU, Linn. (Cram. t. 224. f. D). Plains. PERGESA ACTEUS, Cram. t. 248. f. A. P. castor, Boisd.; Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. pt. 8. p. 153. CH#ROCAMPA CELERIO, Linn. (Cram. t. 25. f. E). C. auecto, Linn. (Cram. t. 137. f. D). C. ruyewia, Linn. (Cram. t. 226. f. E, F). . LINEOSA, Walk. ib. pt. 8. p. 144. . cLoTHo, Drury, II. ii. pl. 28. f. 1. C. uucast, Boisd.; Walk. ib. p. 141. C. tycetus, Cram. t. 61. f. D. C. sisecta, Horsf. (C. silhetensis, Walk. ib. p. 143). Macroetossa passaLus, Drury, Ins. ii. pl. 29. f. 2. M. corytuus, Boisd. (Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. pt. 8. p. 92). M. eyrans, Boisd. (Walk. ib. p. 91). Loruura uyas, Boisd. (Walk. ib. p. 107). SATASPES INFERNALIS, Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent. pl. 30. f. 3. Sesia Hywas, Linn. (Cram, t. 148. f. B). Balasore. Tribe 2. BomsByces. Fam. AGERIIDA. MELITTA BOMBYLIFORMIS, Cram. t. 400. f. C. M. evrytion, Westw. Cab. Orient, Ent. pl. 30. f. 5. Or 1865.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. Ae) Fam. AGARISTID. Virnora, n. g., Moore. Male. Body long, attenuated. Head and thorax covered with long hairs. Palpi porrect, extending beyond the head, pilose, third joint cylindrical. Antennz long, slender at the base, thickened at the apex. Fore and middle legs slender ; tibize of middle legs with two appendages, the inner longest. Tarsi long. Hind legs stout ; femora covered with long hairs ; tibize thickened in the middle, armed with two pairs of short appendages, the first pair terminal, the other pair subterminal. Tarsi short. Wings of slight texture, long, nar- row; hind wings extending beyond posterior margin of fore wings ; fore wing with the costal vein extending to within one-third of the apex ; subcostal vein six-branched, first, second, and fifth branch contiguous at their base, third and fourth yemote, sixth arising from the base of the first. Allied to the genus Hespagarista. VirHORA INDRASANA, n. sp. (PI. /XLII. f. 5.) Male. Upperside fuliginous black, tinged with yellowish at the base ; fore wing basally, base and end of the cell, a spot beneath the cell, and a discal series of irregular-shaped spots white; hind wing with the space from near the base and covering the disk and lower portion of the wing white, with black presenting itself in a series of discal spots. Body ferruginous, spotted with black. Expanse 23 inches. / N.E. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell. JEGOCERA VENULIA, Cram. t. 165. f. D. EvusEMIA MACULATRIX, Westw. Nat. Libr. pl. 2. f. 3; Orient. Ent. pl. 33. f. 1. E. DENTATRIX, Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent. pl. 33. f. 5. E. aDULATRIX, Kollar, Higel’s Kasch. iv. pl. 20. f. 1. E. bellatriz, Westw. ib. pl. 33. f. 2. E. vicrrix, Westw. ib. pl. 33. f. 3. PHZGORISTA TRANSIENS. Eusemia transiens, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. pt. 7. p. 1588. Phegorista catocaloides, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soe. vi. p. 87. Darjeeling. P. LONGIPENNIS. Catocala longipennis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. Noctuide, Suppl. Darjeeling. P. BALA, D. sp. Male greyish brown: fore wing slightly purple brown at the apex 796 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. ([Dec. 12, and along posterior margin; a reddish-brown spot at posterior angle; two very slender pale-grey ocelli, the first small and within the cell, the second larger and beyond; inferior veins pale grey ; some transverse discal pale lines; cilia greyish brown: hind wing deep yellow, with a broad irregular inner margined band, a small discal spot, and a slight streak from the base blackish brown ; cilia pale grey. Abdomen deep yellow, with blackish dorsal bands. Underside—fore wing paler greyish brown; space within the cell enclosing a large round blackish spot, and oblique streak beyond, white; a whitish space at posterior angle: hind wing yellow, with suffused greyish-brown marginal band terminating in a darker spot near anal angle; a blackish discal spot. Body yellow; fore legs greyish brown. Expanse 14 inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. W. S. Atkinson; Brit. Mus.; F. Moore. NycTaLemon pATrocuus, Lion. (Cram. pl. 198. f. 2. CALLIDULA PETAVIA, Cram. t. 365. f. C, D. Bengal. CLeosiris CATAMITA, Hiibn. Zutr. f. 653-4; Boisd. Spéc. Gén. Lép. i. pl. 23. f. 3; Westw. & Hewits. Diurn. Lep. pl. 77. f. 9. Fam. Lirnosrip#. Hypsa ALCIPHRON, Cram. t. 133. f. E. H. carica, Fabr. Ent. Syst. p. 27. H. ecens, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. ii. p. 453. H. Ficus, Fabr. (Cram. t. 262. f. A, B). H. weviconia, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 839. H. puana, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. ii. p. 450. ANAGNIA suBFasctiA, Walk. ib. p. 446. TINOLEUS EBURNEIGUTTA, Walk. ib. iii. p. 62!. Darjeeling. Cispra puNcTiFASCIA, Walk. ib. iv. p. 857. C. venosa, Walk. Tr. Ent. Soc. 3rd ser. i. p. 264. DiGgAMA HEARSEYANA, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I.C. ii. p. 298, pl. 7. foe Scydra halesidotalis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. Suppl. ° Macrosrocuis e1cas, Walk. (H.-Scheff. Lep. Exot. f. 531). TRIPURA PRASENA, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. ii. pl. 7. f. 6. Viressa sURADEVA, Moore, ib. f. 7. 1865. ] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 797 GroTea, nu. g., Moore. Palpi erect ; third joint short. Antenne long, filiform. Thorax and body broad, robust. Abdomen as long as the hind wings. Fore wings large, broad, elongate ; costa arched at the base ; apex some- what pointed, exterior margin slightly oblique. Hind wings large, trigonate ; the apex produced, outer margin slightly concave below the apex, rounded posteriorly. Subcostal vein of fore wing five- branched ; first, second, and fifth joined at their base; third and fourth remote, arising beneath from the second at equal distances. GROTEA ELEGANS, n. sp. (Pl. XLIII. f. 1.) Female orange-yellow ; fore wing with seven black spots at the base, beyond which are two transverse elbowed series of purplish- white black-bordered spots, the outer half of the wing being covered with similar series of more or less suffused purplish maculated bands, the interspaces of which apically are wholly purplish black ; hind wing with an irregular basal series, a lower discal row, a submarginal and marginal row of black spots, those of the two latter at the apex confluent. Thorax aud abdomen spotted with black. Expanse 53 inches, N.E. Bengal. In Coll. A. Grote, Esq. BarsIneE DeFeEctTaA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. ii. p. 546. Darjeeling. B. nusrrascia, Walk. ib. Suppl. p. 251. Lirnosta maGnirica, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soe. vi. p. 103. L. viripata, Walk. Cat. Lep. B. M. Suppl. p. 225. L. DISJUNCTA, 0. sp. Male. Fore wing yellow, with the costa to near the tip, a sub- apical streak, a short oblique transverse line near base of inner mar- gin, beyond which is an elongated triangular streak, metallic green, the space between the two latter buff brown, which colour also suf- fuses the middle of the wing; hind wing yellowish white. Thorax yellow ; tegule metallic green; abdomen yellow. Differs from L. viridata in being larger and having broader fore wings. Expanse 2 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell. L. VARANA, 0. sp. Male. Upperside pale testaceous white. Underside with the fore wing pale brown, except a costal line, which with the hind wing is testaceous white. Antennze and tip of palpi brown. Abdomen pale fawn-colour at the base, yellow at the tip. Legs yellow; front of fore legs brown, Front of thorax and head pale yellow. Female’ white, with a yellowish costal line. Expanse 13 inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; W.S. Atkinson ; Brit. Mus. ; EF. Moore. 798 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [ Dec. 12, L. BEEMA, 0. Sp. Female. Fore wing uniform pale greyish brown; hind wing pale yellow, with a broad greyish patch extending from the inner margin. Body greyish brown. Expanse 2 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. L. REMELANA, N. sp. Male white; fore wing with a transverse discal black band; the costal and upper portion of exterior margin black ; hind wing with a large black discal spot. Female. Fore wing with the costal and upper portion of exterior margin, a small spot on the disk, and a larger spot on the disk of hind wing black. Body white. Expanse, ¢ 12, 2 24 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. L. BASINOTA, nN. sp. Male and female greyish brown; fore wing dark brown, with a pale narrow line along the veins, and a pale greyish-brown spot at the base of posterior margin; hind wing very pale greyish brown. Thorax, head, antennz, palpi, legs, and abdomen beneath dark brown. Abdomen above pale greyish brown, somewhat luteous at the tip im the male. Underside dark greyish brown ; fore wing in the male with an ill-defined longitudinal ferruginous streak from the base. Expanse 14 inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. W. 8. Atkinson ; Brit. Mus.; F. Moore. L. RETICULATA, 0, Sp. Male and female pale luteous brown: fore wing delicately reticu- lated with brown; a transverse discal ill-defined darker fasciated line. Underside pale luteous, pale brown within the disk of fore wing. Expanse 12 inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. W. S. Atkinson; Brit. Mus.; F. Moore. Bizone PERORNATA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. ii. p. 548. B. curtrrera, Walk. ib. vi. p. 1779. B. pericata, Walk. ib. ii. p. 550. B. fasciculata, Walk. ib. viii. p. 1634. B. prvaKARA, n.sp. (Pl. XLIILI. f. 9.) Male white. Fore wing incrassated in front beyond the middle, with two transverse discal bands joined together below and enclosing two black spots, a streak along the base of the costa, and another below it joining the inner transverse band saffron-yellow ; exterior margin saffron-yellow. Thorax with saffron-yellow band and spots. Expanse 12 inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; W. S. Atkinson. “NI Lie) v=) 1865. ] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALFSE LEPIDOPTERA. UTETHESIA PULCHELLA, Linn. (Cram. t. 109. f. E). CasTABALA ROSEATA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. Suppl. p. 271. Arena astREA, Drury, Ins. ii. pl. 6. f. 3. A. putcis, Walk. (Cram. t. 288. f. D). A. arcus, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv, pl. 21. f. 3. A. syrinGa, Cram. t. 5. f. C, D. Fam. CHALCOSIID. Histra FLABELLICORNIS, Fabr. (Cram. t. 30. f. E). H. papitionarta, Guér. Mén. Mag. Zool. p. 12 (Westw. Are. p- 20). CycLosta sancuirtva, Drury, Ins. ii. pl. 20. f. 1, 2, 2. C. mipama, Boisd., H.-Scheeff. Lep. Exot. pl. 2. f.7, 3, 8,92. C. venusta, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. ii. p. 416. C. paprtionaris, Drury, Ins. ii. pl. 11. f. 4. EPICOPEIA VARUNZA, 0. sp. Male. Upperside without markings of any kind; fore wing fuli- ginous, base and veins black ; hind wing black, with steel-blue gloss. Underside paler; fore wing with a crimson costal spot descending across the cell; hind wing with a spot on anterior margin before the angle, a narrow lunule below it, and a small spot on anal lobe crimson. Female. Upper- and underside as in male. Expanse 43 to 4? inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell. Remark.—The hind wing in this species is considerably produced, being 2,°; inches in length from the base to the tip. E. PHILOXEN ZA, 0. sp. Male. Upperside—fore wing fuliginous, the base and veins black ; a small crimson spot on the costa one-third from the base: hind wing black, with steel-blne gloss ; a white discal patch composed of two conical-shaped spots and an outward descending streak ; a series of ill-defined spots on exterior margin pale crimson, and a brighter- crimson spot on anal lobe. Head and tip of abdomen pale crimson ; thorax and abdomen above black with steel-blue gloss, beneath pale crimson with black bands and lateral spots. Underside paler, the crimson costal spot on fore wing large and descending across the cell; the white discal patch on the hind wing joined on the outer side by an ascending pale-crimson irregular-shaped band, and on the inner side by a descending narrow crimson streak to a spot on the 800 MR, F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [ Dec. 12, lobe of abdominal margin, which spot with four other oval-shaped spots on the exterior margin are pale crimson. Expanse 43 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell. Remark.—This species has the hind wing much produced, being over 2 inches in length from base to tip, the exterior margin being nearly straight. E. DIPHILA, 0. sp. Male. Upperside—fore wing fuligimous, base and veins black ; hind wing black, with steel-blue gloss, and having two white oval- shaped diseal spots and an outer descending white streak, a narrow lunule on anal lobe and one or two small marginal bright crimson spots. Underside paler; fore wing with a crimson costal spot ; hind wing with the white discal spots crimson-margined, above which are three small crimson spots before the angle, and below it three crim- son spots, one on the anal lobe, the other two on exterior margin. Thorax and abdomen above black, with steel-blue gloss; head and body beneath crimson, the latter with black bands. Expanse 43 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. Remark.—lIn this species the hind wing has the same truncated form as in E. philenora. ErASMIA PULCHELLA, Hope, Linn. Trans. xviii. pl. 31. f. 5. PuiLopaTor, n. g., Moore. Antenne slightly pectinated to the tips. Palpi very small; third joint cylindrical. Proboscis rather short. Abdomen short. Fore wing elongated ; costa arched at the base ; apex rounded ; exterior margin oblique; inner margin nearly straight ; four superior veins, the third trifureate ; four inferior veins, the first and second joined from near the discal veinlet. Hind wings rounded posteriorly. PHILOPATOR BASIMACULATA, n. sp. (Pl. XLII. f. 6.) Female whitish, semihyaline ; both wings yellow at the base, which is bordered outwardly by a fuliginous black irregular band, within which are several black spots; margins of the wings and streaks between the veins suffused fuliginous black. Antenne black ; thorax above black, with small yellow spots. Abdomen above brown, with a pale-yellowish waistband. Head and iegs yellow. Thorax and abdomen beneath yellow, with black spots. Expanse 2 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell. Cuevura BirascraTa, Hope, Linn. Trans. xviii. p. 444. Cappuises, n. g., Moore. Antenne closely pectinated to the tips. Palpi short ; third joint 1865.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 801 linear. Head conical; proboscis short. Abdomen short, extending to half the length of hind wings. Legs slender; middle and hind tibize with two apical spurs. Fore wing elongated; costa slightly arched; apex rounded ; exterior margin oblique, inner margin ab- breviated ; veins slightly contorted towards the apex ; three superior veins, the second trifurcate, the middle fork having a short additional branch ; four inferior veins, the first and second joined from near the discal veinlet. Hind wings broadly trigonate. CapPHISES MACULATA, n. sp. (PI. XLII. f. 7.) Male and female fuliginous black. Fore and hind wings on the upper- and undersides with a numerous series of ochreous-white spots in the male, and white in the female, disposed linearly between the veins ; abdominal margin broadly in the male ochreous yellow, and in the female gamboge-yellow. Antenne and legs black. Head and body black, spotted with white. Expanse, ¢ 23, 9 3 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell. Cuaucosta PEcTINIcORNIS, Linn, (H.-Scheeff. Lep. Exot. pl. 1. f. 6). C. corusca, Boisd., H.-Scheeff. ib. f. 1. C. zuleika, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. ii. p. 423. Lavurion Gemina, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. ii. p. 427. Piporvus Gxiavucoris, Drury, Ins. ii. pl. 6. f. 4. Erervusta £pEA, Linn. (Clerck, Icon. t. 4. f. 2). . SCINTILLANS, Boisd., H.-Scheeff. Lep. Exot. i. f. 154. . sublutea, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. p. 430. . EDOCLA, Doubleday, Zool. ii. p. 469, . CIRCINATA, Boisd., H.-Scheeff. ib. f. 156. . SEXPUNCTATA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. p. 432. . FERREA, Walk. ib. p. 431. - SHAHAMA, Nl. Sp. Female. Upperside black ; fore wing with a narrow streak at the base of the costa, another beneath the cell, a round spot at the ex- tremity of the cell, and a submarginal series of shorter streaks saffron- yellow; a series of four rather large white spots obliquely crossing the wing from the middle of the costa; hind wing with the lower part from near the base bright orange-yellow, and a small outer discal spot of the same colour, a streak along the base of the anterior margin and a subapical spot white. Head and body bluish black. Thorax above with a spot on each shoulder, and abdomen with lateral bands, saffron- Proc. Zooxu. Soc.—1865, No. LIT. Bee Se & 802 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [Dec. 12, yellow. Underside—fore wing with the veins lined with steel-blue, the streaks and spots whitish ; hind wing with the anterior margin, including the cell and exterior margin, washed with pale saffron- yellow, the lower part of the wing beneath the cell bright orange- yellow. Body beneath with pale saffron-yellow streaks. Expanse 22 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. W. 8. Atkinson; F. Moore. SCAPTESYLE TRICOLOR, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. ii. p. 378. CANERKES, n.g., Moore. Body rather short, attenuated in the male, stout in the female, which has an exserted ovipositor. Head prominent, truncated in front. Palpi very short. Antennze long, closely pectinated in the male, minutely pectinated and clavate in the female. Legs slender ; middle tibize with two minute apical spurs. Fore wings long, narrow. Hind wings broad, quadrate, extending beyond the tip of the abdo- men. Subcostal vein of fore wing four-branched ; the third trifur- cate. CANERKES EUSCHEMOIDES, n. sp. (Pl. XLII. f. 8.) Male. Fore wing yellow to one-third of its length ; two small spots at the base and two larger transversely disposed spots beyond black ; the remainder of the wing black, the veins being blue ; a white spot within the cell one-third from its end; an irregular transverse series of white discal spots; hind wing yellow; a short basal streak, a large patch covering the fore part of the wing, enclosing four yellow spots, purple brown; veins lined with purple brown. Head and body yellow ; thorax with a frontal band, lateral and dorsal spots, and narrow abdominal bands purple-brown. Female as in male, but with the markings more prominent and broader. Expanse, ¢ 23, 2 3 inches. Cherra Poonjee ; Silhet. In Coll. F. Moore; W. S. Atkinson. PHALANNA POLYMENA, Linn. (Cram. t. 13. f. D). Calcutta. SyNTOMIS DIAPHANA, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. pl. 10. f. 7. 2S. melas, Walk. S. creusa, Linn. (Cram. t. 243. f. F). S. muttieutTra, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. i. p. 134. Darjeeling. S. sScH@NHERRI, Boisd. Monogr. Zyg. pl. 7. f. 1. S. suncorpatTa, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. p. 132. -§. mtpnert, Boisd. Monogr. Zyg. pl. 8. f. 4. 1865.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 803 EuscuEemMa MILITARIS, Linn. (Cram. t. 29. f. 13). NycreMeErRa Lacticinra, Cram. t. 128. f. KE. N. LAaTistrica, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. ii. p. 397. N. vARIANS, Walk. ib. p- 400. Silhet. N. macutosa, Walk. ib. Suppl. p- 198. PrEROTHYSANUS LATICILIA, Walk. (Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. ii. pl. 8. f. 8). Fam. Lrparipa. Repoa ciara, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. Suppl. p. 343. R. ARGENTEA, Walk. ib. iv. p- 827. Dasychira ilita, Moore, Cat. Lep. E.1.'C. ii. p- 341. R. sorpipa. S. Stilpnotia sordida, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. vii. p. 1732. Q. Leucoma subvitrea, Walk. ib. Suppl. p. 344. PROCODECA ANGULIFERA, Walk. ib. iv. p- 919, 3. 2. Ricine suffusa, Walk. ib. p. 824. Psa.is securis, Hiibn. Zutrage, f. 291-2, 9. 3. Arestha antica, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. p. 805. 2. Rigema falcata, Walk. ib. Suppl. p. 437. Q. ? falcatella, Walk. ib. 2. Anticyra approximata, Walk. ib. Suppl. p. 440. Naxa TEXTILIs, Walk. ib. iv. p- 1743. GeENUSA crrcumpatTa, Walk. ib. p- 819. AROA PYRRHOCHROMA, Walk. ib. Suppl. p. 329. Oreyia pLana, Walk. ib. p. 786. O. avsrrascta, Walk. ib. Suppl. p. 325. O. SUBFASCIA, n. sp. _Male ochreous brown; head and palpi ochreous; antennze black ; fore wing with a paler oblique suffused band, which extends from beneath the middle of the costa to posterior angle. Underside— fore wing darker brown, the oblique band more defined. Expanse 13 inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. Dasycurra Antica, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. p. 867. 804 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. | Dec. 12, D. compticata, Walk. ib. Suppl. p. 362, 3. Trisula pustulifera, Walk. ib. Suppl. p. 576, 3. Darjeeling. D. renesrosa, Walk. ib. Suppl. p. 360. Darjeeling. D. BHANA, 0. sp. Male dark brown: fore wing with five transverse lines of black lunules, bordered outwardly with chalybeous speckles ; a ferruginous spot beyond the discal cell: hind wing paler brown, with two indi- stinct darker suffused transverse discal bands. Underside brown, with two ill-defined darker transverse discal bands. Cilia alternate pale and dark brown. Expanse 13 inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. Allied to D. tenebrosa, Walk. D. FLAVIMACULA, 0. sp. Male fuliginous brown: fore wing with two subbasal and two discal transverse undulating black lines, bordered with rufous brown; a double black spot with rufous-brown border on discal veinlet ; a narrow yellow spot from posterior angle; a marginal blackish lunu- lated line. Underside paler, with a recurved blackish band crossing the disk of both wings; a black lunule on discal veinlet. Cilia with black spots. Expanse 1,5, inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. HeEracu.a, n. g., Moore. Body short ; abdomen slender. Head prominent. Palpi short, not extending beyond the head, densely pilose ; third joint conical. Antenne rather short, minutely serrated. Wings broad exteriorly ; costa nearly straight to one-third its length, rounded at the apex ; exterior margin: slightly convex ; posterior margin nearly straight. Four superior veins, the second three-branched, the third proceeding from the second at one-third its length, and the fourth from near its base. Cell closed. Hind wing rounded exteriorly. Legs rather small; femora densely pilose beneath ; mid tibize armed with a pair, and hind tibize with two pairs, of long apical spurs. HERACULA Discivitra, n. sp. (Pl. XLIII. f. 2.) Upperside chocolate-brown ; fore wing with a broad medial trans- verse discal much darker band, the exterior margin of which is con- cave, and the interior nearly circular by extending along the costa and terminating below its base, both margins with a narrow pale- white border; hind wing subdued brown, with a rather broad pale- chocolate-brown marginal band. Underside brown ; apical half of 1865.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 805 fore wing and marginal band of hind wing paler brown. Body dark brown. Antenne, palpi, and legs blackish. Expanse 2 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell. MARDARA CALLIGRAMMA, Walk. Cat. Lep. B. M. Suppl. p. 402. SomeERA viripiFusca, Walk. ib. iv. p. 882. LyMANTRIA OBSOLETA, Walk. ib. iv. p. 880, ¢. Q.L. bhascara, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. ii. p. 345. Balasore. L. aupicans, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. Suppl. L. superans, Walk. ib. p. 876, 2. L. concotor, Walk. ib. p. 876,92. L. eranpis, Walk. ib. p. 874. L. SEMICINCTA. Alope semicincta, Walk. ib. iii. p. 620. Raneegunge. L. BASINIGRA, 0. sp. Upperside greyish brown: fore wing with a broad subbasal trans- verse fuliginous black patch, which is bordered outwardly by a darker black line ; a series of .black lunulated pale-bordered lines obliquely before the apex to beyond the posterior angle, between which and the outer margin are some black spots: hind wing and underside paler, without markings. Thorax and head black. Palpi, legs, ab- domen, and antennz greyish brown. Expanse 22 inches. Balasore, Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell L. MATHURA, D. sp. Male. Upperside—fore wing greyish white, markings brown, with pale-brown interspaces ; with two or three black and yellow spots at the base; two transverse subbasal irregular lines, between which is a broad band; a round spot within the cell and a blackish curved streak at its end; three transverse discal lunulated bands, the first broad, the others narrow; a marginal row of spots: hind wing dull yellow, with a blackish discal spot, narrow submarginal macu- lated band, and a marginal row of small spots. Underside dull yel- low, suffused with pale brown between the veins, with darker-brown discal and marginal spots. Thorax white, with yellow and black spots. Abdomen yellow, tuft white, with dorsal, lateral, and a row beneath of black spots. Head at the sides, palpi in front, and legs yellow ; palpi above and at the sides, and spots on the legs, black. Antennz brown. Expanse 27 inches. N.E. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell ; F. Moore. 806 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [Dec. 12, Euerocris virncuncuta, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. iv. p. 836. E. pivisa, Walk. ib. E. tutescens, Walk. ib. p. 837. E. aromartia, Walk. ib. p. 837. HK. PARTITA. Numenes partita, Walk. ib. Suppl. p. 290. Darjeeling. E. RANA, . sp. Male. Upperside yellow; fore wing with the basal two-thirds irrorated with dark-brown scales, which also extend from within the cell to the middle of the outer margin in a more densely irrorated elbowed line, below which the wing is whitish ; two medial irregular transverse widely separated narrow white bands from costal to poste- rior margin: hind wing with the abdominal margin suffused with brown. Underside pale yellow, without markings. Antenne and body brown. Expanse 23 inches. Silhet. In Coll. A. Grote, Esq. NuMENts 1nsi1Gnis, Moore, Cat. Lep. E.1.C. ii. pl. 10 a. f. 6. N. siletti, Walk. N. patrana, Moore, ib. p. 367. Levcoma tatirascia, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. p. 831. ? Euproctis melanophila, Walk. ib. Suppl. p. 349. ARTAXA VARIANS, Walk. ib. p. 796. A. rnconcisa, Walk. ib. Suppl. p. 332. Dreara unvata, Blanch. Jacquemont’s Voy. Ins. pl. 1. f. 8. D. undifera, Walk. ib. p. 904. D. mutans, Walk. ib. p. 904. D. cirrina, Walk. ib. p. 905. APONA CASHMIRENSIS. Gastropacha cashmirensis, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. p. 472. t. 21. f. 4, 9(1844). Apona pallida, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. p. 1763 (1856), 2. Male brownish fawn-colour: fore wing with three subbasal in- distinct brown transverse lines, beyond which is a small black spot near the costa; a transverse discal oblique series of six brown undu- lating lines, the outer line on each side the darkest, that of the ex- terior side with a pale inner border; a submarginal series of suffused 1865. | MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 807 brown lunules: hind wing with a discal series of six indistinct undu- lating brown lines. Underside ferruginous brown; the discal lines of fore wing indistinct, those of the hind wing more distinct than on the upperside. Body ferruginous brown. Antenne long and broadly bipectinated to the tips; shaft white; plumes brown. Femur and tibia densely clothed with long ferruginous-brown hairs. Expanse 33 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell. JANA LINEOSA, Walk. ib. p. 912. J. CERVINA, 0. sp. Male pale fawn-colour; fore wing with two oblique discal chest- nut-brown narrow bands, a third being slightly apparent near the base, the outer bordered with a broad lunular-margined dusky band; hind wing with three ill-defined discal bands. Antenne and palpi above fuliginous. Abdomen with pale chestnut-brown waist. Expanse 33 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. W. S. Atkinson and Brit. Mus. TAGORA GLAUCESCENS, Walk. ib. v. p. 1188. Darjeeling. T. PANDYA, 0. Sp. Upperside greyish fawn-colour ; fore wings with several transverse indistinct brown undulating lines, curving inwardly to the costa, bordered exteriorly by an oblique dark double line extending from the apex to the inner margin; hind wing with a similar series of undulating lines and dark-bordered double line ; both wings with a submarginal series of blackish spots. Expanse 33 to 4 inches. N.E. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. Allied to 7. patula; but may be distinguished by its wanting the two vitreous discal spots. GANISA PLANA, Walk. (Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. ii. pl. 10a. f. 5). Fam. PsycuHip2&. ?CRYPTOTHELEA consorTA, Templeton, Ent. Trans. v. pl. 5. f.'6;°7. PsYCHE, sp. Perina Basatis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. iv. p. 966, o. Q . Euproctis antica, var. 6, Walk. Fam. ARCTIID. ALopeE OCELLIFERA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. ii. p. 620. ALPHEA FOLVOHIRTA, Walk. ib. ii. p. 684. Darjeeling. 808 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. ([Dec. 12, Hypercompa MULTIGUTTIATA, Walk. ib. p. 657. Hyprrercomra equirtatis, Kollar, Higel’s Kasch. iv. pl. 20. f. 3. H. pracrata, Walk. ib. p. 655. CREATONOTUS INTERRUPTA, Linn, (Cram. t. 185. f. E). C. emitrens, Walk. ib. p. 638. PHISSAMA TRANSIENS. Spilosoma transiens, Walk. ib. p. 675. AREAS ORIENTALIS, Walk. p. 658. SpILOSOMA MULTIVITTATA, N. Sp. Male creamy white: fore wing with five transverse maculated fuliginous black narrow bands, the first subbasal, the second elbowed across the cell and joining the first on the costa, which is black along its base, third obliquely from middle of posterior margin to the costa before the apex, fourth from near posterior angle crossing the third to costa, fifth submarginal ; a small black spot crossed by the discal veinlet: hind wing with a submarginal fuliginous line and a spot on discal areolet. Head in front, palpi, thorax beneath, and legs in front black ; sides of thorax tinged with crimson ; ab- domen above reddish, with dorsal and lateral black dots ; body and legs beneath yellowish. Expanse 12 inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell ; F. Moore. S. rHopopHILa, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. Suppl. p. 294. S. RUBIDORSA, 0. Sp. Male white: fore wing with an oblique narrow grey maculated band, a small grey spot within the discal veinlet, and another spot near the base of the cell ; hind wing with two submarginal grey spots and a smaller one within discal veinlet. Head black on each side in front ; palpi black, beneath crimson; thorax crimson on each side and beneath in front. Legs black in front ; fore femur crimson in front. Abdomen crimson above, without dorsal but with a lateral row of black dots; anal tuft white. Expanse 13 inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell. S. SORDIDA, 0. sp. Male pale buff-brown ; hind wings paler, with a pale submar- ginal fuliginous band and a spot on discal veinlet ; abdomen above dull red, with dorsal and lateral row of blackish dots; sides of head, palpi above, legs in front, and antenne fuliginous. Expanse 1,2, inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E, Russell, 1865.] | MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 809 S. RUBITINCTA, n. sp. Male, Upperside—fore wing pale reddish buff-colour, yellowish apically ; a short yellow-bordered maculated black line obliquely from middle of posterior margin, beyond which is a very short lon- gitudinal black streak. Underside white, delicately suffused with pale pink on abdominal margin ; three small black spots, two sub- marginal, the third on discal veinlet. Thorax pale reddish buff. Abdomen above red, with dorsal and lateral black Spots ; anal tuft white. Head buff-yellow ; sides of head, palpi above, front of legs, and antennz black. Thorax on the sides and beneath in front crim. son. Underside pale buff-yellow ; the short longitudinal black streak on fore wing and spots on hind wing as above. Expanse 1% inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. S. NIGRIFRONS. » Icambosida nigrifrons, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. Suppl. p. 401. Male. Upperside white. An indistinct grey dot on discal veinlet of hind wing. Thorax in front buff-yellow. Palpi, head in front, thorax beneath, and legs in front black. Abdomen yellow above ; beneath black, with white bands; anal tuft white. Expanse 13 inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. S. FLAVALIS, n. sp. Male. Upperside buff-yellow : hind wing yellowish white, with two blackish spots, one near the anal angle, the other on discal veinlet. Underside buff-white, the two spots on hind wing promi- nent. Sides of head, palpi above, and legs in front black. Abdo- men with lateral row of black spots. Antennz black. Expanse 13 inch, _ jeeline: “Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. S. LATIVITTA, n. sp. Male. Upperside buff-yellow: fore wing with a rather broad maculated grey band obliquely from middle of posterior margin di- minishing to the apex, where also there are some small submarginal spots ; a grey spot near the base of the wing: hind wing whitish, with three blackish spots, two being submarginal near the angles, the third on discal veinlet. Sides of head, palpi above, legs in front, dorsal and lateral spots on abdomen black. Antenne brown. Expanse 1} inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell. S. STIGMATA, n. sp. Male pale buff-yellow: fore wing with a dot at the base ; two subbasal spots, a spot on middle of costa, below which an oblique series of spots to posterior margin, and two submarginal transverse series of short longitudinal streaks black : hind wing yellowish white, 310 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [ Dec. 12, with two rather large blackish spots from anal angle, and a third near anterior angle. Thorax branded with a black stripe down the middle. Abdomen reddish above, with dorsal and lateral black dots. Front of head, palpi, front of thorax beneath, legs in front, and abdomen black. j Expanse 1{ inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. S. SANGUINALIS, Nl. Sp. . Male. Upperside buff-colour: fore wing with minute black streaks near the base; an oblique recurved transverse discal series of small longitudinal black streaks, disposed in widely separated pairs, each pair divided by a vein; a shorter submarginal series of similar streaks below the apex: hind wing suffused with red at the base ; a large spot on discal veinlet, and a submarginal series decreasing in size from near anal angle. Abdomen above deep crimson, without dorsal but with a lateral row of black spots. Head in front, palpi, thorax beneath, femora at the tips, tibize, tarsi, and antennee black ; femora (except the tips) crimson ; body beneath yellow. Underside yellow: fore wing suffused with bright crimson from the base to beyond the middle; a black spot on discal veinlet, a second spot near the costa before the apex, below which is an oblique discal streak: hind wing with spots as above. Female. Upperside paler ; hind wings suffused with red. Under- side yellow suffused with red; fore wing with the spot nearly obso- lete. Expanse 1? inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. S. RUBILINEA, 0. Sp. + Male brownish buff-colour: fore wing with two (and in some three) recurved transverse red lines, with or without short black streaks, the first subbasal, the other two discal and oblique ; a short outer medially submarginal series of black streaks ; a small reddish spot on discal veinlet : hind wing pale buff, suffused with crimson at the base ; a large spot on discal veinlet and large submarginal spots black. Abdomen deep red above, beneath yellow, with a dorsal and two lateral rows of black spots. Head at the sides, palpi, thorax in front beneath, femora at the tips, tibiz and tarsi, and antennze black ; femora (except the tips) in front red. Underside buff-yel- low; fore wing slightly suffused with crimson from the base ; both wings with a short longitudinal streak at the base, another within the cell, a large quadrate spot on discal veinlet, and oblique submar- ginal series of spots black. Expanse 17 inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. S. DISCINIGRA, ll. Sp.) Male. Upperside buff-brown : fore wing with the edge of the costa 1865.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 811 reddish ; two transverse ill-defined reddish slightly spotted lines, between which is a reddish spot on discal veinlet ; a short series of ill-defined black streaks before the apex, and another short submar- ginal series : hind wing paler, the medial portion from the base black, where the veins are pale red and suffused on the abdominal margin with pale red. Abdomen deep red above, yellowish beneath, with ill-detined dorsal and large lateral black spots. Underside buff- yellow ; fore wing with the base of the costa, and veins basally, pale crimson, with the interspaces between the veins black; hind wing with a basal spot, longitudinal streaks from the base, a spot on discal veinlet, and submarginal spots from analangle black. Sides of head, palpi, femora at the tips, tibie, and tarsi black; thorax beneath black and crimson ; femora (except the tips) crimson in front. An- tennze black. Thorax above with a small triangular black spot. Expanse 23 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell. Fam. NoropontTIp&. Tutacipas postica, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. v. p. 1028. Drymonia denotata, Walk. ib. Suppl. p. 414. Cnethocampa curvata, Walk. ib. Suppl. p. 429. STAUROPUS SIKKIMENSIS, n. sp. (Pl. XLIII. fig. 5.) Male. Upperside greyish brown: fore wing with two irregular transverse yellow-bordered black lunulated lines, the first one-third from the base, the second beyond the cell, the space between which is suffused greyish black with yellow speckles, and having two black marks at the end of the cell; a small black spot at the base of the wing, where the space to the first transverse line is greyish white ; a submarginal row of black dots, and a marginal line of narrow lunules black, both with a greyish-white inner border: hind wing brown, greyish black along anterior margin, where there are some grey marks; a marginal lunulated grey line. Expanse 11 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. Damata LONGIPENNIS, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. v. p. 1044. Darjeeling. Cexera piusiata, Walk. ib. Suppl. p. 463. C. AURITRACTA, 0. sp. Male pale ferruginous brown, very pale along the costa: fore wing with a blackish longitudinal streak from the base beneath the cell to the exterior margin below the apex, where it is interspersed with black dots, medially beneath which is a narrow well-defined re- curved golden metallic streak ; a blackish spot at the apex, preceded by a smaller black spot and brown subcostal dots ; some small black spots near the posterior angle; exterior margin with a linear row of 812 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [Dec. 12, black dots. Thorax with a whitish collar. Antennze broadly pec- tinated to near the tips. Expanse 1? inch. N.E. Bengal. In Coll. F. Moore. MENAPIA KAMADENA, 0. sp. Male luteous brown: fore wing luteous brown, clearer brown along the costa; on the posterior portion of the wing are two oblique pale darker-bordered streaks, and a series of similar streaks ascending obliquely upward and outward from before the posterior angle, above which is an oblique apical suffused dusky streak ; a black dot at the end of the cell: hind wing and abdomen reddish fawn-colour. Palpi at the side black. Expanse 2 inches. N.E. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. CreruRA LiTuRATA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. v. p. 988. C. PRASANA, 0. sp. Male and female. Upperside—fore wing silvery white; a sub- basal maculated band, a discal apically maculated band continuing in a narrow line to a patch on posterior angle, spots along the costa, and quadrate spots on the cilia black ; the maculated bands greyish exteriorly : hind wing whitish basally, fuliginous brown exteriorly ; cilia with black spots. Underside white basally, fuliginous exte- riorly ; costa and quadrate spots on cilia black. Body creamy white; thorax with small black spots; abdomen with fuliginous black bands. Expanse 1} to 2 inches. N.E. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. C. DAMODARA, N. sp. Female. Upperside creamy-white ; fore wing with basal dots, a subbasal transverse sinuous band, short streaks on the costa, three transverse discal sinuous lines, and short marginal streaks black, each of the latter extending on the cilia: hind wing pale fuliginous brown exteriorly, the veins darker brown; cilia creamy-white with black spots. Thorax buff-white with black spots ; abdomen creamy- white with black bands. Underside creamy-white; fore wing with the disk fuliginous, where the veins are darker ; costal and marginal streaks black ; hind wing with the veins exteriorly, a subapical patch, and marginal spots fuliginous. Expanse 23 inches. N.E. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. HeETEROCAMPA SIKKIMA, 0. Sp. Male and female greyish brown: fore wing hoary, with yellow speckles between the markings; a black streak from the base, sub- basal transverse marks, a narrow transverse streak closing the cell, and others obliquely beneath ; two transverse discal series of black- 1865.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 813 ish marks, between which is a row of rather prominent contiguous yellow-speckled streaks ; a marginal row of alternate black streaks and whitish points: hind wing, abdomen, and underside pale grey- ish brown. Thorax, head, palpi, legs in front, and tip of abdomen hoary. Antenne brown. Expanse 11 to 22 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. H. ARGENTIFERA, 0. sp. Male grey: fore wing dull silvery grey, with two irregular trans- verse subbasal brown and blackish double lines; some blackish marks on the costa before the apex ; a band of three oblique trans- verse discal blackish brown-margined lunulated lines, which is dark- est at the ends; a marginal row of well-defined black lunular spots with silvery-grey centres: hind wing greyish brown apically, very pale ferruginous basally, with brown lunulated marginal line. Tho- rax, head, palpi, and legs in front grey; thorax with brown collar and blackish spots. Abdomen very pale ferruginous, with grey tip. Antenne brown. Underside pale ferruginous brown. Expanse 2 to 2} inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. W. S. Atkinson, Brit. Mus., and F. Moore. IcHTHYURA FERRUGINEA, Nl. Sp. Female bright ferruginous: fore wing with two subbasal and one discal transverse pale lines; between the second and third line a dark pale-bordered discal spot, and an irregular oblique brown streak having a pale inner border; two ill-defined series of brown pale-bordered marginal spots. Head and a large spot on front of thorax, and anal tuft, dark chestnut-brown. Palpi at the tip black. Antennz brown. Underside pale ferruginous. Expanse 1} inch. N.E. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell. I. INDICA, n. sp. Male and female. Upperside brownish fawn-colour: fore wing with two subbasal and two discal narrow transverse paler lines with dark-brown borders, the two latter joined at their base on the poste- rior margin; an interrupted submarginal row of pale spots, each with a dark-brown outer border; a similar series of spots along the exterior margin. Underside paler. Palpi, head, spot on top of thorax, and anal tuft dark brown. Expanse, ¢ 3%, Q 1 inch. Bengal. In Coll. W. 8. Atkinson; F. Moore. Larva feeds on Flacourtia cataphracta.—A. Grote. NOTODONTA BASALIS, 0. sp. Male pale purplish brown: fore wing from the base to beyond the middle dark purplish brown, the margin being defined by an irregular elbowed jet-black border, which extends obliquely to the dentation of the posterior margin; apical portion of the wing dull 814 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. ([ Dec. 12, silvery purplish grey, with two transverse rows of brown poiuts and a row of suffused brownish lunules; a pale-brown marginal wavy line: hind wing and abdomen pale purplish brown; thorax, head, and palpi dark purple brown. Underside pale purplish brown, both wings with an ill-defined darker suffused discal band having a pale outer border and paler costal spot. Expanse 2 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. W.S. Atkinson. Paravetra, n. g., Moore. Body moderately stout. Abdomen extending to the length of the hind wing. Proboscis rather short. Palpi porrect, small, pilose, extending to the front of the head; third joint minute, linear. An- tenn broadly pectinate to three-fourths of its length in the male, setaceous in the female. Legs large, long, fore and middle femora and tibize pilose beneath; hind femora naked, hind tibize and first joint of their tarsi pilose; middle tibize with a pair, and hind tibiee with two pairs, of apical spurs. Wings elongated, narrow; costa of fore wings straight, apex slightly acuminate, exterior margin angular in the middle and posteriorly, hind margin convex in the middle ; four superior veins, first, second, and fourth contiguous at the base, third remote, arising from the second at one-third of its length; hind wings trigonate, slightly acuminated at the apex. PARAVETTA DISCINOTA, n. sp. (Pl. XLIII. fig. 3.) Male chestnut-brown : fore wing with a basal narrow yellow line, with a broad obliquely elbowed transverse discal pale-pinkish-brown band, which is bordered by a narrow pale-yellowish line ; within the band is a darker discal spot : hind wing very pale pinkish brown, with ill-defined paler dark-bordered discal line and darker marginal line. Underside pinkish brown, with ill-defined diseal line. Body and legs dark brown, tarsi yellow. Antenne brown; thorax with a chestnut-brown spot at the base. Female much darker; fore wing with the base, apex, and the discal mark bright chestnut-brown, the discal band being greyish purple, which colour extends to the base of the costa, base of poste- rior margin, and pervades the exterior margin; hind wing brown. Body and legs dark purple brown, tarsi yellow; spot at base of thorax bright chestnut-brown. Expanse, ¢ 14, 2 12 inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. LopHorreRyx SATURATA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. Suppl. p. 415. ANODONTA PULCHERRIMA, n, sp. (Pl. XLIII. fig. 4.) Male ferruginous brown: fore wing with longitudinal streaks from the base, marks on the costa, and a submarginal lunulated pale-outer- bordered band bright suffused reddish brown, the interspaces being pale buff-yellow ; a suffused blackish patch from the costa across 1865. j MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE .LEPIDOPTERA. 815 the end of the cell, beyond which is a paler patch, and an oblique lunulated double line across the disk; a hoary marginal band tra- versed by a narrow medial black line, and bordered by the cilia: hind wing brown, pale buff-yellow along the abdominal margin ; with blackish marginal band, which is slightly hoary ; two pale-yel- lowish lines with reddish-brown borders from the anal angle pro- ceeding indelibly across the disk to the anterior margin. Thorax, head, palpi, and legs reddish brown. Abdomen brown, with ill- defined pale-yellow bands. Antenne brown. Underside uniformly dull brown, except on inner margins, which are yellowish. Expanse 2+ inches. N.E. Bengal. In. Coll. A. E. Russell. ANTHEUA DIscALis, Walk. (Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. ii. pl. 13a. ee : AnTIcyRA comsusra, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. v. p- 1092. Dinara lineolata, Walk. ib. vii. p. 1700. PHALERA RAYA, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. ii. p. 433. P. parivata, Moore, ib. p. 434. P. TENEBROSA, 0. sp. Upperside greyish brown ; fore wing with an elongated pale-grey- brown dentate-margined patch from the apex along nearly one-half of the costa, the space beneath which to a submarginal zigzag line, and the upper part of the wing to the base, is blackish brown, within which are some darker discal marks. Underside duller brown, with a medial transverse suffused blackish band having a pale outer bor- der, and a spot on costa of fore wing. Expanse 22 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell ; F. Moore. . Fam. Bompycip. TRILOCHA VARIANS (Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. ii. pl. lla. f. 6). Naprepa varians, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. pellos. Fam. DrePaNuLip#, ORETA PAVACA, 0. sp. Male and female ferruginous fawn-colour. Upperside covered with numerous ill-defined transverse darker strize ; these on the ex- terior half of the hind wing replaced by small spots disposed linearly between the veins; a suffused darker band from the apex of fore wing obliquely to abdominal margin; a silvery-white zigzag discal mark and numerous transverse silvery strise at the base of both wings and exterior to the band of the fore wing. Underside bright ferru- ginous, pale yellow on the posterior half of hind wing ; both wings with numerous brown strize, which, exteriorly, assume the shape of 816 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [ Dec. 12, spots. Head, palpi, front of thorax beneath, and legs in front bright crimson. Female darker fawn-colour above, with the striee, spots, and trans- verse oblique band also darker and more clearly defined, the latter being also present on the underside. Expanse, ¢ 14, 2 13 inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. O. VATAMA, n. sp. Male yellow, covered with numerous delicate transverse brown striee: fore wing with a yellowish-ferruginous darker-bordered band, the outer border obliquely from the apex, the inner border lunulated and from near base of posterior margin to middle of the costa, where it ends in a blackish spot, beyond which is a second similar costal spot; base of the wing and along exterior margin yellowish ferru- inous: hind wing with a broad subbasal yellowish-ferrugimous darker-bordered band; apex slightly suffused with yellowish ferru- ginous ; a narrow zigzag silvery-white line at the end of each cell. Underside brighter-coloured, similarly marked, but with the inner transverse line and costal spots of fore wing absent, the ferruginous colour on the hind wing extending to the base, and there being some ferruginous apical dots. Body yellowish ferruginous ; front of head, palpi, and legs bright ferruginous ; antennze brown. Expanse 1} inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. DrepaNa DUPLEXA, n. sp. (Pl. XLIII. fig. 8.) Male brownish fawn-colour, darkest at the apex, palest on the hind wings; fore wing very falcate, with a double black line ob- liquely from the apex to middle of abdominal margin of hind wing, the inner line narrow and palest ; between the line and the base of the wing some transverse pale lunulated black lines ; a small blackish rounded spot with pale border before the apex near the costa; exte- rior to the line on the fore wing is aseries of rounded spots composed of brown streaks, beyond which is a brown submarginal lunulated line ; hind wing exterior to the band with short transverse brown strie. Expanse 22 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell. D. PATRANA, 0. sp. Male. Upperside dull pale cinnamon-brown: fore wing with numerous minute silvery scales disposed along the veins ; a subcostal and two transverse pale-yellow lines, the first of the latter denticu- lated with black on its outer border; exterior line dark-bordered, and joining the costal line before the apex; a suffused black oblique spot at the end of the cell; a row of black dots along the lower half of exterior margin: hind wing yellowish anteriorly, with a short transverse yellow dark-bordered line from middle of abdominal mar- 1865.} MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 817 gin; three or four black dots along the exterior margin from the posterior angle. Underside yellow, with an indistinct transverse brown line, and a discal dot on fore wing. Expanse 14 inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell ; F. Moore. D. viRA, 0. sp. Female. Upperside pale fawn-colour; hind wing pale yellow anteriorly ; two oblique dark-brown lines crossing both wings, be- tween which are three small white discal spots ; a pale submarginal line ; exterior borders of both wings defined by a brown line. Under- side yellow, with the transverse lines narrow and pale brown; mar- ginal line brown. Expanse 1,2; inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell. D. SADANA, 2. sp. Male. Upperside yellow ; fore wing with several ferruginous dark- centred blotches below the apex, and two paler spots within the cell, a blackish dot near the base of posterior margin, some indistinct blackish submarginal lunules ; hind wing with several small ill-defined ferruginous-brown spots on the lower half. Underside paler, with the exterior margin below the apex, three subapical, and two discal dots pale ferruginous. Expanse 12 inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell. Fam. SaTuRNIID&. CRICULA TRIFENESTRATA, Helfer (H.-Scheeff. Lep. Exot. pl. 17. f. 80,2). Saturnia zuleika, Westw. Orient. Ent. pl. 11. f. 1, ¢. C. DREPANOIDES, N. sp. Male pale fulvous, suffused with grey on the fore wing to near the apex, and at the angles of the hind wing; exterior margins bordered with fulvous red ; a narrow dark-purple-brown band obliquely from the apex to middle of inner margin, continuing across the hind wing near the base ; fore wing with a conglomerated series of large and small clear yellow discal spots, a subbasal zigzag and a submarginal lunulated reddish line ; hind wing with five yellowish brown-bordered discal spots, the central one the largest and medially semitransparent, a discal and submarginal lunulated reddish lines. Expanse 2% inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. W. 8S. Atkinson, Esq. SaLassa LOLA, Westw. Orient. Ent. pl. 12. f. 3. AcriAs SELENE, M‘Leay, Leach’s Zool. Mise. pl. 70 (Cram. t. 31. f. A, B). Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. LIII. 818 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [ Dec. 12, A. Manas, Doubleday (Westw. Orient. Ent. pl. 22). ANTHER#A PAPHIA, Linn. (Cram. t. 146. f. A, t. 147. f. A). Balasore; Bauleah. A. rritut, Moore, P. Z.S. 1859, pl. 65. f. 1. A. HEeLFERI, Moore, ib. pl. 64. f. 2. A. Assama, Helfer (Westw. Orient. Ent. pl. 20). A. miranpa, Atkinson (Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 424). SaTuRNIA GROTEI, Moore, P. Z.S. 1859, pl. 65. f. 2. S. ANNA, 0. Sp. S. anna, Atkinson, MS. Male dark olive-green: fore wing powdered with yellow to the discal zigzag band, which has a contiguous outer lunulated olive- brown band, and a double series of yellow triangular marginal spots, a bluish and red apical patch and an adjacent white-bordered black spot, a blackish pale-yellowish-bordered patch at the base of the wing, and a subbasal irregular transverse narrow blackish band ; ocelli dull crimson, with blackish border, white and purple inner circle, and blackish centre: hind wing purplish brown at the base, suffused with crimson near the ocellus; a subbasal irregular trans- verse pale inner-bordered blackish band ; two transverse discal zigzag bands and marginal double spots as in fore wing. Body purple brown; thorax with a yellowish collar ; abdomen with a yellowish waistband. Antennze yellowish. Expanse 43 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. W. 8. Atkinson, Esq. Lorpa KATINKA, Westw. Orient. Ent. pl. 1. f. 2. L, SIKKIMA, N. sp. Loepa sikkima, Atkinson, MS. Distinguished from L. katinka by its smaller size, the male dif- fering in being of a darker yellow, the fore wing having the exterior margin of a clay-brown colour, and the space within the transverse zigzag discal line from the costa dusky. Expanse, ¢ 33, 9 32 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; W.S. Atkinson; F. Moore. Note.—“ L. katinka also occurs at Darjeeling (but sparingly), and is always larger than the dark form, which appears earlier in the year (beginning of August). L. sikkima inhabits the hot valleys, whereas L. katinka is found at from 5000 to 7000 feet elevation.” —W.S8. Atkinson in epistold. Arracus atxas, Linn. (Cram. t. 381. f. C).” A. EDwWARDSII, White, P. Z.S. 1859, pl. 57. 1865.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 819 A. cynruta, Drury, Ins. ii. pl. 6. f. 2. A. r1c1n1, Jones, Trans. Linn. Soc. 1804, p. 42. Saturnia arrundi, Milne-Edw. Bull. Agric. Fr. 1840, pl. 10. A, lunula, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. p, 1221. Fam. Limacopipz. ScoPELODES UNICOLOR, Westw. Nat. Libr. Ins. p. 222. Mrresa ALBreuncTa, H.-Scheeff. Lep. Exot. f. 179. Darjeeling. M. CASTANEIPARS, 0. sp. Glossy creamy-white, with pale glaucous reflections: fore wing with a large irregular-shaped dark-chestnut-brown subbasal patch, which is paler, intersected by the veins and a transverse whitish line ; thence to the posterior angle and gradually upwards the space is suffused with pale chestnut-brown ; a small blackish spot near the costa one-third from the apex; exterior margin and end of the veins defined by a blackish line: hind wing suffused with pale chestnut- brown at the base. Thorax pale chestnut-brown ; tip of abdomen chestnut-brown. Palpi above and fore legs in front blackish. Under- side creamy-white; fore wing suffused with black along the costa and beneath the cell. Expanse 1,4; inch. Darjeeling. In Coll. W. S. Atkinson; Brit. Mus. Canpypa puncrata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. vii. p. 1761. Belgorea subnotata, Walk. ib. Suppl. p. 497. Limacopes RETRACTATA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. Suppl. p-. 487. Darjeeling. TrisuLa varreeata, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. 1. C. ii. pl. 13 a. f. 1. Fam. LasiocaMPip&. LEBEDA PLAGIFERA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. vi. p. 1459. L. FERRUGINEA, Walk. ib. p. 1458, ¢. L. ampla, Walk. ib. p. 1412, 9. L. nosris, Walk. ib. p. 1456. L. spuppwA, Lefebvre (Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. ii. pl. 12a. a 2, 3 2). L. plagiata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. p. 1464, 3. L. REPANDA, Walk. ib. p. 1460. 820 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [Dec. 12, L. VINATA, 0. sp. Male ferruginous grey: fore wing with the edge of costa ferru- ginous; three very oblique transverse narrow dark-ferruginous lines, the first and second straight with a pale-whitish inner border and having a blackish dot medially between them, third or outer line un- dulated, with yellow outer border: hind wing suffused with dark ferruginous along the inner margin, terminating irregularly across the disk. Cilia of both wings dark ferruginous. Palpi blackish. Head and thorax with a dark-ferruginous band down the middle. Abdomen dark ferruginous above, paler towards the tip. Underside —fore wing dark ferruginous, with the veins defined by yellow lines; the two outer oblique transverse lines and spot dark brown, the inter- space yellow posteriorly ; a grey patch at the apex: hind wing grey, irrorated with dark ferruginous; a subbasal indistinct dark trans- verse line and two irregular pale discal streaks. Expanse 22 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell. MustTILia FALCIPENNIS, Walk. ib. Suppl. p. 581. Darjeeling. EstIGENA PARDALE, Walk. (Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. ii. pl. 13 a. fi 1, 3 2 ). BuaretTA, n. g., Moore. Male. Body moderately stout, extending beyond the hind wings. Head prominent. Palpi porrect, hairy, extending beyond the head. Antennze pectinated, curved backwards. Legs stout, densely clothed with hairs ; hind tibize with two short apical spurs. Wings mode- rate; fore wings slightly acuminated at the tips, angulated exteriorly below the apex and more slightly before the posterior angle; hind wings rounded exteriorly. BuARETTA CINNAMOMEA, n. sp. (PI. XLIII. fig. 6.) Male. Upperside cinnamon-colour, somewhat fuliginous below the apex, with purple hyaline gloss exteriorly ; fore wing with a brown pale-inner-bordered transverse streak obliquely from one-third of the posterior margin to the apex, three small black subbasal spots, two being within the cell, the third above it ; hind wing with a transverse oblique very indistinct darker band. Expanse 2 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. ANDRACA BIPUNCTATA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B.M. Suppl. p.582. Darjeeling. A. TRILOCHOIDES, 0. sp. Male. Upperside dark purple brown; exterior margins not fes- tooued: fore wing with three ill-defined blackish transverse undula- > 1865.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 821 ting lines, the third sharply retracted towards the costa ; a deep-black spot between the first and second lines; thickly along the costa and before the apex, and slightly along the transverse lines, are minute white scales ; two medially submarginal spots composed of yellowish scales: hind wing pale at the apex, brown at the base, with two transverse black lines, the inner one nearly straight, the outer broadly lunulated in the middle and having a brown exterior border ; a black discal dot.. Abdomen with a blackish waist and tip of anal tuft, the latter with white points. Underside ferruginous brown, with two transverse black lines and discal spot, the outer line with pale exte- rior border; abdominal margin with a black-and-white fringe, and a black medial tuft of rather long hairs. Expanse 2 inches. Darjeeling. In Coll. F. Moore and W. S. Atkinson. GANGARIDES, n. g., Moore. Apona (part.), Walker. Antenne moderately pectinated to near the tip. Paipi thick, pro- jecting beyond the head ; third joint short, ascending. Body stout; abdomen long, extending beyond the hind wings. Legs stout, rather densely clothed with hairs. Fore wings long, acuminated at the tips ; costa arched in the middle; exterior margin concave below the apex, sinuous ; subcostal vein with two branches. Hind wings tri- gonate ; apex rounded; exterior margin slightly sinuous. GANGARIDES ROSEA. Apona rosea, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. Suppl. p. 513. Darjeeling. G. DHARMA, n. sp. (PI. XLIII. fig. 7.) Upperside—fore wing dull yellow, irrorated with minute brown scales ; two subbasal and two discal transverse brown lines, a sub- marginal series of brown pale-inner-bordered lunules ; a small raised white spot between the second and third transverse lines : hind wing ochreous yellow, tinted with rosy. Body dull yellow, irrorated with brown. Antennz pale brown. Underside buff-yellow, densely irro- rated with greyish brown, appearing in parts in patches. Both wings with an ill-defined blackish transverse line. Cilia brown. Expanse 33 to 3? inches. N.E. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell. TRABALA VISHNU, Lefebvre, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 207. Amydoma prasina, A. pallida, A. basalis, Walk. Catal. pp. 1415- 1417, 3 2. T. MAHANANDA, 0. Sp. Differs from 7. vishnu in its much larger size, the male distin- guished by the dark bands of the fore wing being more oblique, and the female by the transverse bands, large subbasal patch, discoidal 822 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [ Dec. 12, spot, and submarginal series of spots more prominent and of a rufous brown. Expanse, ¢ 2, 9 34 inches. N.E. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell. TaraGAMA GANESA, Lefebvre, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 211, 3. Bombyzx siva, Lefebvre, ib. p. 210, 9. Megasoma albicans et M. venustum, Walk. Cat. B. M. vi. pp. 1449, 1450,3 @. Suana Brmacuxata, Walk. (Moore, Cat. E. I. C. ii. pl. 13 a. f. 2, 3 2 ). Lebeda concolor, Walk. ib. p. 1463, 3. Suana ampla, Walk. ib. p. 1502, 9. Fam. Cossip&. Cossus CADAMBA, 0. sp. C. cadambe, Atkinson, MS. Upperside—fore wing dark greyish brown, marked with numerous short black strize and transverse irregular black lines; hind wing pale greyish brown, with numerous brown striz. Underside pale greyish brown, covered with numerous short brown strie. Expanse, ¢ 14, 9 2 inches. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore. Note.—According to Mr. Atkinson, “this species is rather com- mon about Calcutta; the larva perforating the wood of Nauclea ca- damba. The larva is very like that of C. ligniperda, except that it is much smaller, and when full-grown of a darker colour—reddish chestnut. The moth appears at intervals from the end of February till November.” ZENZERA MINEUS, Cram, t. 131. f. D. Z. 1npica, Boisd., H.-Scheeff. Lep. Exot. f. 166. . Fam. Heprarip£, PHASSUS SIGNIFER, Walk. Cat. Lep. B. M. vii. p. 1568. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES XLI., XLII., XLIII. Puate XLI. Fig. 1. Athyma chevana, p. 763. Fig. 8. Polyommatus sangra, p. 772. 2. Apatura sordida, 8, p. 765. 9. Lycenesthes bengalensis, 3, 3. Adolias balarama, p. 766. p- 773. 4. Debis visrava, p. 768. 10. Poritia hewitsont, 3, p. 775. 5. Zophoessa baladeva, p. 769. ll. Myrina ravata, p. 776. 6. Polyommatus varunana, p. 772, 12. Miletus drumila, 8, p. 777. 7. —— kandura, p. 772. - Ss, J Wolf.del et ith MAN Hanhart ag 1865. ] MR. J. H. GURNEY ON A NEW HARRIER. 823 Puate XLII. Fig. 1. Satarupa gopala, 3, p. 780. | Fig. 5. Vithora indrasana, p. 795. 2. Darpa hanria, p. 781. 6. Philopator basimaculata, p.800. 3. Capila jayadeva, $, p. 785. 7. Cadphises maculata, 8, p. 801. 4, Pisola zennara, p. 786. | 8. Canerkes euschemoides, ? ,p.802. Puate XLII. Fig. 1. Grotea elegans, 9, p. 797. Fig. 6. Bharetia cinnamomea, g ,p.820. 2. Heracula discivitta, p. 804. 7. Gangarides dharma, 8, p. 821. 3. Paravetta discinota, p. 814. 8. Drepana duplexa, p. 816. 4. Anodonta pulcherrima, p. 814. | 9, Bizone divakara, 8, p. 798. 5. Stauropus sikkimensis, p. 811. | 13. On a New Species or Harrier FROM New CALEDONIA. By Joun H. Gurney, F.Z.S. (Plate XLIV.) Some time since, I received from M. EK. Verreaux, of Paris, two specimens of the Harrier of New Caledonia, which appear to me to belong to an undescribed species very nearly allied to, yet distinct from, the Harrier found in Joanna Island and in the Island of Ré- union, to which M. Jules Verreaux has given the name of Circus maillardi, and which was figured and described in the first series of the ‘ Ibis,’ 1863, p. 163. I propose to assign to this new species the name of my friend Mr. Wolf, to whose talented pencil all students of zoology, and ple ees those who study the birds of prey, are so greatly in- debted. The specimens of Circus wolfi which I have received from M. Verreaux appear to me to be both males, one evidently in the plumage of the first year, the other adult or nearly so. On comparing the latter with an adult male of Circus maillardi recently obtained in Joanna Island, and liberally presented to the Norwich Museum by Mr. Edward Newton, I can find little or no difference in size or form, except that the quill-feathers of the wings and tail are slightly broader in CO. maillardi than in C. wolf, and that the proportionate length of the primaries in the two species does not appear identical. In both species the third primary is the longest, the fourth next, and then the second; but in Cireus maillardi the fifth equals the second in length, whilst in C. wolfi it falls decidedly short of it ; again, in C. maillardi the sixth primary is slightly longer than the first, whilst in C. wolfi the relative proportions of these two fea- thers are reversed. The colouring of the upper part of the head and neck, also that of the back, rump, and upper side of the wings, is extremely similar in both species ; but it is slightly darker in the adult males of Circus maillardi, and the contrast between the black and grey feathers 824 DR. J. E. GRAY ON NEW SPECIES OF CEBUS. [Dec. 12, of the wings is decidedly more conspicuous in that species than in C. wolfi. In the specimens before me the middle feather of the tail bears one transverse mark near its base in C. wolfi, whereas the corre- sponding feather bears four such marks in C. maillardi. In each species there is also a single mark near the end of the feather; but both this and the markings on the upper portion of it are much more distinct in C. maillardi than in C. wolfi. The shaft- markings on the throat in C. wol/fi are browner than in C. mail- lardi, and on the breast and abdomen they are not only browner but also broader, extending in C. wolfi to the under tail-coverts, which in C. maillardi are of a pure white. The inner side of the primaries in C. maillardi are a pure white near their base, the remainder being black. In C. wolfi the basal parts are yellowish white, and the remainder of the underside of the primaries are of a pale slate-colour, crossed with narrow bars of a darker slate-colour at intervals of about an inch, the tips of the feathers being also dark. The young male of C. wolfi resembles C. maillardi in a similar state, but is not so dark in its plumage, and is more rufous in the region of the abdomen, in which it resembles the young male of Circus assimilis. 14, Notices oF soME APPARENTLY UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF Sapasous (Cesus) 1N THE COLLECTION OF THE BRITISH Museum. By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S., Etc. (Plate XLV.) The distinction of the species of the American Monkeys is very difficult, and perhaps the genus Cebus the most difficult of all. Next to the difficulty of distinguishing them is that of determining the names which have been applied to them by different authors, and (what ought not to be the case) the determining of the figures, given by Spix and others, representing the species under consideration. This mainly arises from the great variation of colour that the specimens of the same species present. The difficulty has also been increased by the works of compilers like Lesson and Wagner, who depend on the descriptions of authors without having the opportunity of examining species to correct their theories, and yet venture to decide what are species and what varieties : and the result shows how dangerous it is for compilers to venture to go beyond the author from whom they copy. M. Isidore Geoffroy has shown that Cedz when in confinement, especially in a dark place, become bleached; and he believes that specimens so decolorated have often embarrassed zoologists and led them into error (Castelnau, ‘ L’Amér. du Sud, Mammiféres,’ p. 10, note). ide on ~~? ‘ (2 casters be at ge SUG! M&N Tanhart ump CKBUS LEUCOGENYS 1865.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON NEW SPECIES OF CEBUS. 825 There are two good essays on this genus, both based upon the collection in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, which contains the type specimens described by the older: French zoologists (viz. MM. I. Geoffroy, F. Prevost), and in Pucheran’s ‘ Catalogue Méthodique de la Collection des Mammiféres,’ Paris, 1851, and Dr. A. G. Dahlbom’s ‘Studia Zoologica,’ vol. i. 1856. The latter gives comparative. de- scriptions of the species, drawn up in the form of tables. I have compared these with the large collection of specimens in the British Museum, and believe that the species I have here described are not contained in them. In stuffed specimens there is to be observed a considerable dif- ference in the length and slenderness or thickness of the fingers, and at one time I thought this might afford a good character; but I ob- served that the fingers of those that are short when adult appeared to be longer and more slender in younger specimens, and I am not satisfied that part of this difference may not depend on the art of the taxidermist. I believe that the manner in which the hair is distributed on the head is a good character; but this is one which requires careful exa- mination ; for the animal-preserver, by carelessness or by design, sometimes disfigures specimens in this respect. But the difference between natural distribution and disfigurement is easily discovered by careful study. The greater number of.species have a generic coloration ; that is to say, the side of the head, the chest, and the front of the fore legs, and often the shoulders and outside of the thighs, are paler-coloured than the rest of the body. A few of the species are at once known by the distribution of their colours, as C. leucocephalus by its white head, chest, and shoulders, all the rest of the body being dark in this species ; C. leucogenys, C. cirrifer and C. vellerosus are known by their uniform black colour, and C. flavescens by its nearly uniform pale yellow ; C. zanthocephalus is known from the others by the yel- lowness of the hinder part of the body before the thighs. The species in the British Museum may be thus arranged :— I. Hairs of the crown reflered, bent back round the face, forming a short, erect crest over each eyebrow. Colour uniform. 1. C. LEUCOGENYs, sp. nov. (PI. XLV.) Fur blackish, soft, elongate, silky, with a thick underfur; hair of head short, of the circumference of the face reflexed ; cheek and tem- ple pale yellow. Hab. Brazil. Il. Hairs of the crown bent back; those on the sides of the dark crown-spot elongate, in the perfect state forming two more or less erect crests or tufts. 2. C. APELLA, I. Geoff., is the hornless, and C. fatuellus, I. Geoff., the horned state. 826 DR. J. E. GRAY ON NEW SPECIES OF CEBUS. [Dec. 12, 3. C. eLecans, I, Geoff.=C. pallidus, Gray. Hab. Bolivia. 4. C. crrriFer, I. Geoff. 5. C. veLtuerosus, I. Geoff. Perhaps a thicker-furred variety of the former. The younger specimens, and sometimes the older ones, are desti- tute of crests in all these five species, and therefore may be confounded with those of the next section. Fig. 4. III. Hairs of the crown short, reflexed, adpressed, not Sorming any crest. . C. carucinus, I. Geoff. 6 7. C. XANTHOCEPHALUS, Spix,=C. monachus, Fischer. 8. C. atsirrons, I. Geoff. 9 . C. nyro.eucus, I. Geoff. 1865.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON NEW SPECIES OF CEBUS. 827 10. C. teucoceruatus. (Fig. 4.) Fur dark reddish brown, very obscurely punctulated ; head to the front edge of the ears white; a short central narrow black streak on the back of the forehead ; feet blackish. This may be a variety of C. versicolor, Pucheran, although he particularly says it has no streak on the forehead. Hab. Columbia. 11. C. FLAVESCENS. Fur nearly uniform pale yellow fulvous ; the cheeks, whiskers, and hair under the throat greyish; the crown, nape, and middle part of the back rather darker ; outside of the leg rather redder ; hair of the top of the head and nape rather elongate, and directed backward. C. gracilis, Gray, List Mamm. B. M.; not Spix, t. 5. Hab. Brazil. IV. Hairs of the crown of the head elongate, erect, forming a single central more or less conical crest. 12. C. rosustus. 13. C. ANNELLATUS. (Fig. 3.) Fur brown, reddish-washed, especially on the thigh, hairs with several pale rings; streaks on sides of neck bent down in front of the shoulders, bright yellow; belly reddish; crown, temple, whis- kers, fore and hind legs, and tail blackish; face with dark-black hairs ; crown-spot broad, with a broad line to the forehead and to the whiskers. M. I. Geoffroy mentions, but does not describe, a Monkey under C. capucinus which may be this species. Hab. Brazil. V. Hairs of the crown radiating from a centre; directed forward in front, and forming, with the eyebrows, a transverse crest. 14. C. curysopvus, F. Cuvier. Hab. Brazil. 15. C. suscristatus. (Fig. 2.) Fur blackish brown ; outside of the hind legs yellowish-washed ; sides of face pale ashy ; front of shoulders of the upper arms yellow- ish; the superciliary crest distinctly marked. Hab. Brazil. VI. Hairs of the crown elongate, erect, diverging in all directions, forming a kind of cap. 16. C. capituatus. (Fig. 1.) Fur rather elongate, brown, slightly washed with yellow, especially 828 DR. L. PFEIFFER ON FORMOSAN LAND-SHELLS. [Dec. 12, on the thighs; sides of the forehead grey ; sides of neck, outsides of the shoulders and fore legs fulvous; crown and nape blackish. Hab. Brazil. The series of skulls of different species in the British Museum col- lection do not present any characters by which they can be divided : the adult skulls are almost all of nearly the same size and proportions ; they only differ in the form of the impression of the muscles of the lower jaw. In some they are separated only by a very thin central ridge, extending the whole length of the skull; in others they are separated by a broad space of nearly equal width ; but in some others the edges of the scars are far apart in front, and close together, with a linear ridge, behind, leaving a triangular smooth space on the fore part of the crown. But these are doubtless changed by age, though there must be a considerable difference in the form of the muscles of the last group and those of the two former ones. 15. DescripTIONS OF THIRTEEN New SPECIES OF LanbD-SHELLS rRoM Formosa, IN THE COLLECTION OF THE LATE Hueu Cumrine, cottecrep By Mr. Roserr SwinHoer, VICE- Consux or THAT IsLanp. By Dr. Louis PFEIFFER. (Plate XLVI.) _— . Herix vesta, Pfr. (Pl. XLVI. fig. 9). 7. subobtecte perfo- rata, depressa, tenuis, levigata, nitidissima, pellucida, virenti- cornea; spira subconoidea, vertice minuto, papillari; sutura marginata; anfr. 53, convexiusculi, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus rotundato-depressus, antice non descendens, basi medio impressus, perforatione callo subclausa; apertura obliqua, dilatato-lunaris; perist. simplex, marginibus subconvergentibus, columellari arcuatim ascendente, ad insertionem reflexiusculo. Diam. maj. 154, min. 13, alt. 72 mill. 2. Hexrx sHEeRMANI, Pfr. (Pl. XLVI. fig. 5). TT. wmbilicata, lentiformis, carinata, solidula, oblique striata et sub lente sub- granulata, rufo-fusca ; spira conoideo-convexa, vertice minuto, subpapillari, pallido; sutura marginata; anfr. 7, lente ac- erescentes, planiusculi, ultimus non descendens, acute carinatus, subtus convexior ; umbilicus latiusculus ; apertura fere diago- nalis, securiformis; perist. simplex, marginibus vix conver- gentibus, basali arcuato, ad insertionem non dilatato. Diam. maj. 18, min. 163, alt. 8 mill. 3. Heurx cranti, Pfr. (Pl. XLVI. fig. 10). 7. wmbilicata, turbinata, tenuiuscula, striatula, sub lente fortiore minutissime decussatula, parum nitens, fusco-cornea ; spira subregulariter conica, vertice subtili; anfr. 63, convexiusculi, ultimus infra carinam acutam, marginem fere attingentem conveaior, in um- GB Sowerby hth. M &NHenhart.imp NEW FORMOSAN SHELLS 1865.] DR. L. PFEIFFER ON FORMOSAN LAND-SHELLS. 829 bilicum mediocrem subito ascendens, antice vir descendens ; apertura diagonalis, rotundato-lunaris ; perist. tenue, margi- nibus convergentibus, supero breviter expanso, basali arcuato, reflexo, columellari dilatato, patente. Diam. maj. 15, min. 13, alt. 8 mill. 4, Hevrx swinuoet, Pfr. (Pl. XLVI. fig. 6). TT. mediocriter um- bilicata, turbinato-depressa, solidula, oblique ruguloso-striata striisque spiralibus confertissimis subtiliter sculpta, unde sub- sericea, fulvo-fusca, submarmorata ; spira breviter turbinata, obtusula ; anfr. 5-54, superi planiusculi, ultimus vie descendens, superne subtumidus, medio carina prominente obtusa cinctus, subtus inflatus ; apertura diagonalis, rotundato-lunaris, intus cerulescenti-margaritacea; perist, carneo-fuscum, marginibus convergentibus, callo tenui junctis, supero anguste expanso, ba- sali reflexiusculo, versus insertionem sensim dilatato. Diam. maj. 52-58, min. 43-48, alt. 27-28 mill. B. Minor, fulva, peristomate pallide roseo, apertura intus alba. Diam. maj. 46, min. 39, alt. 25 mill. 5. Hexrx rormosensis, Pfr. (Pl. XLVI. fig. 7). TT. sinistralis, umbilicata, subturbinato-depressa, tenuiuscula, oblique subtili- ter striata, sub epidermide tenuissima cerea albida ; spira brevi- ter turbinata, vertice obtuso ; anfr. 54, regulariter accrescentes, parum convexi, ultimus peripheria obsolete unifasciatus et sub- angulatus, antice vir descendens, subtus convexus, striis spira- libus minutissimis sculptus, circa umbilicum mediocrem pro- fundum non compressus; apertura diagonalis, late lunaris ; perist. subincrassatum, marginibus remotis, supero sinuato, ex- pansiusculo, basali reflewo, ad insertionem dilatato. Diam. maj. 26, min. 223, alt. 12-13 mill. 6. Herx-sacca, Pfr. (Pl. XLVI. fig. 8). 1. umbilicata, globoso- depressa, solida, levissime striatula, albo-lutescens, fasciis 3 castaneis ( peripherica latiore) ornata; spira breviter turbinata, vertice subtili, carneo ; anfr. 54, modice converi, ultimus non descendens, basi subinflatus, striis spiralibus obsoletissimis sculptus, circa umbilicum angustissimum impressus ; apertura parum obliqua, lunaris, intus alba, fasciis pellucentibus ; perist. album, undique breviter reflecum, marginibus remotis, basali ad insertionem dilatato, subangulato. Diam. maj. 234, min. 203, alt. 14 mill. 7. Hetix MELLEA, Pfr. (Pl. XLVI. fig. 4). TT. wmbilicata, de- pressa, carinata, tenuiuscula, sub lente minutissime granulata, oleoso micans, pallide fulva; spira parum elevata, vertice obtuso ; anfr. fere 5, planiuscult, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus antice via descendens, infra carinam acutiusculam subinflatus ; umbi- licus mediocris, profundus ; apertura parum obliqua, subangu- lato-lunarts ; perist. albidum, marginibus vir convergentibus, 830 DR. L. PFEIFFER ON FORMOSAN LAND-SHELLS. [Dec. 12, supero anguste expanso, basali subreflexo, columellari breviter ascendente, superne subdilatato. Diam. maj. 22, min. 20, alt. 9 mill. 8. BuLimus swinuokt, Pfr. (Pl. XLVI. fig. 2, 2a). TT. umbili- cata, ovato-conica, tenuiuscula, oblique striatula, striis spirali- bus confertissimis decussata, fulvida, strigis brunneis vel nigri- cantibus irregulariter ornata; spira convexo-conica, sursum pal- lida, vertice acuto; anfr. 63, parum convevi, ultimus spira bre- vior, basi rotundatus ; apertura parum obliqua, truncato-ovalis, intus cerulescenti-margaritacea ; perist. simplex, tenue, mar- gine dextro anguste expanso, columellari late fornicatim reflexo. Long. 35, diam. 20 mill. 9. Butimus spHzroconvs, Pfr. (Pl. XLVI. fig. 3). TJ. sub- clause perforata, globoso-conica, tenuiuscula, oblique striata, carneo-albida, epidermide nitida fulvida vestita ; spira conica, vertice acutiusculo; anfr. 6, convexiusculi, ultimus spira bre- vior, ventrosus, medio linea rufa cinctus ; columella verticalis ; apertura obliqua, subquadrangularis; perist. tenue, breviter expansum, marginibus remotis, dextro subflexuoso, columellari sursum dilatato, reflexo. Long. 22, diam. 17 mill. 10. Buximus 1ncertus, Pfr. (Pl. XLVI. fig. 1). 7. subperfo- rata, oblongo-turrita, tenuis, minute et oblique ruguloso-striata, nitidula, fulva ; spira convezro-turrita, vertice obtusulo; anfr. - 10 converiusculi, ultimus + longitudinis vix formans, rotunda- tus; apertura perobliqua, lunari-rotundata ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari ad insertionem vix reflexo. Long. 10, diam. 44 mill. 11. Cravsinia swinuoet, Pfr. (Pl. XLVI. fig. 11). 7’. leviter arcuato-rimata, fusiformi-turrita, solida, oblique striata, seri- cea, castanea; spira sensim attenuata, apice obtusa; anfr. 10-11, convexiusculi, ultimus basi turgidus; apertura verticalis, ovalis, angulo supero rotundato ; lamelle fortes, supera mar- ginalis, altera obliqua ; lunella imperfecta, e pliculis 6 formata ; plica palatalis 1 elongata, subcolumellaris fere ad marginem emersa; perist. continuum, album, callosum, superne appressum, caterum reflexum. Long. 31-34, diam. 8 mill. 12. CLAUSILIA SHERIDANI, Pfr. TJ. subrimata, fusiformi-tur- rita, solidula, striata, nitida, saturate castanea ; spira a medio subregulariter attenuata, apice acutiuscula; sutura simplez, profunda; anfr. 9-10, convexi, ultimus angustior, costulato- striatus, solutus, dorso angulatus, basi rotundatus ; apertura subobliqua, angulato-piriformis; lamelle parvule, approxi- mate ; lunella exigua, remota; plica palatalis | elongata, sub- 1865. | DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 831 columellaris ad marginem emersa ; perist. continuum, undique breviter expansum. Long. 15-16, diam. 32 mill. B. Peristomate extus intusque albo-incrassato, inde apertura coarctata, lamella inferiore et plica columellari vir conspicuis. 13. PrrrocycLos witsont, Pfr. (Pl. XLVI. fig. 12). 7. late umbilicata, subdiscoidea, solidula, striatula, nitida, Sulva, cas- taneo dense fulgurata; spira medio vix elevata; anfr.43, modice convexi, ultimus subdepresso-rotundatus, medio linea castanea cinctus ; apertura diagonalis, subcircularis, intus violacescens ; perist. duplex ; internum expansiusculum, adnatum, superne vix incisum, externum patens, ad anfractum contiguum productum, tum late inflecum, latere dextro angustius involutum. Opere.? Diam. maj. 22, min. 18, alt. 73 mill, DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLVI. Fig. 1. Bulimus incertus. Fig. 7. Helix formosensis. 2, 2a. swinhoet. bacea. 3. spheroconus. 9. vesta. 4. Helix mellea. 10. granti. oS: shermani. 11. Clausilia swinhoet. 6. —— swinhoei. 12. Pterocyclos wilsoni. 16. Descriptions or Five New Species or LAanv-SHELLs, FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE LATE HuGHu Cuming. By Dr. Louis Pretrrerr. 1. Burrus avris, Pfr. 7. profunde compresso-umbilicata, ovato-turrita, solidula, levigata, alba, strigis parcis undulatis castaneis signata ; spira turrita, acutiuscula 3 anfr. 6, convexi, ultimus spiram subequans, rotundatus, antice ascendens 3 aper- tura subverticalis, obverse auriformis, intus violaceo limbata ; columella profunde et valide transverse plicata, violacea ; perist. late expansum, marginibus approximatis, callo junctis, columellari flexuose elevato. Long. 39, diam. 143 mill. Apert. cum perist. 20 mill. longa, medio 13 lata. Hab. Venezuela. 2. BuLimus Tenuruamris, Pfr. 7. profunde umbilicata, ovato- turrita, tenuis, sublevigata (sub lente minute spiraliter striata), nitida, alabastrina ; spira turrita, apice acuto; anfr. 7, plani- usculi, ultimus spira brevior, antice vix ascendens, basi com- presso-rotundatus ; apertura vix obliqua, truncato-oblonga ; perist. simplex, margine dextro breviter expanso, columellari ad basin usque perdilatato, patente, Long. 30, diam. 12 mill. Apert. cum perist. 143 mill. longa, 10 lata. Hab. Venezuela. 832 MR. A. NEWTON ON ANIMALS FROM MADAGASCAR. [Dec. 12, 3. Butimus suarezi, Pfr. TT. perforata, conico-ovata, tenui- uscula, striata vel plicatula, cerea, strigis linearibus olivaceis sparse notata; spira conica, acutiuscula; sutura subirregu- laris; anfr. 54, convexiusculi, ultimus spiram superans, inflatus ; apertura parum obliqua, angulato-subovalis, intus albido-mar- garitucea ; perist. simplex, marginibus callo tenui vitreo junctis, dextro recto, columellari perdilatato, patente. Long. 31, diam. 18 mill. Apert. 19 mill. longa, 10-11 lata. Hab. in provincia pacifica reipublicee Mexicane. 4. PsEUDACHATINA ELONGATA, Pfr. 7. imperforata, oblongo- turrita, solida, irregulariter oblique plicata et supra suturam cingulo granulato munita, rubello-fulvida ; spira turrita, apice obtusula ; sutura albo marginata, crenata; anfr. 74, superi conveai, sequentes subplanati, ultimus medio obtuse carinatus, + longitudinis superans ; columella callosa, subtruncato-torta ; apertura parum obliqua, oblongo-ovalis ; perist. simplex, mar- ginibus callo crasso albo junctis, dextro anguste expanso. Long. 84, diam. 33 mill. Apert. 37 mill. longa, 20 lata. 8. Minor, nigro-castanea, pallide marmorata. Long. 70, diam. 28 mill. Hab. ad fluvium Gaboon Africe. 5. ACHATINA CALABARICA, Pfr. T. oblongo-turrita, tenuius- cula, conferte striata, nitida, fusco-nigricans, interdum pal- lidius strigata; spira subconcavo-producta, vertice minuto ; anfr. 9, modice convexi, summi costulati, ultimus + longitudinis subequans, medio filocarinatus ; columella arcuata, ad basin aperture subverticalis rhombeo-elliptice oblique truncata; perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus callo tenui junctis. Long. 28, diam. 11 mill. Apert. 11] mill. longa, 6 lata. Hab. Old Calabar Africz. 17. List or ANIMALS COLLECTED AT Monampo, MapaGascar, By Mr. W. T. Gerrarp. By Aurrep Newron, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. Specimens of animals from Madagascar are so very scarce in the museums of this country, that I make no apology for presenting to the Society alist of a small collection made in that remarkable island by Mr. W. T. Gerrard, a travelling naturalist, and lately received by me from Mr. Edward Newton. The collection does not, it is true, contain any species previously undescribed, and in this respect differs from all others from Madagascar that I have had an opportunity of examining; but several of the species are of undoubted rarity, and have perhaps never before been seen in England. I am indebted to Mr. P. L. Sclater for being so good as to furnish me with the names of the Mammals; and as the Mammals of Ma- 1865.] MR. A. NEWTON ON ANIMALS FROM MADAGASCAR. = 833 dagascar have been an especial object of study with him, his deter- mination of the four species in the collection cannot fail to be satis- factory. Dr. A. Ginther in like manner has been kind enough to supply the necessary information respecting the Reptiles. To the list I have added such notes of the local names, the colours of the soft parts, and the like, as were on the labels attached by Mr. Ger- rard to the specimens, all of which are stated to have been collected in July or August 1865. MAMMALIA. 1. MicRORHYNCHUS LANIGER (Gmelin). [‘‘ Footsieffock.” ] 2. Preropus epwarpsi, Geoffroy. [‘‘ Fanny.”’] 3. VESPERUS MINUTUS, Temminck. (‘* Vanuboru.”’ | “‘ Kindly determined for me by Dr. Peters.”—P. L. S. 4. ERICULUS NIGRESCENS, Geoffroy, Mag. de Zool. 1839, t. 3, 4. [ Suke.’’] The first specimen, I believe, of this little quadruped which has been brought to England. AVES. 1. Tr1nNUNCULUS NEWTON], Gurney, Ibis, 1863, p. 34, pl. 2. [“‘ Hitskitsia.” Iris hazel; beak bluish; cere and legs orange- yellow. | A male and female, obtained in July and Augnst. The latter is the first example of that sex which I have seen, and, though some- what resembling the female of 7’. punctatus from Mauritius, is much smaller, and has the ground-colour of the upper tail-coverts ashy grey, barred with black. In all the examples, even the males, of T. punctatus that have come into my possession, the upper tail- coverts have been rufous; and I feel assured that Mr. Gurney was perfectly justified in establishing the Madagascar bird as a distinct species. The male example sent by Mr. Gerrard resembles “ speci- men A”’ of Mr. Gurney’s description and its accompanying plate ; but in a small collection, recently presented to the Norwich Museum by Mr. Caldwell, there are four examples (two males and two females) of 7’. newtoni, which all have the deep-bay breast, so as to correspond with “specimen B;”’ this would accordingly seem to be the prevailing type of the adult bird in 7’. newtoni. 2. MICRONISUS MADAGASCARIENSIS (Verreaux). [‘‘Ferass.” Iris bright orange; cere and legs yellow. | Mr. Gurney remarks to me of this species that it “appears, both Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. LIV. 834 MR. A. NEWTON ON ANIMALS FROM MADAGASCAR. [Dec. 12, in size and colour, to hold an intermediate place between M. polyzo- noides and M. tachiro. In the character of the markings and in general colour it closely resembles the adult M. tachiro, while in size it is nearer M. polyzonoides, the female of which is as nearly as pos- sible the same size as the male of M. madagascariensis.” 3. AsIO MADAGASCARIENSIS (A. Smith). [‘“‘Ankang.” Iris brown ; beak and claws black. } The collection contains one specimen of this curious Owl. 4. Coracopsts vasa (Linnzus). 5. Poxiopsirra cana (Gmelin). [‘ Coruck.’”] 6. LeprosoMA DIscoLor (Hermann). [‘< Volondrue.”’ ] I quite agree in what I understand to be Mr. P. L. Sclater’s opinion of the affinities of this very remarkable form* ; and in cor- roboration I would call attention to the habit of playing in the air, as noticed in this species by Dr. Roch and my brother (Ibis, 1863, pp. 166, 167), and in Coracias garrula by Sir Charles Fellows (Ann. N. H. iv. p. 213). 7. Meroprs suPERCILIosUS, Linneeus. [ * Ceskirineskring.”’ ] 8. CoryTHORNIS VINTSIOIDES, Lafresnaye. [« Vinchi.”’ Iris dark. ] 9, Cenrropus TOLU (Linnzeus). [‘«Tulu,” “ Moouse.”’ Iris scarlet. ] 10. Cona cH#RULEA (Linnzus). [«* Marea.’” ] 11. Srrtsomus cristatus (Linnzeus). [“Sukum.” Iris dark hazel; cere blue; beak and legs black.] 12. CAPRIMULGUS MADAGASCARIENSIS, Sganzin. [‘* Tar-taros.’’ ] 13. ZoSTEROPS MADAGASCARIENSIS (Linnzus). [‘Subera.” Iris reddish brown; lower mandible lead-colour ; upper mandible bluish black ; legs lead-colour. ] 14. NECTARINIA ANGLADIANA, Shaw. [“Swil”’ Iris dark.] 15. NECTARINIA SOUIMANGA (Gmelin), ies Swil.’’] * See anted, p. 682.—P. L. S. 1865.] MR. A. NEWTON ON ANIMALS FROM MADAGASCAR. 835 16. ARTAMIA RUFA (Gmelin). [** Skit-bug.’’] The collection contains a pair of this species, which I have never seen before. The male corresponds accurately with Dr. Hartlaub’s description (Orn. Beitr. Faun. Madag. p. 48), the glossy black of the head extending all down the throat to the breast. The female has the chin, throat, and foreneck white. In other respects she re- sembles the male very closely, but has the colours less bright. 17. Leproprerus viripis (Gmelin). [“‘Sart-sart.” Iris hazel; beak lead-colour ; legs black.] 18. Dicrurvus rorricatus (Linnzus). [‘* Dronga.’’] 19. Vanea curvirostris (Gmelin). [‘‘ Voron-bang.”” Iris dark.] 20. ?Tcnrrrea Murata (Linneus). [‘‘ Sket-volulu ;” “ Sket-ranu.’’] I am inclined to agree with Professor Schlegel (N. T. D. 1865, pp- 84, 86) in considering Muscicapa mutata of Linnzus to be iden- tical with Tehitrea pretiosa of Lesson and T. holosericea of Temminck. Mr. Gerrard’s collection contains three fine Paradise Flycatchers, with the tail of a fourth. One of the former, marked “ male,”’ cor- responds accurately with Dr. Hartlaub’s description of T. pretiosa: the other two, marked “ female,” agree as well with his descriptions of T. mutata and T’. holosericea, except that they have no crest; in both the tail is entirely chestnut, the middle feathers not being greatly prolonged. One has the secondary wing-coverts edged with white, the other with chestnut. The tail of the fourth is chestnut, except the two elongated middle feathers, which are white, partially bordered with black—the edging on the outer web being the broadest, and for more than half its length occupying the whole width of the web. The examination of a large series of examples is required before arriving at any definite conclusion on the point at issue. 21. Hypsrreres ovurovane (Gmelin). [‘* Wrova.”’ ] 22. CisTICOLA MADAGASCARIENSIS (Hartlaub). [“‘ Teen-teen.” Iris pale yellow.] I think that this species belongs rather to the genus Cisticola than to Drymeca, in which it was placed by Dr. Hartlaub (Orn. Beitr. Faun. Madag. p. 35), since it possesses twelve rectrices, ten being the usual number in Drymeca. 23. Exvista typica, Hartlaub. [** Spritic.’?] 836 MR. A. NEWTON ON ANIMALS FROM MADAGaSCAR. [Dec. 12, 24. PRaTINcoLA siBYLLA (Linneeus). [“Tetrat.” Iris brown; legs and beak black. ] 25. FoupIA MADAGASCARIENSIS (Linnzus). [“Fu’de.”” Iris dark ; beak and legs grey. ] 26. SpERMESTES NANA (Pucheran). [‘« Sangerreet.’”] 27. Mrrarra Hova, Hartlaub. [« Flift.” Usually on the ground: has something the habit of Alauda arborea. have not, however, seen it rise higher than the low trees. | 28. HARTLAUBIA MADAGASCARIENSIS (Linneeus). [** Volontaynombi.” Iris dark brown ; beak and legs black. ] 29. AcRIDOTHERES TRISTIS (Linnzus). [‘« Martine.” Iris red, margined with white dots ; beak, eye-patch, and legs yellow. } An example in the collection is, I believe, the first of the species that has been obtained in the island, though it was observed there in 1862 by Mr. Edward Newton. The specimen agrees exactly with others from Mauritius. 30. Numipa TraraTa, Bonaparte. [‘ Akanga.’’] 31. MARGAROPERDIX STRIATA (Gmelin). [“ Trou-trou.”” Tris black ; bill bluish at base, with black tip ; legs speckled bluish olive. ] 32. TuRNIX NIGRICOLLIS (Gmelin). [“Kebo.” Iris pale yellow; beak and legs greyish brown. } 33. PorPHYRIO MADAGASCARIENSIS (Gmelin). [‘‘Talave.” Iris reddish brown ; beak and bald patch on fore- head red; legs flesh-colour. | I take this opportunity of remarking that the Orseaur bleus, men- tioned in the “ Journal of the Sieur D. B.”’ (P. Z. 8. 1844, p. 77) as occurring in the island of Bourbon (Réunion) nearly two hundred years ago, probably belonged to this large species of Porphyrio. 34. CANIRALLUS KIOLOIDES (Pucheran). [“‘Scoza-vout.” | The collection contains one example of this very scarce species, which I have never seen before. The specimen agrees entirely with Dr. Hartlaub’s description. In the list of birds observed in Mada- gascar by Dr. Roch and my brother, the name of this bird was by mistake inserted (Ibis, 1863, p.173). The examples obtained by the former gentleman proved on further examination to be Rougetius berniert. 1865.] MR. A. NEWTON ON ANIMALS FROM MADAGASCAR. _— 837 35. RouGEtTrus BERNIERI, Bonaparte. [‘*Scoza-rana.” Iris reddish brown; beak red at base, black toward the tip ; legs olive. | 36. BreNsis MADAGASCARIENSIS (Verreaux). [“‘Keer-keer.”” Iris bright scarlet; beak rosy, upper mandible black along the ridge ; legs greyish brown. | 37. GALLINAGO BERNIERI, Pucheran. [‘‘ Rava-rava.”’] 38. ARDEA PURPUREA, Linneus. [“‘ Longusa.” Iris, cere, and legs yellow. ] 39. ARDEA BUBULCUS, Savigny. [“ Voron-ombi.” Iris and beak light yellow; legs greenish yellow. | 40. Arpra 1p, Hartlaub? [‘‘ Tambo-crats.”” | A single specimen in the collection agrees so very closely with Dr. Hartlaub’s description of Ardea ide (Orn. Beitr. Faun. Madag. p- 75) that I am inclined to refer it to that species, which is, how- ever, otherwise unknown to me. 41. Lopnotisis cristata (Gmelin). [‘‘Ceakokar.” Iris golden brown; bill pale yellow ; face and legs flesh-colour. | 42. DenprocyeNna vipvatTa (Linneus). [‘‘ Cerea.” Brought alive from the interior. } 43. DENDROCYGNA MAJOR, Jerdon. [‘“‘Tyca.” Brought from the interior. ] With respect to the identification of this species, I follow Mr. Sclater’s opinion (P. Z. 8S. 1864, p. 300). 44, ANAS BOSCHAS, var. DOMESTICA. [‘*Cabach.”” Brought alive from the interior. | REPTILIA. 1. CHAMZLEON BIFURCUS, Brongniart. [‘* Tanroondro”’ 9° .] 2. PELOPHILUS MADAGASCARIENSIS, Duméril et Bibron. [**Acuma”? 9. The Malagache say that this Serpent sometimes takes men (?) and young cattle. ] 3. HeTHRODUS MADAGASCARIENSIS, Duméril et Bibron. [‘* Martingum.”’] 838 DR.J.MURIE ON THE SPECIES OF PHASCOLOMYS. [Dec. 12, 18. ON THE IDENTITY oF THE Harry-NoseD Wombat (PHasco- LOMYS LASIORHINUS, GOULD) WITH THE BROAD-FRONTED Womaar (P. Latirrons, OWEN), WITH FURTHER OBsEeRva- TIONS ON THE SEVERAL SPECIES OF THIS GENUS. By James Murir, M.D., Prosecror To THE SOCIETY. (Plate XLVI.) The distinctness of certain species of Wombat has been the sub- ject of discussion and controversy among several eminent naturalists. As far back as 1845 Professor Owen, in a paper read before this Society, pointed out, from a skull which came into his possession from South Australia, that there must be extant another species of Wom- bat besides the well-known Phascolomys wombat of Péron and Lesueur ; and for the animal from which the skull was obtained he proposed the name of Phascolomys latifrons, as indicative of the most prominent character displayed by the cranium. In his mas- terly summary of the comparison of the two skulls, published in the ‘ Proceedings’ for 1845, p. 82, and likewise in the ‘ Transactions’ of the Society, vol. iii. p. 303, he produced evidence so distinctive of two species as in a manner to be indisputable. At all events, Prof. Owen’s statement and opinion could not be controverted at the time, and were fully endorsed the year follow- ing (1846) by Mr. Waterhouse*, himself no mean authority on the Marsupials. The matter rested thus until 1861, when Mr. G. F. Angas trans- mitted some notes to the Society (P. Z. 8.1861, p. 268) upon an animal living in the Botanical Gardens in Adelaide, which he sup- posed to be the P. latifrons of Prof. Owen. It certainly differed in colour and relative dimensions from P. wombat; but as he did not examine the skull, there was still a doubt of its being the true P. latifrons, Owen. This opinion of Mr. Angas was rejected by Mr. Gould, who, in his work on the ‘ Mammals of Australia, 1863, vol. i. text and plates 57, 58, gave two illustrations of what he conceived to be Prof. Owen’s Broad-fronted Wombat, basing his judgment on an unusually large skin sent to the British Museum from South Australia, and which was of “a light sandy buff or isabelline colour.” Shortly after this Prof. M‘Coy forwarded to Mr. Gould drawings and descriptions of two Wombats, which had been acquired by the Acclimatization Society of Melbourne ; and about the same time the former gentleman was enabled to examine the skull of one of these, which he pronounced to be that of P. latifronst. Notwithstanding this, Mr. Gould, in the publication of the next part of his volume already referred to, answered these observers as follows :—‘‘I should have considered that Mr. Angas and Prof. * Natural History of the Mammalia, vol. i. p. 253. + See Prof. M‘Coy’s description, quoted by Mr. Gould in his ‘ Mammals of Australia,’ vol. i. 1865.] DR.J.MURIE ON THE SPECIES OF PHASCOLOMYS. 839 M‘Coy were correct in their conclusion, had not one of the animals [supposed to agree with their description] sent to this country died, and thus afforded an opportunity of comparing its skull with that in the College Museum above mentioned [Owen’s type specimen]. On this being done, it was found that the two skulls did not agree ; and I believe I am at liberty to say that Mr. Flower, who has charge of the collection, is of opinion that they could never be considered as belonging to the same species. “Under these circumstances I had no alternative but to give the Hairy-nosed Wombat a distinctive appellation, and, at the sugges- tion of Dr. Sclater, I have assigned to it that of lasiorhinus.”’ In the June number of the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for 1863, vol. xi. p. 457, Dr. Gray has given a “ Notice of three Wombats in the Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park,” wherein he acknowledges two of these to be true Phascolomys— namely, P. ursinus, the already well-known species of Wombat of Péron and Lesueur, “of a dark silvery-grey colour,” and another, which he calls P. angasii, with the “fur blackish-brown, nearly uniform.” But he says, “ The third specimen is certainly a distinct genus, as distinct from Phascolomys as Halmaturus from Macropus, or Ovibos from Bos.” For the new genus he adopts the generic term Lasio- rhinus, and gives as a specific name M‘Coyii to this, the very same animal which Mr. Gould had already named the Hairy-nosed Wom- bat, Phascolomys lasiorhinus. The other large-sized Wombat in the British Museum collection, which Mr. Gould believed to be Owen’s P. latifrons, Dr. Gray renames P. sefosus, not acquiescing in the opinion formed by his fellow worker. With reference to Prof.Owen’s Phascolomys platyrhinus, originally named in the ‘ Catalogue of the Osteological Collection in the College of Surgeons’ Museum,’ and presented by Dr. Hobson (vol. i. prep. no. 1841), Mr. Gould says that it is questionable if it is dis- tinct ; although already Prof. M‘Coy, in the quotation given by Mr. Gould, seems to think that Mr. Angas and Mr. Gould them- selves might really have had that animal under their consideration. Dr. Gray is silent upon this species, from which ore »puld infer that he also considers it to be only the Common Wombat. With all this conflicting evidence before us, it at present remains uncertain whether the P. latifrons of Owen is yet determined—that is, as regards the identification of the skin or living animal with the skull first described and demonstrated by him to belong to a distinct species. The same may be said of his P. platyrhinus. As to the other species of Mr. Gould and Dr. Gray, these alone rest on such external characters that a more complete examination of the skeleton and internal anatomy may prove them either to be varieties of P. wombat or P. platyrhinus itself. ‘The typical specimen of Wombat to which Mr. Gould gave the name of P. lasiorhinus, and the same alluded to and figured by him in his volume, having lately died at the Society’s Gardens, 840 DR.J.MURIE ON THE SPECIES OF PHASCOLOMYS. [Dec. 12, it became a point of interest to examine the body, and particularly the skull, with the endeavour to set the disputed point at rest. For this purpose, and in order to learn how far this specimen agrees or differs from the supposed P. latifrons of Mr. Angas and Prof. M‘Coy, the colour, aspect, and dimensions may first be noted. This I consider the more desirable as, although Mr. Gould has signified that those observers had the same animal under their con- sideration, yet he has not compared in detail the appearance of the Society’s specimen. The two sides of the body of this (the skin of which is now de- posited in the National Collection) are of a lightish grey, tinged with brown (the silvery mouse-colour of Angas). This is produced by the roots of the hairs being of a dark brown, their points, for half an inch or so, tipped with white and buff ; while widely scattered through the whole are single black hairs. Here and there wavy mottled lines are seen, where a preponderance of the dark or light tints run side by side. The upper surface of the neck, the shoulders, and back, almost as far as the loins, are of a darker brown, caused by the hairs terminating in an umber-colour. The broad, somewhat truncated posterior extremity of the body is of a more rufous tint, and the hairs are stronger and longer, rough, and directed inwards, or in an opposed line to those of the back (the circular rosettes of M‘Coy). The under surface of neck, chest, and inside of fore limbs is white, the continuation of this in the abdomen and inside of hind legs merging into a light rufous tint, which joins the similar but rather darker hue of the rump of the animal. The outsides of the hind limbs are also of a rufous brown, of the fore limbs less so, inclining to the same shade as the sides of the body. The posterior border of each of the fore limbs has a projecting white fringe of longer hairs, the continuation of those from the axilla. The feet are hairy to the proximal end of the claws, and of a hazel-brown. Upper surface of the forehead lighter than the back of the neck, but of a similar shade to the sides of the body. There is a whitish- grey spot above and below the eyes, and a large triangular black portion at each inner and outer canthus. Upon the centre of the forehead, ketween the eyes, is a black or dark-coloured spot. The eyelashes and cheek-whiskers have strong black hairs, inter- mixed with one or two white ones. The tip of the nose and around the nostrils is white (this may have been more flesh-coloured when the animal was alive) ; the bridge of the nose above this is of a drab tint, and covered with very short smooth hairs. There is a similar coloured patch upon the under surface of the mandible; but the root of the lower jaws is of a yellowish colour, lost in the white of the neck. The backs of the ears are similar to the neck ; but there is a tuft of long white hairs on their outer base, and inside they are covered by short, stiff, appressed whitish hairs. P. lasiorhinus is also rather longer and broader in the body than P. wombat ; the ears are long and elliptically pointed, instead of being short and rounded ; and the face is broader ; but this is in part 1865.] DR. J. MURTIE ON THE SPECIES OF PHASCOLOMYS. 841 produced by the more dilated fleshy muzzle and open nostrils. In P. wombat the nose is certainly more pointed. The fur is very peculiar, uncommonly soft, fine, and silky to the feel, the whole animal being in a greater or less degree more glossy than the common species. Prof. M‘Coy, so far as I am aware, has not given any measurements of the one examined by him; but I quote Mr. Angas’s, placing them opposite the dimensions taken by myself, as shown underneath :-— Society’s Mr. spec. Angas’s. in. lin in. lin. Body: Length from snout to root of tail ...... 37 0 37. 0 Grails wh Ew sage drut le te - Jindg 1 0 Height at shoulder .................. 13 6 12 0 at loins (hips) ...... wal SeeO 14 0 Girth at theichest? ving ete: 35 (0 28 4 at the loins 32 6 atitHeMmenlosy 004d Cotte’. 19 6 Breadth of back at Scapular eras wide: fee 6 — ~ af middle wv. ....0., 9 0 - == "at wine bones oo.e3t 84 8 0 Head: Length from snout to oceiput iinet 9 0 10 0 nose to root of ear ............ 8 0 Guth -abovereyes 2042s. voy 18 6 18 0 Breadth between eyes (inner canthus).... 3 1] 3 0 (outer posteanthus) 6 0 rots of ears’). }hagey. } Go 0 5 0 RBiemumAle Pe 3 6 289386 Le 2 6 between tips of ears .......... I 8 0 Beira leashes se ba us aie 25 3 0 3 8 breadth, when flattened out ...... 2 0 Orbit (elliptical), length .............- — breadehht, Warne ain’. Fore limb’: Girth-at axilla). pa... 1040 atrmaddleiy ced le RMSE 0, 80 ab wrist FOMe uN) SPah 4b 5 0 Sole of foot, length to tip nail mid. toe 2 6 38 of thumb ...... eS — breadth posteriorly .... 2 13 — at about its middle .... 1 9 Hind limb: Girth at groin.................. 12 6 at about middle .......... 70: at ankle-joint ............. 5 0 Sole of foot, length to tip nail mid. toe 3 9 4 4 == of erent toe: S25h02 Ong — breadth posteriorly .... 1 9 about middle... 1 7 * The great difference here shown of 3 inches may in truth not exist ; for in taking the dimensions the ears were pulled apart, which evidently was not the case in Mr. Angas’s specimen; but I had not his paper by me at the moment. . 842 DR.J. MURIE ON THE SPECIES OF PHASCOLOMYS. [Dec. 12, From the foregoing remarks it will be seen that the Wombat under consideration differs widely from the Common Wombat, both as regards dimensions and colour—also that there is a most close agreement in the aggregate with the externally marked characters so well described by both Mr. Angas and Prof. M‘Coy; in fact they so approach each other as to leave little room for doubt that these gentlemen had the very same species under their consideration. If, indeed, without looking at the specimen, the hand be passed over the skin, the fur feels so extremely soft and silky that one would not for a moment confound the animal with any other of the known adult Wombats. So far one may rest satisfied with these three individual specimens of Wombat being of the same species ; for notwithstanding that Mr. Angas has not particularly remarked the hairy muffle, and although the feet in his specimen seem to have been lighter in shade than Prof. M‘Coy’s, yet the latter gentleman in his very graphic account does not lay sufficient stress on the equally telling peculiarity, the softness of the fur. Besides this, every other part of their separate descriptions admirably coincide. Having descanted with sufficient minuteness upon the general out- ward appearance of our specimen and its similarity with those deemed to be P. latifrons, it remains to be demonstrated from the skull that ours is compatible with no other than the Broad-fronted Wombat ; and upon the cranium the whole argument turns. In the article already quoted (in the ‘ Transactions’ of this Society ) Professor Owen has given excellent plates of the natural size of the skulls of P. wombat and P. latifrons. He has, furthermore, succinctly described and pointed out in detail the characteristic dif- ferences between the two. On comparing, then, this skull of P. lasiorhinus, Gould, with the original typical specimen at the Museum of the College of Surgeons and with Owen’s plates and descriptions, it agrees so completely in every respect as to leave not a shadow of doubt as to its identity. The more easily recognizable differences in P. latifrons, of the greater height of the intermaxillary bones, the broader and nearly equal-sided triangular nasals, the great interorbital breadth, and well-marked postorbital processes, together with the enormously ex- cavated supratympanic cells, are determinable at a glance; further minute and critical examination but certifies to the correctness of this off-hand and cursory inspection. No further direct evidence or lengthened description is therefore presumed to be necessary, excepting to lay the skull alongside Owen’s figures before the Society, when the conclusive identity of the cranium of the P. lasiorhinus of Gould with the P. latifrons of Owen must at once be admitted. Although essentially agreeing in all the specific characters, the present cranium of P. lasiorhinus differs in several minor details from the original type specimen, which may be worthy of mention as illustrating that in individual skulls of the same species such slight variations do occur, probably either from sex or age. 1865.] DR. J. MURIE ON THE SPECIES OF PHASCOLOMYS. 843 Our skull is apparently from a younger animal, as the sagital and lambdoidal sutures are not obliterated as in the College specimen, which latter has also the supraoccipital crests and the postorbital angles more prominent. The frontal bones anteriorly, as well as the nasals at the median suture, in our specimen are very flat, whereas in the typical skull they are convex and considerably raised. In this last cranium the frontal bones in the median line extend with a thin narrow wedge-shaped projection forward for half an inch between the nasals; in our specimen the two nasal bones posteriorly form nearly a straight line across. The posterior palatine foramina are larger in our younger skull, and have between them a more slender columella of bone. Both skulls have the foramgn magnum of an oval outline; in this respect they materially differ from P. wombat and the type of P. pla- tyrhinus, which have it of a trefoil figure, as Owen* has observed. While studying the matter from a different point of view, by reason of the P. lasiorhinus taking the place of Gould’s P. latifrons, and upon comparing the size of several adult crania of P. wombat, I was struck with the great size assigned by Mr. Waterhouse +, in his volume already mentioned, to two skulls, namely that of Owen’s P. latifrons and the common P. wombat. The latter, which he con- sidered typical, was one in the British Museum collection, and, as he believed, belonged to an aged individual. Upon consideration, I concluded he must have had before him, and taken his admeasurements from, a specimen of P. platyrhinus with- out being aware, or at least believing, that this species differed from P. wombat. On examination of the very same skull from which his measure- ments were taken, proved by the exactness of its dimensions, and by the partial obliteration of the frontal and nasal sutures as stated by him to exist in the specimen, I found, to my surprise, I had been forestalled, while supported in opinion, as already Professor Owen, most possibly without being aware of this being Mr. Waterhouse’s type of P. wombat, had relabelled the skull in question P. platy- rhinus. This fact was certified by Mr. Gerrard’s showing me the Pro- fessor’s own handwriting on the ticket attached to the specimen. My attention in this way was called to think upon what might be considered the average or comparative limits of the size of the crania of the three species P. wombat, P. latifrons, and P. platyrhinus. The following table is the result of a series of measurements of skulls, chiefly those in the British Museum and College of Surgeons. In the first column of the table are shown the proportions of the typical skull of P. latifrons, Owen ; alongside of which are the corre- sponding dimensions of this second cranium, belonging to the same species: the agreement in their several proportions is very close. Then follow the comparative measurements of a series of crania of what I take for the true P. wombat; these are intended to illustrate the skull at different ages in this species. * “On the Osteology of the Marsupialia,” Trans. Zool. Soe. vol. ii. p. 383. tT Nat. Hist. Mamm. vol. i. p. 251, 844 DR. J. MURIF ON THE SPECIES OF PHASCOLOMYS. [Dec. 12, Skulls of the three species of Wombat, reduced to one-half of the natural size. Fig. 1. P. latifrons, Owen, from a specimen lately living in the Society's Gardens. 2. P. wombat, Pér. et Les., from a specimen belonging to Mr. Gerrard. 3. P. platyrhinus, Owen, from a specimen belonging to Mr. Bush. 1865.] DR. J. MURIE ON THE SPECIES OF PHASCOLOMYS. 845 = a) nic ale ‘asnoyseqye A Aq ao o mea: 3mino :9 tk19 © O19 mroeio rio oD qoquom ‘qsevuests | — Fae as alr Beas : Van, Ve | ‘eden yg | 80 39 mF IANO CHA THOnROO FAN NCO = aa =e na we w= © FMONCAGA TH FPANHAADSD OOPH me e “OL = on! ae be d ‘oads s.qsng “IJ AR 2 AHTANAOCNN CGHOSCOCO ANNHH ASO E : aie aie aia nin (S) ‘pueppng | 819 BM A ENRAADD DNNODQ BPoe-ye @:: oS yUely “aIpy Mou | va sas 3 ssodssysng iT | Sh 19 AHTANNONAT CHOOCOCO FANON AN: : s B a3| — : oO nin s m Sf io aRHOnRatw eGo) He RSG og gos > att MOOR |r = ra : ees See Ree 8 dads s Aaa 9 Ig BR 1 FAHANAONA HOOF? 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S ody fog Mato cel dich Sia — Sas) Ge S abs GSAS AM Pe rm eam EN Ue mcd S55 as) Sesh site Re ol seas ee ee 2A Shs Ce ees hes is} - @ «9 * a) Oy" * as os 2 Be dep aa cieet ase Eanes: i sea STENT OTE Se : ee Sige eon ie or 2 : :So oie Ae Hite Ba : eas : ones SSE Uiieuen) svete seine wt HR oy: Sec cal, peel (hee aah tae SFO) ees El Oipese Ps ie Ort Oss See ee hie opt Tseorsio So uy os Sia iNes oy cur ts: ete Cd eae eS bbe tees tam i alot = site SiS = eae ele a Spat S P= ea Ye Eig oh ge SSR CS Bigs hy oan egy ye ey Od tape) aera Rees “HGS! sy Sey se = Ibe Sea? me eae 3 2 OPM EPMO ses!” me ee ier cS) te ea Siar eh sw Lehn is cee &.2 re Cd ik qa2aq Sy ies pace el: iene one : otk: Bg BTieaatGesg eH: :8998S iy z 23: “4 . a eal . é) : Bee SS Gaia elis a ee os too ee ig Bae ig SSaSSQSaSeS Be: Bake, Eee Ss igo SE ge ge gto Aon 852 a His Sp Bie StS see ee, : : a : SASGelSoggsasd SFSaesb isser igs =a) Pa 3 SHesisoosvoe: ie] E o SERS ESHA SEA SS SEP SSS EAS eats Sp aoc a GS ee Bow POwWH om go kS aac SSSSSE LO SHBSS poe oe 383% 7-4 = fo) o So are a PS Eee SESS aEsssassaess aoa SSvgtoPPrss rss tases ant secreos os ® o£ esi o = O66 so & BQHEESEE AEBEEAA SHE FA 846 DR.J.MURIE ON THE SPECIES OF PHASCOLOMYS. [ Dec. 12, Lastly are given a number of crania of what I suppose to repre- sent P. platyrhinus, on account of their great size and other distin- guishing peculiarities. These last are of much greater relative di- mensions than either of the others. Being convinced that the skull of Mr. Gould’s P. lasiorhinus (Gray’s Lasiorhinus latifrons) answered in all particulars to Owen’s P. latifrons, and that there was, moreover, a somewhat constant and striking difference between the crania of P. wombat and others an- swering to the typical skull of P. platyrhinus, I found myself pre- pared to believe that this last might, after all, turn out to be iden- tical with Dr. Gray’s and Mr. Gould’s larger-sized species. This idea would have but rested, or been dependent, on the sup- position of the relation of the superior-sized skulls to the larger skins, had I not had the good fortune of obtaining an entire skeleton and a separate skin of what I have since made out to be two indivi- duals of P. platyrhinus. My able colleague, Mr. A. D. Bartlett, in his customary kind manner, procured these for me from his friend Mr. Bush, of Clap- ham. The latter gentleman had received three unusually large living specimens of Wombats from Victoria in 1863 or 1864 ; and all of the animals subsequently dying, he retained the skin of one, and the entire dried carcass of another. I have also been favoured in having had access to several portions of the skeleton which belonged to the above skin, and among these the cranium *, which is so important, inasmuch as it shows that the two animals belonged to the same species. Furthermore I have been assured they were male and female, which thus extricates us from the difficulty which might be raised that the large size of the skull was probably dependent on sex. The several bones to which I have just made allusion grace the admirable new osteological series formed by Mr. Flower at the Hunterian Museum. I shall now take into consideration the skulls of these two Wom- bats as enabling a judgment to be formed how far they agree with P. platyrhinus, commencing with that one first regarded by Owen as presenting specific differences. In the ‘Osteological Catalogue of the Museum of the Royal Col- lege of Surgeons’ (vol. i. p. 334), Professor Owen in naming the skull of a Wombat (P. platyrhinus) points out that “it differs from the P. vombatus in its superior size, in the greater relative breadth of the nasal bones, and im the larger and deeper excavation above the tympanic bone.”’ These distinguishing characters coincide with those of the skulls in question ; and further comparison of the latter with the typical cranium itself permits of other resemblances being noted, as well as that they vary slightly individually ; while alogether they do not coincide with the skulls of P. wombat, to which, however, in some points, they bear close analogies. If the preceding table be consulted, it will be best seen what com- * Now no. 1797a, Osteological Series, Mus. Roy. Coll. of Surgeons. The specimen has been regarded as belonging to the Common Wombat and named accordingly by the present Conservator. 1865.] DR. J.MURIE ON THE SPECIES OF PHASCOLOMYS. 847 parative agreement there is between these three in measurements, and in what respects they differ from those of P. wombat. Before summing up the marks which seem to indicate or serve asa means of distinguishing the skull of P. platyrhinus from that of P. wombat, itis proper I should dwell for a moment upon some observa- tions on the skull of this last species made by Dr. Gray (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p.41). I must, however, with due deference to that natu- ralist, acknowledge my ignorance of his paper until my attention had first been directed to some of the differences which he so concisely indicates. In his paper he points out that three crania of Wombats in the British Museum vary from each other in several particulars. Two of these, from Van Diemen’s Land, are much smaller, more de- pressed and truncated behind, and have two moderate-sized oblong postpalatine foramina ; the third specimen, from New South Wales, is altogether bigger, and has two large triangular postpalatine foramina ; while all three disagree in the relative position and size of their upper incisors. These differences he attributes to individual variation, although suggesting that more than one species might be confounded under the same name. We see from this that Dr. Gray, without exactly admitting specific distinction, yet was the first to call attention to several of the diagnostic peculiarities of P. platyrhinus. The chief specialities, therefore, which seem to serve to distinguish the skull of P. platyrhinus, are these four :—the greater size of the cranium, the greater relative breadth of the nasal bones, the mode- rately deep tympanic excavation, and more triangular form of the posterior palatine foramina as compared with that of P. wombat. In P. latifrons the supratympanic cavity and postpalatine fora- mina are still larger than in P. platyrhinus, especially the latter in one of the specimens examined. In P. platyrhinus the columella, composed of the two conjoined inner edges of the horizontal plates of the palatine bones, is intermediate in thickness between those of P. latifrons and P. wombat, the last having it the stoutest. Professor Owen* says that these foramina “deserve particular attention, as they are generally specific.” The more depressed truncation in the skull behind, as observed by Dr. Gray in P. wombat, may be due to age; but it is note- worthy that in the adult of P. platyrhinus there are two very marked backwardly produced supraoccipital crests, and these are much stronger in every way than in the largest specimen of P. wom- bat that I have seen. In P. platyrhinus the two squamous portions of the temporal bones are relatively shallower than in P. wombat, while P. lati- Jrons has them most prominent and convex. Both in P. wombat and P. platyrhinus the upper incisors pre- sent an internal longitudinal furrow; P. platyrhinus, besides, has a longitudinal groove upon the external surface near the posterior angle, which I do not find in P. wombat, excepting very slightly in one specimen in the College of Surgeons, where it is almost dis- * Trans. Zool. Soe. vol. ii. p. 388. 848 DR. J. MURIE ON THE SPECIES OF PHASCOLOMYS. [Dec. 12, cernible, but broader and shallower, in the right upper incisor. In the same specimen, however, the left one does not exhibit any sign of such a depression. Longitudinal striation of these teeth in P. wombat is not constant as it is in P. platyrhinus. The frontal sinuses in P. platyrhinus correspond in size to the greater breadth of cranium at this part, but they are still larger in P. latifrons. The outer surface of the symphysis of the mandible in P. platy- rhinus tapers steadily as it passes backwards towards the molars; in P. wombat it juts out very considerably opposite the premolar. The two lateral parietal ridges are more raised, and taper more towards each other at the occiput, in P. platyrhinus; but this may be sexual, as in Mr. Bush’s female specimen they are very similar to those of P. wombat. Although drawing attention to what seems to separate and distin- guish the crania of P. platyrhinus from P. wombat, it must be borne in mind that I do not lay great weight upon the minor distinctions which I myself have observed ; for, in a more extensive series of spe- cimens than that which I have been able to examine, it is possible these may be found to be fallacious. In truth, I but call attention to these points as worthy of future observation, the more essential differ- ences being those previously noted by Prof. Owen and Dr. Gray. Assured respecting the similarity of the skulls of these two spe- cimens to the type of P. platyrhinus, the next point of import- ance is the consideration of the skin as a means of ascertaining if it resembles any of the species named alone from external cha- racters. The skin of one of Mr. Bush’s specimens, which I place before the Meeting, is not in such a perfect state as could be wished ; but it is in sufficient condition, and well enough shows that the hair all over the body and limbs is of a dark-brown colour, and not so mingled with grizzly grey as in the common species. The nape of the neck is somewhat darker, the hairs being more tipped with black ; and this is continuous along the median line of the back, broadening out at the loins into a more diffused blackish tinge. The head is of a similar brown colour, as are the sides of the body, the lightest shade being underneath the neck. The ears are too much destroyed for the colour or appearance to be distinguished. , The fur is coarse, quite different from that of P. latifrons, and more resembling that of the common species. The skin altogether is rather larger than that of the Common Wombat, as the size of the bones clearly demonstrates. Neither the coloration of the skin, its size, nor that of the entire animal harmonizes with our knowledge of the common species ; but they answer precisely to Dr. Gray’s definition of the characters be- longing to the species he has named Phascolomys angasit. Moreover in some respects the coloration approaches, especially in the back, the shade of the animal at present living in the Society’s Gardens, which Mr. Gould names P. niger. 1865.] DR. J. MURIE ON THE SPECIES OF PHASCOLOMYsS. 8149 Indeed, after carefully comparing the skin, which I show you, with the large darker-coloured living animal, I feel quite satisfied as to the two being of one species; for, although the one at the Gardens is much the darker variety, it seems to me we have merely the same basis of brown tint in both, the living animal having more generally diffused blackish-tipped hairs distributed through it ; the colour is certainly not a pure black in the specimen named Phascolomys niger *. I may also add that when Dr. Gray saw the present brown skin, he recognized it as similar to that of the Wombat which he named P. angasti. © Apart from the immediate study of the skin, but yet in close connexion with it, I may be allowed for a moment to call attention to the casts of soles of the feet of the three species, which present gradations in dimensions corresponding to the size of the different animals, but they agree in the disposition of the pads and furrows. The following are the comparative admeasurements taken from the posterior part to the roots of the nails, the nails themselves being injured from the difficulty experienced in retaining the foot in steady position while the creature struggled to relieve itself :— Length. Breadth. in. lin. in. lin Fore foot, Hairy-nosed Wombat, P.latifrons. .. 2 5 Dares —, common species, P. wombat ........ Sa ee ee ———, Black Wombat, P. platyrhinus(?) ... 3 3 Soe Hind foot, Hairy-nosed Wombat, P. latifrons .. 3 6 Lars —, common species, P. wombat ... ... 3 8 Tee! bt ——, Black Wombat, P. platyrhinus (?) Sle 2 hs In this manner, from the comparative examination of skull and skin, we are driven to the conclusion that the original Phascolomys platyrhinus of Prof. Owen includes Dr. Gray’s species P. anagasit and Mr. Gould’s P. niger; so that there remains but one animal which there may still be a doubt respecting, namely, ‘‘the Big Yellow Fellow” of the natives of the Murray River (Mr. Gould’s P. latifrons and Dr. Gray’s P. setosus); but, after what I have shown in favour of a diminution of species, it is possible it may likewise only be found to be a light variety of P. platyrhinus. In further support of the probability of this last view, I exhibit to the Society the skin and skull of a young specimen of Wombat, which possess uncommon interest from the fact of their being the preserved parts of the specimen made mention of by Mr. Gould ; indeed they are neither more nor less than the same which he supposed to be a young Hairy-nosed Wombat, and the skull of which he showed to Mr. Flower, who, on comparison, rightly pro- nounced it to belong to an animal unlike the P. latifrons of Owen. To judge of this young skull we of course require to compare it with those of the different species; and taking that of P. lati- frons to commence with, it differs essentially from this in the * Gould’s ‘Mammals of Australia,’ vol. i. letterpress to pl. 60. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. LY. 850 DR. J.MURIE ON THE SPECIFS OF PHASCOLOMYS. [Dec. 12, form of the incisors, in the breadth of the postorbital processes, in the shape of the zygomatic arches, in having a shallow and not the enormous excavation of the tympanic cavity, and in the re- lative length to the breadth of the entire cranium. As compared with P. wombat, it more nearly corresponds to that type, but already, in this young stage, has the posterior palatine foramina larger than in P. wombat, thus agreeing with P, platyrhinus. The nasal bones also assimilate with P. platyrhinus in their greater relative breadth; the tympanic cavities are larger than what might be expected in the young of P. wombat, although not equal to P. latifrons ; and the upper incisor teeth are set slant- ingly together and are deeply longitudinally striated, as in P. pla- tyrhinus. From all these characters one would infer it to be the cranium of a young P. platyrhinus, and not either that of P. lati- Srons or P. wombat. The skin of this specimen assists us in determining the species. The body and legs are of a yellowish-brown colour, considerably darker, even to blackish brown, upon the neck and back ; the fore feet are brown; the head, under surface of neck, whole of abdomen, and inner surface of legs are light sandy-buff (isabelline colour). The ears are large and prominent and somewhat pointed, clothed posteriorly with hair the same colour as that of the back of the neck, apparently also hairy inside; but this must be expressed with a doubt, from their abraded condition. The eyebrows and chieek-whiskers are black. There is no white hairy muffle as in P. latifrons (P. lasiorhinus). The outward characters, therefore, clearly define it from P. wom- bat, even if we are dubious by reason of the age of the animal; for in P, wombat, at a similar early period, the colour is not differ- ent from that of the adult. Dr. Gray * has remarked that “the young Tasmanian Wombat (P. ursinus) is dark like the adult,” and this fact is proved by specimens at present displayed in the British Museum. The absence of the white hairy muffle, coarser nature of the hair, and the colour prevent one classing it with the P. latifrons; so that it must either be the young of Gould’s large species or of Dr. Gray’s P. angasii; for it combines the colour of both, and leads to the supposition that these two may be but varieties of the same species. As I have tried to show that the brown species, P. angasii, com- ports with Owen’s P. platyrhinus, and also that this young skull like- wise agrees more closely with P. platyrhinus than P. wombat, there remains to be said that, if I have given sufficiently convincing data, it will be allowed the several species of the authors named must be grouped, at least provisionally, or until better evidence is produced to the contrary, under the head of P. plotyrhinus, Owen; for, ac- cording to the law of priority, this specific name is that which ought to be adopted, I have, in this place, a further remark to make regarding the * Annals and Mag, Nat. History, 1863, vol. xi. p. 459. 1865.] DR. J. MURIE ON THE SPECIES OF PHASCOLOMYS. 851 fossil species of Wombat (P. mitchelli, Owen). Professor Owen, in the ‘ Catalogue of Fossil Mammals and Birds in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons,’ has formed a separate species upon the evidence of a few molar and incisor teeth, and observes, “In this species the molar teeth have the antero-posterior dia- meter greater in proportion to the transverse, as compared with the molars of P. wombat ; the first grinder is also relatively larger, and of a more prismatic form; the upper incisors are less com- pressed, and more prismatic; this difference is so well marked that, once appreciated, any one might recognize the fossil-by an incisor alone. There is a similar difference in the shape of the lower incisor. The fossil is also a little larger than the largest cranium in the Hun- terian Collection.” When this species was formed, the skull of P. platyrhinus could not have been in the Hunterian Collection* ; for, upon examining the fossils in question, I find that they answer closely to the cor- responding parts of P. platyrhinus in the same Museum; neither are they so very large, as one of the molars fitted the socket of the jaw of the skull which I show you. I have been enabled also to examine some other portions of fossil Wombats’ jaws, obtained from the Wellington Caves, Australia, and now deposited in the Geological Society’s Museum. These also correspond to the same parts in P. platyrhinus, one large piece, the roof of the mouth with teeth in situ, being exactly the same in measurement as the bone of the male specimen obtained from Mr. Bush. In the size of the bones and shape of the teeth, then, it would seem, the fossil form P. mitchelli agrees with the recent species P. platyrhinus ; so that we have a curious and most important piece of evidence that this species may have existed during the post-pliocene period, and have been a congener with those gigantic Marsupials the Macropus atlas, Diprotodon australis, and Nototherium inerme. Besides this last fossil form of animal resembling P. platyrhinus, there is still another, but of enormous magnitude, a more fit repre- sentative of and companion to the above gigantic fossil Marsupials. The specimens on which a separate species has been founded, and provisionally named Phascolomys magnus, are deposited in the British Museum, and consist, among others, of the following parts :— Portions of a lower jaw containing teeth, Portions of radius and ulna, A whole tibia. Several vertebree, and various fragments of different bones, There are, besides, in the Collection, although not displayed, two plaster casts of mandibles and other parts evidently belonging to the same species. The very great size of all of these bones entirely precludes them from being confounded either with the recent or other formerly existing, but possibly contemporaneous, species, * T have now the authority of Professor Owen to state that I am correct with regard to the supposition of the skull in question not having been in the College Collection when P. mitchelli was named. 852 DR.J.MURIE ON THE SPECIES OF PHASCOLOMYS. [ Dec. 12, These larger fossils are all marked as having been obtained from the post-pliocene deposits, Darling Downs, Australia, and were pre- sented to the National Collection, some by Sir Daniel Cooper, Bart., others by T. W. Isaacs, Esq. They are as yet undescribed ; but Prof. Owen, in his article on the “Osteology of the Marsupialia,’ Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. iil. p- 306 (1849), refers to similar specimens in the following terms :— ‘“«I have recently obtained eyidence from the post-pliocene deposits of the district of Melbourne, through the kindness of my friend Dr. Hobson, of an extinct Wombat, a true Phascolomys, at least four times as large as either of the known existing species.” At a future time I may find opportunity to treat more fully upon the comparative differences of the remaining bones of the skeleton of the three animals, the skulls of which I have figured, and therein point out in detail the reasons for adopting Dr. Gray’s generic term Lasiorhinus (which, however, I am inclined only to use as subge- neric) to the animal known as the Broad-fronted Wombat of Owen, and the Hairy-nosed Wombat of Gould. But for the present I shall assume the distinction, and at this stage terminate by calling attention to what, from my short re- searches, I deem the proper specific classification, characters, and synonyms of the group. PHASCOLOMYID. 1. P. wombat, Péron et Lesueur. Genus PHAscoLomys. 2. P. platyrhinus, Owen. 3. P. magnus? (fossil). Subgenus Lasioruinus. 4. P. latifrons, Owen. I have not here included the fossil genus Diprotodon, previously classed in this group by Prof. Owen (Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ii. p- 332), as I believe more recent observations tend rather to show its nearer affinity to the Kangaroos. Order MARSUPIALIA. Family PHascotomytp& (Owen, 1839). : P 2 Ee a: Characters.—Incisors 5; canines 33 premolars = ; molars a= 24. Incisors scalpriform in both jaws; false and true molars with persistent pulp. Stomach outwardly simple, but containing within a special cardiac gland; ceecum short and wide, with a vermiform appendix. Genus Puascotomys (Geoffroy, 1803). Phascolomys, Geoffroy, Notice sur une nouvelle espéce des Mam- miféres, &c., Ann, du Mus. d’Hist. Nat. ii. p. 364, 1803. Vombatus, Geoffroy, Bulletin des Scien. par la Soc. Philom. iii. p. 185, 1803. Phascolomys, Uliger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. p. 77, 1811. 1865.] DR. J. MURIE ON THE SPECIES OF PHASCOLOMYS. 853 Amblotes, Mliger, loc. cit. p. 78. Characters.—Fur rough and coarse; muffle naked. Skull of moderate breadth in proportion to length; postorbital ridge and frontal process obsolete; nasal bones of moderate breadth ; supra- tympanic cavity moderately excavated; foramen magnum of a trefoil figure. Upper incisor teeth forming one-third of a circle, and set with the enamelled surface chiefly outwards. Dorsal vertebre 15, lumbar vertebre 4, and ribs 15 in number; transverse processes of caudal vertebrze long and broad. 1. PHAscoLoMYS WOMBAT. Body of moderate size ; seldom more than 3 feet long. Ears short and rounded. Colour dark grizzly greyish brown, produced by dark-brownish hairs for the most part tipped with silvery grey, the longer ones with black points. Skull between 54 and 62 inches in length ; nasal bones relatively long and narrow ; supratympanic ex- cavation very shallow; postpalatine foramina oblong and of mode- rate size; scapula long as compared with its breadth. Phascolomys wombat, Péron et Lesueur, Voyage aux Terres Australes. Wombat, Collins’s Account of the English Colony in New South Wales, &c., p. 153, with plate, 1802. P. fossor, Sevasteanof, in Mém. de l’Acad. Impér. de St. Péters- bourg, i. p. 444, 1809. Womback, Bewick, Quadrupeds, 6th ed. p. 522, 1811. P. wombatus, Leach, Zool. Miscell. ii. p. 101, pl. 96, 1815. P. fusca, Desm. Mamm. parti. p. 276, 1820. P. bassii, Lesson, Manuel de Mamm. p. 229, 1827. P. ursinus, Gray, List of Mamm. in Brit. Mus. p. 95, 1843, and Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xi. p. 458, 1863. P. wombat, Waterhouse, Nat. Hist. Mamm. vol. i. p- 246, 1846 ; Gould, Mamm. of Australia, vol. i. pls. 55, 56; Angas, P. Z.S. 1861, p- 269. 2. PHASCOLOMYS PLATYRHINUS. Body large, generally above 3 feet long. Colour varying from pale yellowish brown (isabelline hue) to blackish brown, or even approaching black, but nearly always uniform according to the variety ; no silvery-grey tint. Skull from 7 to 8 inches long; nasal bones relatively broad to their length; supratympanic cavity mode- rately deep; postpalatine foramina triangular, large; scapula broad as compared with its length. Phascolomys platyrhinus, Owen (type skull), Cat. Osteol. Series Mus. Roy. Coll. Surgs. vol. i. p. 334, 1853. P. mitchelli, Owen (fossil species described from fragments of teeth), Appendix to Sir Thos. Mitchell’s Three Expeditions into Australia, vol. ii. p. 368, pl. 48, 1830. P. latifrons, Gould (the pale variety), Mammals of Australia, vol. i. text and plates 57 & 58, 1863. 854 DR. J. MURIE ON THE SPECIES OF PHASCOLOMYS. [Dec. 12. P. setosus, Gray (the pale variety), Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xi. p. 457, 1863. P. angasii, Gray (the brown variety), Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 457, 1863. P. niger, Gould (the black variety), Mammals of Australia, vol. 1. letterpress to pl. 60, 1863. 3. PuascoLomys MAGNUS? A fossil species, undescribed ; bones several times as large as those of either P. wombat or P. platyrhinus. Specimens in the British Museum. Subgenus Lasroruinvs, Gray. Fur smooth and silky ; muffle hairy ; incisors much curved, form- ing nearly a semicirele; the enamelled surface directed nearly for- wards. Dorsal vertebre 13; ribs 13; lumbar vertebre 6. Skull broad in proportion to length; nasal bones relatively very broad ; frontal bones broad, presenting a well-marked supraorbital ridge and postorbital process ; supratympanic hollow, very large; fora- men magnum oval; transverse processes of caudal vertebre short and narrow. 4. PuascoLomys Latirrons. (PI. XLVII.) Size about equal to that of P. wombat, but body longer. Fur of a light silvery mouse-colour, with mottled, darker, buff and purplish hairs; muffle broad, white, and hairy; ears large, prominent, and acutely pointed ; white spot above each eye; chest, neck, and inside of fore limbs whitish ; rump of a rufous tint. Phascolomys latifrons, Owen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 82, and Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. iii. p. 303. P. latifrons, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1861, p. 269. P. lasiorhinus, Gould, Mamm. Australia, vol. i. pls. 59, 60. P. latifrons, M‘Coy (see Gould’s text). Lasiorhinus M‘Coyii, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xi. p. 459, 1863. APPENDIX. LIST OF ADDITIONS TO THE SOCIETY’S MENAGERIE. Jan. 3. 4, DURING THE YEAR 1865. A Collection of Marine Animals. Presented by Col. Le Couteur. 3 Vulpine Phalangers. Phalangista vulpina (Shaw). Presented by the Acclimatization Society of Victoria. 1 Short-headed Phalanger. Belideus breviceps (Waterh.). Pre- sented by the Acclimatization Society of Victoria. 1 persia = Goose. Cereopsis nove-hollandie, Lath. Presented by the Acclimatization Society of Victoria. 4 Maned Geese. Bernicla jubata (Lath.). Presented by the Acclimatization Society of Victoria. 3 Australian Sheldrakes. Casarca tadornoides, Jard. & Selb. Presented by the Acclimatization Society of Victoria. 2 Cuvier’s Podargus. Podargus cuvierii, Vig. & Horsf. Pre- sented by the Acclimatization Society of Victoria. 3 Harlequin Bronze-winged Pigeons. Peristera histrionica, Gould. Presented by the Acclimatization Society of Victoria. 5 Weka Rails. Ocydromus australis (Sparrm.). Presented by the Acclimatization Society of Victoria. 1 Bower-bird. Ptilonorhynchus holosericeus, Kuhl. Purchased. . 1 Common Chameleon. Chameleon vulgaris, Daud. Presented by T. Stillwell, Esq., F.Z.S. . 6 9 Common Pheasants. Phasianus colchicus, Linn. Purchased. 1 White-whiskered Lemur. Lemur leucomystax, Bartlett. Pur- chased. . 1 Stock-Dove. Columba enas, Linn. Presented by H. B. Bel- lamy, Esq. 1 Cheetah. Felis jubata, Schreb. Deposited. 1 Grivet Monkey. Cercopithecus griseo-viridis, Desm. Deposited. 1 Bonnet-Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Deposited. 1 Rhesus Monkey. Macacus erythreus (Schreb.). Deposited. . 1 Clothonia. Eryx johnii (Russell). Purchased. 12, 14. 1 Bower-bird. Ptilonorhynchus holosericeus, Kuhl. Purchased. 1 Sykes’s Monkey. Cercopithecus albogularis, Sykes. Purchased. 1 Red and Yellow Maccaw. Ara chloroptera, Gray. Presented by J. Aird, Esq. §56 Jan. 14. ee 18. 19. 20, 21. 23. 25 “= Feb. 1. APPENDIX. 2 Red-sided Green Lories. Polychlorus magnus (Scop.). On approval. 2 Black-tailed Parrakeets. Platycereus melanurus (Vig.). On approval. 2 Young Blossom-headed Parrakeets. Paleornis bengalensis (Linn.). On approval. 1 Black-crested Eagle. Spizaétus occipitalis (Daud.). On ap- roval. 2 Brave Capuchin Monkeys. Cebus apella (Briss.). On approval. 2 Capuchin Monkeys. Cebus capucinus, Geoff. On approval. 1 White-fronted Capuchin Monkey. Cebus albifrons, Geoff. On approval. 2 Young Drills. Cynocephalus leucopheus, Desm. On approval. 1 Young Guinea Baboon. Cynocephalus papio, Desm. On ap- roval. 1 Hocheur Monkey. Cercopithecus nictitans (Linn.), On ap- roval. 1 West African Python. Python sebe (Gmel.). On approval. 1 Brown Coati. Nasua fusca, Desm. Presented by Capt. Pike. 1 West African Python. Python sebe (Gmel.). Purchased. 2 Brown Capuchin Monkeys. Cebus apella (Briss.). Purchased. 2 Weeper Monkeys. Cebus capucinus, Geoft. Purchased. 1 White-fronted Capuchin Monkey. Cebus albifrons, Geoff. Purchased. 2 Drills. Cynocephalus leucopheus, Desm. Purchased. 1 Guinea Baboon. Cynocephalus papio, Desm. Purchased. 1 Hocheur Monkey. Cercopithecus nictitans (Linn.). Purchased. 2 Red-sided Green Lories. Polychlorus magnus (Scop.). Pur- chased. 1 Red and Yellow Maccaw. Ara chloroptera, Gray. Presented by Charles Butler, Esq. 1 Redand Yellow Maccaw. Ara chloroptera, Gray. Deposited. 1 Crested Pigeon. Ocyphaps lophotes (Temm.). Purchased. 2 Palm-Squirrels. Screws palmarum, Linn. Presented by N. A. Wells, Esq. 1 European Wild Sow. Sus scrofa, Linn. Deposited. 2 Common Turkeys. Meleagris mexicana, Gould, var. domestica. Presented by O. Miller, Esq. 1 Saiga. Saiga tatarica (Pall.). On approval. 1 Pronghorn Antelope. -Antilocapra americana (Ord). Purchased, 300 Salmon-Ova. Salmo salar, Linn. Deposited. 200 Swiss Charr-Ova. Salmo umbla, Agassiz. Deposited. 500 Swiss Trout-Ova. Salmo lacustris, auct. Deposited. 1 Cashmere-Shawl Goat. Capra hircus, Linn., var. Born. . 4 Pale-headed Snakes. Epicrates angulifer, Bibr. Purchased. 8 —— Pheasants. Lophophorus impeyanus (Lath.). De- posited. 4 Cheer Pheasants. Phasianus wallichit (Hardw.). Deposited. 1 © Pucras Pheasant. Puerasia macrolopha (Less.). Deposited. 4 Himalayan Snow-Partridges. Tetraogallus himalayensis, Gray. Deposited. 2 Hill-Partridges. Arboricola torqueola (Val.). Deposited. . 1 pair of Hamsters. Cricetus vulgaris, Desm. Purchased. 1 Reed-Bunting. Emberiza scheniculus, Linn. Purchased. . 2 Crested Pigeons. Ocyphaps lophotes {Linn.). Purchased. . 6 Common Pheasants. Phasianus colchicus, Linn. Purchased. Feb. 9. 10. il 13. 14. 16. lis ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 857 1 Common Quail. Cotwrnix dactylisonans, Meyer. Presented by Mrs. Frank T. Buckland. 6 Violet Tanagers. Lwphonia violacea (Linn.). Purchased. 2 Young Herring-Gulls. Larus argentutus, Brin. Presented by Thomas Walker, Esq., F.Z.S. 2 Amandava Finches. Estrelda amandava (Linn.). Deposited. 2 Indigo-birds. Cyanospiza eyanea (Linn.). Deposited. 2 pe Sapen Finches. Amadina lathami (Vig. & Vorsf.). eposited. 2 Crimson-eared Waxbills. Estrelda pheenicotis, Sw. Deposited. 2 Orange-cheeked Waxbills. ZEstrelda melpoda (Vieill.). De- posited. 2 Common Waxbills. Lstrelda cinerea (Vieill.). Deposited. 1 St. Helena Seed-eater. Crithagra butyracea(Linn.). Deposited. 1 Silverbeak. Munia cantans (Gmel.). Deposited. 1 Spotted Cavy. Celogenys paca (Linn.). Presented by the Comte and Comtesse D’Eu. 1 White-crested Guan. Penelope leucolopha, Mey. Presented by the Comte and Comtesse D’Eu. 1 Rufous Tinamou. Rhynchotis rufescens (Temm.). Presented by the Comte and Comtesse D’Eu. 1 Ragle. Haliaétus —? On approval. 1 Rhesus Monkey. MMacacus erythreus (Schreb.). Deposited. 1 Red-necked Grebe. Podiceps griseigena (Bodd.). Fiesenitéd by W. C. Horsfall, Esq. 1 Common Paradoxure. Paradoxurus typus, F.Cuv. Presented by W. Wiggins, Esq. 20 Common Barnacles. Presented by J. N. Tomkins, Esq., F.Z.S. 2 pairs Chinese Ring-necked Pheasants. Phasianus torgquatus, Gmel. Deposited. 1 2 Japanese Pheasant. ~Phasianus versicolor, Vieill. Deposited. 3 Silver Pheasants. Evuplocamus nychthemerus (Linn.). Depo- sited. . 1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented by W. Poinard, Esq. 12 Yak. Bos grunniens, Linn. Deposited. 1 pair of Impeyan Pheasants. Lophophorus impeyanus (Lath.). Deposited. . 1 Solitary Thrush. Petrocincla cyanea (Linn.). Purchased. 3. 1 African Monitor. Regenia albogularis, Gray. On approval. . 1Grivet Monkey. Cercopithecus griseo-viridis, Desm. Pre- sented by His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, F.Z.S. . 1 Rose-crested Cockatoo. Cacatua moluccensis (Gmel.). De- posited. 1 Chinese Sand-Grouse. Syrrhaptes paradoxus (Pall.).. Pre- sented by Harrington Russell, Esq., M.P. ; . 2 American Bisons. Bison americanus (Gmel.). Purchased. 1 Gigantic Salamander. Steboldia maxima (Schleg.). Deposited. 1 Javan Parrakeet. Paleornis javanica (Osb.). Deposited. . 1 Pileated Jay. Cyanocorax pileatus (Temm.). Presented by Mrs. Laird Warren. 1 $ Brahmin Calf. Bos indicus, Linn. Born. . 1 Black and White Goose. -Anseranas melanoleuca, Less. Pre- sented by Mrs. R. W. Moore. . 1 Common Badger. Melestaxus (Schreb.). Presented by Lord Garvagh, F.Z.S. 858 Mar. 4. 10. 16. 17. APPENDIX. 1 go Siamese Pheasant. Euplocamus prelatus (Bonap.). Re- ceived in exchange. 1 Three-banded Armadillo. Tolypeutes conurus, Is. Geoff. Re- ceived in exchange. A Collection of Marine Fishes. Presented by Dr. Salter. 1 Grey Parrot. Psittacus erithacus, Linn. Received. . 1 Maugé’s Dasyure. Dasyurus maugei, Geotl. Presented by W.S. C. Cooper, Esq. . 1 Crested Pigeon. Ocyphaps lophotes Spee: Purchased. 1 White-throated Ses Cebus hypoleucos, Geoft. Purchased. 2 Turquoisine Parrakeets. Euphema pulchella (Shaw). De- osited. 2 Yaks. Bos grunniens, Linn. Deposited. 2Impeyan Pheasants. Lophophorus impeyanus (Lath.). De- osited. 4 Cheat Pheasants. Phasianus wallichit, Hardw. Deposited. 1 Himalayan Snow-Partridge. Tetraogallus himalayensis, Gray. Deposited. . 1 ¢ Eland. Oreas canna (Pall.). Born. 1 Yellow Baboon. Cynocephalus babowin, Desm. On approval. . 1 Mona Monkey. Cercopithecus mona, Erxl, Received in ex- change. 4 Maugé’s Dasyures. Dasyurus maugei, Geoff. Purchased. 1 Lunulated Kangaroo. Onychogalea linata, Gould. Purchased. 1 Rufous Jerboa Kangaroo. Bettongia rufescens, Gray. Pur- chased. 1 Australian Monitor. Monitor gouldii, Schleg. Purchased. 1 Porpoise. Phocena vulgaris. Purchased. 6 pairs of Scaup Ducks. Fidigula marila (Linn.). Received in exchange. 4 Common Curlews. Nwmenius arquatus (Linn.). Received in exchange. 2 Oyster-catchers. Hematopus ostralegus, Linn. Received in exchange. . 1 Sambur Deer. Cervus aristotelis, Cuy. Born. . 2Ravens. Corvus corax, Linn. Presented by W. R. Taunton, Esq. 1 ¢ Sonnerat’s Jungle-fowl. Gallus sonneratii, Temm. Re- ceived in exchange. . 1 Peregrine Falcon. Falco peregrinus, Linn. Presented by J. M. Baragett, Esq. 1 Bar-tailed Godwit. Limosa lapponica (Linn.). Deposited. 1 Golden Plover. Charadrius pluvialis, Linn. Deposited. 1 Riippell’s Vulture. Gyps rueppellii, Bonap. Purchased. 1 pair of Pileated Vultures. Neophron pileatus (Burch.). Pur- chased. 1 pair of Abyssinian Guinea-fowls. Numida ptilorhyncha, Licht. Purchased. 3 Madagascar Francolins. Francolinus madagascariensis (Scop.). Presented by E. Newton, Esq., Corr. Memb. 2 Red-crowned Pigeons. Erythrenas pulcherrima (Scop.). Pre- sented by Lady Barkly. 1 Meminna Deer. Menunna indica, Gray. Presented by Capt. H. W. Hire, R.N., of H.MLS. ‘ Orontes.’ 1 Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo. Cacatua sulphurea (Gmel.). Depéaited 1 Antillean Snake. Dromicus antillensis, Schleg. Presented by Edward Greey, Esq., C.M.Z.S. Mar. 17. Apr. 23. 30. 31. 10. ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 859 2 Common Tench. Tinca vulgaris, Cuv. Presented by Andrew Arcedeckne, Esq., F.Z.S. 1 American Squirrel. Seturus, sp.? Purchased. 4 Impeyan Pheasants. Lophophorus impeyanus (Lath.). De- posited. 1 pair of Horned Tragopans. Ceriornis satyra (Linn.). Deposited. 2 pairs of White-crested Kaleeges. Euplocamus albo-cristatus (Vig.). Deposited. 2 Black Francolins. Francolinus vulgaris, Steph. Deposited. 1 $ Mandarin Duck. Air galericulata (Linn.). Received in exchange. 2 Black-backed Jackals. Canis mesomelas, Schreb. Presented by E. L. Layard, Esq., C.M.Z.S. Trout-ova. . 500 Salmon- and 1 Salmo salar, Linn. Presented by F. T. Buck- Salmo farto, Linn. land, Esq., F.Z.S. 5. 1 Sociable Vulture. Vultwr auricularis (Daud.). Purchased. 1 Pair of Cereopsis Geese. Cereopsis nove-hollandie, Lath. Deposited. - 1 g Sambur Deer. Cervus aristotelis, Cuy. Born. - 1 Pennant’s Penguin. Apterodytes pennantii, Gray. Presented by Commander Fenwick, R.N. 1 Bonnet-Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by A. M. Furby, Esq. 1 Common Squirrel. Sciwrus vulgaris, Linn. Presented by A. M. Furby, Esq. 1 Bonnet-Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by W. F. Baynes, Esq. 1 Common Macaque. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Pre- sented by Cecil T. King, Esq. 1 ¢ Giraffe. Camelopardalis giraffa, Gmel. Born. 1 Vulpine Phalanger. Phalangista vulpina (Shaw). Born. 4 Emus. Dromeus nove-hollandia, Vieill. Hatched. - 1 Pine-Marten. Mustela martes, Linn. Presented by John Travis, Hsq. . 1 Brown Capuchin Monkey. Cebus apella (Briss.). Presented by the Rey. Dan. Greatorex. A Collection of Marine Animals. Purchased. 1 Chinese Ring-necked Pheasant. Phastanus torquatus, Gmel. Purchased. - 2 Yellow-footed Rock-Kangaroos. Petrogale xanthopus, Gray. 17 . 4 Dingo ‘Dogs. Canis dingo, Blumenb. Born. 2 Laughing Kingfishers. Dacelo gigantea (Lath.). Presented by F. W. Draper, Esq. 2 Black-eared Marmosets. Hapale penicillata (Geoff.). Pur- chased. . 1 Downy Owl. Athene torquata (Daud.). Purchased. 1 Senegal Parrot. Peocephalus senegalensis (Linn.). Presented by Miss M. D. Du Carn. . 1 Hybrid Cretan Goat. Capra beden, Forsk. Born. 1 ¢ Bronze-winged Pigeon. Phaps chalcoptera (Lath.). Pre- sented by Miss Ada Angus. 1 Flamingo. Phenicopterus antiquorum, Linn. Presented by Charles Joyce, Esq. 1 Berigora Hawk. Hieracidea berigora (Vig. & Horsf.). On approval. 860 APPENDIX. Apr. 10. 1 Wood-Owl. Syrniwm aluco (Linn.). Presented by John Gould, Esq., F.Z.S. 11. 1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented by T. Hayes, Esq. 13. 3Sambur Deer. Cervus aristotelis, Cuv. Presented by H.M. the Queen. 2g Black Grouse. Tvtrao tetriv, Linn. Tresented by John Wingfield Malcolm, Esq. 1 Yellow Snake. Chilobothrus inornatus, Dum. Presented by Capt. Hammack. 15, 4 Long-tailed Glossy Thrushes. Lamprotornis eneus (Linn.). Purchased. 3 Purple-headed Glossy Thrushes. Zamprocolius auratus (Gmel.). Purchased. 4 Green Glossy Thrushes. Lamprocolius chalybeus, EKhrenb. Purchased. 2 Vervet Monkeys. Cercopithecus lalandit, Is. Geoff. Presented by A. F. Green, Esq. 1 Black-backed Jackal. Canis mesomelas, Schreb. Presented by M. M. de Pass. 16. 3 Tigers. Felis tigris, Linn. Born. A Collection of Marine Fishes. Purchased. 19, 2 Aoudads. Ovis tragelaphus, Desm. Born. 2 Natterjack Toads. Bufo calamita, Laur. Presented by — Tait, Esq. 20. 1 § Giraffe. Camelopardalis giraffa, Gmel. Born. 1 $ Eland. Oreas canna (Pall.). Born. 2 Cardinal Grosbeaks. Cardinalis wryinianus (Briss.). Pur- chased. 1 Chinese Ring-necked Pheasant. Phasianus torquatus, Gmel. Deposited. 24, 1Serval. Felis serval, Schreb. Presented by Lieut. J. Plum- ridge, 5rd W.I. Regt. 25. 1 Orange-quilled Porcupine. Hystrix malabarica, Sclater. Born. 26. 1 Ortolan Bunting. ZEmberiza hortulana, Linn. Presented by May 2. — Bicknell, Esq. . 2 Common Hares. Lepus timidus, Linn. Purchased. 2 White Peafowls. Pavo cristatus, Linn., var. albino. De- posited. 1 Orinoko Goose. Chenuloper jubata (Spix). Purchased. . 1 Hybrid Lemur. Between Lemur nigrifrons, Geotf., and Lemur avanthomystax, Gray. Born. 1 Kittiwake Gull. Zarws rissa, Linn. Purchased. . 2 Common Adders. Pelias berus, Merr. Presented by Thomas Barling, Esq. 30. 2 Upland Geese. Chluéphaga magellanica (Gmel.). Hatched. 3 Ruddy-headed Geese. Chloéphaga rubidiceps, Sclater. Hatched. A Collection of Small Reptiles. Presented by F. Coleman, Esq. 1 De Filippi’s Starling. _ Stwrnella defilippi (Bonap.). Presented by Capt. A. Mellersh, R.N. A Collection of Marine Animals. Presented by — Thomas, Esq. 2 Silverfish. Pies Fa pee Presented by Arthur A GGld Gang. (0 te ; J. Russell, Esq. 1 Chinchilla. Chinchilla lanigera, Benn. On approval. 4 Viscachas. Lagostomus trichodactylus, Brookes. Presented by Capt. Parish, R.N. ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 861 May 3. 2 Brown Capuchin Monkeys. Cebus apella ( Linn.). Purchased. 2 Malbrouck Monkeys. Cercopithecus cynosurus, Desm. Pur. chased, 2 Yarrell’s Curassows. Craz carunculata,Temm. Purchased. 1 Crested Curassow. Crar alector, Linn. Purchased. 1 Superb Tanager. Calliste Sastuosa (Less.). Purchased. 1 Brazilian Hang-nest. Tetorus Jamaicai (Gmel.). Purchased. 10 Rain-Quails. Coturnix coromandelica (Gmel.). Presented by F. J. C. Wildash, Esq. 1 Chinchilla. Chinchilla lanigera, Benn. Purchased. 1 Golden Eagle. Aguila chrysaétos (Linn.). On approval, 1 Cinereous Sea-Eagle. Haliaétus albicilla (Linn.). Deposited. 1 Savigny’s Eagle Owl. Bubo ascalaphus (Sav.). Deposited. 5. 1 Green Ground-Parrakeet, Pezoporus formosus (Lath.). On approval. 2 Black and White Geese. _Anseranas melanoleuca, Less. Pre- sented by Dr. Mueller, C.M.Z.S. 2 Leadbeater’s Cockatoos. Cacatua leadbeateri (Vig.). Pre- sented by Dr. Mueller, C.M.Z.S. 1 Wedge-tailed Eagle. Aquila audax (Lath.). Presented by Dr. Mueller, C.M.Z.S, 2 Australian Lizards, Deposited. 1 Double-crested Pigeon. Lopholaimus antarcticus (Shaw). Pre- sented by the Acclimatization Society of New South Wales, 1 Avstralian Crow. Corvus australis, Sclater. Presented by Miss Mary J. Mayo. 2 Grey Crows. Strepera anaphonensis (Temm.). Presented by Miss Mary J. Mayo. 1 Hill-Crow. Strepera arguta, Gould. Presented by Miss Mary J. Mayo. 6. 1 Vigo! Parrot. Chrysotis augusta (Vig.). Deposited. 8. 1 Chacma Baboon. Cynocephalus porcarius (Bodd.). Presented by A. G. Smith, Esq. 1 Indian Grackle. Gracula intermedia, Hay. Purchased, 9. 1 Alligator. Alhigator massissippiensis (Daud.). Presented by J. Oppenheim, Esq. 10. 1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented by R. Acton Paidoe, Esq. 2 Two-toed Sloths. Bradypus didactylus, Linn. Purchased. 1 White-crowned Pigeon. Columba leucocephala, Linn. Pur- chased. 11. 1 White-tailed Gnu. Catoblepas gnu (Gmel.). Presented by William Cubitt, Esq. 1 Lioness. Felis Jeo, Linn. Presented by William Cubitt, Esq. 2 Weasel-headed Armadillos, Dasypus encoubert, Desm. Pur- chased. 2 Kangaroos. Purchased. 3 Australian Monitors. Monitor gouldit, Schleg. Purchased. 2 Blue-eyed Cockatoos. Cacatua ophthalmica, Sclater. Pur- chased, 1 Chestnut-breasted Duck. _Anas punctata, Cuy. Purchased. 7 Red-legged Partridges. Caccabis rubra (Ray). Deposited. 2 Calandra Larks. Alauda calandra, Linn. Deposited. 12. 2 South American Finches. Sycalis, sp. Received in exchange, 1 Vigors’s Parrot. Chrysotis augusta (Vig.). Presented by P. N. Bernard, Esq. 13. 3 Fat Dormice. Myoxus glis, Schreb. Purchased. 862 May 13. ie 18. 19. to is ry 23. APPENDIX. 1 Malbrouck Monkey. Cercopithecus cynosurus, Desm. ur- chased. A Collection of Marine Animals. Presented by A. Arcedeckne, Esq., F.Z.S. 5 Variegated Sheldrakes. Casarca variegata (Gmel.). Hatched. 1 Common Otter. Lzdra vulgaris (Linn.). Presented by Lord Huntinefield. 1 Jugger Faleon. Falco jugger, Gray. Presented by the Prince Duleep Singh, F.Z.S. 1 Black Kite. Milwus niger, Briss. Presented by R. M. Young, Esq. 1 Noddy Tern. -Anous stolidus. Purchased. 3 Black-necked Swans. Cygnus nigricollis (Gmel.). Hatched. 1 Golden Agouti. Dasyprocta aguti (Linn.). Born. 1 Red-billed Hornbill. Toccus erythrorhynchus, Temm. Pur- chased. 2 White-eared Owls. Oftus leucotis (Temm.). Purchased. 2 pairs Occidental Finches. Quelea occidentalis, Uartl. Pur- chased. 2 Triangular-spotted Pigeons. Columba guinea, Linn. Pur- chased. 2 Small African Doves. Gna capensis (L.). Purchased. 6 Green Lizards. Lacerta viridis, Linn. Purchased. 3 Common Turtledoves. Turtur auritus (Ray). Presented by Mrs. Sidney. 1 Chuva Spider Monkey. Ateles marginatus, Geoff. Purchased. . 1 Chameck Spider Monkey. Ateles subpentadactylus, Geoff. Pur- chased. 1 Tytler’s Paradoxure. Paradoxurus tytlert, Blyth. Presented by A. Grote, Hsq., C.M.Z.S. 1 Zibet. Viverra sibetha, Linn. Presented by A. Grote, Esq., C.M.Z.5. 2 Lord Elgin’s Hawks. Hematornis elginii, Tytler. Presented by A. Grote, Esq., C.M.Z.S. 2 Pondicherry Vultures. Valter calvus, Scop. Purchased. 1 Asiatic Vulture. Neophron orientalis, Blyth. Purchased. 4 Brahminy Kites. Haliastur indus (Bodd.). Deposited. 1 Alpine Chamois. Rupicapra tragus, Gray. Born. 1 Bartlett’s Pigeon. Phloganas erinigera, Puch. Hatched. 1 Cambayan Turtledove. Zwrtur senegalensis (Linn.). Hatched. 2 pairs of Brent Geese. Bernicla brenta, Steph. Purchased. 2 pairs of Shovellers. Spateda elypeata (Linn.). Purchased. 2 pairs of Gargany Teal. Querquedula circia (Linn.). Pur- chased. 2 pairs of Tufted Ducks. Fudigula cristata (Ray). Purchased. 2 Male and 4 Female White-eyed or Castaneous Ducks. Ny- roca leucophthalma (Bechst.). Purchased. 3 Male Pintails. ~Dafila acuta (Linn.). Purchased. 2 Female Common Teal. Querquedula ecrecca (Linn.). Pur- chased. 1 Tigress. Felis tigris, Linn. Received in exchange. 11 Summer-Ducks. Atx sponsa (Linn.). Hatched. 1 Dusky Duck. Anas obscura, Gmel. Hatched. 1 Kiwi. Apteryx mantellii, Bartl. Presented by Henry Slade, Esq. 1 Harnessed Antelope. Zragelaphus scriptus (Pall.). Purchased. 1 Marsh-Ichneumon. Herpestes paludosus, Cuv. Purchased. 1 Genet. Genetta, sp. Deposited. May 24. 25. 30. June 1. Dn ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 863 2 Lepidosirens. Protopterus annectans, Owen. Purchased. 7 Lineated Pheasants. Euplocamus lineatus (Lath. MS.). Hatched. 8 Sonnerat’s Jungle-fowl. Gallus sonnerati, Temm. Hatched. 15 Bankiva J ungle-fowl. Gallus bankiva, Temm. Hatched. 4 Ashy-headed Geese. Chloéphaga poliocephala, Gray. Hatched, . 2 Bennett’s Wallabies. Halmaturus bennettii, Waterh. Born. 1 Derbian Wallaby. Halmaturus derbianus, Gray. Born. 2 Bronze-winged Pigeons. Phaps chalcoptera (Lath.). Hatched. 1 Australian Monitor. Monitor gouldi, Schleg. Presented by Dr. Mueller, of Melbourne, C.M.Z.S. 6 Australian Waxbills. Estrelda temporalis (Lath.). Presented by Dr. Mueller, of Melbourne, C.M.Z.S. 27. 1 Lepidosiren. Protopterus annectens, Owen. Purchased. 29. 1 $ Japanese Pheasant. Phasianus versicolor, Temm. De- posited. 1 2 Scemmering’s Pheasant. Phastanus semmermngit, Temm. Deposited. 1 Letter-winged Kite. Elanus scriptus, Gould. Presented by E. de St. Jean, Esq. 3 Impeyan Pheasants. Lophophorus émpeyanus (Lath.). Hatched. 1 White-whiskered Pig. Sus leucomystax, Temm. Presented by Messrs. Glover and Co. 2 Brazilian Tortoises. Testudo tabulata, Walb. Purchased. 2 Sand-Badgers. Meles ankuma, Temm. Deposited. 2 Turquoisine Parrakeets. Euphema pulchella (Shaw). Hatched. 1 Red Ground-Dove. Starnenas montana (Linn.). Hatched. 2 Bronze-winged Pigeons. Phaps chalcoptera (Lath.). Hatched. » 1 Esquimaux Dog. Canis familiaris, Linn. var. Presented by C, A. Sothern, Esq., F.Z.S. 1 Squirrel Monkey. Callithrix sciureus (Linn.). Purchased. 1 Agouti. Dasyprocta —?. Purchased. - 4 Marmoset Monkeys. Hapale jacchus (Linn.). Purchased. 1 Teguexin Lizard. Teius teguexin (linn.). Purchased. 2 Squirrel Monkeys. Callithrix sciu‘eus (Linn.). Presented by Prince de Joinville. - 1 Common Goat. Capra hircus, Linn., var. Deposited. 1 Dingo Dog. Canis dingo, Blumb. Presented by Capt. Williams. - 1 g Swinhoe's Pheasant. Enplocamus swinhowi, Gould. Presented by Robert Swinhoe, Esq., H.B.M. Vice-Consul at F ormosa, C.M.Z.S. 1 Common Sandpiper. Totanus hypoleucos (Linn.). Presented by B. Mitford, Esq. A Collection of Marine Animals. Presented by — Thompson, Esq., of Weymouth. : 1 Roseate Cockatoo. Cacatua rosevcapilla, Vieill. Deposited. - 1 Japanese Deer. Cervus sika,Temm. Born. 1 Short-headed Phalanger. Belideus breviceps, Waterh. Born. 1 Ring-necked Parrakeet. Paleornis torguata (Linn.). Pre- sented by Miss Bushby. 5 Red-eared Bulbuls. Pycnonotus jocosus (Linn.). Purchased. 3 Red-vented Cockatoos. Cacatua philippinarum (Gmel.). Pura chased. 2 Linnean Lories. Eclectus linnei, Wagl. Purchased. 2 Australian Lizards. Purchased. . 3 Summer-Ducks. Aix sponsa (Linn.). Hatched. 864 . APPENDIX. June 10. 1 Great Kangaroo. Macropus giganteus, Shaw. Presented by 18. 14. 15. 16. MG 18. 24, 26. Chas. Magniac, Esq. 1 African Leopard. Felis varia, Gray. Presented by Mrs. Campbell. 1 Spotted Hyena. Hyena crocuta, Erxl, On approval. 2 African Fowls. Gallus domesticus, Linn., var. Presented by John Petherick, Esq., C.M.Z.S. 1 Goliath Heron. Ardea goliath,Temm. Purchased. 2 Grey Owls. Bubo cinerascens, Guérin. Purchased. 2 Young Turtles. Presented by L. R. Twentyman, Esq. 1 Rough-legged Buzzard. Archibuteo lagopus (Gm.). Purchased. 1 Scemmering’s Pheasant. Phasianus semmeringii, Temm. Hatched. 3 Hybrid Siamese and Lineated Pheasants. Between Euplocamus prelatus (Bonap.) and Euplocamus lineatus (Lath. MS.). Hatched. 8 Black-backed Kaleege. Euplocamus melanotus (Blyth). Hatched. 5 White-crested Kaleege. LExplocamus albo-cristatus (Vig.). Hatched. 5 Purple Kaleege. Euplocamus horsfieldii, Gray. Hatched. 1 Hybrid Ocellated Turkey. Between Meleagris ocellata, Temm., and Meleagris mexicana, Gould, var. domestica. Hatched. 3 Sonnerat’s Jungle-fowls. Gallus sonneratii, Temm. Hatched. 5 Bankiva Jungle-fowls. Gallus bankiva, Temm. Hatched. 3 Mandarin-Ducks. Atx galericulata (Linn.). Hatched. 4 Bahama Ducks. Pecitlonetta bahamensis (Linn.). Hatched. 1 Common Boa. Boa constrictor, Linn. Presented by R. H. Soutter, Esq. 1 Brown Coati. Nasua fusca, Desm. Presented by Capt. Henry W. Notley. 1 Cuvier’s Gazelle. Gazella cuviertt, Ogiiby. Presented by Capt. Alan Gardner, R.N. 2 pairs of Spotted-sided Finches. Amadina lathami (Vig. & Horsf.). Purchased. 1 Blue Waterhen (from New Zealand). Porphyrio, sp. Pur- chased. 1 Cashmere-Shawl Goat. Capra hircus, Linn., var. Born. 1 Bonnet-Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by Masters E. and H. Harraden. 1g Axis Deer. Cervus axis, Erxl. Born. 1 Common Heron. Ardea cinerea, Linn, Presented by Dr. A. Ginther, F.Z.S. . 1 Douroucouli. Nictipithecus felinus, Spix. Purchased. . 1 Bonnet-Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by H. H. Horn, Esq. 2. 1 Grand Galago. Galago crassicaudata ( Geoff.). Purchased. 3. 1 Formosan Deer. Cervus taévanus, Blyth. Presented by J. J. Broadwood, Esq. 2 Greater Spotted Woodpeckers. Picus major, Linn. Presented by 8S. C. Hincks, Esq. 1.Laughing-Kinefisher. Dacelo gigantea (Lath.). Presented by Miss Wildash. 1 Kingfisher. Alcedo ispida, Linn. Purchased. 1 Japanese Deer. Cervus sika,Temm. Born. 1 $ African Elephant. Zlephas africanus, Blum. Received in exchange. June 26 28. July 1. ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 865 . 2 Spiny Rats. Echimys spinosus, Desm. Presented by the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. 1 Entellus Monkey. Semnopithecus entellus (Linn.). Presented by Capt. H. T. Forbes, Royal Artillery. 7. 9Impeyan Pheasants. Lophophorus impeyanus(Lath.), Hatched. 4 Lineated Pheasants. Euplocamus lineatus (Lath.). Hatched. 5 Cheer Pheasants. Phasianus wallichit, Hardw. Hatched. 12 Green-breasted Pheasants. Phasianus versicolor, Vieill. Hatched. 1 Horned Tragopan. Ceriornis satyra (Linn.). Hatched. 1 Bartlett’s Pigeon. Phlogenas crinigera, Puch. Hatched. 2 Vinaceous Turtledoves. Turtur vinaceus (Gmel.). Hatched. 1 Quebee Marmot. Arctomys empetra (Schreb.). Presented by EK. Yeoman, Esq, 1 Vervet Monkey. Cercopithecus lalandit, Is. Geoff. Presented by Capt. Saxon. A Collection of Marine Fishes, Purchased. . 1 Tuberculated Iguana. Iguana tuberculata, Laur. Purchased. 1 Spider Monkey. Ateles —? Purchased. 1 Bennett’s Kangaroo. Halmaturus bennettii, Waterh. De- posited. » 1 North American Deer. Cervus —?P Born, 1 Hoopoe. Upupaepops, Linn. Presented by F. Campbell, Esq. . 2 Bronze-winged Pigeons. Phaps chalcoptera(Lath.). Hatched, 2 Crested Pigeons. Ocyphaps lophotes ee Hatched, 1 Hairy Armadillo. Dasypus villosus, Geoff. Purchased, 1 Sheathbill. Chionis alba, Forst. Purchased. 2 West African Pythons. Python sebe (Gmel.). Purchased. . 1 2 Sambur Deer. Cervus aristotelis, Cuvy, Received in ex- change. 1 pair of Kuhl’s Deer. Cervus kuhhi, 8, Miller. Purchased. 1 pair of Gold Pheasants (new variety). T’haumalea picta (Liun.), var. Purchased. 1 pair of Yellow-bellied Phalangers, Belideus flaviventer (Geoff.). Presented. 1 Brown Bear, Ursus arctos, Linn. On approval. . 1 g Burchell’s Zebra, Equus burchellit, Gray. Born. 7 Bahama Ducks, Pecilonetta bahamensis (Linn.). Hatched. 3 Common Teal. Querquedula crecca (Linn.). Hatched. 1 Nicobar Pigeon, Calenas nicobarica (Linn.). Hatched. 1 Anubis Baboon. Cynocephalus anubis, F, Cuv. Presented by the Crystal Palace Company. 2 Fruit-eating Pigeons. Carpophaga —P? On approval. . 1 Crested Ground-Parrakeet. Calopsitta nove-hollandie (Gmel.). Deposited. . 1d Persian Deer. Cervus wallichii, Cuv. Bor. 1 Sun-Bittern, Ewrypyga helias (Pall.), Hatched. 8 Thunder-fishes. Cobvtis fossilis, Linn. Received. . 1 Ruffed Lemur. Lemur varius, Geoff. Purchased. 18, 20 Cardinal Grosbeaks. Cardinalis virginianus (Briss.). De- posited. 14; 1 Common Buzzard. Buteo vulgaris, Bechst. Presented by Lord Willoughby de Eresby. 1 Capuchin Monkey. Cebus capucinus? Purchased. 1 Purple Guan. Penelope, sp. Purchased, 1 American Lizard. Purchased. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. LVI. 866 July 14 15 16. 18, 19. 20. 21, 22. 23. 29. Aug. 1. APPENDIX. . 9 Land-Crabs. Cardiosoma guanhumi, Marcgr. Purchased. 50 Hermit Crabs. Canobita rugosus, Edw. Purchased. . 2 Squirrel Monkeys. Callithrix sciureus (Linn.). Purchased. 1 Hang-nest. Jcterus, sp. Purchased. 3 Horned Tragopans. Ceriornis satyra (Linn.). Hatched. 2 Impeyan Pheasants. Lophophorus impeyanus(Lath.). Hatched. 1 Kingfisher. -Alcedo ispida, Linn. . Purchased. 1 Young Brown Bear. Ursus arctos, Linn. Presented by Charles Sidgreaves, Esq. 1 Ruffed Lemur. Lemur varius, Geoff. Purchased. 1 Pig-tailed Monkey, Macacus nemestrinus (Linn.). Purchased. 2 Stanley Parrakeets. Platycercus icterotis(Temm.). Purchased. 2 Pileated Parrakeets. Platycercus pileatus (Vig.). Purchased. 1 Fournier’s Capromys. Capromys pilorides, Say. Purchased. 4 Horned Vipers. Purchased. 3 vr Turtledoves. Turtwr, sp. Presented by A. Macdonald, Sq. 1 Collared Peccary. Dicotyles tajagu (Linn.). Presented by P. W. Sharpe, Esq. 2 pairs of Common Quails. Cotwrnix dactylisonans, Meyer. Presented by F. Moreau Hayward, Esq. 2 Brazilian Hang-nests. Icterus jamaicai (Gmel.), Purchased. 1 Philantomba Antelope. Cephalophus maxwell (H. Smith). Presented by Capt. ‘ie L. Perry, R.N., of H.M.S. ‘ Griffon.’ 1 Blue-fronted Amazonian. Chrysotis amazonica (Gmel.). Pre- sented by Mrs. Sotheby. 1 Chinese Jay-Thrush. Garrulax chinensis (Scop.). Presented by Robert Swinhoe, Esq., C.M.Z.S., H.B.M. Vice-Consul at Formosa. 1 Concave-casqued Hornbill. Buceros bicornis, Linn. Deposited. 4 Arracan Kaleeges. Euplocamus, sp. Deposited. 1 Indian Mynah. Aeridotheres ginginianus Lath.). Deposited. . 3 Emus. Dromeus nove-hollandie, Vieill. Presented by Dr. Miieller, of Melbourne, C.M.Z.S. . 2Turquoisine Parakeets. Euphema pulchella (Shaw). Hatched. . 1 Pallas’s Paradoxure. Paradoxurus pallasii, Gray. Presented by G. Wakeman, Esq. 2 Golden-crowned Conures. Conwrus aureus (Gmel.). Presented by Carl A. Schroder, Esq. 1 Pennant’s Parrakeet. Platycercus pennantii (Lath.), Received in exchange. . | Common Chameleon. Chameleon vulgaris, Daud. Presented by J. Bramley, Esq. 1 Golden Eagle. Aguila chrysaétos (Linn.). Deposited. 1 Common Heron. Ardea cinerea, Linn. Presented by W. M. Wyllie, Esq. . 1 Thick-knee. Cdicnemus crepitans, Temm. Presented by R. M. Presland, Esq. . 1 Great Spotted Woodpecker. Picus major, Linn. Presented by H.R.H. Prince Edward of Saxe- Weimar. 1 Pallas’s Paradoxure. Paradoxurus pallasii, Gray. Presented by Mrs. Spencer. 4 1 i of Tigers. Felis tigris, Linn. Presented by Col. Daly. 83 Lions. Felis leo, Linn. Born. 1 Vervet Monkey. Cercopithecus lalandit, Is, Geoff. Presented by Miss Shuter. ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 867 Aug. 5, 1 Herring-Gull. Larus argentatus, Brinn. Presented by R. 19, 22. 24, 25. 29. Tate, Esq. 1 Rhesus Monkey. Macacus erythreus (Schreb.), Presented by H. Hindley, Esq. - 2 Common Sea-Hagles. Haliaétus albicilla (Linn.), Presented by H. Buckley, Esq. . 1 Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, Cacatua galerita (Lath.). Presented by — Thompson, Esq. 6 Crested Colins. Eupsychortyx cristatus (Linn.), Received. 1 Grey Ichneumon. Herpestes griseus (Geoff). Presented by C, J, Mason, Esq, . 2 African Leopards. Felis varia (Gray). Born, - 1 Poé Honey-eater. Prosthemadera nove-hollandie (Gmel.). Presented by James M‘Quade, Esq. 1 g Chimpanzee, Troglodytes niger, Geoff. Purchased. 2 Egyptian Geese. Chenalopex egyptiaca (Briss.), Presented by W. C. Hewitson, Esq. 2 Bernicle Geese. Bernicla leucopsis, Bechst. Presented by W. C. Hewitson, Esq. . 2 Grey Parrots. Psittacus erithacus, Linn, Deposited. 1 Bearded Reedling. Calamophilus biarmicus (Linn.). Pur- chased, - 1 Q Wapiti Deer. Cervus canadensis, Briss. Born. » 1 West African Python. Python sebe (Gmel), Presented by W. A. Gardiner, Esq. 1 Black and Yellow Cacique. Icterus, sp. Presented by A. M. Booker, Esq. 13 Dama Antelope. Gazella dama (Pall.). Purchased. 1 Korin. Gazella rufifrons, Gray. Purchased. 2 Vociferous Sea-Eagles. Aguila vociferans (Daud.). Pur- chased. 1 Occipital Vulture. Vadtur oceipitalis, Burchell. Purchased. 1 Piapec. Prtilostomus senegalensis (Briss.). Purchased. 2 pairs of Lesser Pintailed Sand-Grouse. Pterocles exustus, Temm. Purchased. 1 2 Ostrich. Struthio camelus, Linn, Purchased. 2 Rufous-vented Glossy Thrushes. Lamprocolius rufiventris, Riipp. Purchased. 1 Ox-bird. Textor alecto, Temm. Purchased, 1 Cormorant from Senegal. Phalacrocorar —? Purchased. 1 Long-eared Owl. Otus vulgaris (Linn.). Presented by Robert Widdowson, Esq. « 1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented by — Swinson, Esq. 1 Sykes’s Monkey. Cercopithecus albogularis (Sykes). Purchased. 5 European Sousliks. Spermophilus citillus. “Purchased, 10 Fire-bellied Toads. Bombinator igneus. Purchased. 2 Salamanders. Salamandra maculosa. Purchased. 2 Indian Porcupines, Hystrix leucura, Sykes. Presented by Col. Thompson. 4 White Storks. Ciconia alba, Linn. Purchased. 4 Bearded Reedlings. Calamophilus biarmicus (Linn,) Pur- chased. 1 S$ Persian Deer. Cervus wallichii, Cuv. Born. 83 Bartlett’s Pigeons. Phlogenas crinigera, Puch. Hatched. 1 Barred Turtledove. Geopelia striata (Linn.). Hatched. 1 Pintailed Sand-Grouse. Pterocles alchata (Linn.). Hatched. 868 Aug. 29, 30. Sept. 2. APPENDIX. 2 Turquoisine Parrakeets. Euphema pulchella (Shaw). Hatched. 1 Capercalzie. Tetrao urogallus, Linn. Purchased. 2 Sooty Monkeys. Cercocebus fuliginosus, Geoff. Purchased. 1 Diana Monkey. Cercopithecus diana (Linn.). Purchased. 1 Moustache-Monkey. Cercopithecus cephus, Erxl. Purchased. 1 Grand Lory. Zclectus grandis, Gmel. Purchased. 1 Jerelang Squirrel. Seiwrus bicolor, Sparrm. Purchased. 1 Ring-necked Parrakeet. Paleornis torquata (Linn.). Pre- sented by — Toplis, Esq. 4 Grenadier Weaverbirds. Euplectes oryx (Linn.), yellow va- riety. Purchased. 1 West-Indian Ox. Bos taurus, Linn., var. Presented by G. Latimer, Esq. . 2 Vinaceous Turtledoves. Turtur vinaceus (Gmel.). Hatched. 1 White-crested Kaleege. Euplocamus albo-cristatus (Vig.). Recovered. . 1 9 Wapiti Deer. Cervus canadensis, Briss. Born. 5 Black-eared Marmosets. Hapale penicillata (Geoff.). Presented by Alexander Collie, Esq. 6 Australian Wild Ducks. Anas superciliosa, Gmel. Received from Dr. Mueller, of Melbourne, C.M.Z.S. 7 Hey’s Partridges. Caccabis heyi (Temm.). Presented by Henry C. Calvert, Esq., from Djeddah, Arabia. 6 Lichtenstein’s Sand-Grouse. Pterocles lichensteinii, Temm. Presented by Henry C. Calvert, Esq., from Djeddah, Arabia. 6 Cape Doves. (na capensis (Linn.). Presented by Henry C. Calvert, Esq., from Djeddah, Arabia. . 1 Rhesus Monkey. Macacus erythreus (Schreb.) Presented by J. D. Lees, Esq. 1 Dingo Dog and four pape Canis dingo, Blumenb, Pre- sented by Dr. Mueller, of Melbourne, C.M.Z.S. . 1 Rhesus Monkey. DMacacus erythreus (Schreb.). Presented by J.S. Jarvis, Esq. 1 White-backed Crow. Corvus curvirostris, Gould. Purchased. 1 Crested Guinea-fowl. Nwmida cristata, Pall. Purchased. 1 Malee Bird. Lezpoa ocellata, Gould. Purchased. 6 Ruddy Finches. Carpodacus erythrinus (Pall.). Purchased, 1 Yellow-vented Bulbul. Pyenonotus crocorrhous, Strick]. Pur- chased. 1 Turnstone. Strepsilas interpres (Linn.). Purchased. 14 Small Reptiles. Smooth Snake. Coronella levis, Lacép. Black Viper. Vipera prester, var. nigra. Horse-shoe Snake. Zamenis hippocrepis. Sand-Asp. Vipera ammodytes, Klein. . 1 Marsh-Harrier. Ctreus eruginosus (Linn.). Presented by C. A. Goring, Esq. 2 Grey Ichneumons. Herpestes griseus, Geoff. Presented by John Da Costa, Esq. 1 Brown Coati. Nasua fusca, Desm. Presented by John Da Costa, Esq. . 2 Hybrid Deer. Between American Deer and Cervus mexicanus. Born. 1 g African Elephant. Elephas africanus, Blumenb. Pur- chased. 1 Ground-Hornbill. Bucorvus abyssinicus (Gmel.). Purchased. Sept. 9. Oct. 12, 13. 16. 19. 20. 21, 22. 23. ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 869 1 White-backed Crow. Corvus curvirostris, Gould. Purchased. 1 Crested Guinea-fowl. Mumida cristata, Pall. Purchased, 6 Ruddy Finches. Carpodacus erythrinus (Pall.). Purchased. 2 Paradise-Grackles. Acridotheres cristatus (Linn.). Purchased. 1 White-cheeked Monkey. Cercocebus albigena (Gray). On approval. 1 Terrapen. Emys, sp. On approval. 1 White-fronted Capuchin Monkey. Cebus albifrons, Geoff. On approval. 1 Senegal Parrot. Paocephalus senegalensis (Linn.). On ap- roval. 2 Galganeena el Conures. Conurus aureus (Gmel.). On ap- roval, 1 Sencar Eurypyga helias (Pall.). On approval. 1 Chilian Sea~Eagle. Geranoaétus aguia (Temm.). On approval. 1 Capybara. Hydrocherus capybara, Exxl, Presented by Dr. uggins, 19 Ditca, Anbdlape, Gazella dama (Pall.). Purchased. 1 Milky Owl. Bubo lacteus (Temm.). Purchased. 1 Undulated Grass-Parrakeet. Melopsittacus undulatus (Shaw). Purchased. 1 Brown Coati. Nasua fusca, Desm. Deposited. 1 Common Cuckoo. Cuculus canorus, Linn. Presented by W. Barrington d’Almeida, Esq. 1 Common Heron. Ardea cinerea, Linn. Presented by J. Lane, Esq. 1 Binaei Maes: Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by Thomas Cope, Esq. 1 Coati. Naswa nasica (L.). Sir W.C. Trevelyan. 1 Common Kingfisher, -Alcedo ispida, Linn. Presented by Wm. Thompson, Esq. : 1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.), Presented by Henry Jubber, Esq., F.Z.S. 1 pair of Siamese Pheasants, Explocamus prelatus (Bp.). De- osited. 1 silver Pheasant. Euplocamus nychthemerus (Linn.). Deposited. 1 2 Pheasant. ZEuplocamus —? Deposited. 1 Hill-Francolin. -Arboricola torqueola (Val.). Deposited. 1 Bonnet-Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by — Hawkins, Esq. 1 Garnett’s Galago. Galago garnettii (Ogilby). Presented by Francis Chalmers, Esq. - 1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented by George Newman, Esq. . 2 Bronze-winged Pigeons. Phaps chalcoptera (Lath.). Hatched. 3 Turquoisine Parrakeets. Euphema pulchella (Shaw). Hatched. . 1 Nutcracker. Nucifraga caryocatactes, L. Received in ex- change. 1 Capuchin Monkey. Cebus capucinus. Presented by Miss Jones, . 1 Sun-Bittern. Eurypyga helias (Pall.). Hatched. . 30 Crayfish. Presented by A. Arcedeckne, Ksq., F.Z.S, 1 American Fox. Canis, sp. On approval. » 1 Molucca Deer. Cervus moluccensis, Miill. Born. - 1 Golden Agouti. Dasyprocta aguti (Linn.). Born. 2 Anacondas. Eunectes murinus (Linn.). Purchased. 1 Lepidosiren. Protopterus annectens, Owen. Purchased. Nov. 2. . 2 Tigers. Felis tigris, Linn. Presented by APPENDIX. . 1 Emu. Dromeus nove-hollandia, Vieill. Presented by the Hon. Mrs. Greville Howard. 1 9 King Parrakeet. -Aprosmictus scapulatus (Bechst.). Pre- sented by W. Hansard Rivington, Esq. . 1 Common Squirrel. Setwrus vulgaris, Linn, Presented by G. V. Hill, Esq. . 2 Spotted-sided Finches. -Amadina lathamuw (Vig. & Horsf.). atched. . 1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented by Capt. Taylor. . 2 Waxbills from St. Helena. strelda, sp. Presented by Dr. R. Austen Allen. . 1 Grivet Monkey. Cercopithecus griseo-viridis, Desm. Deposited. A Collection of Marine Fishes, &c. Received. , 4 Black Swans. Cygnus atratus (Lath.). Purchased. 2 Spotted Cavies. Cclogenys paca (Linn.). Presented by R. . Hadow, Esq. 1 pair of Black Grouse. Tetrao tetriz, Linn. Purchased. . 1 Spotted Hyzena. Hyena crocuta, Erxl. Purchased. 2 Green Fruit-eating Pigeons. Ptilonopus, cm Purchased. . Ashburner, Esq. 1 Indian Leopard. Felis leopardus, Linn. Deposited. 1 Sloth Bear. Melursus labiatus (Blainy.). Deposited. 1 Caracal. Felis caracal, Schreb. Deposited. . 1 River-Jack. Clotho nasicornis (Shaw). Presented by George Atkins, Esq. 2 Short-tailed Utia. Capromys brachyura, Hill. Purchased. . 1 Porpoise. Phocena communis, Less. Purchased. 2 Sheep from Lagos. Ovis aries, Linn., var. Presented by J. H. Gurney, Esq., M.P., F-.Z.S. . 4 Hamsters. Cricetus vulgaris, Desm. Presented by Dr. G. Hartlaub, For. Mem. Z. 8. . 1 Black Swan. Cygnus atratus, Lath. Purchased. . 1 Marmoset Monkey. Hapale jacchus (Linn.). Deposited. . 1 Common Boa. Boa constrictor, Linn. Presented by S. Lam- bert, Esq. . 1 Leadbeater’s Cockatoo. Cacatua leadbeaterwi (Vig.). Deposited. 1 Grey Parrot. Psittacus erithacus, Linn. Deposited. 1 Guinea Baboon. Cynocephalus papio, Desm. Deposited. 3 Golden Eagles. Aguila chrysaétos (Linn.). Deposited. 1 Piedmontese Cow. Bos taurus, Linn., var. Returned. . 1 Brown Tree-Kangaroo, Dendrolagus inustus, Miill. . 1 Cape Buffalo. Bos caffer, Sparrm. Purchased. 1 Bonnet-Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Deposited. . 1 Sonnerat’s Jungle-hen, Gallus sonnerati,Temm, Presented by J.C. Parr, Esq. . 2 Golden-crowned Conures. Conurus aureus (Gmel.). Presented by Miss Vawser. 1 Common Otter. Lutra vulgaris (Linn.), Presented by Wm. Burnley Hume, Esq. 1 Spotted Cavy. Calogenys paca (Linn.). Presented by Wm. urnley Hume, Esq. 2 Crested Agoutis. Dasyprocta cristata, Desm. Presented by Wm. Burnley Hume, Esq. . 1 Pagoda Owl. Syrnium seloputo (Horsf.). Received in ex- change. Noy. 1 15. 16, 17, 18. 21. 22. 23. 24. 27. 28. 29. 30. 1 14, ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 871 - 1 Q Tragopan. Ceriornis satyra (Cuv.). Purchased. 1 Green Monkey. Cercopithecus callitrichus, Is. Geoff. Presented by W. Cheetham, Esq. A Collection of Marine Animals. Purchased. 1 Polar Bear. Thalassarctos maritimus (Linn.). Born. 1 Black-necked Screamer. Chauna nigricollis, Sclater. Purchased. 1 Water-Rail. Radllus aquaticus, Linn. Purchased. 1 pair of Globose Curassows. Crax globicera, Linn. Purchased. 4 Barbary Turtledoves. Turtur risorius (Linn.). Deposited. 1 Festive Parrot. Chrysotis festiva (Linn.). Purchased. 1 2 Sambur Deer. Cervus aristotelis, Cuy. Born. 2 Vinaceous Turtledoves. Twrtur vinaceus (Gmel.). Hatched. 1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus aes Presented by Charles Oferberg, Esq. 1 Jacket-Monkey. Pithecia satanas (Hoffm.). Purchased. 2 Brazilian Hang-nests. Icterus jamaicai (Gmel.) Purchased. 1 Brazilian Rail. Rallus —? Purchased. . 1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented by Arthur Donnithorne, Esq. 1 Silver Fox. Canis argentatus, Desm. Deposited. 1 Skunk, Mephitis americana (Shaw). Deposited. 1 Green Monkey. Cercopithecus callitrichus, 1s. Geoff. Presented by H. B. Yeulett, Esq. 1 Peregrine Falcon. Falco _peregrinus, Linn. Presented by John bi pte Larkin, Esq. 1 Bonnet-Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by Mrs. A, Ansell. 2 Black Crested Eagles. Spizaétus occipitalis (Daud.). Deposited. 1 Leadbeater’s Cockatoo. Cacatua leadbeaterii (Vig.). Pre- sented by Mrs. James M. Napier. 5 Cape Barn-Owls. Strix capensis, A. Smith. Presented by . C. Bird, Esq. 1 Brazilian Blue Grosbeak. Guiraca cyanea (Linn.). Purchased. 1 Dusky Finch. Phonipara —? Purchased. 1 Sclater’s Hanging Parrakeet. Loriculus sclateri, Wall. Pur- chased. 1 Westerman’s Lory. Eclectus westermannit, Bp. Purchased. Red-vented Cockatoo. Cacatua philippinarum (Gmel.). Pur- chased. 1 g Tibetan Deer. Cervus affinis, Hodgs, Presented by Capt. M.H.S. Lloyd, H.M. 89th Regiment. 1 Golden-headed Parrakeet. Platycercus auriceps, Vig. Pur- chased. 1 Green-headed Tanager. Calliste tricolor (Gmel.). Purchased. 1 Sooty Monkey. Cercocebus fuliginosus, Geoff. Deposited. 1 Thick-billed Pigeon. Treron crassirostris, Fraser. Purchased. 1 Rhesus Monkey. Macacus erythreus (Schreb.). Presented by D. White, Esq. 1 Q Isabelline Antelope, Heleotragus isabellinus, Afz, On ap- roval. 2 Gent Egrets. Zgretta alba (Linn.), Purchased. 1 g Goosander. Mergus merganser, Linn. Purchased, 2 King Vultures. Gyparchus papa (Linn.), Presented by Josiah Booker, Esq. 3 Barbary Partridges. Caccabis rufa (Linn.). Presented by Mrs. Brooks. 2 Little Armadillos. Dasypus minutus, Desm. Purchased. 29, APPENDIX. 1 Porpoise. Phocena communis, Less, Received. . 1 Dingo. Canis dingo, Blumenb. Deposited. . 1 Booted Eagle. Aguila pennata (Gmel.). Presented by R.S. A. South, Esq. A Collection of Marine Animals. Purchased. . 1 Cereopsis Goose. Cereopsis nove-hollandie, Lath. Returned. . 1 Crested Curassow. Crax alector, Linn. Deposited. . 1 Toque Monkey. Macacus pileatus (Shaw). Presented by Miss Maria Laura Ronald. . 1 Ceram Lory. Lorius garrulus (Linn.). Deposited. 1 Undulated Grass-Parrakeet. Melopsittacus nove-hollandie (Shaw). Presented by Miss Boyle. 1 Grey Ichneumon. Herpestes griseus (Geoff.). Presented by C. E. Darley, Esq. . 1 Vulpine Phalanger. Phalangista vulpina (Shaw). , 2 Wart-Hogs. Phacocherus ethiopicus (Pall.). Deposited. 1 Wanderoo Monkey. Macacus silenus (Linn.). Presented by — Hellendaal, Esq. . LIguana. Iguana, sp. Presented by G. E. Bird, Esq. 1 Common Dormouse. Myoxus muscardinus (Linn.). Presented by N. L. Austin, Esq. . 1 Crested Guinea-fowl. Nwmida cristata, Pall. Purchased. 1 Great-billed Touracou, Corythaiz macrorhyncha, Fraser. Pur- chased. 1 Crested Guinea-fowl. Numida cristata, Pall. Deposited. 1g Gayal. Bos frontalis, Lambert. Presented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S. 6 Indian Buntings. wspiza, sp. Presented by the Babu Ra- jendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S. 1 ¢ Fallow Deer. Cervus dama, Linn, Purchased, Abrota ganga, 764. Jumna, 764. Acanthiza lineata, 461, 462, 464, 465 5. nana, 461, 462, 464. pusilla, 461, 462 , 464, 465. reguloides, 461, 462, 464, 465. Acanthochites seutiger, 188. Acanthopleura confossa, 512. nigropunctata, 511, Acanthorhynchus tenutrostris, 464. Acanthurus matoides, 29. Acanthylis albicollis, 609. bicolor, 613. brachyura, 611. caudacuta,607 608,614. cinereicauda, 611. collaris, 609. coracina, 614. fusca, 608. gigantea, 608, 614. leucopygialis, 614. nudipes, 608. oxyura, 611. pelasgia, 610. polioura, 611. rutila, 613. semicollaris, 609. spinicauda, 612, sylvatica, 614. vauxii, 611. Acar divaricata, 655. gradata, 655. laminata, 655, 697. sguamosa, 697. Accipiter equatorialis, 474. INDEX. Accipiter cruentus, 475. griseogularis, 474, hivgaster, 475. muelleri, 475. rufitorques, 474. Achatina calabarica, 832. lamarckiana, 232. panthera, 232. Acherontia satanas, 793. styx, 793. Achlyodes sura, 786. vasava, 786. Acmsa biradiata, 277. calamus, 186. conoidea, 186. fascicularis, 155, 277. floccata, 277. (? var.) filosa, 276. pelta, 155. scabrilirata, 154, 186. strigatella, 277. strigillata, 155. subrotundata, 277. subundulata, 155, 186. tenera, 277. vespertina, 277. Acridotheres tristis, 693, 836. Acronurus melanurus, 29. Actias menas, 818. selene, 817. Adamsia adelaide, 163. typica, 164. Adolias alpheda, 765. aphidas, 766. apiades, 766. balarama, 766, 812. cocytus, 766. Proc, Zoot, Soc.—1865, No, LVII. Adolias confinis, 764. confucius, 767. doubledayi, 498. durga, 766. epiona, 498. francie, 766. garuda, 498, 765. kesava, 766. lubentina, 766. nesimachus, 766. nicea, 766. phemius, 766. raja, 766. sahadeva, 766. sananda, 766. sedeva, 766. siva, 767. telchinia, 766. teuta, 766. AMgocera venulia, 795. J8tobatis nara: 317. Agaporn Sathana 237, 238. Agelena labyrinthica, 674. Akera soluta, 189. Alaba monile, 173. pagodula, 173. pulchra, 173. supralirata, 272. Alauda arborea, 836. Alausa melanura, 311, Albersia granulata, £10. najas, 411. zonulata, 410. ~ Alcedo bengalensis, 692. cristata, 96. ispida, 238, 874 Alcithoé kreuslere, 55, 165. pacifica, 165. Alcyonidium rubrum, 706. Aleyonium digitatum, 706, 707. exos, 70, ip glomeratum, 706, 707. palmatum, 700. rubrum, 706, 707. sanguineum, 707. Aletes centiquadrus, 98. Aliama indica, 528. Alope ocellifera, 807. semicincta, 805. Alphea folvohirta, 807. Alutarius levis, 313. Amalthea australis, 175. conica, 175, 183. Amathusia amythaon, 485. Ambassis commersonit, 12. dussumieri, 12. nalua, 12. Amblyopus ceculus, 29. hermannianus, 28. Amblypodia abseus, 774. amantes, 774. ameria, 774. areste, TTA. atrax, 774. camdeo, 775. centaurus, 775. chinensis, 774. eumolpus, 774. hypatada, 776. nakula, 775. substrigilis, 793. Ammonia levis, 157. Amoria exoptanda, 165. undulata, 165. Amphidromus contrarius, 412. interruptus, 412. macassariensis, 412. perversus, 412. INDEX. Amphidromus sinensis, 412. sinistralis, 412. Amphisbena alba, 448, 444, 447. americana,443,444,447. cinerea, 446. ceca, 449, 450. darwinti, 448, 444, 447, 448. elegans, 445. fuliginosa, 447. kingii, 450. leucura, 448. _ macrura, 448. oxyura, 446, petr@i, 443, 444, 447. punctata, 450, 452. rufus, 446. scutigerd, 454. vermicularis, 443, 448. violacea, 443, 448, vulgaris, 447. Amphithalamus obesus, 754. pupoideus, 754. Ampullacera fragilis, 189. Ampullarina fragilis, 189. Amydoma basalis, 821. pallida, 821. prasina, 821. Amydrus fulvipennis, 93. Anabas scandens, 31, 305. Anachis atomella, 516. gaskoini, 273. serrata, 273. teniata, 273. Anagnia subfascia, 796. Anahyster calabaricus, 130. Anapa cuneata, 648. triquetra, 648. Anarrhichas lupus, 325. Anas boschas, "753. — var. domestica, 837. sponsa, 325, Anastomus oscitans, 692. angast, 644. creccina, 644. gracilis, 644. Andraca bipunctata, 820. trilochoides, 820. Angulus amplectans, 279. decumbens, 278. Anodonta pulcherrima, 814. Anops bulis, 777. kingit, 444, 450. thetys, 777. Antherzea assama, 818. eucalyptt, 462. frithii, 818. helferi, 818. miranda, 818. paphia, 818. Antheua discalis, 815. Anthocharis daphalis, 491, 509. tone, 432. phlegyas, 431, Anthus australis, 690. japonicus, 618. spilonetta, 60. Anticyra approximata, 803. combusta, 815. Antilocapra americana, 60, 718. anteflexa, 721, 724. Antilope dama, 675. depressicornis, 677. - mhorr, 675. saiga, 262. Antirrhinum orontium, 494. Aonyx aurobrunnea, 131. horsfieldii, 130. indigitata, 131. inunguts, 130. lalandii, 129, 130. leptonyx, 130. Apatura ambica, 764, 765. parisatis, 765. parvata, 765. sordida, 765, 822. Aphanopus carbo, 435. Aphnzus etolus, 776. lohita, 776. syama, 776. Aphrodite superba, 484, Apona cashmirensis, 806. pallida, 806. rosea, 821 Aporia agathon, 489. soracta, 489. Aptenodytes Sorsteri, 438. Apterodytes pennantizi, 318. Arachnechthra asiatica, 664. insignis, 663. lotenia, 664. ca decussata, 196. grandis, 273. lima, 655. multicostata, 273. Arcopagia decussata, 647. Arctibeus 74, 76,81, 83 Jumaicensis, 65. perspicillata, 64, cto: nyx collaris, 138, 140, 680, 681. zsonyx, 138. taxoides, 138. dea atricollis, 89. bubuicus, 837. garzetta, 89. ad@, 837. minuta, 90. purpurea, 837. Ardeola leucoptera, 691, 694. Ar eas orientalis, 808. Arestha antica, 803. Argina argus, 799. astrea, 799. dulcis, '799. ringa, 799. Pee see argo, 196. nodosa, 156. INDEX. Argonauta oryzata, 156. tuberculata, 156. tuberculosa, 156. Argynnis childrens, 495, 762. hippomenes, 766, tssea, 495, 762. jainadeva, 495, 509. kamata, 495, 496. niphe, 495, 762. Aricia thersites, 170. jus celatus, 292. gagora, 291. netuma, 292, subrostratus, 293. oa pyrrhochroma, 803. Artamia rufa, 835. Artamus albiventer, 199. cinereus, 199. fuscus, 692. melanops, 198. sordidus, 199. Artaxa énconcisa, 806. varians, 806. caris ensicaudata, 325. Asio madagascariensis, 834. Aspidochelys livingstonit, 426, 428. Astacus caldwelli, 469, 470. Astrape apterygia, 317. Ate ee 732. belzebuth, 241, 733, 740. cucullatus, 733, 739. frontatus, 740. Susciceps, 733. grisescens, 732. paniscus, 732. subpentadactylus, 573. vellerosus, 733. Atella ~ egista, 762. phalanta, 495, 762. Athene perlata, 91, Atherina forskalii, 18, 32. Athyma ‘Dhue 763. cama, 764. 875 Athyma chevana, 763, 822. wnara, 764. Jina, 764, leucothoé, 497, 763 mahesa, 763. opalina, 497. selenophora, 764, subrata, 763. Attacus atlas, 818, cynthia, 819. edwardsii, 818, lunula, 819. ricini, 819. Atys alicula, 516. debilis, 516, succisa, 516, Auchenia huanaco, 262. pacos, 262. Aulacomya hirsuta, 652. menkeana, 653. rostrata, 653. Avicula meleagrina, 654. pulchella, 654. puncetulata, 654. radiata, 654. rutila, 654. scalpta, 654, nia obliqua, 655. radians, 655. Bagrus felineilten, 292. Baikia africana, 4438, 451. Baleena australis, 731. biscayensis, 42, maximus, 211. mysticetus, 207, 702, 704, Balenoptera australis, 195. musculus, 216, 730. patachonica, 190, 195. robusta, 41. feiss oe 703, 704, Shahi 725, Bankivia major, 182, purpurascens, 181, ‘varians, 181, Banksia serrata, 464. 876 Barangia nepalensis, 124. sumatrana, 123, 124. Barbatia alternata, 269. lima, 655. radula, 655. (Acar) laminata, 655, 697. Barilius bakeri, 305. Barnea australasie, 643, similis, 643. Barsine defecta, 797. nubifascia, 797. Basiana cervina, 793. superba, 793. Basileuterus bellvi, 283. bivittatus, 283, 285. brasiert, 282, 283, chrysogaster, 283, 284. chrysophrys, 283. cinereicollis, 283, 285. coronatus, 283, 284, 285, culicivorus, 282, 283. delattrii, 283, 284. leucoblepharus, 283, 285. mesochrysus, 284. mesoleucus, 283, 286. ruber, 282, rufifrons, 283, 284. semicervinus, 283, 286. stragulatus, 283, 285. uropygialis, 283, 286. vermivorus, 283. Batrachocephalus minor, 294. Batrachus grunniens, 29. trispinosus, 29, Bayonia velox, 402, Bdeogale nigripes, 402, Bela australis, 159. Belgoraxa subnotata, 819, Belone annulata, 309. cancila, 309. caudimaculata, 309. Benedenia knoxii, 224, 730, 731. Berardius arnouxtt, 529, INDEX. Bernicla brenta, 753. Bharetta cinnamomea, 820, 823. Biensis madagascariensis, 837. Bithinia gaillardoti, 545. hawadieriana, 545. hebreorum, 540. mogquiniana, 545. rubens, 541. sauleyi, 545, (Paludina) phialensis, 541. Bittium granarium, 171. lawleyanum, 171. turritella, 171. Bivonia contorta, 97. semisurrecta, 98. subtriquetra, 99. Bizone delicata, 798. divakara, 798, 823. fasciculata, 798. guttifera, 798. perornata, 798. Blanus cinereus, 443, 444, 446. rufus, 446. Bomb sive, 822, Borassus Jlabelliformis, 602. Borsonia corrugata, 516. (Clathurella) xebulosa, 516. Bos frontalis, 465. grunniens, 660, Bothridium laticeps, 59. pythonis, 59. (Solenophorus) arcua- tum, 58. Brachygramma jerdonii, 304. Brachypteracias leptosomus, 689. Brachyurus calvus, 586. Bregmaceros macclellandii, 287. Bronia brasiliana, 444, 448, 449. Brosimum alicastrum, 78. Bubalus depressicornis, 677. Bubo maculosus, 91. Buccinum acuminatum, 97. acutinodosum, 161. adelaidense, 162. alveolatum, 162. angasi, 162. australe, 175. ciliatum, 97. costatum, 161. dermestoides, 167. eburneum, 162. fasciatum, 162. filiceum, 162. humphreysianum, 97. labradorense, 97. tritonis, 175. Bucco africanus, 683. Buceros albirostris, 676. cavatus, 676. flavirostris, 87. limbatus, 87. rhinoceros, 676. Bucorax abyssinicus, 676. Buliminus catenatus, 232. kirkii, 232. Bulimus acutus, 536. attenuatus, 537, 588. auris, 831. benjamiticus, 545. carneus, 587. erystallinus, 412. decollatus, 536. fasciolatus, 536. — yar. eburnea, 536. halepensis, 537. incertus, 830, 831. juarezi, 832. labrosus, 537. pe ge get ‘ wpa, : 3 palais 537. spheroconus, 830, 831. swinhoei, 830, 831. syriacus, 537. tenutlabris, 831. uri@, 537. (Chondrus) Jamellife- rus, 045. (——) xucifragus, 538 (=) ovularis, 538, (——) sauley?, 538, Bulimus (Chondrus) septemden- tatus, 538. ( ) tricuspis, 538. Bulla angasi, 189. australis, 188. brevis, 188. ceylanica, 189. cymbalum, 188. eumicra, 188. flexilis, 189. soluta, 189. Buphaga africana, 94. Burmeisteria retusa, 381. Buserinus albigularis, 95. Butorides Javanicus, 692. Cacatua rosacea, 227. sulphurea, 227. Caccabis punctata, 444, 450. Cadphises maculata, 801, 823. Cecilianella tumulorum, 540. — var. judaica, 540. Czequosa triangularis, 462. Calidris arenaria, 95. Calinaga buddha, 758. Callia wallacez, 414. Callidryas alemeone, 493, 760. bracteolata, 458. hilaria, at ee hilippina, 493, 760. Sarath 493, 759. Callidula petavia, 796. Calliope kamtschatkensis, 695. Calliostoma eximium, 279. lima, 279. (? , var.) equiscul- pta, 279. versicolor, 279. Callithrix personatus, 539, 584, 586. INDEX. Callochiton pulchellus, 276. Callotus monteiri, 60. Calobates sulphurea, 694. Calycia erystallina, 412. Camelus bactrianus, 257, 258. dromedarius, 258. Camena ctesia, 775. Campylopterus inornatus, 466. Cancellaria excavata, 171. granosa, 171. spirata, 171. undulata, 171. Candyba punctata, 819. Canerkes euschemoides, §&02, Canirallus kioloides, 856. Canis adustus, 400. dingo, 573, 579. occidentalis, 574. Canthiridus decoratus, 180. rubiginosa, 196. variegatus, 181. Capila jgayadeva, 785, §23. Capparis sepiaria, 491, 759. Caprimulgus jotaka, 618. madagascariensis, 834. Capulus danieli, 175. subfuscus, 175. Caragana versicolor, 489. Caranx armatus, 25, atropus, 23, ciliaris, 25. gallus, 25. hippos, 23. kurra, 24. melanostcthos, 23. rottleri, 22. speciosus, 25. xanthurus, 24. Cardita crassicostata, 652. tridacnoides, 652. Cardiun cygnorum, 691. tenuicostatum, 651 (Trachycardium) cyg- norum, 691, Casmaria paucirugis, 168. Cassis Jimbriata, 168. paucirugis, 168. semigranosa, 168. Castabala roseata, 799. Castalia chandra, 765. dichroa, 497. Cathartes atratus, 676. aura, 675. Cathartocarpus Jistula, 493. Catinus zonalis, 167. Catocala longipennis, 799. Catodon australis, 439. krefftii, 439, 440, 441. macrocephalus, 439. (Meganeuron) Areffii?, 440. Catopra malabarica, 30. Cebus albifrons, 826. annellatus, 827. apella, 825. capillatus, 827. capucinus, 826, 827. chrysopus, 827. cirrifer, 825, 826. elegans, 826. Jlavescens, 825, 826. gracilis, 827. hypoleucus, 826. leucocephalus, 825, 827. leucogenys, 825. monachus, 826. pallidus, 826. robustus, 827. subcristatus, 827. vellcrosus, 825, 826. zanthocephalus,825,826 Celeia auritracta, 811. plusiata, 811. Cellepora areolata, 269. Centropus superciliosus, 91. tolu, 834. 878 Cephalopeltis cuviert, 454. lepidosterna, 444. lepidosternon, 454, scutigera, 454, Cephalophus altifrons, 205, 206. coronatus, 205, 206. grimmius, 205, 206. longiceps, 204, 205, 206. natalensis, 205. ocularis, 205. ogilbyi, 205. Filan 206. sylvicultrix, 204, 205, Cercocebus . aethiops, 742, 743. albigena, 741, 745. fuliginosus, 742, 743. Cercoleptes caudivolvulus, 680. Cercopithecus albogularis, 556, 569, 573, 576. ruber, 549, 568. sabeus, 43. samango, 400. Ceriornis satyra, 256. Certhia ?, 618. Cerithidea rhizoporarum, 197. Cerithiopsis assimilata, 281. bimarginata, 281. intercalaris, 281. Cerithium bifasciatum, 197. bornii, 197. carbonarium, 197. granarium, 171. monachus, 171, turritella, 171. Certhilauda semitorquata, 94, Cerura damodara, 812. liturata, 812. prasana, 812, Cervus axis, 2. canadensis, 618. — occidentalis, 618. — verus, 618. gymnotis, 677. hortulorum, 1. mantchuricus, 1, pseudaxis, 1, sika, 1, 2. swinhoii, 678. INDEX, | Cervus taévanus, 2, 677. taivanus, 1, 510. Ceryle rudis, 692. Cethosia biblis, 762. cyane, 762. Cetonia flammula, 729,730. Cherocampa alecto, 794. bisecta, 794. celerio, 794. clotho, 794. lineosa, 794. lucasi, 794. lycetus, T94. thyelia, 794. Chezetodon pretextatus, 16. Cheetopleura conspersa, 187. Cheetura ?, 61h australis, 607. bicolor, 613. biscutata, 609. brunneitorques, 613. cassini, 613. caudacuta, 607. cinereiventris, 612, 6138. coracina, 614. gigantea, 608. — var. celebensis, 608. hartlaubi, 613. macroptera, 607. nudipes, 608. pelasgia, 610, 611. poliura, 611. rutila, 613. sabinei, 613. sabini, 613. semicollaris, 609. spinicauda, 612. sylvatica, 614, vauxiz, 611. zonaris, 594, 596, 609. Chalcites lucidus, 460, 462, 464. Chaleosia corusca, 801. pectinicornis, 801. zuleika, 801. Chama albida, 644. cristella, 651. fragum, 651. Chamzeleon bifurcus, 837. dilepis, 228. lateralis, 469. Chamelea aphrodina, 648. conularis, 649. peront, 649. scalarina, 649. strigosa, 649, Chamostrea albida, 644. geoffroyt, 95. Charaxes @son, 636. affinis, 636, 639. amelie, 630. amycus, 636. anticlea, 627. argynnides, 637. athamas, 632, 634. baya, 636, 637, 639. berenice, 637. bernardus, 636. bohemant, 680. boueti, 628. brutus, 625. — var., 625. cacuthis, 629. calydonia, 638. candiope, 628. caphontis, 632. castor, 625. citheron, 631. cognatus, O34. concha, 635. cynthia, 626, 639. delphis, 635. dolon, 635. ephyra, 629. epijasius, 623. eteocles, 629, etesipe, 629. ethalion, 627. etheta, 629. eudamippus, 639. eudoxus, 626. eupale, 638. euryalus, 631, fabius, 628. galaxia, 633, 639. hebe, 634, 639. horatius, 627. zocaste, 628. jahlusa, 637. Jason, 623. kadunii, 633. lampedo, 628. latona, 631, 639. lucretius, 626. marmax, 636. miltiades, 639. Charaxes mycerina, 638, narceus, 635. neanthes, 638. nesiope, 639. nitebis, 635. numenes, 630. pelias, 624. phebus, 625, 639. - phraortes, 625. pollux, 623, 625. protoclea, 627. ‘psaphon, 636, 637. pyrrhus, 632. . rayi, 639. saturnus, 624, 639, schreiberi, 633. sempronius, 633. smaragdalis, 630, 639. solon, 628. thersander, 639. thieste, 631. tiridates, 629, 680. tyrteus, 633. viola, 627, 639. wiphares, 631, zoolina, 638. Chatoessus altus, 313. chacunda, 313. una, derbiana, 676. nigricollis, 676. Chelidon urbica, 603. Cheloniscus gigas, 375, Chelura bifasciata, 800. Chelyconus anemone, 169. nove-hollandia, 169. Chilonyeteris ?, 68. grisea, 78. osburni, 68. quadridens, 78. Chiloscyllium - plagiosum, 316. Chione - (Chamelea) aphrodina, 648. ( ) conularis, 649. (——-) peroni, 649. (——) scalarina, 649. ( ) strigosa, 649, (Circomphalus) alta, 648 (——) laméllata, 648. ( ) tiara, 648. (Marcia) faba, 649. INDEX. Chione (Timoclea) australis, . 648, Chirocentrus dorab, 4, 310. Chirotes caniculatus, 444, 446, lumbricoides, 443, 446 Chiton ctliatus, 187. clathratus, 276. dispar, 274, 275. Sruticosus, 187. longicymba, 187. petholatus, 187. striatosguamosus, 511. tulipa, 186. virescens, 511. (Lophyrus) perviridis, 511. ( ) stokesti, 275. Chitonellus gunni, 188. Chlamydophorus truncatus, 381, 382. Chlamyphorus retusa, 382. truncatus, 381. Chlamys bifrons, 656. Chlorostilbon phaéthon, 467. Chlorostoma argyrostoma, 196, Sunebrale, 196. Chondrus lamelliferus, 545. nucifragus, 538. ovularis, 538. sauleyt, 538. septemdentatus, 538, tricuspis, 538. Chorinemus lysan, 25. sancti-petri, 25, tala, 25. Chrysochloris albirostris, 679. aurata, 679. damariensis, 679, holosericea, 679. hottentotta, 679. obtustrostris, 679. rubra, 679. rutilans, 679, villosus, 679. Chrysocoocyx auratus, 94. Chrysophanus kasyapa, 506, 509. 879 Chrysophanus pavana, 506. timeus, 506. Chrysophrys calamara, 14, 16. hasta, 16. sarba, 16. Chrysotis augusta, 437. Chthonicola minima, 465. Cicigna ornata, 469. Cinclus aquaticus, 49. Cingula paupercula, 272. Cingulina circinata, 169. spina, 169. Circe gibbosa, 196. minima, 460. rivularis, 650. Circomphalus alta, 648. lamellatus, 648. Circus assimilis, 824. maillardi, 823, 824. wolfi, 823, 824. Cirrochroa aoris, 762. Cispia punetifascia, 796. venosa, 796. Cisticola madagascariensis, 835. Cithara costulifera, 516. garrettit, 516. varia, 516. Clanculus conspersus, 178. gibbosus, 178. maculosus, 179. nodo-liratus, 179. rubens, 178. undatus, 178, unedo, 197. variegatus, 178, yatesi, 178, Clathurella lallemantiana, 160. nebulosa, 516. spurea, 159, Clausilia albersi, 539. boissiert, 539. delesserti, 539. ehrenbergii, 545. 880 Clausilia genezerethana, 539. medlycotti, 540, mesta, 539. saulcyt, 539. sheridani, 830. strangulata, 539. swinhoet, 830, 831. Cleidothzrus chamoides, 644, Cleosiris catamita, 796. Clymene doris, 738. punctata, 738. Cnemiornis calcitrans, 438. Cnethocampa curvata, 811. Cobitis vubripinnis, 294. Coccystes melanoleucos, 693. Cochlolepas foliacea, 175. Cocos nucifera, 605. Ceeliaxis layardi, 54. Coilia reynaldi, 313. Coleopeltis cuviert, 454, Colias edusa, 496. — var., 760. —var.myrmidone, 492. Jieldit, ‘760. hyale, 492. neriene, 492, shipkee, 492, 509. vauthicri, 492, Collocalia —— ?, 602. esculenta, 595, 615. francica, 595. Suciphaga, 616. — var. cinerea, 616. — var. francica, 616. — var. leucophea, 616. leucopygia, 616. linchi, 616. nidifica, 595. spodiopygia, 616. troglodytes, 616. Colobus guereza, 740, 744, 745, 746. polycomus, 744. satanas, 549, 568. temminckii, 549, 744. INDEX. Colobus ursinus, 741, 745. vellerosus, 582, 746. Columba gymnophthalma, 239. maculosa, 239. palumbus, 239, Columbella —— ?, 516. araneosa, 516. australis, 166, 516. decolor, 516. dermestoides, 167. jflammea, 516. humerosa, 281. infumata, 166. tnterrupta, 56, 167. lincolnensis, 166. lineolata, 516. menkeana, 166. enas, 239. pardalina, 197. pellucida, 516. sagitta, 517. semiconvexa, 166. teniata, 273, 516. virginea, 516, yorkensis, 166, (Mitrella) australis, 166. (——)dermestoides, 167. (——) tnfumata, 166. ( (——) menkeana, 166. ( ( ) yorkensis, 166. Colymbus glacialis, 326. Cominella adelaidensis, 162. alveolata, 162. angasi, 162, costata, 161. eburnea, var., 162. Jjilicea, 162. suturalis, 162. Conepatus amazonicus, 146, chilensis, 146. humboldtii, 146. nasutus, 145. yar. 1. nasuta, 145. 2. humboldtii, 146. 3. chilensis, 146. 4. lichtensteinii, 147, Conus cancellatus, 518, collisus, 518. ) interrupta, 167. (——) lincolnensis, 166. ) semiconvexa, 166. Conus flavidus, 197. Susiformis, 516. marginatus, 518, minimus, 197. multicatenatus, 519. pusilla, 516. sagittatus, 518, 519, straturatus, 518, 519. subcarinatus, 518, 519. textilis, 197. voluminalis, 518, (Chelyconus) anemone, 169 (——) nove-hollandie, 169. (Stephanoconus) ruti- lus, 169 Copsychus pnts 692. Coracias garrula, 834. Coracopsis vasa, 834. Coralliobia sculptilis, 513. Corasia conformis, 412. Corbicula jluminea, 196. Cordia collococca, 65, 81, 88. Cordylosaurus subtessellatus, 641. trivigatus, 641, Corvus scapulatus, 90. Corydalla rufula, 692, 693. Corythaix livingstonii, 92. Corythornis vintsioides, 834. Cossus cadambe, 822. ligniperda, 822. Cottus gobio, 51. ~ Coturnix communis, 694. Coua cerulea, 834. Crassatella castanea, 156, 652. cuneata, 648, Crassispira harpularia, 159. Crateropus gymnogenys, 86, 93. Crayracion cochinensis, 314. Crayracion fluviatilis, 314. testudineus, 314. Creatonotus emittens, 808. interrupta, 808. Crenella pauluccie, 653. (Modiolaria) cumin- giana, 653. Crepidula tmmersa, 57, 174. Crex pratensis, 196. Cricula drepanoides, 817. trifenestrata, 817. Crocidura equatorialis, 402. Crossopus fodiens, 519. remifer, 521. Crypta (Ianachus) ¢mmersa, 174. Cryptoplax poms 188. Cryptopus pie 426, 427. senegalensis, 423, 427. Cryptothelea consorta, 807. Cuculus afer, 683. cineraceus, 463, 464, 465 GF discolor, 683. énornatus, 462, 468, 465, rubecula, 92. Cuneus galactites, 650. Cursorius bicinctus, 87. bisignatus, 87, 90. Cyanecula suecica, 695. Cyanops S aitba, 691. Cybium commersonit, 21, guttatum, 21. Cycladella papyracea, 270, clanorbis frenata, 428. petersit, 425. Cyclanosteus frenatus, 428. petersii, 423, 425, 427, senegalensis, 422, 423, 427, INDEX. Cyclas cumingii, 651. Cyclina chinensis, 196. Cyclocheilichthys pinnauratus, 3800. Cycloderma Frenatum, 426, 428. Cyclophorus ree rie aquila, 413. borneensis, 413. tuba, 413. Cyclopterus lumpus, 325, Cyclosia midama, 799. papilionaris, 799. sanguiflua, 799. venusta, 799. Cyclostoma elegans, 545. oliviert, 540, Cyclostomus caleareus, 233. Cyclothurus didactylus, 385. dorsalis, 385. Cyclotus guttatus, 413. Cygnus bewickit, 752. falconeri, 752. ferus, 752. musicus, 752. olor, 752. Cylindrobulla Jischert, 189. Cyllo aswa, 769. banksia, 769. bela, 769. leda, 769. suradeva, 770. vamana, 769. Cynisca leucura, hee 448, Cynocephalus ahs San 558, 576. mormon, 549. porcarius, 588,561,582. sphinx, 582. Cynogale velox, 402. Cynthia arsinoé, 762. ornis eas 476, rufigula, 476. Cyprea — ?, 197. 881 Cypreea angustata, 170. bicolor, 170. candida, 515. caput-serpentis, 197. cicercula, 197. compton, 170. eglantina, 197. Aisnequdilaes 515. goodallit, 515. helvola, 197. nucleus, 197. piperita, 170. thersites, 170. vitellus, 197. Cypseloides borealis, 615. Sumigatus, 615. niger, 615. senex, 614, Cypselus JE > 600 abessynicus, 603, 604. abyssinicus, 601. acutus, 612. equatorialis, 598. affinis, 602, 603. alpinus, 598. ambrosiacus, 601, 602. andicola, 606. apus, 95, 593, 594, 598, 599, 600, 601. aterrimus, 599, australis, 599. barbatus, 599. batassiensis, 602. biscutata, 609. borealis, 615. caffer, 600, 601. cayanensis, 607. collaris, 609. comatus, 617. coracinus, 614. fumigatus, 614, 615. galileensis, 604. giganteus, 608. infumatus, 602. tradii, 604. leuconotus, 608. leuconyx, 600. leucopygialis, 603. leucorrhous, 601, 603. marginipennis, 605. melanoleucus, 607. melba, 598. montanus, 603, montivagus, 606. murarius, 598, mystaceus, 616, niger, 615. nipalensis, 603. 882. Cypselus pacificus, 599, 600. palmarum, 602. parvus, 601, 602. pelasgius, 611. phenicobius, 604, poliourus, 611. pygargus, 600. rueppellit, 598. senex, 614. spinicaudus, 612, 613. squamatus, 605, 612. subfurcatus, 602, 603. unicolor, 600. vaucrit, 611. vittatus, 599. Cyrena astartina, 234. cor, 548. erassula, 545. fluviatilis, 543. Cyrestis achates, 481. cocles, 483. menalis, 482. nivea, 482. risa, 762. sericeus, 482. thyodamas, 496, 762. thyodamus, 762. Cythara bella, 160. compta, 160. Cytherea rivularis, 650. Dalophia welwitschit,443,454,455. Damata longipennis, 811. Danais aglea, 760. chrysippus, 494, 498, 761. flexippus, 761. hegesippus, 761. inuncta, 481. limniace, 494, '760. melaneus, 760. melissa, 494, 760. enone, 433. plexippus, 494. tytia, 494, 761. Daphnella bella, 516. Daphnis nerit, 794. Darapsa bhaga, 794. Darina dechivis, 203. INDEX. Darpa hanria, 781, 823. Dasyatis micrura, 317. Dasychira antica, 803. bhana, 804. complicata, 804. flavimacula, 804. tlita, 803. tenebrosa, 804. Dasypus apar, 380. conurus, 381. duodecimeinctus, 378. encoubert, 375. Senestratus, 372. giganteus, 374, gigas, 374. gilvipes, 375. gymnurus, 378. hispidus, 373, 378. hybridus, 373. kappleri, 373. longicaudus, 372. minutus, 377. multicincta, 378. niger, 372. novemcinctus, 370, 72. — yar. mexicana, 372. octocinctus, 371. octodecimeinctus, 375. patagonicus, 377. peba, 372. pentadactylus, 372. punctatus, 374. septemcinctus, 371, 373. setosus, 375. sexcinctus, 370,375,376, 81. tatouay, 378. tricinctus, 370, 880. unicinctus, 370, 378. uroceras, 372. vellerosus, 376, 378. villosus, 375, 376, 377, 381. arenurus, 378. (Euphractus) minutus, 377 ) villosus, 376. (Praopus) hybridus, 373 (——) longicaudatus, 372. ) peba, 373. (Tatusia) hybridus, 373. (——) minuta, 377. (——) peba, 372. (——) tricinctus, 380. Dasypus : (Tatusia) villosus, 376. (Tolypeutes) conurus, 380. Datura arborea, 70. Daudebardia syriaca, 545. Debis chandica, 768. europa, 498, 767. isana, 768. mekara, 768. neilgherriensis, 767. nicetas, 768. rohria, 498, 768. sidonis, 768. verma, 498, 767. visrava, 768, 822. Delphinula australis, 178, siderea, 178. Delphinus delphis, 736. doris, 522. euphrosyne, 522, eurynome, 195. microps, 195. micropterus, 524. moorit, 736, 737. obscurus, 522. walkert, 737. Demipus anatinus, 385. Dendrochelidon comata, 617. coronata, 617. klecho, 616. mystacea, 596, 616. schisticolor, 617. ; wallacii, 595, 596, 616. Dendrocitta ; rufa, 691, 692. Dendrocygna awsuree, 694A. major, 837. viduata, 837. Dendrolagus inustus, 676. ercas . verhuelli, 760. Dermatocera vitrea, 414. Desmodus rufus, 386, 387,388,389. Deudorix . epijarbas, 774. ésocrates, 774. melampus, 774. nissa, 774. perse, 774. Deudorix timoleon, 774. Diadema auge, 763. bolina, 762. — var. inaria, 762. Diagramma affine, 14. nigrum, 14, 16. Diala ; lauta, 173. paupercula, 272. rufilabris, 174. suturalis, 173. Dicrotus armatus, 436, 437. Dicrurus forficatus, 835. leucops, 478. macrocercus, 692, 693. musicus, 93. pectoralis, 478, Didunculus strigirostris, 256. Didus ineptus, 199, 201, 732. nazarenus, 199,201,716. solitarius, 716, 718. Digama hearseyana, 796. Diloma odontis, 182. Dilophus carunculatus, 98. Dinaria. lineolata, 815. Dinornis casuarinus, 749, 750. crassus, 751. curtus, 751. didiformis, 750, 751. dromoides, 751. elephantopus, 750. giganteus, 749, 791. ingens, 617, 750, 751. — yar. robustus, 751. robustus, 265, 750. struthioides, 750, 751. Dioplodon sechellensis, 529. Diprotodon australis, 851. Dipsas colubrina, 469. lycenoides, 774. odata, 507. syla, 508, 774. Discina cumingit, 275. Discophora celinde, 767. INDEX. Discophora tullia, 767. zal, 767. Dispharagus crassicauda, 326. Distoma incisum, 325. Dodona durga, 503. egeon, 503, 508, 771. ouida, 771. Doleschallia bisaltide, 767. Donacilla elongata, 647. obtusa, 648. precisa, 647. Donax deltoides, 647. epidermia, 647. levigata, 647. Doreasia argillacea, 408. compta, 408, 414. fodiens, 408. occulta, 408. Dosinia diana, 650. Doxocopa epilais, 636. Dreata citrina, 806. mutans, 806. undata, 806. undifera, 806. Drepana duplexa, 816, 823. patrana, 816. sadana, 817. vira, 817. Drepane punctata, 16. Drillia eburned, 280. (Crassispira) harpu- laria, 159. Drymececa Lanegan 47. thoracica, 48. Drymonia ee 811. Dryoscopus guitatus, 86, 93. Dussumieria acuta, 309, 313. Echeneis naucrates, 22. Echidna aculeata, 386. australiensis, 386. 883 Echidna brevicaudata, 386. hystrix, 386. longicaudata, 386. setosa, 386. Echinoprocta rufescens, 321, 322. Echinorhynchus polymorphus, 326. Ectopistes migratorius, 239. Eglisia macandree, 753. nigra, 22. Elanoides FSurcatus, 256. Elanus scriptus, 466. Elenchus apicinus, 181. badius, 180. bellulus, 181. irisodontes, 181. leucostigma, var., 181. lineatus, 180. virgulatus, 181. Eleotris butis, 28. fusca, 28. Elephas africanus, 676. antiquus, 510. falconeri, 511. melitensis, 510. Ellisia typica, 835. Elops saurus, 310. Emarginula australis, 185. candida, 185. parmophoridea, 185. rugosa, 185 (Hemitoma) australis, 185. ( ) rugosa, 185. Emberiza personata, 618. variabilis, 618. Emesis senegalensis, 427. Engina funforada 513. ovata, 513. Engraulis auratus, 312, 884 Engraulis brownii, 309, 311. dussumiert, 311. malabaricus, 311. Enhydra marina, 136. dris gracilis, 1286. lutris, 186. marina, 136. stelleri, 136. Enicurus guttatus, 664, 665. leschenaulti, 665. maculatus, 664, 665. sinensis, 665. Enispe cuthymius, 767. Ennea levigata, 232. Enope pulaha, 499. Epeira callophylla, 674. Ephippus orbis, 16. Epicopeia Tapkilad. 800. philenora, 800. philoxenea, 799. varuned, 799. Epidromus antiquatus, 517. Epinephile cheena, 501, 509. davendra, 502, 509. eudora, 502. janira, 501. Epiodon desmarestii, 528. Epomophorus gambianus, 400, Equula daura, 26. edentula, 26. insidiatria, 26. Equus burchelli, 419, 422. chapmanni, 417, 422. montanus, aie 419. wagga, 419. pre 417. Erasmia pulchella, 800. Erebia annada, 500. kalinda, 501, 509, nirmala, 501. scanda, 500, 501. Erethizon dorsatus, 322, INDEX, | Erethizon epixanthus, 322. (Echinoprocta)rufescens, 821. Ergolis ariadne, 762. Eribxa athamis, 634. brutus, 625. etheoclessa, 629. euryale, 631. lampedo, 628. lucretia, 626. pelopia, 624. pyrrhichia, 632. thiestessa, 631. unedonis, 623, Ericulus nigrescens, 833. Erismatura leuconota, 89. Eronia avatar, 760. valeria, 760. Erythreenas pulcherrima, 318. Eschrichtius robustus, 42, 43. Estigena pardale, 820, Estrelda astrild, 95. Eterusia edea, 801. circinata, 801. edocla, 801. ferrea, 801. scintillans, 801. sexpunctata, 801. shahama, 801. sublutea, 801. Ethope (olim Theope) hima- chala, 770. Etroplus maculatus, 40, 294, suratensis, 39. Eubalena antipodarum, 731. Euchelus baccatus, 179. Eudynamys rentals, 693. Eugenia gambos, 65, 78. Eulima augur, 56, 169. falcata, 280. pyramidalis, 515. subpellucida, 615. Eumeles ankuma, 140. Euphractus minutus, 376, 377. villosus, 376. Euphysetes rays 529, 708, 710, macleayi, 713. simus, 511. Euplocamus prelatus, 256. swinhoti, 677. Eupleea core, 493, 761. deione, 761. doubledayi, 761. midamus, 494, 761. rhadamanthus, 761, Eupodotis picturata, 88. Euproctis antica, var. 6, 807. atomaria, 806. divisa, 806. lutescens, 806. melanophila, 806. partita, 806. rand, 806. virguneula, 806. Euripus haliartus, 763. halitherses, 763. tsa, 763. nyctelius, 763. Eurocephalus anguitimens, 93. Euryta pulchella, 169. Euschema militaris, 803. Eusemia adulatrix, 795. bellatrix, 795. dentatriz, 795. maculatrix, 795. transiens, 795. victrix, 795. Euthlypis lacrymosa, 286. Eutropia angasi, 177. nivosa, var., 177. reticulata, 176. sanguinea, 176. tritonis, 175, 176. venosa, 176, ventricosa, 176. zebra 176 Falco ¢slandicus, var. giren- landicus, 98. Fasciolaria coronata, 164. Susiformis, 164. princeps, 97. trapezium, 197. Felis ?, 400. caligata, 400. (Cynzlurus) guttata, 400 Fiber zibethicus, 682. Filaria capsularis, 325, Fissurella alba, 269. concatenata, 184, granifera, 516. nigrita, 184. omicron, 184. Fistularia serrata, 37. Flacourtia cataphracta, 813. Feetorius lutreola, 117. Foudia erythrocephala, 47, flavicans, 47. madagascariensis, 47,48 Francolinus ——? 666. adansoni,.666. adspersus, 666. afer, 666. ahantensis, 666. albigularis, 666. albiscapus, 666. bicalcaratus, 666. capensis, 666. clamator, 666. clappertoni, 666. eranchi, 666. erkelii, 666, 667. gariepensis, 91, 666. grantiz, 665, 666. gutturalis, 666, 667. humboldtii, 666. icteropus, 666. icterorhynchus, 666, lathami, 666. levaillantii, 666. natalensis, 666. nudicollis, 666. peli, 666. pileatus, 665, 666. rubricollis, 666. rueppelli, 666, INDEX, Francolinus schlegelii, 666. subtorquatus, 666. swainsoni, 666. vulgaris, 666. Fringilla montifringilla, 618. Fuligula clangula, 618. histrionica, 618. Fulix affinis, 256. Fusus adustus, 159. crebriliratus, 158. dilatatus, 159. lincolnensis, 159. marmoratus, 159, — var., 158. pyrulatus, 158. tasmaniensis, 159. ustulatus, 158. (Neptunea) dilatatus, 159. (——) tasmaniensis, 159 (Tritonidea) “incolnen- sts, 159. Galago allenit, 550,568,577,579 crassicaudata, 60, 61. monteir?, 60, 61, 401. (Hemigalago) demidof- Jit, 590. (Otolienus) adlenzi, 590. Gale africana, 120. fusca, 111. leucogenis, 115. Galea subfusea, 121. Galera barbata, 121. — var. peruana, 122, Galictis allamandii, 122. barbara, 121. — var., 122. vittata, 122. Gallinago ?, 618. bernieri, 837. scolopacina, 692. stenura, 692, 693. Gallinula chloropus, 88, 90. Gangarides dharma, 821. rosea, 821. Ganisa plana, 807. 885 Garra malabarica, 297. Gastropacha cashmirensis, 806. Gazella dorcas, 328. Gena auricula, 183. Genusa circumdata, 803. Genyoroge ceruleopunctata, 8. notata, 8. Geothlypis leucoblephara, 285. stragulata, 285, Geotrochus blanfordi, 412, 415. gaberti, 412. gaertnerianus, 411, Sérussaci, 412. pileolus, 412. pileus, 411. rhynchostoma, 412. turris, 411, 415. waigiouensis, 415, Geotrygon sylvatica, 239. Gerres Jilamentosus, 39. punctatus, 39. Gerrhosaurus bibronit, 642. bifasciatus, 642. favigularis, 642. lincatus, 469, 642. pallidus, 642. robustus, 227, 228, sepiformis, 642. subtessellatus, 641. tessellatus, 642. typicus, 642. Gerygone chloronota, 475. neglecta, 475. palpebrosa, 475. Gibbula preissiand, 182. Glandina liesvillet, 545. (Czcilianella) tumulo- rum, var. judaica, 540. Glyphidodon cochinensis, 38. Glyphis Fenestrata, 516. granifera, 516, Jukesi, 184, Gobius acutipennis, 27. 886 Gobius giuris, 27. malabaricus, 27. viridipunctatus, 27. Gonepteryx gobrias, 432. nipalensis, 493. urania, 458. verhuelti, 433. zaneka, 493, 509. Goniloba badra, 778. chromus, 777. gopala, 780. menaka, 778. pralaya, 779. ravt, 779. sambara, 781. senda, 778. Gordius aquaticus, 51. Gouldia australis, 459. Goura coronata, 239. victoria, 239. Graculus Javanicus, 692. Grampus cuviert, 357, 522. griseus, 523. richardson, 522, 523. rissot, 523. Grisonia vittata, 122. Grotea elegans, 797, 523. Gulo arcticus, 121. barbatus, 121. borealis, 120. canescens, 121. capensis, 144. castaneus, 108. Serrugineus, 108. leucurus, 121. Zuscus, 120, 121. nipalensis, 153. orientalis, 153. quitensis, 146, sibiricus, 121. vittatus, 122. vulgaris, 120. wolverene, 120. Gymnopus Scena 120. kathiah, 119. leucocephalus, 119. strigidorsus, 119. Gypaétus barbatus, 675. INDEX. Gyparchus papa, 675. Gypohierax angolensis, 675. yps dina 675. rueppellii, 675. Hematornis bacha, 466. bido, 466. elgini, 466. Heemopis sanguisuga, 659. Haleyon leucocephalus, 692. semicerulea, 88, 94. senegalensis, 94. Haliaétus albicilla, 731. leucocephalus, 731. Haliastur indus, 693. Haliichthys teniophorus, 327. Haliotis albicans, 183. australis, 183. canaliculata, 184. coccoradiata, 183. corrugata, 99. diversicolor, 196. elegans, 184. emme, 184. excavata, 175, 183. nevosa, 183. parva, 184, ruber, 183. rugoso-plicata, 183, tricostalis, 184. Haminea brevis, 188. cymbalum, 188. Hanleya variabilis, 188. Hapale aurita, 587, 734. auritus, 577. humeralifer, 734. zacchus, 734. melanura, 734. midas, 559, 568, 577, 587. edipus, 577, 587. pygmed, 734. Harelda glacialis, 618. Harpula lyreformis, 164. Hartlaubia madagascariensis, 836. Hebomoia oe glauctppe, 759. ribet! hemina, 765. Helicarion ide, 405. Helicina albocincta, 414. aruana, 414. electrina, 414. Heliconia melpomene, 433. vulcanus, 433. Helictis moschata, 152, 153, nepaulensis, 153. nipalensis, 152, 153. orientalis, 152, 153. subaurantiaca, 158. Heliomaster angele, 466, ix He 7; 19% equata, 532. apicina, 533. arabica, 534. arenosa, 545. aridorum, 695. aspera, 535. assimilans, 696. bacea, 829, 831. berytensis, 533. boissiert, 584. cesareana, 535. cespitum, 533. camelina, §32. campestris, 533. candidissima, 534, — var. hierochuntina, 534, caperata, 533. cariosa, 584. — var. amphicyrta, 534. — var. crassocarina, . 584, 535. — var. nazarensis, 534, carmelita, 532. cavata, 535, 5386. cellaria, 581, 582. conspurcata, 532. crispulata, 545, despreauxit, 534, engaddensis, 536, erdelit, 532. Jigulina, 536. Sjilia, 584. Jimbriata, 534. Alavida, 532. flosculus, 695. Sormosensis, 829, 831. Sranklandiensis, 696. Helix genezerethana, 545. gilberti, 696. granti, 828, 831. grayz, 696. greenhilli, 696. hedenborgi, 533. hierochuntina, 533. hierosolymitana, 582, emprobata, 545. jebusitica, 532. Joppensis, 545. juloidea, 697. langloisiana, 533. ledereri, 534. lenticula, 533. ligata, 536. lithophaga, 535. luhuana, 197. mackenzii, 197. maritima, 533. masade, 535. melanostoma, 197. mellea, 829, 831. mosambicensis, 232. nautiloides, 696. neglecta, 545. nitellina, 531. nummus, 533, 545, obstructa, 545. olivier, 532. pachya, 536. partita, 532. phryne, 415. pisana, 533. prasinata, 535. pratensis, 545, prophetarum, 534. protea, 533. ptychomphala, 696. pulchella, 532. redfieldit, 197. sancta, 531. seetzent, 534. sericulata, 697. shermani, 828, 831. similaris, 197. simulata, 545, solida, 536. solitudinis, 533. splendescens, 696. spiriplana, 535. stramineus, 177. strangei, 696. strangeoides, 696. swinhoe?, 829, 831. swinhoti, 197. syriaca, 532. tuberculosa, 534. turbinata, 533. urarensis, 696. INDEX. Helix variabilis, 533. vermiculata, 536. vesta, 828, 831. vestalis, 534. (Dorcasia) compta, 414, 416. (Cfeopoobin blanfordi, 415, 416. (——) turris, 415, 416. (——) waigiouensis, 415, 416 (Planispira) aspasia, 415, 416. Hemidactylus capensis, 642. Hemigalago demidoffii, 590. Hemiplecta bella, 407. cidaris, 406. circumpicta, 407. coffee, 407. dura, 406. humphreysiana, 406. naninoides, 406. nemorensis, 407. peaseana, 406. rareguttata, 407. schumacheriana, 406. sulphurea, 407. Hemiprocne albicincta, 610. collaris, 609. fumigata, 615. pelasgia, 610. temminckii, 614. torquata, 609. zonaris, 609. Hemiramphus reynaldi, 309. xanthopterus, 309. Hemitoma australis, 185. Heniochus ee oe vey 16. Heptathyra aubryi, 427, 428. Srenata, 428, livingstonit, 428. Heracula discivitia, 804, 823. Herona marathus, 765. Herpetodryas bernier?, 469. Hesperia agna, 791. alysos, 789. aria, 784. chayd, 791. 887 Hesperia cicero, 778. diocles, 787. divodasa, 791. druna, 784. fatih, 789. leucocera, 509. mangala, 792. pandia, 790. praba, 790. pulomaya, 787. putra, 788. semamora, 791. thraz, 790. canthopogon, 783. (Thymele) benjaminit, 783. Hesperocharis graphites, 458, Hestina nama, 763. persimilis, 497, 763. Hetzrodus madagascariensis, 837. Heterocampa argentifera, 813. sikkima, 812. Heterocardia cumingit, 754. dennisoni, 754. Heterochroa boreas, 668. bredowii, 486. californica, 485. cocala, 670. irmina, 667, 668. leucophthalma, 669. salmoneus, 667, 668. sicheus, 668, 669. Hiatula biradiata, 646. epidermia, 646. nymphalis, 646, vitrea, 646. Hierococcyx varius, 695. Hima compacta, 163. Hipparchia parysatis, 500. Hippocampus comes, Bes Hp cee. tacea, 175. serratus, 269, Hirundo albicollis, 609. alpinus, 598. ambrosiaca, 601. apus, 598. — var. B, 599, 888 Hirundo capensis, 601. caudacuta, 607. cayanensis, 607. ciris, 608. coronata, 617. fusca, 607. klecho, 616. leucorrhoa, 601. medicinalis, 660. melba, 598. nigra, 601, 615, pelasgia, 610. — yar., 612. peciloma, 63, 65. riparia senegalensis,601. robini, 618. rufula, 604. rutila, 613. striolata, 93. zonaris, 609. Histia flabeilicornis, 799. papilionaria, 799. Homodactylus hibronii, 642. turneri, 642. Hyalonema lusitanicum, 662. Hydrogale maculicollis, 132. Hydromys chrysogaster, 564. Hyelaphus porcinus, 510. Hylobates lar, 567. syndactylus, 566, 582. Hylophorba ruticilla, 326, Hyloterpe philomela, 326. Hypercompa equitalis, 808. multiguttata, 808. plagiata, 808. Hyperoodon butzkopf, 528. capensis, 359, 524, 528. Hyphantornis cincta, 93. Hypolophus sephen, 317. Hypolycena amasa, 776. erylus, 776. othona, 776. Hypsa Ucightois 796, carice, 796, egens, 796, INDEX. Hypsa pom 796. heliconia, 796. plana, 796. Hypsipetes ourovang, 835. Hyrax arboreus, 401. capensis, 329, 401. Hystrix africe australis, 356. cristata, 354, 356. hirsutirostris, 356. hodgsoni, 356. Javanica, 356. leucura, 353, 354, 355, 356. malabarica, 353, 354, 355, 356. Tacchus albicollis, 734. leucocephalus, 734. leucomerus, 735. — var. albino, 735, penicillatus, 734, vulgaris, 734. Tanthina bifida, 190. capreolata, 190. exigua, 190. violacea, 190, Icambosida nigrifrons, 809, Ichthyura Serruginea, 813. indica, 813. Ictonyx capensis, 151. frenata, 151. Idmais calais, 760. Tlerda brahma, 773. epicles, 773. oda, 508, 509. tamu, 508, 773. Tolaus cleobis, 776. deva, 776. longinus, 776. Tora typhia, 691, 694. Trrisor cyanomelas, 94, Ischnochiton elenensis, 275, 276. — (? var.) expressus, 275. magdalensis, 275. sanguineus, 275, Ismene amara, 783. aria, 784. benjamini, 783. druna, 784. gomata, 783. harisa, 782. Jaina, 782. Jayadeva, 785. ladon, 785. murdava, 784. sasivarna, 784. vasutana, 782, Jana cervina, 807. lineosa, 807. Janachus immersus, 174. Jasia athamas, 634. australis, 633. Jouanettia darwinii, 203. Junonia almana, 761. asterie, 761. laomedia, 761. lemonias, 494, 761. enone, 494, 761. orithyia, 494, 761. Kallima tnachis, 767. Kathiah auriventer, 119. Kogia brevirostris, 529, Labeo denisonii, 299, melanampyx, 298, Labio be aureus, 182. Lactarius delicatulus, 26. Lagenocetus latifrons, 528. Lagothrix humboldtii, 585. Lambertia formosa, 464. Lamprocolius phenicopterus, 92. Laniarius backbakiri, 93. Lanistes nyassanus, 233, ovum, 233. purpureus, 233, Lanius collaris, 620. | cristatus, 693. Laogona hippocla, 762. hyppocla, 495. / hypselis, 762. | rus niveus, 618. Lasiommata baldiva, 499, 502, 509. menava, 499, 509. satricus, 499, 770, schakra, 499. telephassa, 500, Lasiorhinus latifrons, 846. m’coyit, 839, 854, Lasiurus rufus, 67. tax canadensis, 133. lataxina, 133. marina, 136. Lataxina mollis, 133, Lates } calearifer, 5. Latirus gemmatus, 53. gibbus, 54. prismaticus, 53, violaceus, 54, Latona epidermia, 647. Laurion gemina, 801, da { ampla, 819. | | buddha, 819. concolor, 822, nobilis, “ae lagiata, 819. Tiare 819. repanda, 819, vinata, 820. viridipunctatus, 315, Leiopyrga seed, 181. picturata, 181, Leiostraca producta, 273. recta, 273. solitaria, 273. Lepidopleurus adamsii, 274, 275. liratus, 187. longicymba, 187. INDEX, | Lepidopleurus speciosus, 187. tenuisculptus, 275, variegatus, 187. Lepidosteraon grayit, 444, 452, 453. macrocephalum, 452, maximilianus, 452. microcephalum,444,451, phocena, 444, 453, seutigerum, 454. sphenorhynchum, 454. Lepralia adpressa, 269, Leptocephalus malabaricus, 308. Leptocircus curius, 758. meges, Td8. Leptocoma zeylanica, 691, 694. Leptopoma cinctellum, 413, decipiens, 413. lowei, 414. melanostoma, 414. papuanum, 413. scalare, 414, 416, undatum, 413, wallace?, 413, Leptopterus viridis, 835. Leptoptilos agala, 693. Leptosomus crombec, 683. discolor, 682, 683, 684, 834. viridis, 683. Leuciscus malabaricus, 303. Leucoma latifascia, 806. subvitrea, 803. Leucophlebia lineata, 793. Leucopternis princeps, 429, Lexias dirtea, 767. Libratula plana, 512. Libythea lepita, 771. myrrha, 771. Lima angulata, 656. bullata, 656. distorta, 281. Sragilis, var. b, 657. sguamosa, 656. Proc, Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. LVIII. | | | | 889 Limacodes retractata, 819. Limatula bullata, 656. Limax agrestis, 531. berytensis, 531. pheniciacus, 531. tenellus, 531. variegatus, 545, Limenitis danava, 765. daraxa, 765. dudu, 765. esmene, 764. ligyes, 497. procris, 764. trivena, 497. zayla, 764. zulema, 764. Limicolaria erystallinus, 412, Limnza natalensis, 233. sp. noy.?, 197, Limneus syriacus, 540, tener, 540. truncatulus, 545, Limnocorax Alavirostris, 95. Liocardium apicinum, 274. Liolepisma belli, 469. Liotia angasi, 178. australis, 178. siderea, 178. Lipotus mellivorus, 144. Lithophaga canaliferus, 196. Lithosia basinota, 798, beema, 798. disjuncta, 797. magnifica, 797. remelana, 798. reticulata, 798. varana, 797. viridata, 797. Littorina carinifera, 197. hilippit, 172. ie 172. 197. unifasciata, 172. Lituus levis, 157. Lobivanellus laterals, 90, 890 Lobotes surinamensis, 14, Loepa katinka, 818. sikkima, 818. Lontra brasiliensis, 125, 128. enhydris, 125. insularis, 125. Lophophanes atricristatus, 397. Lophophorus impeyanus, 256. Lophopteryx Cee 814. Lophotibis cristata, 837. Lophura yas, TOA. Lophyrus pei 274. muricatus, 186. perviridis, 511. stokesi:, 275. tulipa, 186, Lorica angasi, 187. cimolia, 187. Loripes re nel 651. leucoma, 651. atymnus, 777. tripunctata, 777. Lucina concentrica, 651. deshayesi, 652. icterica, 651. leucoma, 651. undata, 279. (Cyclas) cuming?, 651. Tumdlla D porcata, 196. undulata, 177. Lutra aterrima, 129. aurobrunnea, 131. barang, 123. brasiliana, 125. brasiliensis, 125, 133. californica, 128, 133. canadensis, 128,133,134 — yar., Ido. capensis, 130. chilensts, 128. chinensis, 126, 127. INDEX, Lutra cinerea, 130. destructor, 134. enhydris, 125. felina, 128. gambianus, 130. gray?, 132. hudsonica, 133. indica, 127. indigitata, 131. énsularis, 125. inunguis, 130. katab, 127. lataxina, 133. leptonysr, 123, 130. lutreola, 117. lutris, 136. macrodus, 128. maculicollis, 132. marina, 136. minor, 117. montana, 129. monticola, 124, 127, 131. nair, 127. nudipes, 126. paraguensis, 129. perspicillata, 130. platensis, 128. poensis, 130, roensis, 126, simul, 127. sinensis, 131. solitaria, 135. tavayensis, 127. vison, 116. vittata, 122. vulgaris, 126, 128, tAseys) inunguis, 130. Lutraria philippinarum, 645. rhynchea, 645. Lutreola vison, 116. Lycena elianus, 773. alexis, 773. betica, 773. cnejus, 773. dipora, 506, 509. elpis, kandarpa, 773. pandava, 7 73. parrhasius, 772. plinius, 772. pluto, 772. rosimon, 773. rorus, 772. theophrastus, 772. zend, 505, 509. Lycznesthes bengalensis, 773, 822. Lycaon venaticus, 232. Lygodactylus strigatus, 642. Lymaniria albicans, 805. basinigra, 805. bhascara, concolor, 805. grandis, 805. mathura, 805. obsoleta, 805. semicincta, 805. superans, 805. Lyncodon patagonica, 146. yria archeri, 55.. lyriformis, 164. Macacus nemestrinus, 562, 563, 565, 582. radiatus, 558. rhesus, 562, 576, 577. speciosus, 561, 563, 582, 584. umbonella, 647. Macrobrochis gigas, 796. Macrochisma producta, 185. Macrochlamys consul, 405. glutinosa, 405. Macroglossa corythus, 794. gyrans, 794. passalus, 794, Macron - kellettii, 753. wrightit, 753. Macrones armatus, 289. cavasius, 290. tengara, 289. Macropteryx longipennis, 617. mystaceus, 616. Macropus atlas, 851. Macrosila discistriga, 798. Macrotus waterhousti, 73, '74, 75, 85. Mactra amygdala, 645, australis, 645, crassa, 643. glabrata, 645. polita, 645. pura, 645, rufescens, 644. (Mulinia) pinguis, 645. Malacocerecus terricolor, 690, Malleus albus, 654, — var. normalis, 654. regulus, 654. vulsellatus, 655. Malurus cyaneus, 460, 462, 464. lamberti, 198, 461, 464. leuconotus, 198. leucopterus, 198. Mangelia albolaqueata, 280. cavernosa, 160, imsculpta, 160. lineata, 160. pura, 160. suleata, 272. vincentina, 160. Manis africana, 363. aspera, 366. aurita, 366, 367. brachyura, 368. brevicaudata, 368. crassicaudata, 368. dalmannii, 366, 367, 7 366 ua, i i 367, 369. javanica, 366, 367, 368. laticauda, 366, 367, 368. leptura, 369. leucura, 366. longicauda, 363. longicaudata, 363. macroura, 363, 368. multiscutata, 363. pentadactyla, 366, 367, 368. temminckii, 369. tetradactyla, 363. tetradactylus, 363. eee 363, 364, es 363. Mantellum angulatum, 656. Marcia faba, 649. INDEX. Mardara calligramma, 805. Mareca americana, 256. Margarita sinensis, 654. Margaritifera margaritifera, 654. Margaroperdix striata, 836. Marputius chilensis, 147. nasuta, 145, Martes abietum, 104, 105, 107, 108. americana, 106, 109. brachyura, 105. canadensis, 108. domestica, 108. fagorum, 108. Alavigula, 108. foina, 108. gwatkinsti, 109, japonica, 104, melanops, 105, pennantii, 107. vison, 116. vulgaris, 104. zibellina, 106. (Melampus) melanops, 105. Mastacembalus armatus, 37. guentheri, 37. Mauritia venifera, 605. Megalops cundinga, 310. Meganeuron krefftii, 440. Megaptera ~ longimana, 43, 218. Megasoma albicans, 822. venustum, 822. Megistanus beotus, 639. Melampus melanops, 105. Melania judaica, 545. nodicincta, 234. pyramis, 541. rothiana, 541. rubro-~punctata, 541, tenuisulcata, 197. tuberculata, 234, 541. victoria, 234. Melanitis malelas, 770. 891 Melanitis patna, 770. undularis, 770. vasudeva, 770, Melanopsis ammonis, 542, costata, 542. costellata, 542. eremita, 542. Jjordanica, 542. prerosa, 541, 542, 5438, sauley?t, 542. Meles albigularis, 140. americanus, 141. ankuma, 140, 466. collaris, 138. europeus, 139, indica, 143. Jeffersonii, 141. labradoria, 141. leucurus, 139, 140. mellivora, 144. taxus, 138, 139, 140, — var., 140. — americana, 141, — amurensis, 140. vulgaris, 139. Meliphaga sericea, 462. Melita : durga, 503. 5 sindura, 496, 509. Melithreptus lunulatus, 463. Melitta bombyliformis, 794, ewrytion, 794, Mellivora capensis, 145, 144, 680. indica, 148, 680. ratel, 143, 144. ratelus, 148. Melo . indicus, 169, Melogale fusca, 158. personata, 158. Melopsittacus undulata, 235, 238, 692. ~_ - Membranipora Alemingit, 269. Menapia - kamadena, 812. Menura superba, 59. Mephitis africana, 151, 892 Mephitis africana, vay., 151. americana, 147. — var. hudsonica, 148. assamensis, 138. bicolor, 150. chilensis, 146. chinga, 147, 148. concolor, 149. conepate, 146. furcatus, 146. humboldtii, 146. intermedia, 146. INDEX. ! Mesodesma | cuneatum, 648. elongatum, 647. obtusum, 648. precisum, 647. triquetrum, 648. Mesoprion aurolineatus, 8. Sulviflamma, 12. gohnii, 8. rangus, 9. rubellus, 11. sillago, 10. Mitra melaleuca, 166. nigricans, 514, procissa, 197. puella, 517. rosette, 5d, 166. saltata, 512. tessellata, 517. Mitrella australis, 166. dermestoides, 167. garrettii, 516. infumata, 166. interrupta, 150. Messaras interrupta, 167. Javanensis, 142, erymanthis, 762. lincolnensis, 166, libyca, 151. Michelia menkeana, 166. longicaudata, 146. champa, 757. semiconvexa, 166. macroura, 148, 149. Microcystis yorkensis, 166. mephitica, 148. misella, 405. Mitroidea mesoleuca, 145, 146. Micreeca multiplicata, 514, mesomelas, 148, 149. macroptera, 464. Modiola mexicana, 149. Microglossa australis, 653. — yar. a, 149. alecto, 235. cumingiana, 653. nasuta, 145. Micronisus flavida, 653. occidentalis, 148. madagascariensis, 833, tulipa, 653. patagonica, 146, 834. Modiolaria suffocans, 146. polyzonoides, 834, cumingiana, 653, varians, 148, 149. tachiro, 834. Molossus — var. a, 148. Microplax fumarius, 79. — b, 148. grayi, d8. Monodonta ao ce, 148. Microrhynchus apicina, 181. — d, 148. laniger, 833. baccata, 179. —_ e, chinga, 148. Midas constricta, 182. vittata, 149. — yar. a, 149. elegantulus, 735. labiatus, 735. interrupta, 182. lineatus, 180. — 6, 149. leucogenys, 735. melanochloris, 197, — ce, 149. mystax, 739. virgata, 181. westermannii, 146, rufoventer, 735. Monophyllus gorilla, 150. Midaus 7 Sle (Ictonyx) frenata, 151. meliceps, 142. redmanii, 69, 83. (Thiosmus) amazonica, | Miletus Monotrophis 146. (——) chilensis, 146. (——) leuconota, 146. (——) marputio, 146, (——) moline, 146. ( ) quitensis, 146, Meretrix albida, 196. boisduvali, 777. drumila, 777, 822. Milvus govinda, 693. Minolia vitiliginea, 182. Minous monodactylus, 18, capensis, 443, 454, 455. Montacuta dionea, 270. obtusa, 270. Montifringilla brunneinucha, 618, Morelia spilotes, 58, ~ petechialis, 196. Mirafra Mormoops Meriones horsfieldi, 689, 690. blainvillii, 72. schlegeliz, 400. hova, 836. Mormopterus Merops Miresa jugularis, 468. eqgyptius, 96. albipuncta, 819. Morula erythropterus, 96. castaneipars, 819, tuberculata, 196. hirundinaceus, 96. philippensis, 691, 692, 693, 694. superciliosus, 834. viridis, 691, 693, 694, Mitra alveolus, 514. australis, 166. brunnea, 517. buccinata, 165. glabra, 165. Morus tinctoria, 66, 77, 78. Motacilla luzoniensis, 693, 695. Mucronalia involuta, 272. Mugil cunnesius, 33. engeli, 33. parsia, 33. poicilus, 33. sundanensis, 33, waigiensis, 32. Mulinia pinguis, 645, Munia undulata, 693. tristissima, 479. Murena maculata, 308. Murznesox telabon, 307, 3808. Murex acanthopterus, var.,157. adustus, 196. cristatus, 158, pumilus, 158. scalaris, 157. serotinus, 157. (Pteronotus) ¢riformis, 157. Muricidea dubia, 282. —var. sguamulata, 281. | Mus ?, 468. colonus, 469. natalensis, 469. Muscicapa belli, 283. bivittata, 285. brasieri, 283. helianthea, 476. mutata, 835. rivularis, 285, stragulata, 285. vermivora, 283, Mustela abietum, var.altaica, 104 — var. martes, 104. — vulgaris, 104, 106. africana, 120. agilis, 113. albinucha, 114. alpina, 114. altaica, 114. americana, 105, 106. — var. 1. abietinoides, 106. — 2. huro, 106. — 3. leucopus, 106. aureoventris, 115. aterrima, 129. barbara, 121. boccamela, 113. brasiliensis, 114, 115. — yar. brasiliana, 115. | INDEX, Mustela canadensis, 107, 116. —, B. vison, 116. canigula, 117. capensis, 144. chinga, 148. cicognani, 111, cuja, 122. elliottii, 109. erminea, 111,112. - — var., 112, 114, 115. — 1. africana, 111. — 2. kaneti, 111. — 938. americana, 111, ermineum, 111. eversmannii, 110. Hlaviguia, 108, 109. Sfetida, 109. foina, 105, 108. frenata, 114, furo, 110. fusca, 111, 131. gale, 113. — altaica, 114. — leucogenis, 115, galera, 121. goodmanii, 108. gulina, 121. gulo, 120. hardwickii, 108. hodgsonii, 118. horsfieldit, 118. humbold/ii, 115. huro, 106. indica, 143. ttalsi, 117, 118. javanica, 115. kathiah, 119. lasiotis, 109. leucopus, 106, 107. leucotis, 107, 109. libyca, 151. longicauda, 112. lutra, 126, 131. lutreocephala, 116. lutreola, 116, 117. lutris, 156. martes, 104, 106, 107. — var., 106. — fagorum, 108. — henricii, 109. melanops, 105. melanorhyncha, 108. minx, 116. natsi, 117. nigra, 108. nivalis, 118. nudipes, 119. patagonica, 115. pennantit, 107. 893 Mustela peregusna, 110. personata, 153. piscatoria, 108. precincta, 110, pusilla, 113. putorius, 109, 110. — var., 110. —, var. sidirica, 110. — tibetanus, 110. quiqui, 122. richardsonii, 112, 118, rufa, 117. sarmatica, 110. stbirica, 117. strigidorsa, 119. strigodorsa, 119. subpalmata, 114, sylvatica, 104. sylvestris, 104, taira, 121. vison, 116. — var. americana, 116. vittata, 122. vulgaris, 104, 111, 112, 114, — var. americana,\13. vulpina, 106. winingus, 116. awanthogenys, 115. zibellina, 104, 105, 106. — alba, 106. — americana, 106. — asiatica, 105. — rupestris, 105. — fulvo-flavescens, 106. — rossica, 106. — sylvestris, 105. zorilla, 151. — var., 151. (Gale) africana, 120. ( ) fusea, 111. (Kathiah) auwriventer, ik» (Lutreola) vison, 116. (Lyncodon)patagonica, 146. (Martes) vison, 116. (Putorius) brasiliensis, 114. (——) erminea, var., 112. (——) kathiah, 119. (——) vison, 116. Mustilia falcipennis, 820. Mycalesis anaxias, 770. drusia, 770. hesione, 770. lalassis, 770. 894 Mycalesis malsara, 770. nicotia, 770. otrea, 770. runeka, 770. samba, 770. visala, 770. Mycetes seniculus, 559. Mydaus collaris, 138. Javanensis, 143, Javanicus, 142. macrurus, 153. meliceps, 142. — var. a, 142. — 6, 142. — ce, 142, Myiodioctes coronatus, 284. tristriatus, 285. Myiothlypis nigricristata, 286. Myodora convera, HT, ovata, 644. Myrina acte, 776. jafra, 776. jalindra, 776. jangala, 776. mandarina, 776. ravata, 776, 822. triopas, 776. Myrmecophaga _aculeata, 386. afra, 382. annulata, 384. bivittata, 384. capensis, 382. crispus, 384. didactyla, 385. Jubata, 318, 573. longicaudata, 384. minima, 385. myosura, 384. nigra, 384. sciurea, 383. striata, 384. tamandua, 384, 573. tetradactyla, 384. tridactyla, 383, 384. ursina, 384, Mythomys vee 102. Mytilicardia crassicostata, 652. (Thecalia) macrotheca, 652. Mytilus margaritiferus, 654. INDEX.. Mytilus (Aulacomya) hirsutus, D2. ( ( Nandus marmoratus, 30, Nanina aulica, 406. cincta, 406. citrina, 405. ignescens, 406. luctuosa, 406. tumens, 406. wallacei, 406. Naprepa varians, 815. Naranio - divaricata, 650. Narica insculpta, 280. Nasiterna pusio, 620. pygmed, 620, assa compacta, 154, 163. dermestina, 516. fasciata, 162, 163. incrassata, 154, 163. microstoma, 516. munieriana, 163. obliqua, 513. olivacea, 516. paupera, 516. pauperata, 163. plebecula, 516. plicata, 516. turricula, 516. unifasciata, 516. (Haima) compacta, 163. (Niotha) pawperata, 163 ) rostratus, 653. (Phrontis) Sasciata, 162. ) munieriana, Cer 163. Natalus lepidus, 67. stramineus, 67. Natica adspersa, 96. ala-papilionis, 197. baconi, 167. conica, 167. hebrea, 96. maroccana, 516. millepunctata, 96. petiveriana, 197. stercus muscarum, 96. wmbilicata, 167. ) menkeanus, 653. Natica undulata, 516. (Neverita) baconi, 167. ( ) conica, 167. Naticina nitida, 167. picta, 167. Naxa textilis, 803. Nealotus tripes, 434, Nectarinia angladiana, 834. jflavo-striata, 478. grayi, 479. jardinii, 96. natalensis, 96. ‘porphyrolema, 479. siparaja, 479. souimanga, 834. (Arachnechthra) asiati- ca, 664. ( ) insignis, 663. ( ) lotenia, 664. katchelée, 18. - Nella Nemacheilus triangularis, 295. Neope bhadra, 770. pulaha, 770. Neophron occipitalis, 675. percnopterus, 675. Neorina hilda, 767. sita, 770. Nepheecetes niger, 615. Neptis aceris, 497. columella, 763. hordonia, 763. matuta, 763. miah, 763. nandina, 497, 763. soma, 763. vikasi, 763. zaida, 497. Neptunea dilatata, 159. tasmaniensis, 159. Nerita ~ allicilla, 196. atrata, 175. longi, 197. polita, 196. punctulata, 175. stella, 196. (Theliostyla) a¢rata, 176. Neritina bellardi, 548. interrupta, 197. Jjordani, 543. michonii, 543. rubida, 514, syriaca, 545. Nesiarchus nasutus, 435, 436. Nettastomella darwinii, 202. Neverita baconi, 167. conica, 167. Ninella straminea, 177. Niot pauperata, 163. Nisoniades dasahara, 787. diocles, 787. salsala, '786. Noctilio americanus, 78. mastivus, 78. Notodonta basalis, 813. Nototherium inerme, 851. Nucifraga caryocatactes, 256. Nucula crassa, 655. Numenes insignis, 806. partita, 806. patrana, 806. siletti, 806. Numida tiarata, 836. vulturina, 677. Nutria . felina, 128. Nyctalemon patroclus, 796. Nyctemera lacticinia, 803. latistriga, 803. maculosa, 803. varians, 803. Nyeticebus , Javanicus, 254. ie 240, 241, 246, 255. Nyetiellus , lepidus, 67. Nyctinomus nasutus, 61. (Mormopterus) jugula- is, 468. ris, INDEX. Nyctipithecus felinus, 587. villosus, 577, 587. Nymphalis anticlea, 627. athamas, 498, 634,767. baya, 636, 637 berenice, 637. bernardus, 636, 767. boueti, 628, brutus, 625. calydonia, 638. candiope, 628. castor, 625. dolon, 767. ephyra, 629. epijasius, 623. erithalion, 627. etesipe, 629. ethalion, 627. etheocles, 629. etheta, 629. eudamippus, 767. eupale, 638. Fabius, 628, '767. horatius, 627. zocaste, 628. Jjahlusa, 637. Jason, 623. lampedo, 628, 639. lucretius, 626. marica, 630. marmacx, 767. muiltiades, 639. mycerina, 638. narceus, 63). neanthes, 638. nesiope, 639, nitebis, 635. numenes, 630. pelias, 624. polixo, 636. pollux, 623. psaphon, 636. _ pyrrhus, 632. sempronius, 633. thersander, 639. thieste, 631. thurias, 631. tiridates, 629. aiphares, 631. zoolina, 638. Obba papilla, 408. Odostomia = mamillata, 272. (2idicnemus bistriatus, 397. na capensis, 675. 895 Oliva australis, 164, Omphalius ligulatus, 269. Omphalotropus ceramensis, 414. palia gem 168. Opeas_. achatinacea, 413, Ophiocephalus diplogramma, 36. gachua, 35. grandinosus, 36. leucopunctatus, 36. marulius, 35, 36. striatus, 34. Opisthocomus cristatus, 256. Opisthoporus biciliatus, 413. birostris, 413. rostellatus, 413. Orca meridionalis, 470, 471. Oreas canna, 261. Oreta pavaca, 815. vatama, 816. Orgyia albifascia, 803. plana, 803. subfascia, 803. Orinoma damaris, 770. Oriolus bicolor, 93. larvatus, 93. melanocephalus, 690. rnithoptera pompetus, 'T56. rhadamanthus, '755. Ornithorhynchus anatinus, 386. brevirostris, 386. crispus, 386. fuscus, 386. hystria, 386. levis, 386. paradoxus, 385. rufus, 386. Orthalicus erystallinus, 412. Orthotomus longicauda, 690. Orycteropus ethiopicus, 382. capensis, 328, 382. senegalensis, 382. 896 Osteogeniosus militaris, 294. Ostracium nasus, 313. tesserula, 313. Ostrea ?, 196. bullata, 657. cucullata, 657. edulis, 657. glomerata, 196. lima, 656. malleus-albus, 654. mordax, 657. ocrea, 654. regula, 654, tulipa, 197. vulsella, 654. Otis picturata, 88, 90. ruficristata, 89. tarda, 717, 747. Otocompsa emeria, 664. Suscicaudata, 664. jocosa, 664, 693. Otocyon lalandii, 232, Otogale crassicaudata, var. kirkii, 60, 61. Otolicnus allenii, 590. Otolithus ruber, 19. Pachycephala brunnea, 478. Pachydactylus (Tarentola) bébronii, 642. Padollus emme, 184. rubicundus, 183. scalaris, 183. (Suleulus) parvus, 184. Paleornis torquata, 238, 691. Palapteryx ingens, 750. Pallene collaris, 609. Paludina bulimoides, 233. chinensis, 196. Sragilis, 189. phialensis, 541. polita, 233. Pamphila augias, 792. INDEX. Pamphila danna, 508, 509. mesa, 509. sagara, 792. Pam pusanna criniger, 239, Panacra busiris, 793. lignaria, 793. vigil, 793. Panchax lineatum, 807. Panyptila cyanensis, 606, 607. melanoleuca, 596, 607. sancti-hieronymi, 607. Papilio agamemnon, 757. agestor, 486, 487, 756. amasia, 638. androgeos, 757. anticlea, 627. anticrates, 758. antiphates, 757. arcturus, 757. athamas, 634. bathycles, 757. bernardus, 636. brutus, 625.4 camulus, 625. castor, 623, 625, 756. chaon, 757. chiron, 757. livia chromus, 777. cinyra, 777. cloanthus, 487, 757. crino, 757. dasarada, 757. diphilus, 756. dissiinilis, 486, 756. epycides, 756. eques, 623. erithonius, 487, 757. etheocles, 629, etolus, 776. eudoxus, 626. eupale, 638. euryalus, 631. fabius, 628. folus, 778. ganesa, 757. glycerion, 758, govindra, 486. hector, 756. helenus, 757. horatius, 627. icarius, 757. jasius, 623. Jason, 623, 757. krishna, 757. lucretius, 626. Papilio macareus, 756. machaon, 487. marica, 630. miltiades, 639. nisus, 631. nomius, 758. pammon, 487, 756. panope, 756, paris, 757. pelias, 624, philoxenus, 757. podalirius, 431, polixena, 636. pollux, 623, 625, 756. polyctor, 487. polymnestor, 756. polytes, 487, '756. protenor, 487, 756. pyrrhus, 632, 634. rhea, 623. rhetenor, 756. romulus, 756. sarpedon, 487, 757. selateri, 756. sempronius, 633. solon, 628. thersander, 639. thieste, 631. tiridates, 629, varuna, 756. virgatus, 430. xenocles, 756. wviphares, 631. zingha, 637. Papuina aruensis, 411. aurora, 411. labium, 411. lanceolata, 411. leucotropis, 411. mysolensis, 411. nodifera, 411, nove-guineensis, 411. vitrea, 411. waigiouensis, 411, Papyridea tenuicostata, 651. Paradisea calva, 465. wilsont, 465. Paradoxurus tytlerit, 466. Parapholas penita, 203. Paravetta discinota, 814, 823. Pareba vesta, 760. Parmophorus unguis, 185. Parnassius ? 488. hardwickii, 488. Jacquemonti, 488. Parra africana, 90. Parthenos gambrisius, 762. Parus afer, 88, 95. minor, 618. Passer indicus, 693. Pastor malabaricus, 693. Patella achates, 197. alticostata, 56, 186. argentea, 197. calamus, 186. compressa, 97. gealet, 57, 186. latistrigata, 154, 186. limbata, 185. miniata, 97. rudis, 197. rustica, 97. testudinaria, 197. tramoserica, 185. Patelloida conoidea, 186. Pavia indica, 497. Pecten asperrimus, 656. australis, 656. bifrons, 156. laticostatus, 756. medius, 656. (Chlamys) défrons, 656. Pectunculus obliquus, 655. radians, 655. sp. ind., 270. Pedetes caffer, 400. Pedicularia pacifica, 516, sicula, 516. Pelophilus madagascariensis, 837. Pentadactylus albolabris, 196. Penthema lisarda, 763. Pergesa acteus, 794. castor, 794. Perigonia obliterans, 793. INDEX, Perilampus aurolineatus, 306. Perina basalis, 807. Periploma angasi, 644. Perna australis, 653. Jlavida, 653. Peronxoderma albinella, 646. Petrocincla superciliosa, 619, Petrogale longicauda, 324. Petrorhynchus capensis, 526, 527, 528. Pezophaps minor, 716. solitaria, 199, 716, 718. Phexgorista bala, 795. catocaloides, '795. longipennis, 795. transiens, 795. Phalacrocorax ?, 618. africanus, 89. Phalanna polymena, 802. ~ Phalaropus Ffulicarius, 256. Phalera parivala, 815, raya, 815. tenebrosa, 815, Phaleris cristatella, 618. Phania pyrostoma, 408. Phascolomys angasit, 839, 848, 849, 850, 854. bassti, 858. fossor, 858. fusca, 853. lasiorhinus, 838, 839, 840, 842, 843, 846, 850, 854. latifrons, 838, 889, 840, 842, 8438, 844, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 852, 853, 854. magnus, 851, 852, 854, mitchelli, 851, 853. niger, 849, 854. platyrhinus, 839, 843, 844, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854. setosus, 839, 849, 854. 897 Phascolomys ursinus, 839, 850, 853. vombatus, 846. wombat, 838, 839, 840, 841, 842, 848, 844, 845, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854. . wombatus, 853, Phasianella angasi, 177. australis, 176. bulimoides, 176. nivosd, 177. picta, 176. reticulata, 176, 177. sanguinea, 176. varia, 176. venosa, 176. ventricosa, 176. venusta, 176. zebra, 176. Phasianus semmeringit, 256, 746. Phassus signifer, 822. Philampelus anceus, 793. naga, 794. Philine angasi, 189, Philopator basimaculata, 800, 823. Phissama transiens, 808. Phlogeenas crinigera, 239, 240. Phoca lutris, 136. Phocena communis, 319, 320, 321. spinipinnis, 195, 228, 230, 231,320. tuberculifera, 318, 320. Pholadidea penita, 203. Pholas australasie, 643. costata, 755. darwinii, 203. similis, 645. Pholidotus africanus, 368, 369. dalmanni, 366. indicus, 368. Javanicus, 366. longicaudatus, 363, Phrontis fasciata, 162. munieriana, 163. 898 Phyllonycteris poey?, 81. Phyllopte rh 337. 328. uiata, 327. Phyllorhina gigas, 400. Phyllornis aurifrons, 695. Physalus antiquorum, 206, 207, 210, 211, 215, 216, 218, 226, 472, 473, 474, 699, 700, 725, 730, 731. duguidit, 207, 217; latirostris, 472. sibbaldii, 472, 473. Physeter brevirostris, 529. macrocephalus, 390, 393. (Huphysetes) simus, pile Physopsis apenas 233. Picus flaviscapus, 96. Pidorus glaucopis, 801. Pieris - agostina, 758. ajaka, 490, 509. avivolans, 457. belisama, 431. belladonna, 758. calidice, 489. clemanthe, 758. colimba, 759. coronis, 759. cruentata, 455, 456. daplidice, 489. descombesi, 758. durvasa, 490, 759. eucharis, 758. glauce, 431. gliciria, 490, 759. hierte, '758. hippo, 759. hira, 490, 509, 759. indra, '759. kalora, 489, 509. lalage, 759. libythea, 759. mesentina, 489, 759. mysis, 456. nama, 759. neombo, 759. nerissa, 759. nipalensis, 490. INDEX. Pieris pactolicus, 455. pasithoé, 758. rouxt, 759. sanaca, 491. seta, 759. thestylis, 759. thisbe, 758. vecticlusa, 456. zelmira, 759. Pinna zeylanica, 655. Pisola zennara, 786, 823. Pisoodonophis boro, 308. ithecia monachus, 586. satanas, 676. Pithecops hylax, 771. Pitta bilineata, 287. Planaxis abbreviata, 515. buccinoides, 516. sulcata, 197. Planispira aspasia, 409, 415. atacta,.409. atro-fusca, 409. coluber, 409. corniculum, 409. expansa, 409. kurri, 408. latizona, 409. loxotropis, 409. margaritis, 409. martensi, 409. moluccensis, 409. phryne, 409. scheepmakeri, 410. tortilabia, 409. zebra, 409. zonalis, 409. Planorbis hebraicus, 540. piscinarum, 540. Platacanthomys lasiurus, 397, 398, 399. Platacanthus agrensis, 296. Platalea tenuirostris, 89. Platax teira, 26. Platycephalus insidiator, 18. Platycephalus malabaricus, 18. Platyglossus dussumieri, 39. Platypus anatinus, 385. Platysaurus capensis, 641. guttatus, 641. Platysteira senegalensis, 95. Plaxiphora ciliata, 187. petholata, 187. Plectotropis gabata, 408. Plesioneura alysos, 789. ambareesa, 788. chamunda, 788. dan, 789. dhanada, 789. indrani, 789. praba, 790. pulomaya, 787. putra, 788. sumitra, 787. Pleurostrichus subtessellatus, 642. bifasciatus, 642. Pleurotoma harpula, 159. lallemantiana, 160. vincentina, 160. (Mangelia) vincentina, 160. Ploceus baya, 693. Plotosus anguillaris, 288. Plotus levaillantii, 89. Podiceps , 618. minor, 52, 90. Pogonias leucomelas, 95. Poliopsitta cana, 46, 834. Pollicipes. mitella, 196. Polyacanthus cupanus, 32, 294. Polydonta dentarium, 196. maculata, 196. Polynemus heptadactylus, 19. indicus, 19. sextarius, 19. tetradactylus, 3, 20. Polyommatus ariana, 504, 509. chandala, 504, 509 handura, 772, 822. karsandra, 505, 509, 771 ; kasmira, 503, 509, ara nazira, 504, 509. nycula, 503, 509. puspa, T71. sangra, 772, 822 tamu, 508. varunana, 772, 822. vicrama, 505, 509. Polyphasia tenuirostris, 693. Polytropa textiliosa, 163. Pontia nina, 488, 759. Poritia hewitsonit, 775, 822 Porphyrio madagascariensis, 836. Portax picta, 721. Porzana carolina, 196. fasciata, 481. moluccana, 480, rufigenis, 480. rubiginosa, 481. Potamides monachus, 171. Potamogale velox, 402. Praopus 7-cinctus, 372. hirsutus, 373. longicaudatus, 372. Pratincola sibylla, 836. Precis hara, 495, 762. iphita, 495, 761. Presbytes alligena, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745. melalophus, 741, 742, 743, 744. obscurus, 741, 742, 743. Priodonta gigas, 374. Priodontes giganteus, 375. gigas, 374. Prionochilus aureolimbatus, 477. _ INDEX, Prionodos gigas, 374, 375. Pristigaster tartoor, 311. Pristipoma hasta, 138. maculatum, 13. -Pristis antiquorum, 317. Procodeca angulifera, 803. Prometheus atlanticus,’ 435, 436, 437. prometheoides, 437. solandri, 437. Prosopodasys dracena, 18. Psalis securis, 803. Psamnotza violacea, 196. Psettus argenteus, 26. falciformis, 26. Pseudachatina elongata, 832. Pseudeutropius mitchelli, 289. sykesii, 289. Pseudobagrus chryseus, 290, Pseudoliva levis, 753. Pseudomeles leucurus, 139. Pseudoprocne cayennensis, 607. Pseudorea crassidens, 471. meridionalis, 470. Pseudorhombus russellii, 287. Psittacula roseicollis, 94. Psittacus augustus, 437. erythacus, 238. rueppelli, 94. Psyche ?, 807. Ptenopus maculatus, 640. Pteris aquilina, 619. Pterobalena communis, 700. minor, 209. Pterocles lichtensteint, 675. namaquus, 90. 899 Pterocyclos batchianensis, 413. wilsont, 831. Pterois miles, 17. volitans, 17. Pteronotus triformis, 157. Pteronura sanbachiti, 135. Pteropus edwardsii, 833. Pterothysanus laticilla, 803. Pterura sanbachii, 135. Pterygospidea Solus, 778. gana, 780. menaka, 778. pralaya, 779. ravi, 779 Ptilotis auricomis, 462, 463. chrysops, 463. fusca, 463. megarhynchus, 478. rostrata, 478. Pullastra flammiculata, 196. philippii, 196. Puntius amphibius, 301. chrysopoma, 301. filamentosus, 303. hamiltonii, 301. parrah, 301. punctatus, 302. vittatus, 303. Pupa chimed naa 545. delesserti, 538. granum, 538. hebraica, 539. libanotica, 538. michonii, 539. rhodia, 538. sauleyt, 538. seyphus, 538. Pupina Dfeiffers, 414, 416. Purpura lander, 163. bitubercularis, 196. cancellata, 52, 53. elongata, 52, 58. fenestrata, 52, 53. Jlindersi, 163. hippocastanum, 196. humilis, 163. maneinella, 515. - 900 Purpura marmorata, 515. teatiliosa, 163. (Polytropa) textiliosa, 163. (Stramonita) humilis, 163. Purpurea Putorius agilis, 112. alpinus, 114. cicognani, 112, 113. communis, 110. ermineus, 111, 112. eversmannit, 110. fetidus, 109, 110. — var. 1. furo, 110. — var. 2. subfuro, 110. Ffrenatus, 114. fuscus, 112. kaneii, 111, 112. kathiah, 119. longicauda, 112. nigripes, 110. nigrescens, 116. noveboracensis, 111, 9” nudipes, 119. pusillus, 118. richardsonii, 112. sarmaticus, 110. subhemachalana, 118. typus, 109. vison, 116. vulgaris, 110, 113. xanthogenys, 115. zorilla, 151. Pyrameis callirhoé, 494, 761. cardui, 494, 761. yrene discors, 197. Pyrgus dunna, 508. superna, 792. Pytelia elegans, 95. Pythina deshayesi, 652. striatissima, 517, 519. Pyxipoma mobiz, 98. Radula lima, 656. (Limatula) dudlata, 656. (Mantellum) angulata, 656. Ramphastos toco, 238. | INDEX, Rasbora anjana, 303. Ratelus capensis, 144. indicus, 143. mellivorus, 143. typicus, 144, Redoa argentea, 803. clara, 803. sordida, 803. Rhabdogale multivittata, 152. mustelina, 151. Rhagada solorensis, 408. Rhipidura assimilis, 477. cinerea, 477. javanica, 476. longicauda, 476. semicollaris, 477. torrida, 477. en couchit, 706, 707, Rhynchea bengalensis, 694. Rhynchobatus djeddensis, 317. Ricine suffusa, 803. Ricinula adelaidensis, 163. (Sistrum) adelatdensis, 163. Rigema falcata, 803. falcatella, 803. Rimula Senestrata, 516. Ringicula australis, 167. Risella aurata, var., 173. brunt, 173. lutea, 173. melanostoma, 172. plana, 178. Rissoina @ orbignyi, 174. Rohita dussumieri, 300. Romaleosoma agnes, 672. ceres, 671, 672. cyparissa, 671. gausape, 670, 671. medon, 672, 673. phaéthusa, 670. Rougetius bernieri, 836. Ruma umbilicata, 167, Rupellaria crenata, 650. cuming?, 650, obesa, 650. Ruvettus pretiosus, 437. Ryssota brookei, 407. Janus, 407. nasuta, 407. regalis, 407. Saccobranchus ne 35, 288, 294, 295. Salarias Sfasciatus, 29. alpinus, 198. brachypoma, 198. cambricus, 199. coli, 198. fario, 198. Ferox, 198. gaimardi, 198. gray, 198, 698. killinensis, 699. levenensis, 198. nigripinnis, 198. nivalis, 698. orcadensis, 198. perisiz, 198. salar, 51, 198. stomachicus, 198, trutta, 198. willughbii, 198. Salticus scenicus, 674, Sanguinolaria vitrea, 646. Sarcorhamphus gryphus, 675. Sardinella neohowii, 309, 311, Sarea ceca, 444, 449, Satarupa bhagava, 781. gopala, 780, 823. sambara, 781. Sataspes infernalis, 794, Saturnia anna, 818, arrundi, 819. grotei, 818. culeika, 817. Satyrus avatara, 500, 770. bernardus, 636. zsana, 498. parysatis, 500. saraswati, 500. schakra, 499. swaha, 500. verma, 498. Saurida tumbil, 294. Saxicava angasi, 643. australis, 643. fragilis, 269. Saxicola castor, 747. infuscata, 94. pileata, 620. pollux, 747. ; spectabilis, 428, 619. Saxidomus brevisiphonatus, 203. cala aculeata, 168. consors, 168. delicatula, 168. granulosa, 168. (Opalia) granulosa, 168. Scalaria aculeata, 168. consors, 168. delicatula, 168. granulosa, 168, Scaptesyle tricolor, 802. Scatophagus argus, 16. Schilbe sykesii, 289. Schizorhina ebenina, 729, 730. ide, 729. nortont, 730. Schizorhis concolor, 88, 91. Scizena diacanthus, 18, 19. dussumiert, 19. hypostoma, 19. maculata, 19. Scintilla borneensis, 517. erocea, 517. lactea, 517, 519. layardi, 517. oblonga, 517, 519. pudica, 517. rosea, 517, 519. semiclausa, 517, 519. INDEX. Scintilla suecinea, 517. Scissurella rimuloides, 27(). Sciurus erythreus, 678. Scolopsis japonicus, 14. Scomber kanagurta, 21. Scopelodes unicolor, 819. Scops senegalensis, 91. Scrobicularia dombeyi, var., 279. producta, 279. Scutellina crenulata, 197. Scutus elongatus, 185. unguis, 185. Seydra halesidotalis, 796. Semele ada, 647. exigua, 647. Semicassis semigranosa, 168. Casmaria) paucirugis, ¢ 168. ’ 4 Semicornu biomphalum, 410. ceramense, 410. circumdatum, 410, concisum, 410. grunert, 410. mamilla, 410. mollisetum, 410. quoyt, 410. rubrum, 410. sulcosum, 410. unguicula, 410. ungulinum, 410, zonarium, 410. Semnopithecus entellus, 741, 743, 744, Johniit, 743. maurus, 743, 744. melalophus, 743. nasalis, 559, 582. Senectus circularis, 177. - Septifer excisus, 196. Serisomus ceristatus, 83-4. Serpula cochlearia, 98. costalis, 99. sulcata, 174, 901 Serranus bontoo, 5. diacanthus, 6. horridus, 6, 7. lanceolatus, 6. sexfasciatus, 6. Sesia hylas, 794, Setophaga chrysogaster, 284, rubra, 282. rufifrons, 284. Sibbaldius antarcticus, 713, 715, laticeps, 731. Sigaretus zonalis, 167. Siliquaria australis, 174. jlorina, 98. millepeda, 98. Sillago sihama, 18. Simia argentata, 735. satyrus, 48, Simpulum quoyi, 161. - Siphonalia fuscozonata, 159. Siphonaria baconi, 189. cancer, 197. diemensis, 189. lecanium, 269. luzonica, 190. scabra, 190. Siphonella fuscozonata, 56. Sistrum adelaidensis, 163. cancellatum, 52. elatum, 517. seminodosum, 517. Sitala infula, 408. Smerinthus dryas, 793. dentatus, 793. Smutsia temminckit, 369. Solemya australis, 156, 652. Solen biradiatus, 646. vaginordes, 643, Solenophorus arcuatus, 58. Soletellina epidermia, 646. nymphalis, 646, 902 Somera viridifusca, 805. Sorex tetragonurus, 238. Sospita echerius, 771. Sylla, 771. neophron, 771. Spatula elypeata, 618. Spermestes nana, 836. Sphenocercus formose, 678. Sphyrena Jello, 20. Sphyrna poem 317. hinx convolvuli, 793. Spilogale interrupta, 150, — var., 150. Spilosoma discinigra, 810. flavalis, 809. lativitta, 809. multivittata, 808. nigrifrons, 809. rhodophila, 808. rubidorsa, 808. rubilinea, 810. sanguinalis, 810. sordida, 808. stigmata, 809. transiens, 808. rubitincta, 809. Spirula peront, 157. Spisula adelaide, 645, 697. Spizaéctus bellicosus, 677. isidori, 677. Spondylus calcifer, 269, 270. tenellus, 657. Sporopipes lepitphm 95. Spratella Jjimbriata, 309, 311. Squalus acutus, 317. melanopterus, 317. Starncenas cyanocephala, 239. Stauropus sikkimensis, 811, 823. Stella columellaris, 196, INDEX. Steno attenuatus, 522. capensis, 522. frontatus, 522. Stenochiton Juloides, 58, 188. Stephanoconus rutilus,. 169. Stilpnotia sordida, 803. Stomatella imbricata, 182. Stomatia auricula, 183. Stramonita hwnilis, 163. Streptaxis kirkii, 232. Strigatella Suscescens, 517. Strigops habroptilus, 235. Stringon sr Fe 618. Strix flammea, 91. Stromateus argenteus, 22. atous, 22. cinereus, 22. niger, 22. Sturnopastor contra, 693. Stylifer pyramidalis, 515. Suana ampla, 822. bimaculata, 822. Subulina (Cceliaxis) layardi, 54. Succinea globosa, 531. pfeifferi, 531. Sulculus parvus, 184. Sunetta alicia, 156, 649. cumingit, 196. Suricata capensis, 619. Sus leucomystax, 466. Sylvia leucoblephara, 285. vermivora, 282, 283. Symbranchus bengalensis, 308. iS) heedra, Thyella, 767. Synagris gramimicus, 14. Synaptura Vrohiacea, 287. Syngnathus argyrostictus, 316 foliatus, 327. schlegeli, 316. teniopterus, 327. Syntomis creusa, 802. diaphana, 802. hiibneri, 802. melas, 802. multigutta, 802. schenherri, 802. subcordata, 802. Sython thymbreus, 776. Tachornis phenicobia, 595, 604. Tachyglossus aculeatus, 386. hystrix, 386. setosus, 386. Tachynotus bailloni, 25. ovatus, 25. Tagora glaucescens, 807. pandya, 807, . patula, 807. Taheitia clathrata, 54. wallacei, 414, 416. Talpa europed, 238. Tamandua. bivittata, 384. longicaudata, 384. tetradactyla, 384. Tanagrella ruficollis, 70. Tapes. faba, 649. indicus, 196. (Cuneus) galactites, 650, Tapirus indicus, 677. Taragama ganesa, 822. Tarentola bibronii, 642. Tatusia affinis, 372. apar, 380. gymnura, 378. hirsuta, 373. hybrida, 373. kappleri, 373. minuta, 377. peba, 371, 372, 373. Tatusia septemceincta, 371. tatouay, 378. tricincta, 380. villosa, 376. Taxidea americana, 141. —var. berlandieri, 141. — var. californica, 141. berlandieri, 141. labradoria, 141. leucurus, 139, Taxila erato, 771. Taxus gulo, 121. labradorius, 141. mellivorus, 144. vulgaris, 139. Tchitrea ?, 428. holosericea, 835. mutata, 835. pretiosa, 835. spekit, Teinopalpus imperialis, 758. Teinotis elegans, 184. Telchinia viole,. 760. Telephonus trivirgatus, 88, 93. ‘ellina albinella, 156, 646. angulus decumbens, 278. decussata, 647. deltoidalis, 646. dombey?, 279, Pca 646. - nymphalis, 279. ae 279. umbonella, 647. Tellinella deltoidalis, 646. Temenuchus malabaricus, 692. Tenagodus australis, 98, 174. reentzit, 98. squamatus, 99. tahitensis, 174. (Pyxipoma) médii, 98. Tephrodornis grisola, 326. Terebratula angustata, 202. australis, 657. dentata, 657. jlavescens, 657. recurva, 657. INDEX, Terebratula unguicula, 202. Terias drona, 760. harina, 760. hecabe, 492, 760. leta, 493, 760. sari, 493. Testacella sauleyi, 531. Tetragnatha extensa, 674. Tetrao wrogallus, 717. Tetrathyra baikii, 324. Tetrodon lunaris, 314. Teuthis Java, 29. marmorata, 29. vermiculata, 29. Thalotia abnormis, 179. conica, 179. picta, 179. pulcherrima, 179. ramburi, 179. Thaumantis diores, 767. camadeva, 767. Thecalia macrotheca, 652. Thecla deria, 507, 509. sorya, 774. syla, 508. Theliostyla atrata, 175. Therapon servus, 13. theraps, 13. trivittatus, 13. Theridion lineatum, 674. quadripunctatum, 674. nervosum, 674. Thestias enippe, 491, 759. marianne, 491, 759. pyrene, 759. Thiacidas postica, 811. Thiosmus amazonicus, 146. chilensis, 146. leuconotus, 146. marputio, 146. mesoleucus, 145. moline, 146. quitensis, 146. 903 Thyella pulchra, 755. Thylacodes adamsii, 99. imbricatus, 99. melanostomus, 99. sulcatus, 174. Thymele benjaminii, 783. Thyrsites atun, 437. lepidopoides, 437. prometheus, 435, 436, 437. Tigridia zingha, 637. Timoclea australis, 648. Tinnunculus alaudarius, 694. newtoni, 833. punctatus, 833. Tinoleus eburneigutta, 796. Tisiphone sufta, 770. Toccus elegans, 86, 91. erythrorhynchus, 676. monteiri, 87, 91. Tolypeutes conurus, 256, 380. tricinctus, 379, 380, 381. Torcula clathrata, 174. Torinia sp. ind., 272. conica, 514. corrugata, 516, variegata, 516. Tornatellina hierosolymarum, 540. Totanus glareola, 618. Trabala mahananda, 821. vishnu, 821. Trachycardium cygnorum, 651. Triacanthus biaculeatus, 313. Tribonyx ventralis, 196. Trichas leucoblephara, 285. stragulata, 285. superciliosa, 285, Trichiurus malabaricus, 20. Trigonella amygdala, 645. 904 Trigonella polita, 645, pura, 6AD5. rufescens, 644. Trilocha varians, 815. Triphoris angast, 172. festivus, 172. pfeiffert, 172. Tripura prasena, 796. Trisula pustulifera, 804, variegata, 819. Triton barthelemy?, 161. crenulatus, 517. pilearis, 197. quoy?, 161. spengleri, 161. subdistortus, 161. waterhousei, 161. (Simpulum) guoyi, 161. Tritonidea lincolnensis, 159, Tritonium grenlandicum, 97. undatum, 97. undulatum, 97. Trivia candida, 515. Trocheta subviridis, 659, 660, 661. Trochilus angele, 466, 467. bicolor, 467. phaéthon, 467. Trochocochlea constricta, 182. striolata, 182. teniata, 182. Trochomorpha batchianensis, 407. conicoides, 407. lychnia, 407, 408. planorbis, 408. tropidophora, 408. . Trochus abnormis, 179. armillatus, 180. auratus, 173. badius, 180. bellulus, 181. blandianus, 180. chlorostomus, 180. jimbriatus, var. phi- lippi, 177. irisodontes, 181. INDEX. | Trochus leucostigma, 181. lima, 279. melanostoimus, 172. nobilis, 180. odontis, 182. pictus, 179. planus, 173. preissti, 182. pulcherrima, 179. ramburi, 179. squamiferus, 177. striolatus, 182. teniatus, 182. undatus, 178. urvillei, 177. virgulatus, 181. vitiligineus, 182. Troglodytes ?, 618. gorilla, 567, 581. niger, 48, 550, 559, 562, 567, 581, 675, Trogon narina, 92, Trogonophis wiegmanni, 443, 444, Trophon paive, 158. Truncatella (Taheitia) clathrata, 54 ( Trygon uarnak, 316, 317. Tugalia cicatricosa, 185. parmophoridea, 185, Tupdia Semaaae 322. speciosa, 322. splendidula, 322, tana, 322. Turbo circularis, 177. Japonicus, 196. lamellosus, 177. torquatus, 177. undulata, 177. Turdus chrysolaus, 618, tliacus, 51. merula, 51. musicus, D1. pilaris, 51. torquatus, 51. viscivorus, 51, 825. whitei, 51. Turnix fasciatus, 480. ) wallacei, 416. Turnix nigricollis, 836, ocellatus, 694. rufiatus, 480. Turricula putillus, 514. Turritella clathrata, 174. granulosa, 168. spina, 169. Turtur erythrophrys, 94, suratensis, 691. Tylopeutes conurus, 256. Typhis yatesi, 158, Umbonium sp. noy., 197. Umbrina dusswmnieri, 18. Unio delesserti, 543. dignatus, 543. episcopalis, 544, Jjordanicus, 543. litoralis, 545. marginalis, 544, michonii, 544. mosalensis, 544, requient, 545. sauleyi, 544. simonis, 544. swinhoit, 196. terminalis, 543. tripolitanus, 544, Upeneoides vittatus, 15. Upupa capensis, 86. decorata, 86, 94. Ursitaxus inauritus, 143, Ursus brasiliensis, 122. fetidus, 142. gulo, 120. andicus, 143. labiatus, 578. labradorius, 141. luscus, 120, meles, 139. mellivorus, 144. taxus, 159, 141. (Gulo) szbiricus, 121: Utethesia pulchella, 799. Utriculus eumicra, 188, Uvanilla squamifera, 177. unguis, 269. Uvaria longifolia, 757. Vampyrus spectrum, 387. Vanessa cashmirensis, 761. charonia, 494, 761. kaschmirensis, 494. xanthomelas, 494. Vanga curvirostris, 835. Veneria lamellata, 156. Venerupis crenata, 650. obesa, 650. Venus alta, 648. aphrodina, 648. australis, 648. conularis, 649. galactites, 650. levigata, 649. lamellata, 648. peroni, 649. scalarina, 649. squamosa, 196. strigosa, 649, tiara, 648. Vermetus anellum, 99. articulatus, 99. cereus, 99. conicus, 97. contortus, B. favosa, 99 nove-hollandia, 174. peronit, 99. squamigerus, 99. Vermiculus contortus, 99. Vertagus obeliscus, 197. Vesperus minutus, 833. Vexillum moluccanum, 654, Victorina aphrodite, 483, 484, epaphus, 484, trayja, 484. Vison canigula, 117. horsfieldii, 118. lutreocephala, 116. lutreola, 117. sibirica, 117. INDEX. Vison subhemachalana, 118. Vitessa suradeva, 796. Vithora indrasana, 795, 825. Vitrina planilabris, 697. Vitrinella ornata, 271. sp. ind., 272. tenwisculpta, 271. tricarinata, jun., 269. | Viverra | aterrima, 129. canadensis, 108. capensis, 144. chingu, 146. cuja, 122. lutra, 126. lutreola, 117. marputio, 146. mellivora, 144. mephitis, 148. piscator, 108. poliocephala, 121. putorius, 146. quadricolor, 108. quiqui, 122. ratel, 144. vittata, 122. vulpecula, 122. ztbellina, 106. zorilla, 151. Vivipara ethiops, 658. capillata, 659. columna, 658. heliciformis, 658. ingallsiana, 658. jeffreysiz, 658. oxytropis, 658. punctata, 658. robertsont, 659. sclateri, 658. stamensis, 658. Vola laticostata, 656. Volsella flavida, 653. Voluta delessertina, 5d. exoptanda, 165. fulgetrum, 165. kreuslere, 165. lyreformis, 164. mitreformis, 55. pacifica, 55, 165. undulata, 165. (Alcithoé) kreuslere, 55, 165. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. LIX. 905 Voluta (Lyria) archeri, 55. Volutella fulgetrum, 165. papillosa, 164. Vulsella limeformis, 653. rudis, 653. Vultur auricularis, 675. calvus, 6795. monachus, 675. oceipitalis, 675. | Vusum corniger, 196. Waldheimia californica, 202. flavescens, 657. globosa, 202. Wallago attu, 288, 289. malabarici, 288. Xantholema indica, 691. _ Xanthoxylon hostile, 487. Xenurus hispidus, 378. nudicaudus, 378. unicinctus, 378, 379. | Yphthima ?, 502. baldus, 770. philomela, 770. sakra, 502. | Zemeros Slegyas, 771. Zenzera indica, 822. mineus, 822, Zeuxidia amethystus, 485. doubledaii, 485. luxeri, 485. Zipaétis seylax, 770. Ziphius capensis, 529. cavirostris, 528. densirostris, 524. indicus, 359, 528. micropterus, 358, 29. layardti, 358, 525. sechellensis, 357, 358. Ziziphinus antonii, 279. 524, 906 ; fue . Ziziphinus armillatus, 180. blandianus, 180. chlorostomus, 180. nobilis, 180. Zonilia morpheus. 793. Zophoessa 4aladeva, 769, 822. fe pt \ 6 ? ow team ox / hh. aft l INDEX. Zophoessa goalpara, 768. sura, 768. Zorilla africana, 400. albinucha, 114,400,401. capensis, 151. flavistriata, 402. frenata, 151. THE END. Zorilla leucomelas, 151. striata, 151. — var. senegalensis, Lit vaillantit, 152. Zosterops dorsalis, 464. madagascariensis, 834. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,,RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. isang repkiot fs ait Hea etal Ati Hele epi te ines Re os * ae eek oh Me Hes law aise Seaie ; a Ey Mauls Hh 4 er rt y a 47 . "ony meee me pene ers 4 if ae deere 4 Ode * By “y ai Tene Hatt He >)